LIST

oY THE

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Page

Apams, Henry, F.L.S.

Descriptions of a New Genus and some New Species of

Shells from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .......... 143

Description of a New Genus of Shells from the Collection

Gs FA Cumines Baqe' sc icis iio feats rece the dm eeesne 272

Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Shells

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ....-.....+-+++- 383

Ancas, Georce Frencu, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Notes on the Broad-fronted Wombat of South Australia

(Phascolomys latifrons, Owen) .... 0002+ cece ee ee ceee 268

Barro, Wituram, M.D., F.L.S.

Note on the Occurrence of Filaria sanguinea in the body

of the Galazias scriba, a Freshwater Fish from Australia .. 207

Page

Note on the Lernea cyclopterina occurring in the Gills of

the Cyclopterinus spinosus, a Fish from Greenland........ 239

Notice of the Occurrence of Sclerostoma equinum? in the

Mesticle-of the Horse, <s..5 0s,cece os ewes ses < aesl <a eee 271

Bartwett, A. D.

Notice of the Occurrence of the Pink-footed Goose, Anser

PETACOPUR: a ae Woks os See tree wit ee oh ak ee hee ale eae 18

Additional Note on the Black-footed Rabbit .......... 40

Exhibition of living examples of two singular hybrid Ducks

iropmthe Soctety’s Menarerie - "5. 2s: 2 ij. scslw ae eee 44

On the Affinities of Baleniceps ........-0.-e0 eee ree i |

Remarks on the Breeding of the larger Felide in captivity 140

Remarks on the Japanese Masked Pig................ 263

Notes on the Breeding and Rearing of the Chinese Crane

(Grus montignesia) in the Society’s Gardens ............ 369

Exhibition of specimens of young Polar Bears born in the

WRC HAR OTIC. SisCace ek cue 2 te oes sqgseere os save ake Shea 391

Bennett, Dr. Groresr, F.Z.S.

Letter addressed to the Secretary respecting a singular

Grallatorial Bird living in Sydney, lately described in France

as Rhinochetuse jubatus:...« .os6 sso %ae hack «soe 30

Note on the Egg of the Piping Crow or Magpie of New

South Wales (Gymnorhina tibicen) ...... ccc cc ceeeeees 183

Extract from his letter respecting the Semipalmated Goose 266

Buieexker, Dr. P. y., For. Memb. Z.S.

Conspectus generum Labroideorum analyticus.......... 408

Biytu, Epwarp, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Notes on some Birds collected by Dr. Jerdon in Sikkim.. 199

Extract from his letter respecting Rhinoceros crossii, Gray 306

Page

Crisv, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S.

On some points relating to the Habits and Anatomy of the

Oceanic and of the Freshwater Ducks, and also of the Hare

(Lepus timidus) and of the Rabbit (L. cwniculus), in relation

to the question of Hybridism ..............---+--+-+. 82

Exhibition of drawings of two Fishes from a salt-water

lagoon near Cape Coast Castle, West Africa.............- 87

Coxsso.p, T. Spencer, M.D., F.L.S.

On Cystic Entozoa from the Wart-Hog and Red River-Hog 93

List of Entozoa, including Pentastomes, from Animals

dying at the Society’s Menagerie, between the years 1857-60

inclusive, with Descriptions of several New Species........ 117

Dourn, Dr. H.

Descriptions of New Shells from the Collection of H.

LITE es sh lal ea ali a See eae a ere sot eat he ae Spt ge 205

Dow, Capt. Joun M., Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Extract from his letter respecting dnableps dowtt ...... 30

DunkeEr, Dr.

Solenacea nova Collectionis Cumingiane.............. 418

Gou.p, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

On a New Genus and Species of Parrakeet from Western

BOP EE RULED 520 scans) 8G Shay nee aiaht 3 ar eae ee ent es i) emmy pays 100

Remarks on a Species of Woodpecker from Siam........ 182

Description of a New Species of the Family Caprimulgide 182

Descriptions of Two New Species of Humming-Birds be-

longing to the Genus Hypuroptila ...... oan Meete eins: 198

Observations on Hpthianura tricolor .......6++.4 e000 209

Gray, Grorce Rosert, F.LS., F.Z.S.

Note on the Genus Basilornis pisos eae

List of Species composing the Family Megapodiide, with

Descriptions of New Species, and some account of the Habits

BL LH SPECIES. . * ne hten hie eae oe OSHS wey dee ard orks 288

Remarks on and Descriptions of New Species of Birds lately

sent by Mr. A. R. Wallace from Waigiou, Mysol, and Gagie

BAAS oy «0:5 /ncd neettn ae eee meals Setnwe eects aE 427

Gray, Dr. Joun Epwarp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Description of a Soft Tortoise from Camboja .......... 4]

Description of a New Squirrel in the British Museum, from

ING IRSA to wtde: cals case ye oo Gemeaetet slxas sn eeaeeee 92

List of Mammalia, Tortoises, and Crocodiles collected by

MM: Mouhot. in ‘Camboyas 2. 6. +. 2st. cee oes oes oe 135

On a New Species of Water Tortoise (Geoclemmys mela-

gosrcrna) troia Darien -oeese os ss oe eee Cee eee 204

On the Habits of the Gorilla and other Tailless Long-

armed Apes

Observations on an Immature Specimen of a hime of

OUPOUTUGUS 2625. os. “ain told einte nie oregns ee eee ela, nreje 6 ieuetese ee eOO

Notice of a Stag from Northern China, sent by! Mr. Swinhoe

to the Zoological Society

On the Habits of the Pipe-Fish and other Fishes ...... 238

Observations on Mr. Du Chaillu’s papers on “The New

Species of Mammals” discovered by him in Western Equa-

torial Afgiea soi. . pal seal Ghia heiress aes

Notice of Helogale, a New Genus of Viverride

Notice of a New Species of Pilot Whale (Globiocephalus)

from the: Coast.of Dorsetshire) p30 j0.0 30. FW Sees 309

On a Large Species of Teredo, supposed to be the Animal

of the Genus Furcella, Lam.

Additional Observations on the Genus Cuscus.. .

vii

Page

Gintuer, Dr. ALBERT, For. Memb. Z.S.

Account of the Reptiles sent by Dr. Wucherer from Bahia 12

On the Anatomy of Regenia ocellata ........+.00-.4- 60

On the Anatomy of Monitor niloticus from Western Africa,

and of Hegenta albogularts 3.7.06. jo 10')s oe dea eedaeeee 109

On a New Genus of Australian Fishes..............+. 116

On a New Species of the Family Boide ............4. 142

On a New Species of Fish of the Genus Gerres ........ 148

Second List of Siamese Reptiles ...... b sidia es slsiale ws wrote ack

List of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by B. H.

Hodgson) Bag. ini Nepal oo ie c-'np dara stele ae Ga eaES a dv.e +s 213

Exhibition of a singular Fish called Saccolaryna flagellum

by Dr. Mitchell, and Ophiognathus ampullaceus by Dr. Har-

LC oe Reo AS SS oy A eR Oe yy Ae bd eeenee

On a Collection of Fishes sent by Capt. Dow from the

Pacitic’ Coast: of Central ‘America :..:,.cepateis « matgerejoisa ms 370

Exhibition of some Charrs from different localities in

Eneland, Wales; ind Irclande ci 2. ja cm onaa ces ealed ages 391

On a New Species of Plectropoma from Australia ...... 391

HANLEY, SYLVANUS.

Deseription- of A. New ihed a. sence pans ca ese iennees apa), SEE

Description of a New Species of Pandora ............ 272

Herwitson, W. C., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of some Butterflies from the Collection of Mr.

WER, 1s WPT oes Sake tae iat eee wie fovea wee a0

Ho.psworth, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

On an Undescribed Species of British Zoanthus ........ 99

Vili

Page

Huxtey, Tuomas H., Prof. of Nat. Hist. in the Government

School of Mines, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

On the Brain of Ateles paniscus ...... 0.002012 20 00ee 247

JOHNSON, JAMES YATE.

Description of a New Species of Cancer obtained at Madeira 240

Description of a Second Species of Acanthogorgia (Gray) 296

Notes on the Sea-Anemones of Madeira, with Descriptions

OL TRE W MS RCRNES er cas so wu curinthnes aye ise ee sowie oot vein ca ate 298

LEADBEATER, B., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of fine examples of the Heads aud Horns of

OS UINMDR PES Ce eer eee eee ee ao a as © eee ee eee

Exhibition of the Heads of three Stags shot by Col. Sarel

BMC RMI ere 8 Set rce eres ie bis on Se nen sw wasup leh Cte 368

Morcu, Orto A. L., of Copenhagen.

Review of the Vermetide (Part I.)........ 20.2205... 145

Review of the Vermetide (Part II.) ................ 326

Neatg, E. Vanstrrart, F.Z.S.

On Typical Selection, as a means of removing the difficul-

ties attending the Doctrine of the Origin of Species by Natural

SElECHON » «a spare-sc WV orapaei tele teteye te ol ie bb atoha OR Leae Pm 1

Newton, AuFreD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Description of a New Species of Water-Hen (Gal/inula)

from the. Islandiof Mauritias. inf is, sees sere ce ae 18

Remarks on Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) 203

On a Hybrid Duck” : 3-5/8. @ betes tte -3s eee 392

On some New or Rare Birds’ Eggs .............00005 393

Pease, W. Harper.

Description of a New Species of Mollusca from the Pacific

SAIS sors £5 sc, = J trary h ore bh eandietor Feld) ova oar Opened teseeya late

Peters, Dr. W., For. Mem. Z.S.

On the Asiatic Snake called Taphrometopon lineolatum by

Broke Drang... erenai2- oa efece es ¢ wip ctieted coin. oh oust aint ogee ane

Preirrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of Forty-seven New Species of Land-shells

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq..............

Descriptions of New Land-shells in the Collection of H.

Guanes Esq. s taie eee ee p-ee Goa tes (id zteeaeees ¢

Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Land-shells from

the Collection.of H. Cuming, Esq.) ...°. 2... ceeds 06% 00%

Satvin, Osspert, M.A., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of Three New Species of Birds from Guate-

MPU are ate cls slg g aks sos OD eR PAS orate

On a Collection of Reptiles from Guatemala ..........

Sciater, Purirp Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to

the Society.

Announcement of the transfer by Her Majesty the Queen

of a specimen of Phacocherus eliani to the care of the

SLL ANGE ac RR CLO ss Yl DE a Ie

Page

242

190

386

Exhibition of a specimen of the American Meadow-Starling -

(Sturnella ludoviciana) v0 000 cine ve en cee sce cete ean

Exhibition of a specimen of a Caprimulgine Bird closely

allied to Cosmetornis vewillaria, from the collection of E.

Gabriel, Esq.........

Exhibition of the Hoof of a Bull (Bos taurus, var. dome-

sticus) from the Falkland Islands, belonging to Capt. Abbott

Page

Additions and Corrections to the List of Birds of the Falk-

lang elslanadsy Joan! necked ter ee ee ee oie cae she acct 24D.

Additions to the Menagerie during the month of December

Exhibition of a living specimen of a Water-Tortoise (Che-

lodina longicollis) from South Australia .............-4. 59

Note on the Reproduction of the Red River-hog (Potamo-

cherus penicillatus) in the Society’s Menagerie .......... 63

List of a Collection of Birds made by the late Mr. W.

Osburnan Vamaiea;swithaNotess 2a. sen oes. oe anrecteeeios. 69

Exhibition of an example of Pentacrinus caput-meduse.. 87

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of January

and February......... chow sheeee Vt Ob sane te gee 101

Characters of some New Species of American Passeres .. 127

On a New Species of the Genus Copsychus from Borneo.. 185

On the addition to the Menagerie of some Three-toed

Sand-grouse and some rare Australian Finches .......... 196

List of Animals presented to the Society by H.E. Sir

George Grey, “KeO.B., P.Zi8. . 0223 sibs cstdcees an eal ee 208

On a New Species of Bird of the Genus Lipaugus of Boié 209

Additions to the Sie is Aes the months of March

and April 1861.. Sti gdos Ssh bee Saae eat eee

On the Island Hen of Tristran d’Acunha.............. 260

Additions to the Menagerie during the month of May

ROOM res pores cc cciee toes tiene meets megan. es ae eee 264

Report on some specimens of Animals forwarded by Capt

Speke ie PSG A EROS ee Be ee Beet as Nala ae 268

Exhibition of a cast of the Skull of the Aye-Aye (Chiromys

‘nad agascatiEnstaerdccr scald. dualete slgsreiagae #- "we ccs waar 306

Report of the return of Mr. Benstead from the Cape with

a second collection of Animals, presented to the Society by

SiruGeorpe Grey’. Acces sty nae eect +4.b)- vs ye Ae 307

Additions to the Menagerie during June 1861,..... wee. 365

Page

Additions to the Menagerie during July and August .... 366

Additions to the Menagerie during September.......... 367

Additions to the Menagerie during October............ 368

Exhibition of original drawings by Mr. Vigne of Ovis cy-

cloceros . DFl ete ee Se eee ee ees . 368

On a New Species of Finch, of the Genus Sycalis, from

SN Sa et al a tae he oe SEE re pees Pe So 376

Descriptions of Twelve New Species of American Birds, of

the Families Dendrocolaptide, Formicariide, and Tyrannide 377

Exhibition of the Skins of an Otter from Amoy, and of a

Hare from the Island of Formosa, forwarded by Mr. Swinhoe 389

Report on a collection of Skins shipped by Mr. Swinhoe

on board the ‘ Harkaway ’

Note on the Ocellated Turkey of Honduras............ 402

Index generis Hlainee ex familia Tyrannidarum, additis

novarum specierum diagnosibus ........s2:eseeeee vere 406

SHortt, Dr., F.Z.S.

Letter respecting an Indian Snake ........ oe apa eed

Speke, Capt. J. H.

Letter relating to some specimens of animals from Zanzibar 267

STEVENS, SAMUEL.

Exhibition of Birds forwarded by Mr. Wallace from Mysol

and Wario: 0.6 50 a aes side en GN alate Si ots eek es dle tee ROG

Stewart, Joun A.

Description of Asteronyx loveni, Mill. et Trosch., a New

British Starfish ..........06.- via. sols ti hateltcs 1 APES. 96

xii

Srewart, THomas Howarp, M.R.C.S., F.Z.S. a

Observations on the Anatomy of the Echinoderms...... 53

Swinuoe, Rosert, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Letter relating to specimens from Pekin .............. 134

Extracts from his letter respecting the Formosan Deer .. 235

Extracts from his letter relating to specimens sent from

Chis 6625) psasieite do oe ceagash ee cislawet 26. aac Meoae 390

TEGETMEIER, W. B.

Exhibition of some living specimens illustrating an unde-

scribed abnormal variation of Plumage in the domestic Fowl. 102

Tomes, Rosert F., Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Additions to the Monograph of the Genus Epomophorus 11

Notes on a Collection of Bats made by Mr. Andersson in

the Damara Country, South-western Africa, with Notices of

fmee other African species 2... .- 0s ocd js ose ode cet 31

Notes on a Collection of Mammals made by the late Mr.

POSER TR: MERA Oy ccc Bi, «0.2 = Bie avons oacsc esrem ee exe 63

On the Genus Monophyllus of Leach ................ 87

Observations on the Genus Vampyrus and its Allies .... 102

Report of a Collection of Mammals made by Osbert Salvin,

Esq., F.Z.S., at Duefias, Guatemala, with Notes on some of

the species by Mr. Praiser «202 (i kvee eee es es ee 278

TRIsTRAM, Rey. H. B., Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Catalogue of a Collection of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mol-

lusks made by O. Salvin, Esq., M.A., F.Z.S., in Guatemala 229

Exhibition of a Snake from Pekin, and of a series of Pipits 391

Catalogue of a Collection of Mollusks from Bermuda.... 403

xiii

Page

Waite, Apa, Assistant Zool. Dept., British Museum.

Description of Two Species of Crustacea belonging to the

Families Callianasside and Squillid@ .... 1... 0.00 ees 42

Wucuere_er, Dr. Orno, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

On the Ophidians of the Province of Bahia, Brazil (Part I.) 113

On the Ophidians of the Province of Bahia, Brazil

MEMES ihe oo reo ayelat Stites odie «=, a7 ¢ 9 0a. mcche RRR eeeeoe 322

Description of a New Species of Elapomorphus from Brazil 325

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate Page

e Dentition of Epomophorus....ccveseeeseeneereenes 11

IIL. i} New Species of Land Shells .............. a slots aiate sul¥20

BVi55 = Drepus CUNSCULUS VAN. <0\o<\xje.e\sic1ers: #6 ste;s\sia\e,s.8 % eieraiwieyajs eee

AV Seed ONY GOT ILLES aehotel asa, clahaialsisveleioiais|= @ielaleiaiels «e's clersiaeneee

VI. Callianassa turneranad ....seccseess shefesclererereretrte 2; 42

VII. Gonodactylus guerinit..... Sag agequoedon cs acoos -

VIII. Diadema divona, D. diomea, and Drusilla domitilla . ai! 50

IX. Melanitis mimalon and M. leucocyma .......... Be

Xa.* f anstomy Grthe vO ChHiMOGer Ms als ele) «= os = elele st-Tele eee 53

ais

XII. Potamocherus penicillatus, foem. et JUV. ...++++.++4. 62

DONT. Chonycierts OSUUTIE. s..1s,<\s 6 sive sie ole ins ers eres a on es

XIV. Vireo modestus and Lalates osburnt ........+5 arc

XV. Monophyllus redmanii ..........ceeeveecene ABEce ie"

PROV IE a CUPS ENT ON Obie tote ave otatersuete oie taleteyafesletate vel stets Bas,

XVII. Entozoa from the Wart and Red River Hogs........ 93

XVIII. Vampyrus auritus ..... oa eses cls aierefstaters Bom romorct 0%

XIX. Geophis guntheri and Nannoperca australis........ oo aes

XX. Entozoa ........ sa po nado boobuor eholelioielofatetateetetels 117

XXI. Hylobates pileatus ......ececeecccececceesccecees 135

XXII. Felis concolor, juv...........- iS oXelateyettlne lets. sleet iat ve 140

KRU Pelophilus:fordit. 2%. cvewiei.'' «sls Siaisin emp iateietetahersistets 2 a2

RRL S Gernes TongirostraS cries sim stole «iss leis eee ADAUUaGOdo0 142

XXV. Structure of the Vermetid@ ........eeereeee nerepenes 145

XXVI. Rey. H. B. Tristram’s and Dr. Dohwrd Shells ete (205, 220)0e

XXVII. Cervus pseudawis (2) ........ aoisietete steravsrer west aevele +200

* Tn some copies of the ‘ Proceedings,’ Plate X a has been wrongly numbered

XI., and vice versd. The error will be readily detected on reference to the de-

scription of these two plates, p. 58.

Plate

XXVIII.

XIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXY.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

Cancer Dellianus ...csessveccccscvsseseveseccccos

Brain of Ateles paniscus ...... APO DOCU HCE eerie

Gallinula nesiotis .....ceeseeeceeees Satteies vers nee

Myoxomys salvini ....eveees rob everehunstenaersyoiete ioreieners

Megapodius quoyit, juv...... af staliela'a’m cistaaifelsieval ere. s :

—— reinwardtii, JUV. veseseseeees Agoponed cour i

Tumilus, JUV. +. cvccseccerrseesuscececs ee

Grus montignesia ....ccceveeees a) sole) olaidlspefetats os 0%

Phyllomyias semifusca and P. griseocapilla .....+.+.

Dr. Pfeiffer’s new Land Shells .......... Sexe eeoloiee ie

Plectropoma richardsonit ...... Rfa\/oreveletois ca ce nevnce

New or rare Birds’ Eggs ....seseeees creuerel stetota(ets’ fe

Head of Meleagris ocellata ..... SodcdDeos jopeocne

Elainea pallatange........ A ROOD SRODOGUGK soGoc

Podargus superciliaris sv vvscseveeesceceveccecs

Macherirhynchus albifrons and Todopsis eines.

Henicophaps albifronS ..cevesesvccucveeeneeees

Page

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247

260

278

288

369

377

386

391

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 8th, 1861.

Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On Typrtcatu SELECTION, AS A MEANS OF REMOVING THE

DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING THE DOCTRINE OF THE ORIGIN

or Species py NaTurAu Sevection. By E. Vansitrart

NEAtg, F.Z.S.

The great interest excited in the scientific world by the theory of

the origin of species proposed by Mr. Darwin, and the obscurity ne-

cessarily attached to many of the data employed in the arguments

adduced either in support of or in opposition to it, must be my apo-

logy for bringing before this Society the following considerations, rest-

ing upon admitted facts, but which appear to me both to elucidate

the difficulties of that theory, and to suggest the means of overcoming

them.

The strong points of Mr. Darwin’s theory I apprehend to be, (1)

the satisfactory explanation afforded by it of the analogies and dif-

ferences observed in the various forms of living beings which have been,

or actually are, the tenants of our globe ; (2) the fact, experimentally

ascertainable, that the element of variation whence his explanations are

derived exists in active operation at the present day. Mr. Darwin

can say of the modifications of form manifested in living organisms,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. I.

2 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8,

as Sir I. Newton said of the attractive force of the earth, “ hypo-

theses non fingo.”’ 1 appeal to a power which can be shown to be

at work in the present world ; I ask only, is it capable of explaining

the phenomena observable now, or ascertained by probable induction

to have occurred formerly upon it ?

These are great merits. But if these strong points of the theory

are connected with the principle of diversity, whence the animal and

vegetable creation derives the charm of its endless variety, it has, as

I conceive, also its weak points connected with the opposite principle

of unity: whence it attributes too large a share to death, and too

small a share to life, in the formation of species.

In nature we find éwo powers at work, a principle of change pro-

ducing varieties, and a principle of permanence producing species.

Man is able, by making use of the principle of change, “adding up,”

as Mr. Darwin happily says, the successive minute differences of dif-

ferent generations in different directions, to bring about wonderful

transformations in the original form whence he started,—from the Rock

Pigeon, for example, educing Carriers, Tumblers, Runts, Fantails,

&c., forms differing from each other more than do many undoubted

natural species—more, for instance, than Fieldfares differ from

Thrushes, or Wood Wrens from Willow Wrens. But, although

man can do wonders through this principle of change, the principle

of permanence slips through his fingers. He can preserve his varie-

ties in their distinctness, only so long as he intervenes to prevent

their interbreeding. Leave Carriers and Tumblers, Fantails and Runts

together, without pairing them, and a race will soon arise neither

Carrier, nor Tumbler, nor Fantail, nor Runt, but apparently in the

process of reverting towards the Rock Pigeon. But Fieldfares and

Thrushes, Wood Wrens and Willow Wrens live on for generation

after generation, side by side, and remain Fieldfares and 'Thrushes,

Wood Wrens and Willow Wrens still.

That this is the case, is unquestionable. It is equally clear why

itis the case. Each distinct species in nature interbreeds by preference

with those of its own kind; and if accidental unions do take place

between nearly allied species, the offspring are either sterile or, at all

events, much less fruitful than their parents. Here is the principle

of permanence in nature, preventing the principle of change from

producing confusion, as, again, the principle of change prevents the

principle of permanence from producing monotony. Whence comes

this principle of permanence? I look to Mr. Darwin for an answer, in

vain. All that he says on this point amounts only to the position that

the progeny of nearly allied species are not always sterile. That the

preservatory tendency does not necessarily accompany a given amount

of external difference is clear ; for man can produce in living organisms

external differences greater than those associated in nature with this

principle of permanence, without calling that principle into action.

To attribute it to the greater length of time occupied in the formation

of natural species than in that of a variety, is to make an assumption

wholly destitute of proof, and indeed inconsistent with a very beau-

tiful and essential part of Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis, namely, the doc-

1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 3

trine that the living principle never loses its energy, and that the

power of life now at work on our globe has been transmitted,

unchanged in its essence, though infinitely richer in its manifestations,

from the first inhabitants of the earth to the generations inhabiting

it at the present day.

If then, Mr. Darwin may appeal to the principle of change dis-

closed in living organisms, as a “‘ true cause,”’ capable of accounting

for the mutual affinities of species by the supposition of descent froni

a common origin, those who are opposed to his views are no less

entitled to appeal to the principle of permanence, disclosed in these

organisms, as a real force, not to be explained away, but requiring to

be reconciled with the principle of change in any theory which shall

satisfactorily account for the origin of species.

It appears to me that this reconciliation may be effected through

the intervention of a conception proposed by one of whose labours

and reputation we are justly proud, as an explanation of the “ homo-

logies”’ of structure, which he has profoundly illustrated. I mean

the conception of the typical character pervading all organic life.

But to make this apparent, I must premise some remarks on the

characteristics of natural types. The types of nature must be care-

fully distinguished from the types of art. The types of art are forms

realized in their perfection in some particular individual. A Phidias

may prodnce a Jupiter, a Minerva, or a Venus, as the perfect out-

ward embodiment of the ideal of Majesty, or Wisdom, or Grace. A

Danecker may toil for years, in labour with his conception of the

head of Christ. But in each case, the type, when realized, is a fixed,

individualized object, expressing some one predominant characteristic,

to which all others, though not necessarily lost, are subordinate. The

types of nature are, as I conceive, ideals not of external form, but of

internal relations, each realized in countless modifications of forms

differing from one another in infinitely varied particulars, but

balanced around central points common to them all. But the pre-

servation of this balance depends upon the aptness of each variety of

the type for interbreeding with all the rest, and thus perpetually

recombining its own peculiarities with theirs. If any of the varieties

by the action and reaction of which a type is preserved become locally

distinct from the others, subtypes will arise; as we find to be the

case in mankind. The original type becomes the centre of a circle

including many lesser circles, where we find the same tendency re-

peated. Now this character of natural types offers a mode of passage

from one type to another. Assume a subtypical variety to acquire

a special aptness for interbreeding with itself, to the exclusion of

other varieties, and it would become an independent type. But how

is this special aptness to be acquired? That it does not accompany the

formation of subtypes we see in numerous instances; and it would

clearly be inconsistent with the idea of a natural type that it should

do so, if, as has been suggested, it is the characteristic of such a

type to preserve itself by the mutual actions of its varieties. That it

should belong to some one variety and not to others, in virtue of the

general principle of variation, is a supposition inconsistent with

4 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8,

itself : a general principle must apply to every individual case. There

remains only the hypothesis of a special selection, by which particular

varieties are internally modified, so as to acquire this special aptitude.

Now such a special selection appears to me to involve the transition,

which must take place at some point in all physical research, from

conditioned, to self-conditioning power, from will working by uphold-

ing laws, to will working by constituting the laws to be upheld; in

other words, we must resort to the hypothesis of an intelligent action

as the only intelligible one. Accordingly it is to an intelligent choice,

exercised upon the infinity of possible variations capable of arising in

different organisms, through the laws belonging to their natures, that

I would attribute the formation of species by what I venture to call

Typical selection.

When that Power, of whose ordering will I conceive nature to be

the expression, purposes to produce a new race, I suppose It to select

from some existing race those individuals which show a disposition

to vary in the desired direction, so modifying their constitutions as

to render their unions with each other more prolific than their

unions with other individuals differently formed, and if they are

conscious agents, so modifying their instincts as to give them a pre-

ference for each other. How this internal modification is produced,

I no more attempt to explain than Mr. Darwin attempts to explain

how life was originally produced and is continued. The one act is

not more difficult to conceive than the other. But there is no neces-

sity for supposing the modification to be considerable in any one

case. Divine providence need not be in a hurry. The amount of

change at any step of the process of forming a new species, may be

very small, and the completion of that process may require many

generations.

The modification of the sexual instinct and fertility of sexual

unions may be gradually introduced, and at first be scarcely percep-

tible. But if the alteration be brought about by an internal action

tending always in the same direction, each generation will approxi-

mate more closely to the character of a new type; and by the time

that the external change has become considerable, a corresponding

amount of internal change will have been produced. A new phase

of the principle of permanence will have taken its place in creation,

amongst the many phases of the principle of change; the variety

will be transformed into a species.

By this conception of the origin of species, we escape from another

serious difficulty, which appears to me to lie in the way of the con-

ception of their formation by such a process of external selection as

Mr. Darwin assumes. When we are asked to suppose that differ-

ences so considerable as we observe between different organisms, past

or present, have been brought about by a process precisely analogous

to that by which man can change the shape of a sheep or a pigeon,

we naturally ask whether there are no limits to the amount of change

producible by man? Could he, by any degree of watchfulness how-

ever long continued, expand a race of sparrows to the size of condors,

or condense a race of turkeys to the size of humming-birds, or

1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 5

lengthen out a pig’s snout, and thicken his legs and body into a trunk

and frame similar in size to the elephant? Mr. Darwin must contend

that this would be possible, if man continued to act uninterruptedly,

for a sufficient length of time in the same direction. Perhaps future

experiments may enable us to speak with certainty upon this point.

At present I conceive the general feeling of the most experienced

breeders would be against him. It may be true that they “ habitu-

ally speak of an animal’s organization as something quite plastic,

which they can mould almost as they please” by the principle of

selection (Darwin, p. 31). Yet Mr. Darwin also tells us that ‘‘all the

breeders of the various domestic animals, and cultivators of plants,

with whom he has ever conversed, or whose treatises he has read, are

firmly convinced that the several breeds to which they have attended

are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species”’ (¢d. p. 28).

Now they are no doubt mistaken in this notion ; and it is easy to see

whence the mistake has arisen,—namely, from each one having

attended only to one out of many possible kinds of variation, pro-

ducible in the particular animal or plant forming the object of his care.

But it is difficult to conceive whence the general notion could be

derived, if each breeder found no limit, no stop, to the amount of

variation which he can produce in the particular direction selected by

him for experiment.

But this difficulty disappears, like that first stated, if the process

of selection be transferred from the external action of circumstance, to

the internal action of the living Power gradually modifying the con-

stitution of the individual. It is a supposition agreeable to common

experience, that to each particular constitution, certain limits of

change are assigned, within which the possible varieties of the creature

possessing it fluctuate. But if the constitution changes, these limits

must be presumed to change also. Each fresh species, then, may be

regarded as a resting-place in the advance of life,—the development

of the possible varieties inherent in it being left to the external action

of circumstances; while among these the Power manifested in life

selects the forms most suitable to be converted into other species, and

thus carries on the differentiation of living beings a step further in its

proposed course.

Other grave difficulties disappear if we accept the idea of “ typical,”

in place of ‘‘natural”’ selection. One very serious one, in my judg-

ment, is the difficulty of seeing how natural varieties could perpetuate

themselves at all, if they retained that mutual prolificness character-

istic of all the varieties upon which we can experimentalize.

Able and ingenious as is Mr. Darwin’s argument to show thet

selection, by the ‘‘ struggle for existence”’ is possible, he seems to me,

throughout the whole of it, to confuse two distinct conceptions,

namely, the effect of peculiarities of structure in giving one plant or

animal an advantage over another, and the preservation of those

peculiarities. His reasoning would be conclusive if applied to a

state of things where each different variety was distinguished by an

exclusive disposition to produce its own kind, as we actually find

to be the case with species; but he applies it to a state of things

6 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8,

where, by his own hypothesis, he has swept away the ground of his

argument. If one variety of wading birds possessed longer bills than

another, this “‘advantage”’ might lead to the ultimate annihilation of

the short-bills, through the more rapid multiplication of the long, if

a long-billed parent always produced a long-billed offspring. But if

the long-bills and the short live side by side, as they must do

if they are to struggle for existence, and possess that aptness and

disposition for interbreeding which all known varieties are experi-

mentally found to possess, and the laws of interbreeding be supposed

to be what they now are, long-bills and short would soon merge into

one race of medium-billed birds, between whom the struggle for ex-

istence would be reduced to one of individual strength. In con-

nexion with this topic, the fact insisted upon by Mr. Darwin must

be borne in mind, that intercrossing between varieties is conducive to

fertility, as on the other hand breeding in and in is well known to

cause unhealthiness, if not sterility. On the whole, then, I conclude

that the permanent distinction of type which Mr. Darwin assumes to

result as a consequence from the struggle for existence, is really a

necessary condition, in order that this struggle may assume the form

of a contest of races.

Illustrations of this position might be endlessly multiplied. I will

adduce one only, drawn from the instance of the humble bee and the

honey bee, the origin of whose architectural powers is the subject of

a most interesting and ingenious discussion in Mr. Darwin’s work.

He adduces, as the “advantage”’ of the honey bee, and therefore

the constitutive principle of its peculiarities, the economy of wax in

the construction of its cells when compared with the round imper-

fectly connected cells of the humble bee; for thus, in seasons when

honey was scarce a saving in food might result. But the humble

bee still raises her lowly dwellings along side of the palatial store-

houses of her insect neighbour. Whatever the vicissitudes of the

seasons may have been, since she first appeared on the earth, Death

has not swept her away ; she survives now. What probable ground,

then, is there for assuming that she was not present when Mr. Darwin’s

incipient honey bee began its work, to destroy by intercrosses the

peculiarities of her rival, and bring down its “‘advantages”’ to the

common level ?

It is unnecessary to dwell upon the complete removal of this diffi-

culty, by the supposition of “typical selection.”” But more notice

is requisite of the bearing of this supposition upon another subject,

whereon Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis of selection by means of the

struggle for existence has produced much controversy, namely, the

evidence of the “stone-book.’’ That, if a new species can be formed

at all by “natural selection,” it can be only as the ultimate result of

a long balancing of rival tendencies, ending in the preponderance

of one side, Mr. Darwin admits. It follows, as he also admits, that

each new species, if thus formed, must have left behind it a long trail

of intermediate forms between itself and the species whence it arises.

Now, we do not find this “trail;” the links are wanting in many

cases ; and Mr, Darwin’s explanation of their failure is, that they once

1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 7

existed, but that the evidence of their existence has either not yet

turned up, or has been altogether swept away.

Other eminent geologists have questioned the probability, if not the

possibility of this total sweeping away of the links wanted to bind

together, upon Mr. Darwin’s supposition, the forms known to have

existed. Ido not propose to enter into this controversy, but only to

remark that, whatever difficulty may arise from the absence of inter-

mediate forms in tracing connected lines of descent of the different

forms whose existence has been ascertained, it is most materially di-

minished on the hypothesis of typical selection,—(1) because the

advance in each case will be always in the same direction, and there-

fore the interval between one marked form and another will be indi-

cated by much fewer steps than are required on Mr. Darwin’s

supposition, even if each step be very gradual ; (2) because it is con-

sistent with our present experience, that a very considerable amount

of change may take place in animal or vegetable organisms at once.

I will refer only to General Tom Thumb, and the Giant whose

skeleton is preserved in the College of Surgeons, in proof of the im-

portant departures from the ordinary human scale of proportion

which may be produced at one birth, under the ascertained laws of

life. Now, suppose individuals, male and female, characterized by

the possession of forms thus departing from the general human

standard, to be selected to constitute a new human species, forming the

centre of variations extending on all sides of the type thus manifested,

and the process to be repeated three or four times, by transitions of

equal magnitude on each occasion, in both directions; we should

arrive at forms almost as distinct from each other as Swift’s men of

Lilliput and Brobdingnag. And yet the intermediate variations might

succeed each other at short intervals, and leave but scanty traces of

their existence in any geological record. The Lilliputian and Brob-

dingnagian students of geology might thus find it as difficult to

connect their own history with that of the present race of mankind,

by geological evidence, as we find it to trace the descent of Teleostean

fishes, or Saurian amphibians, by the same records.

The conception of “typical selection’? seems also to elucidate

another subject, not altogether unencumbered with difficulty on

Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis, namely, the disappearance of types. If

one species is educed out of another by a modification of the sexual

character of some particular variety of the first, whence it acquires a

peculiar aptness and disposition for interbreeding, this variety would

be withdrawn from the circle of varieties by whose mutual action the

original type was preserved. Consequently the type would itself

have a tendency to alter ; and if several varieties were thus withdrawn

from any type, it would seem that this type must change into some

modification of itself, and take its place amid the circle of variously

related types evolved out of its original unity. The process would

be analogous to what appears to have happened in some cases, where,

through local circumstances or human interference, many distinct

varieties of the same plant or animal have been formed, as im the case

of wheat, of horses, of dogs, and of man himself; and the result

8 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8,

seems to accord with many ascertained facts in the relations of plants

and animals, living and extinct.

If in the course of these observations I have been occupied in

criticising rather than in defending Mr. Darwin’s views, the object of

this criticism has been to separate what I regard as a most valuable

scientific conception, from association with a theory which, though

highly ingenious, is entirely hypothetical, and, in my judgment

untenable.

That there is a principle of variation at work around us in the

living world, animal and vegetable, is certain. That by adding up

successive changes effected by this principle, we can bring about a

large sum of total change, is ascertained, The idea that the variety

of living beings to be observed on the earth has arisen from the long-

continued operation of this ascertained principle of variation during

the countless ages when, as we learn from geology, a vast succession

of creatures gradually tending to similarity with those existing now,

have followed each other as its occupants—creation, to use the

forcible language of Professor Owen, ever compensating for extinction

—is an idea full of the promise of scientific results, because it seeks

to explain the unknown by the known or knowable, and to sub-

stitute thought interpreting experiment, in place of thought dealing

only with itself. This true scientific character forms the distinction

between Mr. Darwin’s fundamental hypothesis and the theories of

those who like Lamarck, or the author of the ‘Vestiges of Creation,’

have previously attempted to embrace under one comprehensive

thought the riches of the organic world. They presented only con-

jectures incapable of being tested ; he has offered a conception re-

specting the past, which may be tested by the study of the present.

But this observation applies only to the conception that specific

differences arise from selection. In referring the method of selection

to the “struggle for existence,’ Mr. Darwin leaves the solid ground

of experiment for the airy regions of ingenious hypothesis. The

“struggle for existence” is perpetually going on around us; yet

Mr. Darwin has not adduced a single case of even an approach to

the formation of a new species as its ascertained result. All his

instances of the effects produced by the addition of minute changes,

in animal or vegetable organisms, are instances where the principle of

variety is modified in its operation by the principle of intelligent

choice. That the last principle has been concerned in producing the

changes observed in nature, we cannot, indeed, show directly ; but

when we learn experimentally that, by this means, something very

like natural species can be produced, surely it is more accordant with

the sobriety of science to assume that by this means also natural

species have been produced, than to refer their production to another

principle, which cannot be shown to be in operation at all, and of

which, if it is in operation, we cannot show how it could bring about

the effects attributed to it.

Ihave said ‘‘ something very like natural species ; ’’ for, as has been

observed above, man cannot confer upon his varieties the self-pre-

serving power characteristic of true species. But this is only accordant

1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 9

with the universal analogy of the distinction between man’s work

and the works of what we call Nature. Man always works from with-

out, Nature from within. But otherwise their works are subject to

similar conditions. The crystalline lens of the eye is formed of

elementary particles, held together by molecular or chemical attrac-

tion, as is the lens of the eyeglass. The formation of the optical

image, the prevention of diffraction, is brought about in each case by

an observance of the same principles of construction. But the eye-

glass is shaped and put together by a power operating from without,

upon masses of elementary particles, already drawn to each other by

their natural attractions. The lens of the eye is formed by a power

working from within, which draws these elementary particles together,

by secret processes, into positions where their natural attractions keep

them in the required arrangement.

So is it, as I conceive, in the formation of species. Man and

Nature both bring about changes of form in organized beings, by the

same process, namely, by directing into particular channels the ten-

dency to vary inherent in all organisms, “ adding up ”’ in different di-

rections the sum total of many changes, tending the same way. - Both

effect this addition by the same instrumentality, namely, by favouring

sexual intercourse in the organisms which show a tendency to vary

in the required direction, and impeding it in those which do not.

But man, working in this case as in every other from without, can

effect his “additions” only by bringing the suitable organisms to-

gether for the purpose of that intercourse, and keeping the unsuitable

apart. Nature, working, in this case as in every other, from within,

effects her additions by so modifying the wish for this intercourse, that

the animals whom she desires to bring together shall prefer each

other’s society, and so modifying its consequences, that accidental

unions of organisms, whether animal or vegetable, with other than

the organisms suitable for her purposes, shall be incapable of seriously

disturbing them. To seek an explanation of the natural process in an

external action, seems me as contrary to the whole analogy of our

knowledge, as it would be to seek an explanation of the human pro-

cess in an internal action.

And yet there is an external action in nature, bearing upon the

constitution of species—an action admirably described by Mr. Darwin

under the name of the struggle for existence, and having, as I appre-

hend, an effect analogous to that of external action on living or-

ganisms considered individually. The struggle with circumstances

destroys the dead, but it developes and exercises the living indivi-

dual; and so the struggle for existence developes the capacities of

variation of each typical form, while it prevents those variations from

injuring the type. For the order of the living creation depends upon

the more or less perfect transmission of the distinctive peculiarities

of each living being to its descendants ; and since these peculiarities

are subject to constant variation, there would be a tendency to a

perpetual degradation of each natural type, but for some counteracting

influence. For the characters of a living being cannot be balanced like

10 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE ON TYPICAL SELECTION. [Jan. 8,

ciphers in arithmetic—so many good on the plus side, so many bad

on the minus: they involve a mutual harmony, which cannot be

departed from far in any direction, without fatal injury to the whole :

one vice spoils many virtues ; and the union of great perfections with

great defects can, at the best, be only grotesque.

Now the risk of degradation consequent on these circumstances

appears to be prevented principally by two causes: first, that, in the

general course of nature, more than one individual must concur in

every act of generation ; for since these individuals commonly differ

in their accidental peculiarities, these peculiarities tend to efface each

other, and thus to preserve in their offspring the typical character :

secondly, that Death is, so to speak, ever on the watch to keep the

individual up to the mark, sternly sweeping away the varieties

afflicted with any serious imperfection, while he leaves the more

perfect specimens to transmit their endowments to their posterity,—

an operation probably aided by what Mr. Darwin has called “sexual

selection.”

In this conservative action, not in the creative operations ascribed

to Death by Mr. Darwin, his true function appears to me to consist.

Death throws away the worst of each /ind to preserve the best ; but

he must have the kind given him to operate upon. So he sweeps

away those types which change of circumstances have made unsuit-

able to the surrounding creation, to make room for others ; but these

are educed from the former, not by the unconscious action of death,

but through an “ ordained becoming,”’ realized by the wise foresight

of the ever-acting Power whose works we generalize into Nature.

Our greatest living poet has poured forth the dirge of existence:—

“Are God and Nature, then, at strife,

That Nature lends such fearful dreams ?

So careful of the type she seems,”’

So careless of the single life.

So careful of the type! but no,

From scarped cliff, and quarried stone,

She cries, ‘A thousand types are gone,

I care for nothing—all shall go.”

But the history of organized being, considered as a succession of

typical forms, assumes a more cheerful character; life appears

everywhere triumphant over death. As, in the order of nature the

individual transmits to its successors its own peculiarities, modified,

indeed, but not lost in the great stream of being, so each type, if it passes

away when it has done its work, is yet not lost, but transmits to suc-

ceeding types the undying fire, tinted with its own characteristic hue.

And this succession of typical forms, like the perpetuation of each

particular type, is brought about by the action of the individual, fol-

lowing the laws and impulses of its own nature, and unwittingly con-

tributing, by the performance of its own litile part, to the gradual

unfolding of the majestic drama of creation. But the arrangement

of the scenes is due to foresight, not to chance, to the constructive

power of thought adapting organization to circumstance, not to any

PZ'9: 186 Plate Ta

GH Ford

BYasa varamais avat saver aera

ae A ARE

1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON EPOMOPHORUS, 11

power in circumstance to create by destroying. In the words of the

same great master whose language I have already quoted—

Nature also, cold and warm,

And moist and dry, devising long,

Through many agents, making strong,

Matures the individual form.

2. AppITIONS TO THE MonoGrarH OF THE GENUS EPOMOPHO-

rus. By Roserr F. Tomes, Corr. Mens. Z.S.

(Plate I.)

1, EpomorHorus LABIATUS, Temm., sp.

Since the publication of my monograph of the genus Epomophorus

in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, the kindness of Prof. Schlegel

has enabled me to examine the type specimens of the Pachysoma

labiatum of M. Temminck in the Leyden Museum ; and I find that

the male, as I had supposed, is quite distinct from 2. macrocephalus,

although not differing from it so greatly as I formerly believed. It

resembles the latter species in its general proportions and appearance,

especially in the length of the head and face; but it has longer fur

on all parts of the body, and that of the back is somewhat redder in

colour. On the abdomen is an oval whitish patch rather more di-

stinct than in Z. macrocephalus, but less so than in FE. franquett.

The specimen is nearly, if not quite adult, and has the following di-

mensions :-—

in. lin

Length of the head and body ............ 4 9

— GE Che eae var eos 7 Pr ajohses tee ae 1 10

———.— Of thesearsine si. wide e See ats sae. ee OF

_— of tite forerarat Se ae Oe she 2 6

of the longest finger.............. 4 6

——W— of the fourth finger .. piatemetare: 8

— pf. the Gham ansctabstebnls coco 3 TS

— Suited cetera eeas ees LD

ofthe foot and claws ............ 0 9

——-— from the nose to the ear .......... | Bees

— from the nose to the eye .......... On 9

Expanse of wings, about - 22 22.026... 06 oe 17 0

The so-called female of Pachysoma labiatum contained in the

same collection is quite a young example of some larger species with

a less elongated muzzle, probably of L. gambianus.

2. E. cryprurus, Peters.

In my account of EZ. gambianus I included the FL. erypturus of

Dr. Peters as a synonym; but the assertion of the identity of the

two species had scarcely appeared before I saw in the Leyden Mu-

seum, a specimen which differed from HL. gambianus im several re-

spects. Shortly afterwards a specimen of an Epomophorus from

Natal came into my hands, which I had no difficulty in recognizing

iz DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. — [Jan. 8,

as identical with the species in the Leyden Museum; and a more

careful examination and comparison of this species with the type

specimen of HL. gambianus, and with the admirable figures and de-

tailed description of Z. erypturus given by Dr. Peters, induced me

to refer it to the latter species, which I now regard as distinct. It

will be unnecessary to enter into a detailed description of the species,

because that has been so well done by the original describer; but it

may not be out of place to state the chief points of difference between

it and FE. gambianus, which I have before described.

The LZ. crypturus is altogether rather smaller than FL. gambianus,

and has the fur on all parts much longer, and extending much more

on to the membranes, especially along the fore-arm, above and below,

on the legs and feet, and on the membrane of the coccyx. The ears

are broader, but not longer; and the interfemoral membrane is of

greater breadth, especially near the calcaneum. The supra orbital

processes of the cranium are also longer than in LZ. gambianus ; but

it is necessary to state that these parts in the figure of the skull of

the latter species, which accompanies this communication (figs. 2 and

2 a), are represented as a little too short, their points having been

broken off before passing into the hands of Mr. Ford.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

The accompanying plate is given to illustrate the peculiarly formed crania of

some of the species of Epomophorus, and to show, comparatively with that of the

allied genera Pferopus and Pachysoma, the singular dentition of this genus.

Figs.1 and 1a. Epomophorus macrocephalus, from the type specimen.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 2d. £. gambianus, from types.

Note.—The supra-orbital process in these figures is represented as rather

too short.

Figs. 3,3.a,and 34. E£. franqueti, from type specimens.

Figs. 4 and 4a. £. schoensis, from a specimen from Gaboon.

Fig. 5. Pteropus edulis.

A. First or rudimentary premolar, often absent.

B. Second premolar, corresponding with the carnassier of the Carnivora.

C, D, E. True molars, the hinder one of rudimentary size and shape, and

showing the first indication of that decrease in their development

which attains its full extent in Epomophorus.

Fig. 6. Pachysoma stramineum.

The letters A, B, C, D, E indicate the same teeth as in fig. 5; those

marked C, D, E are more rudimentary than in Péeropus, C, D, E of

fig. 5.

Fig. 7. aie macrocephalus.

The first premolar and last true molar are absent, and the second molar

(D of figs. 5 and 6) is here much reduced in size, and corresponds in

its degree of development with E of figs. 5 and 6.

3. ACCOUNT OF THE REPTILES SENT BY Dr. WUCHERER FROM

Baunisa. By Dr. A. GintTHErR.

Of the living specimens of Reptiles sent by Dr. Otto Wucherer

from Bahia, only a few have survived the transport. Most of them

perished during the voyage; and several arrived in so exhausted a

it et tl

1861. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. 13

condition that they died very shortly afterwards. It became evident,

from the emaciated state of the latter, that those animals had been

killed, not by the change of the temperature, but by want of food and

water. Those tropical animals naturally require a greater supply of

the latter than our European species do; and perhaps it would be

better to place them during the transport in a cool place on board

the steamer, in order to subdue the natural functions and to lessen

the desire for food. Once every week, on a bright day, they ought

to be brought on deck and exposed to the sun; then some water

might be poured into the cage or box in which they are kept. I

have no doubt that the failures hitherto experienced in bringing over

the beautiful Hyle of the Tropics, and other reptiles living in damp

places, might be avoided by the adoption of the measures recom-

mended.

As it is, however, only three of Dr. Wucherer’s specimens sur-

vive—a beautiful specimen of the South American Rat-Snake, Spi-

lotes variabilis, about 6 feet long, one Polychrus marmoratus, and

one Philodryas viridissimus. The two former are exhibited for the

first time, and apparently are doing very well. The Rat-Snake feeds

regularly on birds and small mammals; Dr. Wucherer has observed

that this species has the power of setting its tail in a trembling motion,

like the Rattle-Snake, if made angry. I have once seen the same in

the specimen living in the Gardens, and several times in the North

American Coluber quadrivittatus, whenever it was attacked by a

dog: in the latter case, it was not fear which produced the trembling

motion of the tail; for it was immediately followed by the snake

striking at the dog*.

The specimens of Polychrus marmoratus show the remarkable pe-

culiarity, that their femoral pores are not visible; this has been ob-

served also by Bibron, who says that they are often very indistinct

in this species. It changes its colours, like the Chameleon, the

name of which has been conferred on it by the inhabitants of Bahia.

Its ground-colour is brown when it is cold or asleep, bright green

when it feels comfortable, and yellowish-green when exposed to great

heat. Also the great capacity of the lungs and the lively motion of

the eyes (which, however, act in concert with each other) remind one

of its representative of the Old World. Since it has been removed

to a warmer place than the cages in the Reptile-house are, it has re-

covered its full strength, feeds regularly on meal-worms, and is very

fond of milk. Being a Tree-Lizard, its favourite place is on the

branches of a large geranium, near the fire-place ; but even that place

is sometimes too cold for it; and then it will approach nearer to

the fire than it is possible to keep the hand for any length of time.

Nevertheless it lies there basking for hours, extending the neck towards

the fire, and stretching the hind limbs in a line with the tail. These

animals will drink much; and the quantity of water swallowed on a

single day by this specimen, the body of which does not exceed the

length of 5 inches, cannot be less than half an ounce.

* The young of Cenchris piscivorus, born alive in the Gardens about the middle

of February, show this peculiar motion more frequently than any other of the

species mentioned.—March 5.

14 DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. __[Jan. 8,

The researches of Dr. Wucherer, continued for a considerable

space of time and confined chiefly to Snakes, prove that the environs

of Bahia are by no means so poor in species of this tribe as has

been represented by Castelnau. On the contrary, the following list,

containing chiefly the species common in the immediate vicinity of

Bahia, will be considerably increased, if Dr. Wucherer carries out

his intention of extending his researches beyond those limits; and

it is to be hoped that, with the assistance of this gentleman and of

his friends*, we shall produce one of those local faunas which are so

valuable as contributing to our knowledge of geographical distribu-

tion, and to the distinction of the local variation of species.

The following list of Snakes has been made up from the notes of

Dr. Wucherer, and from actual specimens sent in spirits to the Bri-

tish Museum :—

1. Geophis, n. sp.t From Canavieras, a small town south of

Bahia.

2. Elapomorphus wuchereri, Gthr. From Ihéos.

3. Liophis cobella, L.

- —— merremii, Wied. Very frequent.

regine, L. Very frequent.

conirostris, Gthr.

. AXenodon severus, L.

rhabdocephalus, Wied. Very frequent.

: colubrinus, Gthr. The validity of this species has been

fully acknowledged by Dr. Wucherer. He has sent two specimens

in spirits, one of which measures 3 feet 8 inches in length ; another,

sent off alive, perished on the voyage. Dr. Wucherer has observed

that the scales of all the species of Yenodon have a small colourless

spot near the tip; it is especially distinct in X. colubrinus. The

West Indian species of Dromicus have this spot yet more distinct.

All the species of this genus are very savage and apt to bite; they

frequent dry places; their food, however, consists in frogs.

10. Spilotes corais, Cuv. Frequent; called Pupapinta. Scales

in fifteen or seventeen series.

11. Spilotes variabilis, Wied. Frequent; called Cainanu. Dr.

Wucherer found the loreal always absent in old specimens.

12. Spilotes pecilostoma, Wied.

13. Coryphodon pantherinus, Merr. 'The form of the head and

the colours of this species vary much according to age.

14. Herpetodryas fuscus, L. Frequent.

15. —— carinatus, L. Less frequent.

16. Philodryas viridissimus, L. Very frequent.

17.60 serra, Schleg. A single specimen from Ihéos.

18. Dryiophis acuminata, Wied. Very frequent; called Cipé.

19. argentea, Daud. Less frequent,

20. Thamnodynastes nattereri, Mikan. Frequent.

* Dr. Wucherer has been assisted in collecting by Consul C. A. Giiltzow, Dr.

Heller, Dr. Télsner, Herr y. Steiger, H. Féppel, and other gentlemen. Mr. Ben-

nett has kindly taken charge of the reptiles during the transport.

+ Dr. Wucherer has reserved for himself the description of this species.

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. 15

21. Thamnodynastes punctatissimus, Wagl. One specimen from

Canavieras.

22. Leptodeira annulata, L. Very frequent.

23. Eudipsas leucocephalus, Mikan. Frequent.

24. Leptognathus catesbyi, Weig. Two specimens from Cana-

vieras.

25. Scytale coronatum, Schneid.

26. Oxyrhopus clelia, Daud.

27. petolarius, L.

28. trigeminus, D. & B. Frequent.

29. Uranops angulatus, L. Frequent near rivers.

30. Elaps lemniscatus, L. Very frequent.

31. —— corallinus, L.

32. Epicrates cenchria, L. Rare; called Giboia.

33. Xiphosoma caninum, L.

34. Boa constrictor, L. Frequent; called Giboia.

35. EHunectes murinus, L. Very frequent; called Sucurwuba.

36. Craspedocephalus atrox, L. Called Caisaeca; frequent, espe-

cially near Nazareth on the river Jaquaripa.

37. Craspedocephalus bilineatus, Wied. This isa venomous Tree-

Snake; it is called Swructie% patyoba, from the palm on which it

usually is found; it renders the cutting of the leaves of this palm

very dangerous. Another similar snake lives on the Uricana palm,

from which its name of Suructic% uricana is derived.

38. Lachesis mutus, L. Called Suructiev% ; it lives in holes to-

gether with Caelogenys paca, and is very dangerous to the dogs used

in shooting the latter.

39. Crotalus horridus, L.

I add the description of the new species of Snakes, and of a new

Lizard, sent by Dr. Wucherer to the British Museum.

ELAPOMORPHUS WUCHERERI.

Six upper labial shields, the second and third of which enter the

orbit ; two posterior oculars. Scales in fifteen rows ; ventral shields

181-208. Reddish-olive (in spirits); head black, with a yellow

band across the occipitals ; sometimes with three dark longitudinal

lines. Very old specimens uniformly coloured, the head being dirty

light brown.

Hab. Bahia.

Description.—This species has a very slender body, whilst the

tail is comparatively short. The head is depressed and obtuse, like

that of an Elaps. Rostral shield of moderate extent, not reaching to

the upper surface of the head. Anterior frontals one-third only of

the size of the posterior ones; vertical subhexagonal, somewhat

longer than broad ; occipitals large. Nasal shield oblong, occupying

the place of a loreal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Two tem-

poral shields, one behind the other, the anterior in contact with the

oculars. Six upper labial shields, the second produced upwards and

backwards so as to enter the orbit, the third immediately below the

eye. Lower labials seven or eight, the fourth and fifth being very

16 DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. [Jan. 8,

large. Two pairs of chin-shields; two or three pairs of scale-like

shields between the chin-shields and the ventral plates. Scales

smooth, polished, rhombie, in fifteen rows. Ventral shields 206-208 ;

anal bifid; subcaudals 33-47. Dr. Wucherer has found in a very

large specimen 181 ventral and 32 subcaudal shields.

Specimens of 19 inches length are reddish-olive in spirits, with a

darker line along the vertebral series of scales. In a specimen in

which this line is very distinct, another similar line is to be seen

along each side of the body, between the fourth and fifth outer series

of scales. Smaller specimens have those lines still more distinct.

The head and the anterior portion of the nape are brownish-black,

with a broad yellow band across the occipitals and temporals to the

side of the mouth. The lower parts are yellowish. Very large spe-

cimens are of a uniform bright gamboge-yellow, the head being dirty

light brown, gradually becoming lighter posteriorly ; there are some

greyish-ash irregular spots on the side of the head and under the

chin, and some minute irregular grey spots on the sides of the belly

and on the outermost rows of scales.

The posterior maxillary tooth is grooved.

Two specimens were taken at Ilhéos ; one is 18 and one 19 inches

long. Another large specimen, of which a sketch has kindly been

communicated to me by Dr. Wucherer, is from the same place; it

was captured on an open piece of ground before the house of a Cacao-

planter, situated some 60 feet above the level of the river and per-

fectly dry ; its total length is 4 feet 5 inches, and the length of the tail

41 inches. Its habit is stouter than that of the younger specimen,

and it appears to me to be a female.

TRACHYCYCLUS SUPERCILIARIS. (IGUANIDZ.)

?? Proctotretus telsneri, Berthold, Gétt. Nachr. 1859, p. 179.

Occipital plate of moderate size, as large as the eye. Above uni-

form brownish-olive (in spirits), yellowish below, a brown band along

the lower side of the thigh and before the vent.

Hab. Bahia.

Deseription.—The head is slightly depressed, of moderate width,

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES, 17

the snout is as broad as long. The whole of the upper surface is

covered with small, irregular shields, that in the middle of the occi-

put being the largest, about as large as the eye. The superciliary

margin is sharply prominent, continued into the canthus rostralis,

and formed by imbricate pointed scales, the point of which is directed

backwards. The eyelids are entirely covered with small granular

scales. The nostril is situated near the extremity of the snout, before

the canthus rostralis, and separated from it by a shallow groove ; it

is in a single convex shield. The upper and lower labial shields are

narrow, and there are two or three other series of small shields, run-

ning above, and parallel to, the upper labials, and covering the loreal

region. The lower of those series extends to below the eye. The

neck and the temporal region are covered with small keeled scales.

The opening of the ear is large, subtriangular, and its anterior mar-

gin is provided with six or seven tooth-like plates. The scales on

the lower side of the head are small, smooth, and become smaller on

the throat, where they form a very indistinct collar. There are two

oblique, deep folds on the side of the neck, between tympanum and

shoulder.

The back is covered with keeled scales of moderate size, the keels

terminating in small spines, and forming lines which converge from

both sides towards the vertebral line. There are seventeen longitu-

dinal lines of keels across the back between the shoulder-joints and

fifteen between the hip-joints. The scales on the upper parts of the

limbs are more sharply keeled and more spiny than those on the

back. The tail is of moderate length, depressed on its base, and

slightly compressed on its middle ; it is surrounded by rings of scales,

which are much larger than those of the body, each terminating in a

prominent spine.

The scales on the belly are rather small and smooth, disposed in

transverse series ; there are about twenty longitudinal series across

the breast between the front limbs ; the scales on the lower parts of

the limbs are smooth, except those on the soles of the feet and toes,

which again are strongly keeled. There are no femoral or anal pores.

Palatine teeth none.

All the upper parts are brownish-olive ; the lower dull yellowish,

with indistinct greyish reticulated lines ; the region before the vent

is deep brown, and a band of the same colour runs along the lower

side of the thigh.

in. lin.

Length of the snout (to the anterior angle of the

erhit) act. c.3% abet ia idea Stat bie bite Bam. ace aisita boas 0 4

Length of the head (to the anterior margin of the

Gyan ia) = sistas s.fs sored) o0..'s nar eeda tee es to

Greatest width of the head............ = 4

of the tail ....... as Smsitiactin oo :

Ghthe fpre dials) 5.153854) 40s. vid.8 ade cree

of the hind limb....... ang: Aechae « Homa wee

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. II.

Length of the trunk (from tympanum to vent).. 2

18 MR. A. NEWTON ON THE MAURITIAN WATER-HEN. [Jan. 8,

in. lin,

Length of the fourth finger (from the base of the

fifths iG. swede dacoeeenndanke doneeds Osan

of the fourth toe (from the base of the

fifth ), x vs Ve 25S WPT Beedle ean eos 77 Beat

Total length.........- eh ee ee e858

4, Description or A New Species or WatTer-Hen (GALLI-

NULA) FROM THE Is~LaAnD or Mauritius. By ALFRED

Newrovn, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

A small collection of birds recently sent from Mauritius by my

brother, Mr. Edward Newton, Assistant Colonial Secretary in that

island, and a Corresponding Member of this Society, contains a single

specimen of a Water-hen which I am led to consider as distinct from

the common Gallinula chloropus, with which it has hitherto been

confounded. ‘To this conclusion I am chiefly induced by the weight

I attach to my brother’s opinion, which is decidedly in favour of re-

garding it as different from our own familiar bird; for, though it

must be confessed that the differences observable in the dried skin

are but slight, they are perhaps not more so than are to be found in

other generally recognized species of the restricted genus Gallinula

—as, for instance, Gallinula galeata of the New World and G. tene-

brosa of Australia. The peculiarities, however, of the Mauritian

bird seem to be constant ; and I may perhaps be excused for stating

my belief that in cases where we find an animal from any certain

locality always presenting an appearance easily to be recognized, we

are justified in distinguishing it by a specific name.

In addition to the characters of the Mauritian Water-hen, which

I shall presently describe, I may add that my brother informs me

that its ery is altogether different from that of our own bird, with

which he is well acquainted ; and I must remark that this is also the

case with respect to the American species (G. galeata).

Mr. Gould has kindly enabled me to exhibit an example of this

new species, which he received through Mr. Barclay from the Mauri-

tius many years ago; and, as may be seen, it exactly resembles my

brother’s specimen in the peculiarities I have to poimt out. At the

same time I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Gurney for the opportunity

of showing that these peculiarities are not shared by the Water-hen

of South Africa, as the bird on the table, from the collection recently

sent to that gentleman by Mr. C. J. Andersson from Damara Land,

does not differ, that I can see, from our own G. chloropus.

In an admirable series of articles on the ornithology of Madagascar,

lately contributed by Dr. Hartlaub to the ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie,’

mention is made of a Gallinula in the collection at Vienna, killed

by Bojer on the east coast of that island, which is stated to have

‘‘ocherfarbenen Unterschwanzdecken.”’ Hence I should be dis-

posed to presume that the Mauritian form is found in the neighbour-

ing and larger island, and perhaps indeed is common and peculiar to

1861.] MR. A.D. BARTLETT ON THE PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. 19

the whole Mascarene group, as Dr. Hartlaub, quoting the authority

of M. Victor Sganzin (whose paper, by the by, in the ‘Mémoires de

la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg,’ I have not been able

to examine), states that it is common in Bourbon (Réunion) as well

as in Mauritius.

I now proceed to designate the new species in proper form :— -

GALLINULA PYRRHORRHOA, Sp. NOV.

Fulica chloropus, Julien Desjardins, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 45.

“ Galiinula chloropus,V. Sganzin, Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. Strasb.

1831-2, p. 45;” G. Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn. 1860, p. 173.

Gallinule or Moor-hen, auct. anon. in ‘ Mauritius Register,’ 1859,

p. Ixxxv.

Gallinula (2), ‘Ibis,’ 1861, p. 116.

Statura et aspectu Gallinule chloropodi admodum similis, sed

membrana frontali majore, caude tectricibus inferioribus cer-

vinis, pedibusque flavis.

Hab. In insulis Mascarenis, Mauritiana, Borbonica (teste Sganzin)

atque Madagascariensi (teste Bojer) ; differt voce a G. chloropode.

Mus. Vindobon., Joh. Gould necnon A. et E. Newton.

5. Notice oF THE OccURRENCE OF THE PINK-FOOTED GOOSE,

Ansrer pHa@NiIcopus. By A. D. Bartierr.

On the 8th of January 1839 I had the pleasure of introducing to

the notice of the Society’s Meeting this species for the first time as

a new British bird; and although since that period many examples

have been from time to time obtained, I am not aware that they have

appeared in such large numbers as they now appear. Since the 3rd of

this month upwards of a hundred specimens have been seen and

examined by me, most of them having been killed in the Eastern

Counties. The old males weigh about 6 lbs., the females 5 lbs., and

young birds 43 lbs. The length of the males is about 2 feet 6 inches,

the females 2 feet 3 inches, measuring from tip of bill to end of tail.

The length of the bill varies from 2} inches to 13 in length. I

mention this, as too much importance has been attached to this cha-

racter (in the Geese), which has led Mr. A. Strickland to regard and

describe the old male Bean-Goose as a new and distinct species*. Of

this latter bird I here exhibit an old male whose bill is upwards of

23 inches long. I also exhibit a female Bean Goose, bill 23 inches

long ; this latter is an adult female, having been kept in the Gardens

of this Society nearly two years.

* See Ann. and Mag. N. H. ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 121, where the old male Bean-

Goose (Anser segetum) is described as a new species under the name of the

Long-billed Goose (dnser paludosus).

20 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8,

6. Descriptions or Forty-SEvEN New Species or LAND-

SHELLS, FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. CuminG, Ese. By

Dr. L. Pretrrer.

(Plates II. & IIT.)

1. Hetrx trrocuiscus, Pfr. '. imperforata, conica, solidula,

levigata, nitidissima, pellucida, cornea ; spira convexo-conica ;

sutura submarginata; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, ultimus rotun-

datus, non descendens ; apertura subverticalis, lunaris ; perist.

simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columellari brevi, sub-

stricto, calloso-subincrassato.

Diam. maj. 5, min. 44, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

2. Heiix 1GNEscEnNs, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 1). 7. subperforata, glo-

boso-depressa, vitrinoidea, tenuis, striatula et striis impressis

spiralibus sub lente decussatula, pellucida, nitidissima, corneo-

ignescens ; spira parum elevata ; anfr. 44 rapide accrescentes,

convexiusculi, ultimus ventrosus, non descendens ; apertura fere

diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margi-

nibus vix conniventibus, dextro antrorsum subarcuato, columel-

lari arcuato-declivi, filart, superne anguste refiexo.

Diam. maj. 273, min. 23, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian, Moluccas (Mr. Wallace).

3. Hexrx suscornea, Pfr. TJ. subclause perforata, depressa,

tenuis, levigata, albido-cornea ; spira vix conoideo-elevata, ver-

tice subtili; sutura filo marginata; anfr. 74 convexiusculi,

ultimus vix latior, basi convexior ; apertura verticalis, auri-

formi-lunaris; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari

longe declivi, subincrassato.

Diam. maj. 132, min. 124, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

4. Hexrx casta, (Nantna) Pfr. 7. perforata, depressa, tenuis,

pellucida, corneo-grisea, superne striatula, parum nitens, sub

lente lineis spiralibus sculpta, subtus radiato-striata, nitidior ;

spira breviter conoidea, vertice subtili; sutura levis; anfr. 6

planiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus medio subcarina-

tus, bast convexiusculus ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris ; perist.

simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columellari declivi, ad in-

sertionem via dilatato.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 154, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands.

5. Herrx FARApDENsIs, Pfr. TJ. anguste umbilicata, depresso-

turbinata, solidula, superne arcuato-striata, lineisque spiralibus

sub lente conspicuis sculpta, lutescenti-cornea ; spira conoidea,

vertice minuto ; anfr.d convexiusculi, ultimus latus, rotundatus,

subtus radiato-striatus, nitidior ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-

GB. Sowerby, lith Vincent Brooks Imp

1. Helix ignescens. 2.Pythia wallacit. 3.Limicolaria turris.

4. Helix nodifera. 5.H.batchianensis. 6. Helix rhyncostoma.

7 Clausilia taylori. 8.Orthalicus mars

G_B.Sowerhy, lith Vinceat Brooks, Imp

l.Cyclotus batchianensis. 2.Simpulopsis cumingi. 3. Helix atro-tusca

A ea 1 c ) 2

4. Bulimus hepatostomus.’ 5.Bulimus pan. 6.Achatina plant

? 7 Lep

a ae | ee Run esladee oe 8 a

Lopoma pulearium 8 Helix expansa “i Leptopoma dl y\Dulosum

10. L. decipiens

1861.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. PA

lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-

ginibus vix convergentibus, columellari superne subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Parada, Mexico (M. Sallé).

6. Herrx cARMELIENSIS, Pfr. 7’. anguste umbilicata, depressa,

tenuis, sublevigata, pellucida, cornea, rufo indistincte radiata ;

spira convexa; anfr. 4} convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ulti-

mus rotundatus, non descendens ; apertura obliqua, lunaris ;

perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus distantibus, columellari

superne vix dilatato.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 3, alt. vix 2 mill.

Hab. Mount Carmel.

7. Hexix Gassiest, Pfr. TJ. umbilicata, discoidea, carinata,

tenuis, arcuato-striata et lineis impressis obliquis sub lente de-

cussatula, nitida, lutescens, flammis crebris castaneis fulgurata;

spira immersa; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ulti-

mus magnus, utringue convexior, medio subacute carinatus ;

apertura obliqua, subtriangulari-lunaris ; perist. simplex, acu-

tum, marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. maj. 81, min. 74, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner),

8. Hexrx parcutanensis, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 5). 7. angustissime

umbilicata, conoidea, solida, oblique striata, fusca; spira con-

vexo-conoidea, apice acutiuscula; sutura levis, carinato-mar-

ginata ; anfr.7, supremi plani, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus

carinatus, non descendens, basi profunde excavatus ; apertura

diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. rectum, marginibus di-

stantibus ; dextro subsimplici, basali incrassato, ad insertionem

Jflexuose ascendente.

Diam. maj. 20}, min. 184, alt. 114 mill.

8. Major, anfr. 8}, ultimo infra carinam precedentis recedente.

Diam. 231, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

9, Hevix ruyncnostoma, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 6). 7. anguste

umbtlicata, trochiformis, acute carinata, tenuiuscula, striatula

et sub lente minutissime granulata, carnea, Sasciis 2 rufis, altera

supera, altera latiore basali ornata ; spira conica, obtusiuscula ;

sutura carinato-marginata ; anfr. 6 subplani, lente accrescentes,

ultimus antice vix descendens, basi subplanus ; apertura per-

obliqua, subtriangularis ; perist. tenue, marginibus distantibus,

supero vir expanso, ad dextram in rostrum reflexo, basali bre-

viter reflexo, columellari dilatato, umbilicum occultante.

Diam. maj. 25, min. vix 22, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Waliace).

10. Hexrx nopirera, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 4). 7. umbilicata, tro-

chiformis, carinata, tenuiuscula, striatula, diaphana, pallide lu-

22 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8,

tescens ; spira conoidea, upice acutiuscula ; sutura levis; anfr.

5 conveaiusculi, ultimus non descendens, medio acute albo-cari-

natus, utrinque convexior ; apertura diagonalis, subrhombea ;

perist. late expansum, marginibus subparallelis, columellart

supra umbilicum angustum fornicatim reflexo, intus nodulo cir-

cumscripto munito.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

11. Hexrx occunra, Pfr. TJ. anguste umbilicata, globoso-de-

pressa, tenuis, sub lente undique tenuissime granulata, Suscula;

spira vie elevata; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus latus, antice

deflexus et subconstrictus, basi ventrosior ; apertura magna,

obliqua, lunato-ovalis; perist. albo-callosum, marginibus ap-

proximatis, deatro expanso, basali reflewo, supra umbilicum di-

latato.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. Aru Islands (Mr. Wallace).

12. Hewix arrorusca, Pfr, (Pl. III. fig. 3). 7. umbilicata,

depressa, tenuiuscula, conferte striata, atro-fusca, fascia unica

suturali lutescente ornata ; spira conoideo-convera, vertice

corneo ; anfr. 43 convexi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus depresso-

rotundatus, antice leviter descendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem

excavatus; apertura ampla, diagonalis, lunato-ovalis, intus

margaritacea, coloribus perlucentibus ; perist. album, late ex-

pansum et reflexiusculum, marginibus convergentibus, columellart

superne dilatato, tune intus tuberculo rotundato munito.

Diam. maj. 32, min. 25, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

13. Hexix expansa, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 8). 7. umbilicata, de-

pressa, tenuis, striatula, superne via nitidula, carnea, antror-

sum cinnamomea ; spira plana, subimmersa ; anfr. 4 convexius-

culi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus magnus, depresso-rotundatus,

antice vix descendens, subtus distinctius striatus, albidus, niti-

dus, pone aperturam gibboso-inflatus et constrictus ; apertura

ampla, perobliqua, lunato-circularis ; perist. tenue, marginibus

convergentibus, dextro horizontaliter abeunte, late expanso,

basali reflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 174, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

14. Hewrx tevcorropis, Pfr. 7. anguste umbilicata, depressa,

solidula, conferte striatula, nitidula, carnea; spira breviter

conoidea ; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 44 convexiusculi, ulti-

mus carina compressa, acuta, alba munitus, antice vix descen-

dens, basi convexior ; apertura obliqua, subrhombeo-lunaris ;

perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus, supero breviter ex-

panso, basali reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 8 miil.

Hab. Aru Islands (Mr, Wallace).

1861.] DR. L., PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 23

15. Srrepraxis stNuosa, Pfr. 7. profunde arcuato-rimata,

oblique oblonga, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, vitreo-albida ;

spira subconoidea, vertice valde excentrico, minuto ; anfr. 54

convexiusculi, ad suturam striatuli, penultimus gibbosus, ulti-

mus antrorsum aberrans, loco umbilici profunde excavatus ;

apertura diagonalis, late lunaris, lamina parva lingueformi

parietali coarctata ; perist. flecuosum, callosum, reflecum, mar-

gine dextro superne tenui, sinuoso.

Diam. maj. 83, min. 63, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. Cochin China.

16. Srrepraxis EBURNEA, Pfr. 7. oblique perforata, subglo-

bosa, superne minute striata, eburneo-albida ; spira convexo-

conica ; anfr. 64 parum convexi, 13 ultimi antrorsum deviantes,

ultimus inflatus, levigatus ; apertura perobliqua, subtriangu-

lari-lunaris, dente lingueformi parietali coarctata ; perist. cal-

losum, album, expansum et reflecum, margine supero intus dente

1 acuto munito.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. Cochin China.

17. Butimus pan, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 5). J. perforata, conico«

ovata, solida, levigata, nitida, alba, fasciis nigro-castaneis

ornata ; spira conica, sursum fulvicans, apice obtusa ; anfr. 53

planiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, medio carinatus (carina

antice evanescente), basi rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis,

truncato-ovalis ; perist. tenue, margine dextro superne sinuato,

tum sublate patente, columellari stricte ascendente, fornicatim

reflexo.

Long. 30, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

18, Bunimus uepatostomus, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 4). 7. perfo-

rata, subfusiformi-oblonga, solidula, sublevigata, alba, strigis

sparsis fuscis signata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura sub-

marginata; anfr. 6 modice convexi, ultimus spiram paulo supe-

rans, basi subattenuatus ; columella verticalis, stricta; aper-

tura via obliqua, oblonga, intus hepatica, nitida ; perist. album,

margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari plano, late reflexo.

Long. 32, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. Mexico (M. Boucard).

19. Buxtimus 1opostyuus, Pfr. T. perforata, oblongo-conica,

solidula, rugoso-striata et lineis impressis obliquis minute sub-

granulata, alba subunicolor vel strigis rufis et castaneis irregu-

lariter picta; spira conica, vertice acuto; anfr. 6 convexius-

culi, ultimus spiram vixw superans, basi subattenuatus ; colu-

mella substricta, lilacina; apertura parum obliqua, oblonga;

perist. breviter expansum, margine columellari sursum dilatato,

reflexo.

Long. 30, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. Mexico (M. Boucard).

24 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. (Jan. 8,

20. Burrmus DEMERARENSIS, Pfr. TT. perforata, ovato-tur-

rita, solidula, striatula, sub lente indistincte decussatula, opaca,

albida, strigis fuscis irregulariter notata; spira elongato-conica,

acutiuscula ; anfr. 6 parum convexi, ultimus 3 longitudinis

superans, subangulatus (angulo antice evanescente) ; apertura

obliqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. breviter expansum, margine

columellari arcuato, superne fornicatim reflezo.

Long. 203, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. Demerara.

21. Buxtimus nixoticus, Pfr. TT. subperforata, inflato-ovata,

solida, fuscula, saturate castaneo irregulariter radiata ; spira

brevis, conica, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 6 convexi, summi levi-

gati, sequentes minute decussati, ultimus Jere % longitudinis

formans, inflatus, subplicatus et lineis remotioribus spiralibus

subclathratus; apertura viz obliqua, ovalis, intus margaritacea;

perist. roseum, marginibus callo crasso junctis, dextro subin-

erassato, striato, superne subrepando, columellari crasso, sub-

stricto, basi angulum indistinetum cum basali formante.

Long. 118, diam. 60 mill.

Hab. Ad fontes Nili Albi (Mr. Petherick).

22. Butimus pyroiscus, Pfr. TT. subperforata, turrita, soli-

dula, levissime striata, albida; spira elongata, apice acutius-

cula; sutura profunda; anfr. 9 conveaxtusculi, ultimus 2 longi-

tudinis equans, basi non attenuatus ; columella levissime ar-

cuata ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex,

rectum, margine columellart breviter reflexo, subadnato.

Long. 13, diam. 3 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

23. Butimus pux, Pfr. T. subobtecte perforata, ovato-conica,

solida, irregulariter striata, pallide carnea ; spira conica, acu-

tiuscula; sutura marginata; anfr. 6 vie convexiusculi, infra

suturam striis spiralibus nonnullis distinctis, pluribusque obso-

letis sculpti, ultimus spiram paulo superans, subventrosus, basi

rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, angulato-ovalis, intus roseo-

carnea, nitida; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo roseo

nitido junctis, columellari lilacino-roseo, fornicatim reflexo, sub-

adnato.

Long. 51, diam. 26 mill.

Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia.

24. Sprraxis BoucARDI, Pfr. T. ovato-oblonga, tenuis, levigata,

nitida, olivaceo-fusca vel rubello-cornea ; spira convexo-conica,

obtusula ; sutura levis ; anfr. 6 planiusculi, ultimus antice de-

scendens, + longitudinis formans, basi rotundatus ; lamina colu-

mellaris funiculata, torta, non truncata ; apertura verticalis,

anguste sinuato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro me-

dio antrorsum subdilatato.

Long. 17, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard).

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 25

25. Limicotaria Turris, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 3). 7. anguste um-

bilicata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, conferte striata, striis

spiralibus paulo distantioribus granulato-decussata, pallide

straminea unicolor vel strigis et flammis rufis varieyata; spira

turrita, apice obtusula; anfr. 10 modice convexi, ultimus a

longitudinis subequans, ad suturam interdum impresso-margi-

natus et crenatus, juxta umbilicum subcompressus ; columella

leviter arcuata, cerulescens ; apertura subverticalis, oblonga,

basi subeffusa, intus margaritacea; perist. simplex, rectum,

margine columellari sursum dilatato, fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 114, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. Ad fontes Nili Albi (Mr. Petherick).

26. OrrHaticus mars, Pfr.’(Pl. II. fig. 8). 7. imperforata,

oblongo-conica, solida, sublevigata, carnea, livido-nebulosa ;

spira conica, vertice obtuso; sutura crenulata ; anfr. 7 modice

convexi, medio griseo-violaceo marmorati, ultimus 2 longitudinis

subequans, antice rugoso-striatus ; columella nigra, callosa,

torta et plicata ; apertura obliqua, ovalis, fundo margaritaceo-

alba; perist. rectum, obtusum, intus nigro-limbatum, margini-

bus callo nigro intrante junctis.

Long. 77, diam. 35 mill.

Hab. In republica Mquatoris (Mr. Fraser).

27. ACHATINA SEMIGRANOSA, Pfr. 7. ovato-turrita, tenuius-

cula, lutescens, flammis castaneis Julguratis ornata ; spira

conica, obtusa; anfr. 7 modice convexi, superiores distincte

seriatim granulati, ultimus spiram subequans, infra medium

minutissime decussatus, seriebus granulorum destitutus; colu-

mella alba, parum torta, late truncata ; apertura vix obliqua,

angulato-subelliptica ; perist. simplex, acutum.

Long. 77, diam. 34 mill.

Hab. Cape Natal (Mr. Plant).

28. AcuaTINnA pLantr, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 6). 7. turrito-oblonga,

solidula, carneo-albida, fuscula et castaneo wrregulariter ma-

culata et flammata ; spira ovato-conica, apice rotundata; su-

tura subcrenata ; anfr. 9 convexiusculi, summi minute granu-

lato-decussati, 2 ultimi prope suturam granulati, tum subdi-

stanter plicatuli, ultimus spira brevior, basi subattenuatus ;

columella levissime recedens, basi oblique truncata; apertura

obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus

callo saturate castaneo, introrsum diffuso, junctis.

Long. 134, diam. 47 mill.

Hab. Cape Natal (Mr. Plant).

29. ACHATINA roxcrorty, Pfr. 7. eylindrico-turrita, solidula,

trregulariter striatula, sub epidermide cornea decidua albida ;

spira superne turrita, apice obtusa, tum cylindracea; sutura

subcrenulata ; anfr. 12} convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis

viz equans, basi rotundatus ; columella antrorsum arcuata, di-

26 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8,

stincte et anguste truncata; apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist.

simplex, rectum.

Long. 35, diam. 6} mill.

Hab. Sierra Leone (Mr. Foxcroft).

30. OLEACINA MULTISPIRA, Pfr. 7, ovato-turrita, tenuis, stria-

tula, nitida, cornea, strigis indistinctis pallidis irregulariter

notata; spira convexiusculo-turrita, apice acuta ; sutura crenu-

lato-marginata ; anfr. 10 planiusculi, infra suturam plicatuli,

ultimus spira brevior, basi rotundatus ; columella brevis, ad

basin aperture oblique truncata; apertura subverticalis, sinuato-

semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro fere angulatim an-

trorsum dilatato.

Long. 25, diam. 9§ mill.

Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard).

31, OLtEactnA TuRGIDA, Pfr. 7. subfusiformi-ovata, solidius-

cula, leviter et conferte striata, parum nitida, isabellina; spira

conica, apice obtusa; sutura levissime crenulata ; anfr. 7 tur-

gidi, summi levigati, ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi attenua-

tus; columella stricta, abrupte truncata; apertura verticalis,

sinuato-semiovalis, intus rubella; perist. simplex, acutum.

Long. 30, diam. 12 mill.

Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard).

32. OLEACINA CONFERTA, Pfr. TT. oblongo-ovata, tenuiuscula,

conferte plicato-striata, pellucida, nitida, cerea; spira conica,

obtusula; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 8 convexiusculi, ultimus

spiram vic superans; columella arcuata, basi late truncata ;

apertura subverticalis, acuminato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex,

margine dextro leviter antrorsum arcuato.

Long. 25, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard).

33. Oueactna saccaTa, Pfr. T. ovato-oblonga, solidiuscula,

Susco-corned ; spira convexo-conica, apice acutiuscula; sutura

filo marginata et conferte granulata; anfr. 63 convewiusculi,

superiores plicato-striati et lineis minutissimis spiralibus de-

cussati, ultimus spira brevior, infra suturam modo plicatulus et

decussatus, tum levigatus, basi saccatus ; columella brevis,

subtorta, late truncata ; apertura subverticalis, sinuato-ovalis,

intus margaritacea ; perist, simplex, margine deatro antrorsum

subdilatato.

Long. 56, diam. 24 mill.

Hab. In republica AMquatoriali (Mr. Fraser).

34. Outeacina peEcipvA, Pfr. 7. fusiformis, tenuis, striatula,

lineis impressis spiralibus sub lente decussatula, nitida, albida,

epidermide griseo-cornea, strigatim decidua variegata; spira

conica, obtusa; sutura vix marginata; anfr. 6 convexiusculi,

ultimus spiram subequans, basi attenuatus ; columella leviter

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS, 27

arcuata, oblique truncata; apertura parum obliqua, subsemi-

ovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro regulariter arcuato.

Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.

Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M, Boucard).

35. CyLINDRELLA MicrosToMA, Pfr. 7. subperforata, cylin-

dracea, levigata, cretacea; spira sursum dilatata, in conum

brevem acutiusculum desinens ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 18 sub-

plani, equales, summi plicatuli, ultimus striatus, antice solutus,

dorso carinatus, basi angulatus, angulo antrorsum evanescente ;

apertura parvula, verticalis, subtriangularis ; perist. undique

breviter expansum.

Long. 154, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. 2

36. Cuausitia opesa, Pfr. J. areuato-rimata, ventroso-fusi-

Sormis, solidula, conferte striata, sericina, corneo-albida ; spira

ventrosa, apice acutiuscula; sutura simplex; anfr. 10 con-

veriusculi, ultimus pone aperturam crista obtusa valida mu-

nitus; apertura subverticalis, piriformi-rotundata; lamelle

mediocres, convergentes ; lunella arcuata; plica palatalis 1

supera, subcolumellaris conspicua ; perist. continuum, superne

breviter solutum, intus albo-callosum.

Long. 14, diam. 42 mill.

Hab. In Dalmatia.

37. Cuausitia (BALEA?) Tayiort, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 7). 7’. pro-

Sunde rimata, turrita, solidula, conferte plicato-striata, corneo-

albida ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura

simplex; anfr. 11 convexiusculi, ultimus basi vir attenuatus,

infra medium obtuse carinatus, antice solutus,, descendens et

dorso acute carinatus ; apertura magna, obliqua, intus semicir-

cularis ; lamelle obsolete ; plice nulle ; perist. continuum, un-

dique late expansum.

_ Long. 47, diam. 84 mill.

Localitas ignota.

38. SimpuLorsis cuminGy, Pfr. (PI. III. fig. 2). 7. subglobosa,

tenuissima, leviter et irregulariter plicatula, pellucida, viz

nitida, virenti-cornea ; spira minuta, in papillam minimam de-

sinens; anfr. 3, ultimus perinflatus ; columella regulariter ar-

cuata, simplex ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-ovalis, intus niti-

dissima ; perist. simplex, expansiusculum.

Diam. maj. 20}, min. 193, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Mexico.

39. SimpuLopsis ane, Pfr. 7’. conico-globosa, tenuis, confer-

tissime striata, pellucida, eneo-micans, olivaceo-cornea; spira

brevis, conica; anfr. 24, superus convexus, ultimus inflatus ;

apertura diagonalis, ovalis, intus nitidior ; columella filaris ;

DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8,

perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo tenuissimo albido

junetis.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 54 mill.

Hab. La Parada, Mexico (M. Sallé).

40. SucciNEA SCALARINA, Pfr. . ovato-conica, scalarina, so-

lidiuscula, irregulariter rugoso-plicata, nitidula, rubella; spira

elongata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 34 convexi, ultimus spiram paulo

superans, bast subattenuatus ; columella substricte recedens,

cum perist. angulum indistinctum formans ; apertura obliqua,

ovalis, superne viz angulata; perist. simplex, margine columel-

lari superne reflexiusculo.

Long. 13, diam. 74, alt. 51 mill.

Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia.

41. Pyru1a watuaci, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 2). 7. imperforata,

compresse ovato-acuminata, solidiuscula, leviter striata, lutes-

cens, punctis castaneis dense conspersa vel subunicolor casta-

nea; spira conica, acuminata, lateribus angulata, varicibus

pallidis ; sutura levis, indistincta ; anfr. 9-10 planiusculi, ulti-

mus 2 longitudinis fere formans ; apertura vix obliqua, angus-

tissima ; plice parietales 3, suprema verticaliter descendens,

angulatim retrofleca, secunda magna, lingueformis, tertia mi-

nuta, illi parallela; plica columellaris valida, torta, subad-

scendens ; perist. callo dentifero munitum (dentibus 2 majori-

bus, tertio minuto), superne simplex, tum expansum et tenuiter

reflecum.

Long. 23, diam. maj. 14, min. 10 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

42. CycLoTus SUBFLAMMULATUS, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, turbi-

nato-depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula, nitida, lutescens ; spira

breviter conoidea; anfr. 4 modice convexi, supremi pallide

rufo-flammulati, ultimus depresso-rotundatus, non descendens ;

umbilicus conicus, + diametri vix superans; apertura vix ob-

liqua, subcircularis, intus margaritacea ; perist. duplex, inter-

num vix porrectum, externum patens, superne productum, latere

columellari angusto.

Diam. maj. 17, alt. 85 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

43. Cyctotus BarcarANnensis, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 1). 7. late

umbilicata, subdiscoidea, solida, oblique striatula et superne

liris spiralibus obsoletis notata, saturate fusca ; spira vix pro-

minula ; anfr. 4 converiusculi, supremi pallide flammulati, ulti-

mus depresso-rotundatus, antice descendens ; apertura diago-

nalis, subangulato-rotunda; perist. duplex, internum conti-

nuum, subadnatum, latere dextro dilatatum, externum album,

concentrice striatum, superne valde productum, juxcta anfr. con-

tiguum subcompressum, latere dextro et basali expansis, colu-

mellart angusto.

Diam. 23, alt. 83 mill.

Hab, Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS 29

44, CycLopnorvus PApILio, Pfr. 7. sublate umbilicata, con-

vexo-depressa, solida, striata, alba, maculis castaneis sagit-

teformibus et fascia subcontinua infra peripheriam ornata ;

spira convexa, obtusula ; sutura distincte filomarginata ; anfr. 5

convei, ultimus basi albus ; apertura fere diagonalis, subcir-

cularis ; perist. duplex: internum continuum, breviter adnatum,

externum superne dilatatum et subinflecum, latere dextro et

sinistro patens.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 20, alt. 13 mill.

Localitas ignota.

45. LeeropoMA PULICARIUM, Pfr, (Pl, III. fig. 7). 7. perforata,

globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, striis spiralibus confertissimis

undulatis sculpta, carnea, punctis rufulis (interdum fulguratim

confluentibus) dense conspersa; spira turbinata, apice acu-

tiuscula, cornea; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus inflatus ; apertura

obliqua, ovali-subcircularis ; perist. album, tenue, breviter sub-

interruptum, margine dextro equaliter patente, sinistro medio

dilatato, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

46. Lerropoma GLosuLosum, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 9). 7. perfo-

rata, conico-globosa, tenuiuscula, striis spiralibus confertis-

simis sculpta, albida, seriebus nonnullis macularum fuscarum

cincta; spira turbinata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 4} convexi, ultimus

valde inflatus; apertura parum obliqua, multo altior quam lata;

perist. album, vix interruptum, margine dextro equaliter pa-

tente, sinistro medio subdilatato, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 134, min. 11}, alt. 103 mill.

6. Albidum, maculis magnis castaneis irregulariter pictum, liris

nonnullis filaribus superne sculptum.

Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

47. Lertopoma DEcIPIENs, Pfr. (PI. III. fig. 10). 7. perforata,

globoso-conica, subcarinata, tenuiuscula, sub epidermide olivaceo-

Susca squamosa albida, nitida ; spira elevato-conica, apice acu-

tiuscula, aurantiaca; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, oblique striati et

liris filiformibus subremotis cincti ; apertura diagonalis, lunato-

ovalis ; perist. album, interruptum, margine dextro descendente,

patente, sinistro superne sinuato, tum vix dilatato.

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.

Had. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace).

30 CAPT. J. M. DOW ON ANABLEPS. . [Jan. 22,

January 22nd, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the meeting to an important

addition lately made to the Society’s Menagerie, On the 18th instant

Her Majesty the Queen had transferred to the Society’s care a female

of the Alian’s Wart-Hog (Phacocherus eliani, Riipp. Atlas, i.

pl. 25), which had been lately received from Bathurst in Western

Africa by the steamer ‘ Armenian,’ as a present to Her Majesty from

the King of Ashantee, through the Governor of the Gold-coast. This

species was stated to be distinguishable from the Wart-Hog of

Southern Africa (P. ethiopicus), of which the Society already pos-

sessed a specimen, by the presence of two upper incisor teeth (which

are wanting in P. ethiopieus when adult), as well as by other very

noticeable external characters.

Dr. Sclater also exhibited a specimen of the American Meadow-

Starling (Sturnella ludoviciana), shot in Suffolk a short time since,

and lent to him by the Rev. Henry Temple Frere, of Burston Rectory,

for examination. This was the first instance of the occurrence of

this bird in Europe.

A letter was read, addressed to Dr. Sclater by Dr. G. Bennett,

F.Z.S., relative to a singular Grallatorial bird living in an aviary in

Sydney in November 1860, which had been brought from New

Caledonia by M. Des Planches. A drawing of the bird was also

exhibited, which was stated by Dr. Sclater to represent the same

species as that lately described in France as Rhinochetus jubatus,

and referred by its describers (MM. DesMurs and J. Verreaux) to

the family Ardeide.

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed

to him by Captain John M. Dow, Corr. Memb., dated “U.S. Mail-

steamer ‘Guatemala,’ Panama Bay, December 7th, 1860 :”—

‘‘ Some time since,while in the Bay of La Union, State of San Salva-

dor, I caught, or rather should say shot with my gun, having no other

means at hand, a couple of what 1 supposed was Anadleps tetroph-

thalmus ; but upon sending them to my friend Professor Baird of

the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, was somewhat surprised

and gratified to hear they were of an entirely new species,—eratified

because honoured with having my name given to this singular fish,

which has been called 4. dowii.

“Qn our voyage just ended, at the request of Professor Baird,

who desires to distribute them to different Museums, I captured a

half-dozen or so more of these fishes, one of which I left out for dis-

section; fortunately this proved to be afemale. With the assistance

of Dr. J. Taylor Crook, the Surgeon of the steamer, a sufficient

satisfactory dissection was made to justify me in announcing a most

remarkable peculiarity, which I have never before seen noticed in any

work, in the reproduction of this species. It is well known that this

1861.] MR. R.F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S, W. AFRICA. 31

genus of fishes give birth to their young alive. An incision made

in the abdomen of the one under consideration established the fact ;

for three young ones were found within it, and all of them in different

stages of development. The first we removed was fully developed in

all its parts, but still had the placenta attached to its belly, but alto-

gether detached from the parent, and evidently in condition to be

discharged from the parent in a couple of days. The second was

intermediate in its development to the one just described and the

third. In the latter the abdominal suture was not yet closed, neither

was the black transverse band which divides into two parts the cornea

and iris of the eyes of this genus (which band was perfect in the first-

mentioned young one, and not entirely perfect in the second) at all

developed. I think this observation fully establishes the entirely

viviparous (not ovo-viviparous as most writers have it) nature of the

genus. Does not also the singular fact of the young being found in

intermediate stages of development within the parent present a strange

anomaly in the history of viviparous reproduction—an undeniable

argument against the generally accepted opinion of the laws which

are supposed to govern the reproduction of species in animal life?

Of the above fact I desire no further evidence. Whether it is of that

importance to the scientific world which my imperfect relation above

- would imply, I leave for others, more deeply versed in such investi-

gations, to decide.”

The following papers were read :—

1. Notrs on A CotziecTion or Bats MADE BY Mr. ANDERSSON

IN THE DAamarA CountRy, SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA, WITH

Norices OF SOME OTHER AFRICAN SpecIES. By RosertT

F. Tomes, Corr. Mems. Zoot. Soc.

Through the kindness of J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., I have been

enabled to examine a very interesting, though not very extensive,

collection of Bats, made by Mr. Andersson in South-western Africa

during the year 1859. It contains three new species ; and I propose,

when describing them, to add notices of some others previously col-

lected by Mr. Andersson at Lake Ngama, and of one or two species

which, although already well known, may, from their affinity with

some of those in the present collection, be advantageously introduced

here. To prevent any confusion regarding the species forming the

collection recently received from Mr. Andersson, they may be men-

tioned here, as follows:—Kerivoula argentata, n. s., Nycticejus

planirostris, Peters, Scotophilus minutus, Temm., S. rusticus, n. s.,

and S. variegatus, n. s.

The remaining species mentioned in this paper are—Scofophilus

capensis, from the Cape of Good Hope, collected by M. Verreaux,

Miniopteris schreibersii and Molossus limbatus, both collected by

Mr. Andersson at Lake Ngama, and Scotophilus kuhlii, collected in

Algeria by the Rey. H. B. Tristram.

32 MR. R. F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. [Jan. 22,

KERIVOULA ARGENTATA, 0. S.

In the Proceedings of this Society for 1858 I described at some

length the peculiarities of the present group of Bats, giving my rea-

sons for regarding these peculiarities as generic. All that was stated

respecting the several species then enumerated may with equal exact-

ness be said of the present one; and I may add that I have since

that time again examined the fine collection of Bats in the Leyden

Museum, and that, with the exception of identifying my specimens

of K. papillosa with the Vespertilio papillosus otf M. Temminck, and

examining a specimen of my K. @rosa, labelled ‘‘Gorontalo,” I saw

nothing which in any way either confirmed or modified my previous

opinions of the genus.

The present species is of larger size than either of the African

species before described, fully equal in size to the K. papillosa, and

in the colour of its fur it differs from all the other species.

Compared with the African species which it most nearly re-

sembles, it possesses some of the characters of both K. danosa and

K. @rosa. ‘

The top of the head is elevated in about the same degree as in K.

erosa; and it greatly resembles this species in the shape of the muzzle

and the distribution of the hair on the face; but in the shape of the

ears it approaches more nearly to K. lanosa, differing from it only in

having the inner rounded margin toward the top of the ears more

prominent even than in that species. The tragus is remarkably

narrow, and tapers evenly to an exceedingly acute point; near the

bottom of its outer edge is a narrow notch, or rather slit, and below

it a small and pointed process, which is placed, in fact, immediately

above what may be called the foot-stalk or narrow root of the tragus.

Inside the ear, and vertically beneath the tragus, is a well-defined

fleshy tubercle, of a flattened form, and about one line in length.

In the quantity and_distribution of the fur on the membranes,

this species is intermediate between K. /anosa and K. e@rosa, but it

has fewer adpressed hairs on the wings than either. The fur of the

back extends on to the membranes of the flanks a little, and on to

the interfemoral membrane in a scattered manner, but more thickly

on to the tibiee and feet, especially on to the latter, which are well

clothed. Beneath, it extends a little on to the membranes near the

sides of the body. The os calcis is well clothed with short adpressed

hairs ; and between it and the tail-tip the membrane is fringed with

closely-set hairs, which curve downwards and have a comb-like ap-

pearance, as in K. lanosa.

The fur is everywhere long and silky; that of all the upper parts

is of four colours—at the root very dark grey for a fourth of its

length, then yellowish, passing into a pale but bright rust-colour, and

the tips of the hairs of a shining and silvery white. There is very

little variation in the colouring of the different parts of the upper

surface. Beneath, the fur is unicoloured and dirty-white, on the

sides of the neck and on the cheeks tinged with rust-colour.

The teeth, as far as may be gathered from inspection without re-

1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. 33

moving the skull from the specimen, are like those of K. lanosa, the

upper incisors being, as in that species, nearly of the same length.

The outer incisors in the lower jaw have the singular and prominent

cusp, which I have mentioned as peculiar to the genus, quite as much

developed as in any of the species.

a“

Length of the head and body, about ...... 2 0

Ms SES TCL: OR Pe a 0 8

— of the ears .......... TPS OT | PO

Breadth of the ears.......... era, wera 0 52

Deemeth of She. freee. oc i os wwe tiae ee on 0 4

Greatest breadth of the tragus, barely OT

Length of the fore-arm .............5 wang aay

of the thumb and its claw........ 0 4}

Gigthe GtsG ARPT oe sn cis'a xe ao,> © |

QUCNE SBCA coisas 5 0 a sme peices s 3. 6

ee CMD siesta + cn mix Fieipig te Sex. « 2 6

OEE THREE, 5 oc Ssede.ncs case ae 2 4

— AH ANTE eee = Ch araenlaun. cia aoe <ig "a 0 72

of the foot and claws ............ 0 42

of the os calceis ..... SER NP 0 10

Expanse of wings, about............e0: 12 0

Hab. ‘‘ Otjoro, December Ist, 1859. Female.”

NYCTICEJUS PLANIROSTRIS, Peters.

N. planirostris, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. Saugeth, i. 65. t.17. f.1,

1852.

Of this species there are a considerable number of specimens, dif-

fering from each other only in the depth of colouring of the fur—some

of them being as dark in colour as the figure given by Dr. Peters,

but the greater number much paler, the under parts being of a dirty-

white colour. These light-coloured examples have much the appear-

ance of WV. leucogaster, but may be distinguished by their more robust

form, larger head and ears, and by their much longer fur. I possess

one specimen of this species from the Cape of Good Hope.

Hab. “ Eleph. Valley, August 3rd, 1859,” and ‘ Otjoro, Decem-

ber Ist, 1859.”

ScoTOPHILUS MINUTUS.

Vespertilio minuta, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 207.

Although M. Temminck refers to several specimens of this species,

I have only observed one in the Leyden Museum; and that one is

obviously immature. As there is considerable confusion amongst the

species referred to this, I will give a description of an adult speci-

men which, by actual comparison, I have ascertained to be identical

with the specimen in the Leyden Museum. The S. minutus appears

to have a considerable geographical range ; for I have seen and iden-

tified specimens from North Africa, as well as from the Cape; and

examples are not wanting to illustrate its occurrence at intermediate

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. III.

34 MR. R. F, TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. [Jan. 22,

positions. I have two specimens which were collected by Mr. An-

dersson at Lake Ngama.

The top of the head is on the same plane with the face ; the muzzle

is moderately obtuse, a little more so than in the S. Auhlii of

Europe; the nostrils are slightly tubular, ovoid, and opening sub-

laterally ; between them is a shallow notch, which passes into a kind

of narrow groove or canal, and is continued along the mesial line of

the snout until it meets the fur of the forehead. The ears are con-

siderably shorter than the head, triangular, rather longer than wide,

a little rounded at the ends, and with scarcely a trace of external

emargination or scooping out. There is no prolongation of the outer

margin along the face anteriorly, to the root of the tragus. The tra-

gus is about half the length of the ear ; its greatest breadth is at one-

third from the bottom, from which part it curves evenly to the tip,

which is narrow and rounded; the inner edge is straight or a little

concave, which gives the tragus somewhat of an inward tendency ; in

the outer margin, near to the base, is a notch, and below it a distinct

but rounded lobe.

The thumb is small, its penultimate phalange the longest, its claw

small and weak. The feet are rather small, the toes taking up more

than half their length, the claws of medium size.

The wing-membranes extend to the root of the toes. The wings

themselves are of medium size, and the membranes slightly translu-

cent, but nowhere papillated.

The fur of the forehead extends to more than halfway between the

root of the ear and the nostrils; sides of the face scattered with fine

short hairs; over the eye a tuft of straight black hairs ; and on the

upper lip a straggling moustache of shorter and finer ones. The fur

of the back extends on to the membrane beneath the humerus, and

sparingly on to the interfemoral membrane; beneath, it encroaches

on the membranes for a short distance all round the body.

On all the upper parts the fur is bicoloured, almost black at the

roots for half its length, the remaining part of a dark brown colour,

sometimes approaching an umber-brown, but more frequently dark

greyish-brown. Beneath it is also bicoloured, brownish-black for

two-thirds of its length, and tipped with whitish-brown; about the

chin and sides of the neck it is tinged with chestnut, and on the

pubes it is nearly cream-coloured. Cutaneous system dark brown,

claws pale brown.

The cranium in its general outline very greatly resembles that of

S. kuhlii and that of S. pipistrellus: but its similarity to the former

of these is the most striking; to this species, indeed, it is rather

closely allied, although perfectly distinct.

Dentition: M. =; Can. ; Premol. ai Mol. =

The upper incisors are very unequal in size; the outer ones very

small, and pointed; the inner ones twice the length of the outer ones,

slender, and pointed, with an ill-defined second point, which is situated

outwardly. The canines are rather slender, and have a regularly

disposed cingulum. The premolar tooth is rather longer than the

1861.] | MR. R. F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. 35

molars, and has the usual carnassial form. The true molars require

no special mention.

The incisors in the lower jaw are small, symmetrically arranged,

and trilobed; the canines have an anterior process above the level of

the incisors, and a posterior one quite at the base; the first premolar

is small and conical, about one-third the length of the canines; the

second similar in shape, but almost twice the length of the first.

The true molars may be passed by.

This species is one of a small group which is confined almost

wholly to Africa,—the only species which is found elsewhere, as

far as 1 know at present, being the S. Auhlii* of Europe; and it is

likely that this species is more abundant in the former than in the

latter country. I shall be enabled, by reference to this known Species

as here described, to give a more satisfactory account of some others,

I propose giving the dimensions together.

SCOTOPHILUS RUSTICUS, 0. S.

The present diminutive species resembles in the shape of its head,

ears, and incisor teeth the S. Auhlii and the S. minutus. Top of the

head nearly on a level with the face, nostrils somewhat crescent-

shaped, and the snout grooved as in 8. minutus ; ears small and tri-

angular, as in §. minutus ; tragus of uniform breadth, rounded at

the end and curving inwards, the notch in its outer margin, at the

base, small, and the lobe below it small and pointed. As in S. mis

nutus the outer margin of the ear does not advance nearer the angle

of the mouth than the base of the tragus.

Thumb and feet rather large in relation to the size of the animal,

being equal in size to those of S. minutus. They are proportioned

just as in that species.

The fur is confined to the body, both above and beneath. It is

everywhere thick, soft, of moderate length, and without gloss. On

the upper surface it is dark brown at the roots, with the terminal

half light cimnamon-brown ; on the under parts of the body, dusky

at the roots, with the terminal half brownish white, excepting on the

pubes, where it is almost of a uniform dirty white. The nose, ears,

and wing-membranes are dark brown, the latter very narrowly edged

with white, which is most distinct on each side of the feet.

The cranium resembles that of §. Auhlii, both in general confor-

mation and in the number and arrangement of its teeth, being pos-

sessed of one more premolar than S. minutus.

Dentition: M. a Can. 5 Premol. at Mol. = ie

The upper incisors are unequal in size, just as in S. minutus; the

canines are relatively stouter than in that species, which is due in

some measure to a slight fullness, or rounded prominence, in the

middle of the thin hinder edge of the tooth ; the first premolar is

very small, being a mere tubercle, and is placed between the conti-

guous canine and premolar, and is visible only from within; the

* Prof. Blasius states that this species and S. marginatus are identical ; hence

‘make use of the above name as having priority.

36 MR, R. F. TOMES ON BATS FROM §.W. AFRICA. [Jan. 22,

second resembles in shape the first and only one in S. minutus,

which it represents. The true molars do not need mention ; and the

lower jaw with its teeth is so much like that of S. minutus, that it

may in like manner be dismissed.

ScOTOPHILUS CAPENSIS.

Vespertilio capensis, Smith, South Afr. Journ. new series, v. p. I,

1832.

V. minutus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. 1848.

I possess a specimen of a Bat which formerly formed part of the

Museum of the Zoological Society, and was labelled “ Vesp. capensis,

Cape of Good Hope, collected by Mons. Verreaux,” and is most

likely the one given in the Catalogue prepared by Mr. Waterhouse,

as the specimen was received the year before the publication of the

catalogue. It is obviously the same species as the one figured by

Sir Andrew Smith under the name of V’. minutus, which species it

resembles so exactly in all respects save that of size, that I shall con-

tent myself with giving the dimensions with those of the two last

species. The greater size of this one will be quite sufficient to distin-

guish it.

In the following table of dimensions, the column which gives those

of S. capensis has been taken from the specimen from the Zoological

Society. The first one of S. minutus is from a North African spe-

cimen in my own collection, which has been compared with the spe-

cimen in the Leyden Museum, and the second one from the latter

specimen itself. The fourth column (S. AuAlii) from a specimen

collected in Algeria by the Rev. H. B. Tristram; and the remaining

two columns are devoted to the two specimens of the new species,

which I have called S. rusticus.

S. capensis.| SS. minutus. S. kuhlit. S. rustious.

1. 2. 1. 2.

Length of the head and body) 2 2 |110)1 9; 110 |1 6/1 7

of the head.......++..- 08 |0 7;0 7} 0 7 | 0 630 63

of the ears .....se006. 0 5 0 33/0 3 0 33/0 33/0 3

of the tragus .....+... 0 22/0 2)0 2} 0 23);0 2/0 12

of the fore-arm ...... 1 6 1 23}1 23) 1 3 12 lee

of the thumb ......... 0 33/0 23}0 3} 0 3 |0 3;0 23

of the first finger ...| ....4- UE A en saoter (hh agasice T1 | bel

of the second finger... 2 83|2 3/2 1] 2 3 |2 0/2 0

of the third finger...) 2 3 | 2 0} ...... 110 |}1 9}1 8

of the fourth finger...) 2 0 |1 9|1 7/ 1 7 |1 5)1 5

of the tibia .....,+..... 0 7 |0 53/0 53 O 53/0 4310 5

of the foot and claws) 0 4 | 0 3/0 33) 0 3 |0 3/0 2%

Of the tail ......ec0es| oe at Ne ab SN etd |S A aah ae

of the os calcis ...... 0 6/;,0 G| ..... * 0 54/0 5/0 5

Expanse of Wings ...ss+.es00 11 0/9 3/8 6} 9 4/7 8/8 0

Total length of skull ....jes0-| cesses | ceeeee | creeee 0) 16-0 | Piscean. 0 53

ScoTOPHILUS VARIEGATUS, Nl. 8.

This handsome species is about the size of the S, leisleri of Europe.

1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. 37

The head is very short ; the muzzle short and obtuse, but not very

broad or depressed, being about as deep as it is wide. The forehead

is elevated in only a trifling degree above the facial line ; the nostrils

are scmewhat prominent, rather small, and open sublaterally, almost

laterally ; they are nearly round, with a narrow posterior elongation

or slit not exceeding in length the diameter of the nostril; the lips

are simple, thick, and rather overhanging. ‘The ears are small, of

an irregular roundish ovoid form, their inner margin having a kind

of lobe, the lower outline of which projects downwards over the fore-

head, and is there distinct ; but blends off in an upward and outward

direction to the tip of the ear, which is rounded, and has a somewhat

outward direction; the outer margin approaches in some degree to

a straight line, and a very narrow piece of membrane passes forward

along the side of the head to near the corner of the mouth, where it

terminates in a small fleshy lobulus of a rounded form. The ear-

conch is rather thin, but not papillated, and has a few distinct sulci

near its outer margin, and a longitudinal seam near the inner one.

The tragus is broad and short, and shaped somewhat like that of the

S. borealis of Europe. Outwardly at its base is a descending point,

and above this a broad notch, which varies in depth, but is usually

rather shallow ; and above this it is of nearly equal breadth, the

outer margin being rounded, and forming with the inner margin,

which is nearly straight, a blunt angular tip, which is directed in-

wards.

The penultimate phalange of the thumb is a little longer than the

basal one, the claw short and not very hooked. ‘Toes rather longer

than the remaining part of the foot; the claws small and black.

Wing-membranes extending barely to the roots of the toes. Calca-

neum long, with a considerable cartilaginous lobe near the middle of

its lower edge.

The fur of the forehead extends almost to the end of the nose, in

some specimens quite as far forward as the nostrils ; the sides of the

face sprinkled rather thickly with fine, short, whitish hairs ; over the

eye and between it and the nostrils are some longish black ones,

which are straight and stiff. Inside the ears are a few fine adpressed

hairs ; and their outer surface is thickly clothed with fine fur for half-

way from their base. The fur of the back extends on to the mem-

branes on all parts, but to a greater extent on the interfemoral mem-

brane than anywhere else. Beneath, it spreads on to the membranes,

chiefly on and under the humerus, occupying the space (but not

thickly) between the elbow and the knee. On their upper surfaces

the toes are clothed with fine adpressed hairs ; but the other parts of

the foot are perfectly naked.

On all parts of the bedy the fur is long, soft, and unicoloured, or

very nearly so; that of the upper parts cream-coloured, palest on

the head and neck, and becoming considerably darker on the hinder

part of the back and on the interfemoral membrane ; beneath, it is of

a dirty-white colour. All that of the body, but not of the mem-

branes, has a slight ashy tinge at its roots.

The membranes are so peculiarly marked as to deserve especial

38 MR. R. F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA, [Jan, 22,

notice. They are rather ample, thin, and remarkably marked with

veins, but are not papillated. The ground-colour is pale yellowish-

brown, everywhere strongly marked with veins of a deep brown

colour, which are faintest near the body and on the interbrachial

membrane: on the interfemoral membrane they are very distinet,

not very numerous, and have a transverse disposition ; beneath the

humerus they have a tessellated arrangement ; but beneath the fore-

arm they are more branched ; whilst between the fingers and at the

ends of the wings they are run together, and a dark-brown mottled

appearance is produced. The ears and muzzle pale brown; legs,

tail, and wing-bones darkish brown.

The skull is remarkable for its shortness and great depth in rela-

tion to its breadth, and for the almost total absence of ridges or

crests. Although the facial line of the cranium makes a near ap-

proximation to a straight line, yet the occipital region is so high as

to form a facial angle of 48 degrees*. This is due in some degree

to the shape of the maxillary bones, the lower or alveolar margins of

which curve upwards from the root of the zygoma to the intermaxil-

lary bones. Some approach is made to this form of cranium by that

of some of the species of Lasiurus, as the L. noveboracensis ; but in

that species the facial angle does not exceed 35 degrees*.

The upper incisors are four in number, very unequal in size, the

outer ones being almost rudimentary. The inner ones are of mode-

rate size, acute, and with a moderate cingulum, the outer ones very

short and conical, with an evenly developed and broad cingulum.

Canines rather slender and pointed. First and only premolar well

developed and of the usual carnassial form ; the three true molars

of ordinary form, excepting the hinder one, which is very narrow

from front to back, but has the usual number of cusps. :

The lower jaw has a less prominent posterior angle than in other

species of the genus, but does not otherwise differ materially. The

incisors have the usual external trilobed appearance ; but they are

thicker from front to back than is usual, and the hinder part is pro-

duced into a kind of basal lobe, which has sufficient prominence to

have the appearance of a fourth cusp. The canines are rather acute,

and have the cingulum produced anteriorly into an acute point, a

little above the level of the incisors. The first premolar is small,

conical, and with a regular cingulum; the second somewhat similar,

but considerably longer, and it is succeeded by the three true molars,

of usual size and proportions, excepting the posterior one, which is

rather smaller than usual.

cig 2-2 est ee te

Dentition: M. ==; Can. =; Premol. 5; Mol. 23

1? 3=3 18"

Length of the head and body........ 2 4 9 3

of the head) 2320 020; Anan 0 8 0 9

— of the ears *.......... 0... B.S 0 4

Breadth of the ears......... pate ea 0 4 0 4

Length of the tragus ............. Sa abe 5 0 2}

* Taking the lower margin of the maxillary bone as the horizontal or base-line.

1861.] MR. R. F., TOMES ON BATS FROM 8.W. AFRICA. 39

“

Breadth of the tragus ........-..++- ae oY

Length of the fore-arm ........++-- ae | 18

of the thumb .............. 0 4 0 32

of the first fmger ........-. I 10 aa

of the second finger.......... 3°45 a 2

of the third finger ........-. 2.7 2 4

of the fourth finger.......... 2 2 2 0

— GPihetAbia> pvesocss ah osc = 0 9 0. 8t

of the foot and claws ........ 0 42 0 44

of fie taal sds aw fie gasee - 2 0 1 10

of the os calcis .......+.045- 0 9 0-9

Expanse of wings, about ..........-: 13 6 12 9

Length of skull from front of intermaxil-

lary bone to the occipital suture.... 0 6 0 6

Breadth behind the zygomatic arches.. 0 4 0A

Length from the condyloid fossa to the

front of the intermaxillary bone.... 0 4} 0 44

Length of the dental series of the upper

~ jaw, exclusive of the incisors ...... 0 25 g- zt

Length of the bony palate .......... 0 2 0 21

Breadth between the points of the upper

TG Gee nae Ne Big GOS UR OLE. 1 er 0 2 0 2

Breadth between the two posterior

ORR en egies ote g's eC Cae 0 2

Depth from the occipital suture to the

bottom of the auditory bulle...... 0 43 0 4

Greatest length of lower jaw ........ 0 5} 0 5

Breadth of lower jaw vertically from the

CUTONGIG HIOCEHE- 050.445 na ns Ell RARE 0 12

Length of the dental series, exclusive of

the incisors ....... EN APRS ee 0 2% 0 23

Hab. “ Otjoro, December Ist, 1859.”

~ Qbs. I have chosen to give an ample description of this species

because it differs in some respects from any other species of the

genus which I have seen, the differences appearing to me to be such

as may (if found in any other species) be sufficient to point out

another minor group, parallel with those which have been partially

indicated by Blasius, and more fully by Kolenati. Broadly, these

differences may be stated thus :—Cranial portion of the skull much

raised, instead of being depressed ; muzzle not depressed ; cutaneous

system thin and elaborately veined, instead of being thick and lea-

thery ; fur long, soft, and unicoloured, and covering nearly the

whole of the face.

MINIOPTERIS SCHREIBERSII.

Vespertilio schreibersii, Kuhl, Deutsch. Fleder. 41.

V. dasythriz, Temm. Mon. ii. 268.

. Miniopteris dasythria, Smith, Zool. S. Afr. pl. 52.

Two examples of this European species were examined by me in

40 MR. A.D. BARTLETT ON THE BLACK-FOOTED RABBIT. [ Jan. 22,

1855, which had recently been received from Mr. Andersson, and

collected at Lake Ngama.

Mo.tossus LiMBATus, Peters.

Dysopis limbatus, Peters, Reise n. Mossam. Saugeth. 56. t. 14.

With the above-mentioned specimens of Miniopteris were two of a

species of Molossus, differing only from the figure and description

given by Prof. Peters of his D. /imbatus in the colour of the fur,

which was without a trace of the large white abdominal mark so con-

spicuous in his figure. However, as the dimensions appear to ac-

cord pretty accurately, as well as the size and conformation of the

cranium and the number and proportion of its teeth, I do not attach

much importance to the variation in the colour of the fur, the dif-

ference in which may perhaps be attributed to age, sex, or even to

season.

2, ADDITIONAL NoTE ON THE BLACK-FOOTED RABBIT.

By A. D. Bartuett.

(Plate IV.)

On the 23rd of June 1857, at the evening meeting of this Society,

I called the attention of the meeting to some Rabbits, known as the

Himalayan Rabbits, and proposed provisionally to call the species

Lepus nigripes*.

Soon after my paper was published, I received a letter from a gen-

tleman at St. Ives, informing me that this kind of rabbit could be

produced by crossing the dark wild silver-grey rabbit with a breed

known as the Chinchilla or light silver-grey. ‘This at the time ap-

peared to me strange and unlikely; nevertheless I determined to

make the trial; and having during the last two or three years pro-

duced by these means a large number and fully established the fact,

I beg leave to bring them before your notice.

I have here a light silver-grey male, a dark silver-grey female, and

two young of a litter of five,—two of the number being of the Hima-

layan variety, the other three silver-greys; I have many other ex-

amples of the same thing.

Now, if the white or Himalayan varieties are removed and kept

together, the result will be all Himalayan, thus showing a tendency

to increase this variety at the expense of the silver-greys, because,

although you may remove and destroy all the white specimens, still

the silver-greys from which they originated will continue to produce

white young ones, while, on the other hand, the white variety never

produces silver-greys.

I mentioned in my former paper that large numbers of the skins

of the white variety were imported to Europe annually, and these are

probably bred in Asia. I now beg leave also to mention that for

many years a large trade has been carried on by two or three mer-

* P. Z.S. 1857, p. 159.

dury que query pW

BALM 1981'S z'a

‘Guat ISON

ES a S — ee eye y

‘SAIVNYO XANOTHL

—

ee ee

“Prer HD

‘A%Td T98LS'Zd

1861.] DR.J.E.GRAY ON A NEW TORTOISE FROM CAMBOJA. 41

chants, who buy all the skins of the silver-grey rabbits, and export

them to Russia and China; these skins realize a very high price,

some of them 36s. per dozen, in this country.

With reference to the origin of the light-coloured silver-grey or

Chinchilla rabbit, I am only able to say they came from the Conti-

nent to this country, being met with in the South of France and

Belgium, but, as far as 1 am aware, always ima state of domestication.

Observing that we receive large quantities of the skins of these white

rabbits, and that the skins of the silver-grey rabbits are sold to the

Russians and Chinese at a large price, I am led to think (from the

experiments that I have tried) it highly probable that at some period

the silver-grey rabbit existed in Russia or Asia (and hence the taste

or fashion for their skins), and that this breed has been lost and re-

placed by the white variety whose skins we now receive in such abun-

dance—finding, as I have before remarked, that these have a strong

tendency to out-number the greys.

In conclusion, it is deserving of remark that, in all instances, the

young of the silver-greys are quite black for the first five or six

weeks, at about this age the grey hairs beginning to make their ap-

pearance on the breast and sides ; while the young of the Himalayan

or black-footed kind are always perfectly white until they are five or

six weeks old, at which time the black hairs begin to appear on their

noses, feet, ears, and tails,

3. DESCRIPTION oF A Sorr TorTOISE FROM CAMBOJA-

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

(Plate V.)

I have only been able to observe this J7zonyx in its young state ;

but I make no apology for describing it as a distinct kind, as I find

from experience that the colouring of the young animal of this family

of Tortoises affords one of the best characters for the distinction of

the species ; and I believe it is from their not having been studied in

that state that the species have been hitherto confounded together.

The character thus afforded has the advantage of not being liable to

variation from development, as is the case with the comparative

length of the free part of the ribs and with the form of the sternal

callosities, which have been hitherto chiefly depended on for specific

characters.

TRIONYX ORNATUS. (PI. V.)

Back of the young animal, in spirits, brown, with large, unequal-

sized, irregularly disposed black circular spots. Head olive, with

symmetrical small black spots on the chin, forehead, and nose.

Throat and sides of neck with large, unequal-sized, irregular-shaped

and nearly symmetrically disposed yellow spots. Legs olive, yellow-

spotted in front. Sternum and under side of margin yellow. Sternal

callosities not developed.

Hab, Camboja (M. Mouhot).

42... MR, A. WHITE ON NEW CRUSTACEA, [Jan, 22,

This species is most like the young of 7. gangeticus; but the

dorsal spots are solid, not annular; and the head is olive, dotted

with black.

It has some affinity to Trionyx tuberculatus of Dr. Cantor from

Chusan, which appears, from a drawing by Dr. Cantor in the Indian

Museum at Fifehouse, to be distinct from any of the other Asiatic

species that have occurred to me. That species has eight large and

four small white-edged black spots, placed in pairs, on the dorsal

disk, the throat with a dark streak on the middle of each side, the

chin yellow, black-dotted. The lateral sternal callosities are large,

oblong, and the posterior one round.

4. Descriprions or Two Species or CrusTACEA BELONGING

TO THE Famities CALLIANASSIDE AND SQUILLIDA. By

AvpaAm Wuirtr, Assistant Zoou. Der. Brit. Museum.

(Plates VI. and VII.)

The Callianassa here described is from the Camaroons River, W.

Africa, whence it was brought by the captain of an African trader to

J. Aspinall Turner, Esq., M.P., the well-known possessor of a very

fine collection of African insects. Mr. Turner liberally presented it

to the Museum, with the information, that this long-bodied Crusta-

cean appears periodically in the river in prodigious numbers, which

disappear in the course of ten days or a fortnight. The natives are

very fond of them, as they are delicious eating ; and as soon as they

make their appearance in the river, the men leave their usual pursuits

to catch them.

Genus CALuLIANASSA, Leach.

CALLIANASSA TURNERANA, nS. (Pl. VI.)

. C. processu rostrali breviter trispinoso ; digito superiore obtuso,

intus quadridentato ; abdominis segmentis tertio quarto quinto-

que plagis duabus pellucidis, pilis densis brunneis postice obsitis,

Long. unc. 63.

Hab. Africa occ. (Camaroons).

Moveable finger of the large claw blunt at the end, the back gra-

dually curved, the base with three or four small tubercles arranged

longitudinally, and with indications of another row; the inner edge

has four teeth, the two largest near the base, united so as to form one

large lobe with another tubercle inside. There is a considerable space

left between the moyeable finger and the fixed one; the edge of the

latter is toothless, but is hollowed on the inside and at the base,

where it is covered with closely placed rounded tubercles; the im-

moveable finger is not much arched, and is pointed. The outside

and greater part of the inside of the claw are very smooth, the lower

edge being fringed with long and rather coarse hairs, which are ar-

ranged in tufts, as they are also, in a double row, on the upper edge

of the moveable finger. There are, besides, four rows of distant tufts

SUBLOUINY ESS euely| af

duat 48a) 4)

BOM M PrIOT AD

7.5. 1861. Plate V1

GHFord. W-West imp

Gonodactylus $uerinii.

‘

1861.) | MR. A. WHITE ON NEW CRUSTACEA. 43

of hair on the outside of the greater claw, Wrist sharp-edged above

and below, and crenulated on the lower margin, Rostral process

with three short sharpish teeth. Third, fourth, and fifth abdominal

segments with a large tuft of hairs covering the greater part of a

pellucid space on each side, in the third and fourth behind the middle

of the segment, in the fifth about the middle.

Central caudal plate rather broader than long, at the end three-

lobed, the central lobe the longest and the largest : this central plate

has two longitudinal furrows, which diyide it into three parts, the

central part bulging at the base, from the large rounded tubercle

which nearly covers it. Outer plate as if formed of two anchylosed

plates, with a rounded outer margin, which is closely and densely

covered with brown hairs. On the upper side these hairs extend

over nearly the apical half of one (the outer) of the two portions of

which the outer plate seems to be formed.

In the Illustrated Proceedings of the Society for 1850 there is the

description and figure of a fine species of Gonodactylus, belonging to

the second section of the genus as defined by Milne-Edwards, that

in which the rostral plate is rounded and not pointed in front. The

species is from China, and, from the peculiar armature of the caudal

ring, received the name of G. cultrifer. The species now described

is remarkable for the singularly armed caudal ring, which, with the

sixth abdominal segment, is covered with outstanding spines. This

species, which I have named Gonodactylus guerinii, belongs to the

first section of the genus, that in which the rostral plate is armed on

the median line with a long spiniform tooth. It was obtained on the

voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Herald.’

Genus Gonopactyuuvs, Latr.

GONODACTYLUS GUERINII, n.s. (PI. VII.)

G. carapace subquadrato, processu rostrali spinis tribus longis

armato; abdominis segmento quinto ad apicem breviter spino-

sulo, segmentis quinto et caudali spinis plurimis longis erectis

armatis.

Long. une. 21.

Hab. Matuka, Fiji Ins.

_ Carapace as wide behind as long, in front almost a third narrower

than behind, the central plate extending beyond the lateral plates

over the base of the rostral process; the anterior lateral angle of

outer plate subquadrate, the posterior lateral corner subrotundate ;

lateral edges of carapace subcoriaceous. Rostral plate with its body

wide but not deep, with three strong and sharp spines in front ; the

central spine longest, not so long as ophthalmic pedicel; the other

two come out obliquely, one on each side of the body of the rostral

plate.

First four abdominal rings smooth above ; fifth abdominal ring

smooth at the base, at the tip with four or five transverse rows of

short spines longest at the tip; sixth segment with many (about

44 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON COSMETORNIS VEXILLARIA. [Feb. 12,

fifty) crustaceous spines, bluntish, and with a short coriaceous bristle

at the end ; caudal ring on its dorsal surface with twenty-two long

outstanding crustaceous spines tipped like the others, each of the

lateral margins with two rows, like combs, of crustaceous spines,

which meet behind and terminate at the end of the lateral spines—two

of the four which arm the hinder margin of the caudal ring. This

hinder margin has three notches, the middle one deepest, their pro-

jecting sides ending in the spines, the sides of which are pectinated

with smaller spines. Segment of raptorial leg before the claw rather

slender, not bulged at the end beneath. The claw minutely serrulate

on the inside near the tip. From the indications of marbling in the

dried specimen, this curious Gonodactylus is most probably finely

and variedly coloured when alive.

February 12th, 1861.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair,

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a Caprimulgine bird

closely allied to, if not identical with, Cosmetornis vevillaria (Gould),

from the collection of Edmund Gabriel, Esq., H.B.M.’s Commissioner

at Loanda in Angola. This bird had been presented to Mr. Gabriel

by the captain of a vessel, who stated that it had flown on board

his ship off the west coast of Africa. Of the only two previously

examined specimens of this species, one (Mr. Gould’s type, now in

the British Museum) was said to have come from Socotra; and the

other, in Sir William Jardine’s collection, had likewise been taken

on board a vessel in the Mozambique Channel.

Dr. Sclater also exhibited, on behalf of Capt. Abbott, the hoof of

a bull (Bos taurus, var. domesticus) from the Falkland Islands, in

which the hoof was abnormally lengthened, one of the toes turning

upwards and curving round backwards. Captain Abbott, the owner

of the specimen, stated that such malformations were not uncommon

among the wild cattle in the Falklands, and were considered attri-

butable to their always living on the soft boggy ground there every-

where prevalent.

Mr. Bartlett exhibited living examples from the Society’s Mena-

gerie of two singular hybrid Ducks—one pair being the produce of

the Summer Duck (dix sponsa) and Pochard (Fuligula ferina), and

the other of the Summer Duck and Castaneous Duck (F’, nyroca).

The following papers were read :—

1861.] ON BIRDS FROM THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 45

1, AppITIoNs AND CorRRECTIONS TO THE LisT OF THE BIRDS OF

THE FALKLAND Istanps. By Parinie Lurtey Scuater,

M.A., Ph.D., SecReTARY TO THE SOCIETY.

Some specimens of birds brought home from the Falklands by

Captain Abbott (whose name is so well known in connexion with the

natural history of these islands) on his recent return to this country,

and some information kindly communicated to me personally by the

same gentleman, have enabled me to make several additions to, and

corrections of, my “Catalogue of the Birds of the Falkland Islands,”

as communicated to the Society in November last *.

1. Burgeo rryTHrRonotus (P. Z.S. 1860, p. 384).

Capt. Abbott’s marked specimens of this bird and B. varius,

together with his observations on them in a state of nature, seem to

prove that there are two of thése singular species of Buzzards in the

Falklands, in both of which the sexes are dissimilar. Capt. Abbott

fully confirms D’Orbigny’s views of the red-backed bird (B. erythro-

notus of King) being the female of the grey-backed, just as they are

figured in the plates to the Birds of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage’ (pl. 3.

figs. 1 & 2) under the name Buteo tricolor. Meyen has also given a

very recognizable figure of the male bird, when not quite adult, under

the name Aquila braccata (Act. Acad. L.-C. Nat. Cur. xvi. Suppl.

tab. 8, p. 65). The immature bird of this species is barred trans-

versely below, each feather being crossed by two or three narrow deep-

brown bands. In Buteo varius, according to Capt. Abbott’s obser-

vations, the adult male is uniform blackish grey above and below, in

which stage it is probably the Falco poliosoma of Quoy and Gaimard,

and Buteo unicolor of D’Orbigny. The adult female has the red

back of the female of the former species, and much resembles it in

its upper surface ; but below, instead of being pure white, it is deep

blackish grey or lead-colour, with the whole of the belly deep chest-

nut-red like the back. Capt. Abbott has recently brought home two

marked females so coloured, now in Mr. Gurney’s collection, and

had previously sent to England a male example of this bird, which

he found breeding, and of which he obtained the eggs, as described

by Mr. Gould (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 94). The young of this bird,

instead of being transversely barred as in the former species, is

marked below with elongated sagittate spots, in which stage it is the

true B. varius of Gould, and is well figured in Cassin’s work before

alluded to (pl. 3. fig. 1), under the name given to it by Mr. Gould.

Should Capt. Abbott’s views as to the distinctness of these two

species and the variations of their respective plumages be correct,

which I have every reason to believe is the case, the following will

be the correct synonymy of the latter bird, which I have called B.

varius.

BuTEO POLIOSOMA.

Falco poliosoma, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 92, pl. 14

(3 adult.).

* See P. Z.S, 1860, p. 382.

46 DR. P.L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM THE FALKLANDS. [Feb. 12;

Buteo unicolor, D'Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 109 (¢ adult.).

Buteo varius, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 10; Cassin, U. 8. Expl.

Exp. Atlas, pl. 3. fig. 1, juv.

2. CHRYSOMITRIS MAGELLANICA (Gm.).

Capt. Abbott has presented me with a skin of this species, shot

out of a flock of five or six in September 1860—the only occasion

on which he has met with this bird. The species is said to be very

common on Keppel Island, sixty miles N.W. of East Falkland.

3. Arracis MOLOUINA (Bodd).—Tetrao falklandicus, Gm.

Captain Abbott has obtained one example of an Attagis in East

Falkland, probably referable to this species.

4. HorLtorrervus cayaAnus (Lath:).

Two examples of this Plover have been observed in East Falkland,

and one of them was shot and sent to England.

5. PLATALEA AJAIA, Linn.

Two examples of this Spoonbill have been obtained in the Falk-

land Islands; but it can be regarded only as a rare stragegler.

6. Fuxrica ——?

A species of Coot has been once obtained by Capt. Abbott in East

Falkland, and the specimen was sent to England.

7. CHLOHPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA, G. R. Gray.

This near ally of the “Brent-Goose”’ of the settlers in the Falkland

Islands—the species which I have termed C. rubidiceps (P.Z.8.

1860, p. 387, pl. 173)—occurs occasionally in the Falkland Islands

as a straggler from the coast. Capt. Abbott has brought home

several specimens.

8. Microprerus PATACHONICUS, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15.

Capt. Abbott maintains stoutly the specific difference of this bird

(which is called the “ Flying Loggerhead” in the Falklands) from

the common M. cinereus. I have not yet been able to meet with

specimens of the two species for exact comparison ; but M. cinereus

is said to be quite unable to fly, while M. patachonicus can do so

well and strongly.

9, Eupyprrs DIADEMATUS, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 419.

Capt. Abbott obtained one single specimen only of this bird, from

which Mr. Gould’s description was taken. It was found in a

*“‘rookery of Rock-hoppers”’ (Hudyptes nigrivestis).

10. Evppryes niertvestis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 418. —

Aptenodytes chrysocome, Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337.

According to Mr. Gould’s views, the common “ Rock-hopper Pen-

1861.) DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. 47

guin”’ of the Falkland Islands is of this species, and quite distinct

from the true Z. chrysocome of Forster, which is an inhabitant more

particularly of the Australian seas. As, however, Capt. Abbott has

obtained a single specimen of the true Hudyptes chrysocome in the

Falklands, the latter bird must also be retained in the list as a

straggler.

11. EupypTEs ANTARCTICUS (Forster) : Voy. Erebus & Terror,

Birds, pl. 26.

Capt. Abbott obtained a single specimen of this Penguin in

Berkeley Sound, East Falkland. It was by itself in the bay when

procured. This example is now in Mr. Gould’s collection.

The Penguins which occur in the Falkland Islands appear there-

fore to be no less than eight in number, viz.—

1. Aptenodytes pennantii. Called the “ King Penguin,”

. Spheniscus magellanicus. ‘‘ Jackass Penguin.”

. Eudyptes chrysolophus. ‘ Macaroni Penguin.”

diadematus (accidental visitor).

chrysocome (accidental visitor).

nigrivestis. ‘‘ Rock-hopper Penguin.”

antarcticus (accidental visitor).

. Pygosceles waglert. ‘‘ Gentoo Penguin.”

Of the preceding eleven species, on which I have remarked as above,

ten are not included in my former list. This addition would raise

the number of the species belonging to the Avifauna of these islands

to sixty-seven. On the other hand, I may remark, Capt. Abbott

doubts much the occurrence of Cinclodes vulgaris and Scytalopus

magellanicus in the Falkland Islands, and is also unacquainted with

Phrygilus xanthogrammus, which is perhaps not really distinct from

P. melanoderus.

2. On tHE AstATIC SNAKE CALLED TAPHROMETOPON LINEO-

LATUM BY PRoressor Branot. By Dr. W. PETERs, oF

Bern, For. Mem. Z.S.

The late Professor Eversmann of Kasan discovered in the year

1822, on his journey from Orenburg to Buchara, a species of Snake,

which was described by Lichtenstein* as ‘‘ Coluber trabatlis, Pallas.”

The specimens are, as [ find from the manuscript notes which Evers-

mann sent with his collection, from Buchara and the desert of “* Bur-

zuk ” (Barusek), on the eastern shores of lake Aral, and bear in our

museum the label * Nordasien, Eversmann.” There were originally

five examples of this snake in our collection; and three are still there.

One of them was sent in December 1823 to Temminck. Now, as

the description of Chorisodon sibiricum (in the ‘Erpétologie Générale,’

vill. p. 901) may perfectly well be applied to the Coluber trabalis,

* Hd. Eversmann, ‘ Reise von Orenburg nach Buchara,’ Berlin, 1823, p. 146.

48 DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. [Feb. 12,

Lichtenstein (not Pallas), in the Berlin Museum, and as Bibron ex-

pressly remarks that his ‘‘ Monodiastema” is founded on a speci-

men in the Leyden Museum labelled “‘ Coluber trabalis*,’’ the latter

is doubtless the same which Temminck received from Lichtenstein in

1823. I think this explanation necessary to prove that the habitat

of the Leyden specimen is not Siberia properly so called, but the

more southern part of Central Asia.

This snake is (what I should not have found out from Bibron’s

description), in the form and concavity of the head, and in the lan-

ceolate longitudinally-grooved scales, very much like Ccelopeltis la-

certina. There is scarcely any difference in the plates of the head,

excepting in the loreal, which is single and very long. But the general

form of the body and tail is very different, much longer and more

slender than in Celopeltis. In a specimen of 1°065 m. in length

the head is in all dimensions only half as large as in a Celopeltis

lacertina of 0°930 m. in length. All this agrees exactly with the

description Brandt (Bulletin Scientifique de l’ Académie des Sciences

de St. Pétersbourg, iii. p. 243) has given, in 1837, of a new species of

snake, brought home by M. Karéline from the eastern shores of

the Caspian Sea. His description, although rather short, is very

accurate; but he has omitted to pay attention to the form of the

teeth.

“TAPHROMETOPON, 0. g. Scutum verticale valde elongatum,

postice angustissimum. Corpus necnon cauda valde elongata

et tenuia. Frons et vertex depressa. Frontis et verticis ra-

tione ad genus Ccelopeltis accedit, sed preter corporis staturam,

capite, presertim rostro longiore, tetragono et scuto loreo elon-

gato, simplice, necnon superciliis minus acute prominentibus

differt.”

*‘CoLuBER (TAPHROMETOPON) LINEOLATUS. Caput sat an-

gustum, oblongo-tetragonum. Collum penna anserina paulo

crassius. Squame medium dorsum obtegentes omnes satis an-

guste lanceolate. Abdomen subplanum, album. Collum et

abdominis anterior pars punctis lateralibus minoribus et cen-

tralibus paulo maoribus olivaceo-nigricantibus adspersa. Frons

et verticis, necnon occipitis medium e griseo olivascentia. Dor-

sum cinereum, exceptis lineis quatuor e nigricante olivaceis,

quarum due in superciliis incipientes parallele, sed parum di-

stincte in medio dorso pallidiores ad caudam usque decurrunt,

et due alia pone nares initium capientes ab oculis interrupte

in lateribus corporis subevanide et magis grisee conspiciuntur.

Corporis longitudo 1' 11", caude 53, abdominis latitudo summa

4 to

Brandt does not mention the grooved appearance of the scales ;

* Duméril (7. c. p. 902) cites Coluber trabalis, ‘ Schlegel.’’ But this seems to

be a mistake; for Schlegel’s Coluber trabdalis is, as Dr. Giinther (Catalogue of

Snakes, p. 93) justly remarks, synonymous with Coluber (Elaphis) dione, Pallas, and

the true Coluber trabalis of Pallas only a variety of Zamenis atrovirens, Shaw, sp.

1861. ] DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. 49

but his specimen seems to have been very young, according to the

dimensions he has given.

A few years later, in 1841, apparently the same snake was described

and figured by Eichwald (Fauna Caspio-caucasica, p. 123, t. 29)

under the name of Celopeltis vermiculata, from the western shores

of the Caspian Sea. At least, the number of the longitudinal rows

of scales, seventeen, agrees with Chorisodon, and not with Ceelopeltis

lacertina, which has nineteen rows of scales. Yet I have some

doubts of their identity, the general form of Eichwald’s species being

more Jike that of the latter.

The examination of the teeth of the three Berlin specimens shows

no free space between the maxillary teeth, as described by Bibron ;

but they form a continued row, excepting the hinder furrowed ones,

which are separated, as usual, by a small interval from the rest.

There are (fig. 5) first seven very small teeth, only loosely attached

to the maxillary bone, then three very long and strong ones, followed

again by four smaller ones. Bibron found a free space in front of

the longer teeth, because the two small ones before them were de-

tached.

The nine palatine and fourteen pterygoidal teeth are still smaller,

decreasing in size from the front palatal tooth. It is therefore very

fortunate that Brandt’s name has the priority, as neither Bibron’s

“ Monodiastema’’ nor Duméril’s “‘ Chorisodon”’ would be very suit-

able appellations for this form. The lower jaw has on each side

eighteen teeth ; they increase very rapidly from the first to the fourth,

which is followed by fourteen smaller ones. Bibron counts twenty-

five; I might have found the same number, or more, if I had rec-

koned the changing teeth on the inner side. The form of the trans-

versal and pterygoidal bone is the same as in Celopeltis, and not as

in Psammophis (moniliger).

I can hardly add anything to the external description given by

Lichtenstein and Bibron. The front part of the frontal (vertical)

plate is either straight, or it forms a very obtuse angle; the loreal is

curved a little (see fig. 2); and all the specimens have nine upper and

ten lower labials. One specimen has 192 abdominal scuta and 103

pairs of subcaudal scales ; the second 189 abdominal scuta and 90

pairs of subcardal scales; the third 189 and 99. All have the anal

plate divided, and seventeen longitudinal rows of scales. All have

four large dark olive-coloured bands and a smaller middle one on the

head. In one, all four bands continue to the end of the tail; the

second shows, as described by Bibron, no lateral bands, but three rows

of small dark spots on the dorsal part; and the third has neither

lateral nor dorsal strokes, the head-bands being lost on the neck.

One of them has the lips and the under part of the head yellow, and

without any spots; in the two others the labials and the chin are

dotted with black. All have the middle of the abdominal scuta

dotted with black, and a black longitudinal stroke on their external

parts, which forms on each side an uninterrupted line to the end of

the tail. The rest of the under side is yellowish, but appears to have

been during life of a red colour.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. IV.

50 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb. 12,

A. B. Cc.

Total length......... sect e065 1115 1™:065

Length of tail vinciy ape oe 0 °28 0 °25 0327

fay gla a:10 I pee a 0 :022 0 :024 0 °025

Distance of eyes ........ 0 -006 0 -007 0 -007

Breadth of head behind .. 0 :010 0 :010 0 -010

Greatest breadth of body.. 0 012 0 015 0 014

The largest specimen contained in its stomach three species of

lizards, viz. Phrynocephalus helioscopus, Pallas, Eremias velox, Pall.,

juv. (vittata, Eversmann), and Lremias variabilis, Pall.

Conclusions.—1. Chorisodon sibiricum, Dum. & Bibr., does not

come from Siberia properly so called, but from the sandy deserts of

Central Asia, around Lake Aral and the Caspian Sea.

2. The row of unfurrowed maxillary teeth is not interrupted by a

diastema.

3. Chorisodon is closely allied to Celopeltis ; it would therefore

be most unnatural to separate them into two different families.

4. The name Chorisodon sibiricum (date 1854) must be rejected,

as it applies to the same species which had been named in 1837, by

Brandt, Taphrometopon lineolatum.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Figs. 1-3. Head, viewed from different sides. Nat. size.—Fig. 4. Anal region.

Nat. size.—Fig. 5. Maxillary, palatinal, and pterygoidal bones, with the teeth,

from the right side. Twice magnified. ,

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION

or Mr. Wauuace. By W. C. Hewirson.

(Plates VIII., TX.)

DiapEMA Divona. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.)

Alis omnibus nigris, duplice serie submarginali macularum flavi-

darum, anticis ante medium fascia lata macularum oblonga-—

rum serieque macularum flavidarum, posticis basi ad medium

flavidis, venis nigris.

Upperside, male: dark brown, rufous towards the anal angle of

‘he posterior wing. Anterior wing with numerous bands and spots

Hatlamandel & Walton

T)\ TX ;

Bm@erits(r, del el :i+}:. Ikhl ‘ Priated by Hiillmandel & Waltoz

1 2. MELANITIS MIMALON o. 4 MELANITIS LEUCOCYMA

1861.) MR. Ww. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 51

of pale yellow. A line and two small spots within the cell; crossed

before the middle by a broad macular band of irregular unconnected

spots, the first two spots near the costal margin hastate (the se-

cond of them preceded by a small spot), the rest oblong (the last

extending to the base of the wing), followed by a band of five spots ;

all yellow. Posterior wing with the basal half yellow, divided by

broad black nervuresg Both wings crossed by two submarginal bands

of yellow spots—the first distinct and round, the second (near the

margin) minute and linear; the margin also spotted with white.

Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has two white

spots at the base of the costal margin, that the spots in the cell are

larger (the linear spot occupying the whole base of the cell), and

that the transverse band is broader and continuous ; that the posterior

wing has four white spots at the base, and the costal margin rufous.

Exp. 34 inches.

Hab. Moluccas.

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. W. Saunders.

Diapema piomeA. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)

Alis omnibus nigris fasciis latis transversalibus liliaceo-albis,

anticis macula alba anal, posticis serie submarginali macu-

larum albarum.

Upperside, male: black. Both wings crossed transversely by a

broad band of lilac-white, divided into six parts by the nervures,

which are broad and black. Anterior wing with a distinct white spot

near the anal angle, followed by three small indistinct spots. Pos-

terior wing with four small white spots between the nervures, just

beyond the central band, two of them near the apex, two near the

anal angle ; a submarginal band of white spots, in pairs. The outer

margin of both wings spotted with white.

Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has the cen-

tral band much broader, the costal margin near the base irrorated

with white, and three small white spots within the cell; that the

posterior wing has a white oval spot at the middle of the costal

margin, the transverse band broader near the anal angle; and that

both wings have two bands of white spots near the outer margin :

the first band, of triangular spots, in pairs; the second, nearer the mar-

gin, of lunular spots, scarcely seen at the apex of the anterior wing.

The female differs only in its greater size, and in having the trans-

verse bands white.

Exp. 4,2; inches,

Hab. Moluccas.

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. W. Saunders.

DrusiLua pomititya. (PI. VIII, figs. 3, 4.)

Alis omnibus supra rufo-fuscis, posticis basi pallidiore, macula

magna submarginali fulva, ocellis duobus nigris ceruleo-pu-

pillatis ornata ; subtus obscurioribus, posticis brunnets in medio

albis ocello minuto (in exemplis nonnullis) ceteris proximo al-

teroque magno apicali.

Upperside, male: pale rufous-brown. Posterior wing lighter near

the base, the abdominal fold nearly white, the anal angle and outer

52 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. ([Feb. 12,

margin darker brown, with, near the middle of the outer margin, a

large oval orange spot marked with two black ocelli, each with a

centre of blue.

Underside as above, except that the bases of both wings, the ab-

dominal fold, and the outer half of the posterior wing are dark

brown; that the large orange spot is (in some» examples only) ex-

tended towards the apex, so as to contain a minute ocellus ; that the

two ocelli are so enlarged as to meet in the middle; and that there

is a large ocellus at the apex bordered with orange.

The female does not differ, except that it is much larger, with

greater proportionate breadth of wing.

Exp. ¢ 3,4, 2 45% inches.

Hab. Batchian.

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

This can scarcely be another variety of a most variable species. I fully

believe that there is as yet but one other species of the genus Drusilla,

and that all the butterflies hitherto described and figured, to which

I have given references below, are only varieties of Drusilla urania.

I believe that D. horsfieldii of Swainson is simply a male variety

of D. urania; that D. catops and D. selene of Boisduyal’s MS.,

described by Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’

page 335=D. phorcas and D. mylecha of Westwood in the Trans-

actions of the Entomological Society, n. s. vol. iv. p. 182, pl. 21

=D. myops and D. macrops of Dr. Felder in the ‘ Wiener Entom.

Monatschrift,’ vol. iv. pp. 109, 248, and pl. 1=D. artemis, D. ana-

bleps, and D. dioptica of Vollenhoven in the ‘ Nederlandsche Entom,

Vereeniging,’ are all referable to one species. They differ from each

other (just as the butterflies do which I have figured, in a formér

Plate of these Proceedings, under the name of Melanitis melane) in

the position and quantity of the white on the surface, in the size and

perfection of the ocelli, and their distance from the outer margin.

Each genus seems to mimic the other in its general appearance, and

each runs into the same extravagant varieties. If the butterflies

which are enumerated above are to be considered as good species,

there are several more in the collection of Mr. Wallace waiting for

the same distinction. One lately arrived from Ceram has the whole

underside of a uniform dark brown.

MELANITIs MIMALON. (PI. IX. figs. 1, 2.)

Alis omnibus purpureis, marginibus griseis; subtus brunneis ubique

griseo undulatis, posticis macula alba prope medium marginis

costalis.

Upperside, male: purple, with a submarginal band of grey ; the

margins dentate and spotted with white.

Underside dark brown, undulated throughout with grey. Posterior

wing with two minute spots near the base, a round spot near the

middle of the costal margin, and some minute spots parallel to the

outer margin, all white.

Exp. 3,5, inches.

Hab. Manado, Celebes.

In the collection of A. R. Wallace.

PZ.S. 186. Platems

eee

Lr naas DUNN)

Geo. West lith

atomy of the Echinoderms

Ceo. West hth. hig. 2.

Anatomy of the Echinoderms

P.Z.S. 1861. Plate Al

Anatomy of the Echinoderms

1861.] MR. T. H. STEWART—ANATOMY OF ECHINODERMS. 53

Me aniris LeucocyMA. (Pl. IX. figs. 3, 4.)

Biblis leucocyma, Godart, Encl. p. 326.

Alis omnibus brunneis, marginibus griseis, anticis maculis duabus

minutis prope apicem, posticis serie submarginali macularum

liliaceo-albarum ; subtus brunneis, ubique griseo-undulatis, pos-

ticis macula alba prope medium marginis costalis.

Upperside, male: dark brown, with a submarginal band of grey,

the outer margins dentate and spotted with white. Anterior wing

with two or three small white spots near the apex. Posterior wing

with a submarginal band of five, round, lilac-white spots.

Underside rufous-brown, undulated throughout with gtey, with a

band of large white spots parallel to the outer margin; anterior

wing with three or four ; posterior wing with five. Posterior wing

with an oval white spot near the middle of the costal margin.

Exp. 33 inches.

Hab. Celebes.

In the collections of A.R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

Dyctis agondas of Boisduval and Morpho bioculatus (Dyctis bi-

oculatus of Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’

pl. 54*, which is its female) belong to this genus, and do not differ

in the least, in their generic character, from the other species of Me-

lanitis. Deceived by its great variability and the wretched figure of

D. agondas in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe,’ I have figured, in a

former Part of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Annulosa,

Pl. LV.) a beautiful series of Butterflies from the collection of Mr.

Wallace, under the name of Melanitis melane, which I now believe to

be varieties of the said Dyctis agondas and D. bioculatus.

4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. By

Tuomas Howarp Stewart, M.R.C.S., F.Z.8., Assistant

ConseRvVATOR, HuUNTERIAN Museum.

(Plates X., X. A, XI.)

There are certain points conneeted with the anatomy of the

Echinoderms which I am anxious to lay before the Society ; and the

more especially do I desire to do so, as I am not able to find any

true and accurate description existing of the very wonderful appara-

tus for the prehension and division of food, which some of the higher

groups of this class possess. I mean higher groups with regard to the

class itself. The animals forming this class, from their organization,

are placed low in the scale of creation, being just above the Polypifera

and below the Annelida ; yet we shall find, in the order Echinoidea

of this class, animals possessing what may be called a splanchnic

or oral skeleton, of so complicated and yet so efficient an arrange-

ment, as cannot fail to make us wonder at the object of its sudden

appearance in the anatomy of animals; nor can we help admiring

the beauty, and wondering at the perfection of the work. Those

who have not searched into the anatomy of these lower forms of life

might be surprised to be told that a creature just above the common

Sea-anemone, with an almost invisible nervous system, and other-

54 MR. T. H. SFEWART ON THE [Feb. 12,

wise very low organization, possesses jaws (or, as I prefer to call the

apparatus, a splanchnic skeleton) of a more complicated arrange-

ment than any other animal in existence, from a simple sponge or

Ameba up to man himself. This splanchnic skeleton, in Cidaris,

Echinus, and allied genera, is formed of forty separate calcareous

portions, arranged in a conical form, and, as we shall see by de-

scription and inspection of the specimens on the table, beautifully

and perfectly articulated together, and having forty separate muscles

to move the teeth in various ways.

If we take up an Echinus, or Sea Urchin as it is commonly called,

and look at. the flattened under-side, we see in the centre a circular

part which is membranous, and continued from the corona to the

points of the five protruded teeth. This peristomal membrane is

covered in most of the Echini (not in our beautiful LZ. flemingii, how-

ever) with minute, oval, and somewhat irregularly scattered calca-

reous plates, not (as in the rest of the corona) articulated together,

but with intervals between each other, leaving the membrane partly

bare. On these calcareous particles are placed organs called pedi-

cellaria, and also, on some, minute spines, the tubercles for which

may be seen with a lens ; these particles are of various sizes. Around

the teeth, on the peristomal membrane, are situated, ambulacrally,

five pairs of large oval plates, each with a pit excavated in the centre,

and having a minute perforation, over which is placed. externally a

modified form of cirrus. Internally an exceedingly small vessel

comes from each perforation and joins the large longitudinal ambu-

lacral vessel: these plates are also covered with numerous tubercles

for minute pedicellaria. To this series of plates succeeds a soft

circular lip, containing excessively fine particles of lime in a radiating

linear arrangement, not bearing either pedicellaria or spines, and im-

mediately surrounding the protruded points of the sharp, hard, white,

Rodent-like teeth.

Seeing these points of teeth in so humble an animal—and the first

appearance of such, makes one, like a child with a new toy, long

to see the interior. We set to work to open the shell, as erroneously

called, of our Echinus. We there find, besides the intestines and other

viscera, a complicated conical apparatus surrounding the first part

of the alimentary canal, and enclosing the rest of the teeth (previ-

ously unseen), and having attached to it all the numerous muscles

which act on it. Now it is to this that I principally wish to draw

your attention. '

In the first place, I will enumerate the parts which make up these

curious jaws. There are ten triangular pieces, called alveoli (Pl. X.

fig. 1), which when articulated together form five prismatic-shaped

sockets for the five teeth, and all together constitute a conical mass,

with the apex external, formed by the points of the teeth. The apices

of the alveoli are firmly fixed to the peristomal membrane ; but the

lip is loose over the teeth. The bases of the alveolar pairs are united

by wedge-like pieces called falces (Pl. X. fig. 3), five in number, on

each of which is placed an arched portion, divided into two; there

are ten pieces arching over the external surface of the alveoli at the

base, which may be called the epiphyses of the alveolii—making in

1861.) ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. 55

all forty separate parts. The alveoli, when separated, are seen to

be triangular in shape: they have a broad external rounded surface,

presenting a deep hollow excavation ; at the bottom of this is a groove

in which is inserted a muscle. The surfaces opposed to the next pair

of alveoli are finely striated; and these strize may be seen to be con-

tinued as free points, forming a finely toothed margin on the cesopha-

geal border; to each of these surfaces a muscle is attached, passing

from one to that adjoining in the next pair. The remaining surface

presents the half of the groove for the tooth, which is completed by

the other alveolar piece, and also the symphysis that unites the two

portions. The epiphyses arch over the upper or basal part of the

alveoli on their outer borders, and serve as attachments for muscles.

The radii are long, slender, arcuated portions, situated on the upper

part of the oral skeleton between the pairs of epiphyses of the alveoli

and above the falces: the cesophageal end of each is articulated with

the centre of the inner end of the falces; this portion is rounded ;

but just above the point at which they are divided transversely they

are laterally compressed, and here a muscle is inserted ; they are

then rounded again, and end by a flattened and bifurcated free ex-

tremity, forming points for the attachment of the tendons of slender

muscles. The falces are somewhat square portions, which fit accu-

rately between the pairs of alveoli, at their base ; the cesophageal

end has a deep notch, to the centre of which the radius is articulated,

and on either side of this the cesophageal ligaments are attached.

The teeth, five in number, are in shape somewhat like the incisor

tooth of a Rodent ; they have a hard, triangular, pointed prehensile

end, and towards the root they become gradually soft and friable,

and, when dry, split up easily into fine silky fibres ; they are covered

at their roots by a loose bag or pouch of the membrane of the peri-

some, which also connects the intervals between the muscles and the

various parts of the splanchnic skeleton. The alveoli and teeth are,

when in natural position, inter-ambulacral, the radii and falces being

ambulacral.

With regard to the numerous muscles supplied to the apparatus,

amounting to forty in number, there are first to be mentioned five

pairs of what may be called protractores (Pl. X. A. fig. 1 a), arising

from the interambulacral region of the oral edge of the corona, and

inserted into the upper and lateral borders of the epiphyses of the

alveoli, and into a groove on the external surface of the alveoli them-

selves: their office is thus plainly seen, when acting together, to be

to protrude the points of the teeth—or as protractors; and when

acting singly, to draw the teeth to one side or another. There are

five pairs of muscles arising from the inner surface of the auricular

arches, and inserted into the oral ends or apices of the alveoli, on the

inner side of these (Pl. X. A. fig. 1 6) ; they are obviously retractors

(retractores), and antagonistic in their action to the preceding set.

Another set of five pairs of slender muscles arises immediately in

front of the protractor group, by a thin, narrow common origin, and

terminates by two slender tendons which pass obliquely to be inserted

into the bifureated free ends of the radii. These are the radial muscles

or radiales (Pl. X. A. fig. lc): their action is to bring the points of

56 MR. T. H, STEWART ON THE [Feb/12;

the teeth together, and in opposition to the next group of five (not

pairs), which pass from one radius to another internally and parallel

with the epiphyses of the alveoli, and assume, when connected with

the five radii, a pentagonal form on the upper part of the conical oral

skeleton : these are the interradiales (Pl. X. A. fig. 1d), and act so

as to separate the points of the five teeth. But there are yet five more

muscles, of great importance to the object of this paper: these pass

from one alveolar pair to another, being attached to their serrated sur-

faces as short, coarse individual fibres: they are the interalveolar

muscles (Pl. X. A. fig. 2 a), and their action is to move the points of

the teeth on each other in cutting the food. When a muscle is fixed

into a bone or hard substance, there is generally, I believe always, a

mark left of that attachment; and this is the cause of these alveoli

being serrated as described. They are said by anatomists to be grind-

ing-surfaces ; but this cannot be, when the food cannot get near them,

and they are covered by muscles. When we examine this oral appa-

ratus ina fresh state, we find that the cesophagus is most firmly fixed

around the apices of the alveoli internally, where they are themselves

attached to the peristomal membrane ; and when the teeth protrude,

the cesophagus then takes its course through the centre of the conical

oral apparatus, being borne up by the five pairs of ligaments, each of

which passes as a broad band from the commencement of the ceso-

phagus, and is attached to the bifurcated inner ends of the falces.

Now, if the alveoli on their serrated surface or border were used to

grind the food, how is the food to get to them? It must pass through

the cesophagus, and thence to the rest of the alimentary canal; and

for it to get near the alveoli, the alveoli must grind the cesophagus

itself. We may as well call the muscular impression on the shell of

an oyster or any other bivalve, or that caused by the impression of

muscles on our own bones, grinding-surfaces, as say that the alveoli

of the Echinus are grinding-organs.

In the different genera that I have had the opportunity of exa-

mining, I find that there are certain peculiarities which might almost

form generic characters.

Cidaris differs from Echinus in the form of the tooth: in trans-

verse section the tooth of Cidaris is semicircular or boat-shaped ;

whilst the tooth of Echinus is somewhat T-shaped, having a ridge

running down the inner surface ; the alveoli in Cidaris are more

obscurely serrated on their opposed surfaces and cesophageal border

than in any other genus; and the epiphyses of the alveoli do not

arch over and meet in Cidaris, as they do in Eehinus ; and in

Cidaris the falces and radii are also shorter than in Eehinus.

In Diadema the shape of the tooth is like that of Cidaris; the

alveoli are serrated on the opposed surfaces as well as on the ceso-

phageal border, and the serrations of the border are very long and

fine ; at the basal end of the symphysis on each individual alveolus

is a long hamular process, enlarged slightly into a flat free end, and

the basal border of the alveolus is long, which also necessitates the

epiphyses being lengthened. These epiphyses do not arch over, but

are like those of Cidaris ; the falces and radii are more like those of

Echinus. In the genus Acrocladia and Echinometra, at the end of

1861.] ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. 57

the symphyses of the alveoli, there is a sharp, and in some a very

long and delicate styliform process, and one also corresponding from

the epiphyses; these support the teeth in position: they do not

exist at all in Oidaris, and are very rudimentary in Hehinus. The

auricule of Cidaris do not form an arch, as they do in Echinus, Dia-

dema, and other genera.

The oral skeleton of Clypeaster is a modification of that of

LEchinus, but more simple. The Ophiuride have also a decided oral

apparatus, differentiated from the other calcareous portions of their

skeleton ; it is a decidedly modified form of the splanchnic skeleton

of Echinus. They have alveoli somewhat like those of Clypeaster ;

a perforated oblong plate is situated perpendicularly at the symphyses

of these alveoli; and here are situated a number of small, square,

chisel-shaped teeth, translucent and sharp at their free end, and thick

and opake at the attached end or root: there are five of these on

each of the plates, and their points can meet so as to close the oral

orifice. The Goniasters and the Asterine also, by means of their

oral spines, can completely prevent the egress of food once taken

into the stomachal cavity. The Solasters have beautiful fasciculated

spines around the mouth, but they only partially or very slightly

close the orifice, which in this Startish is very capacious. The

Urasters have five bundles, not quite closing the mouth.

There are some other points to be mentioned with regard to the

antambulacral or anal ring of plates in the Echinide. This ring

of plates is all in the Echinus that answers to the upper or ant-

ambulacral integument in the Star-fish.

The number of plates forming this part of the corona is ten,—five

situated interambulacrally, 2. e. one at the anal end of each inter-

ambulacrum ; and five ambulacrally, or one at the end of each am-

bulacrum. The first are known as the genital plates ; they are some-

what triangular in shape, with a semicircular border towards the

peripygial membrane; these plates have a perforation for the exit

of the generative products. Intermediately between these genital

plates in the anal ring and at the anal end of the ambulacral series

are much smaller triangular plates: these are called ‘ocular plates;”’

but as the Echinus has no eye, it is erroneous so to call them, and

therefore I propose the name of “‘inter-genital”’ for them. At the

point furthest from the anus they have a minute perforation ; now,

to this perforation can be very readily traced the longitudinal ambu-

lacral vessels that are placed on a raised edge in the centre of each

ambulacrum, and terminate at this orifice in the inter-genital plates,

which, no doubt, is the orifice of exit of the fluid used in the ambu-

latory system after it has circulated in the body and done its service

and is no longer of any use. The anus in Zchinus is excentric; in

Cidaris it is centric.

In connexion with the position of the Hchinoidea in the animal

series, it is interesting to know that, as in the class of polyps below

them, there are spicula scattered loosely through their tissues, as well

as agglomerated ones forming their corona. I have found spicula in

the fleshy tubes of the cirri, in the membranous madreporic canal,

in the generative organs, in the fleshy part of the stem of the pedi-

58 MR. T. H. STEWART—ANATOMY OF ECHINODERMS. [Feb. 12,

cellaria, and, very curiously, along the border of a spine that 1 have

mounted in longitudinal section for microscopic observation. These

spicula are much like those in some Sponges, except that in Hchinus

they are formed of carbonate of lime, whilst those of the Sponges

are of silica.

In Diadema they take a somewhat triradiate form (Pl. X. A. fig. 5).

In Comatula also there are detached spicula in the internal mem-

brane of the perisome, which, when mounted in Canada balsam, form

beautiful polarizing objects.

The higher forms of Echinoderms, such as the Holothuriade, have

their skeleton formed entirely of scattered spicula, except the oral

ring ; in each species the spicula are of a peculiar form: and all

microscopists know the wonderful anchor-shaped spicula and plates

in Synapta and the curious wheels of Myriotrochus and Chirodota.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. A separated segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Eehinus sphera.

A. A single segment of an alveolus, showing the surface opposed to its

fellow half.

. The symphysis. %. The cesophageal, dentated border. c. The supe-

rior border for the attachment of the epiphyses. d. The styloid

process for the support of the tooth. e. The apex.

B. The corresponding segment; the serrated surface opposed to the ad-

joining pair of alveoli displayed.

C. The external surface of an alveolar segment.

D. The epiphyses of the alveoli.

E. The falx ; upper and lower surfaces.

F. The radius.

G,G'. The tooth, front and side view.

Fig. 2. A separated segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Diadema.

A. An alveolar segment, the surface opposed to its fellow half.

a. The symphysis, below the well-marked groove for the tooth. 4. The

styloid process. c. The long slender hamular process. d. The ceso-

phageal border, with long, slender, dentated processes.

B. The epiphysis of the alveolus. D. The radius.

C. The falx. E. The tooth.

Fig. 3. A separate segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Aecrocladia trigonaria.

A. An alveolar segment, the surface opposed to its alveolar half.

a. The styloid process. 6. The cesophageal border. 6’. Dentation at

the apex of this border.

B. The epiphysis of the alveolus. a. Styloid process.

C. The falx. D. The radius. Ei. The tooth.

PLATE X.A.

Fig. 1. A dissection of the splanchnic skeleton and muscles attached of Echinus

sphera.

a. The protractores. b. The retractores. c. The radiales. d. The in-

terradiales. e. The auricular arch.

Fig. 2. A segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Echinus sphera, showing the in-

teralveolar muscle (a).

Fig. 3. A transverse section of the tooth of Cidaris, in outline.

Fig. 4. A similar section of the tooth of Echinus.

Fig. 5. Spicula from the cirri of Diadema.

Tig. 6. Spicula from the cirri of Eehinus.

1861.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE IN Dec. 1860. 59

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. A dissection, showing the course of the cesophagus through the splanchnic

skeleton of Echinus sphera.

a. The cesophagus (cut end). 4%. The ligaments of the esophagus.

Fig. 2. The antambulacral, or anal ring of plates of H. sphera.

a. The genital plates. a'. The madreporic genital plate. a”. The genital

orifice. 4. The inter-genital plates. 5’. The ambulatory orifice. c.

The plates of the peripygial membrane. d. The position of the anus.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie, by gift,

purchase, and exchange, during the month of December, 1860, was

read :—

1 Macaque Monkey ......... Macacus cynomolgus ...\|Kennet Harris, Esq. ] ae

2 Wedge-tailed Eagles...... Aquila fucOsa .....0.0000 Dr. Mueller. 2

DACAVETSiadarsctaeseees Taseses Castor canadensis ...... S

TRAMP ACO S — cn aceniesseocssuees Alligator lucius ...... ae | tn, Charles Ellis. + €

2 Horned Lizards........ ....|Phrynosoma cornutum 2

1 Bonnet Monkey...... seeee-|Macacus radiatus ...... — Richmond, Esq. at

1 Capuchin Monkey .........|Cedus capucinus? ...... H. Alexander, Esq. J

1 Bahama Duck ............ Pecilonetta bahamensis | |

2 American Boas ...... see..-|Hunectes murinus ......

1 Ariel Toucan .............6. Ramphastos ariel ......

POPATINY cscs: e/canewsee cass ...|Tapirus americanus ...| + Received in exchange.

1 Axis Deer, fem........ secee| COPUUS ALIS ccesesvacegesec |

2 Ruddy Shieldrakes ...... Casarca rutila.... cs...

1 Purple Kaleege ............ Gallophasis horsfieldii...| J

1 Suricate ...5.....-2..00s eevee SUPICALA ZENIC.....00000. >

DU BNCAR se nemsacnctnscae tenis @ RACA AMETICANA ...00000+

1 African Horned Owl...... Bubo lacteus ............

2 WOUTACOSY ses. vests deeases Corythaix buffoni ......

5 Plantain-eaters .......... --|Musophaga violacea ... \ Purchased.

AGUISONY Cacevccaesenrevecsesss Grisonia vittata .....+... |

|3 White-fronted Geese...... Anser albifrons ......++ |

4 Linnets ...... apie aainnelsnave Linota cannabina ......

2 Twits ....0...e-ecees ach: Linota montium ......... J

Of these, Bubo lacteus was stated to be exhibited for the first time.

February 26th, 1861.

John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a living specimen of a Water Tortoise

(Chelodina longicollis) from South Australia. In answer to inquiries

as to the exact locality of this animal, Mr. Paul Joske, by whom it

was presented to the Society’s Menagerie, had replied as follows :—

*« The Tortoise you refer to was found at a village called Haw-

thorne, on the River Yarra. The same animal is also to be met

with in the Ovens district, in the immediate neighbourhood of the

creeks. It feeds on the young and tender leaves of grasses and

other succulent vegetation, and is popularly known as the Snake-

Tortoise.”

60 ovr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF'REGENIA. [Feb. 26,

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE ANATOMY OF REGENIA OCELLATA. By Dr. A.

Ginruer, For. Mem. Z.8.

The specimen of Regenia ocellata which lived in the Society’s

Menagerie for nearly half a year came from the West Coast of Africa

and was 35 inches in length, and 20% in its greatest circumference.

It was very sluggish in its habits, and made more lively movements

only when taken out of the cage and handled for some minutes ; it

then attempted to free itself by strokes of its powerful tail. The

body always appeared broad, swollen, depressed; but its extent

would be considerably increased, by inflation and expansion of the

lungs, whenever it was touched. When first brought to the Gardens,

it was offered frogs, fishes, and other living animals, but it never

touched them, and, unlike other Monitores, it did not take to the

water ; subsequently it was fed with eggs and small pieces of meat.

The structure of the internal parts is very much like that of the

other Saurians of the family Monitores, showing, however, some

very remarkable peculiarities. The tongue is entirely the same as in

the Snakes, except that it is flesh-coloured, and the anterior portion

of the two points in which it terminates is cartilaginous, although

soft and flexible; it is retracted into a thin and short sheath at its

base, and stretched out as frequently and as far as that of a snake *.

The pharynx and the upper part of the cesophagus are of a black co-

lour. The latter passes without distinct separation into the stomach,

which has an elongate rounded form, one side being so much more

dilated than the other that it may be called a curvatura major ;

its muscular membrane becomes more developed in the pyloric por-

tion, and forms a true pylorus.

The commencement of the intestine is very peculiar: the portion

behind the pylorus is for the length of 9 lines without any villi, but

provided with numerous small glands; it is a duodenum, which is

separated from the small intestine by a broad circular valve, at least

21 lines deep: this valve, which is absent in Iguana, shuts the duo-

denum in so effective a way, that it requires considerable pressure to

drive fluid backwards from the small intestine into the stomach.

The valvulz conniventes commence immediately behind that valve,

aud are provided with numerous very delicate and branched villi ;

they become more irregular towards the middle of the length of the

intestines, and the folds of the mucosa assume a reticulated appear-

ance, and are finally longitudinal in the middle part of the small intes-

tine; the villi are here coarser and less numerous than in the upper

portion, and not more fringed, having an average length of 2 lines.

They cease altogether in the posterior part, in the cium, whilst col-

lections or rounded ovate patches of glands (gylandule Peyeriane)

make their appearance ; they are seen on the mesenterial side of the

ilium as well as on the border opposite it. The opening of the

ilium into the cecum is comparatively small; and the latter is sepa-

rated from the rectum by a fold of the mucosa, which is at least

* The lower parts of the cavity of the mouth had been taken away before the

specimen caine into my hands.

1861.] pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF REGENIA. 61

8 lines broad. The length of the small intestine is 29 inches, that

of the rectum, with the czecum and cloaca, 3 inches.

The “iver is large, divided by a comparatively small notch into a

right and left lobe, the former being somewhat the larger. The

gall-bladder is imbedded in an excavation of the substance of the

liver, which penetrates to its parietal surface. The heart is received

into the upper end of the groove which separates the two lobes of

the liver, the pericardium being fixed to the ligamentum suspenso-

rium. The conus arteriosus is well developed, and emits the art.

pulmonalis, whilst a truncus arteriosus arises from the ventricle.

The ¢rachea has the cartilaginous rings not closed on the dorsal

side, and is divided into the two bronchi at some distance from their

entrance into the lungs: they penetrate so far into the substance of

the lungs, that they nearly reach their posterior extremity ; and the

length of each bronchus is equal to that of the undivided trachea :

each bronchus opens by several lateral foramina, but emits only one

short branch, which, again, is provided with incomplete cartilaginous

rings. The dungs of both sides are nearly equally developed, and of

moderate capacity ; their interior is amply provided with cells and

meshes, even in their posterior extremity.

The kidneys are of an elongate, pear-shaped form, entirely sepa-

rated from each other, and of equal size. ach is formed by eight

larger and some smaller lobes, which are united only at the base,

the former making several convolutions. The ureters end in two

small papillee at the extremity of a large separate sac on the dorsal

side of the rectum. As the urine is not received in this sac, but in

the hindmost portion of the intestinal tract, we cannot consider it

as a urinary bladder, although Cuvier describes such an organ in

Iguana and Tupinambis. The secretion is, as usual, of a firm, chalk-

like appearance.

The ovaria are equally developed on both sides ; both exhibit the

same degree of disease in the present specimen. The oviducts are

of moderate width, and convoluted like the intestines ; their ostium

abdominale is wide, situated above the ovarinm, and not fringed.

The orificium uterinum is exceedingly narrow, on the tip of a large

papilla which projects into the upper part of the sac mentioned.

This sac is situated on the dorsal side of the rectum, and appears

to belong exclusively to the generative organs.

Fatty masses are found in a great many reptiles, as, for instance,

the corpora adiposa in the abdominal cavity of the Batrachians, or

on each side of the abdomen of Iguana *. Owen considers them as

reservoirs of nutritious matter which is resorbed during the time of

the torpid state, into which at least the former of those animals fall.

In none, however, are those corpora adiposa so developed as in Re-

genia ocellata. They completely fill each side of the iliac region,

and evidently give the broad, bulky appearance to the animal ; they

are contained in a separate sac of the peritoneum, and provided with

numerous blood-vessels. Their greatest length is 7 inches, their

greatest width 6 in., and their thickness in the middle 14 in.; in

weight they equal the fifth part of the weight of the entire animal.

* Owen, Catal. Coll. of Surg.

62 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE RED RIVER-HOG. — [Feb. 26,

Each of them is formed by larger and smaller separate lobes, which

give it the appearance of the kidney of a Dolphin; only, the single

lobes are larger, less numerous, and more irregular in size. When

cut through, they cover the knife with a milky fat ; and their con-

sistence is altogether that of a fatty-degenerated liver. Although »

the animal appeared to be very muscular and very well fed, no fat

was deposited at any other place.

The cause of death was a disease which had nearly entirely de-

stroyed both the ovaria, and certainly greatly altered their natural

form. ‘The one which I have examined contained a great many ir-

regular and lacerated cavities filled with extravasated blood. No

trace of the folliculi could be distinguished. A rounded mass, of

the size of a small walnut, enclosed in a tough membrane, surrounded

by coagulated blood, and composed of a cheesy substance, is evi-

dently an egg which had been developed during one of the previous

breeding-seasons, but had been retained in the ovarium. A similar

body can be felt in the other ovarium. The membranes coating the

ovarium are covered with cysts of the average size of a lentil, some

containing a gelatinous fluid, others matter. The neighbouring parts

of the peritoneum were much inflamed ; and the kidneys contained

an unusual quantity of fluid blood. The rectum was filled with a

large mass of hard, chalk-like urine ; and it became evident from

the excoriated state of the mucosa, that no discharge had taken place

for along time. All the other organs were quite healthy ; and the

animal had fed only two days previously to its death.

The preparation is preserved in the Collection of the British Mu-

seum.

2. Nore on THE RepropvuctTion oF THE Rep River-noe (Po-

TAMOCHGRUS PENICILLATUS) IN THE Socrety’s MENa-

Gertie. By Purine Luriry Scrater, M.A., Px.D., Sr-

CRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XII.)

The accompanying drawing (Pl. XII.), executed by Mr. Wolf some

time since, represents the immature form of the Red River-hog

of Western Africa, which has of late years bred several times in the

Society’s Menagerie, although but two individuals of the produce

have, unfortunately, lived to attain maturity. As our only male of

this species is now dead, and we have but a single female left in the

collection, it appears desirable that a short statement of the facts

connected with the reproduction of this rare animal in captivity

should be placed on record before they are entirely forgotten.

The first specimen of the Red River-hog obtained by the Society

was purchased in Liverpool in September 1852, and was the example

described by Dr. Gray in the Annals of Natural History as Chozro-

potamus pictus *, and subsequently in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’

under the rectified name Potamocherus penicillatus +. At the latter

* Aun. N. H. ser. 2. vol. x. p. 280. + P.Z. 8.1852, p. 131.

snl j9 M27 SQLVITIOINGd SNUMHIONVIOd

dur] jaeqary'N W yaty 4 D JTON

F . Yuty 19 [ep “JLOM

iy 91d 19C1'S 2d

‘INUNGSO STYELOANOTIHO

THX Id T98T'S “2d

1861.] MR. R.F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 63

reference a good figure is also given of the adult animal. About

two years afterwards, a female of the same species was received from

Paris, having been obtained, through the good offices of the au-

thorities of the Jardin des Plantes, from the French settlements in

Western Africa. Upon being placed in company with the male, she

produced a litter of three or four young ones in the summer of 1856,

and again in August 1857, but on both occasions destroyed them all

within a short period after their birth. In the following season a

litter of three young ones, produced on June 4th, 1858, was attended

with more fortunate results. One only of the young pigs perished,

shortly after its birth ; the other two, both females, are still living —

one in the Society’s Gardens, and the other in the collection of the

Zoological Society of Amsterdam, to whom it was parted with in ex-

change for other avimals.

In 1859 the female Red River-hog again produced a litter of four

young ones (on October 24th); but our efforts to save them were

quite unavailing, and they disappeared one by one, having been de-

stroyed by their mother within a few weeks after their birth.

Mr. Wolf’s figures give an accurate representation of the striped

condition of these young Potamocheres as they have appeared in

our Menagerie. Several of them in this state of coloration are now

in the collection of the British Museum, together with the original

male of the species, which died in Febrnary 1860, and the old fe-

male, which died in the previous autumn.

The same striped condition of the immature animal is found in the

young of the Wild Hog of Europe (Sus scrofa) and that of India

(Sus indicus) ; but I am not aware of any corresponding stage in the

young of the domesticated animal of this country; nor is there

any sign of it in the young of the very curious Japanese variety of

the domestic Pig, which has lately reproduced in our Gardens.

I may observe also that in the Peccaries (Dicotyles) (the Suide

of the New World) the young resemble the adult in coloration,

except in being lighter; and in the Wart-hog (Phacocherus),

judging from the young individual in the British Museum, the case

is the same.

The nearest counterpart I know, of the immature dress of Sus, is

to be found among the Tapirs, in two of which the young are some-

what similarly striped. But I am of course well aware that the

Tapirs and Pigs are now referred to two distinct orders of Mam-

malia. .

3. Notes on A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS MADE BY THE LATE

Mr. OsspurRN 1n Jamaica. By Rosert F. Tomes, Corr.

Meo. ZS,

(Plate XIII.)

The collection, the species of which I am about to enumerate, is

interesting from containing specimens of a Bat which has very re-

cently been made the type of a new genus by Dr. Gundlach, and

because it also contains specimens of the Monophyllus redmanii of

64 MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

Leach, a genus and species which have not until now, to the best of

my knowledge, been brought under notice, excepting by the unsatis-

factory description of the wretched type specimen of Dr. Leach. Of

this I shall have more to say in a subsequent communication.

1. Mus RAtTTUS.

2. Mus TECTORUM.

In so far as external appearances are concerned, these specimens

differ in no way from European ones. They must be regarded as

settlers in the island.

3. CAPROMYS BRACHYURUS, Hill, in Gosse’s Naturalist’s Sojourn

in Jamaica, p. 471.

A single specimen, which has not perhaps been sufficiently exa-

mined to determine with absolute certainty its synonymy.

4. ARCTIBEUS PERSPICILLATUS, Linn. sp.

Phyllostoma perspicillatum, Geoff.

P. superciliatum et P. obscurum, Pr. Max.

Arctibeus jamaicensis, Leach & Horsfield.

Arctibeus carpolegus, Gosse, Nat, Soj. in Jam. p. 271.

Phyllostoma planirostre, Spix ?

After the examination of many specimens from the West Indian

Islands and the continent of America, I am fully persuaded that they

are all referable to one species, and that that species is the Vesper-

tilio perspicillatus of Linneus. There is, I admit, considerable dif-

ference in the size of the different individuals, the island specimens

being smaller and darker-coloured than those from the mainland ;

but as this is the case with the other Bats which inhabit alike the

West Indian Islands and the continent of America, it cannot be ad-

vanced as evidence of these two being distinct species, but rather the

reverse.

5. ARCTIBEUS BRACHYOTUS, Pr. Max. sp.

Phyllostoma brachyotum, Pr. Max.

Arctibeus jamaicensis, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271.

A. achradophilus, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271.

A. sulphureus, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271.

I have compared the specimens in the present collection with the

types of A. jamaicensis, A. achradophilus, and A. sulphureus of Mr.

Gosse in the British Museum, and again with the specimen of drcti-

beus brachyotus formerly in the Museum of this Society, so named

by Mr. Waterhouse; and find them to be identical.

6. MonorpHyYLLUS REDMANII, Leach.

Glossophaga caudifer, Geoff. ?

Five specimens, obtained by Mr. Osburn in Oxford Cave, Man-

chester, in February 1859. I have compared some of these with

the type in the British Museum. It is probable that this is the

Glossophaga caudifer of M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire.

1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 65

7. Macrortis waTzeRuousit, Gray.

The present species would appear to be common in Jamaica, if we

may judge from the number contained in the present collection as

compared with the other species. Some of these specimens, from

the unossified condition of the joints of their fingers, are obviously

immature, and enable me to state that the older examples are of a

more decidedly rufous tint than the younger ones.

8. PHyLionycTeris Poryi, Gundlach, Monatsb. der Konigl.

Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, Dec. 1860, p. 817.

This singular genus, lately characterized by Dr. Gundlach, has

much the general appearauce of Brachyphylla, but is probably more

nearly allied to Monophyllus, although generically quite distinct.

Mr. Osburn’s four specimens were collected at Harmony Hall, Tre-

lawny, in June 1859.

9. NATALUS STRAMINEUS, Gray.

Nyctiellus lepidus, Gerv.

Spectrellum macrourum, Gerv. ?

These specimens from Jamaica, obtained in Oxford Cave, Man-

chester, in February 1859, differ from those which I have previously

described from the continent of America, in being smaller and rather

darker in colour.

The Nyctiellus lepidus of Gervais is clearly the present species ;

_and I have but little doubt that his Spectrellum macrourum is iden-

tical with the larger American specimens.

10. Mormooprs BLAINVILLII, Leach.

Examples are labelled “ Freeman’s Hall” and ‘“ Sportsman’s

Cave.”

Specimens of this species which I have seen from South America

are larger than those from Jamaica, and usually deeper in colour.

Some of those in the present collection have the under parts of a

pale rusty-red colour.

11. CHILONYCTERIS QUADRIDENS, Gundl.

Lobostoma quadridens, Gundl. Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 358.

Chilonycteris grisea*, Gosse, Nat. So}. in Jamaica, p. 326, 1851.

Five ex. from Oxford Cave.

Mr. Gosse describes and figures his C. grisea as having “four

points” in the prominent upper margin of the nose-disk ; and it was

this peculiarity which induced Dr. Gundlach to bestow the above

specific name of quadridens on a specimen from Cuba. The dimen-

sions also of the species described by these two gentlemen being so

nearly similar, leaves no reasonable doubt of their identity.

* Chilonycteris macleayi and C. fuliginosa are closely allied to this species, if

not identical with it.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. V.

66 MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

12, CHILONYCTERIS OSBURNI, n.sp. (Pl. XIIT.)

The present species, of which six examples are in the collection

obtained at Sportsman’s Cave in Dec. 1858, appears to bear some

resemblance to the Chilonycteris gymnonota of Natterer, at least

so far as I can judge from the figure and description of that species

in the fifth volume of Wagner’s Supplement to Schreber’s work on

Mammalia. It is, however, manifestly larger than that species, and

differs greatly in having the back well clothed with thick fur, and in

having a differently-shaped tragus. Dr. Natterer’s description of C.

gymnonota in Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1843 is as follows :—‘‘ Ch.

Jusca, dorso nudo. Antibrachium 1" 8}!'".” This description, al-

though very brief, is quite sufficient to distinguish it from the other

known species, and therefore from the species which I am about to

describe. The C. rubiginosa of Natterer agrees with C. osburni in

having the back thickly hairy ; but it is larger, and differs besides

in several particulars, as I shall endeavour to show.

The top of the head is considerably more elevated than that of

C. rubiginosa, about as much so as in C. guadridens. , The muzzle

differs greatly from that of both these species. The end of the snout

is remarkably broad and flattened, the end or disk having a horse-

shoe shape, the middle of which may be said to represent the end of

the nose, and contains the nostrils ; and the two descending ends form

the upper lips. The nostrils are small, round, and have a slightly

raised margin. In the centre of the upper part of the rim of this

nose-disk is a notch, and from it, descending vertically between the

nostrils, is a slight raised ridge; on the outside of the two nostrils

there are two shallow notches in the rim of the nose-disk. On the

top of the nose, and about a line and a half behind the nose-disk, is

a prominence, which in this species is of an obtusely pyramidal form,

rising more abruptly in front than behind, and which appears when

seen in front like a second but narrower snout. In C. quadridens

this projection is scarcely visible, and in C. rubiginosa it is simply a

kind of nodular swelling.

The lower lip is broadly reflected, its lower margin being free and

pendent; the centre of its upper edge consists of a narrow horizontal

projection, which is enclosed below by a crescentic groove: and

beneath this ali the naked part forming the reflex part of the lip is

covered with regular warty excrescences of a rounded form, which

are much larger and better defined in the middle part than on either

side, where they become small and indistinct. Below this part of

the lower lip is a transverse fold or leaf, which is much more fully

developed in this species than in C. rubiginosa (in which species its

position is indicated by a mere line or seam), but much less so than

im C. quadridens, in which it attains a leaf-like expansion of equal

prominence with the lip itself.

The ears are shaped much like those of C. rubiginosa; but they

are relatively broader at their base than in that species, and their

outer margin is less deeply emarginate. Their upper or narrower part

is relatively broader than it is in the smaller species C. quadridens ;

but the extreme tip is not so much rounded as in the latter species,

1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 67

being, on the contrary, acute. The tragus is placed deep in the

cavity of the ear, and is difficult to see; it is rather short, and of a

peculiar form. Of medium breadth at the-base, it expands on each

side for a distance of a little more than half its length, and from this

its widest part it decreases rapidly to a blunt point, from which

spring a few long, fine, frizzled hairs. Near the base of the outer

margin is a blunt angular projection; and in its opposite edge are

two nicks, the one below its point of greatest breadth, and the other

above it, leaving a kind of rounded lobe between them. Of these

nicks (they scarcely deserve the name of notches), the lower one is

the deeper. But the most remarkable feature in the tragus is the

manner in which it strides over or embraces the meatus auditorius.

Usually this passage passes under the tragus, from behind, near to its

outer edge; but in this species* the outer thin edge is split longitu-

dinally at its base into two layers, one of which is in front of the

meatus, and the other behind it, the latter being the smaller of the

two. Thus the outer edge of the tragus may be said to stand astride

of the meatus.

The thumb is of moderate length, and its basal phalange is rather

shorter than the penultimate one. The antibrachial membrane is

rather ample near the body, but disappears before reaching the

thumb. The feet are rather long, the toes being half their length ;

and the claws are strong and much curved. The wing-membranes

extend to the distal extremity of the tibia, over which they pass, and

are attached to the root of the caleaneum, just as in Natalus and

Mormoops.

The tail extends barely to the middle of the interfemoral mem-

brane ; and scarcely one-half of it is free above the membrane.

The ears are very hairy inside near their base, 7. e. in front of the

tragus, but not elsewhere, either inside or out. The fur of the fore-

head extends uninterruptedly forward to the posterior facial promi-

nence, which it leaves free; but on the sides of the face it comes a

little more forward, and forms two very conspicuous tufts of hair,

which are thick, long, and straight, and have a forward direction,

their points bemg quite as far forward as the end of the nose. Ver-

tically these tufts of hair extend from the edge of the upper lip

almost on to the top of the nose. ‘The membranes are everywhere

destitute of hair; they are finely reticulated and dotted near the sides

of the body, the base of the interfemoral membrane, and the inter-

brachial membrane ; under the distal extremity of the humerus they

are broadly reticulated ; the remaining parts of the membrane, 7. e.

those nearest the extremities, are nearly destitute of markings.

The fur of ali the upper parts is short and shining, though not

very fine; its general hue is dark grey-brown ; it is indistinctly tri-

coloured—being dusky at the roots, then of a shining grey, and its

tips dark greyish-brown ; beneath, it is of two colours—dusky at the

roots, its terminal half whitish-brown, without gloss, and palest along

the middle of the abdomen. The cutaneous system is dark brown.

* JT have not examined the tragus of any other species of Chilonycteris.

68 MR. R, F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

All the specimens maintain.a remarkable uniformity in colour and

general appearance.

Length of the head and ee HOO ces 5

of the head . Rae a

of the ears . 0

of the tragus 0

Breadth of the ears above their Suter ‘doth’ 0

Greatest breadth of the tragus .......... 0

eS ees

Bis

Lenethyor forearms gio. ee ee

SOP ESE ANRC! py ae ae oe ta gm date

of second finger ...... a che

——— of third finger................ se

of fourth! TMSer Soe ocd e os es

of thumb and claws 0

of tibia. . Sena SP ies 0

of foot and claws................ 0

OF GF CRIS Site oe co as wes Se are 0

]

—

WwKVvonr@awoanwmrc dr

DO |= Bol tol tO

Olstall ey eh. eas be or te

tole

— of the interfemoral membrane

Expanse of wings, following the curve of the

POWER: - eters “Rrieie Mae dials oils sence arn O

The above dimensions have been taken from one of the largest

specimens ; the fore-arm of the smallest.is 13!" shorter; and as the

other dimensions conform pretty accurately to this reduced standard,

it will be unnecessary to repeat them.

13. NocTILio AMERICANUS.

One ex. from Long Hill, St. Elizabeth co.

14. Moxossus FrumaARIUvs, Spix.

Molossus obscurus, Geoft.

M. fuliginosus, Gray (not Cooper).

I have seen in the museums of Paris and Leyden the specimens of

M. obscurus of MM. Geoffroy and Temminck, and find them to be

identical with the M. fuliginosus of the British Museum, and have

no doubt that both are referable to the M. fumarius of Spix. All

the West Indian specimens which I have seen are rather smaller than

the South American ones, and for the most part brighter in colour,

but at the same time darker.

15. NycTrnoMus NasuTus, Spix, sp.

Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Geoff.

N. murinus, Gray.

Molossus fuliginosus, Cooper.

Rhinopoma carolinensis, Le Conte (not Geoffroy).

As in so many other species, the island specimens of this one aie

somewhat smaller than those from the mainland. Its geographical

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 69

range appears to be very extensive. I have received specimens from

many localities in South America, and have compared them with

others from Central America, and with the types of N. brasiliensis

in the Paris Museum, and, again, with specimens of Molossus fuligi-

nosus from Charleston, South Carolina, whence they had been sent

by Dr. Bachman; and I find them to be all of one species.

This has been supposed by Major Le Conte and others to be the

Rhinopoma carolinensis of M. Geoffroy ; but, having examined the

type of this species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled to state that

such is not the case. The Rhinopoma carolinensis is a small Mo-

Jossus from West Africa and Bourbon (M. acetabulosus=M. nata-

lensis, Smith) ; and the Vespertilio boréonicus, in the same col-

lection, is a yellowish specimen of the Vespertilio (Lasiurus) nove:

boracensis of the United States! An exchange of labels would ren-

der these species intelligible.

4. List or A CoLLECTION oF BIRDS MADE BY THE LATE Mr.

W. Ospurn In JAMAICA, witH Notes. By P.L. Scuatrer,

M.A., Pu.D., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XIV.)

On the departure of Mr. Osburn, the brother of the late Mr. W.

Osburn, to America last year, I was entrusted with the care of the

collections of Natural History formed by the latter gentleman in

Jamaica, and leave was given me to examine their contents. Being

now engaged in preparing a Report on the present state of our know-

ledge of West Indian Vertebrates for the British Association for the

Advancement of Science, I have not thought it right in the interests

of science, and in vindication of the discoveries made by the late Mr.

W. Osburn, to defer the examination of them any longer.

I have accordingly prepared the following list of the species of

birds obtained by Mr. Osburn during his sojourn in Jamaics ; and

Mr. R. F. Tomes, at my request, has kindly undertaken the task

of determining the Mammals, and has given the results of his inves-

tigations in the paper just read to the meeting.

Mr. W. Osburn, whose untimely death we must all deplore as that

of an energetic scientific explorer and most intelligent writer on Na-

tural History, commenced his residence in Jamaica in the beginning

of 1858, and stayed there, I believe, until the period of his decease

in the spring of 1860. A series of very interesting letters relating

to the natural objects observed in that island will be found in ‘ The

Zoologist? for 1859 and 1860, having been communicated to that

periodical by Mr. P. H. Gosse, to whom they were addressed.

The most interesting and the only species which appears to be en-

tirely new in Mr. Osburn’s collection is a little bird belonging to the

American group of Greenlets (Vireonide), clearly intermediate in

characters between Vireo and Vireolanius, possessing the bill of the

latter and the plumage and general structure of the former. This

70 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. — [Feb. 26,

form, which Mr. Osburn has designated in his MS. “Olive Chat-

terer,” I propose to dedicate to its discoverer by the name Laletes

osburni.

Besides this, Mr. Osburn’s series embraces examples of six other

species not noticed by Mr. Gosse in his admirable work on the birds

of theisland; and Mr. Osburn may therefore be fairly considered to

have added the following eight species to the Jamaican avi-fauna :—

1. Henicocichla ludoviciana.

. Dendreca palmarum.

. Laletes osburnt.

. Nesopsar nigerrimus.

. Siphonorhis americanus.

. Tringa bonapartii.

. Herodias egretta.

. Nycticorax violaceus.

CONT Or ® OG bO

1. Turpus sAMarcensis, Gm.: Gosse, B. Jam. p. 142, et IIl.

pl. 24.

2. TurDUS AURANTIUS, Gm.—Merula leucogenys, Gosse, B. Jam.

p- 136, et Ill. no. 23.

3. Henicocicuta LupovictAna (Aud. ).—Seiurus ludovicianus,

Baird.

Two ex., from Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny (5th Sept. 1859).

This species is not mentioned by Gosse ; but I have examples from

Jamaica in my own collection from a different source. Mr, Osburn

has marked it “ Setwrus noveboracensis.”

4, HrnIcocicHLA NOVEBORACENSIS, Gm.: Gosse, p. 151.

One ex. from Savannah la Mar, Westmoreland, 28th Aug. 1858.

Seiurus gossii, Bp. Consp. p. 306, is founded upon the Jamaican

bird, but it does not appear to me different from the continental 1.

noveboracensis.

5. HENICOCICHLA AURICAPILLA (Lin.).—Seiurus auricapillus,

Gosse, p. 152.

One ex., from Long Hall (March 11th).

6. ParuLA AMERICANA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 154.

Two ex., from Mahogany Hall.

7, GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 148.

Three ex., from different localities.

8. Mnroriita vARIA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 134.

One ex., Freeman’s Hall (January).

9. DENDR@CA CANADENSIS (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 160.

Several examples in full male plumage.

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 71

10. DenpR@cA PANNOSA (Gosse).—Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse,

p. 162.

Mr. Osburn’s collection contains one example of this bird, marked

“female.” TI have little doubt that it is, as has been suggested by

Prof. Baird (B. Amer. p. 271) the female of D. canadensis, but I

have not been able to compare it with females of D. canadensis from

the continent.

11. DENDRa@cA PHARETRA (Gosse).—Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse,

p- 163; Osburn in Zoologist, p. 6660.

Eight examples of this bird are in Mr. Osburn’s collection, prin-

cipally from Freeman’s Hall, collected in January, April, and August

1859. I think there can be no doubt about its being a good typical

Dendreca; and I should place it next to D. striata, which it ap-

proaches to in colouring more nearly than to any other known spe-

cies.

The sexes, as determined by Mr. Osburn, are nearly similar; only

the female is less striated and more white on the lower surface, and

has the vent and upper tail-coverts pale brown. In the male these

parts are more of an ashy brown.

12. Denpreca verecuta (Linn.): Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad.

1859, p. 376.—Sylvicola estiva, Gosse, p. 157.

Three examples of this bird (which is rightly distinguished by

Cassin from the continental D. estiva, and appears to be the true

petechia) are marked by Mr. Osburn “ Sylvicola eoa, Gosse.” I

do not know the latter bird ; but if Mr. Gosse’s description (p. 157)

and figure (Ill. no. 34) are at all accurate, it must be quite a different

species. Mr. Osburn’s three specimens of D. petechia were obtained

in the months of April, May, and August. The crown of that killed

in May is deep orange-red, of which there are less traces in that

killed in April. The specimen obtained in August is in full plumage,

but in bad feathering, and apparently in moult.

13. Denpra@ca TIGRINA (Gm.): Baird, B. Amer. p. 286. —

Certhiola maritima, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 87, et Ill. pl. 17.

Two examples—a male from Long Hill, St. Elizabeth, 12th March,

1832, coming into full plumage, and a female or young bird from

Portland, Vere, 12th April, marked Sylvicola estiva.

14, DENDR@CA PALMARUM (Vieill.): Baird, B. Amer. p. 288.

Three examples of this rather scarce Wood-warbler (which is not

meutioned by Mr. Gosse) are in Mr. Osburn’s series, marked S.

estiva. A male, killed April 6th, 1859, shows the red head coming

on; and ina second of tlie same sex, killed in November, the red

tinge may be distinguished. The third bird is a female, with the

date not given.

15. DeNDRa@CA DISCOLOR (Vieill.): Gosse, p. 159.

Three ex., obtained in January and August.

72 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. _[ Feb. 26,

16. SeropHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 164.

Several ex. of both sexes.

17. PevTROCHELIDON FULVA ( Vieill.).—Hirundo peciloma, Gosse,

B. Jam. p. 64.

One ex. It is now well known that this insular bird (and not the

N. American H. lunifrons of Say) is the true Hirundo fulva of

Vieillot.

18. PeETROCHELIDON EUCHRYSEA (Gosse): Gosse, p. 68.

Three ex., from Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny.

19. Vireo mopestus, Sciater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 462. — Vireo

noveboracensis, Gosse, p. 192. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1.)

Three examples of this bird, from Freeman’s Hall and Mahogany

Hall, Trelawny, serve to confirm the validity of the species which I

have recently separated from Vireo noveboracensis of the continent.

The sexes appear to be coloured alike. Mr. Gosse states that it is

found all the year in Jamaica, “though in diminished numbers in

the summer.’ Mr. Osburn’s examples were procured in February,

October, and November.

20. VIREOSYLVIA ALTILOQUA (Vieill.).— Muscicapa altiloqua,

Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 67; Vireosylvia olivacea, Gosse, p. 194.

All the Vireosylvie which I have met with from Jamaica and S.

Domingo belong to the present species, which I have no doubt is

the bird taken by Gosse for Vireosylvia olivacea, as has already been

suggested by Mr. Newton (Ibis, 1859, p. 145). Mr. Osburn’s spe-

cimens were obtained in the months of June, July, and August.

21. LALETES OSBURNI, sp. etg. nov. (Pl. XIV. fig. 2.)

Laletes genus novum Vireonidarum, inter Vireonem e¢ Vireolanium

medium, rostro huic, illi vero coloribus magis affine : rostrum

altius, fortius, compressius quam in Vireone et apice magis

uncinato, sed brevius quam in Vireolanio: ale modice, dimi-

dium caude attingentes : remige externo spurio presente ;

quinto longissimo, sed quartum et sextum, inter se equales, vir

superante, secundo breviore quam secundarii : pedes et cauda

fere sicut in Vireone, sed pedes majores et robustiores, et tarsi

paulo longiores.

Typ. et sp. unica Laletes osburnt.

L. olivaceus, pileo vix olivacescente, subtus dilutior, abdomine

precipue in medio flavicante : rostro plumbeo, pedibus cory-

linis.

Long. tota 5°7, alae 2°9, caudze 2°2, rostri a rictu 0°65, tarsi 0°85

une. et dec.

Hab. In ins. Jamaica.

Mr. Osburn’s collection contains four examples of this bird, labelled

«Olive Chatterer,’’ and obtained at Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny, in

the months of January and April 1859. Comparing it with Vireo

1861.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 73

flavifrons, which it exceeds by rather more than half an inch in

total length, we find the beak more compressed and Shrike-like,

and nearly similar to that of Vireolanius pulchellus, only shorter.

The wings are much shorter in proportion than in Vireo flavifrons,

and the first spurious primary is well developed, measuring about

three-quarters of an inch from its insertion. The tarsi and feet in

Laletes are also rather more robust, and the tail slightly longer, than

in this Vireo.

The following notice of this species is extracted from one of Mr.

Osburn’s letters in the Zoologist (1859, p. 6662).

“A second bird rather abundant in this district, and not included

in your list, is a sober-suited olive-coloured little fellow, that keeps

pretty much to the higher branches of lofty trees, though I have not

unfrequently met with it on less elevated positions. From its strong,

compressed, deeply-toothed bill, I was at first inclined to suppose it

might belong to Mr. Swainson’s extensive genus Thamnophilus ; but

a better acquaintance with its habits and structure has convinced me

that it should probably be classed among his Ampelide, and some-

where near Pteruthius, perhaps, though I am unable to refer it satis-

factorily to any of his genera. Not to fill up my letter with a de-

tailed description, which I propose forwarding with the specimens,

I may add that the head is a grey dubious olive, which becomes

greener on the back. The quills and tail smoky-black, with olive

edges, and the under parts dingy yellow. But its chief characteristics

are the disproportionate size and thickness of the head, which seems

only owing to the arrangement of the feathers, for it would not be

suspected from the dried skin. I hope to forward an outline taken

from a specimen when quite recent. The grey-blue of the beak is

singularly in contrast with the prevailing tints of the plumage. The

bird is tame and fearless, and, if perching low, may be easily ap-

proached, and is another of the lovers of profound solitude in the

forest. I shot two in the earlier part of the year, and in the spring

two more. They were then more sociable, and not uncommon. They

hunt insects, with considerable bustle. It will give an idea of their

movements, if I add that on shooting them at great heights I mistook,

before firing, one of them for a Vireosylvia, and the other for Sylvicola

pharetra; but I never saw it distinctly catch an insect on the wing.

The stomachs contained several large seeds, a plant-bug, elytra of

beetles, &c.”’

22. PrinoGonys aRMILLATA (Vieill.) : Gosse, p. 198.

23. CERTHIOLA FLAVEOLA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 84.

Several examples.

24. GLOSSIPTILA RUFICOLLIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 269.—

Tanagrella ruficollis, Gosse, p. 236.

Several ex. of both sexes.

25. Eupnonta samaica (Linn.): Gosse, p. 238.

Several examples.

74 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

26. SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson): Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856,

p- 230.—Tunagra zena, Gosse, p. 231.

A pair of this Tanager.

27. Lox1e1Lua vioLacea (Linn.). — Pyrrhula violacea, Gosse,

p. 254.

Two ex. of the male sex, and one female “in male attire,’’ as

marked by Mr. Osburn.

28. LoxiGILLta ANOXANTHA (Gosse).—Spermophila anoxantha,

Gosse, B. Jam. p. 247.

Several examples of this bird, which I have often seen in Jamaica

collections. It seems to belong to the same little group as the pre-

ceding species, having the same sort of bill, though, of course,

smaller in size, and perhaps not quite so much incurved. The anus,

properly so-called, is “‘ brick-red,” as correctly described by Gosse,

whereas his specific term would seem to imply that it was yellow.

29. CoTuRNICULUS TIxIcRUS, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 242.

Two examples—the first I have seen of this bird, which is cer-

tainly a good species, and different from any of its continental repre-

sentatives. One example was obtained at Freeman’s Hall, in July

1859, and the other in the Santa Cruz mountains, in the previous

March.

30. SycaLIs BRASILIENSIS (Gm.). — Crithagra brasiliensis,

Gosse, B. Jam. p. 245.

One ex., a male, in full plumage.

31. IcreRUs LEUCOPTERYX (Wagl.): Gosse, p. 226.—Psaroco-

lius leucopteryz, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 16; I. personatus, Tem-

minck.

One example.

32. DottcHonyx oryztvorvs (Linn.): Gosse, p. 229.

One ex., a female, killed in October.

33. NESOPSAR NIGERRIMUS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 456.—Icterus

nigerrimus, Black Banana Bird, Osburn in Zoologist, pp. 6661 et

6714, et MS.

I shortly described this bird, and gave it a generic name (when

noticing Mr. Osburn’s letter about it in ‘The Ibis’), from examples

in my own collection. Mr. Osburn’s series contains six specimens

of this bird, agreeing with my own. The form must, I think, be

placed among the Quiscaline, not far from Scolecophagus, and next

to Lampropsar of Cabanis. If I am right in my identification of

Lampropsar guianensis, the two forms are perhaps barely separable

generically. The beak (see woodcut) is nearly alike in both; the

wings are proportionately rather shorter in Lampropsar, but their

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 79

general structure is the same; the tail is shorter in Nesopsar, and

the tarsi are likewise considerably shorter.

Mr. Osburn’s six examples of this bird were obtained at Freeman’s

Hall, as is related in ‘The Zoologist’ (p. 6661), where the following

notice is given of this species :—

“Towards the end of last year, whilst riding through the lower

mountains, a perfectly black bird alighted on a wild pine growing at

some height, in a vertical position; and as I watched it I observed

it climb about the stiff leaves with great agility, and eagerly search

their sheathing bases. Your surmise as to the ‘ Black Banana Bird’

instantly occurred to me. I did not then procure it ; but the negroes

assured me they were abundant higher up, and the investigation was

one of the chief objects I proposed to myself on coming here. I did not

find them very common, and procured only four specimens during the

first six weeks of the year. They are to be met with especially in those

deep damp hollows which the forest growth seems striving to conceal,

and where orchideous parasites and wild pines luxuriate in abundance.

It may there be seen climbing among them, as mentioned above, or

flying from tree to tree in short flights ; or, if not visible, its very

peculiar call is audible far over head. I would imitate it by < fep-

chur-r-r-r, —the first a loud, clear note, followed bya rattle, reproduced

with sufficient exactness by a long, rough ‘7.’ The whole bird is

coloured black, and that of the plumage has the purplish gloss of our

Quiscalus. The hind toe seems rather more developed than in Icterus

leucopteryx ; and it has, I think, a corresponding increase of climb-

ing power, oftener assuming the vertical attitude. One I shot hung

head downwards for some time, exactly as the common Banana Bird

will do. Another very marked distinction is, that the culmen, or

upper ridge of the bill, is flattened and broad, dividing the frontal

feathers, like a plate, but does not expand. The following are the

dimensions of two specimens ; the second was a female, and the first

I believe a male, though the part was much injured :—

Length 8)". Exp. 13. Flex. 43. Tail 27.

eer Le aay lis asthe so Og

Rictus 1". Tarsus 1. Mid. toe 1.

ae he oe tke “

76 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

Hallux £, not, therefore, so long as the tarsus. Intestine 8. The

stomachs of all four contained fragments of insects, Coleoptera

chiefly ; I found no traces of seeds. On the 11th of February the ova

of the female were still minute; and in skinning the birds I noticed

a rank odour common to many Oorvide. A female was brought to

me still alive, and apparently uninjured, except a fracture of the leg.

It showed not the slightest pugnacity when handled, and lived several

hours. It had not any notion of applying the uninjured foot to a

flat surface, but kept it grasped. I put it ona perch. Whether from

pain or weakness I do not know; but it immediately slipped round

and hung suspended head downwards by its sound foot for some

time, and then fell. Ido not regard this as a satisfactory proof that

the bird habitually rests in this position; but it is not impossible,

because, according to the ordinary theory of perching, that in which

the weight of the body is brought to bear is, with most birds, the

easiest position ; whereas this bird made no effort to keep upright,

but immediately slid round, as if that were the most available posture

for holding on. Of its nidification I have as yet learnt nothing.

Should this species prove new to science as well as an addition to

our Jamaica list, I would propose ‘ nigerrimus’ as the specific name,

if it is not already appropriated.”

34. Exarnea corra, Gosse, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. iii. p. 257

(1849); Ill. B. Jam. pl. 45.

Four examples, in one of which the yellow crown is barely dis-

cernible. I have two examples of a second species of this genus

from Jamaica, which is, I suppose, undescribed*. Before I had an

opportunity of examining Mr. Osburn’s specimens I was inclined to

believe the latter were Mr. Gosse’s FH. cotta ; but I now find that

they are quite different,—Llainea fallax, as I propose to call it, be-

longing to the section of the group with a concealed white crest as

in H. pagana; whereas EF. cotta is more nearly allied to EL. placens

of Guatemala, and others, in which the crest is less concealed, and of

a bright yellow.

35. Prraneus caupirascratus (D’Orb.): La Sagra, Cuba, pl.12;

Gosse, B. Jam. p. 177.

One example of this bird, which, although abnormal in colouring,

appears to be best placed with the Pitangi.

36. My1arcuus vatipus, Cab. Orn. Not. ii. p. 351.—Tyran-

nula gossii, Bp. Consp. p. 189.—Tyrannus crinitus, Gosse, p. 186,

nee Americanorum.

Two ex. of this species.

* ELAINEA FALLAX, Sp. Nov.

Obscure olivaceo-viridis, alis caudaque fuscis, hac olivaceo extus limbata, illarum

tectricibus et secundariis virescenti-albo extus late marginatis: pileo sub-

cristato interne albo: subtus flavicans, gutture olivaceo induto: rostro ob-

secure corneo, basi albicante: pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:2”, ale 2°7, caudze 2°5, tarsi 75.

Hab. In ins. Jamaica.

1861.] | DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 77

37. Myrarcuus stotipus (Gosse).— Myiobius stolidus, Gosse,

B. Jam. p. 168.

Two ex. of this species, which seems to be best arranged among

the smaller Myiarchi.

38. Buacicus paLuipus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 480.—

Myjiobius pallidus, Gosse, p. 166.

Several ex. of this little species, which is, according to Cabanis,

nearly allied to B. caribeus of Cuba, the type of this section of

Tyrannide.

39. Puatrypsaris NIGRA (Gm.).—Lanius niger, Gm.—Pachy-

rhamphus niger, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 72.—Tityra leuconotus,

Gray, et Gosse, p. 187.—Pach. nigrescens, Cab.

Several examples, in different stages of plumage.

40. CeryLE ALcyon (Linn.): Gosse, p. 81.

One ex.

41. Topus viripis, Linn.: Gosse, p. 72.

One ex.

42. Nycrrsius JAMAIcENSIS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 41.

Two ex.

43. CHorDEILES miNoR, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 5.—C.

gundlachii, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 165.—C. virginianus,

Gosse, B. Jam. p. 33.

One example of this Chordeiles, obtained in April, which, judging

from its dimensions, I must refer to the same species or lecal va-

riety as that which occurs in Cuba, and has been distinguished by

Dr. Cabanis and Mr. Lawrence. Its measurements are, long. tota

7°75", alee 7°1, caudee 3°7.

44, SIPHONORHIS AMERICANUS (Linn.).

Caprimulgus seu Noctua sylvatica jamaicensis minor, Ray, Syn.

Ay. et Pisce. (1713).

Small Wood-Owl, Sloane, Jam. ii. p. 296.

Caprimulgus jamaicensis, Briss. Av. ti. p. 480.

Caprimulgus americanus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 346; Gm. 8. N. ii.

p-. 1032.

Siphonorhis genus novum Caprimulgidarum, affine Nyctidromo,

sed rostro valde dilatato, apice uncinato, naribus tubularibus

et longe eminentibus diversum: ale modice: pedes gressorii,

tarsis elongatis, nudis: digiti medii ungue pectinato, cauda

rotundata.

Typ. et sp. un. Siphonorhis americanus.

$. Fulvo nigroque variegatus, colore capitis cinerascentiore :

78 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

maculis quibusdam, plumarum scapos occupantibus, in capite

elongatis, in dorso magis quadratis, nigris: alis nigris, pallido

fulvo extus regulariter ocellatis et intus transvittatis : cauda

fulvo nigroque minute variegata, fasciis transversis indistinctis

nigris ; margine lato apicali, in rectricibus mediis angustiore,

albo: subtus dorso similis sed cervice albo torquata, et ventris

medi plumis late albo terminatis.

2 torque cervicali et rectricum apicibus fulvescentibus.

Long. tota 8°75", alee 5°3, caudee 4°8, tarsi ‘95, digiti med. ‘95.

Hab. In ins. Jamaica.

Mr. Osburn’s collection contains a pair of this very singular Goat-

sucker, obtained at Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny, in September 1859.

The tickets attached to the two birds appear to have been changed,

as the white-collared bird, which is evidently the male, is marked

“female,” and the other, “male.” The form, which is quite new to

SAN INS

Wai) Mj

SMD N

me, is easily distinguishable from other American Caprimulgide by its

broadened bill, which is almost that of Nyctibius, the excessive elon-

gation of the tubular nostrils, and the long naked tarsi (see woodcut).

I should be inclined to place it next to Nyetidromus, with which it

agrees in the latter point; and I have no doubt that its habits, of

which unfortunately we have no record, are more or less terrestrial.

That this bird (and not Nyctidromus derbianus, as Mr. Cassin*

has attempted to show) is the Jamaican species of Sloane, upon which

Linneeus established his Caprimulgus americanus, I think there can

be little doubt. Mr. Cassin has elaborately discussed the whole sub-

ject and comes to this conclusion—“ that a species of Nyctidromus

does inhabit Jamaica, and which is not mentioned by Mr. Gosse,

Sloane’s figure and description clearly demonstrate.” Now, no true

Nyctidromus is known to inhabit Jamaica; but this aberrant form,

which comes nearest to that genus, probably takes its place. It is

also especially remarkable for its elevated tubular nostrils—the only

character given by Linneeus for the diagnosis of his Caprimulgus

americanus*, and, as I believe, of itself sufficient to distinguish this

peculiar form from every other known Caprimulgine bird.

* Proc. Acad. Philad. 1851, p. 180 e¢ seq.

+ “narium tubulis eminentibus.”—Linn. S. N. i. p. 346,

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 79

45. CH&TURA ZONARIS (Shaw) .— Acanthylis collaris, Gosse, B.

Jam. p. 51.

Several examples, not differing essentially from continental speci-

mens. I have seen the same bird from S. Domingo.

46. Lamrornis porpHyruRA (Shaw). — Lampornis mango,

p- 88.

47, Potyrmus cepHauater, Bp. Consp. p. 72.—T'rochilus po-

lytmus, Gosse, p. 97.

48. Coccyzus senicutus (Linn.): Gosse, p. 281.

One specimen from Savannah la Mar.

49. Praya pLuviatis (Gm.): Gosse, p. 277.

50. CrororHagca ANI, Linn.: Gosse, p- 282.

Adults and nestlings. The sexes are alike, the sharp keel of the

upper mandible being equally developed in both.

51, CenTURUS RADIOLATUS (Wagl.): Gosse, p. 271.

One ex.

52. Conurus NaNus (Vig.). — Psittacara nana, Vig. Zool.

Journ. v. p. 273.—C. flaviventer, Gosse, p. 263.

Several ex. of both sexes, between which there is no external dif-

ference.

53. CHRYSOTIS AGILIS (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 266.

Two ex., of which the female, as marked, is rather smaller in di-

mensions.

54. CHRYSOTIS COLLARIA (Linn.).—Ps. collarius, Linn. 8. N.

p. 149.—P. leucocephalus, Gosse, p. 269.—Pionus vinaceicollis,

Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 321.

Two ex., of which that marked female has the white front very

uarrow. ‘This species, as I have already pointed out, is represented

in Cuba by C. leucocephala, in 8. Domingo by C. salle, and in Porto

Rico by Chrysotis vittata (see P. Z.S. 1857, p. 225). When these

islands formed one piece of land the region was, no doubt, occupied

by a common progenitor, a certain Chrysotis prisca, from which these

four birds have become modified during their descent.

55. Hyporriorcuis coLumBarius (Linn.): Gosse, p. 17.

56. Srrrx PRATINCOLA, Bp.: Gosse, p. 23.

This seems to be more like the N. American Striv pratincola than

to the Cuban Strix furcata, though I should mention that I have

not had an opportunity of making an accurate comparison of speci-

mens.

80 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26,

57. Psruposcors Grammicus (Gosse).—Ephialtes grammicus,

Gosse, B. Jam. p. 19.—Otus grammicus (subgen. Pseudoscops),

Kaup, Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 231.

One example of this very distinct Owl, the affinities of which seem

to be rather with Otus than with Scops.

58. ParaGi@nas CAR1BA (Linn.): Bp. Consp. ii. p. 54; Gosse,

p- 291.

59. PATAGIGNAS LEUCOCEPHALA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 299.

60. Cutora@Nas INoRNATA (Vig.): Bp. Consp. ii. p. 53.—C.

rufina, Gosse, p. 296.

61. ZeNAIDA LEUCOPTERA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 304.

62. ZENAIDA AMABILIS, Bp.: Gosse, p. 307.

63. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 311.

64. GrorryGon montana (Linn.): Gosse, p. 320.

Mr. Gosse has forwarded examples of all these seven Columbide,

concerning which I have only to remark that, if the continental form

of Chamepelia (usually called passerina) is really distinct from the

Antillean, it seems to be the latter that should bear the name pas-

serina. The Jamaican bird, as Mr. A. Newton has remarked (Ibis,

1859, p. 254), is the same as the species which inhabit the Virgin

Islands—the Chamepelia trochila of Bonaparte (Consp. il. p. 77),

which name must in this case give place to the Linnean one.

65. NumMIpA MELEAGRIS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 325.

Introduced from Africa.

66. OrtTyx vIRGINIANUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 328.

Introduced from the United States.

67. ASGIALITIS MELODUS (Ord): Gosse, p. 330.

68. GALLINAGO WILsoni (Temm.): Gosse, p. 353.

69. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.): Gosse, p. 352.

70. RuyacopHiILus souirarivs (Wils.): Gusse, p. 350.

71. TRiInGorpEs MACULARIUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 349.

72. Trinea witsont, Nutt.—Pelidna pusilla, Gosse, p. 348.

73. TRINGA BONAPARTHI, Schleg.

74. Heroptas eGretta (Gm.): Baird, p. 666.

Two ex. in Mr, Osburn’s collection I refer to this species, which is

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 8k

not mentioned by Gosse. In the larger the tarsus measures 6:4

inches, in the smaller (marked female) 5-5 inches. The billis yellow,

with a blackish tip to the upper mandible. Mr. Osburn has marked

his specimens “ Lyretta leuce?,”’ and has given some interesting

notes on its habits under this name in ‘ The Zoologist’ (p. 6932).

75. GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA, Bp.: Baird, p. 665; Gosse,

p- 336; Osburn in Zoologist, p. 6932.

‘One ex., obtained in Aguatta Vale, Metcalf, Oct. 1859. ‘Bill

black, all but the base, which, like the skin of the front, is bright

yellow; tarsi black in front, behind of the same colour as the toes—

a greenish yellow.”’— Osburn, 1. c.

76. FLortps cH@RvuLea (Linn.): Baird, p. 671.—Zgretta cerulea

et LE. nivea, Gosse, pp. 334 et 337; Osburn in Zoologist, pp. 6932,

6933.

Two ex. in adult blue dress, and three in the white dress of im-

maturity (Egretta nivea, Gosse).

77. ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn.: Gosse, p. 346.

78. ARDETTA EXILIS (Gm.): Gosse, p. 343.

79. Nycticorax viouaceus (Linn.).

One ex. of this Night-heron.

80. ARAMUS GIGANTEUS (Bp.): Baird, B. N. Am. p. 657.—No-

therodius holostictus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 426.—Aramus

scolopaceus, Gosse, p. 355.

One female example agreeing with the Northern form, and distinct

from the Southern 4. scolopaceus.

81. Ratius crepirans (Gm.): Baird, p. 747.—Rallus longi-

rostris, Gosse, p. 364.

82. PoRZANA CAROLINA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 371.

One ex.

83. PoRZANA JAMAICENSIS (Gm.): Gosse, p. 375.

Several ex.

84. Crex minuTA (Lath.): Gosse, p. 372.

One ex., from “ Rosslin Castle.’’

85. FULICA AMERICANA, Gm.: Gosse, p. 384.

86. GALLINULA GALEATA (Licht.) ; Gosse, p. 381.

87. PorpHyrio MARTINICUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 377.

Proc. Zoou,. Soc.—1861, No. VI.

82 DR. E, CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF [Feb. 26,

88. QuERQUEDULA pDiscors (Linn.): Gosse, p. 401.

_ Twoex. Ican scarcely believe that Gosse’s Cyanopterus tnorna-

tus is really different from this species ; but his specimens should be

examined.

89. SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 408.

One ex., a female obtained in November.

90. Popitymsus popiceps (Linn.): Baird, B. Am. p. 898;

Gosse, p. 438.

Three ex., to each of which is attached a paper containing a mass

of feathers “ taken out of the pyloric cavity.”

91. Popicrers pominicus (Linn.): Gosse, p. 400.

One ex.

92. StERNA REGIA, Gambel: Baird, B. N. Am. p. 858.—Tha-

lasseus cayanus, Gosse, p. 431.

One ex., obtained in March, with wing-feathers in moult.

5. ON some Points RELATING TO THE Hapits AND ANATOMY

OF THE OCEANIC AND OF THE FRESHWATER Ducks, AND

ALSO OF THE Hare (LEpuS TIMIDUS) AND OF THE RABBIT

(L. cuNIcULUS), IN RELATION TO THE QueEsTION or Hy-

BRiIDIsM. By Epwarps Crisp; M.D., F.Z.S8., erc.

This communication was suggested by the exhibition at our last

meeting, by Mr. Bartlett, of four hybrid ducks between the Summer

Duck (4. sponsa) of North America, the Pochard (Fuligula ferina),

and the Ferruginous Duck (Fuligula nyroea). Mr. Bartlett thought

that the progeny of these hybrids would be prolific. In the discussion

which followed concerning these birds, I expressed my belief that

the hybrid between the hare and the rabbit was a much more re-

markable occurrence, taking the habits and the anatomy of the ani-

mals into account, than that of a cross between an oceanic and a

freshwater duck. From this opinion several of the members dis-

sented.

It will now be my object to make a fair investigation of this

matter; and as the question of hybridism is one becoming daily of

greater importance, I think that our time will not be unprofitably

occupied, more especially as the comparisons I am about to institute

will, I think, furnish some matters of physiological interest.

And first, of the Ducks ; and 1 speak chiefly of British ducks. In

this family of birds there is, for the most part, a great general resem-

blance, whether we look to their habits or to their anatomy. They

have been divided into the Oceanic and Freshwater ducks; but it must

be observed that they both frequent the sea, and also the freshwater

rivers, although the first-named ducks are more limited to the ocean,

1861.] THE ANATID AND LEPUS. 83

to which their structural peculiarities render them better adapted.

Their flesh, as regards flavour, has the same character, although

modified somewhat by the nature of the food. In the sexual * dif-

ferences of colour (excepting the genus Jadorna) there is a great

general resemblance ; and the same may be said, as far as we know,

of the period of incubation. The eggs, comparatively speaking,

both as regards number and appearance, are very uniform. Their ni-

dification, too, including the abstraction of down from the body of

the female, is nearly of the same kind ; and the nature of their food,

both animal and vegetable, is very similar. Of animal food the

oceanic and diving ducks obtain a greater variety, including univalve

and bivalve shells ; but some of the freshwater ducks (so called), as

the Shoveller (Anas clypeata), obtain a large quantity of these, as I

have verified in several instances by dissection.

If we look to their internal organization, we have here likewise a

great general resemblance. The lungs, heart, gullet, gizzard, intes-

tines and their appendices—the pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and oil-

glands—have nearly all the same character.

I have placed on the table the sterna of twenty-two different spe-

cies of ducks, and likewise the trachez of nearly all the species of our

British ducks ; and it will be seen that, with the exception of the

Common Scoter (Anas nigra) and the Surf Scoter (A. perspicillata),

the lower part of the air-tube is furnished with a bony enlarge-

ment, more or less complete in the different species of oceanic ducks,

and affording in these a greater variation as to form: thus, in the

King Duck (A. spectabilis) and in the Eider (A. mollissima) this

protuberance is without membranous divisions, as in the freshwater

ducks; and the same may be said of the Velvet Scoter (4. fusea) ;

but the enlargement in the air-tube of this bird is seated some distance

above the bronchi.

In Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’ vol. iii. pp. 148, 202, descriptions

are given of the freshwater and oceanic ducks. The characteristics

of the former are said to be length of neck and wings, round tarsi,

unlobated and free hind toe. ‘In habits they may be stated gene-

rally as frequenting fresh water, but passing much of their time on

land, feeding in ditches and about the shallow margins of pools, on

aquatic plants, insects, worms, and occasionally on small fish, taking

their food at or near the surface, possessing great powers of flight,

but seldom diving unless pursued. Of their internal parts, the

stomach is in the greatest degree muscular, forming a true gizzard ;

the intestines long ; the ceecal appendages from 6 to 9 inches in

length in the larger birds, and decreasing only in proportion to the

size of the species. Of the bones it may be observed that the ribs

are short, the angle formed by the union of the first pair on each

side extending but little beyond the line of the posterior edge of the

sternum ; the keel of the breast-bone is deep, affording great extent

of surface for the attachment of large and powerful pectoral muscles ;

the enlargement at the bottom of the trachea in all of them is of

* I do not speak of the changes of plumage in the oceanic ducks, because we

have yet much to learn respecting this matter,

84 DR. EF, CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF [Feb. 26,

bone only. The males of this species are further remarkable for

becoming for a time during summer more or less like the females,”

Ke.

At page 202, in speaking of the oceanic ducks, their food is said

to be “fish, shelled mollusca, crustacea, and marine insects, but little

or no vegetable production. Their powers of flight moderate, and

their walk embarrassed, from the backward position of their legs.

Of their soft parts, the cesophagus is capable of great dilation ; the

stomach is a muscular gizzard, but the internal cavity is large, and

the sides comparatively thin. The ribs are elongated, and the keel

of the breast-bone decreases in depth in those species which in their

habits most resemble the Merganser.”

In the above account there are several inaccuracies. Thus, the giz-

zard in many of the diving ducks, taking the weight of the bird into

consideration, is quite as muscular as in the freshwater ducks ; in-

deed the nature of their food requires this provision. I have not

found either the above-mentioned difference in the cesophagus or in

the length of the alimentary canal and appendices. The oceanic

ducks, moreover, take a large amount of vegetable food ; and the pro-

- portional size of the pectoral muscles in many of them is quite as great

as in the freshwater ducks. The keel of the sternum, too, in some, is as

deep ; indeed the sterna of two of the ducks in question (the Summer

Duck and the Ferruginous) bear in every respect a great resemblance ;

but to bring this matter to a more practical bearing, let me take

eight ducks that I have recently dissected (four oceanic and four

freshwater), by way of comparison of the length of the intestinal

tubes.

The appendices are included in the length of the canal.

Length of | Length of

Name Weight. |alimentary| appen-

canal, dices.

oz. ft. in in.

Scaup (Anas Marila) viccrseserecsernenees 27 Te 13

Golden-eye (4. clangula) .....+..seeeevenes 31 5.68 10

Pochard)(4. ferind)) .c.desecacesccosevacers 37 5 0 4

Common Scoter (A. nigra) ....s0.sse0e ee 384 6 0 14

Shoveller (4. clypeata)........-sesssseeeeee 20 a vi 6

Pintail (4. Geta) ...000.....00sececcesrereee 36 5 3 12

Wild Duck (4. boschas) ......cceceesseeee 42 (bing 10

Garganey Teal (4. querquedula) .........| 13 5 8 4

In twenty skeletons of different species of ducks that I have lately

examined, I find that all have fourteen cervical vertebree, seven cau-

dal, and nine pairs of ribs, with the exception of the Summer Duck

(Anas sponsa) and the Anas ceruleata: these have only eight ribs ;

but I scarcely need say that more than one specimen must be exa-

mined to ascertain whether this is the normal number.

Time will not allow me to touch upon the minor differences, ex-

_ternal and internal, which apply more or less to all families of birds

Speaking generally, the short, thick-set, rounded form of the oceanic

duck, its short wings and neck, shorter and flatter tarsi, lobated

1861.] THE ANATID AND LEPUS. 85

hind toe, more elastic breast-feathers, and the greater quantity * of

grey down upon the skin, will serve at once to distinguish it. In-

ternally the form of the lower part of the air-tube in the male, the

wider and shorter sternum, in many instances with a less developed

keel, and the form of the pelvis, are for the most part sufficiently

characteristic ; but they are none of them, I think, as regards the

question at issue, of special importance.

One of my objects has been to point out some of the errors (as I

believe) that generally prevail respecting portions of the anatomy of

the oceanic ducks, and to show that several of the distinctions made

aré not well-founded. In my concluding paper + “ On the Presence

or Absence of Air in the Bones of Birds,’ I hope to exhibit other

differences, not before recorded, respecting the absence of air in the

humeri, and the muscular arrangement of the air-cells in some of

the Sea-ducks (so called).

But lastly, as to the inquiry whether these hybrid ducks between

the Summer Duck, the Pochard, and the Ferruginous Duck are likely

to breed together as suggested by Mr. Bartlett, I have no hesitation,

looking to their anatomy, in which there is a great general resem-

blance, to answer the question in the affirmative ; but whether the

progeny of these hybrids will also be prolific, is a matter that time

only can determine.

I now come to the more interesting part of my subject, viz. that

of the Leporines—hy brids, so called, between the hare and the rabbit.

It has been stated that M. Rouy, of Angouléme, has bred for the

market a thousand of these Leporides yearly—that they are fertile

both with the hare and the rabbit, and with each other. I have

written to M. Rouy, but up to the present time I have received no

answer. It is reported that the cross is effected by keeping the

animals together wher very young. In the Society’s Collection there

are now several of these Leporines, and two of them have litters of

young; but whether they are of the first cross it is difficult to deter-

mine. The adult animals have a hare-like character ; they are large,

weighing about 5 lbs., with long ears and long hind legs ; but this

description will equally apply to some varieties of the rabbit. I have,

however, carefully examined the fur (microscopically and otherwise);

and about the hare-like character of this I think there cannot be a

question. The hair is long, and has the same party-coloured ap-

pearance (black and fawn) as in the hare—a peculiarity that I have

not seen in any variety of the rabbit. ‘The disinclination of the male

for copulation is another feature very unlike the character of the

rabbit. Of the two females mentioned, one has five young ones, and

the other two: of the former litter two are black ; of the latter both

are grey: they are born blind, are wild, and, unlike the tame rabbit,

shriek when handled. The female makes her nest of dewn, and covers

her young. Mr. Bartlett has kindly given me one of his young Lepos

* The Summer Duck (4. sponsa) has as complete a covering of grey down as

any of the oceanic ducks that I have examined, and in this respect it differs from

all the British freshwater ducks that have come under my notice,

t See P, Z, Ss. 1857, Pp 9, 215,

86 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF LEPUS. ([Feb. 26,

rines, about three and a half months old, for examination. It was

bred between the male Leporine from Paris and a common black

rabbit. It weighed 3lbs. 11 oz. Its fur and most of its external

characters partook chiefly of those of the rabbit; and the same may

be said ofits visceral anatomy : the trachea, lungs, and heart are com-

paratively small ; the length of the alimentary canal 17 feet 63 inches.

The flesh was white, and in flavour like that of the rabbit.

With the above I have examined two hares and two wild rabbits,

male and female, and I have weighed ten adult specimens of each ;

the average weight of the hares was 6 lbs. 11 oz., that of the rabbits

3lbs. 40z. By way of comparison I have taken a hare weighing

7 lbs. and a rabbit weighing 3 Ibs. 5 oz. I have measured and

weighed every part of importance, but I need only mention some of

the comparisons :—Brain of hare 210 grains, eye 75 grains, lungs

684 grains, heart (bloodless) 655 grains, trachea very large, length

of alimentary canal 18 feet. Brain of rabbit 125 grains, eye 35 grains,

lungs 193 grains, heart (bloodless) 119 grains, trachea very small,

alimentary canal 15 feet 1 inch. I may remark here that I have

sometimes found the intestinal tube in the hare (probably in young

specimens) much shorter than that before mentioned. I have com-

pared the spermatozoa, the blood-corpuscles, and the various viscera

not mentioned above, and I find no important difference in them.

As regards the skeleton, I have been unable to discover any ap-

preciable difference, except in its size and in the length of the hind

extremities ; but in the Museum of the College of Surgeons there is

a skeleton of the Lop-eared Rabbit (Preparation 1949); and if the

posterior limbs are compared with those of the hare (Prep. 1914),

the resemblance will be found to be very great.

In taking a retrospect of the anatomy of these animals we find a

great similarity ; the interesting and important differences are in the

heart, lungs, and trachea. 'These I pointed out in 1854, in a paper

read before the London Physiological Society, ‘‘On the Weight,

Form, Size of the Cavities, and Thickness of the Parietes of the Heart

in the Vertebrate Animals*,’ On referring to the weights of the

above-named organs, it will be seen that the proportions are very re-

markable. Thus, the heart of the hare (and I speak from the exami-

nation of many specimens) is nearly five times the weight of that of

the rabbit ; the lungs are nearly four times as heayy ; and the calibre

of the trachea three or four times as great; the rings of the air-

tube are about the same number in both.

But it must be remembered that these are differences in degree,

and not in sind, and may be explained to some extent by the habits

of the anjmal. The comparative swiftness and durability of speed of

the hare require a larger and stronger circulating organ; and the

same remark will apply to the respiratory apparatus. If, however,

we have this similarity of structure, in many respects (as is well

known) the habits of the animals are widely different. The period”

of gestation in the hare is said to be a month, that of the wild rabbit

three weeks; but I am not acquainted with any reliable evidence

; * Lancet, 1854.

P.Z.S.1861 Plate XV.

1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS, 87

upon this subject. The young of the rabbit are naked and blind;

whilst those of the hare see, and have a hairy covering at birth; the

number of young in the hare is from two to four, that of the rabbit

from four to seven (early in the spring I have generally found four).

The rabbit burrows, takes down from its body, covers its young and

leaves them at night; whilst the hare (English) seldom, unless hard

pressed, will go to earth. Without pointing out minor differences,

I have said enough to lead some to suppose that my first impression

was correct, viz. that the cross between the hare and the rabbit was

a more extraordinary one than that between the ducks.in question.

But acloser investigation leads me at once to acknowledge my error ;

for, looking especially to the comparative anatomy, and believing, as

I do, that time and circumstances may produce essential alterations

in the habits and in the external form, colour, and size of animals,

I think that there are more unstable and far-fetched theories in phy-

siology than the belief that the hare and the rabbit may have been

originally one and the same animal,

March 12th, 1861.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a very fine and perfect example of

Pentacrinus caput-meduse, which had been placed in his hands by

Lieut.-Col. P. C. Cavan, F.Z.S. This specimen had been dredged

up in 60 fathoms’ water on the coast of S. Lucia, West Indies, by

a fisherman, whose lines had become entangled in it.

Dr. Crisp exhibited drawings of two fishes from a salt-water lagoon

near Cape Coast Castle, West Africa. ;

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE Genus Monopuy.uvs or Leacu,

By Rosert F, Tomes, Corr. Mens.

(Plate XV.)

Glossophaga, Geoff. Mém. du Mus. t. 4. p. 411, 1818.

Monophyllus, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 73, 1820.

Nicon, Gray’, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 15.

Having recently examined a collection of Bats from Jamaica, col-

lected by the late Mr. Osburn, and containing several specimens of

a Leaf-nosed Bat which, on comparison with the mutilated type of

Leach’s genus Monophyllus, proves to be identical with it, I have

thought that a more detailed description taken from these specimens

88 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. [Mar. 12,

might be useful, as it is pretty evident that the one from which Leach

drew up his description was imperfect. I may here observe that,

when referring to the allied species of Bats, Glossophaga ampleat-

cavdata and G. ecaudata, for the purpose of comparison, I allude to

specimens in my own collection, which by actual comparison have

been proved to be identical with the type-specimens in the Paris

Museum.

In general form the species which I am about to describe may be

said to be intermediate between Glossophaga amplexicaudata and G.

ecaudata, but rather more strongly built than either, the bones of

the wings and legs being stouter, and the head relatively somewhat

larger.

The top of the head is considerably elevated above the facial line,

it is of a rounded form, and is scarcely half of the entire length of

the head ; the muzzle long, compressed, and pointed. The nose-leaf

differs in no important respect from that of the allied species already

alluded to ; it is short, and tapers evenly to a somewhat acute point.

It is sparingly suffused with very short hairs, visible only with the

assistance of a lens. At its base, in front, is a naked depression of

an inverted triangular form, the turned-up base of which forms the

bottom of the nose-leaf ; whilst from the turned-down summit of the

triangle a vertical groove passes, which divides the upper lip in half.

In this depression the nostrils are placed, in shape like a comma,

and having a very oblique position, their larger ends being down-

wards and inwards, thus ¢ 9*. The lower lip has a triangular naked

space in front, down which passes a vertical notch, which is con-

tinued down the middle of the chin for the distance of about a line.

The ears are shaped very much like those of G, ecaudata, being

a little emarginate exteriorly, but they are somewhat larger than in

that species; the tragus is small, about one-fourth the length of the

ear, its two sides are nearly straight (a little convex, however), and

its end evenly rounded. On its outer edge is a pointed process,

which is about one-third of the distance from its base.

The wings are proportioned much as in G. ecaudata and G. am-

plexicaudata; but the thumb is much longer and stronger than in

either of those species, and the claw more hooked. Its basal pha-

lange is short, being scarcely more than half the length of the penul-

timate one; whilst the terminal one is short, but bears a claw which

is long, strong, compressed, much curved, and pointed. As a con-

sequence of the shortness of the basal phalange of the thumb, the

antibrachial membrane is very narrow at, and near, the carpus.

‘The interfemoral membrane is narrow, intermediate between that

of G. amplexicaudata and that of G. ecaudata; its hinder margin

presents a semicircular form when the femora are drawn up into a

horizonta J position; but when the legs are extended, it is deeply

emarginate. The tail is short, and has its terminal half produced

beyond the edge of the membrane, to the upper surface of which it

* It is requisite that a dried specimen should be softened in order that the

shape of the nostrils may be clearly seen,

1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MON®@PHYLLUS. 89

is attached rather than included in it, as it is in Vespertilio. The os

calcis is rudimentary.

The feet are much stronger than those of G. amplexicaudata, and

fully equal in actual size to those of G. ecaudata, which is a larger

species; they are therefore re/atively larger than in that species.

The claws are long, strong, and hooked.

All the face is suffused with very short hairs, of the same quality

as those of the head; on the lips and nose-leaf they are so short as

to be almost invisible without the aid of a lens; but, with the ex-

ception of the triangular space containing the nostrils, and the front

part of the under lip, no part can properly be said to be quite naked,

The ears, however, are naked, saving a small portion of their outer

surface, which is quite at their root. The fur of the under parts

extends a little on to the humerus and the membrane near it,’ and

to a trifling extent on to the proximate end of the fore-arm; but

everywhere else the membranes are naked.

The cranium is of a very elongated form, which is due in great

measure to the great length of its facial part. In general appear-

ance it resembles that of G. amplexicaudata; and it will be necessary

only to state in what respect it differs from that of the latter species,

In G. amplexicaudata the skull is perfectly devoid of ridges or crests;

but in Monophyllus two ridges from the supra-orbital processes pass

inwards and backwards, much as in Phyllostoma hastatum, and,

meeting in the centre of the space between the orbits, unite to form

a sagittal crest, which is not, however, very prominent, and does not

extend to the occipital suture. The hinder margin of the palate

(which extends far back in these allied species) is much more deeply

and narrowly emarginate in Monophyllus than in the other species

compared with it. The inferior margin of the lower jaw of Monophy/-

lus presents a difference from the same part in G. amplexicaudata,

which is as follows:—In the latter species this margin curves off

quite evenly to the posterior angle or process, which is acute, equally

prominent with the condyle, and directed obliquely upward in pre-

cisely the same degree. In Monophyllus the lower margin of the

jaw is most convex just opposite to the anterior root of the coronoid

process ; and behind this is a shallow indentation, which is increased

by the posterior process taking a somewhat downward direction, the

extreme point, however, being recurved.

But the teeth of this species present a striking dissimilarity from

those of the other Glossophagine Bats with which they have been

compared. Although in number they correspond with those of G,

amplexicaudata, in form and in position they have but little resem-

blance to them. The upper incisors are four in number; they are of

avery simple form, being somewhat flattened, with their sides parallel;

the inner ones are the largest,—the outer ones being minute and

more rounded than the others, appearing to be little more than two

rounded tubercles. ‘They are separated from each other, and from

the canines on either side, by intervals which are fully equal to the

breadth of the teeth themselves. The canines are long, pointed, and

angular, and are destitute of a cingulum, but have a well-marked

90 MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. [Mar. 12,

rounded process at the base in a line with the incisors, and another

one in a line with the premolars. The first premolar has an interval

on each side of it ; it is of considerable size, very much compressed,

and has three well-marked cusps, of which the middle one is long

and acute, the other two being equally pointed, but very short.

The second premolar is placed in proximity to the molars; it has

somewhat the form of the first, excepting that the hinder accessory

cusp is less distinct. The true molars, when viewed directly upon

their crowns, exhibit a considerable development of their inner poste-

rior angle, which may be said to project into the palate. Otherwise

these teeth are feebly developed, and have the W-shaped crowns

which usually characterize the insectivorous species very imperfectly

defined. The outer anterior cusp is somewhat produced, and has a

forward direction, which is most distinctly visible externally.

The lower incisors in some specimens examined were found to

be wholly absent ; in others, part of them only had been lost ;

whilst in a few instances all were retained, and were as follows :—

In number they correspond to those of the upper jaw; they are of

rudimentary form and size, being mere rounded tubercles, and the

inner ones very minute; they are placed far apart, especially the

two inner ones, between which is a space which appears wide enough

to allow the tongue to pass between them. The canines are thin and

long, with an internal cingulum. ‘The first premolar is very much

compressed, and has a single cusp, which forms an obtuse angle

when seen laterally, and presents a thin edge when seen longitudi-

nally ; near to its hinder part is a slight indentation, or indication

of a separation into a posterior lobe or cusp. This tooth is almost

in contact with the canine, and with the second premolar, which is

not shaped like the first in the lower jaw, but like the first one in

the upper jaw; that is, it has three cusps. Succeeding to this tooth

is an interval, which is followed by the third premolar, shaped like

the second, and in contact with the true molars. These latter are

compressed, and haye five pointed cusps, four of which form an irre-

gular longitudinal row, and the fifth is placed outside of the posterior

one of the four.

The following will explain the number, and in some measure the

position, of the teeth of this species :—

Ine. oi Can. 33 Premol. Bos} Mol. oS = 34.

Under the name of Phyllophora, Dr. Gray has separated such

species of M. Geoffroy’s genus Glossophaga, as have the tail and

interfemoral membrane developed as in G. amplexicaudata* ; whilst

such as are without tail he has denominated Anoura, of which G.

ecaudatais the type. A third genus has been adopted by Dr. Gray,

which is typified by the species I have been describing, the name

originally given by Dr. Leach being retained. Without adverting

* I do not know at present how Nicon differs from Phyllophora. There ap-

pears to be considerable obscurity about the genera of this group of Bats, which

has been occasioned in great measure by the bad state of Leach’s specimen of

Monophyllus.

1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. 91

to the tailless group, which I have not sufficiently examined, I wish

to take the present opportunity of stating that I have examined more

than one species of the group Phyllophora, and find that in some

details of structure of the cranium, and in the number, position, and

form of the teeth, they are similar. Should any differences appear

in the cranium and teeth of the tailless species, we shall have at least

three well-marked groups (probably of subgeneric rank) amongst

these allied forms, with perhaps the addition of a fourth in the genus

Ichnoglossa of M. de Saussure.

Assuming that Monophyllus possesses characters which are some-

thing more than merely specific, the following description, of a purely

specific kind, in addition to the details already stated, will render

this communication more complete, and indeed include all our pre-

sent knowledge of the group.

MonopHYLLUS REDMANII. (Pl. XV.)

~ Monophyllus redmanii, Leach, Linn, Trans. xiii. 73, 1820.

Glossophaga caudifer?, Geoff. Mém. du Mus. t. 4. p. 411, 1818.

Nicon leachii’?, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 15.

The fur on all parts of the body is of medium length, thick, soft,

and a little glossy. All the upper parts are of a uniform greyish-

brown, with the extreme tips of the hairs slightly hoary ; the top of

the head is a little paler than the back. On all the under surface

the fur is bicolor, dusky-grey at the root for more than half its

length, and tipped with greyish white, which is a little silvery in ap-

pearance. The whole of the cutaneous system is dark brown,

in. lin.

Length of the head and body, about .......... 2 2

atthe head :.9 00. et a. Us ote ie 0 103

OF tne enmaliet: <2 stk. Scie Cicaroee 04

FRPP ce 2 oral siche te sas yar CaN D4 0 12

PL Te MedeeAL ois Se at tess aes 0 12

Breadth of the nose-leaf at its base............ eis

Length of the fore-arm. ..).0-0000ye:-2.c005. -} F”

ef the first Magers . ee eessle cscs es hid

githe- derpads. ssn). tees eis Sass ss 22

Bi Phe Hare bo es eS see Ok 6+ oa > os 24

Bh the SeUGih oe eee eves ac ooze yon SBS Sa

of the thumb and claw .............. 0 52

pT ay oe RS Se ga RPP ee 0 43

——— of the free part of the tail ............ 0 2

Bh PReTAbIg Jie Sars 3's Giles om d eden 0 74

of the: fopt and claws .......%...... 000 0 6

Expanse of wings, following the bones of the arm,

He ON Eea BAUER eisies £).a 5's eg) aoe ae 12 0

Length of the skull from the front margin of the

intermaxillary bones to the posterior root of the

92 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SQUIRREL. [Mar. 12,

Breadth across the zygomatic arches .......... 0 5

Length ‘ofthe nasal bones yo 0e. 6 Pe 8 0 3

of the palate, to its posterior notch .... 0 5}

of the dental series, from the front of the

upper canine to the posterior molar, inclusive 0 4

Breadth of the palate between the canines...... 0.14

— ofthe palate between the posterior molars 0 2

Length of the lower jaw, from the posterior pro-

cess to the front of the symphysis menti...... 0.97

Depth vertically from the coronoid process .... 0 2

Length of the dental series, from the front of the

lower canines to the hinder cusp of the last

WOlar +50 Releenca a eta ies ag ip sveuwe Oem

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SQUIRREL, IN THE British Mvu-

SrUM, FRoM New Granaba. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray,

F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

(Plate XVI.)

Mr. Edward Gerrard lately brought to me a Squirrel that he had

not been able to identify with any other specimen in the Collection,

or with any of the American species lately described, and which he

was convinced was distinct from any of the American Squirrels of

about the same size in the Museum by the peculiar form of its skull.

I have therefore drawn up a short description of the species, and

named it after my assistant, who has done so much to extend the

osteological collection inthe Museum, and who is so ready to impart

his extensive knowledge of Vertebrate animals and their osteological

structure to any one who may desire to profit by it.

Scrurus GERRARDI. (Pl. XVI.)

Blackish: hairs brown, with black tips, with a broad subapical

orange ring; cheeks yellowish-brown ; fore part of the back, sides

of the neck and body, shoulders, and outer side of the fore legs, and

front of the hinder legs bright-red bay; feet pale bay ; base of the

tail blackish, with the hairs slightly varied with pale orange rings ;

middle of the tail bright bay, end black ; throat from under the eyes,

inside of the fore legs, chest, and belly pure white; ears blackish,

with very short scattered hairs.

Hab. New Granada. British Museum. -

Size and form of the European Squirrel, but the tail longer and

the ears not pencilled. The skull is very different from that of Sc.

langsdorfi, being small and more lengthened.

The newly born young specimen is coloured precisely like the adult ;

but the tail is slender, rather depressed, but nearly cylindrical, co-

vered with elongate close-pressed hair,

TAX 93% 1d _

LOOT oS dick ‘ . tint

1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. 93

3. On Cystic ENTozoA FROM THE Wart-Hoc AND Rep River-

Hoc. By T. Spencer Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S.

(Plate XVII.)

Although it is now no longer doubted by those who have paid

special attention to the genetic relations subsisting between the cystic

and cestoid Entozoa, that the former are immature conditions of the

latter, yet sufficient interest attaches itself to the structure of ob-

scure and otherwise interesting larval forms, to induce me to lay

before the Society the accompanying observations.

From the abdomen of the female Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethio-~

picus) which died in the Society’s Menagerie on the 16th Dec. 1859,

and was dissected by Dr. Crisp, Mr. Bartlett, myself, and others on

the 19th of the same month, I obtained a solitary Cysticercus. This

immature cestoid was enclosed in a thick fibrous cyst situated near

the region of the cecum, its size, over all, being rather larger than a

cricket ball. On removing the Cysticercus from its fibrous investment

—the latter having been accidentally ruptured during the process of

evisceration—it was found to consist of the following well-marked

parts, which may be respectively recognized as the head, neck, body,

and caudal vesicle (Pl. XVII. fig. 1). The head'(a) is quite visible

to the naked eye, and when viewed from above, by the aid of reflected

light under a low magnifying power, displays an oblong quadrangular

outline, the corners being rounded off by the presence of four pro-

minent sucking disks. At the centre there is a projecting rostellum

marked by a circle of radiating lines, such as would indicate the

existence of a double row of cephalic hooks. These holdfasts (if I

may so term them) were not, however, actually present ; but had in

all probability fallen off during the degeneration and calcification of

the head, which was quite hard and brittle, and under pressure

crumbled up into an amorphous granular mass. The head was easily

detached from the neck, the calcified suckers retaining their glo-

bular form as perfectly as is represented by fig. 2. That part which

I have termed the neck (4) is cornucopial in form, and exhibits well-

defined transverse strize, which become rather more distinct towards

its base. The body (c) is clavate, elongated, comparatively thick at

its anterior third, and narrow at the lowermost part, where it is in

connexion with the large circular caudal vesicle. The body and

the vesicle (d) are each 33 inches in length, the greatest breadth of

the former being 1 inch, while that of the latter has a transversal

measurement equal to its longitude ; they are both hollow, and when

removed were partly filled with a pale-yellow transparent fluid ; they

do not intercommunicate, yet both exhibit externally the before-

mentioned transverse striz.

From the female Red River Hog (Pofamochewrus penicillatus),

which died at the Society’s Gardens on the 12th of November, 1860,

I obtained on the 16th of the same month five examples of a Cysti-

cercus. In the Society’s male Red River Hog, which died last

February, no Entozoa of any kind were detected. One of the cystic

worms just mentioned occupied a cyst in the liver, the other four

94 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. [Mar. 12,

being attached to the mesenteric folds of the peritoneum. All five

bear a close resemblance to one another, but they differ very mate-

rially from the Cysticercus infesting the Athiopian Wart Hog.

Those attached to the mesentery were also encysted; but in these

instances the envelope appeared to be merely a production of the

peritoneal membrane itself, and not an abnormal product, such as

had clearly resulted from inflammatory action, both in the case of

the liver-eyst and in the fibrous capsule of Cysticercus ex Phaco-

chero ethiopico. The Cysticerci of the Red River Hog, when with-

drawn from their enveloping membranes, exhibited a more or less

oval or elliptic outline, as may be seen in the example selected for

illustration (fig. 3). This drawing shows only the neek (4), body

(c), and enormously developed caudal vesicle (d). The head, being

inverted and enclosed within the upper part of the neck, could only

be found after a prolonged dissection and unfolding of the parts:

When this was done, and the head placed under an inch objective,

it was found to display the usual four sucking disks, and a double

coronet of hooks, as represented in the accompanying illustration

(fig. 4). The margin of the neck is bordered by a double contour,

the parenchymatous substance being everywhere studded with a mul-

titude of caleareous corpuscles, which are not limited to the neck itself,

but are also present in the head. To these bodies I shall again have

oecasion to allude, whilst I revert in the mean time to the body and

caudal vesicle of our Cysticereus. The former is about half an inch

long, and somewhat distended by the presence of soft, irregular bundles

of tissue in its interior. This tissue occurs in the form of shreds or

rope-like coils (e, fig. 3), which become finely attenuated below, and

depend loosely into the cavity of the caudal vesicle. Histologically,

they merely consist of a fine granular matter, and therefore they are

not referable to any specialized structure or set of organs. Neither

the body nor the vesicle exhibits the transverse strize seen in the Cysti-

eercus from the Wart Hog ; but, in addition to a few irregular surface=

foldings, the lining membrane of the vesicle gives off here and there

some extremely delicate thread-like filaments (7), having the same

structural character as those bundles of granular parenchyma found

within the body. A little circular spot marks their origin; and from

this they hang floating in the fluid contents of the vesicle.

I have investigated the so-called calcareous corpuscles of this Scolex

or Cysticercus ex Potamochero penicillato with very great care ; but

I did not detect any of them within the walls of the caudal vesicle.

They are extraordinarily abundant within the head and neck, and

by their highly refracting properties impart to the tissues, when

viewed by transmitted light, a dark pigment-like hue, almost obli=

terating the limiting membranes of the inverted head. They are

more numerous than I have indicated in the accompanying drawing

(fig. 4), but their relative disposition and size are accurately repre-

sented. Their form is commonly that of spherical, or oval, flattened

disks (fig. 5 fc, e) ; but not unfrequently they are elongated, oc-

casionally thicker at one end than the other (a, d), and sometimes

reniform (4). All are bordered by an opake margin ; and they often

1861.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. 95

display evidences of concentric lamination, the rings resembling

nuclei and nucleoli (e). In respect of size, they do not, for the most

part at least, vary materially; they have an average length of ,755

to to/5ath, and a breadth of from 5,55 to zJpth of aninch. On

the addition of diluted sulphuric acid, a rapid effervescence took place,

accompanied with the total destruction of the corpuscles; whereas

the alkaline reagent liquor potassze caused only a gradual disso-

lution of the enveloping membrane, leaving behind a perfectly trans-

parent and thin calcareous plate, unpossessed of any appreciable

light-refracting properties. The last-mentioned change proceeded

uniformly from without inwards; the corpuscle marked / (fig. 5)

presenting at intervals appearances precisely like those indicated at

9, h, i, k, l, and m; the last is the isolated calcareous plate, whose

circumferential border has lost that entire smooth outline which the

unaltered corpuscle invariably exhibits.

I have not detected any appearance of subdermal pouches, such as

those discovered and described by me elsewhere as occurring in the

immature Trieuspidaria nodulosa * ; but I have carefully noted the

foregoing particulars because the definitive solution of several inter-

esting questions depends upon a correct appreciation of the relative

structure, chemical constitution, and disposition of the calcareous

corpuscles as observed in the various groups of Entozoa in which

they are known to abound.

From recent investigations, and more especially from those of

Claparéde, I think we may inferentially draw the following conclu:

sions :—

These bodies cannot be regarded in the light of pathological pro-

ducts, as Moulinie and others suppose; and it is still more obvious

that Tschudi, Gulliver, Goeze, and Zeder were wrong in describing

them as eggs. Eschricht, and the late Prof. William Smith of Cork;

clearly erred in attributing to them a special nutritive function when

the former spoke of them as “elementary granules” having a func-

tion analogous to that of the blood- and lymph-corpuscles, and the

latter described them as “assimilating cellules.”” Prof. Van Beneden

is probably also as incorrect in viewing them as cutaneous glands

“secreting a mucus destined to lubricate the surface of the body.””

To offer a true explanation of their character and purpose is still,

however, a matter of great difficulty ; for there seems to be no doubt

that in some instances, especially in mature cestodes and in certain

trematodes, the presence of carbonate of lime is contra-indicated.

The circumstance also of Claparéde’s having discovered these bodies

to be included within dilatations or ceecal pouches connected with

the excretory system of Holostomata, considered in association with

the fact that I have myself found them lodged in peculiar oviform

sacs in Tr2cuspidaria (Trienophorus), would likewise seem to forbid

our acceptance of Von Siebold’s notion, that the bodies in question

are comparable with the ‘spicules and calcareous networks ”

strengthening the integument of Echinoderms. Neither can IJ, in

* Quart. Journ, of Microscopical Science, vol. vii. pp. 115, 202.

96 MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. _ [Mar. 12,

this view, subscribe to Prof. Huxley’s opinion, that they are homolo-

gically identical with the thread-cells of the hydroid polyps *. -

In the first of my serial papers on Entozoa, communicated to the

Linnean Society (Dec. 3rd, 1857), I proposed the term “ sclerous par-

ticle’ as preferable to that of ‘‘ calcareous corpuscle,”’ for reasons

which are sufficiently obvious ; but I cannot even now pretend to offer

a satisfactory solution of the problem concerning the true nature of

these bodies. Whatever physiological or morphological signification

they possess, I cannot but regard the oviform sacs in which they occur

as specialized structures formed for their secretion and development.

I also abstain from hazarding any opinion as to the species of

Cestode to which the above-described Scolex-forms or Cysticerci are

referable ; yet that the latter are merely larval conditions of Teenie,

is an inductive truth which no entozoologist would now for a moment

dispute.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1. Head (a), neck (4), body (c),and part of the circular caudal vesicle (d) of

Cysticercus ex Phacochero ethiopico. Natural size.

Fig. 2. Enlarged view of the head of the same.

Fig. 3. Section of Cysticercus ex Potamochero penicillato, showing the neck

(2), body (e), caudal vesicle (d), coils of granular parenchyma (e), and

filament (/) of the same character.

Fig. 4. Upper part of the neck unfolded and magnified 60 times, to show the in-

verted head in situ; it also exhibits the four suckers, the double crown

of hooks, and the so-called calcareous corpuscles.

Fig. 5. Isolated calcareous corpuscles, to show their forms and the changes un-

dergone by the addition of an alkaline reagent, x 220 diameters.

4, DescripTION or ASTERONYX LOVENI, MULL. et TroscuH.,

A New Britis Starrisu. By Joun A. Stewart, New

CoLLEGE, EDINBURGH.

This fine Starfish belongs to the Zuryalee. It is the second spe-

cies of this division of the Ophiuride which has been noticed in the

British seas ; and it is the more interesting as it is a form interme-

diate between the already known species (Astrophyton scutatum,

Link) and the simple-rayed Ophiure, having the prehensile scaleless

arms, and the radiating body-ribs of the other Luryalee, joined with

the undivided arms of the Ophiure. As in Astrophyton, it wants

the mouth-plates between the origin of the rays, but has instead a

strong caleareous bar uniting the bases of the two neighbouring arms.

The two genera have also the madreporiform tubercle on the under

surface in one of the interbrachial angles nearest the mouth. The

genus Trichaster is generally placed between Astrophyton and Aster-

onyx, but it has the interbrachial mouth-plates, and wants the ma-

dreporiform tubercle ; indeed it seems scarcely separable from Ophio-

scolex, except in possessing prehensile divided arms, and would per-

* See his elaborate Memoir on Echinococcus, in the Society’s Proceedings for

Dec. 14th, 1852.

1861.] MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. 97

haps.be more correctly placed by the side of this genus among the

true Ophiure.

The specimen now exhibited was found in Loch Torridon in Ross-

shire, in the summer of 1859. I took it from the deep-sea lines

which had been set in a part of the loch 9 fathoms deep, and having

a rocky bottom. Koren records this species as occurring on the

coasts of Norway at a depth of from 50 to 150 fathoms (Nyt Maga-

zin fiir Naturvidenskaberne, vol. ix. p. 96).

The specimen from which Miiller and Troschel’s description was

taken is in the Museum at Stockholm. It was found at Bohuslan,

near Hammerfest, Norway.

Description of Asteronyx loveni, Miill. § Trosch.

The body is pentangular. The skin, which covers the body and

arms, is naked, without scales or granules. On the upper surface

of the body, covered by the skin, are ten radiating ribs in subparallel

pairs; they rise from the margin of the body, on either side of the

arms, and, passing inwards, unite, leaving a small central portion of

the disk free ; they are cartilaginous and flat, with a slight depressed

central groove: very much reduced in size, they are continued on

the under surface of the body, along the margin of the arms, to the

genital openings.

The mouth is five-radiate, and placed in the centre of the under-

surface of the disc, in the midst of the origin of the arms; a strong

osseous bar, taking the place of the interbrachial plate of the Ophiure,

unites the bases of the arms, and forms a solid ring round the mouth ;

the five bars give origin to as many calcareous cones, which passing

inwards nearly meet in the centre ; the intervening spaces form the

five-radiate mouth. Articulated to the cones are a number of spines,

which increase in number and length towards the apex ; behind the

base of the cone, in the angle of each interbrachial space, is placed

two genital openings ; the madreporiform tubercle also occupies the

angle of one of these spaces.

The arms are convex above, and quite flat on the under surface ;

they are composed of narrow calcareous joints, each of which is

furnished with appendages on the inferior angles; on the second

joint from the base of the arm a single short spine appears on either

side; before the arm leaves the disk, the number increases to three

or four, the one on the inner side being longer than the others;

these spines are articulated to calcareous processes, with socket de-

pressions for the insertion of the ball-joint of the spines ; the pro-

cesses are scarcely visible at first, but increase in size, until, beyond

the middle of the arm, their margin supplies space for the attach-

ment of no fewer than twelve very short spines. The inner spine gra-

dually increases in length from the base of the arm until it reaches

its maximum about 2 inches from the disk ; soon thereafter it begins

to decrease, and continues until it becomes of the same size as the

others. This long slender spine is directed inwards on the flat under-

side of the arm, and reaches at its greatest length fully two-thirds

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. VII.

98 MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. [Mar. 12,

across; it is covered on its summit with a number of recurved

spikelets. The second spine is slightly compressed towards the sum-

mit, where, on its inner margin, it is furnished with a few spikelets

in a single series. When the animal is alive, a thin membrane covers

the whole of the spines, as in other Echinodermata ; but in dried spe-

cimens this is scarcely discernible.

Two series of tentacle-pores run along the sides of the arms—one

pore to each joint, placed near to and in aline with the spines. They

can be easily traced for 2 inches or so along the length of the arm ;

but whether they continue much further it is difficult to say from

the dried specimen. Two of these pores occur at the origin of the

arms within the calcareous ring surrounding the mouth,

1861.] MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON A NEW ZOANTHUS. 99

The breadth of the body is 12 inch. The most perfect arm in

the specimen is 12 inches long ; but as this has been twice, perhaps

more frequently, broken and repaired, it is probable that its true

length would be at least 2 inches more. The relation of the body

to the arms is thus as 1 to 9.

In the accompanying drawing (see woodcut, p. 98) the whole

animal is represented at about half the natural size, and the upper

surface of the disk at the size of life. Fig. 1 shows the under sur-

face of a ray about 2 inches from the disk; fig. 2 the upper surface

of the same ray ; fig. 3 the under surface, towards the extremity of

the ray ; and fig. 4 one of the large inner spines magnified.

5. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF BritisuH ZOANTHUS.

By E. W. H. Hotpsworrs, F.L.S., etc.

In August 1860 I received from Mr. T. H. Stewart, of the Royal

College of Surgeons, a Zoanthus which had been taken by him a few

days previously whilst dredging for Echinoderms in Plymouth Sound.

After a careful examination of the specimen, I am induced to regard

it as specifically distinct from Z. couchii, to which species, of the

three found on our coasts, it is most nearly allied. As the polypes

were unfortunately dead, and beginning to decay when they came

into my possession, they were at once immersed in spirit ; and their

characters were noted whilst in that condition.

The specimen consists of an unattached group of ten polypes, of

& various ages, ranging from a sim-

ple bud to individuals an inch in

length. They are all united at

_ the base, which is rounded below,

and encloses a small sandy nucleus,

particles of the same material

being also aggregated on the sur-

face from which the polypes spring,

and between their points of union. This radiating mode of deve-

lopment is the same as in some of the free varieties of Z. couchii,

and will doubtless bear a similar explanation. The largest polypes

are nearly a quarter of an inch in diameter at the head, and taper

slightly downwards. This form, however, is most apparent in half-

grown examples. The dermal coating consists of fine siliceous sand,

as in Z. couchii ; but the marginal serrations are not nearly so con-

spicuous as in that species, and indeed require a careful scrutiny,

under dissection, to distinguish them at all. The colour of the ten-

tacles, as observed by Mr. Stewart at the time of capture, was a

distinct red ; and after some days’ immersion in spirit, the tint was

still perceptible through the integument surrounding the head, where

the sand is less densely impacted than in other parts of the surface.

The distinctions between these polypes and those of Z. couchii, so

far as I am now able to judge, consist in the colour of the tentacles,

the comparative absence of the serrated margin, and especially in

100 MR. GOULD ON A NEW FORM OF PARROTS. [Mar. 12,

the great length of the body in the new species,—a character, I be-

lieve, of considerable importance; for, although Z. couchii is ex-

tremely liable to variation in the development of the basal membrane,

and in the size of the polypes, the proportion of length to breadth

is tolerably constant. Large specimens quite equal the present spe-

cies in breadth ; but their length is barely half what we here find,

even in the contracted state, and in this instance it would be increased

under expansion by at least a quarter of an inch. The variation to

which many of our marine polypes are subject should at all times

make us cautious in admitting new species ; but I think the above

characters will justify me in making the addition in the present case.

This specimen was dredged in 20 fathoms, on a bottom of sand,

pebbles, and broken shells, and did not afterwards sufficiently ex-

pand to allow more than the decided colour of the tentacles to be

made out. This unusual colour in a British species induces me to

propose for it the specific title of rubricornis.

6. On a New Genus AND SPECIES OF PARRAKEET FROM WEST-

ERN AUSTRALIA. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.

GEOPSITTACUS OCCIDENTALIS, Gould.

All the upper surface grass-green, each feather crossed by irregular

bands of black and greenish yellow ; feathers of the crown and nape

with a streak of black down the centre ; throat and breast yellowish-

green, passing into sulphur-yellow on the abdomen ; spurious wings

brown; primaries and secondaries brown, narrowly fringed with a

greenish hue on their external webs, with the exception of the first

three ; the primaries and secondaries have also an oblique mark of

yellow near their bases, which mark increases in breadth and in depth

of colour as the feathers approach the body ; two centre tail-feathers

dark brown, toothed on the edge of both webs with greenish-yellow ;

the next on each side dark brown, toothed on the other web only

with brighter and longer marks of yellow ; the remainder dark brown,

crossed by bands of yellow, which in some cases are continuous across

both webs, and in others alternate ; under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow,

crossed on their outer webs with narrow oblique and irregular bands

of blackish-brown ; bill horn; feet fleshy.

Total length 10 inches, bill 3, wing 54, tail 5, tarsi 4.

Hab. Western Australia.

Remark.—At a first glance this bird has the appearance of a Pezo-

porus formosus with an undeveloped tail; but on a careful compari-

son it is found not only to differ from that species in some parts of

its colouring, but also in form—sufficiently so, indeed, to warrant the

opinion that it will be necessary to make it the type of a new genus.

lts whole contour and colour reminds one of Strigops. The points

in which it differs from Pezoporus are the possession of a thick

bluffy head, larger and more swollen nostrils, the total absence of

any red mark on the forehead, a much larger wing with more

rounded primaries, a very short tail the two centre feathers of which

1861.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 101

are much shorter than the two next on each side, and, lastly, in

having very differently formed feet, with short and feeble nails,

whereas in Pezoporus they are prolonged and slender.

For this new bird I propose the generic name of Geopsittacus, with

that of occidentalis as its specific designation.

The following additions were announced to have been made to the

Menagerie, by gift and purchase, during the months of January and

February :—

JANUARY.

Presented by

1 Wart Hog from Ashantee!Phacocherus eliani ...|Her Majesty the Queen.

1 Macaque Monkey ......... Macacus cynomolgus ...\|P. Thompson, Esq.

1 Broad-tailed Sheep ...... Ovis aries, Var. ...00...- ; ;

1 Cape Hyrax cae fecemec Hyrax capensis ......... } H-E. Sir George Grey.. |

2 Wedge-tailed Eagles...... Aquila fucosa .........++5 Dr. Miiller.

1 Australian Water-Tortoise| Chelodina longicollis ...|P. Joske, Esq.

2 Common Otters............ Lutra vulgaris.......00.5. The Marquis of Bath.

T Gazelle i vccencascses Svein Gazella Mee eaatneaess R. Colyar, Esq.

1 Long-eared Owl............ Otus vulgaris ......006... J. G. Barclay, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......... — Shepherd, Esq.

2 Canadian Porcupines...... Erethizon dorsatum ...|Major Boyd.

1 American Peregrine ...... Falco anatum ..........+ Capt. Spencer.

1 Douroucouli Monkey ...|Nyetipithecus trivirga-

oe Purchased

1 Female Llama ............ Auchenia glama@ ........- 2

1 South American Monkey |Cebus Bt danse eee

FreBRUARY.

| Presented by

1 Common Stork ............ Ciconia alba .,,.......-.|G. Hough, Esq.

1 OEelOt.........scesseserseren Felis pardalis (?)..........— Young, Esq.

1 Javan Deer ....... seeeeeee|Moschus kanchil ...... Bryan M‘Cartley, Esq.

1 pair of Yaks ..........2.65 Bos grunniens ......++ -...|C. M. Robison, Esq.

9 Australian Quails ......... Synecus australis ....../Dr. Miiller.

1 Australian Fish ......,....|@alawias scriba ........../Mr. W. A. Lloyd.

1 Vervet Monkey ............ Cercopithecus delalandii|— Tyler, Esq.

1 Long-eared Owl............|Otus vulgaris ......+0000 }

2 Brent Geese ..........0000. Bernicla brenta .....+... |

: 4 Anas boschas? ....0....

1 pair of Hybrid Ducks { Mareca penelope? ......

2VBustards.:...cscsecscsecsaves Ottis tarda ......seeeeeres t

2 Australian Doves .........|Calenas Dae errr eoppcnmaed:

3 Indian Bats ..... Raiasences Pteropus edwardsi ...... |

1 Patas Monkey ............ Cercopithecus ruber ...

2 Black-tailed Parrots ...... Psittacus timneh......... |

1 Chinese Blue Jay ..... .+-.|Urocissa sinensis .......+. )

Of these, Phacocherus eliani, Chelodina longicollis, Synecus au-

stralis, Galaxias scriba, and Urocissa sinensis were stated to have

been received for the first time.

102 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyYRUS. [Mar. 26

March 26th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Tegetmeier brought before the Meeting living specimens illus-

trating an undescribed abnormal variation of plumage in the Gallus

domesticus.

The alterations previously noticed were the assumption of the male

plumage by the females. These changes, which are dependent on

diseased or abortive ovaries, were described by Mr. Yarrell in the

‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1827.

The specimen brought before the meeting illustrated the assump-

tion of the female plumage by the adult male. A cock, of the va-

riety known as the Brown-breasted Red Game, was hatched in the

spring of 1859, and assumed the perfect male plumage in the autumn

of that year; in the autumnal moult of 1860 it shed the male plu-

mage and became perfectly hen-feathered, not only as to the colour

of the plumage, but also in the form of the feathers. This remark-

able variation was attended by a slight increase in size and muscular

development ; the spurs were well-grown and remarkably sharp, the

crow remained unchanged, and the bird retained its procreative

power, with an increased amount of combativeness.

The alteration was stated to be not unknown to those who breed

game fowls for the purpose of cock-fighting, the birds beg termed

“ hen-cocks,”’ and remarkable for their courage and endurance in the

cock-pit. The engraved portrait of a celebrated victor was exhibited.

Mr. Tegetmeier stated that he was not aware how far the disposi-

tion to undergo this change was hereditary, but that he was putting

it to the test of experiment. A young cock hatched in 1860 from

the hen-feathered male before it had undergone the change, was

shown in perfect masculine plumage.

In the Sebright or Laced Bantams (a variety originating with Sir

John Sebright, whose mode of producing it was never published)

the males are hen-feathered, but the condition is congenital ; whereas

in the bird exhibited the change took place in the second year, and

the circumstances that determined the alteration were altogether

unknown.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS, AND ITS ALLIES.

By Rosert F. Tomes, Corr. Mens.

(Plate XVIII.)

Amongst the numerous species of Chiroptera which passed under

notice when preparing the various papers which have appeared in the

‘Proceedings’ of this Society, was one which, from its considerable

1861.]} MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 103

size and remarkable appearance, very soon attracted my attention.

Although I failed completely in finding any published description

which would apply to it, yet I could not but think it extraordinary

that such a fine species should have so long escaped observation ;

and this idea was heightened by the fact that several specimens had

come to hand which had not been received from private collectors,

but, on the contrary, from dealers.

Being at length fully aware that no sufficient description could

have appeared, I drew up a full account of the species, and placed

specimens in the hands of Mr. Ford, for the purpose of adding figures

of the animal and of the teeth. A figure had scarcely been com-

pleted, when a very elaborate description appeared from the pen of

Dr. Peters, accompanied by a beautifully executed plate, of a species

of Vampyrus, having the appropriate name of Vampyrus auritus,

which, at first sight, was evidently the species I had so often ob-

served.

During the investigations gone into when working out the affinities

of this species, several others, more or less closely allied, were exa-

mined, and some careful notes were made ; and these, it appears to

me, will not be out of place now. I will first give an outline of what

may be termed the history of the nomenclature of these species, more

or less closely allied to Vampyrus.

The name of Vampyrus is mentioned by M. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire

so long ago as 1810, in his paper on the Phyllostomide in the ‘Annals

of the Museum,’ but is only there alluded to as having been applied

by Linnzeus to the large frugivorous Bats in a vague manner, and as

having been made use of by Buffon when speaking of the Bat M.

Geoffroy was then describing, viz. Phyllostoma spectrum. But the

name appears to have been merely intended at this time to designate

such species as were supposed to be guilty of sanguivorous propensi-

ties ; and in Dr. Leach’s paper in the Linnean ‘ Transactions,’ we have

its first real application in a proper generic sense. In this paper,

which bears date 1820, we find Vampyrus applied to the Phyllostoma

spectrum of M. Geoffroy’s paper.

In 1823 the large work of Dr. Spix, on the Brazilian Monkeys

and Bats, appeared, in which the distinction between the genera Phy/-

lostoma and Vampyrus was recognized, and three species placed in the

latter genus, all of which were distinct from the V. spectrum. More

than twenty years later (in 1847), M. D’Orbigny, in the part of his

work, ‘ Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale,’ devoted to Mammalia,

described and figured a Leaf-nosed Bat under the generic name of

Lophostoma ; and inthe same year Dr. Gray published, in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings ” of the Zoological Society, the definitions of two new genera

of Phyllostomide, which received respectively the names of Mimon

and T’rachops, furnished by species called by Dr. Gray Phyllostoma

bennettii and Trachops fuliginosus.

Finally, M. Gervais, so recently as 1855, in his account of the

Chiroptera collected in South America by M. de Castelnau, charac-

terizes, as the representatives of three new genera, three species which

had been previously described,—the first and second being the Vam-

104 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyRUS. [Mar. 26,

pyrus soricinus* and V. bidens of Spix, representing respectively the

genera Hemiderma and Tylostoma, and the third a small species

which had been previously described by Dr. Gray under the name of

Phyllostoma elongatum +, supplying the type for the genus Schizo-

stoma.

These proposed genera, seven in number, are represented by about

eight species ; and as I have compared the greater part of them with

each other (all save the Lophostoma sylvicolum), I am enabled to

give the following analysis of the group. I may premise, however,

that I do not assent to all these subdivisions, and bring them for-

ward more to show what has been done, than with any view to their

adoption.

Genus Vampyrus, Geoffroy et Leach.

A. (Vampyrus, Leach.)

General form robust; cutaneous system ample. Wings short,

broad and rounded ; hinder limbs somewhat elongated ; interfemoral

membrane ample. Tail absent. Wing-membranes extending to the

base of the toes. Ears large and ovoid; tragus small and pointed.

Nose-leaf simple and pointed, its margin free all round, the anterior

or horse-shoe part not divided from the posterior or elevated part.

Lower lip with a reflex front, which is divided in half by a vertical

cleft.

Dentition.—Incisors “ ; premolars poet

First upper premolar smaller than the second, not compressed.

First and second lower premolars equal in size, not compressed,

and smaller than the third.

Ex. VAMPYRUS SPECTRUM.

B. (Vampyrus, subgen. Lophostoma, Peters.)

General form as in Vampyrus spectrum, but the hinder limbs much

shorter. Wings very broad, short and rounded. Ears very large,

and regularly oval. Wing-membranes extending to the roots of the

toes ; interfemoral membrane ample. Tail as in Phyllostoma has-

tatum.

Dentition.—Incisors =; premolars =.

First upper premolar much smaller than the second, not com-

pressed.

First lower one much larger than the second, which is very small,

rounded, and placed inside the line of the other teeth, so as to be in-

visible outwardly.

Ex. VaAMpyRUS AuRITUS, Peters. (PI. XVIII.)

Lophostoma sylvicolum of the Leyden Museum.

* This species is supposed by Dr. Gray to be the same as the Phyllostoma bre-

vicaudum of Pr. Max. Hemiderma, Gerv., is identical with Carollia, Gray.

+ This is quite distinct from the Phyllostoma elongatum of M. Geoffroy.

1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 105

C. (Schizostoma, Gervais.)

General form, as well as nose-leaf and ears, as in Vampyrus au-

ritus, but the wing-membranes merely extending to the extremity

of the tibia.

Dentition.—Incisors = ; premolars —

First upper premolar smaller than the second, somewhat com-

pressed.

First lower one larger than the second, and rather compressed,

second and third of nearly equal size.

Ex. PayLLostoma ELONGATUM, Gray, Voy. Sulph. Mamm. pt.1.

p- 19. pl. 8, 1843 (not P. elongatum of Geoffroy).

Schizostoma minutum, Gerv. Voy. Casteln. Mam. p. 49. pl. 7

et 10, 1855.

Phyllostoma scrobiculatum, Wagn. Supp. Schreb. v. 627,

1855.

Obs. I have compared examples of this Bat collected during the

travels of M. de Castelnau with the original of Dr. Gray’s Phyllo-

stoma elongatum in the British Museum, and find them identical.

M. Gervais says, “ M. Westphal-Castelnau nous en a remis un ex-

emplaire de la province de Bahia. Celui-ci a ventre gris-brun,

comme tout le reste du corps.” This describes the original specimen

pretty accurately, and agrees very well with the plate given by Dr.

Gray, which seems to have been overlooked by M. Gervais. A con-

siderable number of similarly coloured specimens have been received

from M. Sallé, collected in Oaxaca, Mexico. The removal of this

species from the genus Phyllostoma renders needless the specific

name of scrobiculatum given to it by M. Wagner, as, with the generic

name of Vampyrus, it need not be confounded with the Phyllostoma

elongatum of Geoffroy.

Its generic qualifications appear to be those of Vampyrus spec-

trum, with the addition of a tail, with much shorter hind limbs, and

wing-membranes which do not extend beyond the distal extremity

of the tibia. It differs, too (and the difference indicates a more typical

form), in having the second premolar, in the lower jaw, much smaller

than the first.

D. (Lophostoma, D’ Orb.)

No having seen a specimen of the Lophostoma sylvicolum of

D’Orbigny};.I-can only refer to the figures and description of the

original describer, and to those more recently given by M. Gervais

in his account of the Chiroptera collected during the travels of M. |

de Castelnau.

General outline rather more like that of Phy/lostoma than in the

preceding species, the wings being scarcely so broad, and the ears

relatively somewhat smaller. Wing-membranes extending to the

distal extremity of the tibia. Tail as in the last two species.

wie . 4 2—2

Dentition.—Incisors re premolars =

106 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyRUS. [Mar. 26,

First upper premolar much smaller than the second.

First lower premolar much larger than the second, which is small

but not compressed, and is in the same line with the other teeth.

Ex. LopHosroma syLvicoLum, D’Orb.Voy. Amér. mérid. Mam.

p- ll. pl. 6, 1847.

Obs. As far as I can judge, without having examined a specimen,

this species must be intimately allied to the so-called Schizostoma ;

but it is clearly a more typical Vampyrus, as the presence in the

lower jaw of only two incisors, and the smaller size of the second

premolar, sufficiently indicate. -

E. (Mimon, Gray.)

General proportions of body and limbs more like those of Phyl-

lostoma than in any of the foregoing species. Lars large, ovoid and

rather pointed ; tragus elongate. Nose-leaf very long and pointed ;

its front, or horse-shoe part, more closely applied to the nose and

somewhat broader than in Vampyrus. Lower lip with a smooth

triangular space in front. Interfemoral membrane rather ample.

Tail as in Phyllostoma and Lophostoma. Wing-membrane not ex-

tending beyond the extremity of the tibia, as in Lophostoma.

“y: . 4 2—2

Dentition.—Incisors 5 ; premolars =—.

First upper premolar much smaller than the second.

First lower premolar somewhat smaller than the second, which

corresponds with the third in the species we have been considering,

the small or intermediate one being in this species absent.

Ex. PHyLLosToMA ELONGATUM, Geoff.

P. bennettii, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 11. 1838.

Mimon bennettii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 14.

Obs. A specimen in my own collection has been taken to the

British Museum and found to be identical with the Phyllostoma ben-

nettui of Dr. Gray; afterwards to the Leyden Museum, and found

to resemble the P. elongatum of that collection ; and finally compared

with the type of P. elongatum in the Paris Museum, and proved to

to be identical with it.

This species may be said to approximate in its dentition, and in

some measure in the degree of development of some parts of its

cutaneous system, the restricted Vampyrus, the general outline at

the same time retaining considerable resemblance to Phyllostoma.

M. Gervais erroneously gives four lower incisors to this species.

F. (Tylostoma, Gerv.; Vampyrus, Spix.)

General form and proportions much as in Phyllostoma, but the

development of membrane slightly more ample. Lars rather larger,

but of smaller size than those of the preceding species. Wing-mem-

1861. ] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 107

branes extending to the extremity of the tibia. Nose-leaf of mode-

rate size, adherent to the lip in front.

e,e ° 4 2—2

Dentition.—Incisors 33 premolars a

The dentition of this species resembles that of the Phyllostoma

elongatum of Geoffroy.

Ex. VAMPYRUS BIDENS, Spix.

Tylostoma bidens, Gerv. Voy. Casteln. 1855.

Phyllostoma childreni, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 1838.

Phyllostoma bidens of the Paris Museum.

Phyllostoma lituratum of the Leyden Museum.

Obs. M. Gervais gives the Vampyrus bidens of Spix, and the

Phyllostoma crenulatum of Geoffroy, as the types of his genus Tylo-

stoma. The latter of these two species I have not examined, but

have suspected that it might prove identical with the Vampyrus cir-

rhosus of Spix. Dr. Gray’s Trachops fuliginosus is, however, iden-

tical with V’. cirrhosus ; and having lately examined the species from

which Dr. Gray took his description, I am able to state that it has

four lower incisors, whereas the Phyllostoma crenulatum (according

to M. Gervais) has two only.

G. (Trachops, Gray ; Tylostoma, Gervais, in part? ; Vi ampyrus,

Spix.)

General form and proportions as in Mimon. Ears, tragus, and

hinder extremities similar. Nose-leaf of two distinct parts—an an-

terior horse-shoe, having its front margin scarcely raised from the

lip, and a posterior hastate portion springing from the centre of the

horse-shoe. All the margins of the nose-leaf crenulated ; and the

lower lip and chin thickly covered with small but prominent warts.

e,e . 4 2—2

Dentition.—Incisors 33 premolars =r

The only respect in which Trachops can be said to differ materially

from Tylostoma, is in being possessed of four lower incisors, and in

having the nose-leaf and chin marked with crenulations and warts.

Ex, Vampyrus crrruosvs, Spix.

Trachops fuliginosus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1347.

Phyllostoma crenulatum, Geoffroy ?

Observations on the foregoing species.—The species, the charac-

ters of which I have given above, constitute a group, of which the

most obvious peculiarities are the great development of the mem-

branes and ears, the rounded form of the wings, and the length and

softness of the fur. These superficial characters are common to all

of them. The simple and entire form of nose-leaf is a peculiarity

which most of them possess ; and those which do not, have their

membranes also less remarkably developed.

In the shape of the cranium there is considerable discrepancy in

the several species, the chief difference consisting in the greater or

less degree of elevation of the cerebral region ; and as this appears to

108 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. [ Mar. 26,

hold about the same relative proportion which is usually observable

in the larger and smaller species of any natural group, it cannot be

made any proper use of in determining the limits of genera. But

the incisors and premolars in the lower jaw exhibit considerable di-

versity, not only in regard to number, but in size and relative pro-

portion also.

These peculiarities in the dentition, in connexion with the super-

ficial ones above stated, appear to me to supply the most certain

means by which to classify the several species ; and I wil] now pro-

ceed to state what I regard as their relationship with eacb other.

The normal number of incisors in Phyllostoma is four in each jaw ;

and the number of premolars is ¢wo on each side, above and below.

In the Vampyrus spectrum this normal number of incisors obtains ;

but among the premolars in the lower jaw is an additional one. In

V. auritus, having an expansion of membrane not inferior to that

of V. spectrum, this supernumerary premolar is of rudimentary form,

and though irregular in position, 2s nevertheless present, and is ac-

companied by an abnormal number of inferior incisors, which are

reduced to two. ‘This species, then, I regard as possessing the col-

lective characters of Vampyrus more fully than any other. Of Lo-

phostoma sylvicolum I can say but little, not having examined a spe-

cimen. It appears to make a somewhat near approach to Vampyrus

auritus, excepting that the wings are narrower, and the ears less de-

veloped, in which respects it may make some approach to the follow-

ing species. Schizostoma appears in general conformation, and in

dentition, to come nearest to V. spectrum, but differs in having a tail,

and in having the membranes of the wings extend only to the distal

extremity of the tibia. The two following so-called genera Mimon

and Tylostoma are identical, and intermediate between Vampyrus and

Phyllostoma. With the lower incisors of the former they have the

lower premolars of the latter, and an intermediate general outline.

The last genus, Tvachops, has the dentition of Phyllostoma, and re-

sembles Vampyrus in its large oval ears and considerable breadth of

alar membrane.

We have in these species a complete gradation from Vampyrus to

Phyllostoma ; and while I admit these-as distinct genera, I am scarcely

willing to admit the intermediate and allied forms which are here

brought together, as even of subgeneric pretensions. This will be

better understood by looking at the exact amount of difference be-

tween the species most typical of these genera (i. e. Vampyrus auritus

and Phyllostoma hastatum) ; and it will be seen that it is merely one

of degree, of which degree the remaining species constitute the middle

portion.

Perhaps it will seem that sufficient importance has not been attached

to the presence or absence of a tail in these species. In nearly all

the Phyllostomide the tail is of rudimentary proportions, seldom ex-

ceeding half the length of the interfemoral membrane. I have

usually observed that, when an organ is but feebly represented

throughout a group of Mammals, it commonly presents varied de-

grees of development in different species in that group, and even in

1861.] pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. 109

some may be wholly absent. When this is the case (and it is the case

with the tail of the Phyllostomide), it will only lead to error if made

use of as a means whereby to define minor groups. It is amongst

those characteristics which by their prominent development mark

out large groups of species, that we should look for the modifications

required for the definition of the smaller groups.

2. ON THE ANAToMy or Monitor NILoTICUS FROM WESTERN

AFRICA, AND OF REGENIA ALBOGULARIS. By Dr. ALBERT

Gin tuer, For. Mens. Z.S.

Several anatomists have examined specimens of the family of Mo-

nitores, and found important anatomical characters which appear to

be common to all the members of the family. Cuvier, Meckel, Stan-

nius, and others describe the structure of the tongue, of the salivary

glands, of the trachea, of the kidneys, &c. But few of them have

been careful enough in the determination of the species examined ;

and, although there is no doubt that, for instance, Cuvier had dis-

sected specimens of Monitor niloticus, it is evident that, under the

denomination of Tupinambis (as he calls the genus)*, he has con-

founded very different species,—a urinary bladder, which he ascribes

to that genus, not being found either in Regenia or in Monitor nilo-

ticus.

The specimen of the latter animal which I have examined is 5 feet

long, and 15 inches in its greatest circumference. It was brought

to the Gardens at nearly the same time as the Regenia ocellatat,

and probably came from the same locality. The habits of both

were very much alike, the Monitor more freely taking to the water.

Its food consisted of eggs and pieces of meat.

The long, vermiform tongue terminates in two slender points, the

cartilaginous extremity of which is less prolonged than in Regenia ;

it is received posteriorly into a long sheath of the mucosa, whilst its

anterior portion moves in a longitudinal groove formed by the sali-

vary organs. The latter are composed first of an elongate glandu-

lary mass, situated below the tongue, and forming the bottom of that

groove ; it represents a glandulu sublingualis, each single glandule

opening by a separate orifice. On each side of this gland, there is

situated another which is elongate like the former, but much thicker,

especially posteriorly ; it forms the lateral portion of that groove in

which the tongue moves, and can be considered either as a separate

division of the glandula sublingualis of higher animals or as a glan-

dula submazillaris ; the ducts of its portions are united into several

short ducts, which empty the saliva through pores behind the front

teeth. There are, besides, numerous solitary glands, arranged in

longitudinal series.

* Vorlesung. in vergl. Anat. iibers. v. Froriep & Meckel, ii. p. 664. t. 15. f. 3;

iii. p. 201; iv. p. 641, ete.

+ See anted, p. 60.

110 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. [Mar. 26,

The pharynx and the upper parts of the cesophagus are not black,

as in Regenta and other Varani. The esophagus is provided with

numerous low longitudinal folds, and passes without distinct separa-

tion into the long, pad-like stomach. Its mucous membrane is very

thick, and forms irregular thick folds, anastomosing with one another,

and chiefly running in a longitudinal direction. Its muscular mem-

brane has a tendinous appearance, and becomes thicker in the pyloric

region, the width of a vertical cut being two lines and a half; there

is, besides, a longitudinal tendinous, pad-like protuberance on each

side of the pyloric extremity. The whole structure distinctly shows

that this is a true pylorus, and that the part behind it belongs to the

intestinal tract*. This commencement of the intestine, which is

nearly the same as in Regenia, and which we have called there a

duodenum, is 20 lines long, not wider than, and separated from, the

small intestine by a circular valve, which is 14 line deep. The en-

trance of the ductus choledochus is 15 lines below that valve. The

valvulz conniventes run in an oblique direction from the mesenterial

line towards the side opposite, parallel to one another, and always a

higher alternating with a lower one ; they are provided with numerous

delicate villi. The valvulee become deeper, less oblique, and more

transverse in the posterior portion of the jejunum ; and the villi here

are coarser and morenumerous. The jejunum passes into the ilium

or into the portion without valvule, quite suddenly. This portion is

wider than the jejunum, and provided with Peyerian glands, which

are less numerous than in Regenia, and less distinct ; so that perhaps

they might have escaped my observation, if my attention had not

been previously directed to them by their occurrence in R. ocellata.

The passage into the wide rectum is narrow, and without a valve

behind. The cloaca is separated from the rectum by a broad fold

of the mucous membrane.

The length of the stomach is 5 lines, of the jejunum 21, of the

ilium 11, and of the rectum with the cloaca 5.

The liver is large, divided by a comparatively small notch into a

right and left lobe ; both are depressed, elongato-ovate, and the right

one is nearly twice the size of the left one, having a small elongate

lobule appended at its posterior part. The gall-bladder is round, of

moderate size, and partially imbedded in the substance of the liver.

The heart is situated as in Regenia. The separation of the two

atria is complete, and the right one is rather larger than the left ;

both are provided with trabeculz carneze. The right atrium receives

the blood from two vene cavze superiores (externa et interna) and

from a very large vena cava inferior ; the circumference of the former

is 8 and 9 lines, of the latter 16; the vena cava superior interna,

however, has a considerably narrower lumen where it enters the

atrium than in the part next above. All the three venze enter the

atrium at the same spot from behind, near the septum atriorum.

The directions of the currents of blood are such that that from the

* A similar division of the intestinal tract, found in the Crocodiles, is described

as a part of the stomach (Stann. & Sieb. ii. p. 110), and, as we think, with better

right, that division being much wider than the small intestine.

1861.] DR. aA. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. 111

vena cava superior externa is diagonally opposed to that from the v.

cava inferior, and that the current from the v. cava superior interna

coming from the left is at right angles with the concurrence of the

-former.

bss

a. Vena cava superior externa.

6. Vena cava superior interna.

c. Vena cava inferior.

It is evident that the free entrance of the blood would be consider-

ably protracted, if the currents were permitted to meet one another

in such opposite directions. In order to prevent this, the atrium is

provided with two broad valvule, the inferior across the orifice of

the v. cava inferior, the superior across that of the v. cava superior

externa; their free margins run in the direction of the current of

the inner v. cava superior. When we bring those two valvule into

the most natural position possible, it becomes evident that they not

only prevent a backward motion of the blood from the atrium during

its systole, but also modify the directions of the currents from the

venze during the diastole ; so that the current from the v. cava supe-

rior externa is turned more outwards and more to the left, that from

the v. cava inferior more inwards and more to the left, whilst the

third current appears to preserve its direction (thus).

The two venz pulmonales enter the left atrium by two distinct ori-

fices, one at the side of the other. The left ventricle is very small,

and does not emit a blood-vessel ; it communicates with the right

ventricle by a large opening, which can be completely shut by either

of the two large valvulze situated at each of the ostia venosa. The

right ventricle has a conus arteriosus, which is as wide as the ven-

tricle itself. The arteria pulmonalis is single, whilst the two aortz

have separate lumina; each of those arteries has the usual pair of

valvule at its origin.

The ¢rachea has the cartilaginous rings not closed on the dorsal

side, and is divided into the two bronchi at some distance from their

112 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. [Mar. 26,

entrance into the lungs. Each bronchus enters the lung a little

above the middle of its length, and emits a short branch with carti-

laginous rings for the upper portion of the lung: the principal stem

does not penetrate far into the substance of the lung; its cartilaginous -

rings soon disappear, and there remains ouly a membranaceous tube

with numerous lateral openings. The lungs of both sides are nearly

equally developed and of moderate capacity ; their interior is amply

provided with cells and meshes, less so in their posterior extremity.

The kidneys are elongato-cuneiform, entirely separated from each

other, and of equal size. Each is formed by about twenty lobes,

which are united only at the base. Each ureter is somewhat widened

before its termination, and opens together with the vas deferens of

its side in a small papilla, situated behind the valve which separates

the rectum from the cloaca. There is no urinary bladder.

The testicles are subglobular ; the right one is situated nearly on

the middle of the abdominal cavity, the left one a little more down-

wards. The vas deferens is convoluted in its whole length, running

downwards along the inner side of the kidneys and of the ureters.

The double penis is 34 inches long when everted from the sheath in

which it lies concealed ; there is a groove running from the seminal

papilla along its whole length. The glans has on each side eight

cartilaginous transverse lamellze with ruffled margins, and termi-

nates in two white cartilaginous bodies similar in form to the root of

a human tooth, the one being simple, the other branching again

into three short processes. It is very singular that not only the

sheath in which the inverted penis lies, but also the penis itself, cast

their skin like the other external parts.

The musculus retractor penis, as in all the Saurians, moves in a

sheath between the superficial caudal muscles and the muscles of the

heemapophyses ; the latter differ from the other muscles by their

white colour, by their softness, and by the loose connexion of the

different layers: they have quite the appearance of the muscles of |

fishes; and many of the layers have their outer margin free, not

attached to the aponeurotic membrane of the sheath. The muscular

fibres are transversely striped.

' Peritoneal ducts leading outwards, as they have been observed by

Plumier, Geoffroy, and Owen in Crocodilians, do not exist in this

species.

Fatty masses, of the same appearance and situated at the same

place as in Regenia, are found in this species. Although of enor-

mous size, when compared with similar collections of fat in other

reptiles, yet they are relatively smaller than in Regenia, equalling

about the eighth part of the weight of the entire animal.

The cause of death may be considered to have been an extensive

ulcus of the stomach, situated on the curvatura major, nearer to the

pylorus than to the stomach. The stomach itself was empty ; there

was a small quantity of extravasated blood between the mucous and

muscular membrane round the uleus. The rest of the intestines and

the other parts of the cavity of the chest and of the abdomen had a

~ quite healthy appearance. Very small irregular patches of a chalk-like

P.Z.S 1861 Plate XDC

GH Ford ©

1. GEOPHIS GUNTHERI.

9, NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS.

1861.1 DR. 0, WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. 113

concretion were disseminated through the whole substance of all the

lower and lateral muscles of the thorax and of the abdomen.

After having finished my notes on the anatomy of Monitor nilo-

ticus, I received from the Society’s Menagerie a specimen of a third

species, Regenia albogularis, which had died there shortly after its

arrival from Port Natal. It proved to be a female, and was 40 inches

long, and 11 in. its greatest circumference. It was in a very emaciated

state, and had died from an extensive disease of the intestinal tract,

the upper portion of the jejunum and the entire ilium being covered

with ulcerations, and with hardened purulent exudations. The

fatty masses observed in the two other species were present, but

shrunk to a thin layer of fat. The two genera Regenia and Monitor

being closely allied, the present species does not differ from what I

have previously noted in any of the principal points, more resembling

R., ocellata in some minor respects, and in others M. niloticus. It

has the black pharynx, the curved stomach, the nine-lobed kidneys,

the uterine sac of the former; whilst the form of the sublingual and

submaxillary glands, and that of the liver with the gall-bladder, are

exactly the same as in M. niloticus. I have, however, been able to

ascertain some other points, by giving which my notes on these highly

organjzed Saurians will be rendered more complete.

1. There is a collection of glandules along the outer side of the

mandibulary bone, forming a sublabial salivary gland; the fluid is

emptied by a series of numerous small foramina between the lip and

the jaw.

“2. The ovarium is narrow, elongate, equally developed on both

sides ; it contained eggs from the size of a pea to that of the head

of a pin (in March).

3. The uterine sac on the dorsal side of the rectum, which I

have described in R. ocellata, is equally developed in this species,

and divided superiorly into two short horns, one for the ostium of

each of the oviducts; the ostia were wide enough for a tubulus of

2 lines diameter.

4. The elitorides are double, similar to the penis, and each of them

terminates in two small cartilaginous processes.

3. On THE OpurIpIANs OF THE PROVINCE OF Bauta, Brazit.

By Dr. Orso Wucuerer, Corr. Memp. (Part I.)

(Plate XIX.)

In the present paper I propose to give a list of the Snakes in the

province of Bahia, which I have been able to collect during the last

two years, enumerating them in the order in which they occur in the

Catalogues of the British Museum, and adding such remarks as I

may be enabled to make.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1861, No. VIII.

114 DR. 0. WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. [ Mar. 26,

Of the family of Crotalide I have seen :—

1. Craspedocephalus atrox.

2. C. bilineatus.

3. Lachesis mutus.

4. Crotalus horridus.

Of these the first seems to be the most common, particularly in some

districts. To judge by what I have heard of the danger of its fre-

quent bite, and what is commonly stated concerning the number of

victims of the Fer de lance in the West Indies, C. atror is a much

less dangerous animal than C.lanceolatus. The frequent occurrence

of the bite of C. aéroz is easily accounted for, as it is commonly met

coiled up in the middle of footpaths, and is not easily disturbed un-

less trod upon. Neither C. lanceolatus nor C. brasiliensis have as

yet been observed by me. Of the scarce C. bilineatus I have only

seen two specimens; but I hear that six specimens have been found

together in the colony Leopoldina, near Iheos. I shall refrain from

making any further remarks on this genus until I shall have col-

lected more specimens for comparison than I at present possess. All

my specimens of C. atrox differ from those described by herpetolo-

gists in having fewer longitudinal series of scales (23-25).

Lachesis mutus is far from being scarce. The largest specimen I

have seen measured 10 feet. ”

Crotalus horridus is chiefly an inhabitant of the interior of the

province, but is not very scarce on a row of hills which extends

through the city of Bahia. In some parts of the province (for in-

stance in Ilheos) it has, according to trustworthy testimony, never

been seen.

Of the family Viperide, the only species, according to Dr. Gray,

which is found in the Western World is Peruvian.

Of the numerous freshwater species of the family of Hydride few

representatives seem to occur in the Brazils, Helicops angulatus

being perhaps the most common species in this province. A second

species, Helicops leprieurii, Dum. et Bibr., still appears to be scarce

in the collections. Perhaps a description taken from fresh specimens

may facilitate its identification.

Diagnosis.—Head ovate, short; three frontals, anterior trigonal,

between the nasals; labials entire; superciliaries large, almost of the

length of vertical; vertical elongate; loreal distinct ; one or two an-

terior and two posterior oculars ; occipitals elongate ; body fusiform ;

scales in nineteen rows, truncated, polished, smooth, those of middle

and of hinder part, of back and tail keeled; tail distinct, tapering.

Description.—Head ovate, flat on the vertex, not very distinct ;

cleft of mouth moderate ; eyes superior, moderate, pupil round ;

three frontals, anterior small and almost triangular (irregularly qua-

drangular, with an obtuse posterior angle) ; nostrils superior, between

two nasals ; vertical moderate, elongate, with the lateral edges parallel

or slightly divergent posteriorly, rectangular behind; occipitals

large, elongate ; eight upper labials, entire, the seventh much larger

than the rest, fourthand fifth reaching the eye, rostral broader than

1861.]. DR. 0. WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. 115

high, its upper angle very obtuse ; series of teeth of moderate length,

posterior tooth longest, grooved, anterior all equal; body fusiform ;

tail distinct, rather short, tapering; scales moderate, truncated be-

hind, polished, in nineteen rows, those of anterior part and of sides

of body smooth, of posterior part and of tail keeled; no scales of

the middle line in any part larger; ventral shields narrow ; anal

divided ; subcaudals in two rows.

Above olive, with three darker longitudinal streaks, or rows of

spots sometimes confluent, alternating in the different rows ; inferior

half of upper labials and body beneath yellowish ; belly and tail

beneath with transverse black streaks, some of which do not reach

across (chequered as in Liophis).

Length of cleft of mouth 2 inch, breadth of head 3 inch; length

of tail 54 inches; total length 22 inches. :

The specimen described is in the collection of the British Museum.

This Snake is not very rare in the moist valleys in and about the

city of Bahia.

Of the family Boide some of the most formidable members occur

here as in other parts of Brazil.

1. Epicrates cenchria,

2. Xiphosoma caninum,

3. Boa constrictor, and

4. Eunectes murinus have been noticed by me. The most common

species in Bahia appears to be Hunectes murinus. It is the “Sueu-

rujaba”? of the natives, and is very frequently seen in close proximity

to the town of Bahia, but very large specimens are here but seldom

found. On the borders of the 8. Francisco river they attain an

enormous size. I should rather think that it must have been this

snake, and not the Boa constrictor which Dr. Gardner in his ‘ Travels

in Brazil’ mentions as having swallowed a horse. The Boa does not

grow so large by far. Hunectes murinus seems to possess an extra-

ordinary capability of fasting ; a friend of mine kept the largest spe-

cimen | ever saw in close confinement for three years, and it was

never known to swallow anything during this whole period. It died

much emaciated.

The first species of the family of Calamariide which I have met

with is new, and I conclude this first part of the paper with a de-

scription of it :—

Gropuis GUNTHERI. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1.)

Diagnosis.—Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into

the orbit ; a single pair of chin-shields. Dirty-orange, with a lon-

gitudinal jet-black band from the occiput to the end of the tail.

Description.—Total length 123 inches ; length of tail 12 inch;

head indistinct, depressed. Body almost cylindrical ; tail cylindrical,

tapering. Cleft of mouth short; eyes moderate. Rostral shield

broad, just reaching the surface of the head ; two pairs of frontals, the

anterior pair in direct contact with the rostral ; the posterior frontals

reaching the orbits; vertical almost regularly triangular; super-

ciliaries moderate, occipitals rather large and elongate, slightly forked

116 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE GENUS NANNOPERCA. {[Mar. 26,

behind. Nasal pierced by the nostril. Loreal none. Anterior

ocular elongate, not touching the supraorbital. Two posterior ocu-

lars sometimes confluent into one. Seven upper labials, the third

and fourth reaching the orbit, the sixth and seventh largest ; two

temporals on the side of the occipital, the anterior one touching

both posterior oculars. Series of maxillary teeth short, the hinder

longest, not grooved. Ground-colour dirty orange; crown blackish.

From the occiput to the tip of the tail a longitudinal jet-black streak

with sharply defined edges, forked just behind the occiput into two

diverging extremities, which cover the edge of the occipitals ; tips of

light-coloured scales black. On the sides of the body some irregular

black spots, which, on the posterior of the body, form an uninter-

rupted narrow line.

The specimen described was sent to me from Caunavieras, which

is to the south of the city of Bahia. It is now in the British Mu-

seum. According to information received from Dr. Albert Ginther,

this is a new species, belonging to the genus Geophis of Wagler. I

propose to name it after him, in acknowledgment of his unremitting

kindness in aiding my endeavours to become acquainted with the

Brazilian Ophidians.

Bahia, February 11th, 1861.

4, On A New Genus or AusTrALIAN FresHwatTer FIsHEs.

By Dr. Atsert Ginraer, For. Memes. Zoot, Soc,

(Plate XIX.)

Fam. Percip2.

Group ApoGonrina.

NANNOPERCA.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size.

Dorsal fins slightly continuous at the base, the first with seven spines.

No recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Three anal spines.

Narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the

palatine bones. None of the bones of the head serrated. Branchio-

stegals six; pseudobranchize present. Lateral line none.

NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS. (PI. XIX. fig. 2.)

B.6, D.74. A. +. V.1/5. “L. lat. 30. L. transv. 12.

This species resembles a young Perch in general appearance, but

is more elongate; the greatest depth of the body is above the

root of the ventral fin, and contained four times and five-sevenths in

the total length ; the length of the head is contained three times and

two-thirds in it. The snout is moderately produced, as long as the

orbit, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and rather narrow, the

maxillary extending to below the front margin of the orbit. The

lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The teeth are villiform, those

of the palatine bones minute and forming only a short series. The

PY.S 1861. Plat

DF Cobol dal Matern ih

Entozoa

——

sot

_ New specie

1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 117

eye is of moderate size, one-fourth of the length of the head, and

much wider than the interorbital space. The scales advance supe-

riorly to between the hind margin of the orbits, and inferiorly to the

preorbital. None of the bones of the head are serrated; the pree-

operculum has two ridges along its margins, like Apogon, but the

ridges are very close together. The spinous dorsal fin commences

somewhat nearer to the snout than to the root of the caudal; the

length of the first spine is not quite one-half of that of the second,

which is the strongest and longest, its length being one-half of that

of the head; the following spines rapidly decrease in length. The

soft dorsal fin is slightly continuous with the spinous, both being

nearly equal in height ; its anterior spine is short, although longer

than the last of the spinous dorsal. Caudal fin rounded, its length

is contained six times and a half in the total. Anal spines strong,

the second and third are nearly equal in length. The root of the

ventrals is situated behind that of the pectorals; they do not quite

extend to the vent, and are as long as the pectorals. The colour

appears to be greenish above, each scale having a darker margin.

Two specimens of this fish, the larger of which is 33 lines long,

were received from the Murray River, and, having been given me

for determination by Mr. Holdsworth, are now deposited in the

British Museum Collection.

5, List or ENTOzOA, INCLUDING PENTASTOMES, FROM ANIMALS

DYING AT THE SOCIETY'S MENAGERIE, BETWEEN THE YEARS

1857-60 INCLUSIVE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW

Species. By T. Spencer Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S.

(Plate XX.)

During the interval above-mentioned I find that 122 different ani-

mals have been specially examined by me with reference to the pre-

sence or absence of Entozoa. This number of individuals represents

upwards of 100 distinct species, 38 of which (or, in round numbers,

about one-third) were found infested. Of these 38 there are 19

mammals, 14 birds, and 5 reptiles. The mammalia harboured 6

trematodes, 8 cestodes, 5 nematodes, and 1 species of pentastome,—

larval and immature forms being included. The birds contained 2

trematodes, 6 cestodes, and 14 nematodes ; whilst the reptiles were in-

fested by 2 flukes, 1 tape-worm, 6 round-worms, | acanthocephalous

helminth, and 1 pentastome. Altogether I have found in 38 ver-

tebrate species no less than 51 different forms of Entozoa, comprising

10 trematodes, 15 cestodes, 23 nematodes, | acanthocephalous ento-

zoon, and 2 pentastomes.

In very few instances can these parasites be said to have been the

entire cause of death ; but in several cases they manifestly contributed

to bring about that result, and in one instance their presence was

the sole cause of death. This was evident in a Ring-tailed Lemur

118 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _[Mar. 26,

from Madagascar, where the thorax and liver were crammed with a

very singular form of Cwnurus: the several bunches or colonies of

them in the right side of the chest had caused a remarkable atrophy

of the right lung, that of the left side being also much diminished

in bulk. The liver was similarly affected.

In all cases I have been careful to ascertain, as far as possible,

whether or not the several species of Entozoa found by me were pre-

viously known to science ; 1 mention this because I have no wish to

imitate those who take little trouble on this score, and carefully de-

scribe every parasite as new, which may haply or otherwise come

within their possession. Excluding pentastomes, 31 of the following

are adult forms, and yet only 11 of these proved new to science; a

few of the latter being peculiar and of great interest.

Order I. TREMATODA.

1. Distoma compactum, Cobbold.

Five examples in the left lung of an Indian Ichneumon (Viverra

mungos, L.), which had lived in the Society’s Gardens about twelve

months. Examined Feb. 19, 1857.

Cabinet Collection, T.S.C. no. 67. |

Desc. Linn, Trans. xxii. p. 363. t. 63. f. 1-3.

2. BILHARZIA MAGNA, Cobbold.

A solitary specimen in the portal blood of the Sooty Monkey

(Cercopithecus fuliginosus). Ex. Dec. 4, 1857.

Cab. Coll. T.8. C. no. 57.

" Desc. Linn. Trans. l.c. p.364, t.63. £.8,9; Synopsis of Distomide,

Proc. Linn. Soe. vy. p. 31.

3. Distoma consunctTuM, Cobbold.

Numerous examples in the biliary ducts of an American Red Fox

(Canis fulvus). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858.

Cab, Coll. T.S. C. no, 88.

Desc. In Synops. Distom., Proc, Linn, Soc. v. p. 8; figs. will be

given in Linn. Trans. xxiii. pt. 2.

4. DistromMA MINuTUM, Cobbold.

Multitudes, scarcely perceptible to the naked eye, in the duodenal

mucus of an Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus, L.). Ex.

Feb. 19, 1857.

Dese. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 364, t. 63. f. 4, 5.

5. Disroma «quate, Dujardin.

Nine examples detected in the intestines of an American Barn

Owl (Strix perlata). Ex. Jan. 8, 1858.

Cab. Ooll. T. S.C. no. 60. .

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365; Synops. Dist., P. L. 8. v. p. 14.

1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 119

6. Disroma soscr1, Cobbold.

Numerous specimens in the mouth, trachea, and lungs of an Ame-

rican species of Coluber, which died from cancer of the stomach.

Cab. Coll. T. 8. C. no. 70.

Desc. Linn. Trans. /. c. p. 364. t. 63. f. 6, 7. Synops. Dist. in

POG: 8) vape 19.

_ 7. Disroma coronarium, Cobbold.

Corpus lineare, depressum, retrorsum parum attenuatum ; collum

continuum ; caput obconicum; os terminale globosum, limbo

echinato, spinis ad numerum 24; acetabulum ore duplo minus,

apertura circular.

Long. 4, crassit. 3. unc.

Numerous examples from the intestines of an Alligator (Alligator

mississippiensis). Ex. Dec. 25, 1860.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 91.

Larval and immature Trematoda.

8. CERCARIA CERVI.

Numerous degenerated examples in the liver of an Axis Deer

(Cervus avis). Ex. Feb. 19, 1857.

9. CERCARIA MACACI.

Several specimens in the liver of Macacus radiatus. Ex. Feb. 19,

1857,

10. CERCARIA CERCOPITHECI.

One example in the liver of the Sooty Monkey (Cercopithecus

Suliginosus). Ex. Dec. 4, 1857.

Order II. CESTODA.

1, T&NIA PUSILLA, Goeze.

A single specimen, upwards of 20 inches in length, in the intestine

of a Rat (Mus rattus) destroyed in the Society’s Gardens. Ex,

Jan. 7, 1859.

2. Tmnta paARApoxa, Rudolphi.

Numerous examples in the duodenum of the Oyster-catcher

(Hematopus ostralegus, L.). Ex, Feb. 19, 1857.

Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. t. 63. f. 16-19.

3. THNIA MULTIFORMIS, Creplin.

Ten or twelve specimens from the small intestines of the Night

Heron (Ardea nycticorax). Ex. Jan. 2, 1858.

Note. Linn, Trans. /.c. p, 365. t, 63. f, 23,

120 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. — [Mar. 26,

4, T2ENIA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS, Goeze.

Numerous proglottides, but only one head, found in the intestines

of the Horned Pheasant (Phasianus ?). Ex. Jan. 15, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 63.

Note. Linn. Trans. /. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 25.

5. Tent LANCEOLATA, Bloch.

Several specimens in the intestines of the Dusky Duck (Anas 06-

scura). Ex. Jan. 30, 1858.

Note. Linn. Trans. /. c, t. 63. f. 20.

6. Tania Levis, Bloch.

Numerous proglottides and fragments, probably of this species, in

the intestines of Anas obscura, associated with the above.

Larval, immature, and imperfect Cestoda.

7. C@&NURUS LEMURIS.

Several multilocular masses or colonies occupied the lungs and

liver of the Ring-tailed Lemur of Madagascar (Lemur maco), and

had caused the death of the animal, which had been only four

months in the Society’s possession. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858.

Desc. Linn. Trans. l. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 12-15.

8. ACEPHALOCYSTIS MACACI?

A single example, floating in some serous fluid within the left

cavity of the thorax of a Macaque (?). Length } of an inch ; breadth

yzinch. Ex. Jan. 8, 1858.

9. ACEPHALOCYSTIS OVIS TRAGELAPHI.

A solitary specimen filled with a clear serous fluid. Probably an

aborted Caenurus. Spherical; 1 inch in diameter. Ex. Jan. 8, 1858.

10. EcHINOCOCCUS ALTRICIPARIENS, Kiichenmeister.

Several large cysts filled with the brood of this entozoon in the

lungs of the Four-horned Antelope (Antilope quadricornis). Ex.

Feb. 19, 1858.

Cab, Coll. T.8.C. no. 79.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 266.

11. LiguLA COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII.

Several specimens in the abdominal cellular tissue and lateral

muscles. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 366. t. 63. f. 31.

12. CESTOIDEUM AMADINZ.

Numerous proglottides and fragments of a Tenia in the intestines

of Amadina cucullata from Western Africa.

1861.] DR. T. S, COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 121

13. CysTICERCUS TENUICOLLIS.

Two specimens attached to the mesentery of a Spring-Bok (Ga-

zella euchore). Ex. April 22, 1859.

14, CysTICERCUS PHACOCHERI ZTHIOPICI.

One example in a cyst near the colon. Ex. Dec. 19, 1859.

Desc. Proc. Zool. Soc. for March 12, 1861, with figs.

15. CysrICERCUS POTAMOCHGRI PENICILLATI.

One example from the liver, and four from the mesentery. Ex.

Nov. 16, 1860.

Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 94.

Desc. Proc. Z.S. 1. c. supra, with figs.

Order III. NEMATODA.

1, ASCARIS RETUSA, Rudolphi.

Several examples in the rectum of the Weasel-headed Armadillo

(Dasypus sexcinctus). Ex. Jan. 15, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 81.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 22.

2. SrRoNGYLUs PARADOXUS, Mehlis.

Three specimens in the bronchial tubes of a Peccary (Dycoteles

torquatus). Ex. Jan. 22, 1858.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 28.

3. TRICHOSOMA AEROPHILUM, Creplin.

Two individuals in the bronchi of an American Red Fox (Canis

Sulvus). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858.

Note. An egg will be figured in Linn. Trans, xxiii. pt. 2.

4, TRICHOCEPHALUS AFFINIS, Rudolphi.

Numerous examples in the cecum and colon of a young Giraffe

(Camelopardalis giraffa). Ex. Dee. 3, 1859.

Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 85 & 85a.

Desc. Will be given in Linn. Trans. xxiii. pt. 2, with several figs.

and woodcuts. See also Zool. Soc. Proceed. for Feb. 14, 1860.

5. Sprroprera optusa, Rudolphi.

Numerous examples in the stomach of a Mouse (Mus musculus),

accidentally trod upon in the Society’s Gardens. 'The abdomen was

greatly distended from their presence. Ex. Dec. 14, 1860.

6. EusTronNGYLUS PAPILLOSUS, Diesing.

Three examples within the mouth of the Sarus Crane (Grus an-

tigone). Ex. Jan. 16, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T.S.C. no. 78.

Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 365. t. 63, f. 24,

122 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _[Mar, 26,

7. TRICHOSOMA LONGICOLLE, Rudolphi.

Three specimens of a nematode from the intestines of the Horned

Pheasant (Phasianus ’), probably referable to this species.

Ex. Jan. 15, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 82.

8. ASCARIS VESICULARIS, Froelich.

The czeca of a Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) were

crowded with this species, the females being much more abundant

than the males. Ex. Jan. 15, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 34a.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 21.

A few examples also in the ceeca of a Black-backed Kaleege (Huplo-

comus melanotis) bred in the Society’s Gardens. Ex. Dec. 14, 1858.

Multitudes also in the ceeca of a Cheer Pheasant (Phasianus wal-

lichit). Ex. Dec. 31, 1858.

9. ASCARIS DISPAR, Schrank.

Several examples in the caeca of the Sandwich Island Goose (Ber-

nicla sandwichensis), associated with two other kinds of nematode.

Ex. Jan. 30, 1858.

Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 75.

Note. Linn. Trans. l. c. t, 63, f, 26, 27,

10. TRICHOSOMA BREVICOLLE, Rudolphi.

Several specimens in the intestines of Bernicla sandwichensis,

associated with the foregoing.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 76.

_ 11, Sp1ropreRA CRASSICAUDA, Creplin.

One individual in the intestines of Bernicla sandwichensis, along-

with the above.

12. ASCARIS TRIBOTHRIOIDES, Cobbold.

- Two specimens in the intestines of the Dusky Duck (Anas 0b-

scura), associated with two kinds of Teenie. Ex. Jan. 30, 1858.

Desc. Linn. Trans. /.c. p. 365. t. 63. f.10, 11.

13, Ascaris pepressa, Rudolphi.

One specimen in the stomach of the Bearded Vulture (Gyps bar-

batus). Ex. Jan. 31, 1859.

14. StrroncyLus TUBIFEX, Nitzsch. (Pl. XX. f. 1, 2.)

Two specimens, one in the proventriculus and the other in the

small intestine of an Ashy-headed Goose (Chloephaga poliocephala,

Gray). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858.

15. SrroncyLus Nopuxaris, Rudolphi. (Pl. XX. f, 3, 4.)

Numerous specimens in the proventriculus of Chloephaga polioce-

phala, associated with the above.

1861.] DR. T. 8S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 123

16. SrronGyLus acuTicAupAtus, Cobbold. (Pl. XX. f. 5, 6.)

Caput angustatum obtusum, nudum ; corpus flecuosum, compres-

siusculum ; bursa maris biloba, subterminali, magna, lobo sin-

gulo quinqueradiato ; extremitate caudali maris acuta; cauda

femine subulata recta, apice acuminata.

Longit. mar. 3-3, fem. 3, crassit. 1; unc.

Numerous examples in the ceeca of Chloephaga poliocephala, asso-

ciated with the foregoing.

17. SrronGyLus spicuLatus, Cobbold. (Pl. XX.f. 7, 8.)

- Ascaris strongylina, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing.

Caput conicum, nudum ; corpus e@quale, flecuosum ; bursa maris

biloba, lobis flabellatim multiradiatis; extremitate caudali

maris longe spiculata, parum infleca ; cauda femine subulata,

recta,

Longit. mar. et fem. 3 unc.

Numerous specimens in the intestines of a species of Tinamou

(Tinamus ?), Ex. Feb. 16,1859. Natterer found it at Brazil

in T. tataupa and Perdix dentata. ‘

18. Ascaris LINEATA, Cobbold.

Caput nudum, conicum ; os labiis indistinctis ; corpus utringue

e@qualiter attenuatum, rectum; extremitate caudali femine

obsusata.

Longit. 13, crassit. zt; unc.

One female specimen only in the intestines of an Alligator (Alliga-

tor mississippiensis), evidently not referable to A. tenuicollis, but

probably distinct. Ex. Dec. 25, 1860.

Cab. Coll. T.S, C.no. 93.

Larval, immature, and doubtful forms of Nematodes.

19. FinarRIA COLUBRI AMERICANI.

In a cyst within the walls of the small intestine. Ex. Feb. 20,

1857.

20. FrLARIA COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII.

Enclosed in a cyst in the muscular substance of the heart. Ex.

Jan. 1,-1858.

Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 366. t. 63. f. 30.

21. FILARIA ARDEX NYCTICORACIS (in ovo).

I have thought it worth while to notice under this head some very

peculiar encysted ova, whose chitinous shell or chorion consists of

regularly disposed coils like those described by Claparéde in the eggs

of Ascaris spirotheca, which infests the intestines of Triton teniatus*.

Some genetic relation may subsist here. The cysts were nume-

* Claparéde, ‘ De la formation et de la fécondation chez les vers nématodes.’

Genéve, 4to, 1859. ‘

124 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _—[Mar. 26,

rous, and attached to the mesentery, and varied from 5th to 3th of

an inch in length. Ex. Jan. 2,1858.

Cab. Coll. T.S.C.no. 77.

22. FILARIA GRUIS ANTIGONES (in ovo).

Numerous ova, with embryos in various stages of development, re-

sembling the foregoing. Chorion consisting of a coiled chitinous

band. Ex. Jan. 16, 1858.

23. FILARIA LACERTARUM.

One example in the intestine of an East Indian Lizard (Calotes

versicolor). Ex. Jan, 29, 1858.

24; NEMATOIDEUM COLUBRI AMERICANI.

One specimen in the small intestine. Ex. Feb. 20, 1857.

25. NEMATOIDEUM COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII.

One example in the stomach. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858.

Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. t. 63. f. 29.

Order IV. ACANTHOCEPHALA.

1, EcHINORHYNCHUS INFLEXUS, Cobbold. (Pl. XX. f. 9, 10.)

Proboscis cylindrica, uncinorum seriebus sex; collum nullum ;

corpus elongatum, inflecum, compressiusculum, antrorsum cras-

sius, retrorsum parum attenuatum et transverse rugosum.

Longit. $-1 unc.

Numerous examples in, and attached to the mucous surface of,

the intestines of a Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). A few

were also within the abdominal cavity. Ex. Feb. 21, 1860.

PENTASTOMATA.

1, PENTASTOMA OXYCEPHALUM, Diesing.

Many specimens in the lungs of an Alligator (Alligator mississip-

piensis). Ex. Dec. 25, 1860.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 92.

2. PENTASTOMA DENTICULATUM *, Rudolphi.

Numerous examples from the surface of the lungs and intestines

of a Bubale (Antilope bubalis). Some encysted beneath the pleura.

Ex. Feb. 10, 1859.

Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 84.

Desc. Experiments in Quart. Journ. of Microsc. Sc. vii. p. 202;

further notice will be given with figs., Linn. Trans. xxiii. part 2.

* Leuckart’s researches leave us in no doubt as to this being the young of P.

tenioides. See his recent work, ‘Bau und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Penta-

stomen,’ Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1860; also my translation (of a Memoir by him)

in Microsc. Journal, vol. vii. p. 182.—T. S. C.

1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 125

Several individuals were also obtained from the abdominal cavity

of a Cape Guevi (Cephalopus pygmeus). Ex. Feb. 21, 1860.

Systematic arrangement of the infested animals, with the Entozoa

found in them :—

1. CERCOPITHECUS FULIGI-

NOSUS.

Bilharzia magna.

Cercaria cercopithect.

2. MACACUS RADIATUS.

Cercaria macaci.

3. Macacus is

Acephalocystis macact.

4. LemuR MACO.

Ceenurus lemuris.

5. CANIS FULVUS.

Distoma conjunctum.

Trichosoma aérophilum.

6. VIVERRA MUNGOS.

Distoma compactum.

7. Mus RATTUS.

Tenia pusilla.

8. Mus muscutuvs.

Spiroptera obtusa.

9, DAsypuSs SEXCINCTUS.

Ascaris retusa.

20. Gyps BARBATUS.

Ascaris depressa,

21. SrRix PERLATA.

Distoma equale.

22. AMADINA CUCULLATA,

Cestoideum amadine,

MAMMALIA.

10. Cervus AXxIs.

Cercaria cervi.

11. CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA.

Trichocephalus affnis.

12. ANTILOPE QUADRICORNIS,

Echinococcus altricipariens.

13. ANTILOPE BUBALIS.

Pentastoma denticulatum.

14, GAZELLA EUCHORE.

Cysticercus tenuicollis.

15. CEPHALOPUS PYGMZUS.

Pentastoma denticulatum.

16. Ovis TRAGELAPHUS.

Acephalocystis tragelap hi.

17. PHACOCHERUS ZTHIOPICUS.

Cysticercus phacocheri.

18. PoTAMOCH@RUS PENICIL-

LATUS.

Cysticercus potamocheri.

19. DicoTELES TORQUATUS.

Strongylus paradoxus.

AVEs.

23. TiINAMUS ?

Strongylus spiculatus.

24. PHASIANUS TORQUATUS.

Ascaris vesicularis.

25. PHAsIaANus ?

Tenia infundibuliformis.

Trichosoma longicolle,

126 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. [Mar. 26,

26. PHASIANUS WALLICHII. 31. ANAS OBSCURA.

Ascaris vesicularis. Tenia lanceolata.

Tenia levis.

27. EUPLOCOMUS MELANOTIS. Ascaris tribothrioides.

Ascaris vesicularis.

32. BERNICLA SANDWICHEN-

28. ARDEA NYCTICORAX. ws

hed ae ise Ascaris dispar.

Ee ee Spiroptera crassicauda.

29, GRUS ANTIGONE. Trichosoma brevicolle:

ustrongylus papillosus. 2

iis : IY : Pap 33. CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCE-

Filaria gruis. ae

30. Hamatopus ostraLecus. ‘Strongylus tubifex.

Distoma hinutuin. Strongylus nodularis.

Tenia paradowa. Strongylus acuticaudatus.

ReEptixia.

34. CoLUBER BLUMENBACHII: -36. CALOTES VERSICOLOR.

Lingula colubri. ‘Filaria lacertarum.

pists: seh Aiunpah echt, hii 37. CHELYDRA:SERPENTINA.

eae pad Mee LALA SA oe Lichinorhynchus inflexus.

35. CoLUBER ? - 38. ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPIENSIS.

Distoma boscii. Pentastoma oxycephalum.

Filaria col. americani. _Distoma coronarium.

Nematoideum col. americani. Ascaris lineata.

—

-Taste of the Mature Entozoa, excluding the Acarine genus

Pentastoma.

BILHARZIA* .......005. magna.

aequale.

boscii.

conjunctum.

compactum.

minutum.

( coronarium.

lanceolata,

levis.

CESTODA sccsisiscseriseeee MN Acs spit csdenisee ve seiess 4 Multiformis.

_ paradoxa.

pusilla.

TREMATODA wseseereeeee YH

ISTOMA ...c0esee00- epee

* Prof. Leuckart of Giessen very justly observes, in regard to this generic

name, “‘ Der Genusnamen Bilharzia kann nicht bleiben, da Diesing dafiir bereits

die Bezeichnung Gynzecophorus,” ete.; yet I discovered my species (magna)

Dec. 4, 1857, six months before Diesing read his “ Revision”’ to the Vienna Aca-

demy. See“ Bericht der nied. Thiere,” in ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ viertes

Heft, S. 136, 1860. :

1861.] DR. P, L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 127

crassicauda.

obtusa.

depressa.

dispar.

lineata.

retusa.

tribothrioides.

. vesicularis.

NEMATODA ., .ccccessseres 4 EUSTRONGYLUS ssssesees papillosus.

acuticaudatus.

nodularis.

STRONGYLUS seseesseaeee paradoxus.

spiculatus.

\ tubifex.

TRICHOCEPHALUS....... aftinis.

aérophilum.

L Paictrosoma Cakes pan was | brevicolle.

longicolle.

ACANTHOCEPHALA...... ECHINORHYNCHUS...... inflexus.

SPIROPTERA ...... ara {

ASCARIS ...scscoesceeseese

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. Strongylus tubifew, 2. Natural size.

Fig. 2. Tail of the same. Enlarged.

Fig. 3. Strongylus nodularis. Tale of male.

Tig. 4. The same. Caudal extremity of female.

Fig. 5. Strongylus acuticaudatus. Tail of female.

Fig. 6. The same. Caudal end of male.

Fig. 7. Strongylus spiculatus. Tail of female.

Fig. 8. The same. Tail of male.

Fig. 9. Echinorhynchus inflevus. Natural size.

Fig. 10. Head of the same. The lemnisci were twisted in the specimen

here drawn. Enlarged.

Figures 3 to 8 inclusive are variously magnified, from 30 to 60 diameters linear.

6. CHARACTERS OF SOME NEw SreciEs oF AMERICAN PASSERES.

By Puinie Lutiry Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., SecRETARY TO

THE SOCIETY,

1. PoLIopriLA BUFFONI.

Figuier @ téte noire de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 704.—Motaeilla

cerulea, Gm.—Polioptila leucogastra, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 12

-(partim).

Plumébea, subtus alba: pileo toto, alis et cauda nigris : tectricum

alarum majorum marginibus externis, secundariorum pogonits

externis, caude rectricibus duabus extimis et tertia ex majore

parte albis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius tomiis pallidioribus.

Long. tota 4:0, ale 1'9, caude 1:8, rostri a rictu 0°6 poll. et dec.

Hab. In Guiana et Nova Granada int.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Similis P. leucogastre ex Brasilia, sed minor, et rostro lon-

giore, rectrice extima omnino alba, et harum secunda et tertia fere

usque ad basin albis dignoscenda.

128 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BirDs. [Mar. 26,

2. TROGLODYTES HYPAEDON.

* Troglodytes aédon®,” Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, pp. 363, 372;

Sclater et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 9.

Similis 7. aédoni ex America boreali, sed colore corporis subtus

omnino brunnescenti-rufo ; lateribus corporis saturatioribus, rufis,

neque transfasciatis : crisso nigro transvittato.

Hab. In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala.

Mus. P.L.S.

This Wren, which I have heretofore not separated from 7. aédon,

is certainly as distinct from that bird as 7. parkmanni and other

recognized species. It is in fact more nearly alliedjto 7. furvus of

South America than to the northern form ; but differs also from the

T. furvus in the deeper colouring of the under surface, the throat

and belly of the latter species being medially of a nearly pure white.

3. BASILEUTERUS UROPYGIALIS.

Olivaceus, capite cinerascente : superciliis, oculorum ciliis et cor-

pore subtus pallide cervinis, ventre albescente : uropygio et

caude dimidio basali pallide fulvis, hujus apice cinerascente

olivaceo: rostro nigro, pedibus pallide carneis.

Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°7, caude 1°8.

Hab. In Brasilia.

Mus. P.L.S.

I have one specimen of this bird in my collection, received from

M. Verreaux and marked “Brazil.” It is most nearly allied to B.

semicervinus, mihi (P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 84), from Ecuador; but the

uropygium and body beneath are much more lightly coloured ; and

the back is olive and head cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with

which it also nearly agrees in the coloration of the lower surface.

4, HyLornHiLus INSULARIS.

Supra olivaceus, pileo et dorso superiore ochraceo-brunnescentibus,

dorso inferiore, alis extus et cauda viridescentibus : fronte, ocu-

lorum ambitu et corpore subtus pallide ochraceis, tibiis et crisso

virescentibus : tectricibus subalaribus pallide citrinis: rostro

corneo, subtus pallidiore, pedibus carneis.

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°5, caudze 1:9, tarsi 0°7, rostri a rictu 0°6.

Hab. In ins. Tobago.

I have a single specimen of this Hylophilus, presented to me by

Sir William Jardine, by whom it was received from Mr. Kirk, amongst.

other birds collected in Tobago. It appears to belong to a well-

marked though hitherto unnoticed species of this little group,—the

bill nearly agreeing with that of H. thoracicus, though stronger and

rather more arched, and the feet being likewise rather large and

strong. The first primary is rather longer than in any other species

of the genus that I am acquainted with, measuring 1°6 (in.) from

the base of the wing to its extremity. In H. thoracicus, however,

it is perhaps quite as long proportionately, the wing of H. insularis

being generally larger than that of the former species. In its dull-olive

1861.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 129

dress, brownish head, and pale buffy colour beneath, this bird is

readily distinguishable from other members of the group.

5. CHLOROPHANES GUATEMALENSIS.

Chlorophanes atricapilla, Sclat. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14, et 1860,

p- 32.

Similis C. atricapillo ex America merid., sed differt colore corporis

clariore viridi, capite nigro nucham totam occupante, et rostro magis

crasso et elongato.

Hab. In Guatemala.

The differences between this and the southern bird appear to be

so constant, although so small in amount, as to render a distinct

name necessary ; and I have therefore chosen one which indicates the

locality of the bird.

6. CHLOROPHONIA FLAVIROSTRIS.

Psittaceo-viridis, remigibus alarum et rectricibus intus nigrican-

tibus, illarum pogoniis externis cerulescenti-viridibus : subtus

paulo dilutior, ventre medio et crisso flavis: rostro et pedibus

flavis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°3, caude 1°2.

Hab. In rep. Aquator.

Mus. P.L.S.

I have a single example of this Chlorophonia in my collection,

received by Mr. Gould with other birds from Ecuador, from the

eastern slope of the Andes, I believe. It appears to be the female

of some undescribed species of this group. It may be readily distin-

guished from other species by its yellow bill and pale-yellow feet,

and from C. longipennis, C. frontalis, and C. viridis, which are pro-

bably its nearest allies, by the absence of the blue round the eye.

7. KUPHONIA VITTATA.

Nigro-ceruleo-nitens : vitta frontali angusta fulvo-flavida : ab-

domine saturate fulvo-flavo, lateribus flavicantibus, tectricibus

subalaribus albis, citrino tinctis: rectrice una utrinque extima

in pogonto interno albo notata : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°4, caudze 1°4.

Hab. In Brasilia.

Obs. Affinis E. xanthogastre, sed fronte angusto aurescente, et

cervice nigra in ventrem magis producta facile dignoscenda.

I have only a single specimen of this very distinct species of Eu-

phonia, which, from its make, is evidently a Brazilian skin. I re-

ceived it from M. Verreaux of Paris.

8. TANAGRA SUBCINEREA.

Flavicanti-olivacea, alis caudaque nigricantibus eodem colore lim-

batis ; pileo ceruleo, margine postico ad nucham viridescente ;

lateribus capitis et loris nigris: subtus pure cinerea, subalari-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. IX.

130 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [Mar. 26,

bus pallide flavis ; erisso fulvescenti-flavo: rostro nigro, man-

dibulo inferiore plumbescente ; pedibus carneis.

Long. tota 6°75, alee 3°2, caudze 2°9.

Hab. In Venezuela et ins. 8. Trinitatis.

This Tanager is a climatic form of Tanagra cyanocephala of Trans-

andean Peru and Ecuador, and 7’. auricrissa of New Granada. It

most closely resembles the former bird, but may be distinguished by

the paler ashy colour of the lower surface, the duller yellowish-green

of the crissum, and the less extent of the yellow on the under parts

of the wings. The wings are also comparatively shorter, and there

is less olivaceous colouring on the flanks of the Venezuelan bird. In

the New Granadian 7’. auricrissa the under surface is tinged with

blue, and the crissum is golden yellow.

9. RAMPHOCELUS EPHIPPIALIS.

3. Coccineus : alis et cauda cum tibiis et subalaribus nigris :

interscapulii totius plumis nigris obscuriore coccineo terminatis :

rostro et pedibus nigris, illius mandibula inferiore ad basin

alba.

Q. Similis R. brasilii e¢ R. dorsalis feeminis.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:1, caudee 3°1.

Hab. Inripis fl. Amazonum sup.

This Ramphocelus, of which I have specimens of both sexes, re-

ceived by M. Verreaux from the Upper Amazon, is only distinguished

from R. brasilius by its back between the wings being black, with the

margins of the feathers only scarlet. In this respect it is further

removed from R. brasilius than R. dorsalis, which is exactly inter-

mediate between the two. M. Jules Verreaux informs me that all

the specimens received from this locality were similarly marked ; so

that the variation, though small, seems to be constant.

10. SALTATOR ISTHMICUS.

Olivaceus, uropygio grisescente ; alis fusco-nigris, extus olivaceo

limbatis : cauda fusco-grisescente, rectricum apicibus albican-

tibus : subtus sordide albus olivaceo flammulatus, gula imma-

culata et cum ventro imo et crisso albicantibus : tectricibus sub-

alaribus fulvescenti-albis, campterio flavido: rostro nigro,

pedibus corylinis.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°5, caudze 3°6.

Hab. In Isthmo Panama.

I have two specimens of this Sa/tator in my collection. I obtained

them from Mr. John Bell, of New York, in 1856, who informed me

that he shot them on his passage across the Isthmus of Panama on his

return from California. The species is very closely allied to two

others in my collection—one from Trinidad, which I take to be the

Saltator maculipectus ; and the other from Bogota, which I consider

to be probably S. striatipectus of Lafresnaye. The three species,

however, are so closely allied, that it is possible that one of M. de

Lafresnaye’s descriptions may be intended for the present bird.

1861.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALZNICEPS, 131

The Saltator isthmicus may be distinguished from the Trinidad

bird by the less pure white on the throat and belly, the more regular

flammulations of the lower surface, and its uniform black bill. The

Bogotan (8. s¢riatipectus) is much darker on the breast and head,

and has much less olivaceous in its coloration. The point of the

bill is, likewise, pale in the latter bird.

7. On THE AFFINITIES OF BALZENICEPS.

By A. D. Bartwett.

On appearing before you this evening with new evidence of the

affinities of this bird, and in endeavouring to aid in settling a subject

so long disputed and frequently discussed, I beg to refer, first, to

the elaborate and carefully written paper by Mr. Parker, in which

this bird, after the most careful examination and comparison of its

bones, is considered to be an Ardeine.

I have, then, to observe, that from an entirely different course of

examination, and by the consideration of its other structures, I have

arrived at the same conclusion; and I hope, with the assistance of

my friend Mr. Stewart, to prove to the satisfaction of our ornitho-

logical friends, that there is no longer any doubt in the matter.

The death of the survivor of the two birds brought home by

Mr. Consul Petherick has afforded me the opportunity of making a

more accurate examination of its structure, and this has led me to

the discovery of two remarkable powder-down patches which, it will

be remembered, I stated on a former occasion * I had failed to find

in the living bird.

Upon removing the skin from the body of this bird, I was so struck

by its close resemblance to the Herons, that I immediately killed a

Heron and removed its skin also, in order to form a fair opinion by a

close comparison of all the parts of these two birds. The exact

form of the body and limbs was most remarkable; the structure of

the hind toes (upon which so much stress has been laid) was alike,

these turning backwards, forwards, or sideways in both species. The

head and neck, however, of Baleniceps, when compared with the same

parts of the Common Heron, present some very considerable differ-

ences, These differences consist, first, of the much larger head, and

consequently stronger neck, in Baleniceps as compared with the

Heron. Doubtless these modifications have reference to the food and

the mode of obtaining that food. Many illustrations can be found

of similar modifications ; I may refer to one in the group under con-

sideration, which results from the comparison of Cancroma with

Eurypyga, and which presents, perhaps, the most extreme modifica-

tion in the form of the bill in two birds of the same family.

As far as I was able to examine the viscera of the Baleniceps, I

could discover nothing that would lead me to doubt its Ardeine

affinities; the stomach, liver, intestines, &c., of the two birds ap-

peared exactly to correspond in structure and arrangement,

* See P..Z.S. 1860, p. 461.

132 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALANICEPS. [Mar. 26,

Directing my attention to the skin of Baleniceps, I was surprised

at finding on the lower part of the back, reaching from the end of

Fig. 1.

the scapulars to the base of the tail, two large, well-defined powder-

down patches. The drawing ( fig. 1) represents these two patches

in situ on the body of the bird stripped of its feathers. These

remarkable patches are dark-coloured on the inside of the skin, and

on the outside the down is of extreme thickness, and the quantity

of white or grey powder very great. This powder, when examined

under the microscope, appears excessively oily, and will not mix with

water. It is greasy to the touch, and is evidently produced by the

growth of the down. It appears, in fact, to be the quill-shafts of the

down broken up; or perhaps the down roots secrete this powder,

which is distributed over the entire plumage, rendering the feathers

impervious to water, in the same way that the oil-glands effect this in

other birds. In this bird, however, the oil-glands are extremely small,

not larger than the oil-glands of a Sparrow.

With reference to these patches, it is my intention to point out

in the birds that I consider allied to Baleniceps the existence of

these patches of down; and I may remark, that the attempt to

arrange animals by such means is not new; as, for instance, in the

case of the Ruminants, some of the genera are distinguished by

peculiar patches of hair, which are said to be glandular, upon the

legs, &c.; and again the Viverride are distinguished by the existence

or otherwise of anal and other glands and pouches.

I therefore proceed to point out the species more or less allied to

1861.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALZNICEPS. 133

Baleniceps that exhibit these singular structures. In the New

World form (Cancroma) this structure appears to be most fully

developed, this bird having four pairs of these powder- down patches,

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

as shown in fig. 2, which represents the upper, and fig. 3, which

gives the lower surface of the body of this bird ; while in the Old

World form (Baleniceps) one pair only exist, as we have seen in

fig. 1.

"rt is worthy of notice, that the true Herons, which inhabit both the

Old and New World, and which have generally been regarded as the

type of the group, have three pairs of these patches; the little and

certainly aberrant form of Heron, Zurypyga, has only one pair of

these down patches; while intermediate between this bird and the

Herons come the Bitterns, in which two pairs of these patches exist *.

By these remarks one is naturally led to observe the often-noticed

correspondence of forms in the Old and New World ; as, for instance,

the Ostrich of Africa represented by the Rhea of America, the Camel

of the Old World by the Llama of America, the Lion by the Puma,

and many other similar representations.

In the work on ‘ Pterylographie,’ published by Ch. L. Nitzsch,

the author, who evidently has paid great attention to the subject,

says, that “these powder-down patches are found (but in a much

* Having had many opportunities of studying the habits of the living examples

of Eurypyga and Botaurus, I have observed a striking resemblance in these birds,

particularly in the drooping and spreading out of the wings, in which position

the beautiful markings upon every feather are finely displayed. I have so frequently

seen this attitude assumed by both these birds, that I am satisfied it was not merely

an accidental thing.

134 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. [April 9,

smaller degree) in the genus Tinamus*, one or two Parrots, and also

in some of the Birds of Prey.”’ I have not, however, met with them

in any group except the drdee and their allies. I can assert most

positively that no traces of these patches exist in the Pelicans,

Storks, or Cranes. I have also taken considerable trouble with Sco-

pus. This bird is considered by Prof. Reinhardt to be closely allied

to Baleniceps. I cannot find anything to justify such a belief; the

skins and skulls of the two birds are so entirely different, that it is

useless to enter into any further details respecting them.

There is one thing, however, that I wish to remark, and I do so

with considerable uneasiness lest I-should be accused of casting a

doubt upon the veracity of the gentleman to whom we are in-

debted for the first living specimens of this rare bird; and this con-

sideration would have prevented my making the remark, had not my

great desire been to call attention to the subject in the hope of ob-

taining a truthful explanation of what appears to me inexplicable

—I refer to the statement, made by Mr. Petherick, that Baleniceps

runs about in search of food immediately after it is hatched. If this

is true, it is one of the most extraordinary facts 1 have yet met with.

April 9th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair,

The following extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Corresponding Member of the Society, dated

British Consulate, Amoy, Jan. Ist, 1861, were read to the meet-

ing :—

me I returned a few weeks ago from the north of China, where I was

attached to Sir Hope Grant as Interpreter. Through the kindness

of Major Sarel of the 17th Lancers, attached as Aide-de-camp to Sir

Hope Grant, I was enabled to procure three skins of a Deer found in

herds in the Imperial Parks of the Summer Palace. The three

deer are apparently first, a two-year-old buck ; the second, a one-

year-old buck ; and the third a doe. I skinned them, and preserved

their skulls. They are, I think, Cervus wallichii of Pallas, from

Eastern Siberia; and I trust will form an acceptable acquisition to

the collection of the Zoological Society. Major Sarel also procured

the heads of three fine bucks, which he has sent to his brother-in-

law, Edmund Bury, Esq., of Manchester, and which will shortly be

* Since writing the foregoing I have examined Tinamus. The structure re-

ferred to by Nitzsch appears to differ so widely from the down-patches of the

Ardeine family, that I shall describe it in another paper upon this subject, which

I hope to have ready shortly.

1861.] DR.J.&. GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. 135

put into the hands of Mr. Leadbeater for preservation. If, there-

fore, the Society are anxious to compare the skins I send with the

heads of older and finer animals, they will find no difficulty in so

doing by applying to Mr. Leadbeater.

‘*T send also in the same box the skin of a Mole (perhaps Talpa

leucura, Blyth) from Pekin.

«A Hedgehog, which I take to be new, is also from Pekin. But

this species is also found in Shanghai, and has lately been captured

at Swatow.

‘*TIn a bottle, preserved in spirits, you will find a small Mouse and

a Bat, besides several Snakes, Lizards, and Frogs.

‘* All these specimens have been fastened in a tinned box, and

shipped on board the ‘Harkaway’ bound for London. I enclose

you the mate’s receipt.”

Extracts were also read from a letter addressed to Mr. T. Rupert

Jones by Mr. S. R. Pittard, containing remarks relative to the flight

of Albatroses (Diomedea) and other oceanic birds, as observed during

his voyage to Australia.

The following papers were read :—

1. List or Mamma tA, ToRTOISES AND CROCODILES COLLECTED

By M. Movsor 1n Camsosa. By Joun EpwarpG ray,

F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S.

(Plate XXI.)

M. Mouhot having sent to Mr. S. Stevens a number of Mammalia

and other animals from Camboja, a series of them has been secured

for the British Museum Collection.

I hasten to lay before the Society a list of all the specimens, and

the varieties that they present, with a description of the species or

varieties which appear to be new to science.

MAMMALIA.

There are eight specimens of the Long-armed Ape (Hylobates).

They differ considerably in colour, and yet offer some peculiarities

which I have not observed in specimens from other parts of India or

the Asiatic islands, so that I am induced to believe them to be a sepa-

rate species or local variety. M. Mouhot is inclined to regard them

as varieties or states of the same species; as he observed that they

were all found in company on a small island near Camboja.

1. The oldest specimens, whether they are black with a more or less

grey back and white hands, or a white with a more or less long black

spot on the chest, generally have a large black spot on the crown of

the head, circumscribed by a pale edge ; some of the white examples

have white and others black whiskers.

2. The two younger specimens are yellowish white, without any

black, not even the spot on the head; but this may be only on ac-

count of their youth.

136 DR. J. E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOSA. [April 9,

From this spot on the forehead I am inclined to distinguish this

species or variety by the name of H. pileatus, though this is not

quite a distinctive mark, as both H. Jeucurus and H. agilis have the

crown more or less black.

Hytosates prteatus. (Pl. XXI.)

Male.—Black ; back of head, back of body, and front hind legs

greyish ; forehead and circumference of the black spot on the crown

paler grey ; hands and tuft of long hair round the organ of genera-

tion white. *

The three specimens in this state are all nearly of the same size,

and appear to be adult. They only vary slightly in the size of the

coronal spot, and in the extent of the white colour on the hands.

Female.—White ; back brownish white, slightly waved; a large

ovate spot on the crown, anda very large ovate blotch on the chest,

black.

These specimens are all of one size, and appear to be adult, and

are probably female; three have the teats well-developed. They

vary in the size of the black chest spot, and in the colour of the

whiskers, thus :—

a—b. White; spot on the chest moderate, reaching only half-

way down the abdomen; whiskers on side of face white.

c. Brownish ; spot on chest larger, reaching further down the

abdomen ; sides of the face black ; a few black hairs on the throat.

d. Brownish; side of the face, under the chin, and the whole of

the throat, chest, and belly black ; teats well-developed.

Young.—Uniform dirty white, without any black spot on chest

or head.

Prrerorus rpwarpsil, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. xv. p. 92.

Hab. Camboja.

A single specimen.

LEOPARDUS VIVERRINUS, Gray, List Mamm. B.M. p. 43, 1843,

Hab. Camboja.

Three specimens.

PARADOXURUS PALLASII, Gray, P. Z.S. 1832, p. 67.

Hab. Camboja.

Two specimens, adult and young.

VIVERRA MALACUENSIS, Gmel.

Hab. Camboja.

A single specimen.

HERPESTES RUTILUS.

Grisled chestnut-brown, variegated with black and white rings on

the hairs ; the head and limbs darker chestnut, with scarcely any and

very narrow white rings; lips and throat, and under part of the

1861.] pR.J, E. GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOSA. 137

body, uniform duller brown, not grisled ; ears brown, the nape with

longer hairs, forming a broad short crest.

Hab. Camboja.

A single specimen.

Browner than any other Indian Herpestes I have seen.

PTrEROMYS MoMOGA?

Hab. Camboja.

One specimen.

This species is very like Pteromys momoga, Temm. Faun. Japon.

Mam. t. 14,

There are five specimens of a Squirrel in the collection ; they ap-

pear to be distinct from any we have before received ; but they offer

four very distinct varieties, and it is not easy to decide if the animal

may not itself be a local variety of some other Indian species.

SCIURUS SPLENDENS.

All the specimens are bright red bay.

Var. 1. All over dark and very intense red bay, with a white spot

on each side of the base of the tail. Two specimens, nearly iden-

tical in colour and size.

Var. 2. Top of the head and tail, like var. 1, dark and very intense

red bay ; side of the back, under sides of the body, and tip of the

tail paler red bay, without any white spot at the base of the tail.

A single specimen.

Var. 3. Uniform pale bay, like the side of var. 2; tail and middle

of the back rather darker and brighter; tail without pale tip or

white basal spot. A single specimen.

Var. 4. Crown, middle of the back and tail dark intense red bay ;

throat, chest, and under side paler red bay, like vars. 2, 3; cheeks,

shoulders and thighs, and outsides of the fore and hind legs brown,

grisled with yellow rings on the hairs ; side of the body rather grey-

ish red. A single specimen.

This last state would almost lead one to suppose that this Squirrel

may be only a variety of some other species.

Scrurvus JAVENsis, Schreb.

Hab. Camboja.

Three specimens, one male and two females, very nearly alike in

size and colouring.

ScrurRUS MACCLELLANDII, Horsf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 152.

One specimen.

Scrurus stamensts, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 478.

Hab. Siam.

Two specimens, none now sent.

Sciurvus MOUHOTII.

Grisled grey-brown, with pale rings ; lips, chin, throat, and un-

138 DR. J.E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. [April 9,

der side of body and inside of limbs white; the upper part of the

sides with a longitudinal black streak, edged above and below with

a narrow white line; tail blackish whitish washed, hairs elongate,

brown, with two broad black rings and a white tip; ears simple,

rounded.

Hab. Camboja.

A single specimen.

The species differ from most of the Squirrels of the size, in the

three streaks being on the upper part of the back, and in the dark

colour between the two colours of the upper and under surface.

Rusa Peroni, Gray, Cat. B. M. p. 211.

Cervus peronii, Cuvier.

C. kuhlii, 8. Miller.

Hab. Camboja.

There is a pair of shed horns, evidently of an adult specimen, in

the collection; they are small and slender, and similar to the horns

of C. kuhlii in the Museum Collection, which were received from

Holland. They may be the horns of an allied but distinct species ;

for it is quite impossible to distinguish deer by the horns alone, they

vary so much in specimens of the same species.

Rusa 2

Hab. Camboja.

There is a single horn of the right side of the head, which has

been cut from the base, which is very distinct from any horn that I

know. It is very thick and strong, curved, covered with very large

grooves and warts, and with a short, conical, thick branch, bending

rather inwards on the front of the inner side quite at the base.

CERVULUS CAMBOJENSIS.

Hab. Camboja.

There are the forehead covered with hair and the horns of a Munt-

jack in the collection. It is very much larger than any specimen of

that genus in the Museum Collection, and is probably a distinct

species. .

Phe horns are thick, nearly straight, with a short, thick, re-

curved branch on the outer part of the front side near the base, and

one of them has a somewhat similar callosity on the hinder side on

the same level. Hair of forehead very rigid, close pressed, dark

brown, with narrow yellow rings.

TRAGULUS AFFINIS, Gray, List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. p.173,1843.

Not yet described. Similar to 7. javanicus in colour, but rather

smaller and much paler, and the side of the neck similar in co-

lour to the side of the body ; the belly is white, with a brown streak

on each side of the central line; the head is smaller. It is larger

than T. kanchil, very much paler, and the neck is not blacker and

grisled. A specimen of the species has been in the Museum as above

1861.] DR. J.E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. 139

named for many years: it is said to have come from Singapore ; but

that probably was only the port of transit. It may be only a small

pale local variety of 7. kanchil.

Six specimens, adult, all exactly similar ; one young.

Sus ?

Hab. Camboja.

There are two lower tusks of this genus in the collection, indicating

the existence of a species of the genus ; one is very large and thick,

the other is elongate and slender. They may be the tusks of the

two sexes.

MANIs PENTADACTYLA, Linn.

Hab. Camboja.

Two specimens, adult and half-grown.

REPTILIA.

TresTtupO ELONGATA, Gray.

One specimen, half-grown.

The shields are yellow, with an irregular black ring round the

areola; the disk of the areola is sometimes varied with a few round-

ish black spots; the sternal shields are yellow, with an irregular

square subcentral blotch covering part of the areola.

GEOCLEMYS MACROCEPHALA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.1859, p. 478.

t. xxi:

Hab. Siam and Camboja.

Two specimens, one adult, other young.

The adult is nearly twice as large as the specimen first described ;

the three keels are distinct, but very blunt, and the vertebral shields

are oblong, transverse, but rounded at the angles ; the margin of the

shell is yellow ; the under side yellow, with a more or less large black

blotch on each shield.

The young shell is brown, with a narrow, pale-yellow margin ; the

keels are very distinct ; the central one is very broad, and wider on the

hinder parts of each shield; the lateral keel ends with the third costal

plate, and is at the end bent in towards the central line ; the under-

side is dark brown, with a white streak down the centre, and a

white streak on the margin; and on the keel, which separates the

flat parts of the sternum from the shelving part of the sides, that .

shelving part is high, much higher than in the adult shell.

Grormypa spinosa, Gray, P. Z.S8. 1834.

Hab. Camboja.

Three specimens in different ages, from young to nearly adult.

They are all marked with radiating brown lines on each of the sternal

and the under side of the marginal shields, which are widest in the

youngest and narrowest in the most adult specimens. The older

specimen alone has these lines on the dorsal and upper side of the

140 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BREEDING [April 9,

marginal shields ; the areole being plain brown, as in the younger

specimen.

Emys CRASSICOLLIs, Gray, Cat. Tort.Croc. Brit. Mus. p.16,1844.

Hab, Camboja.

Two specimens, adult and young.

Asin Geoemyda macrocephala, the sternum of the young specimen

is rather higher than the adult, and the centre is separated from the

side by a distinct marginal keel, which is not so visible in the more

adult specimen.

CisTUDO AMBOINENSIS, Gray, Syn. Cat. Tort. Croc. Brit. Mus.

p. 30, 1844.

Hab. Camboja.

One specimen, adult, of the high, oblong variety.

The sternum is white, with an irregular black spot on each shield.

CrocopiLus Pporosvs, Schneid.

Crocodilus porosus, Gray, Cat. B. M. p. 58.

C. biscutatus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 65. t. 2. f. 8.

Hab. Camboja.

There is a young specimen of this species, rather more than 4 feet

long, in the collection. It has no appearance of the ridges on the

centre of the hinder part of the skull, on which Crocodilus siamensis,

Schl., and C. galeatus, Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 1. f. 9), is founded ;

indeed it is very doubtful if these were not accidental malformations

in the skull figured.

2. REMARKS ON THE BREEDING OF THE LARGER FELIDZ IN

Captivity. By A. D. BartT.etr.

(Plate XXII.)

The Lion (Felis leo) appears to breed more freely than any other

species of Felis, and the number of young at a birth is greater, not

unfrequently four and sometimes five being produced in a litter. It

is remarkable that these animals breed more freely in travelling col-

lections (wild-beast shows) than in zoological gardens ; probably the

constant excitement and irritation produced by moving from place

to place, or change of air, may have considerable influence in the

matter.

The Tiger (Felis tigris) has rarely bred in confinement ; but there

are several well-authenticated instances of the female Tiger breeding

with the Lion. The hybrids lived, and in due time arrived at ma-

turity.

‘Antena of this mixed breed have been exhibited in a travelling

menagerie kept by Mr. Atkins; the appearance of the animals at

once bespoke their mixed origin.

I have more than once met with instances of the male Jaguar (F.

onca) breeding with a female Leopard (F’. /eopardus) : these hybrids

also were reared recently in Wombwell’s well-known travelling col-

1861. ] OF THE LARGER FELID IN CAPTIVITY. 141

lection. I have seen some animals of this kind bred between a male

black Jaguar and a female Indian Leopard; the young partook strongly

of the male, being almost black.

The Leopard is not unfrequently bred in captivity ; many have

been bred and reared in the Society’s Gardens, and elsewhere.

The Puma (F. concolor) has bred frequently in the Society’s

Gardens. This species appears to produce generally two only at a

birth, in some cases only one: they rear their young without diffi-

culty.

The Ocelot (F. pardalis) has also bred two or three times in the

Society’s Gardens.

As far as I am able to ascertain, the period of gestation in the

foregoing species is sixteen weeks. The young of some of the spe-

cies bear a great resemblance to each other ; thus, for instance, the

young of the Lion is indistinctly spotted all over; the young of the

Puma is also spotted with large and well-marked patches, which the

accompanying figures (Plate XXII.), drawn by Mr. Wolf from young

Pumas born in the Gardens, well exhibit.

The Cheetah (Felis jubata) never to my knowledge has bred in

England ; Dr. Giinther, however, informs me that this species has bred

in the Gardens in Frankfort. From all that I have experienced with

reference to this beautiful species, I consider it one of the most difficult

of the family to keep, and consequently the chances of its breeding are

rare. This animal is generally gentle, timid, and very excitable. I

am inclined to think the want of sufficient space and exercise, toge-

ther with over-feeding, are the cause of convulsions and fits, to which

this species is liable ; I have witnessed the death of two or three

that have died from excitement after a full meal.

The young of the Tiger is striped like the adult, but of course less

distinctly. The young Leopard also resembles the adult in its mark-

ings. Not only in the large Cats, but in all the smaller species of

the genus Felis, the spots, stripes, or markings are always present in

the young of those species that are so marked in the adult state ;

and, as far as my knowledge extends, the young of all (except the

domestic cat) exhibit traces of spots or other markings, although they

disappear in the adult animals.

A very extraordinary malformation or defect has frequently oc-

curred among the lions produced during the last twenty years in the

Regent’s Park. This imperfection consists in the roof of the mouth

being open—the palatal bones do not meet, the animal is therefore

unable to suck, and consequently always dies. This abnormal con-

dition has not been confined to the young of any one pair of lions,

but many lions that have bred in the Gardens, and not in any way

related to each other, have from time to time produced these mal-

formed young, the cause of which appears to me quite unaccountable.

Since writing the above, I have the pleasure of adding that the

Society’s collection has been enriched by a litter of cubs from the

female Mexican Jaguar (Felis hernandezi) and the male of the com-

mon Jaguar (Felis onca). I may add at the same time, that the

Tigress in the Society’s Gardens is now in young.

142 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW SPECIES OF BOA. [April 9,

3. On a New SPEcIES oF THE FAmity Boip.

By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Plate XXIII.)

PELOPHILUS FORDII.

Head rather narrow; neck slender ; body thick, compressed ; tail

conical, tapering, prehensile. The anterior part of the head is covered

with regular shields, symmetrically arranged, the posterior part from

the orbits is scaly. There are four pairs of frontal shields, two small

shields being intercalated between the posterior pair ; then follows a

large square vertical shield, the largest of all the shields of the head,

situated between the superciliaries. The nasal opening is small,

between three shields—namely between the two nasals and the ante-

rior frontal. Three or four loreals, two anterior and five posterior

oculars. Thirteen upper labials, the sixth, seventh and eighth enter-

ing the orbit; none of them grooved. Pupil vertical, elliptical.

Scales smooth, in twenty-eight series on the posterior part of the

neck, and in thirty-three on the middle of the body. Ventral shields

rather narrow, 253; anal 1; subcaudals entire 70.

The ground colour is a reddish olive, more yellowish inferiorly ; a

reddish brown streak from the nasal shield through the orbit to the

angle of the mouth. A series of about eighty transverse reniform

spots from the head to the end of the tail; each spot light reddish

brown, edged with dark brown. Another series of similar, but

smaller and irregular spots along each side; belly nearly uniform.

Length of the head 2 inch, of trunk 22 inches, of tail 4 inches.

This species comes from Western Africa, but I am not aware from

what particular part. I have named it after Mr. Ford, whose merits

in herpetology are well known by his truly artistical drawings.

4, On a New Specizs oF Fisu or THE GENUS GERRES.

By Dr. A. Ginruer, For. Memes.

(Plate XXIV.)

GeRRES LONGIROSTRIS, Rapp. (Pl. XXIV.)

D.2. A.=.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without

caudal). Przeorbital and preeoperculum not serrated. Dorsal fin

not notched ; the spines are moderately strong ; the length of the

second being four-sevenths of that of the head, or two-fifths of the

depth of the body. The second and third anal spines are nearly of

the same strength, and considerably shorter than those of the dorsal

fin. Silvery, with darker stripes along the series of scales.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

This species is distinguished from all the others by the dorsal fin,

which has the upper margin even, without any indication of a notch.

It has been established by Professor W. von Rapp from specimens in

G-H.Ford.

PRGOPTILLUS. GORDIL

- re, a

“*

} . a

BG F

‘diur 4seyy\

“MIXX Pld TSL'S 2 d

SIELS OULD NOT Sa aaa

—

1861.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 143

the Museum of Tiibingen, and to him I am indebted for the accom-

panying fine drawing (Pl. XXIV.).

5. Descriptions or A New GENUS AND SOME NEw SPECIES OF

SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION or HucGu Cuming, Esa.

By H. Apams, F.L.S.

Genus Ocana, H. Adams.

Operculum costa spirali convexa, granosa instructum ; valde per-

foratum ; margine externo simplict.

Testa turbinata, solida, levis, imperforata ; spira brevis, conica ;

apertura subcircularis, latior quam longior ; labium planatum,

excavatum, antice subproductum, callo tenui extenso.

Operculum with a convex, granular spiral rib; axis deeply per-

forated ; outer edge simple.

Shell turbinate, solid, smooth; axis imperforate; spire short,

conical ; aperture subcircular, wider than long ; inner lip flattened,

excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin callus.

Ex. Ocana helicina, H. Adams.

Turbo helicinus, Born.

Turbo cidaris, Gmel.

When this species was included by my brother and myself in Sar-

maticus, to the shells of which genus it bears considerable resem-

blance, the operculum was unknown to us. I have, however, recently

had an opportunity of examining it, and find it to be entirely different

from that of Sarmaticus. It approaches more nearly that of Callo-

poma, but it is without submarginal ribs. The species is from the

Cape Colony, which is also the locality of the two known species of

the former genus.

Genus Puysa, Drap.

Subgenus Ameria, H. Adams.

Testa anfractibus postice planatis, et angulatis vel carinatis ;

spira brevi, depressa.

Shell with the whorls flattened, and angulated or carinated at the

posterior part ; spire short, depressed.

1. Puysa (AmerrA) carrtnatTa, H. Adams.

P. testa subovata, tenui, pallida flavo-fusca; spira brevissima,

apice planato ; anfractibus 3, postice planatis et valde cari-

natis; apertura subovali, plica columellari mediocri.

Shell subovate, thin, pale yellowish-brown ; spire very short, the

apex flat ; whorls three, flattened and strongly carinated posteriorly ;

aperture subovate, columellar plait moderate.

Long. 53, diam. 3$ lin.

Hab. Boyne River, Australia.

144 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [April 9,

2. Puysa (AmertA) TRUNCATA, H. Adams.

P. testa truncato-ovali, pellucida, fragili, pallido-fusca ; spira

truncata; anfractibus 3, valde carinatis ; apertura subovali,

peritremate continuo ; plica columellari obsoleta.

Shell truncate-ovate, translucent, fragile, pale. brown ; spire trun-

cate ; whorls three, strongly keeled ; aperture subovate, peritreme

continuous ; columellar plait obsolete.

Long. 4, “diam. 22 lin.

Hab. Calliope River, Australia.

3. Puysa (Amerta) opesa, H. Adams.

_P. testa truncato-ovata, brevi, tenui, fusca ; spira brevissima ;

anfractibus 3, postice carinatis et planatis ; apertura subovali,

lata, peritremate continuo ; plica columellari obsoleta.

Shell truncate-ovate, short, thin, brown ; spire very short ; whorls

three, keeled and flattened posteriorly ; aperture suboval, wide, peri-

treme continuous ; columella fold indistinct.

Long. 33, diam. 23 lin.

Hab. Fitzroy River, Australia.

4, Puysa (AmeriA) cuminatl, H. Adams.

P. testa ovali, tenui, pallido-fusca; spira brevi, anfractibus 4,

postice angulatis et planatis ; apertura subovata, peritremate

continuo ; plica columellari mediocri.

Shell ovate, thin, light brown ; spire short ; whorls four, angu-

lated and flattened at the posterior part ; aperture subovate, peri-

treme continuous ; columellar plait moderate.

Long. 8, diam. 54 lin.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia; New Zealand.

5. Paysa (Ameria) masta, H. Adams.

P. testa oblique ovali, tenui, olivaceo-fusca ; spira mediocri; an-

Sractibus 5, postice carinatis et planatis ; apertura ovali, plica

columellari conspicua.

Shell obliquely ovate, thin, olive-brown ; spire moderate ; whorls

five, carinated and flattened posteriorly ; aperture oval, columellar

plait distinct.

Long. 7, diam. 53 lin.

Hab. New Zealand.

Genus Puysopsis, Krauss.

Puysopsis jukesi1, H. Adams.

P. testa subglobosa, tenui, albida; spira brevi, obtusa; anfrac-

tibus 4, convexis; apertura subovali, perstremate continuo ;

columella recte truncata.

Shell subglobose, thin, white ; spire short, obtuse; whorls four,

P.Z.$. 1861 Plate XXV.

DMI

Porn

aa 2 es

ADB

Vi 4 Vike VY

Structure of the Vermetidee.

1861.] M.0. A, L. MORGH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 145

convex ; aperture subovate, peritreme continuous ; columella sharply

truncated.

Long. 3, diam. 2 lin.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia.

This species was discovered by Mr, Jukes at Port Essington.

The only other species of the genus known is that described by

Krauss from Port Natal.

Genus PLANoRBIs, Guett.

Subgenus Hexisoma, Swains,.

PLANorgBIs (Hetisoma) LAutus, H. Adams.

P. testa subovata, tenui, pari altitudine et latitudine, pallide

alba, supra profunde et anguste umbilicata, infra planata ;

anfractibus 3, celeriter crescentibus, convewiusculis, superne

angulatis et angustis, subtus carinatis, subtilissime striis de-

cussatis; apertura subobliqua, subovata, supra anfractum pe-

nultimum surgente, peritremate continuo.

Shell subovate, thin, the height equalling the width, yellowish-

white, deeply and narrowly umbilicated above, flat below; whorls

three, rapidly increasing, rounded, angulated and contracted above,

carinated below, decussated by fine strize ; aperture slightly oblique,

subovate, extending above the penultimate whorl, peritreme con-

tinuous.

Diam. 2 lin.

Hab. New Orleans.

Subgenus Apuxa, H. Adams. yeae

Testa anfractibus convexis et numerosis, supra profunde umbili-

cata, infra conveca; apertura campanulata.

Shell with the whorls rounded and numerous, deeply umbilicated

on the upper, and convex on the under side ; aperture campauulate.

Ex. P. (Adula) multivolvis, Case.

This species of Planorbis, which is one of the few having campa-

nulate apertures, is so different from the rest in the whorls being

numerous and slowly increasing, and in the spire being depressed

considerably below the under side, that it appears desirable to sepa-

rate it from them.

6. Review of THE VERMETID&. By Orro A. L. Mércu (oF

CoprenHAGEN). (Parr I.)

(Plate XXV.)

The shells of the Vermetide are at once to be distinguished from

those of the Serpule by the presence of a spiral nuclear shell and of

concave smooth interior septa; but these parts are often lost or con-

Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. X.

146 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9,

cealed, and it is then exceedingly difficult to decide with certainty

whether the shell is the production of an Annelid cr of a Molluscous

animal.

If the shell is formed of a solid matter strongly sculptured with lon-

gitudinal grooves or scales, or of a brownish colour, it is certainly

formed by a Vermetus; but if the shell is of a soft earthy matter,

feebly longitudinally grooved, it is doubtful to which subkingdom

it belongs.

The shells of the Serpulide have an anal opening (except the

genus Cymospira), and appear only to be composed of two layers,

the Vermetide having three.

There is a striking analogy between the Vermetide and Ostreide

in respect of colours, sculpture, and growth. As in the latter family,

the sculpture of the Vermetide is much influenced by the bodies to

which they attach themselves, the surface often showing the cast of

the sculpture of a coral * or another shell.

Ihave convinced myself by the comparison of numerous specimens,

chiefly of Siphonium nebulosum and Vermetus decussatus, Gm., that

one and the same species may vary, from being strongly grooved and

scaly to being quite smooth and polished.

The form and growth are not less variable ; the same species being

found nearly regularly spiral, top-shaped, planorbiform, or as a nearly

straight tube. The same species is sometimes affixed and solitary,

sometimes free and agglomerated, imbedded in mud (Spiroglyphus

glomeratus, Biv.). Some species (Siphonium nebulosum, Dill.) are

affixed during the greater part of their lives, and seem then, like

Caecum, to “ decollate”’ the shell and live afterwards free in the mud ;

perhaps this may have relation to the sexual functions f.

The thickness of the shell may vary from being thin and nearly

pellucid to being very thick and incrustated ; if the shell be laterally

affixed, the dilated angular sides are filled out with a solid calca-

reous mass (Chenu, Illustr. pl. 2. f. 2).

In the interior of several species (Petaloconchus) are found some

very long lamellz, generally regarded of generic value. I have

reason to think that these lamellze are dissolved with age, like the

teeth of some species of Pupa t ; or perhaps they are of a sexual na-

ture, like the interior cup of Beguina (Thecalia) concamerata, Chem.,

from the Cape of Good Hope, which is said to contain the fry.

Daudin and Marcell de Serres thought they had discovered a

generic character in the habit possessed by some Wormtubes of bur-

rowing in other shells. Although this character is more developed

and constant in some species than in others, it is scarcely of specific

value, and is common to nearly all young Vermeti. Vertically grow-

ing species often show the same dissolving power in removing parts

* Seba, ‘ Thesaurus,’ vol. iii. t. 93. f. 9, and Ostrea cumingii, Dkr. in Philippi

Abbildungen, t, 1.

+ Siebold (Lehrbuch der vergleich. Anatomie, p. 355) denies the presence of

an exterior penis ; but Rippell (Atlas, t.11.f. 3) has figured a species with an

exsert male organ. It appears that the large fusiform cells containing unde-

veloped spermatozoids (Siebold, /. c.) are Spermatophores.

t V. Martens, Ueber Pupa Wienlandi Kur. Mal. Blatter. 1859, p. 209.

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 147

of neighbouring tubes which stop their development. Saxicava and

other genera of burrowing Bivalves afford sufficient examples of the

generic and specific value of this character.

The colours are exceedingly variable in one and the same species,

and often offer a good guide to determine the genus in the absence

of the operculum. The young shells are generally of a brownish

colour ; the adults vary sometimes from brown or black to pure

white.

It sometimes appears that the Vermeti, Balani, Ostree and

Anomie not only borrow the sculpture, but even the colours from

other shells. It is frequently the case that animals and plants

(chiefly sea-weeds) of the most different families and classes living

under the same circumstances, are coloured in the same manner.

Brewster has shown that the mother-of-pearl colour is received by

a cast of melted wax, and consequently is not chemical but purely me-

chanical, like the different colours of the clouds. A further inquiry

will perhaps prove that this fact does not stand quite alone.

The presence or absence of an operculum is of great generic value;

but the tube alone does not seem to afford any character by which

the operculated species can be distinguished from the non-opercu-

lated. The different manner of interception will perhaps prove of

use in this question, but further observations must first be made.

The shape of the operculum varies in thickness and convexity ac-

cording to age, but this seems not to be of great specific value,

although it is indispensable for the generic determination.

The long bristles of the lid * of the genus Stephopoma afford ex-

cellent specific characters. The surface of the lid of Siphonium and

some other genera shows nothing particular, even under the lens ;

but if softened in water and scratched with a knife, some small spiny

bodies are obtained, which under the microscope look very like some

cylindrical nodulous forms of the Cactus family (see Plate XXV.

fig. 16). All the Vermeti seem to be viviparous. The unborn shells,

easily found in the dried animals, have the same fixed form and

sculpture as shells in general, and are of more consequence for the

establishment of species in this family than in any other.

Burtinewwa, Morch.

Moerchia, Mayer, Journ. de Conch. viii. August, 1860, p. 309,

non A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. N. H. April 1860.

Vermicularia, Mantell.

Solarium, Galeotti.

Vermetus, Nyst.

Serpula, Phil.

This genus, which has no interior septa, is perhaps most allied to

Siliquarius, which it resembles in the peculiar exterior sculpture, but

it differs from it in wanting the branchial slit, like the upper whorls of

* The only shell before known to have a ciliated operculum is Turritedla ungu-

lina, first mentioned by Loven and Forbes and Hanley; but it has been overlooked

that the cilia have five small equidistant spines on one side.

148 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDA. [April 9,

that genus. All the species are fossil, unless the shell figured by

Humphrey (Conchology, t. x. f. 8 *) is a living species of the genus.

1. BurtiIneLia contTrRARia (TJvochus), Schroter.

1777. Krausel, Martini, Neue Manigfalt. iv. p. 404, t. 1. f. 2.

1783. Schréter, Einleitung. i. p. 784.

1786. Fragmentum Trochi contrarii petrificati, Chem. ix. p. 134.

f. 977.

1788. Trochus contrarius, Schréter, Register, p. 107.

1791. Trochus ferrugineus, Gm. Syst. Nat. no. 70.

Fossil from Rhanden or Rhendenberge near Schafhausen.

The last whorl is strongly angulated. The original specimen is

still preserved in the Spenglerian Collection.

2, BurtTINELLA nystir (Solarium), Galeotti.

1784. Burtin, Orychtogr. de Bruxelles, pl. 8. f. 9 (Mayer).

1837. Solarium nystii, Galeotti, Mem. Geol. de Brab.

1843. Vermetus nystii, Nyst, Polyp. Foss. de Belg. ii. p. 373.

pl. 36. f. 8.

1860. Moerchia nystii, Mayer, Journ. de Conch. viii. p. 310.

Inferior Tertiary formation (Parisienne et Bartonienne).

3. BurTINELLA TURBINATA (Serpula), Philippi.

1846. Serpula turbinata, Phil. Verz. Magdeburg. Verstein. in Pa-

leeontographica, 1846, August 1, p. 80. t. x. f. 14.

Inferior Tertiary sand (lingurian) near Magdeburg (Phil., Mayer).

4. BuRTINELLA SOWERBII, Mantell (sp.).

1822. Vermicularia sowerbii, Mant. Sussex, p.111.t.18. f. 14, 15.

Hornsey marl pits (grey chalk marl), Mantell.

5, BurTINELLA PHILLIPSII, Morch.

1835. Vermicularia sowerbii (Mantell): Phillips’s Yorksh. i. p.95.

pl. 2. f. 29.

Speeton Clay (Phillips).

This species, according to the author, is also found dextral.

6. BurtTine.Lua nopvs, Phillips, 1835.

Vermicularia nodus, Phill. Yorksh. i. p. 125. pl. 124. f. 34.

Oolite of Cloughton, Bransby (PAillips).

SrrpHoroma, Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1860, Jan., p. 42.

Vermetus, Quoy & Gaim.

Siliquarius, part, Gray.

Tenagoda, part, Adams.

T. adulta affiva, contorta, solitaria vel agglomerata; apertura

* That the figured shell is in reality sinistral, like the species of this genus

in general, is proved by the other deviral shells being sinistral in the accidentally

reversed plate.

1861,] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE, 149

superne leviter inflewa, inferne obsoletissime effusa ; striae in-

erementi bis arcuatim retroflexe.

Operculum arctispirale, inferne converum, superne concavum, setis

longis multifidis munitum.

Animal viviparum, descriptum sequente modo in opere dicto

‘Voyage de lAstrolabe,’ “En avant du mufle est un appendice

median vertical, évasé en entonnoir, susceptible de s’allonger ; un

peu plus en avant en est un autre qui se recourbe vers l’opercule, et

qui n’est peut-étre que le pied lui méme renflé. Ce sont les ana-

logues de ceux que nous avons vus pairs dans les esptces précédentes,

et dont nous ignorons l’usage. Le pied a de plus, sur le cété droit

seulement, un petit tubercule pointu, tel qu’ Adanson* Vindique

dans son espéce. La cavité respiratrice est ample, et une branchie,

4 lamelles jaunes, cylindriques et rigides, se rebrousse par-dessus le

manteau et fait saillie 4 l’extérieur.”’

Testa natalis nautiliformis sed asymmetrica, arcuatim regulariter

granulosa ; operculum nudum membranaceum planum.

Cuvier, in 1830+, was the first to mention Vermeti with a spiny

operculum, a fact probably communicated to him by the naturalists

of ‘L’ Astrolabe,’ just returned the preceding year from their second

circumnavigation.

The form of the aperture varies in the same species from being

exactly circular to ovate or reniform. A peculiar obliquity in the

aperture of some specimens in each group led me to recognize the

species of this genus before the lids were found; this obliquity is

very likely occasioned by the long opercular bristles often forcing the

animal to withdraw the operculum obliquely, and, by their frequently

touching the border of the aperture, stopping the growth of the tube

at that side. The bristles, giving the lid quite the appearance of a

broom, are much worn, and have the ‘interstices always filled up with

fine clay. The use of these bristles in the economy of the animal it

is difficult to guess, but it may very likely be the same as that of the

spiny horns on the lid of Cymospira gigantea, Pall., and the pallets

of Xylotrya (Leach), which in shape are not very unlike the bristles

of Stephopoma roseum, Quoy & Gaim. (see Plate XXV. fig. 11).

The bristles seem under the microscope longitudinally canaliculated

outside ; but I believe this canal in reality is the hollow interior, as I

have distinctly seen under the compressor the air-bubbles move in

the interior and even ovt into the lateral spines. The sculpture of

the unborn shells has a striking resemblance to that of Argonauta

oryzata, Meusch., and is continued in a part of the first whorl of the

affixed shell. In Stephopoma tricuspe, Morch, the granules look

under the microscope like holes with a dark border. The small

holes described by Quoy and Gaimard as covering the shell of Ste-

phopoma roseum, and supposed to be formed by some parasitical

animal, will ‘perhaps prove to be an optical deception occasioned by

the sculpture.

* Adanson has mentioned a little opéning in the border of the mantle, but not

in the foot.

+ Cuvier, Rég. Animal. 1830, iii. p. 109.

150 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDA. [April 95

1. SrEPHOPOMA ROSEUM, Quoy & Gaim. (Pl. XXV. f. 11).

«© T. minima, spirali porrecta, cylindrica, rugosa et rosea.

** Long. 6-8 lin.

**Opercule rond, brun, multispiré, recouvert d’une grande quan-

tité de soies cornées, divergentes et multifides.”’

1833. Vermetus roseus, L’ Astrolabe, ii. p. 300. t. 17. f. 20-24.

Siliquaria rosea, Gray, Figures, iv. p. 83. t. 56. f. 3; Guide,

p. 128.

Stephopoma roseum, Mérch, J. de Conch. viii. p. 42.

“La rivitre Tamise (qui est saline) 4 la Nouvelle Zelande, par

d’assez grandes profondeurs.”—Quoy et Gaimard.

2. SrerpHoroma TricusPE, Mérch (Pl. XXV. f. 1).

T. agglomerata tenuiuscula, ferruginea hie illic albescens, laxe

spirata, longitudinaliter obsoletissime subtiliter-lirulata ; strie

et ruge incrementi irregulares leviter arcuate et reflexe ; anfr.

primi 2-3 conjuncti helici- vel planorbiformes, sub lente minu-

tissime arcuatim granulosi; apertura circularis vel reniformi-

ovalis, faucibus sepe badiis.

Diam. aperture 4 m. (cire.).

Operculum arcte spiratum, superne setis tricuspidibus breviusculis

confertissimis instructum ; inferne planum, badium, concentrice

sulcatum et striatum; disculo centrali subimmerso, fossula de-

clivi circumdato ; verruca centrali punctiformi ; limbus flaves-

cens, latus, nitidus, margine tenut, reflexo.

Sete triramose, stipite brevi crassiusculo supra basin contracto,

cingulis 5-6 spiniferis ; ramus medianus erectus, gracilis, longis-

simus, nudus, stipite quadruplo longior; ramus sinister dimidium

longitudinis vie attingens, extrorsum quadrispinosus, spine in-

jime gemine ; ramus dexter oppositus brevissimus, vertice tri-

spinoso (fig. 2).

Testa natalis nautiliformis (sed asymmetrica) nitida, pallide iri-

descens, alba vel pallide cyanea, arcuatim punctato-granulosa ;

granule sub microscopio inspecte, ocellate (centro pellucido

annulo obscuro circumdato). Spira subulata, obliqua, vix

prominens, ferruginea ; sutura impressa, canaliculata ; wmbt-

lico plano, apertura obliqua subhexagonalis ; peristoma superne

leviter inflecum; anfr. ultimus carina lata convexiuscula.

Strie incrementi profunde, unde peripheria crenulata. Invent

circiter x. pullos in specimine desiccato.

Diam. maj. 1 m.

Australia ; massa agglomerata (coll. Cuming).

I cannot see any trace of the specimens having been affixed to

foreign objects. It is not unlike Pyxipoma lacteum; but all the

specimens are agglutinated to each other.

3. SrePHOPOMA SENTICOsUM, Morch (Pl. XXV. fig. 2 & 14).

T. alba, crassa, aperturam versus tenuis, contorta vel interdum

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 151

laxe spirata, umbilico angusto ; anfr. primi 1-2 modo teste

natalis oblique arcuatim granosi, anfr. sequentes longitudina-

liter lirulati, lire interdum aspere, sed plerumque omnino eva-

nescentes ; interstitia lirula intercalante, anfr. ultimus obsole-

tissime biangulatus, teretiusculus ; apertura circularis interdum

subovalis, superne obsolete inflexa ; faucibus interdum pallide

castaneis ; strie et ruge incrementi irregulares, superne et in-

Serne arcuatim retroflere. oS

Diam. aperture circ. 4 mm.

Operculum superne concavum setigerum, centro nudo, inferne

conico-convexum, badium, limbo nitido castaneo; centro liris con-

centricis 3-4. Sete lonyiuscule, porrecte utrinque spinis cire.

12 plerumque suboppositis, spine majores inferne spinis 1-2

horizontalibus ; scapo nudo basi calearato; lamina expansa

subbasalis, margine setoso, setis quatuor longissimis gracilibus

approximatis, basi ramulo conjunctis ; seta interna recta lon-

gior, tertia arcuata.

Testa natalis (fig. 14). Argonauts oryzate non absimilis, sed

asymmetrica, arcuatim dense regulariter tuberculata ; periphe-

ria mammillis validis circiter 25 ornata ; spira immersa bullata,

umbilico plano ; apertura obliqua orbicularis superne inflexa,

inferne obsoletissime effusa. Color castaneus vel albescens.

Diam. maj. 14 m.

Operculum membranaceum, planum, circulare, inerme, liris duabus

concentricis. Mus. reg.

Teste solitaria vel gemine in Tridacna scapha (Meusch.) afize.

4. StEPHOPoMA PENNATUM, Morch (Pl. XXV. fig. 3-8).

Stephopoma pennatum, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1860, p. 42.

Stephopoma bispinosum, Morch, Malacol. Blatter, 1860, p. 78.

n. 72.

T. solitaria spiraliter angulatim contorta, umbilico aperto ; anfr.

primi, modo teste natalis, oblique confertissime verriculosi, anfr.

sequentes longitudinaliter conferte lirulati, quadrangulares vel

obsolete pentagoni ; strie incrementi sigmoidee, antiquate, ir-

regulares, squamoidee ; apertura circularis vel subquadrangu-

laris, superne interdum inflexa; anfr. primi crassi, aperturam

versus tenues.

Diam. ap. 4 m.

Color albus, badius vel miztus.

Operculum inferne plano-convexum, badium, liris duabus concen-

tricis ; disculo centrali ruguloso subprominulo, limbo angusto

pallido nitido; superne concavum radiatum setosum, centro

nudo leviusculo ; sete conferte erecta, utrinque spinis inequa-

libus alternantibus subinflexis hic illic ternatis ; scapus nudus

inferne calcaratus, versus basin lamina expansa cornu Cervi

elaphi non absimilis, margine aculeato, spinis quatuor longis

erectis inequalibus.

152 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9,

Testa natalis (et juvenilis) lateraliter afixa planorbiformis, anfr.

primi pulcherrime arcuatim granulosi; granule in quadrata

disposite.

Var. pispinosa (Pl. XXV. figs. 9 & 10.), an sp. distincta?

Operculum inferne conico-convexum ; sete spinis utrinque cire, 14

sepe ternatis, calcar basale validissimum erectum (lamina

basalis deest ?).

Although this operculum is smaller than that of the preceding,

the basal spur of the bristles is much larger ; if this is not in con-

sequence of its being unworn, it may be a different species, especially

as it is nearly conic below.

Hab. Realejo, on Callopoma saxosum, Wood, and Crucibulum

scutellatum, Gray. On the latter shell the specimens affixed to the

light-coloured parts are white, and those affixed to the brown parts

brown; having, however, seen this on one specimen only, I cannot

decide whether it is accidental.

Srpxontum, Mrs. Gray, Figures of Moll. Anim. iv. p. 82.

Siphonium, “ Browne,” Morch, Journ. de Conch. vii. no. 4. p. 353.

Stoa, M. de Serres, Annales des Sciences Nat. iv. 1855, p. 238.

Operculum magnum, concavum vel infundibuliforme, obsolete spi-

rale, inferne plerumque mammilla centrali.

Patrick Browne comprehended under the generic name Siphonium

nearly all those different forms of ‘ worm-tubes,”’ which Linnzeus

afterwards included in his genus Serpula. The first species is thus

characterized in the ‘ Civil and Natural History of Jamaica,’ “ Sué-

aquale angulatum et flecuosum.” The second word very likely sig-

nifies triangular (¢riqueter), and by “ flexuosus,”’ is probably meant

creeping horizontally in bends, in opposition to “ contorta,’ which

applies better to the Vermeti. It seems to me therefore likely that

the first and typical species is a Serpula. The fifth species is with-

out doubt Vermetus Knorrii, Desh., a form for which Lister pre-

viously had instituted the name Vermiculus. The only figured spe-

cies is a Teredo. I have adopted the name after Dr. Gray, as it does

not appear to have been used before. Stphonium, Link., is very

badly described in the ‘ Catalogue of the Rostok Collection,’ iii. p. 9,

1807, thus: ‘Shell straight, with septa forming rings outside. Here

belong the straight Nautili. Siph. fasciatum is exactly like Nau-

tilus fascia, Gm., but larger.” The species of Gmelin belongs to

the Foraminifera.

M. de Serres has established a genus of “ Annelides sedentaires

tubicolés,” under the name Stoa, chiefly on account of their habit of

burrowing a bed in the surface of other shells, exactly corresponding

to the genus Spiroglyphus of Daudin. Both authors have mixed

together species of two very different genera, the one with a con-

cave, the other with a thick convex operculum; but as Daudin has

selected for illustration of his genus a species with an operculum of

the latter kind, I regard the represented species as the type, although

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 153

it is the second in order. The genus Stoa is characterized thus:

“Tube testacé contourné en spirale orbiculaire et irréguliére d’un

forme discoide, renfié et convexe ; dernier tour détaché du premier,

et se prolongeant parfois en un tube droit, ouverture ovalaire, ter-

miné par un opercule solide, calcaire, conique et surchargé, formé

par de trés petites bandes circulaires presque subspirales.”’ A conical

operculum, which is solid and calcareous, seems so unnatural and

without analogy among the Mollusca and Annelida that I suppose a

covering of Nullipora or some other calcareous matter, which I fre-

quently have observed, has given rise to the above statement. In

the figure of M. de Serres the last whorl of the operculum terminates

abruptly at the edge, just like the lid of Siliquarius, represented at

p- 321 in Chenu’s ‘ Manuel,’ which I have never seen so strongly ex-

pressed, neither have I seen an operculum of the high conical shape

figured. The concavity of the operculum is very different, accord-

ing to the species. In the centre of the under side there is often a

conical wart, sometimes very prominent; but I do not believe it is

of generic value, as in a series of species it decreases more and more,

and finishes by disappearing entirely. In all the smaller species

the operculum is yellow with a red central spot, which, as well as

the central wart below, is wanting in the larger species. The whorls

are generally few and indistinct ; S. megamastus, Mérch, has two or

three concentric erect laminze, which give the operculum the appear-

ance of being threefold. The surface is covered with some exceedingly

small bodies—scarcely to be seen with the naked eye—of a cylindri-

cal nodulous form, invested with numerous spicula of a glass-like

appearance (Pl. XXV. fig. 13). These bodies would be of great im-

portance for the distinction of species if their form were not altered

by exsiccation, and if they were not, on account of their minuteness,

exceedingly difficult to be shown in the same position for comparison.

They are at once to be distinguished from the bristles of Stephopoma

by their microscopic size and, as it seems, the silicious nature of

the spicula, which are always broken abruptly like a steel needle ;

whilst the spines of Stephopoma are rarely broken. The axis seems

to be of the same substance in both genera. The animal is described

by Quoy and Gaimard, and Dr. Gray in the ‘Spicilegia.””. The pro-

podium is semilunar with projecting corners, with two rather small

approximating pedal tentacula, which appear to be rudimentary or

wanting in S. tonganum and S. reticulatum, Q. & G., whilst they are

rather large in S. nebulosum, Dillw., and considerably exceeding the

tentacula in size in 8. platypus, Moérch; a dried specimen of the latter

species showed a flat leaf-like propodium, bringing to mind the under

lip of the pupa of the Dragon-fly.

_ Sect. a. Denproroma, Mérch. Operculum planiusculum, in-

Serne mammilla centrali validissima, superne laminis 2-3 con-

centricis suberectis ; asperitates vertice trifide, spiculis subu-

latis leviter arcuatis.

5. Srpponium (DENDROPoMA) MEGAMASTUM, Moérch(PI. XXV.

f.12 & 13).

154 M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [April 9,

T’. teres repens varie torta, lactea in fundo ferruginea, liris longi-

tudinalibus subremotis, lira mediana sepe valida, strie et ruge

inerementi arcuate, intersectionibus squamiferis ; interstitia

lirarum obsolete foveolata ; apertura circularis obliqua ; diam.

4-5m. T. juventute leviuscula liris obsoletis, nitida, tenuis,

castanea, plerumque planorbiformis.

Operculum tenuiusculum flavum, superne sat concavum, laminis

2-3 concentricis suberectis, punctis asperis munitum, area

centralt aurantia, centro impresso plerumque flavo ; inferne

planiusculum, limbo nitido pallido convexo ; impressio muscu-

laris opaca, cerea, concentrice ruguloso-striata, lirula circulari

terminata ; mammilla centrali validissima obtuse conica.

Diam. 33 m.

Asperitates oculo armatissimo inspecte arborescentes ; stirps ro-

bustus brevis, ramis tribus porrectis inequalibus, lateraliter

biaculeatis, vertice aculeis 4-6; aculei longi subulati leviter

arcuati sed plerumque fracti (fig. 13).

California? : numerous specimens burrowing, but not very deeply,

in the surface of a Haliotis nodosus, Reeve. The small vaulted com-

pressed scales of the grooves seem to be caused by numerous small

holes of pérforating animals, chiefly those of Cliona, which have

made the surface of the Haliotis very rough ; but it must be ob-

served that the Vermeti themselves are also attacked.

Var. CENTIQUADRA.

Aletes centiquadrus, var. imbricatus, Carp. Cat. p. 302.

T. brunnea fundo albescens, planorbiformis, semi-immersa, anfr.

planati utrinque obtuse angulati, longitudinaliter lirati ; lire

subequales approximate, strie et ruge incrementi arcuate,

intersectionibus nodulis obsoletis subremotis, vel in locis obtectis,

squamulis asperis remotis munitis.

Diam. testz 20 m. ; diam. aperture 3-4 m. Operculum ignotum,

California: a single specimen deeply burrowing in an Haliotis

splendens, Mawe. The sculpture and colour of this shell, which I

only regard as a variety, bring to mind the Aletes centiquadrus, Val,

6. SrpHonrum (DENDROPOMA) LITUELLA, Morch.

Stoa ammonitiformis, M. de Serres, Ann. des Sc. 1. c. p. 242, note.

Spiroglyphus, sp., Carpenter, Report, p. 324 (verisimiliter).

T. varie torta plerumque lituiformis, profundissime immersa ;

anfr. graciles plani, utrinque obtuse angulati, sepe fossula lone

gitudinali mediana, unde carina vel lira obtusa lateris externi ;

stri@ et lire incrementi arcuate, approximate, regulares ; aper=

tura circularis interdum obliqua, nonnunquam soluta ; color al-

bescens vel cinereus, interdum fascia obsoleta fusca, anfr. primi

badii. T. infantilis nitida, apice bullata.

Diam. ap. 2 m. (circiter).

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 155

Operculum nudum (?) membranaceum, pallide flavum, superne leviter

concavum, area centrali vivide coccinea, lirula circulari mediana

circumdata ; inferne convewiusculum; area muscularis flava

opaca, mammilla centrali conica prominente, limbus pallide flavus

nitidus.

Diam. 1,1,-2 m.

California: about ten specimens deeply imbedded in the surface

of a young Haliotis splendens (coll. Cuming).

This species is to be distinguished from the preceding by its nar-

rower whorls, smaller size, prominent and regular strize of growth, and

the absence of longitudinal lire. It is difficult without the operculum

to distinguish this species from Spiroglyphus spiruliformis, Serves.

The Stoa ammonitiformis, stated by M. de Serres to be found on

Haliotis californiensis, is very likely the young of this species; but

the figured typical form from the East Indies differs in the whorls

being broader and cylindrical. If the Spiroglyphus from Upper Cali-

fornia, mentioned by Carpenter (Report, p. 324), is from the Cu-

mingian collection, it must be this species labelled California. The

operculum closely resembles that of the young of the preceding, but

wants the microscopical tufts, which are perhaps dependent on age.

7. StpHonium (DeNpDROPOMA) Levcozontas, Mérch.

T. planorbiformis, superficialiter corrodens, tenuis, castanea, fascia

pallida vel alba laterali ; anfr. teretiusculi, utrinque obtuse an-

gulati, superne (nec lateraliter) liris circiter vi. obsoletissime

nodulosis ; anfr.ultimus aperturam versus antiquatus; striae et

ruge incrementi arcuate, unde irregulariter reticulate ; aper-

tura circularis, plerumque subsoluta, rarissime immersa ; anfr.

ultimus interdum rectus.

Diam. teste cir. 8 m., aperture 21 m.

Operculum rufescens, superne profunde concavum, opacum, con-

centrice liratum, peripheria margine angusto obscuro ; inferne

convexum ; area muscularis opaca, concentrice bilirata, centro

mammilla valida concentrice subtilissime ruguloso-striata ; lim-

bus latus nitidus, lineis duabus concentricis saturate rufis, peri-

pheria margine angusto albo.

Diam. 2 m.

West Africa ; on aspecimen of Purpura neritoidea, L., var. colu-

mella unimaculata ; about thirty-six specimens with a Vermetus

adansonit, Daudin? ‘The periphery below the angle is white and

without liree. Most of the specimens do not burrow very deep, except

where they meet the nodules or ribs of the Purpura.

Var. datur Lituiformis.

8. SrpHonrum (DenpRovoma ?) TEREDULA, Morch.

T. albescens, in fundo interdum sordide carnea, repens corrodens,

varie torta vel glomerata, anfr. teretes antiquati, liris longitu-

dinalibus alternatim minoribus; strie vel ruge incrementi

acute, subremote, sigmoidee ; apertura circularis.

Diam. cire. 2+ m.

156 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDEH. [April 9,

On Haliotis tuberculata, probably from Morocco. Operculum

unknown.

Deeply burrowing, about half of the shell being concealed.

Vermetus annulatus*, Rousseau, Chenu’s Illustr. pl. 2. f. 2 (the

smaller figure) looks very like this shell ; but it is a gregarious, not

burrowing species. S. ¢eredula is perhaps most allied to S. mega-

mastus, Morch.

9, SrpHonrum (DenDROPOMA 2) aFRuUM, Gm.

Le Datin, Adanson, Senegal, p. 165. pl. 11. f. 4.

Serpula afra, Gm. 8S. N. p. 3745, no. 23.

T. solidissima, albida, corrodens, lituiformis, versus aperturam

tenuiuscula, anfr. antiquati, utrinque obtuse angulati, superne

planiusculi, liris longitudinalibus alternatim minoribus obso-

letis ; sulci incrementi profundi irregulares, strie incrementi

conferte arcuate, inferne lateraliter reducte ; apertura cir-

cularis vel subquadrangularis.

Diam. aperture cire. 31m. Operculum ignotum.

Hab. Gaboon, Western Africa, on Chama senegalensis, R.; two spe-

cimens. Closely allied to the preceding, but differs in being very

thick ; the whorls are nearly regularly quadrangular ; the striz of

growth are very prominent, except in the last whorl. According to

Adanson, the lid is only one-sixth of a line in diameter ; it is therefore

doubtful if it belongs to this genus.

10. SreHonrum (Sto) potitum (Daudin).

Spiroglyphus politus, Daudin, Recueil, 1801, p. 49.

« §. irregulariter spiralis, politus, apertura rotunda.”

«Diam. de 3 lignes au plus. Tube blanc, poli, roulé en deux

tours de spirale irrégulitre, et plus gros 4 son ouverture, qui est

cylindrique. Il se creuse un lit et s’attache sur diverses coquillages

bivalves de I’Inde, du genre des jambonneaux et des peignes.”” The

expression, “plus gros a son ouverture,” and the above measurement,

lead me to consider this species as identical with Stoa perforans of

De Serres.

a. Stoa perforans, M. de Serres, Ann. d. Se. N. 1855, v. p. 241.

t. 8. f. 3-6.

“ Cette espéce, A tube court, a spirale raccourcie, dont la dernier

tour est sur le méme plan que le second, presente dans son ensemble

une forme 4 peu pres discoide. L’ouverture de la bouche ample, ar-

rondie est analogue & celle des Cyclostomes. Les dimensions depas-

sent peu 0™:010 0-012.”

Represented on a young specimen of Tridacna gigas, L. ; but,

p- 239, it is indicated to be found on Tridacna, Hippopus, and Ser-

pula ; p. 238, the species of the latter genus is named Serpula pana-

mensis, Chenu, which is V. eburneus, Reeve.

* It is without doubt Serpula annulata, Lam., 1818, v. p. 364, no. 11.

1861.]| M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 157

11. StpHonrum (Sroa) piarypus, Morch.

T. solidissima, corrodens, spira planorbiformis anfractibus an-

gustis, anfr. ultimus ovalis, aperturam versus planus, utrinque

obtuse angulatus, strie et strate incrementi arcuate remote

irregulares in latere externo acute; apertura circularis obli-

qua, peritremate superne crasso; color albus, faucibus fusces-

centibus.

Diam. aperture 7 m.

Operculum tenue pellucidum pallide flavum, superne concavum

laminis concentricis circiter 4 obsoletis appressis ; inferne con-

vexum, limbo nitido latiusculo ; impressio muscularis opaca,

centro convexo lato aurantiaco, tuberculo minimo elongato sub-

centrali (an morbo ?).

Diam. 6} m.

Animal rostro brevissimo; capite depressiusculo, utrinque acute

carinato, inferne fornicato excavato et transversim pulcherrime

lirato ; tentacula brevia obtusiuscula oculos ad basin externam

gerentia ; os minutum infundibuliforme ; propodium foliaceum

antice bilobatum, utrinque cornu tentacula duplo vel triplo su-

perante. Mesopodium ? postice uti bituberculatum. Capite

superne et tentaculis utringue maculis nigris irregularibus or-

natis. Ex specimine desiccato,

Hab. Sandwich Islands, on a Chama. The specimen has bur-

rowed in its own spire. This shell resembles very much the larger

figure of Stoa perforans, M. de Serres, but is considerably larger,

and has the whorls flattened. The operculum is more flat than

conical,

12. SrpHontum (Sto) pa-costx, Mérch.

Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t..% f. 15.

Spiroglyphus da-coste, Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1860, p. 46. n. 8.

Since the above name was published I find in my note-book that I

have seen this shell, perhaps the very specimen of Humphrey, in the

cases of the British Museum, under a more correct name. Although

I have not at present any specimen for comparison, I suppose this

species is sufficiently distinguished by its crest and want of longitu-

dinal grooves. It appears to be one of the largest burrowing Worm-

tubes.

13. SrpHontum (Stoa) suscRENATUM (Lam.),

“TT. repente flexuosa, albida; carina dorsali carinisque latera-

libus dentato-crenatis, operculo brevissime conico.

**Qcean indien, sur le Spondyle mutique. Elle se creuse un lit

sur la coquille”’ (coll. Lam.).

Vermilia subcrenata, Lam. 1818, v. p. 370; ed. Desh. v. p. 634 :

Bly. Dict. Se. t. 57. p. 329.

Stoa? subcrenata, M. de Serres, Ann. Sc. 1855, y. p. 240.

The shell represented in Chenu’s Illustrations, pl. 9. f. 3, et pl. 10.

158 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [April 9,

f. 16, has not a single character in common with the description of

Lamarck. A Spondyle mutique is not mentioned in Lamarck’s

later publications; but I suppose it is the Spondylus microlepos,

Lam. (no. 16), according to the expression “ cet Spondyle semble

mutique,’’ a species not even mentioned in Chenu’s Monograph. A

query is added to the locality “‘ Ocean indien.” I refer to this spe-

cies the following varieties :—

Var. a. SQUAMULOSA.

T. albescens, planorbiformis vel repens, sepe profunde corrodens,

longitudinaliter lirata ; lire approximate, huc illue alternatim

minores, nodulis transversim compressis sat remotis, et in locis

oceultis sqguamis parvis acutis ornatis ; lire 1—3 laterales inter-

dum validiores ; strie incrementi oblique, obsolete, squamifere ;

apertura subcircularis.

Operculum membranaceum, diaphanum, pallide flavum, superne sat

concavum, vir striatum, inferne convexum, limbo latissimo planu-

lato, flavo, nitido, liris concentricis tribus ; mammilla centrali

prominente obtusa, obscure purpurea, fascia basali aurantia

circumdata.

Diam. 14 m.

On Tridacna scapha, Meusch. (Mus. reg.)

Var. 8. BIFUNICULARIS.

T. crassa, profunde erodens, transversim oblique ruguloso-squamosa,

longitudinaliter subtilissime lirulata, liris duabus latis subti-

lissime longitudinaliter liratis.

Diam. 4 m.; diam. operculi 3 m. ; lire circiter 3 m. late.

On Turbo margaritaceus, var.? The two broad longitudinal

grooves look like a cast of the furrows of the Turbo.

Var. y. CRISTATA.

T. triquetra, crassiuscula, carina mediana squamis validis re-

motis ; utrinque angulis acutis, squamis latis angulatis ornatis ;

lire incrementi pulcherrime, regulares, arcuate, leviter flere

in interstitiis ; apertura superne rectangularis.

Diam. 25 m.

On the same shell as the preceding, burrowing in the suture. Not

unlike Vermetus carinatus, Rouss. (Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 4).

Var. 6. SUBDECUSSATA.

T. repens, profunde immersa, obtuse quadrangularis, antiquata,

lirule longitudinales subtilissime, interrupta, strie@ et lirule

incrementi subtilissime conferte undulate, unde obsolete gra-

nulosa.

Diam. 2m. Operculum differt a preecedentis macula coccinea

ceutrali latiore.

This variety, as well as the preceding, is very like S. lituella,

no. 6. On the operculum was found a bristle with minute distant

spines ; but I am not sure that it is not quite a foreign body.

1861.] M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 159

Var. e. spinosa (Pl. XXV. fig. 16).

T.. gracilis, candida, irregulariter spinoso-squamosa, vit lirulata,

intus lactea politissima.

Diam. 3 m.

Operculum pallide aurantiacum, superne infundibuliforme, centro

impresso, spiraliter conferte lirulato, nodulis microscopicis

subcylindricis vertice medio inflexo spiculis obsitis ; inferne

breve conicum, area muscularis parva, margine concentrico ele-

vato terminata, centro acuto submammillato rufo ; limbo latis-

simo nitido, pallide aurantiaco, margine angusto pertpherico

pallidissimo terminato.

Diam. 2 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming, Mus. Reg.) ; imbedded in the

lower valve of a Spondylus nicobaricus. Some parts of the tube

are quite free, but near the aperture it is closely imbedded : it seems

consequently not to be burrowing except perhaps in the very first

whorls. The spines resemble those of the Spondylus; it may prove

to be a distinct species.

14. SrpHontum (Stoa ?) rextum, Morch.

T. corallicola, albida planorbiformis, omnino immersa; anfr.

utrinque rectangulati acuti, aperturam versus ampliati, superficie

planissima vel leviter concava ; lamine incrementi arcuate,

margine conferte undulate, regulares erecte obtuse, interstitus

profundis angustis ; lirule longitudinales 5-6 spurie obsolete,

aperturam versus lirulis obliquis tenuissimis ; apertura circu-

laris, obliqua.

Diam. teste 15 m., diam. aperturae 53 m.

Operculum pallide flavum, pellucidum, superne profunde concavum,

laminis concentricis confertis appressis obsoletis ; inferne con-

veaum, area muscularis spiraliter obsolete lirulata, centro coc-

cineo prominulo obtuso ; limbus latus nitidus.

Diam. 5} m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. in Porite emortuo, profundissime corrodens.

H. Cuming. legit; extat in collectione Dr. Hornbeckii.

Var. a. SCAPHITOIDES.

T’. scaphitiformis, spira occulta ; apertura circularis resupinata

@qua, margine postico extus undulato, punctis duabus auran-

tus.

Diam. aperture fere 7 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin., in Porite emortuo profundissime corrodens

(coll. Cuming.).

Testa juvenilis planorbiformis, umbilico lato planiusculo ; anfr.

primi fusci, ruge incrementi arcuate gemine, antice insculpte,

cineree ; intus fascia columellari latissima castanea, margi-

nibus pallidis.

Diam. 4 m.

(Coll. Dr. Hornbeck.)

The sculpture looks very like the knitting of a stocking, and would

160 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [April 9,

be taken for a cast of the coral, if several other specimens of Ver-

meti on the same kind of Porites did not show a different sculpture.

This species is the deepest burrowing of all the Vermeti, the surface

being exactly in the same plane as the surface of the dead coral in

which it burrows. The young shell closely resembles Spiroglyphus

spiruliformis, M. de Serres, but the whorls are broader and flatter.

The operculum is covered with microscopical bodies similar to those

shown in fig. 16 of the plate.

Var. 8. UNGUICULATA.

T. corallicola erodens semi-immersa, spira planorbiformis badia,

anfr. utrinque obtuse rectangulati, superne plani, liris obsoletis

subremotis, versus aperturam sepe linea castanea (interdum un-

dulata) marginatis; lamine incrementi tenuissine appresse

margine irregulari, in locis occultis, presertim in antico latere

varicum, crassiores, conferte undulate ; apertura circularis li-

bera, faucibus albis, columella badia, colore in latere sinistro

perspicuo ; pone aperturam varicibus duabus erectis, validis,

acutis, antice excavatis.

Diam. apert. 53-6 m.

I have no hesitation in referring this shell to S. tewtum, and the

presence of the characteristic undulated laminz of growth in a few

concealed places, and the two small ferruginous spots in var. a cor-

responding to the brown lines in the present variety, seem to be

sufficient reasons for this opinion. In the two varices, the form of

the whorls, and the manner of burrowing, it approaches Siphonium

maximum, Sow. The brown lines sometimes bordering the longitu-

dinal lire point to some affinity with S. pictum.

15. Srpsonium (Sroa) scapHiTELLA, Morch.

T'. scaphitiformis affica vix corrodens ; spira planorbiformis late

umbilicata ; anfr. afixi unde planissimt ; superne convewi versus

aperturam ampliati, longitudinaliter lirulati ; lire plerumque

alternatim minores, lira mediana et lire lateris interni tres

validiores syuamifere; squame compresse, acute, remote ; latus

externum oblique varicoso-rugosum ; lamine incrementi brevis-

sime, tenuissime, regulares, presertim in regione umbilicali

prominentes, aperturam versus obsolete ; apertura circulars,

obliqua, libera. Color albus; stratum internum lateris affixi

denudatum, badium.

Diam. 53 m.

Operculum flavescens pellucidum, superne concavum centro w-

presso; inferne convexum ; impressio muscularis spiraliter con-

Jerte tenuissime lirulata; centro aurantio, disculo obtuso coc-

cineo; limbus latus nitidus.

Diam. 5 m.

The lid is much thinner and somewhat flatter than that of the pre-

ceding, the centre is also more blunt and fiattish.

Had. Ins. Philippin. ; a single detached specimen in Mr. Cuming’s

collection.

1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 161

The affixed side wants the thick exterior layer, so that the thin

interior brown one is exposed, which seems to indicate that the ani-

mal has been slightly burrowing, although it is quite flat, without

any trace of convexity. The size and form are those of S. textum,

M.; but the sculpture and semicylindrical vaulted shape of the whorls

are quite different.

16. SrpHonium Pictum, Morch.

T. tenuiuscula, repens, superficialiter corrodens ; anfr. subcylin-

drici, superne planiuscult, liris noduliferis compressis 4—5, utrin-

que linea ferruginea terminatis, lira externa interrupta ; noduli

obsoleti, elongati, remoti (subsquamosi), antice interdum fissi ;

interstitia lirulis duabus inequalibus; lamine incrementi tenuis-

sime, appresse, margine leviter rimose, in interstitiis arcuatis ;

apertura ampla, circularis ; intus ubique badia vel castanea.

Diam. aperturee 10 m.

T. juvenilis planorbiformis. Operculum ignotum.

Hab. India orientalis ; in specimen pedale Tridacne gigantis le-

viter corrodens (Mus. Regium).

Humphrey, Conchology, pl. 10. f. 12, 12 (verisimiliter).

This shell is rather thin in proportion to its size. The lamine of

growth are arcuate between the grooves, and are not unlike those of

S. textum, var. G, which it also resembles in the lire being most

strongly coloured at the sides.

Var. a. TURBOIDES.

T. crassa, candida, turbinata; anfr. ultimus superne planiusculus,

antiquatus, fulvus, liris 4-6 ferrugineis, nodulis elongatis, sub-

squamosis, compressis, badiis ; interstitia lirulis 1-2 parvis ;

latus externum inequale, noduloso-rugosum, internum planum ;

lamine et strie incrementi arcuate, unde interstitia leviter im-

bricata ; apertura subovalis, intus candida, inferne fascia tosta

intrante pellucente.

Apert. 8 m. lata, 10 alta; diam. anfr. ult. 12-13 m. (coll. Cuming.

sine loco).

Hab. India orientalis.

A detachedspecimen with the impression of the ribs of a Pecten,

small remains of a yellow coral, and an agglutinated dark-green

spine of Stella spengleriana, Chemnitz, to which it was very likely

attached.

This variety differs chiefly from the type in its great thickness and

in having only a dark basal band inside, while the whole interior of

the type is brown. The sides are pure white without longitudinal

grooves. The under side shows, close to the mouth, a part of the in-

terior dark band. On the upper side are four or five not very pro-

minent arched varices, gaping a little in the front. From the

var. y of S. nebulosum it differs in its proportionately larger calibre,

but chiefly in its yellow band and brown-coloured grooves, of which

I have never seen any trace in the numerous specimens of its West

Indian analogue.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XI.

162 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9,

17. StpHoNn1uM NEBULOSuM, Dillwyn, 1817.

Tuyauc de mer, Davila, Cat. 1767, i. p. 100. t. 4. f. H (typus) ;

Favanne, i. p. 652. t. 6. f. 3 (copy).

Serpula nebulosa, Dillw. ii. p. 1076. no.19 ; Wood, Index, Serpula,

fig. 18 (copy).

T. juvenilis planorbiformis, corrodens, castanea, aurantiaca vel

alba, leviter spiraliter lirulata.

T. etate media affixa, spiraliter varie contorta, alba pallide au-

rantiaca variegata, longitudinaliter lirata, superne carinis

tribus squamiferis ; strie et ruge incrementi sigmoidee, in-

@quales ; apertura circularis, libera, interne fascia basali in-

trante tosta vel anthracina, ferrugineo terminata.

T. grandeva libera, tubulata, leviter torta, teres, equalis, anti-

quata, liris longitudinalibus obsoletis et subobliquis, annulatim

rugosa et sulcata,inferne septo convexo obliquo terminata. Color

candidus, intus juxta aperturam macula interrupta castanea.

Long. 80 m., diam. 10 m., diam. apert. 9 m.

Operculum pellucidum, flavescens, superne concavum, laminis ap-

proximatis concentricis, inferne converum ; impressio muscularis

magna, rufa, concentrice ruguloso-striata, linea coccinea peri-

pherica terminata, vertice obtuso lato prominulo ; limbus ele-

vatus, nitidus.

Diam. 7 m.

The concentric Jamine seem to form a distinct upper layer, which

can be separated with a knife. The spiniferous bodies are clavate,

and of the same kind as shown in fig. 16, but more elongate, and

dilated at the base. The surface is sometimes entirely occupied by

a young specimen or a Serpula.

Var. a. SERRATA.

T. liris destituta, carina laterali squamis 6-7 subremotis, com-

pressis, acutis, inequilaterali-triangularibus ; latere externo

plano; fascia interna nigra ferrugineo terminata.

Diam. 6-7 m.

Hab. Honduras ; on a branch of dead coral (coll. Cuming.).

Var. 8. ACULEATA.

T. carina submediana, squamis 7-8 compressis, angustis, longis,

liris duabus aculeato-squamosis in regione umbilicali, unde aper-

tura superne trispinosa, latere externo liris obsoletis nodulosis,

inferne transversim rugosa, latere affixo glauco et castaneo va-

riegato ; intus fascia nigra tosta.

Diam. ap. 5 m.

Hab. Honduras (coll. Cuming.).

Var. y. TURBOIDES.

T. liris 6 subequalibus, leviter nodulosis.

Serpula bicarinata, Sow. Man. f. 4; Humphrey, Conchology, pl.

10. f.9 & 10.

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 163

Vermicularia arenaria, var. a, 6, c, Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 51

(ex specim. orig. ?).

Var. 6. IMBRICATA.

Serpula? dentifera, Sow. Gen. f. 6.

Vermetus dentiferus, Gray, Philos. Trans. 1833, p. 816.

Var. e. PLANORBOIDES.

T. affixa, carina submediana acuta, syuamis remotis munita ; re-

gione umbilical bilirata, latere externo lirulis 6-7, interstitiis

lirula intercalante.

Diam. 20 m., diam. ap. 53 m.

Hab. St. Thomas, on Avicula columbus, Bolt.

Var. Z. RUGOSA.

T. antiquata et annulatim rugoso-striata ; anfr. primi liris gra-

nulosis, aperturam versus evanescentibus.

Diam. 7 m.

Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 8.

Var. 7. ANAULAX.

T. liris carens, lamina variciformi. pone aperturam ampliatam,

intus fascia basali castanea.

Diam. apert. 9 m.

Hab. Honduras (coll. Cuming.).

Var. 0. FISSURATA.

Anfr. ultimus conferte et regulariter annulatim rugosus.

This variety looks very like a Siliquarius.

Serpula dentifera, Lam., no. 24, var. 6, testis majoribus subsoli-

tariis (Mus.), and var. d, testis subrugulatis, glomeratis, belong very

likely to this species; it would at least be very remarkable if this

exceedingly common shell were not known to Lamarck.

18. S1pHONIUM G2ZDEROPI, Morch.

Serpula (an Vermetus’?) turboides, Chiereghini, Venez. 1847 ?;

Chenu, Monogr. du Spondylus, pl. 12. f. 3 ?.

T. solitaria, contorta, spira affixa; anfr. ultimus solutus, cos-

tulis spiralibus 1-3 squamis compressis remotis munitis, inter-

stitio dorsali bilirato ; strie incrementi subtilissime, arcuatim

flexe, hue illue antiquate vel rufe. Color albus vel sordide

carneus.

Operculum superne profunde concavum, rufum, laminis spiralibus

confertis brevissimis appressis flavis, unde annulis angustis al-

ternantibus flavis et rufis, centro profunde immerso fundo lato ;

inferne convexum; impressio muscularis obscura, concentrice

rugoso-striata, sulco lato plano pallido terminata, centro obtuso

lato prominente pallido, limbo latissimo nitido, lineis 4 flavis

concentricis.

Diam, 23 m.

164. M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDH. [April 9,

Var. a, costulis equalibus, circiter 12-14, approwimatis, asperis,

oblique tortis, presertim in regione umbilicali, ubi squamifere ;

apertura circularis leviter constricta.

Var. 6, carina mediana prominente.

Diam. apert. 5 m.

T. juvenilis candida erystallina, pallide fusco tincta, verrucis

cylindricis munita (Algir. Guyon, Mus. Reg.).

On Spondylus gederopus: probably from Spain.

The young shell is of a white, chaleedony-like appearance.

19. SrpHoNtIUM LURIDUM, Morch.

T. contorta, tenuiuseula, subdiaphana, pallide lurida; anfr. teretes,

rapide crescentes, soluti, angulatim contorti, longitudinaliter

striati et lirati; lire prominule, circiter 20, squamis fornicatis

compressiusculis, presertim aperturam versus, validis, interdum

transversim confluentibus ; striae incrementi in interstitus cos-

tarum leviter arcuate; anfr. primi graciles, laqueati, albi, sculp-

tura evanescente ; apertura circularis, soluta, faucibus strato

tenuissimo sericeo obtectis.

Diam. apert. 18 m.

Hab. Society Islands (coll. Cuming.).

The colour and sculpture remind one of certain varieties of Pinna

pernula, Ch. The longitudinal flat and feeble lire are almost obsolete

on the scales ; there are about three to six between the keels. The

inner thin layer scarcely conceals the outer brown colour. Some of

the keels show small indistinct white spots. The sculpture on the

infero-marginal side is entirely rubbed out, and shows the cast of

some foreign body : on one of the first whorls are distinctly to be

seen the cast and rests of the cells of a Bryozoon. The lid is un-

known, and the genus of course a little doubtful.

20. SIPHONIUM MARGARITARUM, Val.

Vermetus margaritarum, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 2 (the larger).

Vermetus margaritaceus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 2 (the same).

Aletes margaritarum, Carp. Cat. Reigen, p. 303.

Siphonium margaritarum, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1859, p. 359.

Hab. Panama (Val.); Mazatlan (Reigen).

I refer this species to the genus Stphonium, on account of the cir-

cular mouth, and some likeness to the much smaller S. nebulosum,

Dw. The lid is unknown. In Mr. Cuming’s collection there is a shell,

without locality, very like the quoted figure; but the aperture is

much higher than broad, of an oblong trapezoid shape, and the

outer basal angle of the aperture is very sharp, while the upper is

obtusely rectangular (alt. max. obliq. 22 m., lat. 14 m.). In the in-

terior is a broad blackish basal band spreading on the sides like that

of S. nebulosum, but broader. This shell will very likely prove to

be generically distinct, as all the specimens of Siphonium | have seen

have a circular mouth, depending on the large operculum.

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 165

21. SteHONIUM SUBGRANOSUM, Morch.

Siphonium costale, “ Lam.,”’ Mérch, Journ. Conch. 1859, p. 358.

T. crassiuscula, spiraliter contorta, spira affixa, alba vel flavescens ;

anfr. teretes vel latere inferno dilatati, longitudinaliter eonferte

lirulati; lire subequales, sepe 5-6, prominentiores, lira mediana

plerumque valida prominens ; interstitia lirula intercalante ;

strie et lamelle brevissime, incrementi sigmoidee, regulares,

unde lire subtiliter granulose et in locis occultis minutissime

undulato-squamose ; apertura circularis, libera nec soluta, intus

candida.

Diam. circ. 5 m.

Operculum superne concavum, laminis confertis concentricis lateris,

rufum, zona submediana flava, centro nudo excavato; inferne

convexum, impressione musculari parva, cruentata, concentrice

ruguloso-striata, linea coccinea terminata, centro conico valido

prominente, apice obtuso leviusculo pallide flavescente ; limbus

convexiusculus, nitidus, bicolor, dimidio interno flavo, externo

coccineo.

Diam. fere 7 m.

Hab. India orientalis (Tranquebar?), on Malleus vulgaris (L.),

Delphinula distorta (L.), Voluta lapponica (L.), and Margariti-

Sera inflata (Schum.).

Var. a. CARINATA.

T. affiva, spiraliter torta, umbilico lato, subtilissime conferte liru-

lata; lire equales, subtilissime granulose, carina valida com-

pressa mediana, squamis remotis obsoletis, lira prominula in

regione umbilical. Color flavescens.

Diam. ap. 8-9 m. (Mus. Reg.).

Var. 2, varice erecta intus incrassata.

Var. y, triquetra.

1’. tenuiuscula, decliviter contorta, umbilico clauso lira prominula

circumdato, unde anfr. subtriquetris, longitudinaliter pulcher-

rime lirulatis et granulosis, interstitias lirula intercurrente ;

anfr. primi teretes, planorbiformes ; apertura circularis, con-

tracta.

Diam. ap. 34, diam. anfr. ult. 5-6 m.

Operculum pallidum unicolor (desiceatione verisimiliter), superne

laminis solutis concentricis, unde uti duplicatum, limbo obscuro,

centro infundibuliformi fundo excavato ; inferne mammilla va-

lida, conica, prominente acutiuscula.

Diam. 34 m.

Several specimens on an Avicula resembling 4. egyptiaca, Chemn.

xi. f. 2019, but posteriorly deeply inflected.

This species is not very unlike V. costalis, Chenu, t. 10. f. 6; but

I have never seen any specimen of that size with such broad grooves,

nor with a protracted last whorl.

22. SIPHONIUM CARINIFERUM, Gray, 1843.

Vermetus cariniferus, Gray, Dieffenbach, New Zealand, p-. 242.

166 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April

* Shell thick, irregularly twisted, opake white, with a high com-

pressed wavy keel along the upper edge; mouth orbicular, with a

tooth above it, formed by the keel. Operculum orbicular, horny.”

New Zealand, Parengarenga, North Cape, North Island (Dr. Dief-

Senbach).

According to the description of the operculum, Dr. Gray is no

doubt correct in referring this shell to the Vermetide. From the

dorsal keel I suppose it must be a Siphonium, which is the only

genus among the Vermetide which has this character, most common

among the Serpulide.

23. SIPHONIUM MAXIMUM, Sow., 1825.

Serpula maxima, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 93. n. 23.

“T. irregulariter contorta, leviuscula, carina dorsali antice in

spinam nonnunquam desinente; apertura expansa, testarum

juniorum subtrigona, operculo corneo.”

Several specimens exist in collections ; they are attached to, and

some of them deeply imbedded in coral. It is a very large species, the

tubes being almost an inch wide. The aperture in the older shell is

round (Sow.).

Vermetus maximus, Gray, Spicileg. 1829, 1. p. 3, cum fig. anim.

“ T. junior adherens, irregulariter contorta, subtriangularis,

dorso carinato, superius erecto, rotundato; apertura orbicu-

laris ; peristomate tenui”’ (Gray).

Pacific Ocean, with coral, Stutchbury (Mus. Brit.).

Vermetus gigas, Gray, Fig..of Moll. iv. p. 28. t. 128. f. 1.

Siphonium maximum, ib. p. 82.

Serpula maxima, Brit. Mus. Wood, Index Supp. t. 8. f. 2(8 inches).

I have never seen a triangular young shell with a prominent keel

running out into a spine; such a shell is, however, represented by

Wood, creeping on the old individual ; perhaps it isa Serpula. The

figure of Wood, from a specimen in the British Museum, is probably

not only the very specimen of Gray’s, but also of Sowerby’s descrip-

tion.

Var. a. 7. grandeva, repens, aperturam versus ampliata, superne

undulato-varicosa, varice precipitante juxta aperturam ; strie

incrementi membranacee, confertissime.

Diam. aperture 33 m.; diam. cavitatis postice 14 m., long. cavi-

tatis circiter 230 m.,; diam. max. tube antice 40 m., postice 20 m.

(coll. Chr. viii.).

Vermetus gigas, A. & G., Chenu, Ill. t. 5. f. 6 a (but smaller).

Var. B, teres ; leviuscula.

Karang surumbung*, Javanorum, Junghuhn, Java, 1854, iii. p. 68.

(tabula ultima).

* Karang signifies a tube or quiver, and swrumbung a coral reef or rock; the

former is probably the same as the Malayan cappang, according to Rumphius,

used for Cuphus and Tenagodus.

1861.] M. 0. A.L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDH. 167

T’. adulta elongata, tubulosa, recta aut subflecuosa, e partibus

lateralibus septorum conereta, inde concentrice lamellosa et

stratificata, crassa, extus transversim striata et subannulatim

rugosa et aspera, sepius subtuberculosa et inequalis, intus

levissima, nitida (testa junior ad basin infimam attenuata et

spiraliter torta) ; septa transversa, remota, imperforata, tenuis-

sima, tubuloso-hemispherica (cupuliformia) se invicem amplec-

tentia (superiora inferioribus incumbentia) ; partes laterales

in testam concrete ; basis septorum libere prominula, clausa,

hemispherica, papyraceo-tenuissima, fragilis, rarius hemisphe-

rico-conica et subobliqua ; habitus orthoceratitoides, sed sipho

nullus (Junghuhn).

Diam. teste 8-14 lin. , cras. testee 3-2 lin. ; septee interne diam.

6-7 lin.

According to the inhabitants this shell is only found in Java, at

Karangitam, which forms a part of the broad reefs at the mouth of

the small river Kalapatjondong, in the district Djampong, on the south

coast of Java. The tubes, which at flood-tide are covered with 8 feet

of water, stand upright in slightly bent positions, like organ-pipes, so

closely together on the rock which they form, that it is only by

touching the many small holes of the apertures that their presence is

recognized. To this variety belongs very likely the shell brought

from Sumatra by Capt. Griffiths, and described by Home, Phil.

Transact. 1806, pp. 276 & 287 (Woodward, in Proceed. 1857, p- 245).

Vermetus gigas, Owen, Mag. of Nat. Hist: 1838, Aug., p. 408,

f. 20.

Vermetus gigas, A. & G., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 6.

Stphonium gigas, Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2304 (copy).

Serpula gigantea*, or great Oriental Worm-shell with its oper-

culum : a young specimen (Seba, t. 94), Port. Cat. 1786, p. 6, no. 97.

The figures of Owen and Chenu seem to unite Junghuhn’s shell

with the following form, which is the typical :—

Var. y. SCANDENS.

T. contorta, inter ramos Heteroporee scandens ; anfr. teretiuscult

superne et inferne subplanati, rugis transversis latis obsoletis

arcuatis, varicibus crassis precipitibus 1-2 ; strie incrementi

membranacee, conferte, sepe ferruginee ; upertura circularis,

intus candida, peritrema intus carneum.

Diam. 21 m.

Operculum pellucidum castaneum ; superne profunde concavum,

area centrali opaca, peripheria elevata ; limbo levissimo, mar-

gine angusto flavo, uti cote attenuato; inferne elevato-convexum;

impressio muscularis rotundata, prominula, concentrice inter-

rupte rugulosa ; limbus planissimus, latus, nitidus, margine

interno canali plano angusto terminato.

Diam, 183 m., lat. limbi 5 m., alt. operce. circiter 7 m.

* The middle figure on pl. 97 of Seba is very likely meant, which perhaps is a

Cuphus. The specimen was obtained by Sykes for 9s. at the auction.

168 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE veRMETIDS. [April 9.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (coll. Cuming.) ; a specimen twisted

among the branches of a dead Heteropora, agreeing very well with

Wood's figure, which distinctly shows close to the mouth one of the

characteristic abrupt feebly excavated varices. The operculum of

Vermetus giganteus from Guam, represented by Quoy and Gaimard,

pl. 67. f. 14, differs in having an impressed line close to the peri-

phery, and in having the muscular impression concentrically furrowed

with lines of alternately different sizes. The operculum in Chenu’s

‘Tllustrations’ has a central red spot, which I have not observed in

any of the present specimens. This shell shows a tendency to grow

vertically, and unites thus the form described by Junghuhn with the

other varieties, which are all creeping.

Var. 6. OPERCULO MEGACENTRO.

Operculum inferne convexum (nec elevato-converum), limbo con-

vexiusculo prominulo angusto ; impressio muscularis magna, sub-

tiliter concentrice striata.

Diam. 174 m., lat. limbi 4 m., alt. opere. 5 m.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (without shell).

This lid is flatter than that of the preceding, and, although the

diameter is only a little smaller, the central area is notably larger,

and the brim consequently narrower ; the exterior yellow peripherical

band is marked by an elevated margin as if scratched thin. The

concentric lines of the muscular impression are more feeble, sharper,

and more regular towards the periphery; they are more distinct,

and form small elongate areas.

Var e. BIANGULARIS.

Karang surumbung, var., Janghuhn, Java, f. 3 (optime).

T. repens, corrodens, semtimmersa, aperturam versus lente crescens,

utrinque obtuse angulata, lateribus planatis, superne planiuscula

vel leviter concava varicibus arcuatis precipitibus; strie@ incre-

menti membranacee, plerumque ferruginee ; apertura circularis

(vel in specimine incompleto utrinque dilatata ex angulis).

Color anfr. primi ferrugineus.

Spec. majoris long. cavitatis int. 120 m.; diam. ap. 15 m., alt.

14 m.

Spec. minoris long. cavitatis int. 90 m.; diam. ap. 15-16 m.,

alt. 13 m.

Operculum tenue, converum, pallide castaneum, superne plano-

concavum, laminis appressis concentricis obsoletissimis, uti fari-

nosum ; area centrali magna, obscura peripheria elevata; limbo

obsoletissime radiato, peripheria pallide flava ; inferne plano-

converum ; impressio muscularis opaca, concentrice ruguloso-

striata, leviuscula ; limbus nitidus, castaneus, linea obscura in-

terna terminatus, peripherie margine angustissimo pallido.

Diam. 15 m., limbi lat. 3-31 m., alt. cire. 25 m.

The upper side is covered with a farinazeous layer, which, seen

under the microscope, seems to show some bodies of the same

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 169

character as those seen in fig. 16. In the brim of the under side

are here and there some of the kind, shown by small sharp points,

which look like imbedded sand-corns.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island; two associated specimens half sunk

in the surface of a dead coral (coll. Cuming.).

The smaller specimen has the aperture incomplete, and shows on

both sides an auriculated production formed by the lateral angles ;

the upper side of the aperture is inflected like the strize of growth,

whilst that of the adult specimen is straight. The first part of the

whorls is entirely concealed by the coral which, perhaps, has over-

grown it. This, however, is not clear, because a saw has been used

to diminish the size of the coral.

Var. . PRELONGA.

T. repens, corrodens, gracilis, fere per totam longitudinem equalis,

utringque obtuse rectangulata, inferne elevato-convexa, tenuis,

superne crassa, plana, levis, sebacea, sordide alba, varicibus hue

illuc parvis acutis oblique arcuatis; strie et ruge increment

obsolete, arcuate, granulis oblongis obsoletissimis ; anfr. primi

laqueati conjuncti, lateribus inferne dilatatis ; septa frequen-

tissima, cylindraceo-convexa, tenuia; apertura parva, superne

arcuata reducta, lateribus rectis.

Long. 64-82 dm., long. cavitatis 12dm., diam. transv. aperture

10-11 m., crassitie superne 6 m.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, a detached specimen; the exterior

layer of the shell is wanting on the under side, which proves it has

been burrowing. This enormously long and very narrow shell differs

chiefly from the preceding by its smooth tallow-like, slightly shining

surface ; the strie of growth are only alittle foliaceous in unexposed

places; it has nearly the same diameter throughout its length from

the mouth, whilst var. « increases somewhat more rapidly. The

transition between the above-described varieties seems so evident to

me, that I do not dare to distinguish any of them specifically, not

even the last. An allied species from the island of Tubal, in the

Red Sea, collected by Riippell, is indicated by Leuckart, ‘ Neue Wir-

bellose Thiere,’ 1827, p. 39.

Vermicuuvs, Lister, Hist. Conch. 1688, t. 548.

Tubulus, Schwammerdam, Bibl. 1738, p. 50. t. 7. f. 5, 6.

Siphonium, no. 3, Browne, Jamaica.

Vermicularia, Lam. Prod. 1799; System, 1801; Bowd. Elem.

1827.

Vermetus, Gray, Gould, Adams, Stimpson, Carp., non Adanson.

Testa varie torta, juventute turritelloidea.

Operculum magnum, superne concaviusculum, laminis concentricis

suprapositis margine laciniato, limbo reflexili; inferne con-

vexiusculum, impressione musculart confertissime concentrice

lirulata.

Stimpson has described the animal thus :—*‘ Mantle fringed at its

170 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9,

margin with short filaments. The foot is very short and broad, di-

lated into rounded auricles anteriorly. The muzzle is broad, not

cleft ; the tentacula are short, conical, having their eyes at their ex-

terior base. An elevated ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened

into a membrane at the head, and passes round under the right ten-

tacle, forming a kind of canal, near which is the anus. Its colour

is a light brown, with spots and patches of black ; viviparous. The

young shell is helicoid and reversed. The operculum is corneous,

black and hard on the inner, and Jamellated on the outer surface.

It is surrounded by a thin, membranous, flexible portion, about one-

fourth its diameter ; thus it is enabled to close its shell perfectly at

the aperture, and yet to retreat far into the narrower whorls.” This

latter assertion is not quite correct ; an operculum of V’. lumbricalis B,

has a diameter of 63 m., whilst the aperture of the shell has a dia-

meter of 7 m.

Sowerby, in his ‘ Genera,’ was the first to give a representation of

the lid, but this is not very satisfactory. A drawing of V. eburneus

from life by Prof. Oersted shows considerable differences, as will be

described below.

24. VeRMICULUS ToRTUOSUS, Soldr. 1784.

T.. laxe contorta ; anfr. latere externo plano vel etiam concavius-

culo, levissimo, superne et inferne rectangulato, costa mar-

ginato, spira conica abbreviata (ex icone).

1784. Le Quadrilatére, Fav. Cat. de Latour d’ Auvergne, no. &

f. 1412; Humphrey, Conchology, t. 11. f. 4 (typus).

Serpula tortuosa, Sol., Port. Cat. p. 184. no. 3939.

Vermetus costalis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 1 & 16; Man.

f. 2295.

Vermiculus tortuosus, Morch. Journ. Conch. vii. p. 30.

Var. a. UNICOSTALIS (ex icone).

Vermetus costalis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 1 a &e.

T. latere externo convexiusculo, liris duabus equalibus, inferne

costa prominula marginato, superne nudo convexo ; aperturam

versus strigis aurantiis transversis.

Var. 3. NIDIFICANS.

T. tenuiuscula, fusco-lurida, strigis ferrugineis obsoletis trans-

versis, spiraliter torta; anfr. uno latere contigui, obtuse qua-

drangulares, longitudinaliter lirati et confertissime striati ; la-

tere externo declivi, inferne acutangulo, carina pallida albes-

cente maculis ferrugineis notata ; superne liris tribus, lirula in-

tercalante, angulo obtuso mutico ; latere interno angulo juxta

umbilicum lira gemina munito, liris duabus tribusve, lirula in-

tercalante ; regio umbilicalis conferte plano-lirata; apertura

ampla, orbicularis, obtuse quadrangularis ; spira gracilis, ferru-

ginea ; anfr. ultimus carinis obtusis tribus interstitiis striatis,

anfr. ceteri levigati, nitidi, medio carinis duabus subequalibus,

interne lirula suturali obsoleta.

Diam. ap. 11, alt. 12 m.; long. spiree cire. 9 m.

1861.] M.0.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 171

V. costalis, Chenu, pl. 3.f. 1 a, quoad sculpturam ; Humph. t. 10.

f. 5, quoad formam.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming).

Three specimens affixed to the branches of a furcate coral, not

unlike Trymohelia eburnea in shape, but very likely allied to Lepta-

sired.

This species is not quite without doubt distinct from V. lumbricalis.

The V. indicus (Rous. t. 3. f. 26) seems to be a transition. The

spire of var. (3 is entirely different from that of fig. 1 in Chenu, but

agrees with that of V. lumbricalis, var.

25, VERMICULUS SOLARINUS, Morch.

T. solidissima, alba, strigis transversis pallide aurantiis in inter-

sectionibus costarum saturatioribus ; anfr. laxi, subquadrangu-

lares, latere externo rectangulato, carinis tribus equidistantibus

crenulatis ; interstitia fundo levi nitido, longitudinaliter liru-

lata, liris duabus validis obsolete nodulosis ; latere interno semi-

tereti, conferte grosse-lirato, interstitiis profundis hic illic

lirula intercalante ; lire incrementi regulariter subremote, in-

tersectionibus lirarum incrassate, unde superficie rudi ; aper-

tura latere externo rectangulato, interno arcuato.

Long. fere 27 dm. ; diam. ap. 9-10 m.

Spira turritelloidea, nitida, alba, bast plana, concaviuscula, carina

prominente marginata, superne carina acuta approximata ; anfr.

angulo inframediano carina acuta munito, inferne lirula suturali

subocculta.

Long. fere 6 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming). One specimen.

The first whorls are planorbiform. The spire is very like that of

Turritella carinifera, Lam., and agrees in this respect with the vars. 3

and 6 6, of the following species.

26. VERMICULUS LUMBRICALIS, L.

“* T’. quasi cornea, teres seu versus apicem obsolete angulata, sensim

angustior.”’ L. Mus. L. Ulr. 689. no. 431.

Serpula lumbricalis, Linn. 8. N.x. p. 787, no. 698; xii. p. 1206,

no. 801.

Professor Liljeborg of Upsal has favoured me with a drawing of

the original specimen in the Museum of the Queen. I do not know

any figure corresponding exactly with it, except perhaps V’. indicus,

Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2a. It agrees very well with the var. a@ in size

and form ; but the keels are not continued to the mouth, and the lon-

gitudinal grooves, rather strong between the keels, are not represented

in the drawing.

Var. a. DIAPHANA.

T. tenuis, diaphana, dilute castanea ; anfr. laxe contorti, inferne

carinis duabus leviter crenatis, maculis vel punctis obsoletis

albis et castaneis, interstitio plano vel leviter excavato, liris

172 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9,

3-4 approximatis; latere externo plano, leviusculo, obsoletissime

lirulato, superne obtuse angulato, liris tribus approximatis,

latere interno convexo subtilissime lirulato: spira elongato-

conica, turritelloidea (figura in Gen. Sowerbyi non absimili

sed minore), ferruginea, basi lata plana vel concaviuscula, carina

prominente marginata, superne carina compressa approximata,

versus suturam lira sursum evanescente ; anfr. primi inferne

carinis duabus subequalibus.

Diam. ap. fere 7 m.

Buonanni, f. 20? (aggregata?).

Operculum superne concaviusculum, flavescens, laminis concentricis

suprapositis margine laciniatis; inferne convexiusculum, badium ;

impressio muscularis conferte concentrice sulcata, centro pro-

minulo convexo ; limbus bipartitus, parte externa flava flexilt,

interna nitida badia, juxta aream canali circulart plana.

Diam. cire. 64 m.

Coll. Cumingii, sine loco.

Var. 3. corNEA, Knorr, Vergn. t. 2. t. 13. f. 1 quoad colorem.

T. solidissima, badio et castaneo variegata, laxe contorta, longitu-

dinaliter subtilissime lirulata; anfr. graciles (presertim su-

perne) latere inferno plano, utrinque carina irregulariter sub-

nodulosa, interstitio lira gemina mediana; latere externo in-

Serne lira acutiuscula carinam approximante, superne angulo

obtuso, liris 3-4 approximatis subequalibus ; latere interno

pallido convexo, lirulis inequalibus ; striis et rugis incrementi

sigmoideis, aperturam versus antiquatis ; spira deficiente sed

verisimiliter ultra solitum parva ; apertura circularis inferne

incrassata.

Diam. 7 m.; diam. septi (fracture) circ. 3 m.; long. testee 223 m.

Coll. Cumingii, sine loco.

Differs from the preceding by its great solidity, and chiefly in the

outer side being of a very dark, nearly black-brown colour.

Var. y.

“ Apertura biangulata.”

Vermetus bicarinatus, Desh. Anim. s. Vert. 1843, ix. p. 67.

Var. 6. AMPLIATA.

Vermetus bicarinatus, Desh., Chenu, Lecons Elém. p. 182. f. 602.

V. indicus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2 6 (idem).

T. tenuiuscula, dilute castanea, laxe contorta ; anfr. approximati,

subtilissime lirulati, superne graciles versus aperturam ampliati,

oblique quadrangulares subgibbosi, latere interno declivi plani-

usculo, lirts geminis in medio, superne carina acuta pallida,

inferne carina obtusa subnodulosa terminato; latere externo

superne obtusissime angulato; apertura transversa, ovata, latere

interno angustato; spira turritelloidea et ei V. solarini simil-

186].] M. 0, A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 173

lima; anfr. infimus inferne bicarinatus, anfr. 6 primi angulati,

carina acuta, lira suturali subocculta.

Diam. ap. cire. 9} m.; alt 9 m.

A specimen very like the quoted figure is in Mr. Cuming’s coll.

(sine loco).

Var. 66. RUGULOSA.

T. parva, alba, versus spiram pallidissime castanea, laxe contorta,

subtilissime lirulata, latere inferno planiusculo lirato, presertim

aperturam versus, angulo externo carina acutiuscula, punctis

JSerrugineis fere equidistantibus notata, angulo interno obtuso ;

ruge et strie incrementi valida, sigmoidee, approximate ;

spira uti precedentis.

Diam. ap. cire. 5 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming).

A specimen not unlike Gualt. t. 10. f. Q, attached by the aperture

to another specimen chiefly differing in its uniform pale-brown

colour, more slender whorls (diam. 4 m.), and very feeble sculpture.

The spire is of the form of Turritella carinifera, Linn., like the

preceding. This var. and the preceding approach to /. tortuosus.

Buonanni, f. 43 (spira parva) verisimiliter.

Var. ¢. TERES.

T. laxe contorta, latere interno albescente, externo badio, subtilis-

_ sime longitudinaliter striata ; anfr. 4 primi inferne plani, carina

acutiuscula externa longitudinaliter lirata et conferte striata,

latere externo longitudinaliter lirati et striati, superne obtuse

angulati ; anfr. cetert teretiusculi, inferne obtusissime bian-

gulati, rugis incrementi sigmoideis ; apertura triangulari-ovata.

Alt. 10 m., diam. 9 m.

Spira turritelloidea gracilis; anfr. convexi, trilirati; lire due

mediane in anfractibus primis equales, lira superior minor in

anfr. ceteris, evanescens in ultimo anfractu, lira tertia sutu-

ralis.

Long. 10 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming), from the specimen represented in

Reeve’s Conch. Syst.

Vermiculus longus eleganti clavicula tortili desinens, List. p. 548.

Tubulus anguinus, Mart. i. t. 2. f. 12 B (copy).

Serpula lumbricalis, Wood, Index, t. 38. f. i, Amboina (copy).

Vermetus lumbricalis, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 152. f. 1.

Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 9.

Vermetus lumbricalis, Desh., Cuv. Regn. An. t. 62. f. 3.

Vermetus indicus, Rouss., Chenu, Il. t. 5. f. 2a.

Hornschlange, Rumph. t. 41. f. 1.

Serpula lumbricalis, Burrow, Elem. t. 22. f. 2.

Vermiculus, D’ Argeny. t. 29. f. 1.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming).

Notwithstanding the very different turritelloid portion, I doubt

174 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9,

whether this is specifically distinct, the var. a showing a transition.

A part of the keel shows some small, equidistant brown spots like

those of the preceding variety.

Serpula vermetus of Sowerby’s ‘ Genera,’ seems to be most nearly

allied to var. a, chiefly by the spire. The operculum represented in

the mouth of the shell, and the much smaller free specimens, are

very likely rather inaccurate.

27. VERMICULUS SPIRATUS, Phil. 1836.

Var. a. MELANOSCLERA.

T. solida, badia, strigis transversis atris ; anfr. obtuse quadran-

gulares ; latere externo medio angulato, carina pallida, longi-

tudinaliter lirulata; latere interno fortiter lirato, apertura

subquadrangularis.

Diam. 8-9 m.

Hab. Vera Cruz (Rathsak).

Var. 8B. QUADRANGULARIS.

Rufescens.

Vermetus quadrangulus, Phil. Mal. Zeitschr. 1848, p. 17. no. 77.

Hab. Yucatan (Philippi).

Var. y. BICARINATA.

Hornschlange, Hihnerdarm, Knorr, iv. t. 17. f. 2.

V. spiratus, Phil. Wiegm. Archiv. 1836, p. 244. t. 7. f.5 a-e.

V.. knorrii, Desh. Anim. s. vert. 1843, ix. p. 68.

V. lumbricalis, @ Orb. Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 234.

V. lumbricalis, Bowd. Elem. p. 23. t. 9. f. 17. (1822).

V.@ adanson, Blainv. Man. 1825, t. 34. f. 1 (copy).

V.. lumbricalis, Sow. Man. f. 345.

V.. indicus, Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2 (verisimiliter).

Hab. Havanna (C0. B. Philippi, d’ Orb.).

Var. 6. CINEREA.

Vermetus lumbricalis, Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 287.

Vermetus radicula, Stimps. Shells of New Engl. p. 38.

Vermetus radicula, Gray, Guide, p. 126.

Hab. New Bedford Harbour (Gould); Buzzard’s Bay southward

(Stimps.).

Var. e. UNGULINA.

Spira magna, turritelloidea, spiraliter striata et trilirata; lire

due infime subequales, maores ; umbilicus pervius ; color cas-

taneus.

Long. 7 m., lat. bas. 8 m. ; diam ap. cire. 4 m. ©

Vermetus lumbricalis, Woodward, Man. t. 9. f. 7, simillima.

Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise).

The spire of this shell is still larger, as in the quoted figure. I

have never seen a depressed aperture, as in Woodward’s plate; but

a somewhat similar one is to be seen in Schwammerdam (t. 7. f. 5, 6).

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 175

It is very like in sculpture the last variety of V. lumbricalis. I have

seen a specimen in which the three first whorls are angular and

smooth, and the rest of the spire flat and trilirate.

Var. Z. SCALARIS.

T. castanea, tenuiuscula, laxe spiralis ; anfr. teretiusculi superne

et inferne subplanulati unde obtusissime biangulati, longitu-

dinaliter lirulati et striati; ruge incrementi regulariter ap-

proximate, conferte undulate ; striae incvementi interdum mem-

hranacee ; spira parva, turritelloidea, pallida; anfr. primi

obliqui, infra medium acutanguli, anfr. ult. carinis duabus

equalibus, basi concaviuscula.

Diam. apert. 6 m.

Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 5 & 7.

Hab. Ins. St. Thomas.

All the specimens show remains of sponges ; they are all twisted in

the same manner as the spongicole Tenagodi. The transverse un-

dulated rugee remind one very much of the varices of Cirsostrema.

To this variety belongs, according to the original specimen, Vermicu-

laria glomerata, var. 2 ¢ (Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 61 ¢).

Var. ». TERES.

Vermetus lumbricalis, Pictorial Museum, f. 2820.

Lumbricoid Vermetus, Knight, Encyclop. 1856, iv. p. 1134. fig.

(copy).

Vermetus lumbricalis, Ilustrirte Naturg. f. 3743. p. 193 (copy).

A group affixed on a Chama (probably C. macrophylla) is very

likely a variety of this species.

28. VERMICULUS ANGUIS, Forbes.

Vermetus? anguis, Forbes on Fossil Invert. from Southern India ;

Geol. Trans. vii. 3. p. 124. t. 13. f. 1 (1845-56).

Uncoiled spiral of two loose turns of angulated rugose whorls,

spirally striated and semiplicated.

Hab. Pondicherry, cretaceous (Grant).

The sculpture of this shell is very like that of V. spiratus, var. Z.

29. VERMICULUS COCHLEIFORMIS, Jos. Miiller.

Vermetus cochleiformis, Mill. Mon. Aachener Kreide, 2. p. 6. t. 3.

f. 5:

Hab. Greensand of Konigsthorn on Lusberg and near Vaels

(Miller).

Not unlike in shape some forms of V. spiratus, var. . This and

the preceding have very likely lived in sponges.

30. VermiIcuLUS? CIRCUMCARINATUS, Stoppani.

Serpularia circumcarinata, Stop. Pal. Lombard. t. 6. f. 4-6.

Fossil in triassic formation. This shell is perhaps more allied to

Eccyliomphalus, Portlock.

176 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9,

31. VERMICULUS TURRITELLA, Rousseau.

Vermetus turritella, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 3.

Vermetus turritella, Rouss., Chenu, Man. p. 319. f. 2298 (copy).

This shell is perhaps most allied to V. lumbricalis, var. (3; it is

very likely not full-grown.

32. VerMIcuLUsS RovyANUS, D’Orb., 1842.

Vermetus rouyanus, D’Orb. Ter. Cretac. 2. pl. 233. f. 5-7.

V. rouyanus, D’Orb., Chenu, Man. p. 319. f. 2296.

Hab. Couches aptiennes ou terrain néocomien sup. des bassins mé-

diterranéen et parisien (D’ Ord.).

33. VeRMICULUS ALBENSIS, D’Orb., 1842.

Vermetus albensis, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. 2. p. 386. pl. 233. f. 8-9.

Hab. Couches aptiennes des environs d’ Evry (Aube) (Dupin).

The descriptions of the last two species do not seem to correspond

with the quoted figures ; but whether the names on the plate or the

diagnoses are displaced I cannot decide. It is doubtful if these two

species are not Turritelle, as neither of them is known in a distorted

state.

34. VERMICULUS CARINATUS, Hérnes.

Vermetus carinatus, Hornes, Geol. Reichsanst. 3. p. 486.t.46.f. 17.

Vermiculus triqueter, Dujard. Mém. Géol. ii. p. 283.

Vermetus adansonii, Defr. Dict. Sc. Nat. lvii. p. 326 (nec Daud.).

Serpula vermeti aff., Sow. Gen. 1824, f. 4.

T. trochiformi-acuminata, irregulari, anfractibus levibus medio

acute carinatis, supremis trochleiformibus, ultimo ad aperturam

coarctato, basi linea elevata instructa, apertura rotundata.

Long. 27 m., ap. 7 m. (Hérnes).

Hab. Tertiary formation of Steinbrunn and Lapagg (Hér.) ; Tou-

raine (Sow. et Duj.) ; Thorigné near d’Angres (De/r.).

Sect. B. Animal tentaculis longis subulatis ; pallio simplict.

Operculum magnum planum. Testa anfractibus ampliatis.

Professor Oersted’s drawing of V. eburneus differs from the de-

scription of Stimpson in the long subulate tentacula, and in not show-

ing any filaments at the brim of the mantle.

35. VERMICULUS DIMoRPHUS, Mérch.

Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 6.

T. solida, spiraliter contorta, cinnamomeo cinereoque variegata ; anfr.

laxi, lateraliter connati et affixi, ampliati, teretiusculi, longitudina-

liter confertissime striolati, latere externo convexiusculo, liris tri-

bus inequaliter remotis, latere inferno convexo lirato, liris re-

gionis umbilicalis approximatis, interstitiis lirula parva interca-

lante, latere superiore plano albo liris destituto; ruge et strie

incrementi rectiuscule, unde indistincte cancellata ; apertura orbi-

cularis vel subtriangularis.

Diam. 11 m.

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 177

Spira turritelloidea, candida, anfr. planis confusis, triliratis, lira

mediana valida compressa acuta.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (7. Cuming).

A specimen affixed to the tube of a Rocellaria(?). The sutures

of the spire are very difficult to distinguish ; it looks as if the two

equal lirse between the two carine were situated on one and the

same whorl.

? Var. a. LITUINA.

T. irregulariter planorbiformis, anfr. latere affiro plano per totam

longitudinem ; latere libero tereti, liris inequalibus planis, lira

peripherica lata ; latere interno liris confertis, interstitiis lirula

intercalante ; ruge incrementi irregulares, approximate ; anfr.

ultimus flavus, strigis confertis confluentibus lividis ; apertura or-

bicularis, subangulata.

Diam. 12-14 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming).

A detached specimen, showing the cast of the denudated layers

of a pearl-oyster, and exhibiting a feeble pearly lustre. Spire typi-

cal. I have found two specimens with about three detached whorls

in a mass of Petaloconchus flavescens, Carp., said torbe from Sicily ;

they only differ in the colour being of a dull white, and not glossy

white as in the two forms described.

36. VERMICULUS PELLUCIDUS, Brod. & Sow., 1829. (PI. XXV.

figs. 17-20.)

T. pellucida, longitudinaliter striata, apicem versus carinata.

The striz, which become carinated towards the apex, are best seen

in the young shell. The species in texture has somewhat the ap-

pearance of Magilus, Sow. & Brodr.

Vermetus pellucidus, Brodr. & Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 369.

Var. a..PLANORBOIDES.

Serpula regularis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 14.

T. tenuiuscula, irregulariter planorbiformis, lateraliter affiva ; anfr.

longitudinaliter pulcherrime dense striati et plano-lirati, lire in

anfr. primis fortiores, latere interno plano; apertura obliqua

orbicularis, latere interno affixo.

Diam. 9 m.

Spira turritelloidea, anfr. vix convexiusculi, carina valida com-

pressa acuta submediana, superne juxta suturam lira prominula et

inferne lirula suturali in anfr. primis minutissima.

A specimen without locality in Mr, Cuming’s collection, a little

smaller than the quoted representation ; the affixed side shows some

agglutinated shell-rudiments, and two or three flat marks, very likely,

from the lustre, those of a Margaritifera.

Var. aa. LAQUEARIS.

T. ut in precedente, sed anfractus connati teretiusculi ; anfr. ullimus

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XII.

178 M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. [April 9,

ampliatus, tenuis, resupinatus ; apertura orbicularis latere interno

connato ; rug@ incrementi irregulares, conferte.

Diam. ap. 15 m.

Hab. West Columbia (Cuming).

This shell differs from the preceding chiefly in having a whorl

more, which is bent back and attached by the aperture to the pe-

nultimate whorl, giving it the appearance of the figure 8 or letter S.

Var. 3. CINNAMOMINA.

T. irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. hic illie soluti, latere affixo

plani, longitudinaliter subtilissime lirulati, et regulariter lirati,

lira peripherica latiuscula ; rug@ incrementi irregulares, unde ob-

solete nodulose in intersectionibus ; anfr. ultimus aperturam ver-

sus pallide cinamominus, strigis transversis obscuris : spira ut

precedentis.

Diam. ap. 14 m.

Hab. West Columbia (Cuming).

On the affixed side are agglutinated rudiments of shells and parts

of an ochraceous stone, &c. This variety is very like the var. a of

V. dimorphus, M.; it differs chiefly from the latter in its greater ca-

libre and thinner shell. It is not impossible that the var. lituina

belongs to this species, and that the locality Philippines is a mistake,

particularly as the two small liree on the spire are not quite equal, as

in the three typical specimens of V. dimorphus.

Var. y. voLUBILIS (Pl. XXV. figs. 18 and 19).

T. eburnea, subobesa, lave volutata, longitudinaliter costata, costis

distantibus, subobsoletis.

Long. ;3;, diam. ;4 poll. (Reeve). ‘ Mus. Cuming.”

Vermetus eburneus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. 8. 1842, p. 197; Conch.

Syst. 2. p.46. pl. 152. f.2. -

Lumbricoid Vermetus, Pictorial Museum, f. 2820.

Vermetus lumbricalis, Knight, Encycl. p. 1134 ; Ilustrirte Naturg.

f- 3741.

The three latter representations from the aperture are from the

same specimen shown from the dorsal side in Reeve’s Conch. Syst.

Var. 6. VOLUBILIS (ADULTA) PICTA.

Vermetus eburneus, Carp. Cat. p. 304.

T. candida, in parte anfr. ultimi flavescens, strigis lividis (6-7)

transversis confertis ; anfr. ultimus aperturam versus ampliatus.

Long 35 diam., diam. testee 18-20 m.

Hab. West Columbia (Cuming). Two aggregated specimens.

Puntarenas (Oersted : Morch, Journ. de Conch, viii. p. 30).

Var. €. CRASSA.

Serpula panamensis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 5.

Vermiculus eburneus, Mérch, J. de Conch. viii. p. 30.

Lire prominentes: animal viride, albo maculatum, unde reticulatum,

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 179

tentacula longa subulata, interrupte-lineata ; proboscis brevis ro-

tundata.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted).

The diameter of the aperture is 10 to 105 m.; the thickness of

the shell 2m. Fossil at Newburn, N. Carolina (Carp.).

Var. 2. TIGRINA.

T. solida, sordide flavescens, strigis transversis badiis confluentibus ;

anfr. obtuse quadrangulares, longitudinaliter expresse lirati, latere

externo liris latioribus, latere superiore albo, liris destituto ; lira

peripherica lata; ruge incrementi prominentes, conferte, unde

interstitiis hic illic foveolatis ; apertura circularis, faucibus fuscis :

spira sic ut precedentis.

Diam. ap. cire. 16 m.

Hab. West Columbia (H. Cuming).

Four agglomerated specimens of different size, showing on the

flattened attached side remains of a grey sandstone. The colour, very

like that of Turritella tigrina, Kien., gives this variety a very strange

aspect ; but the nearly white var. 6 shows on a part of the whorl the

same colour, but feebler.

Var. 7. CASTANEA.

Versus aperturum strigis albis.

Diam. ap. 7 m.

A planorbiform specimen on a spine of Murex melanoleucus, Morch.

The numerous minute striz which cover the lirze as well as the

interstices, is nearly the only constant character.

The operculum is well described by Carpenter (Cat. p. 304) from

specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection ; but I have only found one

specimen, labelled West Columbia, without shell ; perhaps another

may be found in the specimen figured by Reeve. I have not been

able, even under the microscope, to discover the punctated lines men-

tioned by Carpenter.

Operculum concaviusculum, laminis 3-4, latis, confertis, laceris, ra-

diatim striatis, area centrali parva arcte spirali leviuscula; inferne

planum, badium ; impressio muscularis lira elevata peripherica

terminata, confertissime concentrice lirulata ; limbus nitidus tri-

partitus : zona interna lineis tribus concentricis, zona mediana

latior conveviuscula, externa pallida tenuis flewilis.

Diam. 9 m.; diam. impress. muse. 23 m.

Hab. West Columbia (H. Cuming).

Var. 1. from var. 6.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted).

Diam. apert. 15-16 m.

Operculum superne planum, laminis confertis (detritis ?) brevissimis ;

impressio muscularis liris concentricis confertis subirregularibus,

lira elevata terminata, centro immerso ; limbus nitidus, tripartitus ;

zona interna angustior excavata, externa pallida angusta subreflexa.

Diam. 12 m., impress. muse. 44 m.

Vermetus hindsii, Gray, Adams, Gen. t. 38. f. 8 a, 6?

180 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [April 9,

Var. 2. DISCIFER, from var. 6.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted): a smaller specimen.

Operculum superne laminis brevibus detritis, centro disco pallido

prominulo plano, concentrice confertissime striolato ; inferne pla-

num, badium ; area centralis irregulariter concentrice lirata.

Diam. 11 m., diam. impress. muse. fere 5 m.

Var. 3, from var. e, of which the animal is described, fig. 17.

Diam. 10 m., diam. impress. muse. 35 m.

The muscular impression is proportionately much larger than that

of the first described, which is much thinner.

Var. 4. suBGRANOSA, from var. 7.

Operculum superne concaviusculum, lamina concentrica juxta peri-

pheriam, laminis medianis obliteratis, inferne badium ; impressio

muscularis conferte granuloso-rugosa (an morbo !), canali irregu-

lari circumdata ; zona interna rugis obliquis approximatis.

Diam. 6 m., impress. musc. 25 m.

On the surface are some cylindrical detached bodies like blunt

spines, which look as if they were broken off at the base, but I be-

lieve they scarcely belong to the operculum.

Operculum testa juvenilis.

Diam. aperturz 3 m.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted).

Op. inferne spiraliter liratum ; impressio muscularis indistincte ter-

minata, annulo centrali.

Diam. 2} m.

The operculum is very variable, it varies from black to pale brown ;

the channel surrounding the muscular impression becomes deeper

with age, whilst it is very indistinct in the young state. The

radiating strize of the Jamine form small denticles in the border if

looked at under the microscope. The operculuin of Serpula pana-

mensis, represented by M. de Serres, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1855, v. p. 243.

t. 8. f. 7, is perhaps of this species ; but fig. 8 is very likely erroneous.

Sect. C. Spira minuta helicoidea.

The two following species are referred to this genus on account of

the operculum, notwithstanding the very different form of the shell.

37. VERMICULUS RASTRUM, Morch.

T. lateraliter affiva, laqueatim contorta, alba pallide flavescens ; anfr.

semiteretes, inequales, marginibus dilatatis, superne liris 10-12

compressis, squamas confertas fornicatas amplectentibus, intersti-

tiis lira plana interdum duplicata, squamis confertissimis arcuatis

brevibus, anfr. ultimo juxta aperturam libero, cylindrico, coarc-

tato ; apertura circularis.

Operculum superne concaviusculum, laminis laciniatis confertissimis,

centro conferte lirulato leviusculo ; inferne planiusculum, badium ;

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 181

impressio muscularis conferte lirata, opaca, peripheria leviter im-

pressa ; limbo nitido tripartito ; zona interna sulcis 2-3 spiralibus,

mediana parva vie sulcata, externa tenuis flavescens reflexa.

Diam. 93 m., impress. muse. fere 3 m., apert. testee 9 m.

Aletes not unlike A. squamigerus, Carp. Cat. p. 304, lin. 28 (coll.

Cuming.), sine loco.

The operculum is very like that of V. eburneus ; but the muscular

impression is not limited by an elevated line and flat channel. The

affixed side shows four or five diverging channels, very likely the im-

pression of the branches of a Gorgonia: on a part where the outer

shell is broken is to be seen a very long oblique septum, perhaps

pathological. The first whorls are lost; but a specimen from Pun-

tarenas (Oersted) seems to correspond with it very well, only the

scales are much feebler; its nuclear shell is helicoid and glossy.

Another specimen from the same locality, perhaps even the latter

whorls of the same specimen, has six to eight marked lire, with

three close-set small liree in the interspaces. The scales are very

numerous, small, and close-set ; the colour is ferruginous, variegated

with a foreign green hue.

Diam. of aperture 6-7 m.

The striz of growth of V. eburneus are sometimes raised ; but I

have not seen them forming scales.

38. VERMICULUS EFFUSUS, Valenc.

Vermetus effusus, Val., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f.4 a-c; Mérch, J. de

Conch. viii. p. 38.

Siphonium effusum, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2301.

Fig. 4 of Chenu is taken from the very same specimen represented

as V. centiquadrus in ‘ Voy. de Vénus’ ; the specific name seems best

to suit fig. 4a. The lid, if represented of the natural size, seems

too large for the shell.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1. Stephopoma tricuspe. Spine of operculum.

2. Stephopoma senticosum. Spine of operculum.

3, 4, 5. Stephopoma pennatum. Shell.

6, 7. Stephopoma pennatum. Operculum.

8. Stephopoma pennatum. Spine of operculum.

9. Stephopoma pennatum, var. bispinosa. Operculum.

10. Stephopoma pennatum, var. bispinosa. Spine of operculum.

11. Stephopoma roseum. Spine of operculum.

12. Siphonium (Dendropoma) megamastum. Operculum.

13. Stphonium ie i, megamastum. Spine of operculum.

14, Stephopoma senticosum. Young shell.

15. Siphonium (Stoa) subcrenatum, var. spinosa. Operculum.

16. Siphonium (Stoa) subcrenatum, var. spinosa. Spine of operculum.

17. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis.

18, 19. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis. Shell.

20. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis. Operculum.

182 MR. GOULD ON A NEW CAPRIMULGINE BIRD. [April 23,

April 23rd, 1861.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould made some remarks on a species of Woodpecker from

Siam, which he believed to be referable to the Meiglyptes jugularis

of Blyth.

The following papers were read :—

1. Description or A New Species or THE FamMILy CApRIMUL-

cip&. By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc.

CHORDEILES? PUSILLUS.

Crown of the head, back, and lesser wing-coverts dark brown,

mottled with grey and rufous, produced by each feather being crossed

by interrupted bars of grey on the basal three-fourths, and with ru-

fous near the tip; the greater wing-coverts, tertiaries, and scapu-

laries are similarly marked, but the bands are larger and more

freckled, and are mingled grey and rufous, these feathers are also

largely tipped with rufous; primaries very dark brown, the three

outermost crossed at about two-thirds from their base with a broad

band of white, which on the fourth feather assumes the form of a

large oval spot; the remaining primaries are marked near their bases

with buffy white ; upper tail-coverts brown crossed by irregular bands

of buffy grey, and encircled with rufous at the tip; two central tail-

feathers the same, the lateral ones brown, crossed by bands for three

parts of their length from their base, and the two on each side next

the central ones with a large spot of white at the tip ; on the throat

a large arrow-head-shaped mark of white ; feathers of the chest

brown, tipped with buff, forming a band across this part of the body ;

under surface crossed by numerous narrow, blackish-brown and

greyish-white bars, which latter become larger and whiter as they

proceed towards the vent ; under tail-coverts white ; tarsi naked and,

with the feet, mealy-brown.

Total length 53 inches ; wing 5; tail 23; tarsi 3.

Hab. Supposed to be Bahia.

Remark.—This is by far the smallest Goatsucker I have ever seen,

the size of its body not exceeding that of a common Sparrow (Passer

domesticus). Its gape is entirely destitute of bristles. I believe I

have placed it in the right genus; at the same time I may observe

that the wings are more curved, and the primaries less resistant, than

in the other members of the genus Chordeiles. It is doubtless a

fully adult male.

1861.] DR, BENNETT ON THE EGGS OF GYMNORHINA. 183

2. Nore on THE Eco or THE Pip1nc Crow or MaGPiE OF

New Sours Wates (GyMNoRHINA TIBICEN). By GrorGe

Bennett, M.D., F.Z.S.

It is not uncommon for eggs of the same species of bird to vary

so much both in form and colour, as to cause doubts to arise in the

minds of ornithologists as to the possibility of their being produced

by the same species. This has been well exemplified in the case of

the Red-tailed Tropic Bird (Phaéton phenicurus) more particularly,

as well as in others. On examining a number of eggs of the Piping

Crow (Gymnorhina tibicen), at Sydney, N.S. Wales, I was surprised

to observe in how many instances they differed, both with respect

to their form as well as in the markings of colour, so as to appear

to belong to distinct species, although those differing so much both

in form and colour were procured from the nest of the same bird.

The eggs I had so recently an opportunity of carefully examining

were collected by two zealous young naturalists, Mr. Edward Ramsey

and Mr. Henry Norton. The former gentleman has sent me his

notes on the eggs of the Australian Magpie, from which I have col-

lected the following information. He states that “the Piping Crow

(G. tibicen) lays eggs differing from one another in the same nest,

both in form and colour; some being long and others round, and the

coloured spots varying very much. On August 25th, 1860,” he

says, “the first Magpie’s eggs were taken this season. I have six

varieties of the eggs of this bird; and so much do they differ from

each other, that, had I not taken them from the nest, I could not

have believed they were the eggs of the same bird. All the young

birds I have taken from the nest have had the breast of a dull-brown

colour ; and a young bird brought home from the nest in 1859 is

now (1860) changing the plumage of the breast from the dull-brown

colour to black.”

3. Nore on rHE GeNus BasILoRNIs.

By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., etc.

The genus Basi/ornis was established some years back by the late

Prof. Temminck on a bird from Celebes. Since then Mr. Wallace

has met with another species in his wanderings in Ceram. As there

exists some confusion with regard to these two species, I have thought

it right to address to the Society a few remarks on them, with a

view of pointing out their distinctive characters. They are easily

distinguished from one another by the form of their crests. That of

Celebes possesses a short, compressed, keel-like crest, which extends

from the culmen to behind the head, and is composed entirely of

scale-like and convex feathers; whilst that of Ceram has an occipital,

erect and elongated crest, which, when viewed sideways, assumes

somewhat of a subtriangular form, and is composed of truncated,

rather broad and lax plumes. It also differs in having the nostrils

exposed and a naked space round each eye. In the species of Celebes

184 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF BASILORNIS. [April 23,

the nostrils are covered by the frontal plumes, and there is scarcely

any naked space round the eyes.

Wagler in 1827 described a bird from Java(?) under the name of

Pastor corythaiz, the characters of which agree with the Ceram and

not the Celebes species, with which it has been confounded by Pr.

Bonaparte and other writers.

The specific characters of the two species are subjoined—viz.

Fig. 1.

BASILORNIS CORYTHAIX (fig. 1).

Top of the head rich glossy purplish black ; crest bronzy black ;

nape, back, and beneath the body glossy chalybeous ; wings fuscous,

paler at the base of the inner web ; tail bronzy black, with the outer

feathers black with green edges ; spot below each eye, a patch on

each side of breast, and some scattered hairs on the throat, white.

Pastor corythaix, Wag). Syst. Av.

Basilornis corythaiz, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 420.

Heterornis corythaiz, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 335.

Hab. Ceram (Wallace).

BaSILORNIS CELEBENSIS (fig. 2).

Head rich glossy steel black ; crest rich glossy purplish black ;

back, breast, and abdomen chalybeous ; quills fuscous black ; tail

bronzy black, with the outer feathers greenish black ; a spot beneath

1861. | DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW COPSYCHUS. 185

each eye, and a patch on each side of breast, white, partly tipped

with buff; throat with some scattered white plumes, hair-like at base

and dilated at the tip of each ; nape and upper part of back furnished

with a few scattered buff plumes.

Basilornis celebensis, Temm. MS.

Basilornis corythaiz, p., Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 420 (deserip.).

Hab. Celebes (Menado, Makassar) (Wallace).

Fig. 2.

4. On a New Species oF THE GENUS CopsycHuS FROM Bor-

neo. By P. lL. Scuatrer, M.A., Pu.D., SECRETARY TO THE

Society.

CopsyCHUS SUAVIS.

Nigro-sericea, alis extus fuscescentioribus ; abdomine saturate

castaneo ; dorso imo et caude rectricibus lateralibus candidis,

harum quatuor mediis et proxime utrinque pogonio interiore

nigris: rostro nigro, pedibus pallide fuscis.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4-0, caudze 4°5.

Hab. In Borneo meridionali.

Obs. Atfinis Copsycho macruro, sed statura majore, cauda breviore

et rectricum pictura diversus.

I have selected two examples of this pretty species of Copsychus

out of a small collection of bird skins from Banjermassing in South-

ern Borneo, now in the hands of Mr. S. Stevens. Its nearest ally

is that well-known beautiful songster the Copsychus macrurus of

India, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its larger

size, shorter tail, and the three lateral rectrices, as well as the outer

web of the next pair, being wholly of a pure white. There are, how-

ever, blackish edgings at the base of the inner web of the second and

third pair in one of the specimens, which I take to be a male. In the

other, which is probably the female, these are absent, and the three

186 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW Copsycuus. [April 23,

external pairs of rectrices are wholly white, the belly is paler chest-

nut, the plumage above more dusky, and the size smaller.

I think this species having the tail of Copsychus and the colours

of the so-called genus Aitéacincla, justifies us in uniting these two

groups, which, as far as I can see, only differ in the elongation of

the tail in the latter. The following appear to be the described

species of the group.

a. CopsycHus.

1. CorpsycHuUSs SAULARIS

(Gracula saularis, Linn. -— Copsychus saularis, Wagl.; Moore,

Cat. B. E. 1. C. i. p. 275.—Gryllivora intermedia, Sw.), from conti-

nental India (where it is one of the best-known birds), Nepal,

Arakan, and Tenasserim.

2. CopsyCHUS CEYLONENSIS

(Gryllivora brevirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 139, et Cat.

p- 166, nec Swainson), from Ceylon, is stated by Mr. Blyth to be in-

variably distinguishable from peninsular specimens, and as such would

require a separate name, Swainson’s term ‘ drevirostra’ being refer-

able to the Javan species.

3. CopsyCHUS MINDANENSIS

(Turdus mindanensis, Gm.—Copsychus mindanensis, Blyth, /. e.

—Lanius musicus, Raffles.—Gryllivora intermedia et G. rosea, Sw.)

replaces C. saularis in Malacca, and extends apparently into Siam,

the Philippines (if Z’urdus mindanensis is really referable here), and

China. At Amoy itis said by Mr. Swinhoe (see ‘ Ibis,’ 1860, p. 54)

to be a “ common resident.”

4. CopsycHUS AM@NUS

(Turdus amenus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 147.—Copsy-

chus amenus, Moore, Cat. p. 279.—Gryll. brevirostra, Sw.) is the

Javan representative species of the true saularis group.

5. CopsycHUS PLUTO

(Temm. in Mus Lugd.; Bp. Consp. p. 267; Hartl. Cab. Journ.

f. Orn. 1853, p. 34) inhabits Borneo and Labuan. Specimens from

the latter locality, collected by Mr. Motley, are in Mr. Dillwyn’s

collection. —

6. CorpsyCHUS LUZONIENSIS.

(Bp. Consp. p. 267.—Turdus luzoniensis, Kittlitz, Mém. prés.

Acad. Se. Pet. ii. p. 5. pl. 7. 1835) is a beautiful species from the

Philippines (Island of Luzon), of which there are examples in the

British Museum and Mr. Gould’s collection.

1861. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. 187

B. Krrracincua.

7. Copsycuus suavis, described above, from Southern Borneo.

8. CopsycHUS MACRURUS

(Turdus macrurus, Gm.—Copsychus macrurus, Wagler.—Kitta-

eincla macrura, Gould.—Gryllivora longicauda, Sw.) is the well-

known Shama of Bengal, and renowned for its song. It is found in

India, Ceylon, the Malay countries, Sumatra, Java, and as far east

as Siam, whence M. Mouhot has lately transmitted the specimen

which I now exhibit.

9. CopsYCHUS STRICKLANDI

(Motley and Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 20 cum fig.), from

Labuan, is easily distinguished from the preceding by its white head.

10. CorsycHUS ALBIVENTRIS

(Kittacinela albiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii. p. 269), lately

described by Mr. Blyth, from the Andaman Islands.

The preceding are the only Asiatic species that I have any know-

ledge of. Copsychus pica (vy. Pelz. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxi. p. 323 ;

Hart]. Orn. Beitr. Madagascar. p. 38), from Madagascar, must be

accurately examined and compared before being allowed a place in

the same genus.

5. Seconp List or Siamese Reptices. By Dr. ALBERT

GintTuHer, For. Mem. Zoot. Soc.

Having examined the Saurians, Ophidians, and Batrachians of M.

Mouhot’s collection, lately transmitted from Chartaboum, on the

coast of Siam, to this country, I shall first describe the new species,

and then add a complete list of the whole series. Typical specimens

of them have been retained for the British Museum.

1. DRACO TENIOPTERUS.

Tympanum not scaly ; nostrils above the face-ridge, directed up-

wards ; a low longitudinal fold on the neck. Scales on the back of

equal size, obscurely keeled. Gular sac covered with large smooth

scales, uniformly coloured. Wings dark-greenish olive, with five

arched black bands, not extending to the margin of the wing, some

being forked at the base.

2. ACANTHOSAURA CORONATA.

The upper orbital edge serrated, without elongate spine poste-

riorly ; a short spine on each side of the neck ; a yellowish-olive band,

edged with black across the crown, from one orbital edge to the

other ; an oblique, short, yellowish band, broadly edged with brown,

from below the orbit to the angle of the mouth.

188 DR. A. GUNTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. [April 23,

This and the following species belong to the genus Acanthosaura,

as defined by Dr. Gray (Catal. Liz. p. 240). The tympanum is di-

stinct ; a short spine between it and the dorsal crest, which is rather

low. No femoral or preeanal pores. A short spine behind the orbital

edge, and separated from it by a deep notch. Back and sides co-

vered with small, smooth scales, slightly turned towards the dorsal

line, and intermixed with scattered larger ones, which are keeled ;

belly and legs with larger, keeled scales. Tail slightly compressed

at the base, the rest being round and without crest ; all its scales

are keeled, those on the lower side being oblong and provided with

more prominent keels. Throat without cross-fold and without dis-

tinct longitudinal pouch ; a slight oblique fold beforé the shoulder.

3. ACANTHOSAURA CAPRA.

The upper orbital edge not serrated, terminating posteriorly in a

long moveable horn ; no spine above the tympanum or on the side of

the neck. Nuchal crest high, not continuous with the dorsal crest,

which is rather elevated anteriorly. Crown and cheek without mark-

ings.

‘The tympanum is distinct ; no femoral. or preeanal pores. Back

and sides covered with small, smooth scales, which become gradually

larger and more distinctly keeled towards the belly ; no large scales

intermixed with the small ones, only a few appear to be a little

larger than the rest. Tail slightly compressed at the base, surrounded

by rings of oblong, keeled scales. Throat expansible; a very slight

fold before the shoulder.

4. DiLopHyYRUS MENTAGER.

Dorsal crest not interrupted above the shoulder, interrupted above

the hip; caudal crest as high as that on the back; no large scales

on the side of the neck ; sides of the throat with large convex or

tubercular scales.

This species belongs to the genus Dilophyrus, Gray (Catal. Liz.

p. 238). A high crest, composed of sabre-shaped shields, extends

from the nape of the neck to the second fifth of the length of the

tail, being interrupted above the hip. Scales on the back and the

sides of equal size, very small, with an ohscure keel obliquely directed

upwards ; those on the belly smooth, on the lower side of the tail

rather elongate, strongly keeled. Tympanum distinct. Throat with

a cross-fold. Orbital edges and sides of the neck without spines.

Tail transversely banded with black.

One stuffed specimen is 30 inches long, the tail taking 21.

5. TROPIDOPHORUS MICROLEPIS.

Snout rather narrow and produced. Scales on the back strongly

keeled, the keels not terminating in elevated spines. Back of the

tail with two series of moderately elevated spines, the series not being

continuous with those on the back of the trunk. Scales of the throat

smooth, or very indistinctly keeled. Tail with a series of plates

below, which are much larger and broader than the scales of the

1861.] DR. A. GUTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. 189

belly. Three large preeanal scales. A single anterior frontal shield

(internasal) *,

6. SIMOTES TENIATUS.

Scales in nineteen rows. Brownish-olive, with a brown longitu-

dinal dorsal band enclosing an olive-coloured line running along the

vertebral series of scales ; another brownish band along the side of

the body ; belly whitish, chequered with black.

One loreal shield ; one anterior and two posterior oculars ; eight

upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth of which enter the orbit ;

155 ventral plates ; anal entire ; 44 pairs of subcaudals. Head with

the markings characteristic of the genus; each half of the dorsal

band occupies one series of scales and two halves; the lateral band

runs along the fourth outer series, touching the third and fifth.

We were previously (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 113) enabled to

enumerate 25 species of Siamese Reptiles, which number is raised

to 42 by the following list.

Those which have been mentioned in the account of the first collec-

tion are marked with an asterisk.

1. Dracunculus maculatus, 12. Hemidactylus frenatus,

Gray. Schleg.

2. Draco teniopterus, Gthr. *13. Gecko verus, Merr.

3. Bronchocela cristatella, 14. Cylindrophis rufa, Laur.

Kuhl. 15. Python reticulatus, Schneid.

4. Acanthosaura armata, 16. Simotes teniatus, Gthr.

Gray. 17. Homalopsis buccata, L.

5. coronata, Gthr. *18. Tropidonotus quincunciatus,

6. capra, Gthr. Schleg.

*7. Calotes versicolor, Daud. 19. Dendrophis picta, Gm.

8. Dilophyrus mentager,Gthr. 20. Rana tigrina, Daud.

9. Leiolepis bellii, Gray. *21. Oxyglossus lima, Tschudi.

10. Tropidophorus microlepis, *22. Bufo melanostictus, Schn.

Gthr. *23. Polypedates maculatus,

11. Platyurus schneiderianus, Gray.

Shaw.

* This is the third species of 7ropidophorus. The two others are :—

1. TROPIDOPHORUS COCHINCHINENSIS (Cuv.): Dum. Bibr. v. p. 556. pl. 57.

f. 1.—Tropidosaurus montanus, Gray in Griffith, Anim. Kingd. ix. App. p. 35.

Snout rather obtuse. Scales on the back strongly keeled, the keels terminating

in slightly elevated spines. Two series of moderately elevated spines along the

middle of the back of the tail, the series being continuous with those on the

back of the trunk. Tail with a band of large hexagonal plates below; two large

preanal scales. Two pairs of anterior frontal shields.

Cochinchina.

2. TROPIDOPHORUS GRAYI, n. sp. (T. cochinchinensis, Gray, not Cuy.).

Snout rather narrow and produced. Scales on the back as well as those on

the tail with an exceedingly strong, lamelliform keel, elevated and spinous pos-

teriorly. Two series of spinous keels on the back of the tail, continuous with

those on the back of the trunk. Tail with rhombic scales below, which are not

much larger than those of the belly. Scales of the throat strongly keeled. Three

large preanal scales. Two pairs of anterior frontal shields.

Philippine Islands. Three specimens in the British Museum.

190 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23,

6. Descriptions oF New LAND-SHELLS, IN THE COLLECTION

or H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER.

1. Hertx uranus, Pfr. (§ 28, n. 3942). TT. subelause perfo-

rata, depressa, solida, conferte leviter striata, et striis inequa-

libus concentricis subtiliter decussata, castanea ; spira parum

elevata, obtusa ; sutura levissima; anfr. 4}, vie convexiuscult,

regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, carinatus,

basi antice subinflatus; apertura perobliqua, rhombea, intus

cerulescenti-albida; perist, rectum, marginibus callo subflecuoso

junetis, subparallelis, basali arcuato, subincrassato, ad perfo-

rationem dilatato, adnato.

Diam. maj. 68, min. 57, alt. 28 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

2. Hexirx Neptunus, Pfr. (§ 33, n.594 a). TT. mediocriter um-

bilicata, depressa, solidula, striis incrementi et lineis spiralibus

subtilissime foveolata, fulva, nitidula ; spira breviter conoidea,

obtusula ; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, in-

fiatus, peripheria obsolete subangulatus, subtus interdum fasciis

nonnullis angustis rufescentibus pictus ; apertura obliqua, late

lunaris, intus nitide margaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum,

marginibus subconniventibus, basali non dilatato, columellari

leviter fornicato-reflexo.

Diam. maj. 74, min. 63, alt. 4] mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

This shell is evidently allied to the still unknown H. pernobdilis,

Fér. (pl. 74. f. 4=Limax lampas, Martyn), and appears to differ

from that figure only by its greater size, the obsolete keel, and the

lower part of the peristome not being broadly reflected.

3. Hexrx vactiriua, Pfr. (12764). 7. imperforata, globoso-

trochiformis, tenuis, leviter striata, alabastrina, strigis filifor-

mibus lacteis fere obducta; spira turbinata, vertice obtuso ;

anfr. 4, convexi, ultimus non descendens, infra medium subcari-

natus et fascia opaca cretacea cinctus ; apertura fere diago-

nalis, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. album, undique expansum, et

refleciusculum, margine supero antrorsum flecuoso, columellari

valde dilatato, adnato, intus angulatim descendente.

Diam. maj. 244, min. 20, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray).

4. Hetrx powituensis, Pfr. (n. 1306 a). TT. imperforata,

ovato-conoidea, solida, striata, castanea; spira convexo-

conoidea, obtusula; anfr. 5, modice convext, summi pallidi, in-

terdum castaneo-unifasciati, penultimus albo-strigatus, ultimus

epidermide crassiuscula subhydrophana fusculo-albida fere om-

nino obductus ; columella subdeclivis, parum arcuata, compressa,

lata ; apertura obliqua, lunato-ovalis, intus cerulescenti-alba ;

perist. album vel rubellum, breviter incrassato-expansum, mar-

ginibus convergentibus, dextro subflexuoso.

Diam. maj. 47, min, 38, alt. 38 mill.

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFTER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 191

B. Minor, castanea, superne pallidior et fasciata, anfractibus 2,

ultimis epidermide albida vel fuscula fasciatis et strigatis.

Diam. maj. 42, min. 35, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. Polilio Islands (Mr. Porte).

5. Hexrx portit, Pfr. (n. 1308 a). TT. imperforata, globoso-

conoidea, tenuiuscula, striatula, pallide lutescens, ad suturam

fascia nigro-castanea ornata; spira convexo-elata, obtusa ;

anfr. 5, convexiusculi, summi nudi, albidi, ultimi strigis copiosis

epidermidis hydrophane albide picti, ultimus ventrosus, non

descendens ; columella alba, vix arcuata, compressa, excavata,

area nigricante cincta; apertura obliqua, rotundata lunaris,

intus margaritaceo-alba; perist. breviter reflecum, margine

dextro antrorsum subflexuoso.

Diam. maj. 44-45, min. 37, alt. 36 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

6. Heurx asax, Pfr. (n. 1342a). TT. imperforata, conoideo-

globosa, solidula, striatula, nigro-castanea, fasciis et strigis

epidermidis hydrophane albide dense reticulata; spira con-

vexo-conoidea, apice pallida, obtusula ; anfr. 44, convexiusculi,

regulariter accrescentes ; columella alba, lata, compressa, obli-

qua ; apertura parum obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus marga-

ritaceo-micans ; perist. album vel rubellum, undique breviter

expansum, marginibus convergentibus, basali cum columella an-

gulum obsoletum formante.

Diam. maj. 42, min. 35, alt. 30-31 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

7. Heirx wecror, Pfr. (n. 13494). TT. imperforata, subglo-

bosa, tenuis, striatula, straminea, castaneo-plurifasciata, epi-

dermide hydrophana lactea strigatim fere obducta ; spira

brevis, convexa, obtusula ; anfr. 4, convexiusculi, summi nudi,

carneo-fulvi, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus, antiee vix descen-

dens ; columella tenuissima, fere verticalis, subtruncata ; aper-

tura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus lutescens, castaneo late

_ trifasciata ; perist. simplex, tenue, undique breviter expansum.

Diam. maj. 38, min. 31, alt. 27 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

8. Hexiix ANDROMACHE, Pfr. (n. 13496). T. imperforata, sub-

globosa, tenuiuscula, striatula, castanea, parum nitens ; spira

convera, vertice minuto; anfr. 4-44, modice convexi, summi al-

bidi, penultimus fulvicans, ultimus globosus, non descendens,

interdum liris spiralibus leviter cinctus ; columella alba, sub-

verticalis, compressa ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata, intus

margaritacea ; perist. simplex, albidum, undique breviter ex-

pansum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro subflexuoso.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 30, alt, 28 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

192 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23,

9, Hezix tevucorHo#, Pfr. (n. 1631 a). T. anguste umbilicata,

trochiformis, tenuiuscula, striatula, superne striis antrorsum

descendentibus, subtus striis subconcentricis sublente decussa-

tula, albida; spira turbinata, apice obtusula; anfr. 43, con-

vexi, ultimus antice vix descendens, peripheria acute carinatus,

subtus prope carinam castaneo-unifasciatus, minus convexus ;

apertura diagonalis, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. expansum, mar-

gine supero tenui, basali medio incrassato, columellari dilatato,

purpurascente.

Diam. maj. 203, min. 17, alt. 123 mill.

Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray).

10. Hevix xanTHocuita, Pfr. (n. 1641 a). T. oblique perfo-

rata, trochiformis, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, alabastrina, nitida,

diaphana; spira conica, vertice minuto, fusculo; anfr. 63,

superiores planiusculi, penultimus convexiusculus, ultimus sub-

inflatus, non descendens ; columella tumida, viz declivis ; aper-

tura diagonalis, lunato-ovalis ; perist. luteum, undique late ex-

pansum et reflexiusculum, margine columellari subflecuoso.

Diam. maj. 33, min. 26, alt. 36 mill.

Hab. Salomon Islands. ;

11. Hetrx crossuarta, Pfr. (n. 1689 a). TT. angustissime

umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, tenuiuscula, striis incrementi

confertissimis antrorsum descendentibus decussata, pallide isa-

bellina, maculis carneis subfasciatim dispositis variegata ; spira

conoidea, vertice subtili; anfr. 44, modice convexi, ultimus

subinflatus, antice breviter descendens ; apertura obliqua, si-

nuato-lunaris ; perist. album, marginibus convergentibus, dextro

anguste expanso, antrorsum flecuoso, basali reflexo, columellari

superne fornicatim dilatato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 16, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray).

12. Herfx ceramensis, Pfr. (n. 1879 a). T. umbilicata, de-

pressa, tenuiuscula, leviter striata, unicolor castanea; spira

plana, medio vix immersa ; sutura mediocris ; anfr. 5h, primi

convert, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus subdepresse rotunda-

tus, antice descendens, subtus in umbilicum sensim attenuatus ;

apertura obliqua, dilatata, rotundato-lunaris, intus lilaceo-

margaritacea ; perist. tenue, expansum, marginibus conniventi-

bus, supero prope insertionem impresso, columellari parum dila-

tato, patente.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 29, alt. 14-15 mill.

Hab. Island of Ceram (Mr. Wallace).

13. Heix ERINACEvS, Pfr. (0.18804). TT. mediocriter umbi-

licata, depressa, tenuis, foveolato-striata pilisque brevibus ri-

gidis obsita, rufescens ; spira plana ; anfr. 44, conveat, ultimus

leviter descendens, inflatus, circa umbilicum infundibuliformem

compressus ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus marga-

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 193

ritacea ; perist. tenue, liliaceo-fuscum, nitidum, expansum, mar-

ginibus convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, columellari dilatato.

Diam. maj. 254, min. 21, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Maegillivray).

14. Herrx MArTENsI, Pfr. (n. 1886 a). T. umbilicata, depressa,

tenuiuscula, striatula, diaphana, unicolor castanea ; spira

plana, medio subimmersa ; anfr. 44 convexi, ultimus tumidus,

juxta suturam et ad peripheriam obsoletissime subangulatus,

antice descendens, subtus sensim in umbilicum mediocrem atte-

nuatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, irregulariter rotundato-

lunaris ; perist. rubello-albidum, anguste reflecum, marginibus

convergentibus, columellari vix dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 184, min. 16, alt. 73 mill.

Hab. Island of Ceram (Mr. Wallace).

15. Hexix rvrerrs, Pfr. (n. 1062). T. subclause perforata,

depressa, solida, conferte radiato-striata striisque spiralibus

exilissimis undique subgranulata, sericea, albido-carnea ; spira

breviter conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, regula-

riter accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, supra medium obtuse an-

gulatus ; apertura fere verticalis, oblique lunaris, intus marga-

ritacea; perist.intus albo-callosum, margine supero brevi, recto,

basali reflexiusculo, ad perforationem lente ascendente, vix di-

latato.

Diam. maj. 28, min. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

16. Butimus portiu, Pfr. (n. la). TT. imperforata, ovato-

conica, solidula, levigata ; spira convewiusculo-conica, apice

obtusula ; anfr. 5-54, summi nudi, rubescentes, 2 ultimi preter

fascias varias diaphanas olivaceas epidermide hydrophana pal-

lide fuscula saturatius strigata obducti, ultimus spiram sub-

e@quans ; columella callosa, violaceo-nigricans, superne albo-

plicata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformis, intus cerule-

scens ; perist. violaceo-nigricans, equaliter sublate expansum,

margine basali cum columella evtus angulum prominentem for-

mante.

Long. 79, diam. 46 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

17. Butrmus comes, Pfr. (n. 1294). VT. dextrorsa vel sini-

strorsa, subimperforata, ovato-conica, solida, striatula, nitida ;

spira subregulariter conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 7 vix convexius-

cult, 5 primi carnet, supremi ad suturam nigro-marginati, 2 ul-

timi lutei, livido-virescente rarius fasciati, strigati vel nebulosi,

ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi rotundatus ;° columella cras-

siuscula, subverticalis, alba; apertura parum obliqua, irregu-

lariter semiovalis, basi subangulata, intus alba ; perist. patens

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XIII.

194 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23,

et reflexiusculum, marginibus callo candido intrante junctis, ex-

terno arcuato.

Long. 47, diam. 24 mill.

Hab. Camboja.

18. Butimus mounortt, Pfr. (n. 218 a). T. sinistrorsa, subper-

forata, oblongo-conica, tenuis, subtilissime striatula, parum ni-

tens, lutea, strigis viridibus filaribus confertis picta; spira

elongato-conica, vertice acutiusculo, rubello ; anfr. 7 vix con-

vexiusculi, superi interdum fusco-tessellati, ultimus 2 longitu-

dinis subequans, medio subangulatus, basi attenuatus, subcom-

pressus ; columella parum incrassata, torta, pallide lilacea ;

apertura obliqua, semiovalis, basi subeffusa ; perist. tenue, ex-

pansum, lilaceo-roseum.

Long. 34, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

19. Bunimus FLAvus, Pfr. (n. 222). T. sinistrorsa, viv per-

forata, ovato-conica, tenuis, sublevigata, nitidula, unicolor sul-

phurea; spira conica, vertice albido, acutiusculo ; anfr. 65

convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis fere equans, basi tumidus ;

columella vix inflata, subverticalis ; apertura fere diagonalis,

obauriformis ; perist. tenue, expansum et reflexiusculum.

Long. 25, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

20. BuLimus ZEBRINUS, Pfr. (n. 2226). T. sinistrorsa, subper-

forata, oblongo-conica, solidula, leviter striata, alba, strigis

latiusculis subrectis vel undulatis nigro-fuscis dense picta ; spira

gracilis, conica, vertice acutiusculo nigro ; sutura levis, alba ;

anfr. 64, supremi convewi, reliqui convexiusculi, ultimus 2 lon-

gitudinis subequans, basi via attenuatus ; columella subinflata,

substricte recedens ; apertura obliqua, semiovalis ; perist. sim-

plex, latiuscule expansum, margine columellart fornicatim re-

Jlexo.

Long. 25, diam. 103 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

21. Butimus AREOLATUS, Pfr. (n. 222c). TT. sinistrorsa, sub-

perforata, ovato-conica, tenuis, striatula, nitidula, lutescenti-

albida, flammis fuscis, sursum plerumque divisis picta ; spira

conica, vertice minuto, fusco ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 64

modice convexi, ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi rotundatus, ad

columellam area rosea, tum fascia fusca et fascia lutea cinctus ;

columella subtumida, leviter torta; apertura obliqua, obauri-

formis; perist. tenue, sublate exapansum, margine columellari

breviter reflexo.

Long. 13, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot).

22. BuLimus rHomBosTOoMUs, Pfr. (n. 222d). T’. sinistrorsa,

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 195

anguste umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuis, subtiliter striata, dia-

phana, carneo-albida, fuscia unica rufula peripherica, ad sutu-

ram ascendente ornata ; spira conica, vertice obtusulo; anfr. 6

convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis subequans ; columella

brevis, subverticalis ; apertura diagonalis, subrhombea ; perist.

tenue, marginibus conniventibus, externo superne arcuato, ex-

panso, columellari late patente.

Long. 154, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

23. CiausitiA cAMBOJENSIS, Pfr. (§ 12. n. 130 a). T. viv

rimata, cylindraces-turrita, solidula, capillaceo-striata, sericea,

cornea ; spira turrita, apice obtusula ; sutura profunda ; anjr.

11-12 convexi, ultimus basi rotundatus, obsolete gibbosus ;

apertura semiovalis ; lamelle fortes, supera marginalis, infera

stricte ascendens, sursum furcata; lunella imperfecta, inter-

rupta ; plica palatalis | supera, 2 infere breves supra lunelle

rudimenta ; plica subcolumellaris juxta lamellam inferiorem

emersa ; perist. carneum, expansum et reflexiusculum, margine

dextro substricto, sinistro arcuato.

Long. 30, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

24. Hexix curnaris, Pfr. (n. 1860a). TT. sublate umbilicata,

depressula, tenuiuscula, striata et undique granulata, diaphana,

rufo-cornea ; sptra parum elata, vertice obtuso; anfr. 5, juxta

suturam turgiduli, ultimus medio obsolete angulatus, antice

constrictus et deflexus; apertura perobliqua, fere circularis ;

perist. simplex, marginibus approximatis, supero expanso, basalt

rejlexo.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Movuhot).

25. Hevix rEPANDA, Pfr. (n. 1135 a). T. late umbilicata, sub-

trochiformis, carinata, solidula, oblique distincte striata, sub-

diaphana, cornea ; spira convexo-conica, vertice minuto ; sutura

carina subexserta marginata; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus

non descendens, acute striato-carinatus, basi convexior ; aper-

tura obliqua, irregulariter rotundato-lunaris, ad dextram angu-

lata; perist. simplex, marginibus subconvergentibus, supero

recto, basali repando, reflexo, columellari subverticali, patente.

Diam. maj. 123, min. 114, alt. 8} mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

26. Leprorpoma movunotl, Pfr. (n. 19a). T. perforata, glo-

boso-turbinata, tenuis, spiraliter conferte striata et liris 6 acu-

tiusculis, quarum infima peripherica, cariniformi, cincta, pal-

lide fulvida, maculis rufulis picta, vel albida, infra carinam

Susco-fasciata ; spira elata, acutiuscula; anfr. 5} convexi, ulti-

mus spiram subequans; apertura obliqua, subcircularis; perist.

obsolete duplicatum ; internum album, adnatum, externum

196 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. | May 14,

tenue, patens, acutum, marginibus callo tenui junctis. Opere.

tenuissimum, normale.

Diam. maj, 9}, min. 8, alt. 83 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

27. Purina mounott, Pfr. (n.8 a). 7. ovato-subacuminata,

tenuis, levigata, pellucida, fusco-cornea ; anfr. 54 convexius-

culi, ultimus spiram subequans, antice vix ascendens ; sutura

levissime marginata ; apertura verticalis, subcircularis ; paries

aperturalis lamella obliqua, marginem dextrum fere tangente

munitus ; columella oblique dissecta, processum linguiformem

subtriangularem exhibens; perist.reflexiusculum, margine dextro

sinuato. Opere. tenue, concolor.

Long. 9, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

May 14th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to several im-

portant additions recently made to the Menagerie.

The Hon. James F. Stuart Wortley had presented to the Society,

on his recent return from China, thirty-four living specimens of the

Three-toed Sand-Grouse of Pallas (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), and had

given the following answer to a request for particulars concerning

his acquaintance with this scarce bird :—

“J fear that I can tell you but little about the Sand-Grouse. The

specimens I sent you I bought in the market at Tientsin, where

numbers of them were exposed for sale, alive and dead ; but whether

they were supplied chiefly with a view to the demand caused by the

presence of the troops, or whether they naturally form a large article

of consumption among the Chinese, I could not say. I rather fancy,

however, that the former idea is the correct one. I saw none as far

up the country as Pekin; they hardly seemed to range further than

Tientsin, but abounded between that place and the mouth of the Peiho.

They were always to be seen in large packs, such as you see Grouse

in when they get wild in September; and seemed to like being by

the side of the river on the mud banks when left dry by the tide.

“On our voyage up to Tientsin in the end of August not a bird

was to be seen; and as far as I could learn, they had only just begun

to appear at Tientsin when we arrived there, on our return, in the

beginning of November. Where they arrived from, or at what time

they disappeared again in the spring, I regret to say I never thought

of inquirmg. Their food must consist of the grain (millet) that

covers the whole of that part of China; and I should mention that

1861.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 197

I fed them on millet the whole way home. They appeared to like

tidal waters, as they seemed to hang about the Peiho banks ; but,

of course, as our line of march never took us any distance from the

river-bank, I could not say that they may not be found more inland.

The temperature at the time the birds first began to be seen was

about 20° Fahr., and later on considerably lower; and on the da

we finally steamed down through the ice, which covered the Peiho

for fifty miles of its course, the temperature was as low as 10° F ahr.,

and the Grouse were in large flocks on each side.

“‘T lost a good many at first in confinement; and later on, in the hot

climate of Java, I lost more, particularly during the wet weather we

experienced there. After that I had but few casualties ; and I consider

myself very fortunate in having been able to hand over as many as

thirty-four out of seventy-three which I started with from Tientsin.

I regret that my want of scientific knowledge does not enable me to

give you a better account of this interesting bird; but I feel sure Mr.

Swinhoe will give you any detailed account you may ask him for. I

may mention that Major Sarel, one of your Fellows, considered the

bird identical with one that he has shot on the lakes in Thibet *.””

A few days subsequent to the arrival of these birds, the Society had

received two more pairs of the same species from Capt. Hand of

H. M.S. ‘Sampson,’ with the following note :—

“Capt. Hand begs leave to send the Zoological Society two brace

of birds brought from Tientsin, described by Huc as being called

there “ Dragons’ Feet.” They were known to us as being called

Sand-Grouse. The flesh resembles that of black game; and they feed

upon millet and other small seeds—at least have been so fed for the

last five months.”

The passage referred to by Capt. Hand, in Huc’s ‘ Tartary, Thibet

and China,’ appeared to be the following (Mrs. Sinnett’s transla-

tion, London, 1857, p. 93) :—

“Tartary is peopled with migratory birds...... Amongst these was

one which I believe to be unknown to our naturalists. It is about

the size of a quail, of an ash colour, with black spots, its eyes of a

brilliant black, and surrounded with a bright sky-blue rim. _ Its legs

have no feathers, but are covered with long rough hair ; and its feet

are not like those of any other bird, but resemble those of the green

lizard, and are covered with a shell so hard as to resist the sharpest

knife. This singular creature, which seems to partake at once of

the character of the bird, the quadruped, and the reptile, is called

by the Chinese Lowng-Kio, that is, Dragon’s Foot. They generally

arrive in great flocks from the north, especially when much snow has

fallen, flying with astonishing rapidity, so that the movement of

their wings is like a shower of hail. When caught they are extremely

fierce : the hair on their legs bristles up if you approach them ; and

if you venture to caress them, you are sure to receive some violent

blows from their beak,”

* This was no doubt Mr. Gould’s new species of the genus—Syrrhaptes tibe-

tanus, figured in Part 2 of his ‘ Birds of Asia.’—P. L. S.

i98 MR. GOULD ON TWO NEW HUMMING-BIRDS. [May 14,

Another example of the same bird has since been received from

Capt. Commerell, R.N., V.C., of H. M.S. ‘ Magicienne.’

A ship recently arrived from Sydney had brought examples of

several very beautiful specimens of Australian Fringillide, which

had been secured for the Menagerie. They belonged to the follow-

ing species, and were said to have been captured in the vicinity of

Port Curtis in the new colony of Queensland.

. Estrelda bichenovii, Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. iii. pl. 80.

. Estrelda phaéton, ibid. pl. 83.

. Estrelda ruficauda, ibid. pl. 84.

. Poéphila cincta, ibid. pl. 93.

. Donacola castaneothoraz, ibid. pl. 94.

Of these, Estrelda ruficauda and Donacola castaneothorax had

been received in the previous year ; but the other three species were

new to the Society’s collection.

Op de

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited examples of both sexes of the Perdix

hodgsonie which had been shot by Major J. C. Hay, of Hopes,

Haddington, N. B.,—one near the Budhist Monastery at Hanlee in

Thibet, and the other near the foot of the Lanak Pass on the Hanlee

side, 1856. In two former tours in the same district Major Hay

had not met with this bird, and on the occasion alluded to had only

seen five.

Dr. Gray made some observations on the species of Mammals of

which specimens had been obtained by M. Du Chaillu in Western

Equatorial Africa.

The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to a stuffed

example of a young male Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla) on the table.

This animal had been shipped alive for the Society by John Bu-

chanan, Esq., from the Gaboon in June 1859, but had ‘died on the

passage, and reached England in a cask of spirits.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions oF Two New Species or Humminc-Birp,

BELONGING TO THE GENUS HypuropTiLa. By Joun GouLp,

Esa., F.R.S., ETC.

HyruRopriLa UROCHRYSA.

Head and upper surface dark green, becoming of a bronzy hue on

the wing- and tail-coverts ; wings purplish brown ; tail rich golden-

bronze both above and beneath ; throat and breast grass-green ;

thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white; upper mandible

black ; under mandible fieshy-red, with a black tip ; tarsi yellow or

flesh-colour.

Total length 42 inches; bill 11; wing 2$; tail 1£; tarsus 7.

Hab. Panama.

Remark.—This species closely resembles the H. buffoni in size

1861.] MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. 199

and in the colouring of its body ; but the rich golden bronzy hue of

its tail at once distinguishes it from that and every other species.

HyPuROPTILA ISAUR.

Head, all the upper surface, wing-coverts, flanks, and abdomen

coppery-bronze, inclining to purple on the lower part of the back

and upper tail-coverts; wings purplish brown ; tail very dark bronze,

inclining to purple; throat and breast grass-green; under tail-

coverts white; upper mandible black ; under mandible fleshy, with

a black tip ; tarsi yellow or flesh-colour.

Total length 43 inches; bill 145; wing 23; tail 1}; tarsi 2.

Hab. Bocca del Toro, in Costa Rica.

Remark.—The specimen from which the above description was

taken is somewhat immature ; it is, however, sufficiently advanced

to show that it would have, when adult, a fine green breast; but

whether the green colour would extend over the abdomen I am un-

able to say. It is nearly equal in size to the H. urochrysa, H. buf-

foni, and H. ceruleigastra ; but it has a shorter wing and a more

rounded tail than either of those species, and the under tail-coverts,

although white, are less plume-like in form than in the typical Hy-

puroptile. It is just possible that it may be necessary to separate

this bird into a new genus when we see it in its fully adult state ;

but it appears at present to be most nearly allied to the members of

the group in which I have provisionally placed it. I received this

bird from M. Edouard Verreaux, of Paris, many years ago, since which

I do not remember to have seen another.

The specific name isawre was suggested to me by my late highly

valued friend the Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who wished thus

to convey a compliment to Madame la Baronne de la Fresnaye, the

niece of Montbeillard, the able coadjutor of the celebrated Buffon.

2. NorEs oN some Brrps COLLECTED By Dr. JERDON IN SIKKIM.

By Epwarp Briytn, Corr. Memes.

TickexuiA, Jerdon & Blyth, n. g.

Allied to Culicipeta and Abrornis, but with the bill depressed

throughout, and not compressed towards the tip; the rictal vibrissee

well developed. Rest as in Adrornis, Hodgson.

TICKELLIA HODGSONI.

Abrornis? hodgsoni, Moore, Horsfield’s Catal. i. p. 412.

ABRORNIS ALBIVENTRIS, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s.

Allied to 4. castaneiventris, Hodgson, but distinguished by having

the abdominal region white; no white on the tail-feathers, nor

yellow band on wing, but the lower tail-coverts yellow; the ear-

coverts, in addition to the crown, pale chestnut ; throat white, and

200 MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. [May 14,

breast moderately bright yellow ; rest of upper parts yellowish-green,

more yellowish on the borders of the tail-feathers; bill shorter and

broader than in A. ecastaneiceps, which latter species is rather a

Reguioides.

Length about 32 in., of wing 142 in., and tail 14 in. ; bill to gape

3 in., and tarsi 3 in. ; short first primary 3 in., the next {% in. long,

and the third + in. shorter than the fourth.

Hab. Sikkim.

ABRORNIS ALBIGULARIS Jerd. & Blyth, n. s.

Yellowish green above, with a rufescent tinge on the tail-feathers ;

head greyish ; throat and fore neck white, and rest of lower parts

bright yellow; legs pale; no trace of band on wing.

Length about 4 in. or nearly, top of wing 14 in., and tail 14 in. ;

bill to gape 5% in., and tarsi 3 in.; first short primary 2 in., the next

2 in. longer, and the third less than + in. shorter than the fourth.

Hab. Sikkim.

ABRORNIS MELANOPS, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s.

Yellowish olive-green above, yellow on the rump and on the

throat and breast, white on the belly and inside of wing; the outer

webs of all but the medial pair of tail-feathers white; a very broad

bright-yellow supercilium ; the ear-coverts grey, and lores and ocular

region black ; bill rather short ; feet apparently plumbeous.

Length about 4 in., of wing 14 in., and tail 13 in.; bill to gape

j= in., and tarsi 3 in.; first short primary 1 in., the next 3 in. longer,

and the third } in. shorter than the fourth.

Hab. Sikkim.

REGULOIDES VIRIDIPENNIS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 275.

This species, hitherto known only from Borneo, was obtained by

Dr. Jerdon at Darjeeling. Abrornis superciliaris, Tickell (Blyth,

J.A.S. xxviii. p. 414) as yetis known only from Burmah.

OrtHotomus coronatus, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s.

Green above, with a golden-fulvous crown and ashy nape ; throat

and breast white: the rest of the lower parts and also the fore part

of the wings underneath bright yellow ; a slight whitish supercilium ;

the lores and ear-coverts ashy ; inner webs of the outermost and

penultimate tail-feathers white ; rest of tail dusky ; bill duskyish,

and legs pale fleshy yellow; tail less graduated than usual in this

enus.

; Length 43 in. ; expanse 52in. ; of wing 14 in., and of tail 1d in. ;

bill to gape 2 in; tarsi 2 in.

Hab. Sikkim.

Allied to O. cueullatus, Temminck, of Sumatra. Common in

Sikkim.

1861.] MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. 201

Bracuypteryx, Horsfield.

Four species of this genus were obtained at Darjeeling by Dr.

Jerdon.

(1.) Bracnypreryx CRURALIS, Blyth.

Allied to B. montana, Horsfield, but smaller.

(2.) BRACHYPTERYX NIPALENSIS, Hodgson.

Brachypteryx nipalensis, Moore, Horsfield’s Cat. i. p- 367."

(3.) Bracuypreryx HYPERYTHRA, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s.

Female? Dusky olive-brown above, ferruginous below, save the

middle of the belly, which is white ; lores tinged with ferruginous ;

bill corneous, and legs pale.

Length about 5 in., of wing 22 in., and of tail 1} in. ; bill to gape

3 in., and tarsi 1; in.

(4.) Bracuypreryx ruFirrons, Jerd. & Blyth, n. s.

Female? Dull greenish olive-brown above, paler brown with a

rufescent tinge on the throat and front; middle of the belly albes-

cent ; forehead brightish ferruginous ; bill dusky, and legs dusky

red.

Length 53 in., of wing 23 in., and tail 12 in. ; bill to gape 2 in.,

and tarsi 1+ in.

Srppra ERiTHACUS, Jerd. & Blyth, n. s.

Form typical. Colour dusky-slate above and on the side of the

throat and neck ; middle of throat, breast and flanks bright ferru-

ginous ; vent, lower tail-coverts, and base of all but the middle pair

of tail-feathers white; rest of tail and wings dusky ; the great alars

slightly bordered with brown ; bill blackish, and feet brown.

Length about 5 in., of wing 23 in., and tail 2 in.; bill to gape

din.

Hab. Sikkim ; Himalaya.

Genus Niriputa, Jerd. & Blyth.

Resembles Muscicapula, Blyth, but has a slender undepressed

bill, like that of Phylloscopus.

NitIDULA CAMPBELLI, Jerd. & Blyth.

Colour bright dark-indigo-blue above, passing to ultramarine on

the crown; slight frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and sides of neck

black ; wings and tail the same, a little margined with the hue of

the back; throat, breast, and belly clear bright ferruginous ; the

axillaries, tibial plumes, vent, and lower tail-coverts white; bill

blackish, and legs pale plumbeous.

Length about 4 in., of wing 14 in., and tail 11 in. ; bill to gape

} in., and tarsi $ in.

Hab, Sikkim; Himalaya.

202 MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM GUATEMALA. [May 14,

Minta CInEREA, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 449.—Leiothriz cine-

rea, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 142.

In new plumage, this species has a greenish wash on the back,

and the lores, supercilia, and under parts are strongly tinged with

yellow.

Ixuvus striatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. xxviii. p. 413.

This species was described from the mountains of Burmah. A

second specimen from Sikkim has a strong rufous-chestnut tinge on

the supercilia and ear-coverts, but not on the crown, or it might be

considered absolutely identical with I. castaneiceps (Moore, P. Z.S.

1854, p.141). The latter, it may be remarked, is, of course, not

from Afghanistan, as stated by Mr. Moore, but doubtless from the

Khash’ya hills. (Vide note to J. A.S. B. xxviii. p. 413.)

3. DescripTions or THREE New SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM

GuaTEMALA. By Ospert Satyin, M.A., F.Z.S.

The three birds I propose to describe in this paper form part of

a collection lately brought to this country by Mr. Robert Owen,

Corresponding Member of this Society, from Vera Paz, Guatemala.

The greater part of this collection was formed by one of the col-

lectors I employed during a visit to Coban in the early part of last

year: the low-lying lands of Central Vera Paz in the neighbourhood

of a village called Chisec, situated on one of the confluents of the

Rio de la Passion, is the locality from which they were derived. The

rest of the collection was formed by Mr. Owen himself at Coban, or

in the adjacent mountains. Amongst the known forms are many of

considerable rarity, besides several additions to our knowledge of the

Avi-fauna of the country from which they come.

1. CyPHORHINUS PHILOMELA.

Supra brunneus, plumis anguste nigro marginatis, pileo et uropygio

obscurioribus : subtus fuliginosus, plumis medialiter nigris, et

nigro terminatis, gula pallidiore, lateribus brunneis nigro trans-

fasciatis: alis caudaque nigris, plumis tectricum remigum ma-

cula parva subapicali ochracescenti-alba : rostro nigro, pedibus

Suscis.

Long. tot. 4, alee 2°3, caude 1 poll. angl. et dec.

Hab. Mn Prov. Vere Pacis sylvis montium.

Obs. Affinis Cyphorhino bamble ex Cayenna, sed tectricibus alaruam

maculatis et non albo vittatis facile notabilis.

This Wren belongs to the division of this genus which Dr, Sclater

has classed under the name of Microcerculus. It is known to the

natives as the ‘ Ruisefior,’ or Nightingale—a name it has acquired

from its great vocal powers.

2. EMBERNAGRA CHLORONOTA.

Supra olivacea, pileo cinereo: subtus cinerea, gula et ventre

medio albis, crisso flavidiore, lateribus olivaceis : vitta utrinque

1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON PALLAS’S SAND-GROUSE. 203

pilet vittaque angusta per oculos transeunte nigra: alis fuscis,

extus dorso concoloribus : tectricibus subalaribus et campterio

lete flavis: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore corneo, pedibus

carneis.

Long. tot. 5°75, alee 2°6, caudee 2°5.

Hab. In Prov. Verze Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affinis Embernagre conirostri ex Nova Granada, sed statura

minore, dorso olivaceo pectoreque cinereo dignoscenda.

Several specimens of this Hmbernagra are in the collection, all

closely agreeing in the above characters.

3. APHANTOCHORA ROBERTI.

Aureo-viridescens, supra unicolor : subtus gula cum mento lateri-

busque obscurioribus, ventre medio vix viridi lavato, plumis late

pallido ochraceo terminatis, ventre imo albo : crisso viridescenti-

Susco, plumis albo clare marginatis : alis purpurascenti-nigris,

tectricibus subalaribus viridescentibus : cauda aureo-virides-

cente ; rectricum duarum externarum media parte nigra, parte

apicali alba: rectricibus reliquis nigro terminatis : rostro

omnino nigro, pedibus nigerrimis.

Long. tot. 4°75, alee 2°75, caudee 1°9, rostri a rictu 1.

Hab. In Prov. Vere Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affinis Campyloptero cuviert Gouldi, ex Costa Rica, sed rostro

omnino nigro, et caudz fascia nigra latiore distinguenda.

A single specimen, marked male, is in the collection; I have dedi-

cated it to Mr. Robert Owen.

4, Remarks on Pattas’s Sanp-Grovuse (SYRRHAPTES PARA-

poxus). By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.Z.S.

Our Secretary having entrusted to my charge an example of Syr-

rhaptes paradoxus which died at the Gardens a few days ago, I am

desirous of recording the results of my examination of it.

I must apologize to the meeting for the imperfection of the ob-

servations I am about to offer. I have not been able to compare

the skeleton of this bird with that of other Sand-Grouse, except from

memory; and I prefer to confine my remarks to the structure of the

sternal apparatus. This, as is the case in other species of the pecu-

liar group to which Syrrhaptes belongs, offers at first sight an un-

questionable resemblance to that of many of the Columbide, parti-

cularly of those members of the family which possess terrestrial

habits. The similarity seems principally to arise from the form

of the lateral processes of the sternum, which in Syrrhaptes are

widened and partially united to the main portion as in Chamepelia

and Geopelia, instead of being singularly prolonged and acuminated

as in the more typical Galline. The resemblance is also increased

by the exceedingly deep keel, which is of similar conformation to that

of the Columbide generally. But here the likeness ends. The

204 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW WATER-TORTOISE. [May 14,

coracoid bones, which I am inclined to regard as the most character-

istic in, as they are the most peculiar to, the ornithic skeleton, are

plainly framed on the true Gallinaceous model. The furculum is very

different from that of any other group of birds which I happen to

remember, and bears no resemblance to the same bone in the Pha-

sianide or Tetraonide. Still less, however, does it indicate any

approximation to the same part in the Galle, or I may say of the

Columbide, with both of which groups the Sand-Grouse have been

supposed to have affinity. From the peculiarities, therefore, of the

sternal apparatus I am fully of opinion that Bonaparte, and those

authors who have followed him, are quite right in elevating the Sand-

Grouse to the dignity of a family (Pteroclide), though I imagine

they were chiefly led to that conclusion by an examination of the

external characters only.

I should have felt it incumbent upon me to have made some re-

marks on the information possessed by naturalists respecting this

rare and curious bird; but almost all that can be said on the sub-

ject has recently been admirably recapitulated in a paper by my

friend Mr. T. J. Moore in ‘The Ibis’ for last year*. I would,

however, observe that though the illustrious Pallas has the credit of

first giving a description of this bird, he does not appear to have

seen more than a single example of it, which was obtained in the

Kirghis steppes by Nicolas Rytschkof, and mentioned by him in his

Journal +. And of this example, judging from the figure given of

it, not only, as Pallas himself says ‘‘ Cauda in specimine deerat,”’

but it also appears to have lost the elongated portion of the shafts

of the outer remiges, which form so singular a feature in the species,

and which, as we see by the state of the birds in our Gardens, are

no doubt easily broken off. I must be allowed to add that I think

this circumstance greatly favours the supposition that the specimens

which were obtained in Western Europe in July and August 1859,

were not indebted to any human interference for their transport ;

for I have had the good fortune to examine all four of them, and

each possessed these extraordinary appendages in nearly perfect pre-

servation.

5. On a New Species or Water-Torrorse (GEOCLEMMYS ME-

LANOSTERNA) FROM Darien. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

ViP-ZS3 Ere.

The British Museum has just received a very distinct species of

the more terrestrial kind of Terrapins, or Freshwater Tortoises, from

Cherunha in the Gulf of Darien.

It is easily known from the other described species by the black

colour of the upper and lower surface, and pale-yellowish sides, and

* The Ibis, 1860, p. 105.

+ ‘Kirgis-kaisazkoi Stepie, &c. St. Petersburg, 1772, p. 40.’ I have not

been able to see this work, and only quote the reference at second hand.—A. N.

1861.] DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 205

the distinct bright-yellow superciliary streak on each side of the

head, extending from the nostril to the occiput.

GrEOCLEMMyYS MELANOSTERNA.

Shell black, one-keeled ; the first vertebral plate longer than broad,

truncated behind; second and third six-sided, about as broad as

long, the fourth broader than long ; the keel low, rather interrupted ;

the areola of the dorsal and marginal shield posterior; the margin

rather acute, slightly bent up in front and on the sides ; the nuchal

shield more distinct ; the sternum flat, black, with rather paler edges

to the shields ; the sterno-costal slope rather convex, pale yellowish ;

the under surface of the marginal plates pale; the axillary plate

moderate, the inguinal plate small, both pale-coloured. The head

moderate, rather acute in front, black, with a distinct bright-yellow

streak diverging over the eyes and extending from the nostril to the

back of the head. The legs and tail brown with black spots, forming

more or less distinct streaks; toes 5*4, short, strong, subequal, covered

with distinct band-like scales ; the claws strong, conical, black.

Haé. The Gulf of Darien: Cherunha.

6. Descriptions or New SHetis rrom THE CoLLECTION OF

H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. H. Douren.

(Plate XXVI.)

1. Eprpromvus cuminer. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 5.)

T. ovato-turrita, costis spiralibus et longitudinalibus fenestrata, alba,

passim flavo-maculata ; varicibus arcuatis, longitudinaliter striatis,

transverse costatis ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 8-9, valde con-

vexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice ascendens ; apertura ovata;

margine columellari callo lato granulato tecto, labro dentato.

Long. 31, lat. 12; ap. long. 12 mill.

Hab. In Insulis Philippinis.

Differt ab HE. clathrato, Sow., costis eorumque nodis validioribus,

varicibus arcuatis, anfractibus convexioribus.

2. Mirra aurora. (PI. XXVI. fig. 3.)

T. ovato-fusiformis, nitida, spiraliter punctato-striata, aurantiaca,

ad suturam fascia alba irregulari cincta, maculis et punctis albis

adspersa ; sutura crenata, marginata ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 8,

plani, ultimus basi attenuatus et sulcatus ; apertura Jere verticalis,

intus cerulescenti-albida ; labrum crenatum; columella callo 5-

plicato tecta.

Long. 35, lat. 13; ap. long. 18, lat. 63 mill.

Hab. In insulis Sandwich.

Accedit ad varietates quasdam MM. coronate, Lam.

_ 3. MiTRA ADAMSI.

T. solida, ovata, longitudinaliter costellata, costis albidis, interstitiis

206 DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [May 14,

fuscis, spiraliter strigillatis ; anfr. 7, planiusculi, uliimus ventro-

sior, medio fascia alba cinctus, basi spiraliter sulcatus ; apertura

intus livida, columella 4-plicata.

Long. 16, lat. 8; ap. long. 83, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. In Insulis Sandwich. ?

Affinis M. dermestine, Lam., sed differt costis planioribus, striis

spissis intercostalibus.

¢wi- 4. Mirra arasica. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 4.)

T'. fusiformis, nitida, leviuscula, fulva, sub epidermide decidua cornea,

supra medium fascia lata alba, basi lineis fuscis albipunctatis

cincta ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 6-7, planiusculi, ultimus basi at-

tenuatus, medio cylindraceus ; apertura intus cerulea; labrum

crenatum, columella oblique 4-plicata.

Long. 21, lat. 8; ap. long. 12, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. In Mari Rubro.

Color M. maculose, Reeve, a qua spira elevata, acuta valde dis-

crepat.

«5, Mirra GAMBIANA.

T. fusiformis, spiraliter sulcata, ad suturam carinata, sub epider-

mide olivaceo-cornea albicans vel flavescens ; spira elongata, acuta;

anfr. 7-8 angulati, ultimus basi attenuatus ; apertura intus alba,

labrum simplex ; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 20, lat. 6; ap. long. 103, lat. 23 mill.

Hab. In Senegambia.

Differt a M. carinata, Swains., sculptura; ceterum proxime ei

affinis.

6. NERITINA PRITCHARDI. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2.)

T. semiglobosa, sordide fusco-olivacea, striis et squamis triangulari-

bus rugosa, supra medium angulata, angulo irregulariter spinis

brevibus recurvis armato; spira exserta; apertura et area colu-

mellaris flave ; labium album,: parte media arcuata, obsolete multi-

dentata, ceterum rectum, edentulum. Operculum semiovale, cras-

sum, calcareum, flavo-rubens, margine corneo purpureo, latere ex-

terno concaviusculo obsolete striato, interno linea mediana angu-

lato, dentibus duobus validis marginalibus armato, quorum superior

arcuatus, lamelliformis, inferior brevis, aduncus.

Hab. In Insulis Fidji (Dr. Seemann).

YT Accedit ad N. squamosam, Récl., differt labio, operculo.

7. Neritina wattacit. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1.)

T. ovato-globosa, striis incrementi vix rugulosa, lete olivacea, lineis

et fasciis nigris eleganter cingulata; spira exseria; apertura

semicircularis, alba ; area columellaris crasse albicallosa ; labium

parte basali edentulum, ceterum crenatum, supra medium fortius

unidentatum. Operculum ?

Hab. In Insulis Aru (Wallace).

1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON FILARIA SANGUINEA. 207

Forma et colore hee species pulchra accedit ad varietates quasdam

N. dubia, Chemn., a qua differt testa non lzevi, labio crenato.

8. BuLimus GLAucoLaRyYNX. (PI. XXVI. fig. 7.)

T. rimata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, levigata, sub epidermide cornea

lutea, cerulescenti- vel purpureo-fusco late strigata et fasciata ;

spira conica, obtusiuscula, purpurea, raro livida; sutura submar-

ginata, late albocincta ; anfr. 6-7 convexiusculi, ultimus 3 longi-

tudinis equans, basi subangulatus et fascia lata straminea cinctus ;

apertura obliqua, semiovalis, basi effusa, intus violacea ; peristo-

mium expansum, violaceum, marginibus callo tenui junctis.

Extant in Museo Cumingiano varietates major et minor, dextrorsa

et sinistrorsa; item varias anfractu ultimo medio albizonato.

a. Long. 45, lat. 17; ap. intus long. 173, lat. 93 mill.

B. Long. 31, lat. 14; ap. intus long. 13, lat. 8 mill.

Hab. In regno Siam.

Accedit forma ad B. contrarium, Mill. et B. adamsi, Reeve.

9. Butimus seEeMANNI. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 6.)

T. subobtecte perforata, oblongo-fusiformis, solidiuscula, longitudi-

naliter ruguloso-striata, carneo-rufescens vel flavescens ; sutura

marginata ; spira elongato-conica; anfr. 5 vix convewi, ultimus

2 longitudinis superans, medio compressus, antice valde descen-

dens ; columella torta et valide plicata; apertura parum obliqua,

auriformis, basi effusa; peristomium album late et crasse labia-

tum, ad columellam reflecum, marginibus callo crasso junctis.

Long. 70, lat. 21; ap. c. perist. long. 40, lat. 18 mill.

Hab. In Insulis Fidji (Dr. Seemann).

Species pulcherrima proxime accedit ad B. cleryi, Petit; differt

sculptura, numero anfractuum, labro albo, calloso, expanso. Specimi-

nibus allatis epidermis deesse videtur decidua, sicut illi; exstant item

juniora, quorum labrum imperfectum, callus minus crassus.

7. NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FILARIA SANGUINEA IN THE

BODY OF THE GALAXIAS SCRIBA, A FRESHWATER FisH FROM

AustRauia. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S.

In the beginning of this year, some time in February, several

freshwater fishes belonging to the genus Galazias were brought over

to this country, alive, from the Murray River, Australia. Though

several survived the passage across the Atlantic, only one reached

the hands of the importer, Mr. Lloyd, alive.

This little fish was then placed in the freshwater Vivarium in the

Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, but it only lived about a week

there, dying in the beginning of March. Upon an inspection of the

body after death, an intestinal Worm was discovered making its ap-

pearance through the skin near the left pectoral fin. A more minute

examination discovered the existence of an abscess in that part of

208 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 28,

the body, upon opening which I took out five specimens of a small

Worm which occupied the cavity of the abscess, and were apparently

making their way through the integuments of the fish. The abscess

communicated with the peritoneal cavity of the Galaxias, and had

evidently caused its death. Upon examining the Worms, they appear

to be identical with the species first described by Rudolphi as being

found by him lodged under the integuments of the caudal fin of the

Cyprinus gibelio, or Crucian Carp, and named by him Flaria san-

guinea. This species has since been found by Creplin in the cavity

of the abdomen of the Leuciscus rutilus, or common Roach, and by

Siebold in the L. erythrophthalmus, the Red-eye or Rudd. The spe-

cimens taken from the Galaxias are from 1} to 3 inches in length,

and, as Rudolphi has described them, they are thickish in form,

obtuse at both extremities ; and the larger ones were of a blood-red

colour, which, however, has disappeared since they were placed in

spirits. It was interesting to discover whether this was a new species

or not, and whether it had existed in the body of the fish before

it left Australia. A comparison with the specimen of Filaria san-

guinea in the collection of Entozoa in the British Museum, trans-

mitted to us by Mr. Siebold, leaves no doubt on my mind of its

identity with that species; and therefore in all probability these

Worms have been developed in the cavity of the abdomen of this

little Galawias since it was placed in the tank at the Zoological

Gardens, or during its passage from Australia to this country.

May 28th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to a fine collec-

tion of animals presented to the Society by H.E. Sir George Grey,

K.C.B., Governor of the Cape Colony, which had arrived in the

Gardens on the previous Saturday, May 25th, under the care of the

Society’s agent Mr. James Benstead. The losses during the voyage

had been very few, and the state of the animals on their arrival re-

flected great credit on the care and skill of Mr. Benstead.

The species received were the following :—

MamMALs.

1. A female Koodoo Antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). This animal,

which was believed to be the first example of this beautiful Antelope

received alive in Europe, unfortunately died suddenly in the Gardens

a short time after its arrival.

2. A female Bless-bok Autelope (Damalis albifrons). A single

example of this Antelope had been previously received by Lord

Derby, and was sold at the sale of the Knowsley Menagerie.

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW LIPAUGUS. 209

3. A female Reh-bok (Heleotragus capreolus). Of this Antelope

the Society already possessed a female example.

4. A female Stein-bok (Calotragus tragulus) ; received in Europe

for the first time.

5. A female Grys-bok (Calotragus melanotis) ; previously received

living by Lord Derby, but new to the Society’s collection.

6. A male Blau-bok (Cephalophus pygmaeus). Sir George Grey

had on a former occasion sent to the Society specimens of this Ante-

lope.

7. A female Zebra (Hquus burchelli) ; differing from the ordinary

specimens of this animal in having the stripes further extended

down the legs, and rather different markings on the back.

8. A Maugé’s Dasyure (Dasyurus maugei) ; imported from

Australia (purchased at the Cape).

9. A Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus) ; purchased at the

Cape ; probably from Java.

10. Six examples of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax capensis), or “ Rock-

rabbit ”’ of the Colonists.

Birps.

11. A young pair of the Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea).

12. A very fine example of the Wattled Crane (Grus earunculata) ;

not previously exhibited in the Society’s collection for several years.

13. A specimen of a new species of Waterhen from the Island of

Tristran d’Acunha (Gallinula nesiotis, sp. nov.), with the wings im-

perfectly developed, and said to be unable to fly.

REPTILEs.

Eight Snakes and two Chameleons belonging to the following

species :-—

Coronella cana. Lamprophis aurora.

Leptodeira rufescens. Bucephalus capensis.

Psammophis sibilans. Naia haje.

Boodon lineatus. Chameleo dilepis.

Mr. Gould made some observations on some examples of Epthia-

nura tricolor, collected by Mr. G. F. Angas (Corr. Memb.) at the

head of Spencer’s Gulf, in Australia, and presented by that gentleman

to the British Museum. :

The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species or Brrp or tHe Genus Lipaueus or

Bort. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary

TO THE SOCIETY.

Mr. G. R. Gray having kindly called my attention to a skin in the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XIV.

210 DR, P. L, SCLATER ON A NEW LipauGus. [May 28,

collection of the British Museum, which seems to belong to a very

distinct new species of the genus Lipaugus* of Boié, I take the op-

portunity of giving a list of the members of this peculiar American

genus now known to me, together with the characters of the new

bird, which I propose to call

LipAUGUS SUBALARIS.

Viridescenti-olivaceus, dorso imo, ventre et cauda cinerascentio-

ribus, cauda fere tota cinerea; crisso albicante; pilei semi-

eristati plumis interne nigris: gutturis et pectoris plumarum

scapis conspicue flavicanti-albis : plumis avillaribus et sub-

alaribus lete citrino-flavis : alis fusco-nigricantibus, extus dorso

concoloribus : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Hab. In rep. Equatoriana, ad ripas fl. Napo.

This Lipaugus will be easily recognized by the beautiful bright

yellow colour of the axillaries and under wing-coverts and the slightly

crested head, the feathers of which are black underneath. In struc-

ture it appears to be a member of the group Aulia: the outer and

middle toes being completely united to the end of the second pha-

lange, and the form otherwise resembling that of Lipaugus hypo-

pyrrhus. The single example in the collection of the British Mu-

seum, acquired in 1857, is labelled ‘* Rio Napo.”

I have examined specimens of nine species of this genus, which

may be arranged as follows in three sections.

a. LATHRIA.

Majores: rostro dilato: pedibus fortioribus : digitis duabus ea-

ternis ad basin conjunctis.

1. LiepauGuS FUSCOCINEREUS.

Querula fuscocinerea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291.—L. fusco-

cinereus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179.—Lathria

Suscocinerea, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101.

Hab. In Nova Granada.

Mus. P.L.8.

2. LipauGUS CINERACEUS.

Le Cotinga cendré, Levaill. Ois. Amér. et Ind. p. 98, pl. 44.—

Ampelis cineracea, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 162, et Enc. Méth.

p- 761.—Lathria cinerea, Sw. Flycatchers, p. 78, pl. 2.—Lipaugus

cineraceus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 240, et in Schomb. Guian. iii,

p. 693. — Lathria eineracea, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101+

Hab. In Cayenna, Guian., et Valle Amazonum.

Mus. P.L.S8.

3. LipauGUS PLUMBEUS.

Muscicapa plumbea, Licht. Doubl. p. 53 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 806.

* Sometimes erroneously written Lipangus, the derivation being eizety

deficere, and avy?) splendor.

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW LIPAUGUS. , @ii

—M. vociferans, Max. Reise, i. p. 242, et ii. p. 118.—L. cineraceus,

Cab. et Hein. /. ec. (partim).

Hab. In Brasilia *,

Mus. P.L.S.

4. LIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS.

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 385; Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 36.

Hab. In Mex. merid. et Guatemala.

Mus. P.L.S.

b. Lrpaveus.

Minores : pedibus debilibus : digitis duabus externis ad basin minus

conjunctis.

5. LipauGus SIMPLEX.

Muscicapa simplex, Licht. Doubl. p. 53.— Lipaugus simplex,

Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p.3; Bp. Consp. p. 179.

fTab. In Brasilia.

Mus. P.L.8.

6. LipAUGUS HOLERYTHRUS.

Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 300, et Ibis, 1860, p- 400.

Hab. In Guatemala.

Mus. P. L.S8.

c. AULIA.

Minores : rostro compressiore: digitis duabus externis per duas

phalanges conjunctis.

7. LIPAUGUS HYPOPYRRHUS.

Ampelis hypopyrrha, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 164, et Enc. Méth.

p- 762.—Muse. sibilatrix, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 810.—Lipaugus hypo-

pyrrhus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179; Gray

& Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 60.—Aulia hypopyrrha, Cab. et Hein. Mus.

Hein. ii. p. 101.

Hab. In Brasil., fl. Amazon. sup. et Nov. Granada.

Mus. P. L. S.

8. Lipaucus su BALARIS.

Hab. In rep. Equat. cisandeana.

Mus. Brit.

9. LiPAUGUS RUFESCENS,

Lipaugus rufescens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 296, et Ibis, 1859,

p. 124.—Lathriosoma typicum, Bp.

Hab. In Guatemala.

Mus. Brit.

* The Brazilian bird is readily distinguishable from the northern form by its

larger size, longer wings, and the brownish colour of the back and wings, and

. particularly of the tail.

212 DR.J.E.GRAY ON THE HABITS OF THE GORILLA. [May 28,

Mr. Cassin’s Lipaugus unirufus, from the Isthmus of Darien (Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 143), is perhaps distinct from the Guatemalan

and Mexican bird.

2. On THE Hasits OF THE GORILLA AND OTHER TAILLESS

Lonc-ARMED Apes. By Dr. J. EK. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,

ETC.

Recently the habits of the Gorilla have excited considerable in-

terest ; and it has been described by some authors as a fierce and

untameable animal, which, by its strength, has driven all other wild

animals from its haunts.

It is to be observed that the Ourang Outan was formerly charged

with all manner of iniquities, such as carrying off women and children,

defending itself with clubs, clawing people up by its hind feet as they

passed through the woods; but as the habits of the animal became

known, these tales, found untrue, were transferred to the Gorilla

or the adult Chimpanzee*, and I believe with as little truth.

Dr. Abel’s account of the Ourang of Java, copied into Griffith’s

‘ Animal Kingdom,’ vol. i. p. 239, and more recently Mr. Wallace’s

paper on the Habits of the Orang Utan of Borneo, published in the

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1856 (vol. xviii.),

p- 26, have entirely dispelled all these delusions as regards the Ourang;

though it is said that “there is no animal in the jungle so strong as

he,” p. 29. It is thus shown that strength is no proof of ferocity,

and all the stories of the Gorilla seem based on the fact that being

strong it must be very ferocious. Never was a greater fallacy.

The Chimpanzee (according to M. Du Chaillu) “is a great tree-

climber, passing much of its time among the branches of the great

trees of Tropical Africa. It is thoroughly untameable (’?) when

grown, still not fierce and malign like the Gorilla (?). It has never

been known to attack man, and its young are tractable and easily

tamed. Like its great congener, it is not gregarious.”

Raffles’ description of the habits of the Siamang, copied into Grif-

fith’s ‘Animal Kingdom,’ vol. i. p. 255, shows it to be a mild and

inoffensive animal, capable of being “easily tamed or, rather, recon-

ciled to bondage,”’ but ‘ unconquerably timid.”

Duvaucel describes the Wou-Wou (Hylobates agilis) as living

in pairs. It springs from tree to tree with wonderful agility, and

can therefore be seldom taken alive; and this is the character given

by all authors I have met with who have observed the various species

or varieties of Gibbons alive in their native haunts.

From these accounts, and from all that I can learn of the habits

of these animals from authentic sources, where there is no attempt

* This animal exhibits an instance of how names are changed. Battle called

it after the native name Engeco, Buffon Engoko, and shortened it to Jocko; hence

Jacko, or Jackey—a name often applied to monkeys of all kinds.

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON MR. HODGSON’S COLLECTIONS. 213

to enhance the danger of their chase, I am induced to believe that

all the tailless long-armed Apes, not excepting the Gorilla, are tree-

living, fruit-eating animals, living where beasts of prey are not to be

found, or out of their reach, if they are found together in the same

locality ; so that there is no reason for them to be fierce or vicious,

especially as the succulent nature of their food does not render it

necessary that they should come to the earth—on which they always

walk with difficulty—to obtain fluid.

At the same time I have no doubt they sometimes fight among

themselves for their mates, and would defend themselves, or perhaps

attack any animal—the larger kinds even man—if brought to bay,

and that they would use all their force and cunning to escape from

confinement, and thus try to recover their liberty ; but every animal,

even the most docile and herbivorous, as the deer, antelope, &c., will

do this, and might therefore as well be called vicious and untame-

able.

They are most, if not all, of them provided with very loud voices ;

and the Stamang is provided with large guttural sacs, which have been

supposed to facilitate the production of these sounds ; but as M. Du-

vaucel did not find them in the ‘ Wou-Wou,’ which also emits a

fearfully loud voice, he infers that the bags do not affect the sound.

Some of the American Monkeys are called Howlers on account of the

sounds they emit, which in these animals are said to be produced by

a peculiarity in the form of the larynx.

The Ourang and Siamang are seldom found far from the sea, and

I have been informed by the Gaboon traders that all the Gorillas

they have seen have been taken near the coast.

A friend has informed me that these observations as to the habits

of the Gorilla are confirmed by his examination of the skins and

skeletons now being exhibited in Whitehall Place; he says they

seem to have been wounded when retreating, and not attacking. It

is true that they are represented in M. Du Chaillu’s book as ad-

vancing, and are said to always fall on their faces, but in the plates

they are represented as lying on their backs.

3. List or THE CoLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED By B.

H. Honeson, Esa., 1n Nerau. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

At the request of Mr. Hodgson I have examined the whole of the

collections of specimens and drawings of Reptiles and Fishes which

he has at various times presented to the British Museum. The

new species of Reptiles contained therein have been already de-

scribed by myself, so that it is unnecessary to repeat a description of

them. Hamilton and M‘Clelland are the only authors who have

made original inquiries into the freshwater fishes of Nepal ; and it is

evident, from a comparison of Mr. Hodgson’s collections with the

information drawn from the works of these authors, that the streams

and rivers of Nepal must be inhabited by a wonderful variety of

generic and specific forms: M°Clelland enumerating many which

214 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28,

have not been marked by Hamilton as Nepalese, and Mr. Hodgson’s

collection, again, being composed of species which, although known

to Hamilton and M°‘Clelland as occurring in other parts of East

India, are new to the fauna of Nepal. But the most interesting fact

disclosed by these collections is, that several fishes which have been

considered as strictly marine forms, and the congeners of which cer-

tainly are exclusively inhabitants of the sea, ascend the rivers as far

as Nepal. It is much to be regretted that Mr. Hodgson’s collection

of specimens of Fishes is not as extensive as those which he has made

in other branches of zoology. Several of the drawings have been

evidently taken from species unknown ; yet beautifully as they are

executed with regard to their natural coloration and their general

form, it would be very hazardous to attempt to introduce them into

the system with technical denominations, as the specific distinctions

of Fish are chiefly based upon characters (fin-rays, teeth, number

of scales, &c.) to which due attention is never paid in drawings exe-

cuted by a person ignorant of ichthyology.

1. TEsTuDO HORSFIELDII.

Testudo horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 7, t. 1.

One coloured drawing.

2. BATAGUR LINEATA.

Emys lineata, Gray, Catal. Tort. p. 17.

Testudo kachuga, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 74.

Batagur lineata, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 35, t. 17.

Shell of one adult specimen, in which the keels of the vertebral

plates have entirely disappeared.

3. BATAGUR DHONGOKA.

Emys dhongoka, Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. t. .

Batagur dhongoka, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 36, t. 18.

The upper parts of the shells of two adult specimens, and a skull

figured by Dr. Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. t. 36. f. 1.

4. TRIONYX GANGETICUS.

Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv. Régne Anim.; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept.

Trionys hurum, Gray, Ind. Zool.t. .

Testudo ocellatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. t.

Skeleton of the upper shell of two specimens.

5. TRIONYX JAVANICUS.

? Testudo javanica, Osbeck, Voy. China, p. 149.

Trionyx javanicus, Schweigg. Prod. p. 287; Geoffr. Ann. Mus.

xiv. p. 15, pl.3; Gray, Ind. Zool. t.

This species is not in Mr. Hodgson’s collection, but is supposed

to occur in Nepal, having been found in different parts of the East

1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 215

Indian continent, in China, in the Malayan peninsula, in the Ganges,

in the Dukhun, Xe.

6. CHITRA INDICA.

Chitra indica, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 70.

The authority for the occurrence of this species in Nepal is Dr.

H. Falconer, who has deposited a very large skull of it in the British

Museum.

7. GAVIALIS GANGETICUS.

Lacerta gangetica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1057.

Crocodilus longirostris et tenuirostris, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1, 2.

The Narrow-beaked Crocodile, Kaw. Phil. Trans. xlix. p. 639. t.19.

Gavialis gangeticus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpet. génér, ii. p. 134, pl. 26.

£42:

One stuffed specimen, 33 inches long.

8. EMPAGUSIA FLAVESCENS.

Monitor flavescens, Gray, Zool. Journ, ii. p.228, andInd. Zool. t. .

Varanus piquotii, Dum. & Bibr. 1. ce. p. 483, pl. 34. f. 5.

Empagusia flavescens, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 9.

Two large stuffed specimens and one coloured drawing.

Lower hills.

9. VARANUS HERALDICUS.

Varanus heraldicus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 9.

One large stuffed specimen and a coloured drawing.

10. TrL1q@UA RUFESCENS.

Lacerta rufescens, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 285.

Tiliqua rufescens, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 109.

Two specimens.

11. CALOTES VERSICOLOR.

Agama versicolor, Daud. Rept. ili. p. 393, pl. 44 (young).

Calotes versicolor, Dum. & Bibr. J. e. iv. p. 805.

Three specimens.

12. PyrHON MOLURUS.

Coluber molurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 225.

Python tigris, Daud. Rept. v. p. 241, pl. 64. f. 1.

Bora §& Pedda Poda, Russ. Ind. Serp. t. 39. 22-24.

Python bivittatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 403, pl. 15. f. 1-4,

& Abbildg. p. 55, t. 17. f. 11.

Python molurus, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 44.

One coloured drawing.

13. TRACHISCHIUM FUSCUM.

Calamaria fusca, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p. 288.

216 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD- BLOODED [May 28,

Trachischium rugosum, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 30.

Trachischium fuscum, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 161.

Four specimens from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepalese collection, and se-

veral others from different parts of the Himalayas.

14. SIMOTES OCTOLINEATUS.

Elaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. p. 299 ; Russell, Ind.

Serp. ii. t. 38.

Simotes octolineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 634.

Two coloured drawings.

This Snake has not been previously known to occur as far north-

wards as the central hilly region of Nepal. It must be a beautiful

little harmless creature when alive, the back being chestnut-brown

between the two median black stripes, and the sides blue ; a bright

purple band, entirely lost in preserved specimens, runs along the

middle of the abdomen between two lateral series of black spots.

15. SIMOTES RUSSELLII.

Coluber russellii, Daud. Rept. vi. t. 76. f. 2.

Stmotes russellii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 628.

The Karait.

Two specimens and two coloured drawings.

Central hilly region.

16. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS.

Xenodon purpurascens, Schleg. Ess, pl. 3. f. 13, 14; Dum. & Bibr.

vil. p. 753 ; Cant. Catal. p. 67.

Coronella albocincta, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50.

Simotes albocincta, Dum. & Bibr. p. 633.

Coronella puncticulata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

Calamaria brachyorrhos, Motley & Dillw. Nat. Hist. of Labuan,

p- 49 (nec auct.), with a beautiful plate.

Stmotes purpurascens, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 25.

One specimen.

The Himalayan specimens are a fine variety of this widely-spread

species. The ground-colour is purple, marbled with brown ; two or

three rows of quadrangular lighter spots along the back, edged with

black, the spots sometimes confluent into cross bands ; belly whitish,

with numerous large, square black spots.

17. ABLABES COLLARIS.

Psammophis collaris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 390.

Ablabes collaris, Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 28.

One specimen.

18. ABLABES RAPPII.

Ablubes rappii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 154, pl. 26. f. B.

One specimen and a coloured drawing.

1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 217

The specimen figured by Mr. Hodgson is uniform brown above

and whitish below. In the specimen which is figured in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings of the Zoological Society,’ some obscure blackish cross

bands made their appearance on the anterior part of the side of the

trunk when the skin commenced to dry. These bands being

very distinct, I considered it possible for some time that 4. oweniz

is the young of 4. rappii. Mr. Hodgson, however, figures a speci-

men with a very distinct black collar (as in A. owenii), which is

21 inches long, and evidently adult ; so that both species appear to

be really distinct. Both are called ‘‘ Sirdaghia”’ in Nepal ; and I see

from a note of Mr. Hodgson, that having received a small specimen

of the uniform species (4. rappii) and a large one of the collared (4.

owenii), he considered the former as the young state of the latter.

19. ABLABES OWENII.

Ablabes owenii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 155, pl. 26. f. A.

Mr. Hodgson figures a variety of this species: the body is uniform

brown, without any cross bands ; abdomen whitish ; neck with a black

collar edged with white posteriorly ; crown of the head with two

angular blackish cross bands, the convexity of the bands pointing

forwards.

20. TROPIDONOTUS QUINCUNCIATUS.

Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 12. f. 4, 5.

Var. Coluber umbratus, Daud. Rept. p. 144. pl. 7.

Russ. Ind. Serp. ii. t. 5.

Tropidonotus umbratus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 309.

Eight specimens of nearly the same uniform dark coloration.

21. TROPIDONOTUS STOLATUS.

Coluber stolatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 379.

Russ. Ind. Serp. i. t. 10, ii. t. 19.

Tropidonotus stolatus, Boié, Isis, 1827, p. 535.

The Auhoria.

One specimen and two coloured drawings.

22. 'TROPIDONOTUS PLATYCEPS.

Tropidonotus platyceps, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii,p. 297;

Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 162.

The Matia.

This species appears to be a truly Himalayan form, all the spe-

cimens known coming from those mountainous regions. The British

Museum possesses three from Sikkim, two from Khasia, and one

from Nepal, through Mr. Hodgson. A coloured drawing.

23. TROPIDONOTUS CHRYSARGUS.

Tropidonotus chrysargus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 534 ; Schleg. Ess.

pl. 12.f. 6, 7.

One specimen.

218 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED — [May 28,

24. TROPIDONOTUS CERASOGASTER.

Tropidonotus cerasogaster, Cant. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847,

p- 92; Gthr. Cat. Colubr. Sn. p. 79.

One coloured drawing of a young specimen.

Central hilly region.

25. CoLuBER, sp.?

A drawing, 12 inches long, represents a Snake of which we have

not seen a specimen, but which, if we may judge from the colours, ap-

pears to be allied to Coluber callicephalus, Gray. A series of broad,

rhombic, confluent brown bands edged with black occupies the back ;

the sides are white dotted with brown ; belly whitish. The specimen

being very smali, the shields of the head and the scales are not re-

presented with sufficient distinctness to admit of a description of their

form, number, &c.

Central hilly region.

26. SprLorEs HODGSONII.

Spilotes hodgsonii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 156, pl. 27.

The Pila Matia.

Two specimens ; one drawing unfinished.

27. SPILOTES RETICULARIS.

Coluber reticularis, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 51.

Spilotes reticularis, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 98.

The Dorah.

All the eight specimens in the British Museum collection are from

the Himalayas, and two of them from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepalese col-

lection. Two coloured drawings.

28. SPILOTES MELANURUS.

Coluber melanurus, Schleg. Abbildg. t. 5.

Spilotes melanurus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 97 (nec Dum. & Bibr.).

Two half-grown specimens from Mr. Hodgson’s collection have

two very conspicuous black longitudinal bands along the back ;

several of the shields of the head are united, so as to form only six

upper and four lower labial shields. The loreal shield, too, has dis-

appeared.

29, CoRYPHODON FASCIOLATUS.

Coluber fasciolatus, Shaw, Zool. p. 528.

Coryphodon fasciolatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 109.

One coloured drawing.

Central hilly region.

30. CorYPHODON BLUMENBACHII.

Coluber blumenbachii, Merr. Tent. p. 119; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5,

favhoiSs

1861. ] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 219

Coryphodon blumenbachii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 184.

The Dhamin.

Five specimens and a coloured drawing.

This species, the most common of all the East Indian Snakes, ap-

pears to have been lately described as Leptophis trifrenatus, Hallow.

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 503.

31. CorYPHODON CARINATUS.

Coluber dhumnades, Cant. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483.

Coluber nigro-marginatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855,

p. 291.

Coryphodon carinatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 112.

Two specimens and two coloured drawings.

32. LycoDON AULICUS.

Coluber aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 381.

Lycodon aulicus, Boié, Isis, 1826, p. 981.

Iycodon hebe, Schleg. Ess. ii. pl. 4. f, 1-3.

Two specimens.

33. CaLLOPHIS MACCLELLANDII.

Elaps macclellandi, Reh. Cale. Journ: Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 532,

et Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Forem. Kjébenh. 1860, p. 247.

Elaps univirgatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 232.

Callophis univirgatus, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pl. 17.

Two specimens ; one coloured drawing.

Professor Reinhardt was the first to describe this species from a

specimen from Assam, which has a coloration somewhat different

from the Nepalese specimens, but which he clearly proves to be of

the same species. In the individual from Assam, the black rings

are complete across the back, and the black longitudinal streak is ab-

sent. Another specimen from Darjeeling, examined by Prof. Rein-

hardt, rather resembles the larger one in the British Museum.

Prof. Reinhardt has proved by dissection that these variations are

not dependent on sex, and that they appear to be accidental in the

individuals. This is another fact in favour of my assertion that

most of the different forms of coloration of the South American

Elaps are mere varieties, and not species.

The coloration of Mr. Hodgson’s drawing does not greatly differ

from that of the specimens in spirit.

34. NAJA TRIPUDIANS.

Coluber naja, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 382.

Naja tripudians, Merr. Tent. p. 147.

Having received specimens of the Cobra from different parts of

the Himalayas, I cannot doubt that it occurs also in Nepal, although

Mr. Hodgson has not sent specimens ; he says that it must be very

scarce in the central hilly region, at all events much less frequent

220 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28,

than in the low countries; the coloration becomes uniform dark in

specimens from the mountainous districts, as is the case in many

other reptiles.

35. TRIMESURUS VIRIDIS.

Trimesurus viridis, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 7.

The Sugava Samp.

One coloured drawing.

Central hilly region.

36. PARIAS MACULATA.

Parias maculata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

One specimen in spirit and another stuffed ; two coloured draw-

ings.

Central hilly region.

37. RANA TIGRINA.

Rana tigrina, Daud. Rain. p. 46, pl. 20.

The common Frog of the valleys.

Specimens in spirit and one coloured figure.

38. RANA LIEBIGII.

Rana liebigii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 157, pl. 28. f. A.

One specimen and a coloured drawing.

39. Buro MELANOSTICTUS.

Bufo melanostictus, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. p. 216.

Bufo carinatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. .

Two specimens and a coloured drawing.

The common Toad of the valleys.

40. PoLyPpEDATES MACULATUS.

Hyla maculata, Gray, Ind. Zool.

Hyla leucomystax, Graven. Delic. p. 26.

Polypedates maculatus, Gthr. Cat. Batr. p. 78.

One coloured drawing. The specimen was grass-green during life,

back irregularly spotted with greyish-silvery, legs with cross streaks

of the same colour.

41. RHACOPHORUS MAXIMUS.

Rhacophorus maximus, Gthr. Cat. Batr. p. 83.

Three specimens, types of the species.

FISHES.

1. SERRANUS SEX-FASCIATUS.

? Serranus sex-fasciatus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 360.

1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 221

The specimen is a dried skin, 6 inches long ; and it is difficult to

say whether our determination is correct. The occurrence of a

species of Serranus in fresh water is a very curious and quite new

fact.

2. THERAPON SERVUS.

Holocentrus servus, Bl. t. 238. f. 1.

Therapon servus, Cuv. & Val. iii. p. 125.

Pterapon trivittatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. t. . f. 1.

One specimen.

The occurrence of this fish in Nepal is another striking example

in favour of the opinion that the species of this genus are freshwater

fishes, some occasionally entering the sea. They appear to be one

of the genera representing the freshwater Perches of the northern

regions in the East Indies.

3. DIAGRAMMA CINCTUM.

Diagramma cinctum, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 61, pl. 26.

f. 1 (not good).

One dried specimen.

4. D1AGRAMMA, sp.

There is another specimen of Diagramma in Mr. Hodgson’s col-

lectin, which we cannot refer to any species known. It is a dried

skin 5 inches long. We should have referred it to the genus Thera-

pon, its head having quite the form of that of the fishes of that

genus, but for the numbers of the fins, which are, D. 12/19, A. 3/9.

It would be hazardous to name this apparently new species ; several

portions of the skin being distorted and the colours having gone, we

could give only an incomplete description of it.

5. SCATOPHAGUS ARGUS.

Chetodon argus, Gm. 8. N. p. 1248; Bl. t. 204. f. 1.

Chetodon pairatalis, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 122,

pl. 16. f. 41.

Chetodon atro-maculatus, Benn. Fishes of Ceylon, pl. 18.

Scatophagus argus, Cuv. & Val. vii. p. 136.

Skin of an adult specimen.

6. SrILLAGO SIHAMA.

Atherina sihama, Forsk. p. 70.

Russell, t. 113.

Sillago sthama, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 9, t. 3. f. 1.

Skin of an adult specimen.

This species has not been known hitherto as entering fresh water.

There may be some doubt with regard to the specific determination

of the species in consequence of the bad condition of the example ;

yet, even if it be a species different from S. sihama, the fact would not

be the less curious, as none of the other species are known to occur

at so great a distance from the sea.

222 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED _ [May 28,

7. Oroiirnus ARGENTEUS.

Otolithus argenteus, (Kuhl & v. Hass.) Cuv. & Val. v. p. 62.

Skin of an adult specimen.

This is another marine species, penetrating to Nepal.

8. TRACHYNOTUS OVATUS.

Gasterosteus ovatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 490.

Mookalee-parah, Russ. ii. p. 39, pl. 154.

Trachynotus ovatus, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fish. ii. p. 481.

Skin of a half-grown specimen.

A species found from between the tropics in the Atlantic and

Indian Oceans to the coasts of Australia. I do not know of another

instance where the species has been found in a river.

8a. GoBIUS GIURIS.

“ Gobius giuris, Buch. Ham.,” Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, iii. p. 21.

One specimen.

9. OpHIOCEPHALUS PUNCTATUS.

Ophiocephalus punctatus, Bl. t. 358.

Ophiocephalus latus, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, pp. 63,

637, pl. 34. f. 18.

The Bhoti.

_An adult specimen and a coloured drawing.

10. OpH10CEPHALUS BARCA.

Ophiocephalus barca, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 67,

pl. 35. f. 20; Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, ili. p.

The Patliah Band.

Two coloured drawings.

I am not quite certain about the correctness of my determination,

as the drawing represents a very light-coloured, uniform fish, whilst

the true Jarca is dark and dotted with black. The forms, however,

are the same in both.

11. MuGin NEPALENSIS.

Mugil nepalensis, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, iii. p.

One specimen. Type of the species.

12. MAsTACEMBELUS ARMATUS.

Macrognathus armatus, Lacép. ii. p. 286 ; Buch. Ham. Fishes of

the Ganges, pp. 28, 364, pl. 37. f. 6.

Mastacembelus a) matus, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, ui. p.

One young specimen.

13. PimeLopus CENIA.

A sketch of a Siluroid, executed with pencil, has been probably

taken from Pimelodus cenia, Buch. Ham. p. 174, pl. 31. f. 57.

1861. ] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL, 223

14. PrImELODUS BAGARIUS.

Pimelodus bagarius, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 186, pl. 7. f. 62;

Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 146, pl. 433.

The Goonch.

A coloured drawing in Mr. Hodgson’s collection appears to have

been taken from a specimen of this species. It agrees with the latter

in the form of the barbel and of the fins, but is of a more uniform

coloration. A very young specimen in spirit has the fin-rays not

prolonged into filaments.

15. CHACA LOPHIOIDES.

Platystacus chaca, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 140, pl. 28. f, 43.

Chaca lophioides, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 445, pl. 451.

One stuffed specimen.

16. S1ILUNDIA GANGETICA.

Pimelodus silundia, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 160, pl. 7. f. 50.

Silundia gangetica, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 49.

The Choojh.

One coloured drawing and skin in spirit.

17. SACCOBRANCHUS FOSSILIS.

Silurus fossilis, Bl. t. 370. f. 2.

Stlurus singio, Buch. Ham. p. 147, pl. 37. f. 46.

Saccobranchus fossilis, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 401, pl. 448.

The Singhi.

One coloured drawing.

18. BARBUS MOSAL.

Cyprinus mosal, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 388.

Barbus megalepis, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 93. f. 1; MacClell. Cyprin.

p. 271.

Barbus mosal, Cuv. & Val. xvi. p. 200.

The Mahasér,

Two finished and coloured drawings, and a pencil sketch of the

head.

19. BARBUS BRACHIATUS.

Leuciscus brachiatus, MacClell. Cypr. p. 409, pl. 42. f. 5.

Barbus brachiatus, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxy., Beng.

& Hind. p. 19.

One coloured drawing and several specimens in spirits.

The barbels are very small, and have been overlooked in Mr,

Hodgson’s drawings ; yet the form of the humerus and the black

dots at the base of the scales are two characters so peculiar that the

species is not easily mistaken. Mr. Hodgson adds, that the species

is found in streams of hills,

224 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28,

20. LABEOBARBUS HEXASTICHUS.

Barbus hexastichus, MacClell. Ind. Cypr. p. 269, pl. 39. f. 2.

Labeobarbus hexastichus, Bleek. Cyprin. p. 385.

Several specimens in spirit; one coloured drawing and two pencil

sketches of the head.

21. OREINUS MACULATUS.

? Cyprinus richardsonii, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 94. f. 2.

Oreinus maculatus, MacClell. Cyprin. p. 345, pl. 57. f. 6.

The Asla.

Several coloured drawings of adult and young fishes. Two stuffed

specimens.

22. OREINUS HODGSONII.

The Long-nosed Asla. =

Three coloured drawings and one stuffed specimen 21 inches long.

D. 2/7, A. 7. Snout much produced, longer than the part of the

head behind the orbit. The height of the body is one-fifth of the

total length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head

one-fourth. Scales very small. The dorsal fin is short and elevated,

rather higher than the body below; the second spine is very strong,

serrated posteriorly*. The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly on the

middle between the extremity of the snout and the base of the caudal

fin; base of the ventral below the middle of the dorsal. Coloration

as in the common Asla (Oreinus maculatus).

23. OREINUS, sp.

Two coloured drawings and pencil sketches of the mouth.

We are not able to refer this fish to a known species; it appears

to be allied to Barbus diplocheilus of Heckel (Fische vy. Kaschmir,

t. 10. f. 1), having a similarly serrated upper lip ; but the Nepalese

species is more elongate, has somewhat smaller scales, and the snout

considerably more produced. The greatest depth of the body equals

the length of the head, and is one-fifth of the total (the caudal fin

not included). The dorsal fin is somewhat higher than long and

than the body below, and occupies nearly the middle of the back ;

the ventral is inserted below the hinder third of the dorsal fin. The

figure shows nine dorsal and five anal rays. Brown above, each

scale with a dark dot, the dots being very well marked on the back

of the tail. The lower parts silvery.

24. OREINUS, sp.

One coloured drawing and sketches of the mouth.

This is a third species which we believe to be new, but we abstain

from naming it as long as we have no actual specimens for exami-

nation ; the scales are of moderate size, larger than in any of the

* This spine is injured in the specimen, but its size may be clearly seen in the

drawings.

1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL, 225

preceding species; the snout is obtusely conical; the cleft of the

mouth transverse, crescent-shaped, with the lower lip apparently

forming a rounded protuberance. Barbels minute. The greatest

depth of the body is one-fourth of the total length (the caudal fin

not included), the length of the head two-ninths. The dorsal fin is

higher than long, and lower than the body below ; the ventral fin is

inserted vertically somewhat behind the middle of the dorsal. Above

brownish-olive, whitish below ; each scale with a silvery spot. Length

of the drawing 5 inches.

25. RowITA MICROLEPIDOTA.

One stuffed specimen, 10 inches long.

D. 16, A. 8, V. 10, L. lat. 75, L. transv. 15/12. The height

of the body is one-fourth of the total length (the caudal fin not in-

cluded), the length of the head nearly one-fifth. The distance of

the dorsal fin from the occiput equals that from the caudal fin; the

base of the ventral is immediately behind the vertical from the middle

of the dorsal fin; the anal occupies the middle of the interspace

between the dorsal and caudal fins ; pectoral as long as the head.

Uniform silvery, back greenish.

The specimen being dried, I was unable to ascertain the position

and size of the barbels, which, if present, appear to be small. There

is, however, little doubt that this fish really belongs to the genus

indicated.

26. CopiTis SCATURIGINA.

Cobitis scaturigina, Buch. Ham. MS.

Schistura scaturigina, MacClell. Ind. Cypr. p. 443, pl. 53. f. 6.

One coloured drawing.

“Fish of valleys, in mud of fields and small creeks.’’—Hodgs.

27. CiRRHINA REBA.

Cyprinus reba, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 280.

Cirrhina reba, Cuv. & Val. xvi. p. 292.

One coloured drawing with sketches of the head.

This drawing represents a fish with darker transverse bands, whilst

they are generally longitudinal in other specimens. Buchanan Ha-

milton says that the colours are subject to much variation in this

species.

28. LoBocHEILUS RICNORHYNCHUS.

Gobio ricnorhynchus, MacClell. Cyprin. pp. 279, 363, pl. 55. f. 1.

Lobocheilus rienorhynchus, Bleek. Verhand. Batay. Genootsch, xxy.

Beng. & Hind. p. 66.

The Lhooi.

Two coloured drawings and a pencil sketch of the mouth.

29. LOBOCHEILUS GOBIOIDES.

? Cyprinus mosario, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 346.

Gonorhynchus gobioides, MacClell. Cypr. p. 369, pl. 43. f. 1.

Proc. Zoou. Soc,—1861, No. XV.

226 DR. A. GUNTHER ON MR. HODGSON’S COLLECTIONS. [May 28,

A coloured drawing and a pencil sketch of the head.

This species, or at least the fish represented by Mr. Hodgson, is

closely allied to Z. rienorhynchus, but may be readily distinguished

by its smaller scales and its lighter coloration. It is light brownish-

olive on the back, and silvery below; each scale on the side with a

short vertical red line.

30. CATLA BUCHANANI.

Cyprinus catia, Buch. Ham. p. 287, pl. 13. f. 81.

Catla buchanani, Cuv. & Val. xvii. p. 411, pl. 515.

The Cutler.

Two coloured drawings.

The vernacular name, assigned by Mr. Hodgson to this well-rnown

species, is evidently the same as that which is written ‘“* Catla” by

Buchanan.

31. CHATOESSUS MANMINA.

Clupanodon manmina, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 247.

Chatoéssus manmina, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 114.

One specimen.

I find a species of Chatoéssus mentioned in the list of specimens

presented by Mr. Hodgson to the British Museum. This specimen

is, at present, mislaid, and I have not had an opportunity of examin-

ing it; it is very probable that it belongs to this species, which is

found in most of the freshwater branches of the Ganges.

32. LEeIURANUS, sp.

One coloured drawing.

This species appears to be very closely allied to Murena colubrina,

Bodd., or M. annulata, Thunb., but is spotted with blackish-brown,

instead of having dark bands across the back.

33. ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS.

Murena maculata, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 23 (nec syn.).

Murena bengalensis, Gray, Ind. Zool.

Anguilla variegata, MacClell. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 179,

pl. 5. f. 2.

Anguilla elphinstonei, Sykes in Trans. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 377, pl. 67.

£3.

One coloured drawing.

34, ANGUILLA, sp.

One coloured drawing.

We are much inclined to consider the fish represented as a mere

variety of 4. bengalensis, with which it entirely agrees in its form,

except that it appears to have a wider cleft of the mouth, extending

far behind the orbit. From the purplish colour, variegated with

white and black specks, Mr. Hodgson calls it the “ Purple Eel,”

“ 4. porphyrea.’ The drawing is 14 inches long, and stated to be

1861.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON GUATEMALAN REPTILES. 227

one-third of the natural size. The specimen was caught in the

month of April in the Rosi Khola, a clear hill-stream of the central

region of Nepal.

4. On a CoLuection or REPTILES FROM GUATEMALA.

By Osspert Satvin, M.A., F.Z.S.

The collection, of which the present paper is a list, was formed

during the past twelve months by Mr. Robert Owen, Corresponding

Member of this Society, at San Gerdnimo and the neighbouring

mountains in the province of Vera Paz. In a former paper, Dec.

1860, I gave a short account of the collections I made in Guatemala.

The present series adds five species of Snakes to that list, making a

total of twenty-four species, a number which doubtless falls consider-

ably short of the whole number of species inhabiting Guatemala. In

determining the species I have availed myself of Dr. A. Ginther’s

assistance and of the specimens in the British Museum.

1. StREPTOPHORUS SEBA, Dum. & Bibr.

Several specimens.

2. HoMALOCRANION ATROCINCTUM, Dum. & Bibr.

In a single specimen in the collection there are sixty-two black

rings on the body and nine on the tail. These rings are twice the

width of the yellow intervals, and are confluent on the belly. Along

the dorsal series is a line of red interrupted by the black rings.

3. CORONELLA DOLIATA, Linn.

Adult and young.

The red colouring in the young is not shown, though very clear

in the adult.

4. PLEIOCERCUS, ZQUALIS, N. sp.

Seales in 17 rows; 8 upper labials; tail two-fifths of the whole

length ; body and tail banded throughout with equidistant black

bands.

Body long and slender, slightly compressed anteriorly ; tail very

long and tapering; head depressed, broader posteriorly, snout ob-

tuse, crown flat, eye moderate ; rostral shield small, slightly convex,

just reaching to the upper surface ; anterior frontal shields small,

pentagonal, obtuse ; posterior frontals large, three times the size of

the anterior frontals, quadrangular, bent on the sides ; vertical short,

rather longer than broad, outer edges slightly converging, posterior

angle nearly a right angle; occipitals large, rounded behind ; ante-

rior ocular reaches the upper surface of the head, but not to the

vertical ; loreal pentagonal, on one side united with the frontal;

nostril in the middle of two shields; eight upper labials, the fourth

and fifth reaching to the orbit ; scales in 17 rows, in rather oblique

series, those of the back narrower than those of the sides ; anal bifid ;

ventral plates 131, caudal 92,

228 MR. O. SALVIN ON GUATEMALAN REPTILES. [May 28,

Coloration.—Ground-colour red, yellow beneath ; upper portion

of the head black as far as the anterior portion of the occipital shields.

Twenty-seven black bands on the body, occupying a space equal to

each red interval. The intervals between each black ring irregularly

marked with black markings, which become more defined and stronger

on the posterior portion of the body. ‘Tail banded with 16 black

rings. The intervals betweeu each black ring have a black mark

on the upper surface, so large as nearly to obliterate the red ground-

colour. Maxillary teeth gradually increasing in length ; last pair

larger than the rest, and separated by an interspace.

The type of the genus Pleiocercus is P. elapoides of Cope, Pr.

Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 253. The description is taken from

Mexican specimens collected by Sefior R. M. de Oca near Jalapa.

Elapochrus deppei, Peters, appears to be quite identical with Pleio-

cercus elapoides ; but as the latter name has the priority of two days

over Dr. Peters’ description, Mr. Cope’s genus and species mnst

stand. The present species is closely allied to P. elapoides ; the ar-

rangement of the coloration in equidistant bands instead of triads

with yellow intervals, and the existence of an interspace between the

last pair and the rest of the maxillary teeth, however, entitle it to

specific separation.

There was but one specimen in the collection, adult and in very

perfect preservation.

5. STENORHINA VENTRALIS, Dum. & Bibr.

One adult specimen.

§. TROPIDONOTUS ORDINATUS, Linn.

Not nearly so numerous at San Gerdnimo as at Duefias.

7. IsCcHNOGNATHUS DEKAYI, Dum. & Bibr.

8. Sprtores corars, Cuv.

Two large specimens, measuring nearly 7 feet each.

9. DipsAaDOMORPHUS BISCUTATUS, Dum. & Bibr.

One specimen in the collection. This has the scales in 27 rows.

_ Of the examples in the British Museum one has the scales in 26

rows, another in 24, and one in my own collection from Lanquin in

Vera Paz in 24 rows.

10. Boa constrictor, Linn.

Three specimens, the largest measuring 5 ft. 6 in.

1]. ELAPsS CORALLINUS.

There are five specimens of E/aps in the collection, all belonging

to the southern form £. corallinus. In all of these the snout is

black as far as the anterior portion of the vertical shield, and the

first black ring commences across the posterior portion of the occi-

pital shields.

ia)

GB. Sowerby, dal et tith W West.nmp

1. Neritina wallacei. (Dom) 2.N-pritchardi. (pom) 3. Mitra aurora. /Dokrn) 41, M.arabica. orm)

5.Epidromus cumingi. (Dern) 6. Bulimus seemanni. (Dorn) 7.B. glaucolarynx. (Dohrn

8.B.semipellucidus. (trstram) 9.10. Helicna salvini. Fisewm:) 11. Macroceramus polystreptus (usin

1861.] REV. H. B.TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 229

No. 1 has 15 black rings on the body and 5 on the tail ; each ring

has an ill-defined yellow margin. The rings on the trunk occupy a

series of 8 scales (reckoned obliquely), and the intervals a series of

18. The rings on the tail occupy a series of 17 scales, and the inter-

vals 6. Ventral plates 211, caudal 53.

No. 2 has 20 black rings on the trunk and 7 on the tail. Each

ring is edged with yellow, and occupies a series of 6 scales, the inter-

vals occupying 11. On the tail the black rings occupy a series of

10 scales, and the intervals 4. Ventral plates 215, caudal 60.

No. 3 has 13 black rings on the trunk and 5 on the tail. Each

ring is narrowly edged with yellow on the trunk ; each ring occupies

a series of 10 scales, and the intervals a series of 22. The rings on

the tail occupy a series of 20 and the intervals of 4 scales. In the

intervals each scale is tipped with a black spot, the spots being larger

on some scales than on others. Ventral plates 2U6, caudal 52.

No. 4 has 17 black rings on the trunk and 6 on the tail, without

yellow margins. Each ring occupies a series of 7 and the intervals

of 18 scales. On the tail the rings occupy 12 and the intervals 5

scales. Ventral plates 208, caudal 52.

No. 5 has 20 black rings on the trunk and 8 on the tail. Each

ring occupies a series of 7 scales, and each interval, including the

yellow margins, which are clearly defined and occupy 2 scales,

15 scales. Each scale in the intervals clearly tipped with black, and

the ventral plates marked with irregular black spots. On the tail

each ring occupies 7} scales, and the intervals 5 scales. Ventral

plates 211, caudal 54.

12. CroraLus HoRRIDUs, Linn.

One specimen nearly 4 ft. long, with three joints in the rattle.

13. Hyzta Hoxtocutora, Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 460, pl. 32.

14. Emys venusta, Gray, Cat. Shield Rep. p. 24, pl. 12a.

A young example, in which the costal plates have a regular ring

of orange edged with a black margin, and a black spot in the centre.

On the dorsal plates this ring is interrupted, an orange stripe on

each side running in the direction of the back. These colours are

much more clearly defined and regular than in Emys ornata.

5. CATALOGUE OF A COLLECTION OF TERRESTRIAL AND Fiv-

VIATILE Mouuusks, MADE By O. Satnvin, Esa., M.A., F.Z.S.,

IN GuaTEMALA. By THE Rev. H. B. Tristram, Corr.

Mem. Z.S.

(Plate XXVI.)

This collection consists of forty-nine species, of which sixteen appear

to be hitherto undescribed. The species collected by Mr. Salvin seem

to have a comparatively limited range ; for though a few are found

230 REV. H. B, TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. [May 28,

in Mexican collections, the greater portion of those hitherto described

have been observed only in Guatemala by M. Moricand and others.

With the exception of one or two, as Achatina octona, of universal

occurrence in the warmer regions of the New World, none are iden-

tical with West Indian species, and the new species show close generic

affinities with the shells of the northern regions of South America.

1. HeLrx GHIESBREGHTI, Nyst.

The largest and most magnificent species of Helix in the New

World, and rivalling in size the Helix ituderii of Madagascar.

2. Hewtx eximia, Pfr.

3. HELrIx LALLIANA, Pfr., var.

4. Hevrx EURYOMPHALA, Pfr.

Closely allied to Helix lawata of South America.

5. Weurx coactiuiata, Fer.

6. Buxtimvus pazianus, D’Orb.

7, BULIMUS MORICANDI, Pfr.

8. BuLimus HONDURATIANUS, Pfr.

9. Buximus pysonlI, Pfr.

10. BuLimus SEMIPELLUCIDUS, nov. spec. (PI. XXVI. fig. 8.)

Allied to B. discrepans, Sowerby.

T. imperforata, oblongo-conica, fragilis, nitida, semipellucida, alba,

strigis opacis sparse signata; spira conica, acuta; sutura pro-

funda ; anfract. 6, convexi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, infla-

tus, basi rotundatus ; columella verticalis, stricta ; apertura vix

obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; peristoma tenue, margine dextro minime

expanso, margine columellari breviter reflexo.

Long. 18, diam. 8 mill.

11. Succrnea putris (?), Linn.

12. GLANDINA GHIESBREGHTI, Pfr.

13. GLANDINA CARMINENSIS, Morelet.

Described by Morelet from Costa Rica.

14. ACHATINA

(species doubtful).

15. ACHATINA ocTona, Lam.

16. SprrAXIS LATTREI, Pfr.

17. SprRAXIS SHUTTLEWORTHII, Pfr.

1861.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 231

18. SprRAXIS COBANENSIS, nov. spec.

T. elongato-oblonga, tenuis, nitida, vitrea, pellucida; spira brevis,

conica, obtusa; sutura levis; anfract. 5, planiusculi, ultimus antice

descendens 5, longitudinis formans, basi rotundatus ; lamina colu-

mellaris funiculata, ixtorta; apertura verticalis, inverse pyri-

Sormis ; peristoma simptex, margine deatro medio valde dilatato

et compresso.

Long. 18, diam. 5 mill.

(spec. dub.).

19. Sprraxis

20. LepriINARIA EMMELIN&, nov. spec.

T. elongata, tenuiuscula, opaca, nitida, vix striatula ; spira conica,

acuminatiuscula ; anfract. 7-8, convezi, ultimus spire vie equalis,

sublevigatus ; columella intorta, intus lucide albida; peristoma

vir expansum, margine dexiro compresso ; apertura dente acuto

superne muniia.

Long. 15, diam. 5 mill.

21. LEPTINARIA ELIS, nov. spec.

T. conico-ovata, tenuiuscula, semipellucida, nitida, delicatissime

siriata; spira obtusa, conica ; sutura profunda ; anfr. 5-6, con-

vexi, ultimus spiram dimidio superans, sublevigatus ; columella

intorta, intus margaritaceo-albida; perisioma eaxpansum, margine

dextro suleato compresso ; apertura in margine interno acute uni-

dentata.

Long. 10°5, diam. 6 mill.

22. CyLINDRELLA GHIESBREGHTI, Pfr.

23. CYLINDRELLA SALPINX, Nov. spec.

T. rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, sordide albida ; spira medio ventro-

sior, apice subtruncata, profunde oblique striata ; sutura profunda;

anfract. superst. 15, convexi, penuliimus semiplicatus, ultimus

antice ascendens, basi distincte carinatus, et longe protractus ;

apertura verticalis, oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, undique

large expansum.

Long. 11, diam. 2 mill.

24. Puysa SOwERBYANA, D’Orb.

25, PHysA PURPUROSTOMA, Nov. spec.

T. elliptico-ovata, fusco-cornea, nitidissima, diaphana ; spira conica,

brevis, apice acuta; anfract. 4-5, vix conveui, ultimus + longi-

tudinis formans ; sutura minime depressa ; apertura conico-ovalis,

margine externo expanso; columella in adult. purpurascens, in

Juv. rosea, albo-marginata.

Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Lake of Duenas.

26. PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS, Say.

232 REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. [May 28,

27. PLANorBIs TUMIDUs, Pfr.

28. PLANORBIS WYLDI, lov. spec.

T. discoidea, tenuis, turgida, fusco-cornea, haud nitens, aspere striata,

supra profunde umbilicata, subtus plano-concava ; anfract. 5, ro-

tundati, modice crescentes ; apertura obliqua, sublunaris, subtus

valde depressa, supra dilatata.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 11 mill., alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Lake of Dueiias.

29. PLANORBIS DUENASIANUS, Nov. spec.

T. discoidea, tenuis, albido-cornea, tenerrime striata, pellucida, haud

nitens, supra concava, depressa, subtus plana; anfract. 6, lente

accrescentes, ultimus acute sed minutissime carinatus ; apertura

obliqua, rhomboideo-compressa.

Diam. maj. 74, min. 63 mill., alt. 1 mill.

Hab. Lake of Duenas.

30. PLANORBIS.

Undescribed in coll. Cuming.

31. SEGMENTINA DONBILLI, nov. spec.

T. compressa, albido-cornea, tenuiter striata, superne et infra simi-

liter umbilicata, convexiuscula ; anfract. 5, lente accrescentes,

rotundati ; apertura obliqua, rotundata ; perist. intus albo-labia-

tum, dentes 6 intus ostendens, quatuor in pariete externa, duo in

par. interna.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 7 mill., alt. 23 mill.

Hab. Lake of Duenas.

$2. Mruampus FAsciaTus, Chemn.

Hab. Salt marshes on the coast.

33.ADAMSIELLA OSBERTI, nov. spec.

T. rimato-perforata, turrita, integra, pallide fulva, longitudinaliter

conferte striata, fasciis 5 vel 6 interruptis rubris ornata; spira

regulariter turrita, apice plerumque abrupta ; anfr.6, ultimus so-

lutus ; apertura verticalis, rotunda ; perist. duplex, internum cas-

taneum, breviter porrectum, eaternum dilatatum, horizontaliter

patens, rufescens, superne angulate productum, ad anfr. penul-

timum subexcisum.

Long. 12, diam. 5—6 mill.

34. CIsTULA TROCHLEARIS, Pfr.

35. CHONDROPOMA RUBICUNDUM, Morelet.

36. MEGALOMASTOMA SIMULACRUM, Morelet.

Described by Morelet from Costa Rica.

37. CycLoPHORUS PONDEROSUS, Pfr.

38. CycLOPHORUS TRANSLUCIDUS, Sow.

1861.) REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 233

39. MACROCERAMUS POLYSTREPTUS, nov. spec. (PI. XXVI.

fig. 11.)

T. conico-elongata, integra, albida, semipellucida, vix umbilicata,

striis obliquis conferte ornata, et fasciis opacis irregulariter picta;

spira regulariter turrita, apice acutissima castanea; anfract.

12-14, convexi, ultimus non solutus ; sutura crenulata multis

strigis contractis; apertura verticalis, rotundata; perist. albidum,

subdilatatum.

Long. 16, diam. 4 mill.

40. Hexicina SALVINI, noy. spec. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 9, 10.)

T. globoso-turbinata, solidula, polita, vix striata, pallide citrina,

Jasciis duabus castaneis, inferiore contractiore, superiore latiore,

cincta ; spira turbinata, acuta; anfract. 6, viv convexiusculi,

ultimus rotundatus, spiram dimidio superans ; columella brevis,

basi subsimplex, callum emittens tenuem ; apertura obliqua, semi-

lunaris ; perist. aureum, late expansum, et reflexiusculum, ad ca-

rinam rostratum et in cornu elongatum extensum.

Diam. maj. 143, min. 12 mill., alt. 9 mill.

Nearly allied to H. turbinata, Wiegm., from Mexico.

41. Hevicina Amana, Pfr.

42. Henicina OWENIANA, Pfr.

43. HreLicINA MERDIGERA, Sallé.

Described by Sallé from Nicaragua.

44, HeLicina LINDENI, Pfr.

45. HELICINA CHRYSEIS, nov. spec.

T. acuto-conica, solidula, striatula et subgranulata, aurantiaca,

parum nitida ; spira acuto-conoidea ; sutura profunda ; anfr. 6,

planiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, peripherio subcarinato, basi

circa callum flavo-aurantiacum straminea ; apertura angulato-ro-

tundata ; columella arcuata; perist. expansum, reflexiusculum,

albo-limbatum.

Diam. 3, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Mountain forests of Vera Paz.

46, 47, 48. Three species of Parupinewa, apparently unde-

scribed.

49. PacHYCHEILUS Corvinus, Morelet.

This magnificent Melania appears to attain a greater size in the

streams of Guatemala than in any of its previously noted habitats.

My grateful thanks are due to Mr. Cuming for his kind and ready

assistance in determining the species.

The following list of the additions made to the Menagerie during

the months of March and April was read to the Meeting :—

234 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 28,

Marcu.

Presented by

MA GUGaG) rasntnennceceunanen cc Ovis tragelaphus.....+.00..- 3

T AGABX,,..snccsseetessscorecone Addax nasomaculata ...... oan 4 ‘ = ard Le Mar-

3 Dorcas Gazelles ............ Gazella doreds........0.0.00. nied

22 American Quails .........;Ortyx virginiana............ Andrew Downs, Esq.

2 Muscovy Ducks............ Catrina moschata, var. ...|W.F. Bartlett, isq., R.N.

1 Red-winged Parrakeet ...|4prosmielus erythropterus|R. Marshall, Esq.

1 Lizard from Natal ......... Regenia albogularis......... )

1 Dorcas Gazelle ............ Gazella dorcas......... sane

1 Two-spotted Paradoxure

2 Red-rumped Parrakeets...

2 Many-coloured Parrakeets

Nandinia binotata .........

Psephotus hematorrhous ..

Psephotus multicolor ......

1 Yarrell’s Curassow......... Crax carunculata .......5.

1 Japanese Green Dove ...|Calenas uh Bescoasees + Purchased.

I Wialabyacc.-sccce = seehasccs Halmaturus BoE BROAY

1 Sooty Phalanger .........|Phalangista vulpina, var.

2 Pink-footed Geese ......... Anser plenicopus ......00

1 Green Monkey ......... -.| Cercopithecus sabeus ......

2 Common Pheasants ...... Phasianus colchicus ...... |

2 Red-legged Partridges ...|Caccabis rufa .......... sewn)

Of these, Regenia albogularis was stated to have been exhibited for

the first time.

APRIL.

So Cape Hyrax 5.-:..scsesccce Hyrax capensis .........+.. His Ex. Sir G. Grey, F.Z.S.

1 Vervet Monkey ............ | Cercopithecus delalandii |Lieut Gilmour.

QUPinnINOUs)sastivesseret ens. « |\Tinamus variegatus ...... John Blount, Esq.

34 Chinese Sand-Grouse ... Syrrhaptes paradoaus ... Hon. J. F. Stuart Wortley.| -

PECAN RTOO se tec woetese store Macropus gigas (9) ...... |Alexander Huth, Esq.

3 Shanghai Sheep............ Ovis aries, var. ......++. :

2 Chinese Geese aE |Anser sinensis ......... } eae Craiksbank.

1 Indian Rock Snake ...... Python molurus....... -.--. James Clark, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey ............ Macacus rhesus .........+++ |D. Wilson, Esq.

4 Chinese Sand-Grouse...... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...\Capt. Hand.

1 Honduras Turkey ......... |Meleagris ocellata .........

1 Globose Curassow ......... |\Crax globicera ....... wed Robert O E

1 Guanyus inti ke etal Penelope purpurascens ... ceus Me ae

P*Tidamone ese see Tinamus robustus ......0+. sega ees eh

2 Tree-Colins..........- seseees Dendrortyx leucophrys...

1 Crested Eagle..............- Spizaétus occipitalis ......

1 African Hawk............... Astur monogrammicus ...

2 Saddle-billed Storks ...... Mycteria senegalensis ...

Ring Parrot) i540 /2es52 Aprosmictus scapulatus...

2 Pennantian Parrakeets ...|Platycercus pennantii ...

2 Chameleons .......... .....|Chameleo africanus ......

1 Chacma Baboon............ Cynocephalus porcarius...

6 Golden-eye Ducks......... Clangula glaucion ......+4.

1 pair Scaup Ducks ......... Fuligula marila .........5.. Purchased.

1 Manilla Cockatoo ......... Cacatua philippinarum ...

3 Cereopsis Geese ..........5- Cereopsis nov@ hollandie

1 Stone-chat ..................|Pratincola rubicola ......

1 Green Pigeon........... ....|Calenas Biche. caches

2 Bichenow’s Finches ......|Zstrelda bichenovii ......

2 Phaéton Finches....... aacee Phaethon .......00...

2 Red-tailed Finches......... TUPiCAUAA .,.00rcee00-

2 Banded Finches ............ Poéphila cinctd seve... |

Presented by

1861.] LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. 235

June 11th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed

to him by Robert Swinhoe, Esq. (Corr. Memb.), dated “ British

Consulate, Amoy, China, April 5th, 1861.”

“T see, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for

February 1861, page 143, on the Japanese Deer, that a mistake

has occurred, owing to incorrect information. Mr. Blyth describes a.

Deer under the name Cervus taiouanus, from the skull of an adult I

sent him. This was procured from the Formosan Deer, supposed to

be C. pseudaxis. Subsequently I sent him four living Deer, which I

distinctly informed him were received from Japan; but whether

through inability to read my letter, or for some reasons to me un-

known, he set down in his belief that the old buck was from Formosa

and the other three from Japan. All four of the Deer sent him were

from Japan, and the skull alone from Formosa. There can be no

possible doubt that the former belong to the Japanese species C.

sika, Temm. et Schleg., of the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’ That the For-

mosan Deer is distinct from the Japanese I have no shadow of doubt,

from the various opportunities I have had of comparing the animals

from the two different places. The old Formosan bucks stand at

least one foot higher than the Japanese bucks, and their horns are

somewhat flattened at the end. One of the former has been sent by

the Dutch consul here to Leyden. Iam doing my utmost to pro-

cure a pair of these handsome animals for the Zoological Gardens.

I am told that a Stag is also found near Ningpo, but have never

seen examples. The large species from the north found in the

Summer Palace Gardens, of which I have sent three skins to the

Society, you will be able to determine as soon as the ‘ Harkaway,’

in which vessel they were shipped, arrives in England. If the Zoolo-

gical Society will remunerate the masters of the vessels for the con-

veyance of live Deer to England, I dare say I can manage to defray

all expenses here in procuring the animals.”

Dr. Gray made some observations on an immature specimen of an

Antelope in Capt. Speke’s collection from Zanzibar, which he was

inclined to refer to a new species of Calotragus.

Dr. A. Giinther exhibited, on the part of Mr. J. Y. Johnson, an

example of the singular Fish described under the name of Saccolarynz

flagellum by Dr. Mitchell, and Ophiognathus ampullaceus by Dr.

Harwood. This had been obtained at Madeira by Mr. Johnson,

and, when captured, contained in its stomach a large specimen of a

Gadoid Fish.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited some very fine examples of the heads

and horns of the Ovis ammon of the Himalayas, belonging to Major

Edwardes.

236 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A CHINESE STAG. [June 11,

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice or A SraG rrom NortTHerN CHINA SENT BY Mr.

SwinuHor To THE ZooxLoGicaAL Society. By Dr. Joun

Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ec.

(Plate XX VIL.)

Mr. Swinhoe has most kindly sent to us three examples of a Deer

which were shot in the Gardens of the Summer Palace at Pekin in

the winter of 1860.

There is a skin of an adult male with horns, of an adult female, and

of a younger animal.

The male agrees in most particulars with the account of the Cervus

pseudaxis of Eydoux, figured by Gervais in the ‘ Voyage of the

Bonite,’ and its horns with those of the same animal figured by Dr.

Pucheran in the ‘Archives du Muséum’ (vol. iv. t. 24. f. 2-8).

The specimens having been procured in the winter, agree with the

figures of the animal in that state on M. Gervais’s plate.

Mr. Swinhoe thought it might be the Cervus wallichii of Cuvier,

but it has no affinity to that species.

It is very like a series of animals (for now we have two pairs, and

they are breeding) which were received a short time ago by the Zoo-

logical Society from Japan, and which I described, under the name

of Rusa japonica, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’

for February 1861, p. 143; and in the form of the horns and in the

general appearance of the animal it agrees with the Cervus sika, Tem-

minck, very shortly described and figured in the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’

Dr. Sclater, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ has

stated his opinion that my Rusa japonica is probably the same as

Cervus sika and also as Cervus pseudaxis. But Cervus pseudaxis and

Rusa japonica differ from Cervus sika in having a large white anal

disk surrounded by a black edge, which is not represented in the

figure of Cervus sika, nor mentioned in the short and, I own, very

imperfect description of that species.

I may state that Cervus pseudaxis appears to be a species of the

genus Rusa rather than das, with which I had placed it in the

‘ Catalogue of the Ungulated Animals in the British Museum,’ p. 215;

and it seems closely allied to the small species which inhabit the

islands of the Indian Ocean, that form the second section of the genus

Rusa in the catalogue above quoted ; but, as in the other species of

that section, we want much more materials in order to know what

are and what are not species of that group.

The animal which has been figured under the name of Cervus

pseudaxis was obtained by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in Java, but

they did not believe that it was a native of that country. It lived

several years in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series

of its horns was procured and figured; and while there it bred

with the Common Axis, and the male produce was fertile (see

‘Archives du Muséum,’ iv. p. 421). Some naturalists have given

(¢) SIXVUNESd SNAMH

sduy qreymep iT

cea {reyMeH NT

1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A CHINESE STAG. 237

the Sooloo Islands, near the Philippines, as the habitat of this speci-

men, but I do not know on what authority.

The Chinese animal seems also to be much more spotted in the

winter season than its Japanese ally (Rusa japonica), which nearly

lost its spots in the Zoological Gardens during the wiuter of last year.

The old male is furnished with a kind of mane—that is to say,

the hair of the neck is longer and more rigid than that of the rest

of the body, except just over the tail, where it is also elongated and

rigid. The fur of all the three specimens is long and very close,

much more so than in its Japanese ally. The male is rather paler

in colour and less spotted than either of the hornless specimens ;

it has only an indistinct, rather darker line of rather longer hair

between the withers, and it has a large blackish space of rigid, rather

longer hair over the base of the tail. On the other hand, both the

hornless skins have a distinct, well-marked black dorsal streak, which

is wider, more distinct, and formed of longer hair on the back of the

neck ; and they have only a broad, well-marked black edge on the

upper surface and side of the white anal disk. The tail in all the

specimens is white, with a black streak along the middle of the upper

side of the base. In this respect it also agrees with R. japonica.

I believe that Dr. Sclater is now satisfied that the identity of my

Rusa japonica with Cervus sika is very doubtful. Indeed, I cannot

conceive how this can be otherwise, unless the Cervus sika is very

badly figured and incorrectly described. We may therefore regard

Cervus sika as a distinct species, at least until we can procure some

further observations on it. It was figured and described from a

single male specimen sent to Leyden.

The specimens from Northern China sent by Mr. Swinhoe (which

I am inclined to think may be Cervus pseudaxis of Eydoux) chiefly

differ from Rusa japonica in being of a considerably larger size, the

Chinese species being as large as the Fallow Deer, and the J apanese

Rusa considerably less—between that animal and the Roebuck.

I may state that the distinctions of the species of Stags are very

difficult to describe by words ; yet the allied Deer from different coun-

tries are generally to be best distinguished by their size and habitat ;

and that may be the case with this and the other small Ruse which

are described as coming from Timor, the Philippines, and For-

mosa.

The two skulls which accompanied the skins present a considerable

difference in the form and depth of the preorbital pit: and this ob-

servation is of some importance, as the size, form, and depth of this

pit has been considered by some zoologists as presenting a good spe-

cific distinction; but I have observed a similar difference in skulls

of apparently the same species of the genus Cariacus. The skulls

are not of the same age; but I do not think that this can have an

effect on the form or depth of the pit. The skull of the male is of

a young animal, the hinder grinder being in the course of develop-

ment ; and the horns are simple, without any snags, like the horn

figured in ‘Arch. du Mus.’ vi. t. 24. f. 2, but even wanting the basal

snag, and they are covered with hair. In this skull the preorbital

238 DR.J.E.GRAY ON THE HABITS OF THE PIPE-FISH. [June 11,

pit is large, subtrigonal, and not quite so deep as it is wide, rounded

at the base.

The skull of the female is rather larger, and belongs to an adult

animal, with all the grinders well developed. In this skull the pit is

oblong, not so broad as long, and very much deeper (I should say,

nearly twice as deep), and has a large aperture at the hinder part of

its base, evidently for the transmission of some vessel, which is not

to be seen in the skull of the male.

The male skull has short canines, not produced beyond the sur-

face of the bone; the female has the holes of smaller canines which

have fallen out.

P.S.—Dr. Schlegel, the Director of the Leyden Museum, has, in

reply to an application from me, sent me this day (July 11, 1861)

the following note on the specimen of C. sika in the Leyden col-

lection :—‘‘ If you mean by the anal disk the whitish or yellowish

disk which extends in the Common or Canada Stag above the tail,

the Japanese Stag decidedly shows nothing of this kind. In this

species the white colour is restrained to the abdomen, the inside of

the thighs, the anal region, and the greater end part of the tail; the

root of the tail is, on the contrary, of the same brown colour as the

whole back and the rest of the animal.”

It is probable, therefore, that the Japanese Deer described by me

as Rusa japonica may be the same as the Cervus sika, though it dif-

fers so much from the figure and short description of that animal in

the ‘Fauna Japonica.’

2. On THE Hasits oF THE PIPE-FISH AND OTHER FISHES.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

In examining the tanks in the Zoological Gardens, I was struck

with the habits of the Pipe-fish, and induced to take a few notes.

There are three species now exhibited there.

They swim with facility, but not very rapidly, and they seem to

move chiefly by the action of the dorsal and pectoral fins. The former

is fully expanded when they move and in very rapid motion, the action

being a kind of wave, commencing at the front end and continued

through its whole length, continually repeated, so as to form a kind

of screw propeller. The tail seems to be used rather as a foot than

as an organ of propulsion ; and the specimen that is furnished with a

rayed tail expands the rays when it uses this part, giving the end

of the tail the appearance of a webbed foot.

They remain in a quiescent state in different positions, sometimes

horizontal, at others pendent, but generally more or less ascending

from the place on which the tail rests ; sometimes even nearly in a

perpendicular position, merely resting on the tip of the tail: at these

times the fins are generally at rest.

I saw one specimen of the Serpent Pipe-fish with a simple acute

tail, which was resting in an erect perpendicular position with the tail

1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON LERNAIA CYCLOPTERINA. 239

loosely curled round some shells of a Purpura that were attached to

the surface of the glass of the tank.

This is an approach to the prehensile tail of the Hippocampi, but

still very different from the habit of that genus.

Mr. Bartlett informs me that, whatever may be the colour of some

of the fishes, such as Flounders, Plaice, Soles, and Thornbacks, when

placed in the tank, they soon modify their colours so as to be very

like that of the shell or sand which forms the ground of the tank;

and as shells and shell-sand are now generally used to make the ground

of the tank, the fish become of a pale-brown, more or less mottled

colour.

The flat fish, as Flounders, Plaice, and Soles, lie tranquilly at the

bottom of the tank, on the sand, with their eyes prominent, and their

mouth usually rather exserted and partly open; but they swim with

facility, bending the side (or, rather, what in otherifishes we should

call the dorsal and ventral edges) down, so as to raise the central line

of the body, and propel themselves with their tails. The pectoral

fins seem to be but little used, and they are often very rudimentary ;

the ventral fins, which are also small when present, are usually ex-

panded when the fish lies on the sand.

It is much to be regretted that persons who have the leisure and

opportunity of observing these and other fishes in tanks, do not give

us more particulars of their manners, and especially of the means by

which they propel themselves through the water, which is evidently

very different in the various families and genera. The elong gate, eylin-

drical or subcompressed, or many-angled Syngnathus is generally

straight and stiff while moving from place to place; while the elon-

gated, rather compressed Blennies, as Guénellus and Zoarces, pro-

pel themselves forward with a horizontal, serpentine motion, appa-

rently keeping their bodies erect by the dorsal fin and the expanded

pectorals.

There is one circumstance connected with the fishes m these tanks

which I have never been able to understand ; that is their apparent

blindness to any external object that is presented to them from the

outside of the tank, when it is offered to them on a level with their

eyes or apparent range of vision. I have attempted to disturb them

with my hand, with a red handkerchief, and with many other bodies;

but I have never observed them show the slightest idea of there

being any danger, or even take the slightest notice of the approach-

ing body ; yet they are easily disturbed if the object is so presented

to them as to appear to descend towards them.

38. Note on THE LERN#XA CYCLOPTERINA OCCURRING IN THE

GILLS OF THE CYCLOPTERINUS SPINOSUS, A FISH FROM

GREENLAND. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S., ere.

In the ‘Fauna Groenlandica,’ O. Fabricius shortly describes a

species of Lernea as occurring in the Cyclopterinus spinosus, Kroyer

in his ‘ Tidskrift’ figures the same parasite ; but his figure varies so

240 MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW CRAB FROM MADEIRA. [June lI,

much from a specimen lately added to the collection of the British

Museum, that I think it advisable to give a short account of it.

Kréyer mentions that the specimens from which he has figured the

species are young individuals ; and to this, in all probability, is owing

the discrepancy between his figure and the specimen in the possession

of the Museum, which evidently is an adult. The neck agrees pretty

well with his figure, but the head in our specimen is strongly tuber-

cled. The body is somewhat thin and elongated in Kréyer’s figure.

In the Museum specimen it is shorter and much thicker, and at the

bend of the body from which the ovaries are sent off, there are on

each side two strong tubercles. Kréyer does not figure the ovaries ;

it is evident, therefore, that the specimens in his possession, and from

which his figures were made, are immature. The ovarian tubes, as

seen in the Museum specimen, are beautifully coiled in a spiral, are

strong, and marked with small bands of a brown colour. M. Milne-

Edwards, in mentioning this species, says that Kroyer does not figure

the cephalic horns which distinguish the genus Lernea ; and he

suspects that this is only owing to a mutilation of the individual

observed by that naturalist. It is curious that I have not been able

to discover the cephalic horns in our specimen either; but upon a

close examination there is to be seen arupture of the parts to which,

if they existed, these horns would have been attached. In all proba-

bility they have been torn away when the specimen was dissected

from the fish.

4. DescrIPTION oF A New Species oF CANCER OBTAINED AT

Maperra. By James YATE JOHNSON.

(Plate XXVIII.)

CANCER BELLIANUS, Sp. n.

Carapace of a pale brown, suffused and spotted with red; its

surface rough, with small tubercles, and strongly marked with the

regional divisions ; transversely oblong, with the middle portion

moderately elevated. Latero-anterior margin divided into ten qua-

drate lobes, alternately broad and narrow; the outer edge of each

lobe armed with three teeth, of which the middle one is larger. On

the broader lobes the lateral teeth are frequently bifid. The hind-

most lobe on each side has only one principal tooth, but there are

three or four small ones. This lobe passes into the posterior marginal

line of the carapace, and this line is beaded with a series of tubercles.

The front of the carapace has two dotted lobes or flattened teeth, with

a narrow triangular tooth projecting between and beyond them. The

superior margins of the ocular orbits are denticulated, and have a

strong triangular tooth over the inner canthus, which does not project

quite so far as the two principal lobes of the interocular front. The

margin between the two superior fissures is denticulated, but has no

predominating tooth. Inferior margin of the ocular orbit armed with

three teeth, of which the innermost is large and stout. The external

“Goat 891A ‘SMNVITTEE CHONVO PIL ISOM 00H

‘TLAXY 23¥1ld. 198LSZ4

1861.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW CRAB FROM MADEIRA. 241

antennee have their basal joints much elongated, and terminating

forwards in an obtuse tooth. ‘The second joint is club-shaped, and

the third cylindrical. The anterior half of the internal antennz is

folded directly backwards when at rest.

The sternum is minutely punctated, and its entire surface in the

male is set with longish stiff hairs ; in the female the hairs are chiefly

confined to the posterior portion.

Feet.—First pair subequal, stout, and longer in the male than in the

female. Fingers black, marked with longitudinal furrows, and having

two or three large tubercles near the extremity of their prehensile

edges. Upper surface of hand marked with seven low longitudinal

crests or rows of tubercles, some of which bear minute spines ; and

in the female with a good deal of stiffish hair ; under surface minutely

punctated. The wrist has the superior surface studded with three

or four rows of short sharp spines with broad bases. The immer in-

ferior edge has two stout black spines, the strongest of which is near

the anterior extremity of the joint. The arm bears two sharp spines

on its upper edge near the anterior extremity, and these are sepa-

rated by a deep transverse furrow which crosses each of the adjacent

surfaces. Remaining feet slightly compressed, irregularly angular,

marked with longitudinal spinous crests, and clothed with long stiff

hairs. The last joint is remarkably long, spineless, but marked with

deep longitudinal grooves, in some of which is a dense line of hair.

The terminating spine is reddish. The order of length of the feet

in the male is 1, 3, (2, 4), 5.

Abdomen.—The third segment is the broadest in the male, the

sixth in the female. In both, the sides of the seventh segment are

somewhat sinuated. In the female the margins of the abdomen are

thickly fringed with hair, and the surface also bears a good deal of

shorter stiff hair.

The measurements of two specimens, a male and female, are sub-

joined, the figures signifying inches.

Male. Female.

Garapnee + Lengths ses seah vices ve 1 49 fs

Breadthig 73x23. aie esas “i 653

Feet::: First pair—Length .5 oes. es 7 5

Width of hand...... 2 0

GE AIT Es 5 Seo ee GS as 5s neon BE 5

Abdomen: Total length ............ 3 32

Width of third segment.... 1°;

Width of sixth segment.... 1Z

This species will take its place in the neighbourhood of Cancer ple-

beius, Poeppig, a Chilian species, from which, however, it is distin-

guished by the stoutness of the first pair of feet, the less prominence

of the tubercular ‘spines on the hand, the greater prominence of the

middle tooth of the lobes at the margin of the carapace, the greater

abundance of hair, the absence of the scroll of white spots which paint

each side of the upper surface of the carapace in Cancer plebeius, and

the much greater unevenness of the carapace, arising from the deeper

cutting of the divisions between the regions,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XVI.

242 MR. S. HANLEY ON A NEW LEDA. [June 11,

Only two specimens of this Crab have fallen in my way. One is

in the British Museum, and the other is in my own collection at

Madeira. To both were attached numbers of the rare cirripede

Pecilasma crassum, Darwin. I have named it in honour of that

learned carcinologist, the President of the Linnzean Society, and the

author of a memoir on the genus Cancer, printed amongst the Trans-

actions of that body.

5. Description or A New Leva. By Sytvanus Han ey.

Leva poueni. Testa oblongo-acuta, vix inequilateralis, con-

vexd, cute pallide straminea induta, antice sublevigata, postice

et in medio costata; costis planulatis ; interstitiis angustis,

levibus. Extremitas antica anguste rotundata : latus posticum

gradatim acutangulare. Plice umbonalis situs ordinarius an-

gulatim et repente depressus. Margo dorsalis utrinque modice

declivis, antice convexus, postice subrectus ; ventralis subar-

cuatus, utrinque (sed antice presertim) acclivis. Area dorsalis

antica vix impressa, subconcentrice sulcata ; postica satis magna,

impressa, subconcentrice costellata. Nates acuta, vix elevate.

Umbones levigati.

Hab. Mare Pacificum.

Mus. Dohrn.

The anterior side, which, if either, is the shorter, is smooth, or, at

most, obsoletely grooved, and is marked with a radiating shallow in-

dentation, that is chiefly perceptible near the ventraledge. The sur-

face is rather glossy : the ribs become subimbricated near the hinder

dorsal area. The posterior dorsal slope is straightish, or subretuse

(except in the middle): the hinge-margin is broad; and the teeth

numerous on both sides of the small cartilage-pit.

6. Descriptions or New Species oF MoLnuvuscA FROM THE

Paciric Istanps. By W. Harrer PEAse.

PINNA TRIGONALIS.

Shell light, of an elongate triangular shape, slightly curved, basal

margin squarely truncate ; valves elevated at their centre, forming a

ridge extending nearly the whole length of the shell, and slightly

contracted at the centre of the basal margin. Beaks ribbed and stri-

ated transversely, strice raised, fine and rather distant, ribs extending

down on the posterior margins the whole length of the shell. Horn-

colour, darkest at the beak, shading off into white towards the basal

margin.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

HEwLIx ACETABULUM.

Shell small, planorboid, slightly convex above, or plane; umbilicus

wide, cup- shaped, finely radiately striated above and below, carinately

1861.] MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 243

ribbed at the periphery and on the margin of the umbilicus, beneath

more or less obsoletely ribbed; whorls six, carinately rounded, and

ornamented with radiating lines of short hairs, sutures well impressed ;

aperture subrhomboidal, a single lamella on the penultimate whorl.

Tessellated with dark chestnut and fulvous brown.

Diam. 5 mill., length of axis 2 mill.

Hab. Tahiti.

In size, colour, and general shape this species agrees with H.obolus,

Gould. It may prove to bea variety. It is never, however, concave

above, and is more or less ribbed beneath. The epidermic lines, sup-

porting short hairs, are common to most of the species of this type,

so far as I have observed, on our islands and from the south. They

are easily rubbed off, and seldom appear, except on living specimens.

HELIX PARVIDENS.

Shell small, discoidal, slightly convex above, rounded beneath,

ornamented with fine, regular, crowded, raised strize ; whorls five,

rounded, sutures well impressed ; aperture lunate, and usually fur-

nished with six lamellee, two on ultimate whorl, one on pillar, and

three on penultimate whorl; umbilicus deep, about one-fourth of the

width of the shell. Tessellated with reddish brown and light fulvous.

Hab. Tahiti.

He.LIx CONULA.

Shell light, thin, imperforate, conoidal, convex beneath ; whorls

five, convexly rounded, the last carinate at its periphery, sutures

well impressed, the upper whorls ornamented with rather distant,

revolving, rib striee, which become obsolete on last whorl, base finely

radiately striated ; aperture triangularly lunate ; columella thickened,

tortuous, and slightly reflected at its base, forming a tooth-like pro-

cess. Colour light yellowish.

Diam. 7 mill., height 5 mill.

Hab. Tahiti.

CyCLOSTOMA TAHITENSIS.

Shell pyramidal, imperforate, vitreous, of a reddish horn-colour ;

ribbed longitudinally, ribs irregular, in number over twenty, promi-

nent, interstices concave, very finely striated lengthwise ; whorls six,

rounded, and separated by a profound suture; aperture angularly

oval ; lip white, continuous, separate or connected for a short di-

stance with the penultimate whorl.

Length 7 mill., breadth 3} mill.

Animal pale; tentacles slightly dusky, stout, tapering (not cla-

vate), eyes on their outer posterior bases; muzzle prominent ; foot

small, oblong-oval, not grooved longitudinally, consequently locomo-

tion is effected in the same manner as in the Helices.

Hab. On the ground in dry woods, Huaheine.

CyCLOSTOMA VIRIDESCENS.

Shell small, conic, cylindrical, of a light greenish colour ; whorls

244 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUsCA. [June 11,

six, convexly rounded, sutures well impressed; aperture lunately

oval ; lip entire, white, attached for a short distance to the penulti-

mate whorl.

Hab. Huaheine.

This species is apparently covered with an epidermic layer, of a

greenish colour. But one specimen found in company with the pre-

ceding.

The only species I am aware of allied to it is CO. ventricosa,

Hom. & Jac., Voy. au Péle Sud, from which it differs in shape and

colour.

FIsSURELLA GRANIFERA.

Shell conical, slightly ovate, inclined anteriorly, radiately granosely

ribbed ; interstices cancellated ; orifice oblong, slightly excavated in

the middle. Colour white, rayed with light green.

Hab, Sandwich Islands.

PLANAXIS PLUMBEA.

Shell solid, oblong-ovate, minutely striated transversely ; bluish

lead-colour, surrounded with black and whitish bands, usually on

the lower half of the whorls, upper part with one or two obscure

black bands, the margins of the whorls tinged with reddish brown ;

whorls six, convex, the last more than two-thirds the length of the

shell; aperture ovate, expanded; columella curved ; epidermis

brown, velvety.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

CoLUMBELLA SANDWICHENSIS.

Shell short, thick, smooth, white, mottled with orange colour, and

ornamented with rather distant transverse orange-brown lines ; spire

short, granulose at apex; last whorl faintly striated at base ; colu-

mella slightly curved, with two prominent teeth on the inner, and six

smaller on its outer edge.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

This species seems to approach varieties of C. ¢urturina.

Metampus (TRALIA) STRIATUS.

Shell elongately ovate, dark brown; spire short; apex granulose ;

last whorl ornamented with revolving strize, which, on mature speci-

mens, are distant or disappear altogether on the middle portion of

the whorl ; columella furnished with three plaits and one at the base ;

outer lip with one or two lamellz.

Hab. Tahiti.

DoRIOPSIS VIRIDIS.

Animal small, somewhat rigid; form oblong-oval, widest at the

middle, rounded at both ends; mantle convex, covering the foot,

thin at the margins, minutely granulose ; cervical tentacles small,

ovate, mucronate, laminated, and retractile into large simple cavities ;

labial tentacles wanting ; foot small, similar to mantle in shape ;

1861.] MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 245

branchial plumes small, not reaching the edge of the mantle, and

retractile into a semicircular cavity ; plumules ten, pinnate, middle

ones largest. Colour dark green, foot pale or yellowish, cervical

tentacles and branchial plumes slate-colour, dorsal papillee sometimes

tipped with white.

Hab. Under loose coral on reef, Tahiti.

The above species agrees in its generic characters with the first

described by me, from the Sandwich Islands, and confirms the genus

as then established.

PLEUROBRANCHUS DELICATUS.

Animal small, delicate, subpellucid, uniform orange-yellow through-

out, the viscera imparting a dark shade to the dorsal region ; mantle

smooth, oblong-oval, truncate in front, rounded behind, convex along

the dorsal region ; foot elongate-oval, rounded at both ends, entirely

concealed by the mantle.

Shell small, elongate-oval ; nucleus subspiral, exhibiting distinct

lines of growth; pale horn-colour, tinged with violet, subpellucid.

PLEUROBRANCHUS

Animal cream-colour ; mantle reticulated with opake white, and

irregularly maculated with reddish brown ; the larger spots more or

less dotted with white; under edge of the mantle and margin of foot

dotted with reddish brown, and a larger spot of the same colour on

the upper posterior end of the foot.

Form oval; anterior portion of mantle concave, smooth, subpel-

lucid, with the exception of the white reticulations, which appear

slightly elevated ; foot thin, oblong, projecting behind the mantle

when the animal is in motion.

CryYPTOPHTHALMUS CYLINDRICUS.

Animal elongate, smooth, subcylindrical, sides nearly parallel ;

cephalic disk about one-fourth of the entire length of the animal,

depressed, subcaudate, convexly truncate in front, and furnished

posteriorly with two small, appressed, triangular lobes ; eyes beneath

the cephalic disk inconspicuous from above, but can be seen distinctly

by turning up the edges of the disk ; the lateral lobes closely en-

velop the body, extending from the head to the excretory tube, the

left one overlapping the right; excretory tube at the posterior end

of the body, short, convolute. Colour dusky olive, the margins of

the cephalic disk paler than centrally, and the locomotive disk paler

than above.

Hab. Tahiti, on sea-weed.

DoLABRIFERA TAHITENSIS.

Animal subpyriform, elongate, widest posteriorly, rounded behind,

margins thin; dorsal region furnished with scattered, minute, sub-

retractile simple and branchial filaments ; head rounded above, con-

vex in front ; eyes immersed, a little in advance of the dorsal ten-

tacles, the pupil bluish black, and iris bluish slate ; dorsal tentacles

246 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUscA. [June 11,

strongly dilated outwards, ear-shaped, obliquely truncate and grooved ;

anterior of about the same size, rather more dilated ; the whole upper

surface is beautifully variegated with different shades of white, green,

olive brown, and sometimes blotched with rusty brown ; locomotive

disk pale greenish grey, closely and finely dotted with opake white

and pale olive.

Hab. Tahiti. Quite common under stones in littoral zone. Their

motion is vivacious. They glide along by the middle and two lateral

portions of the foot alternately.

This species approaches D. olivacea of the Sandwich Islands.

LoBIGER 2

Animal elongate ; the tail, margins of the foot, tentacles and centre

of natatory appendages beneath papillose ; anterior portion of the

body covered with a large Bulla-shaped shell, which is perforated at

the apex for the passage of water or excrement, and covered with a

thin greenish membrane ; tail long, arched, gradually tapering ; ten-

tacles four, auriform, subconvolute, somewhat dilated and truncated;

eyes immersed behind the dorsal pair; natatory appendages thin,

oblong, elongate, anterior pair somewhat less than the whole length

of the animal, posterior a little shorter than the anterior, widest at

their outer halves, and their sides deeply incised, giving them a leaf-

like appearance ; locomotive disk like Aplysia. Colour pale pea-green,

tips of the tentacles tinged with yellow, a dusky marginal band along

the edge of the body ; the upper surface of the natatory lobes are

greenish centrally, fading into yellowish pink towards the margins,

which are white ; the lower surface is of the same colour, but brighter,

and the margins dusky.

Station, among sea-weed on sandy bottom, in sheltered places.

When disturbed, they cast off all their lobes, which retain their vi-

tality for several hours.

The above species I place provisionally under this genus until

more fully examined. It differs, however, in the shape of its shell,

and the number and shape of its tentacles.

LoPpHOCERCUS VIRIDIS.

Body oval or ovate; dorsal region elevated ; tentacles well deve-

loped, grooved and truncated ; eyes immersed immediately behind

the tentacles ; lateral lobes regular in shape, outline of the edges

convex, not meeting ; foot linear, adapted for clasping sea-weed ; the

whole upper surface garnished with more or less numerous, cirri-

gerous appendages. Colour grass-green, mottled with darker ; some

are minutely dotted with brown, others with a few blue dots, mar-

gined with black rings along the edge of the lateral lobes and on the

neck.

Shell thin, fragile, white, ovate, striated obliquely, convolute ; outer

lip separate from the apex, overlaps the inner posteriorly, and pro-

duced in a tubular form.

Station, on sandy bottom, among sea-weed, in shallow water.

When handled, it discharges a white viscid fluid.

et es Ps oe Ck ne

G. West.

Brain of Ateles paniscus.

1861.] PROF. HUXLEY ON THE BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 247

Doris PULCHRA.

Animal soft, oblong-elongate, obtusely rounded in front, and acutely

behind ; dorsal region convexly rounded ; margins thin and depressed,

slightly undulated, behind the tentacles slightly contracted ; branchize

small, suberect, eight or nine in number, smaller posteriorly ; plu-

mule linear, tapering to a point, subquadrangular, compressed, the

compressed sides finely and closely lamellated, united at base, and

retractile into a common simple cavity ; vent-tube suberect and pro-

minent ; dorsal tentacles rather large, oblong ovate, finely and closely

obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities ; labial ap-

pendages small, cylindrically tapering ; foot long, narrow, projecting

considerably beyond the mantle, acutely rounded behind, and obtusely

in front. Colour white, reticulated with orange-yellow and violet-

brown lines ; mantle edged with violet, upper half of tentacles violet,

branchial plumes edged with violet ; colour beneath the mantle same

as above ; upper surface of the foot has a submarginal irregular orange

band. The colour of the reticulations on the mantle varies.

7. On THE Brain or ATELES PANISCUS. By Tuomas H.

Hux ey, F.R.S.,V.P.Z.S., Proressor or Natura History

IN THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF MINES.

(Plate XXIX.)

The brain of a Spider Monkey (4¢eles belzebuth) has already

been partially described and figured by M. Gratiolet in his remark-

able memoir ‘Sur les Plis Cérébraux des Primates’ (1854) ; but this

careful observer had only old spirit specimens at his disposal, and it

did not enter into his plan to give any account, either of the internal

structure of the cerebrum, or of its relations to the cerebellum, or of

the cerebellum itself. Hence a new description, which should touch

upon these points, could hardly be superfluous, under any circum-

stances ; while, at the present moment, the controversy which has

arisen respecting the nature and the extent of the differences in cere-

bral structure between Man and the Apes gives an especial value to

all new facts.

It has been affirmed—and a proposed new classification of the

Mammalia has been largely based upon the assertion—that the brain

of Man is distinguished from that of all Apes by possessing a posterior

lobe, a posterior cornu to the lateral ventricle, and a hippocampus

minor—these structures being absent in all Apes, even the highest *.

I have elsewhere+ exposed the fallacy of these distinctions as ap-

plied to the Apes in general; Dr. A. T. Thomsont and Dr. Rol-

leston$ have proved the existence of the three structures referred to

in the Chimpanzee and the Orang, by investigations upon the brains

* Prof. Owen “On the Classification, &c. of the Class Mammalia,” Proc. of

Linnean Society, 1857 ; Reade’s Lecture, 1859; Athenzeum, March 23, 1861.

+ Natural History Review, No. 1, January 1861; Atheneum, April 13th, 186.

t Nat. Hist. Review, No. 1, January 1861.

§ Nat. Hist. Review, No. 2, 1861.

248 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE {June 11,

of these animals, undertaken with especial reference to the questions

under discussion ; and I propose to continue the process of recti-

fication thus commenced, by inquiring into another special case—

that of Ateles paniscus—and proving, by direct demonstration of the

facts, that the three structures, said to be absent even in the highest

Apes, are, on the contrary, largely developed* in this comparatively

low American monkey, possessed of but a rudimental thumb upon

its hand, and provided with four more teeth than the Old World Apes

and Man.

In fact, so far from its being true that the differences between Man

and the Apes lie mainly in the cerebral characters, so often referred

to, all the evidence now accumulated tends towards the belief that

the only three, very striking, cerebral characters, absent in other Mam-

malia, which can be truly affirmed to be common to Man and the

Old and New World Simie, are exactly these three,—the whole of

the true Apes, so far as our present knowledge goes, possessing a

posterior lobe, a posterior cornu to the lateral ventricle, and a hip-

pocampus minor in that posterior cornu; while these structures, so

far from being in a rudimentary condition, are often more largely

developed, in proportion to other parts of the brain, in the Apes than

in Man.

The figures 1 and 2 of Plate XXIX. represent the brains of a male

and of a female Ateles of about the same size, as seen from above:

both figures were drawn under my own eye by a very competent

artist, and are in all essential respects perfectly faithful. It is never-

theless obvious that they differ greatly—so much, in fact, that they

might readily be supposed to have belonged to different species.

The whole difference, however, is due to the circumstance that, while

fig. 1 was drawn from an almost fresh brain, fig. 2 represents a brain

which had been for several months in spiritt. The roundness of

outline of the latter as compared with the former, and the more

transverse direction of the fissure of Rolando, are very remarkable ;

for the skulls of the two specimens show no particular difference of

form. In the unaltered brain, figs. 1, 3, 4, the narrowness of the

frontal lobes anteriorly, the excavation of their orbital faces, and the

flatness of the superior contour are especially worthy of notice.

Viewed from above, no part whatsoever of the cerebellum is visible,

either at the sides or behind; while a profile view shows that the

cerebral hemispheres projected, for at least =th of an inch, behind

the posterior edge of the cerebellum. Whether this represents the

total amount of cerebral overlap or not, I cannot say, in the absence

* Since this paper was read, Mr. Marshall, F.R.S., has published, in the third

number of the ‘ Natural History Review’ (July 1861) a valuable essay on the

Chimpanzee’s brain, illustrated by photographs of the parts said to be absent ; and

Mr. Flower, in a paper read before the Royal Society (June 20th, 1861), has de-

monstrated over again the presence of the same parts in the Orang’s brain, has

shown their large development in Cebus, and has even proved the presence of a

large posterior cornu and of a hippocampus minor in the Lemurine Ofolicnus !

+ The brain of Ateles belzebuth, figured by M. Gratiolet, pl. 10. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,

has undergone the same alteration as that represented in my fig. 2, as might be

expected from the fact of its having been long preserved in spirit.

1861} BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 249

of a vertical section of an Ateles’ skull ; but it is amply sufficient to

prove that, even accepting as the definition of the posterior lobe the

novel formula “ All that part of the hemisphere which covers the

posterior third of the cerebellum and passes behind it,” Ateles is

provided with a well-developed posterior lobe.

In this respect, as I have already said, it resembles all the Old

and New World Simie which have yet been examined,—the only

genus, within my knowledge, which even comes near to presenting an

exception being Mycetes. I have not, indeed, had the opportunity of

dissecting the brain of this monkey (nor has M. Gratiolet been en-

abled to give any account of it) ; but the Curator of the Hunterian

Museum having kindly permitted me to have a vertical longitu-

dinal section of the skull of a Mycetes made, I found not only that

the plane of the tentorium (and consequently the inferior margin of

the posterior lobes of the cerebrum) had a much greater inclination

than in any other Simian (making an angle of as much as 45° with

the base of the skull), but that the cerebral overlap, measured in

the manner described by me in the ‘Athenzeum’ for April 13th,

1861, does not exceed 3th of an inch, though the maximum length

of the cranial cavity is 2-4 inches. Notwithstanding this reduction

of the posterior lobe, however, the contrast between Mycetes, as a

true Simian, and a Lemur is very striking, especially if both be simul-

taneously compared with some lower Mammal, such as the Dog. The

occipital foramen in Mycetes is situated altogether upon the poste-

rior face of the skull, and the condyles look completely backwards,

as in the Dog; while the occipital crest is placed as near the postero-

superior margin of the skull as in that animal. In both, the poste-

rior face of the skull looks backwards, and not appreciably down-

wards. But in the Monkey the inclination of the tentorium, large

as it is, is far less than in the Dog. The inner face of the occipital

bone beneath the tentorium is not excavated, and the cerebral lobes

projected beyond the cerebellum when the palate was horizontal. In

the Dog, on the contrary, the internal surface of the occipital bone

below the tentorium is much excavated ; and, when the palate was

horizontal, the posterior edge of the cerebellum must have projected

far beyond the cerebral lobes.

In Lemur catta the inclination of the tentorial plane is hardly

greater than in Mycetes; but if the palatal line be made horizontal,

it will be found that the posterior boundary of the cerebellar chamber

projects for 3th of an inch beyond that for the cerebrum, although

the greatest length of the cranial cavity is only 1-9 inch. In fact,

the cerebral hemispheres of the Lemur havea less backward develop-

ment than those of the Dog. I believe that all the Lemurs are in the

same case, and that the Prosimie are sharply defined from the Simie

by the fact of always having more or less of their cerebellum un-

covered ; so that, by this character alone, the Lemurine brain is far

more widely separated from that of any Simian, than the latter is

from the human brain,

While one American Monkey (Mycetes) is, if the development of

its posterior lobes only be taken into account, at the bottom of the

250 ON THE BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. [June 11,

series of Simia, if the same character alone be considered, another

Simian, inhabiting the same geographical area, is at the top; I refer

to Chrysothrix sciureus, whose posterior lobes, as I. G. St.-Hilaire

long ago proved *, are better developed than those of any other Mam-

mal, overlapping the cerebellum by one-fifth of their length. In

fact, if the Primates were arranged according to the development of

their posterior cerebral lobes, we should have some such descending

series as the following :—Chrysothrix, Cebus, Troglodytes, Man,

. . . . Mycetes—a series which sufficiently illustrates the classifica-

tory value of these structures. So much for the posterior lobe. I

turn now to the next point, the demonstration of the existence of

the posterior cornu in A¢eles.

When the lateral ventricle was exposed in the ordinary way

(Pl. XXIX. fig. 5), a straight line passing from the extremity of the

anterior to that of the posterior cornu measured 2°1 inches. A di-

stance of 1-3 inch separated the anterior end of the anterior cornu from

the commencement of the descending cornu; while a straight line ex-

tending from the commencement of the descending to the end of the

posterior cornu measured 0°75. Each lateral ventricle, measured

from the centre of the corpus callosum to the onter boundary, at its

widest point, or opposite the commencement of the descending cornu,

was about half an inch wide. The posterior cornu has a general di-

rection backwards, outwards, and then inwards; and, besides its general

curvature, it has a secondary inflexion, so as to be a little smuous.

It is wide at its commencement, but rapidly narrows, until, where it

bends inwards, its walls are so close together as to give it the appear-

ance of a mere fissure, whose sides are apt to adhere together in such

a manner as seriously to interfere with the satisfactory definition of

the posterior limits of the cornu. In preparing the specimen, of

which fig. 5 is a representation, for the artist, I therefore took care

not to extend these limits artificially, rather preferring to leave a

portion of the cornu unopened, than to exaggerate its length.

In the other brain I found the posterior cornu, on the right side

(dissected in the ordinary manner), to be traceable, without the least

difficulty, to within a very short distance of the posterior limit of the

hemisphere ; while in the left hemisphere, which I examined by

making successive vertical sections from behind forwards, the posterior

cornu ended at fully a quarter of an inch distance from the posterior

extremity of the hemisphere. Such sections are of particular value ;

for they show the extent of the cornu without any disturbance of its

natural dimensions; and a comparison of the woodcuts (fig. 1) A,

B, C, &c., and A’, B!, C!, &c., which represent two series of sections

of corresponding regions of the Human and the 4¢e/es’ brain, will at

once show that the relative dimensions of the posterior cornu are

greater in the Monkey than in Man. I may remark that, of the

left hemispheres of three human brains which I have dissected for

comparison with Ateles, that whose sections are represented in the

figures had its posterior cornu far better developed than the other

* See the ‘Zoologie du Voyage de la Vénus’ for an excellent figure of this

brain.

251

Fig. 1.—Transverse sections of corresponding (left) cerebral hemispheres of Man

(A, B, C, D, E) and of Ateles (A’, B’, C’, D’, E’), taken perpendicularly to the

plane of the corpus callosum, along the lines marked with corresponding

letters in Fig. 2. 7. calearine sulcus ; x. collateral sulcus ; 7. calloso-marginal,

k. occipito-parietal sulcus; ¢c. p. posterior cornu; 2. hippocampus minor ;

xx. hippocampus major. A-D, A’—D’ viewed from behind; E and E’ from

in front.

252 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE [June 11,

two, in one of which the cornu was a mere fissure, while in the other

it was excessively short, not extending for more than half an inch

behind the corpus callosum.

Thus, not only does the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle

exist in Ateles; not only has it that backward, outward, and then

inward curvature which has been wrongfully asserted to be peculiar

to the homologous cavity in the human brain; but it is, in propor-

tion, wider than in the human brain, and it is longer than in many

human brains.

The third point in my argument is the demonstration of the exist-

ence of the hippocampus minor. But such strange confusion has

been lately introduced into anatomical science, partly by a misappli-

cation of well-understood terminology, and partly, to all appearance,

by a want of proper acquaintance with the structure and nomen-

clature of the human brain, that I must begin aé initio, by a de-

scription of the latter, so far as regards the hippocampi and their

related structures.

The term ‘‘ Hippocampus minor ”’ was first used by Vieq d’Azyr

in the following passage of his famous ‘ Traité d’ Anatomie et de Phy-

siologie’ (tome i. 1786), where, in the Explication des Planches du

Cerveau, pl. 6. p. 9, I find :—*‘ 26. 46. 45. Saillie ou relief qui se

continue en 26 avec l’origine de la corne d’ Ammon, et qui en 45 se

recourbe en dedans: c’est la partie que Morand a appellée l ergot *.””

The term “ hippocampus minor”’ has been used in the sense here

defined by Vicq d’Azyr by all succeeding anatomists, as the following

extract from the celebrated work on Human Anatomy, ‘“ Soemmer-

ing, vom Baue des menschlichen Korpers,”’ Bd. IV. (Hirn- und Ner-

venlehre, umgearbeitet von G. Valentin) pp. 195, 196, will show :—

“Der Sporn, oder die Klaue, oder der Vogelsporn, oder die Vogel-

klaue, oder der kleine Fuss des Seepferdes, oder der Nagel, oder der

Stiefel, oder die Falte, oder der Hahnensporn, oder die hintere, oder

kleinere, Wulst, oder die fingerfoérmige Erhabenheit (calcar s. unguis,

s. calear avis, s. hippocampus minor, s. pes hippocampi minor, s.

eminentia minor, s. digitata, 8. unciformis, s. ocrea, s. colliculus),

bildet eine nach ausseu und vorn convex gebogene Erhabenheit der

inneren Wand des hinteren Hornes des Seitenventrikels.”

“The hippocampus minor forms an elevation, convex outwards

and forwards, of the inner wall of the posterior cornu of the lateral

ventricle.”

There can, therefore, be uo doubt as to what is meant by the term

‘hippocampus minor.’

Another elevation of the wall of the ventricle is known to human

’

* “Ce relief est, comme la corne d’Ammon, ou hypocampe, formé d’une lame

blanche a sa surface, et, plus profondément, de substance grise : il occupe l’angle

interne du prolongement postérieur des ventricles latéraux, comme I’hypocampe

celui du prolongement inférieur des mémes cavités; et il ne différe de cette pro-

duction qu’en ce qu’il se termine par une pointe mousse, tandisque l’autre s’élargit

en s’éloignant de son origine. On peut donc le regarder comme un petit hypo-

campe, et le désigner sous le nom de hypocampus minor par opposition avec l’hy-

pocampus major, qui est la corne d’Ammon. Cette nomenclature m’a paru plus

conyenable que celle d’unguis, de colliculus, &c.”

1861.] BRALN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 253

anatomists as the ‘ Eminentia collateralis,’ for an authoritative defi-

nition of which I will again quote Soemmering’s Anatomy, “ Die

seitliche Erhabenheit oder die langliche Seitenerhabenheit oder die

Nebenerhabenheit (eminentia lateralis, s. collateralis, s. Meckelii),

bildet eine wulstige Hervorragung welche vor dem Eingange in das

hintere und neben dem in das untere Horn des Seitenventrikels liegt,

und nach aussen von dem Ammonshorne sich befindet. Uebrigens

wird diese Benennung offenbar auf verschiedene, variabele, grossere

oder unbedeutendere, Erhabenheiten, die neben dem Ammonshorne,

in dem Bereiche des unteren Hornes des Seitenventrikels vorkommen,

angewendet.”’

“The eminentia lateralis, or collateralis, or Meckelii, is formed by

a rounded elevation which lies in front of the entrance into the poste-

rior, and beside that into the inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle,

and is situated external to the cornu Ammonis.”

It will be observed that Valentin, who has taken great care to col-

lect together the multitudinous synonyms of the parts of the brain,

does not enumerate ‘‘ pes hippocampi minoris”’ among those of the

eminentia collateralis; nor has the term ‘pes hippocampi minoris’

been ever used in this sense by any anthropotomist of authority.

And if it be an error in terminology to apply the name of pes ‘ hip-

pocampi minor?s’ to the eminentia collateralis, it is a still greater error,

in point of anatomical fact, to assert that ‘‘ the eminence continued

backwards from the pes into the posterior cornu is the hippocampus

minor*.”’ If any eminence is continued backwards from the emi-

nentia collateralis into the posterior cornu (as sometimes happens) it

lies in the floor of the cornu, alongside the hippocampus minor, but

perfectly distinct from it. But it will perhaps be better to demon-

strate this elementary fact over again, though I feel that the doing

so necessitates an apology to those who are conversant with the ana-

tomy of the human braint.

The lower figure of the woodcut (fig. 2) represents the inner sur-

face of one of the hemispheres of the human brain. The contour

is taken from one of Foville’s Plates, but only the principal sulci

are indicated,—those marked /, m, and x being put in from a speci-

men which I dissected, so as to ascertain their true nature. Of these

sulci, that marked 77 is the sulcus called by Gratiolet ‘ fronto-parie-

tal,’ a name which involves an ambiguity, and for which I therefore

propose to substitute ‘ calloso-marginal,’ as this sulcus lies between

the corpus callosum and the margin of the hemisphere; & is the oc-

cipito-parietal sulcus (scissure perpendiculaire interne, Gratiolet); 1

is the posterior part of the ‘‘ scissure des hippocampes”’ of Gratiolet.

This sulcus is a very remarkable one. Commencing just in front of

* Prof. Owen, Athenzum, March 23rd, 1861.

+ Compare, for example, the well-known standard English ‘ Elements of Ana-

tomy,’ by Quain and Sharpey, where the relations of the eminentia collateralis and

hippocampus minor to distinct convolutions are clearly pointed out (p. 710).

Malacarne (Encefalotomia Nuova, 1780, part ii. p.67) describes the continuation

of the eminentia collateralis forwards into the descending cornu under the fanci-

ful name of “‘ Gamberuolo,” or greave. It appears to be more constantly of large

size than the continuation backward into the posterior cornu.

254 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE [June 11,

the posterior thickening of the corpus callosum, opposite x, it rapidly

deepens as it is traced backwards, and forms a great fissure, extending,

in some parts, for as much as 3 of an inch upwards and outwards,

and passing backwards until it nearly reaches the posterior margin

of the hemisphere, where it terminates by dividing into two short, but

deep, branches, a superior and an inferior. Traced from before back-

Fig. 2.

ph ke

Fig. 2.—View of the inner surface of the left cerebral hemisphere of 4éeles, of the

natural size, and beneath it a corresponding view of the human left cerebral

hemisphere reduced to the same size. In the latter only the principal sulci

are indicated. i. calloso-marginal sulcus ; &. occipito-parietal sulcus ; /. cal-

carine sulcus; m. dentate sulcus; x. collateral sulcus ; 2. continuation of

the callosal gyrus (18) into the uncinate gyrus (19). A, B, C, &c., A’, B’, C’,

&e., the lines along which the transverse sections in Fig. 1 are taken.

1861.} BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 255

wards, or from within outwards, the line of this sulcus presents a

strongly marked, but irregular, upward convexity.

On making successive transverse sections of this cerebrum from be-

fore backwards (woodcut, fig.1. A, B, C, D), the fissure was seen, in its

most posterior part (A), to pass almost horizontally outwards for a short

distance, and then to divide into an upward and a downward branch.

In front of A it forms a curve strongly convex upwards, without any

terminal bifurcation ; in B it is much longer and less convex ; in C

it is but slightly sinuous, and in D it is a little concave upwards and

inwards. Combining these views with those given in fig. 2, it is easy

to form an estimate of the figure of the surfaces of the upper and

under lips of the sulcus ; but what is most important about it is, that,

so far as the posterior cornu extends, the closed end of this sulcus

corresponds with the hippocampus minor («), which last is, in truth,

nothing but the arch of cerebral substance which, at once, forms the

outer boundary of the sulcus and the inner boundary of the cornu.

From its special relation to the hippocampus minor, or “ calcar

avis,” I shall call this the “calearine”’ sulcus; but it extends be-

yond the calcar and the posterior cornu, both anteriorly and poste-

riorly, particularly in the latter direction. Nevertheless it does, in a

definite sense, correspond with the inner wall of the posterior cornu.

The calcarine sulcus dies away anteriorly, at the point indicated, and

is in no way continuous with that sulcus which has a relation to the

hippocampus major similar to that of the calcarine sulcus to the

hippocampus minor, and which, for distinction’s sake, I will call the

‘dentate’ sulcus, on account of its relation to the fascia dentata or

corps godronné. This narrow and well-known sulcus lies between

the letters m and m, the lower m being placed opposite its termination

in the fold formed by the recurved part (crochet de l’hippocampe,

Gratiolet) of the so-called ‘uncinate’ convolution (19). Thus the den-

tate sulcus, which corresponds with the hippocampus major, is sepa-

rated from the calcarine sulcus, which similarly answers to the hippo-

campus minor, by the rounded process of cerebral matter, x, this last

being, in fact, the inferior and posterior continuation of the callosal

gyrus (circonvolution de l’ourlet of Foville, pli du corps calleux of

Gratiolet). This continuation of the callosal gyrus into the uncinate

gyrus is regarded as an anomalous peculiarity of the human brain

by M. Gratiolet (/. c. p. 64) ; but, so far as I have examined into the

matter, it is similarly continued into the uncinate gyrus in Apes.

Ending at a point considerably anterior to the calcarine sulcus,

sometimes in a bifurcated extremity, there is another deep sulcus, n, x,

which runs, at first, roughly parallel with /, 7, but is much longer,

being continued along the inner and under surface of the temporal

lobe nearly to its extremity. Although not so deep as the calcarine

sulcus, it is continued upwards and outwards, for a considerable di-

stance ; and throughout its whole course, the bottom, or roof, of the

sulcus underlies the floors of the descending and posterior cornua. Ifa

vertical section be taken through the eminentia collateralis (E, p. 251),

it will be found that the arch of cerebral substance, ec, whose con-

vex side receives that name, by its concave side bounds the sulcus in

256 PROF, HUXLEY ON THE [June 11,

question: in other words, the eminentia collateralis stands in the

same relation to x as the hippocampus minor to //, or the hippo-

campus major to mm. From the region especially named by ana-

tomists “ eminentia collateralis,” the sulcus n, 2, which may be con-

veniently termed the ‘collateral’ sulcus, is continued forwards and

backwards, and preserves, as might be expected, a similar relation to

the parts which are the continuation of the eminentia collateralis, viz.

the floors of the descending and posterior cornua respectively, as it

had to that eminence. It is difficult to imagine a much more definite

proof, if any were wanted, that the hippocampus minor is in no sense

a continuation of the eminentia collateralis.

In the brain whence the sections A to E were taken, the floors of

both the descending and the posterior cornua were particularly broad

(C, D); but even here the posterior cornu became a mere crescentic

slit posteriorly (B). However, the continuation of the collateral

sulcus was always directed upwards and outwards towards the bottom

of the slit*.

A comparison of the views here given, of the inner face and of

sections, of Man’s brain, with, as nearly as possible, corresponding

views of the brain of Ateles (woodcuts, figs. 1 and 2) is exceedingly

instructive. The principal sulci alone exist in Ateles ; so that its

brain furnishes a sort of sketch map of Man’s. The calloso-marginal

sulcus, i, 2, is easily recognizable; so is the occipito-parietal sulcus,

k, k; though the latter, instead of being straight and forming an

obtuse angle with the plane of the corpus callosum, as in Man, is

strongly convex forwards}, and, on the whole, makes an acute angle

with the same plane. As a consequence, the occipital lobe (occ) is

much larger, proportionally, than in Man, while the quadrate lobule

is part passu smaller. The calearine sulcus, /, /, has the same general

direction and the same bifureated termination, asin Man. Anteriorly,

it ends just in front of the level of the posterior edge of the corpus

callosum (the prominent uncinate gyrus must be pushed aside to see

its termination) ; and it is, as in Man, separated from the dentate

sulcus by the narrow prolongation of the callosal gyrus downwards

into the temporal lobe, «. Lastly, the collateral sulcus, 2 n 2, is

traceable—though interrupted at intervals—through the same extent,

as in Man; and of the three parts into which it is broken, the pos-

terior is continued back even further than in him, and passes a little

on to the outer and posterior face of the hemisphere. The greater

* T have recently had the opportunity of dissecting ten human brains, and, in

all, I have found the calcarine and collateral sulci to present the relations described

above, with perfect constancy. On the other hand, nothing could be more vari-

able than the length and form of the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle,

and the relative and absolute size of the hippocampus minor. In one of these

brains—that of a negro—the posterior cornua were almost absent, not exceeding

one-third of an inch in length, on either side. In another the cornua were both

14 inch Jong and very wide, with a large hippocampus. Another had a posterior

cornu 4 an inch long on the left side, 1 inch on the right. In yet another it was

much longer on the right than on the left side, &c.

t I found this in both brains. M. Gratiolet represents the corresponding

sulcus in 4, belzebuth as nearly straight.

1861. } BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 257

proportional width of the uncinate gyrus, contained between the cal-

carine and dentate sulci above, and the collateral sulcus below, is

marked in dteles. The transverse sections (fig. 1. A’, B', &e.) are no

less strictly comparable to those yielded by the human brain, the

chief differences being that, throughout the greater part of its length,

the calcarine sulcus possesses the bifurcated outer extremity which

its posterior part only presents in Man; and that the collateral suleus

is smaller and further out in proportion, and hence the uncinate

gyrus is larger.

As to the hippocampus minor, the transverse sections (fig. 1)

clearly show how much larger it is, proportionally, in 4¢eles than in

Man; while the horizontal section (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5) exhibits its

exact correspondence with the definition quoted above—viz. “an

elevation of the inner wall of the posterior cornu of the lateral ven-

tricle, which is convex outwards and forwards ;’’ and, as might be

expected from the transverse section, it shows the larger proportional

size and greater outward convexity of the Monkey’s hippocampus

minor.

The eminentia collateralis, on the other hand, is far less developed

in A¢eles than in the particular human brain whence the sections

are taken; but it is quite distinctly visible at the junction of the

posterior and descending cornua. The floors of both these cornua,

however, are so narrow, that the eminentia can hardly be said to be

continued into them, as it sometimes is into the posterior cornu,

and almost always is into the descending cornu, in the human brain.

Thus, in exact contradiction of what has been affirmed, it is the hip-

pocampus minor which 7s developed, and the continuation of the

eminentia collateralis backwards which is not developed in the

Monkey.

The sulci and gyri of the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres

present in Ateles paniscus the same essential arrangement as in the

Ateles belzebuth, described and figured by M. Gratiolet. Dividing

the hemisphere into five lobes (frontal, parietal, median, temporal

and occipital) the median (insula—Island of Reil) hidden between the

lips of the Sylvian fissure, is a mere smooth convex projection, wider

above than below, or having somewhat the shape of a triangle, with

its apex downwards and forwards, and wholly devoid of sulci. The

small frontal lobe is divided by the horizontal sulci into the three

infero-frontal, medio-frontal, and supero-frontal gyri. The antero-

parietal sulcus is placed very far forward, at the commencement of

the Sylvian fissure, joins the supero-frontal sulcus, and then sends

a branch backwards. The postero-parietal sulcus (scissure de Ro-

lando) is situated so far back that the antero-parietal gyrus (1° pli

ascendant, Gratiolet) is exceedingly thick, and it passes backwards,

as well as upwards, towards the inner and upper margin of the hemi-

sphere, close to which it terminates. The postero-parieatl gyrus

(2° pli ascendant) widens superiorly, in consequence of the backward

inclination of the upper part of the Sylvian fissure, to form the

postero-parietal lobule (lobule du deuxiéine pli ascendant), which

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XVII.

258 PROF, HUXLEY ON THE [June 1],

presents one or two minor sulci upon its surface, and has its inner

edge notched by the upper end of the calloso-marginal sulcus. The

temporal lobe, again, is plainly divided into the usual antero-tem-

poral, medio-temporal, and postero-temporal gyri, and the occipital

lobe has a horizontal suleus which marks off an infer-occipital gyrus

from an upper region representing the super- and medi-occipital

gyri. In both brains I find a distinct occipito-temporal sulcus (scis-

sure perpendiculaire externe), though M. Gratiolet states that this

very Simian fissure is obliterated in Aéeles (/. c. p. 76). However,

he figures what I cannot but consider to be this sulcus in his pl. 10.

f. 2.

Another point on which I am much inclined to differ from M.

Gratiolet is that which he himself regards as a difficulty—viz. the

extent of the fissure of Sylvius. I cannot find the “ pli intermé-

diaire, trés petit il est vrai,’’ which he supposes (J. c. p. 75) to bound

the upper extremity of the Sylvian fissure. On the contrary, it ap-

pears to me to be one continuous sulcus ; and admitting this to be the

case, it will not be longer than the Sylvian fissure of the Douroucouli

(Gratiolet, pl. 11. figs. 10,11). Butif this be the fact, then 6, fig. 4,

will be the angular gyrus (pli courbe) and 14, fig. 4, will be the

second annectent gyrus (deuxiéme pli de passage).

This interpretation, again, would diverge from that given by M.

Gratiolet ; but I must confess that, to me, the least satisfactory part

of this able observer’s treatise is that which relates to the identifica-

tion of the angular gyrus and the annectent gyri, throughout the

series of the Primates.

The transverse diameter of the cerebellum (Pl. XXIX. figs. 4, 6, 7)

is much larger, in proportion to its antero-posterior measurement,

than in Man, and the sides of the upper surface slope more away

from the vermis superior. The anterior and posterior notches are

almost obliterated, the posterior extremity of the vermis extending

very nearly as far back as the level of the posterior edges of the

cerebellar hemispheres. The transverse diameter of the vermis is

much greater, in proportion to the whole diameter of the cerebellum,

than in Man, and the vermis inferior presents no such sharp distine-

tion into pyramid, uvula, &c., as in the human subject. The great

horizontal fissure is distinct and tolerably deep ; but I could discover

no definite minor fissures, and consequently no demarcation of the

upper, or under, surfaces of the hemispheres into lobuli. There are

not even any distinct lobules, as amygdala, beside the uvula. On the

other hand, the flocculi are enormous, and end in prominent rounded

processes, which fit into deep fossee upon the inner surfaces of the

petrosal bones.

A distinct posterior medullary velum was visible on each side,

connecting the nodule with the flocculus ; and the valve of Vieussens,

as usual, united the processus e cerebello ad testes. The arbor vite

was well-marked and complex in its branchings, in a vertical median

section of the cerebellum.

Of the corpora quadrigemina the nates are smaller than the testes ;

but the brachia superiora are larger than the brachia inferiora, on

1861.] BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 259

which latter the corpus geniculatum internum looks almost like a

ganglion.

The pons is large and convex, but nevertheless leaves tolerably

well-defined corpora trapezoidea upon the surface of the sides of the

medulla oblongata, which last exhibits distinct oval olivary bodies.

The pituitary body, very large and spheroidal, is connected with a

prominent infundibulum, which is separated by a slight transverse

notch from the single corpus mammillare.

The commissures, third ventriele, pineal gland, &c., presented

nothing remarkable. The neryes are large in proportion to the

brain, particularly the olfactory nerves (which are very broad and

flat), the optic nerves, and the oculo-motor nerves ; but beyond their

large size, they differ in no striking respect from the correspond-

ing parts in Man.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

(All the figures are of the natural size.)

Fig. 1. Brain of A¢eles paniscus (female), almost fresh, viewed from above.

Fig. 2. Brain of a male A¢eles, preserved in spirit and altered in form.

Fig. 3. Under view of the female brain. The cerebellum has fallen back

by its own weight beyond the posterior edges of the cerebral

hemispheres. 7. flocculus.

Fig. 4. Side view of fig. 1.

Fig. 5. The same brain dissected, to show the lateral ventricles and their

cornua. ca, anterior; c d, descending; cp, posterior cornu;

* hippocampus minor. On the right side, the distance between

the extremities of the diverging lines indicates the whole length

of the cornu on one side, in the female brain.

Fig. 6. The cerebellum viewed from above ; vs, vermis superior.

Fig. 7. The cerebellum viewed from below ; v7, vermis inferior.

NOMENCLATURE AND LETTERING OF ALL THE FicuREs.

Cerebrum :

Lobes: frontal lobe, Fr; parietal, Pa; median, M; temporal, Te; occ:-

pital, Occ.

Gyri (of the outer face) :

1. Infero-frontal (étage surcilier).

2. Medio-frontal (étage frontal moyen).

3. Supero-frontal (étage frontal supérieur).

1’. Supra-orbital (plis orbitaires).

4. Antero-parietal (premier pli ascendant).

5. Postero-parietal (deuxiéme pli ascendant).

5'. Postero-parietal lobule (lobule du deuxiéme pli ascendant).

6. Angular (pli courbe).

7. Antero-temporal (pli temporal supérieur).

8. Medio-temporal (pli temporal moyen).

9. Postero-temporal (pli temporal inférieur).

10. Super-occipital (pli occipital supérieur).

11. Medio-occipital (pli occipital moyen).

12. Infero-occipital (pli occipital inférieur).

13. First external annectent

14. Second external annectent

15. Third external annectent

16. Fourth external annectent /

f (plis de passage externes).

260 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON.A NEW GALLINULA. [June 11,

Gyri (of the inner face) : :

17. Marginal (pli de la zone externe).

18. Callosal (circonvolution de l’ourlet, Foville) (pli du corps calleux).

18’. Quadrate lobule (lobule quadrilatére, Foville).

19. Uncinate (circonvolution a crochet, V. d’Azyr) (lobule de l’hip-

pocampe).

20. Dentate (corps godronné).

21—24. Internal annectent (plis de passage internes).

25. Internal occipital lobule (lobule occipital).

Sulci (of the outer face) :

i a. Infero-frontal.

4. Supero-frontal.

c. Antero-parietal.

d, Postero-parietal (scissure de Rolando, Leuret).

e. Sylvian.

Jf. Antero-temporal (scissure paralléle).

g. Postero-temporal.

h. Temporo-occipital (scissure perpendiculaire externe).

Sulci (of the inner face) :

i. Calloso-marginal (grand sillon du lobe fronto-parietal).

k. Occipito-parietal (scissure perpendiculaire interne).

1. Calcarine (posterior part of the scissure des hippocampes).

m. Dentate.

n. Collateral.

ca, cd, cp, anterior, descending, and posterior cornua of the lateral ven- -

tricles.

* hippocampus minor ; ** hippocampus major.

ec, eminentia collateralis, or its continuation.

[The synonyms given above are taken from the work of M. Gra-

tiolet when no other anatomist’s name is attached to them. ]

8. On THE ISLAND-HEN OF TRISTAN D’AcUNHA. By Par.ip

Lutiey Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., SecreETARY TO THE

Society.

(Plate XXX.)

The fact of the existence of a bird of the family Rallide, with im-

perfectly developed wings, in the Island of Tristan d’Acunha has

already been recorded by more than one writer*. One of the objects

most interesting to naturalists in the fine collection of living animals

lately received by the Society from His Excellency Sir George Grey,

to which I especially called the attention of the Society at their last

meeting +, was a single example of this bird—the first of its kind

that has reached Europe alive or dead. It appears to belong to a new

species of the genus Gallinula, closely allied in general aspect to our

Common Water-hen (G. chloropus), though readily distinguishable

on accurate comparison.

Five living examples of this bird were brought from the Island of

Tristan d’Acunha to Cape Town by a person formerly in the service of

Sir George Grey. Two of them were accidentally killed at Cape Town,

but their skins, except the heads, were preserved by Mr. Benstead,

* See Mr. J. H. Gurney in Zoologist, p. 4017 (1853), and Capt. Carmichael in

Linnean Trans. xii. p. 496.

t See antea, pp. 208, 209.

1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW GALLINULA. 261

and are now before the Meeting. Of the three that were shipped

for England for the Society, two died on board, but their bodies were

placed in spirits and brought to England. Fortunately the remain-

ing individual reached our Gardens in safety, and may now be seen

in excellent health and condition in the large Aviary.

The name “ Island-hen” given to this bird by the inhabitants of

Tristan d’Acunha has suggested to me the specific term nesiotis

(vnowris, insularis), under which I propose to characterize this spe-

cies as

GaLLiInuLa NEsroTis. (PI, XXX.)

Capite et collo undique cum corpore subtus saturate nigris: dorso

toto, alis extus, tectricibus caude superioribus et hypochondriis

brunnescenti-olivaceis : crisso nigro, tectricibus subcaudalibus

pure albis circumdato : striis lateralibus, sicut in G. chloropode,

albis ; campterio alari et remigis primi margine externo albidis :

rostro et clypeo frontali coccineis, illius apice flavo : pedibus

flavicantibus.

Long. tota 9°0, alee 5°5, caudee 3°3; rostri a rictu 1°25, tarsi 1°9,

digiti med. cum ungue 2°7.

Hab. In Ins. Tristan d’ Acunha.

Obs. Sp., quoad colores, G. chloropodi haud dissimilis, sed capite

et ventre valde obscurioribus et forma crassiore, alis minoribus et

pedibus robustioribus facile nota.

The coloration of this bird is much the same as that of the Com-

mon Moor-hen, but generally darker, and the head and body beneath

are of a dull black, not ash-coloured. The form of the present

species is, however, much shorter and thicker, and the legs generally

more stout, though the toes are not longer than in G. chloropus. The

characteristic red garter, which surrounds the base of the thigh in

the Moor-hen, is also partially seen in the new species. On com-

paring the wings together, we find that of G. nesio¢is nearly an inch

shorter, and the feathers remarkably soft and inferior in size to those

of G. chloropus. The primaries appear to be all present, but their

barbs much less developed, and the stems are likewise much less

in size. As far as can be judged from the specimen in our Gardens,

the bird can flutter a little, but obviously uses its legs and not its

wings as a mode of escape from its enemies.

On dissection of one of the examples in spirits, the general ap-

pearances of the soft parts coincided with those of the G. chloropus.

The length of the whole intestine was about 29 inches: two large

czeca, of about 3 inches in length, were situated 24 inches from the

anus; the intestine was of nearly uniform size throughout; the

gizzard was large and muscular; the thighs were remarkably large

and fleshy.

On comparing the skeleton of G. nesiotis with that of G. chlo-

ropus we find a development of the femora and pelvis corresponding

with the outward appearances and change of habits. The total

length of the femur in G. nesiotis is nearly four lines greater, and

its whole size is larger than that of G. chloropus. The difference in

262 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW GALLINULA. [June 11,

the size of the pelvis is shown by the accompanying outlines (see

woodcut), fig. a representing the pelvis of G. nesiotis, and fig. 6 that

Fig. a. Fig. 8.

of G. chloropus. There are also conspicuous differences noticeable

on comparing the sterna of the two species, as will be visible on

Fig. c. Fig. d.

examination of figs. e and d, which give the outlines of this part

of the skeleton of G. nesiotis and G. chloropus. The sternum of

1861. ] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 263

G. nesiotis is much shorter, broader, and the keel is not nearly so

deep. The following are some of the most important corresponding

dimensions of this part of the two birds in inches and decimal

parts :-—

G. nesiotis. G. chloropus.

Length of sternum and coracoids........ 2°45 2°90

Distance between outer ends of coracoids.. 1°35 hd

Doevitht wikeel: 3 cchatels aici cans AS hae oie aes 0°35 0°55

Length of keel along the base .......... 1°50 1°85

Length of keel along the crest.......... 1°35 1:95

I may remark, that the only other known land-birds of Tristan

d’Acunha are the singular Thrush described by Mr. Gould (P. Z. S.

1855, p 65) as Nesocichla eremita and a Bunting referred by Capt.

Carmichael to Emberiza (Sycalis?) brasiliensis. The latter’s Turdus

guianensis is doubtless intended for Nesocichla eremita.

9. REMARKS ON THE JAPANESE MASKED Pia.

By A. D. Bartuett.

This remarkable animal differs so much from all the varieties of

domestic pigs, that I am inclined to believe its origin must have

been from some species distinct from our common stock.

Tn —=

ITY

The singular form of the head and face (see woodcut), together

264 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 11,

with the enormous development of skin, and the regular arrange-

ment of the wrinkles, the large and pendulous ears, the drooping

muzzle, together with its intelligent eye, give this animal a dog-like

appearance ; in fact, the frequency of the remark made by persons

seeing these animals for the first time confirms this opinion.

Apart, however, from this, the whole structure of this animal is

well worthy of consideration: the sides of the rump, and also from

the top of the shoulders downwards, are thick folds of skin, which

are much harder on those parts than elsewhere, and hang about in the

same position and manner as the plates on the same parts of the

Indian Rhinoceros.

Having placed with the male of this animal two or three young

sows of the Berkshire breed, I have succeeded in obtaining a mixed

race. These half-bred pigs very closely resemble the male, bemg

black with white feet, and exhibit the wrinkles on the face, but in a

less degree.

In what way our domestic breed of pigs has been produced

it is difficult to imagine. It is, however, very remarkable that in

the Wild Boar of Europe, Africa, and Asia the young are always

striped at birth, and in no instance is this marked character found

in any of our domestic breeds; but the colour and markings that

appear at birth continue during life unaltered. Not so with the

wild species, whose young, although striped at first, gradually lose

these markings as they grow to maturity.

The skeleton of this animal has not, at present, been examined. I

can say, however, that the form of the skull is strikingly different

from that of any of the species of Sus that I have seen.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the

month of May was read to the Meeting :—

Presented by

1 Secretary Bird ............ Serpentarius reptilivorus |E. L. Layard, Esq., F.Z.S.

VW Ocelotipe. cesanscsusconcilonces Felis pardalis ,...0+...+s. W. Duncan Stewart, Esq.

1 Axis Deer .sesse.ssscessseee Corpus A228 acveccuceas. 00 Eari Fitzwilliam.

1 Cross-bred Cashmere Goat Capra hircus, var........+. Ear] Fitzwilliam.

1 Ichneumon ............0000.: Herpestes griseus .........|H. K, Dixon, Esq.

1 Pinche Monkey ............ Hapale edipus ....+...000+ M. F. de Paula Mafero.

1 Chinese Sand Grouse...... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...|Cpt.Commerell, R.N.,V.C.

T Nightinpaleyccessesressesecs Luscinia philomela ...... Mr. Mason.

2 Canadian Geese ............ Bernicla canadensis ......|T. N. Hunt, Esq., F.Z.S.

7 Young Kingfishers ......... Alcedo ispida....1....0+++ ..|J. C. Cumming, Esq.

1 Common Buzzard ......... Buteo vulgaris .........06 W. Broderick, Esq.

L Zebra) cacecoseiiesasesescraes Equus burchellii ....0+...

1 Ko0d00 ...c.seerererereerees Strepsiceros Kudu .....0++-

] Blesbok,| 2ooscsescespsesesssiep Damalis albifrons .........

| Grysbok cccntsecsreeessccock: Calotragus melanotis ...| | His Excellency Sir

q Rehbok 2.0.03 ..seesesesress Heleotragus capreolus ... George Grey, F.Z.S.

ppsteinbok: ..cseuennsseresaees Calotragus tragulus ......

rd 3) EAN U5Y0) Sa saeeeeeeee secre Cephalophus pygmeus ...| |

A Cape HyTaxcrcsc...ccsercsse. lyr ax CApPensis..,...200++- I

1861.] LETTER FROM DR. SHORTT. 265

Presented by

MGDYARVORE! ne. sesccscacssas chase Dasyurus [email protected].

1 Pigtailed Monkey ......... Macacus nemestrinus ...

1 Wattled Crane .......00.4. Grus carunculata .........

2 Stanley Cranes ............ Tetrapteryx paradisea ...

1 Island Hen ......se000+ sees Gallinula nesiotis .........

Coronella cand ....0+..+40 His Excellency Sir

Leptodeira rufescens...... George Grey, F.Z.S.

Psammophis sibilans......

8 South African Snakes... 4 |Boodon lineatus..........+.

Lamprophis aurora ....+.

Bucephalus capensis ......

L | Nata haje ......ccoccsseoeee

2 Chameleons.........sseeee.ee Chameleo dilepis ......... Capt. G. C. Bird.

1 Chinese Kite ............006 Milvus govinda ......+2+... Capt. G. C. Bird.

13 Chinese Golden Fish ...| Cyprinus auratus, var....|Capt. Pope.

1 Collared Peccary............ Dicotyles torquatus ...... W. Duncan Stewart, Esq.

1 Slow-paced Lemur......... Stenops Javanicus ..+......

3 Wheatears ........s.seceeees Saxicola enanthe ......... | purchase

1 Indian Civet Cat............ Viverricula indica.........

Of these, Strepsiceros kudu, Damalis albifrons, Calotragus tra-

gulus, C. melanotis, Gallinula nesiotis, Coronella cana, Leptodeira

rufescens, Psammophis sibilans, Boodon lineatus, Lamprophis aurora,

Bucephalus capensis, and Chameleo dilepis, were stated to be exhi-

bited in the Society’s collection for the first time.

June 25th, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read an extract from a letter from Dr. Shortt,

F.Z.S., dated Chingleput, May 10th, 1861 :—

*« By the present mail I send you the head and skin of a Snake

common to this place; the natives call it ‘Cathree Pamboo’ (Scis-

sors Snake). This name it gets on account of the double fangs, as you

will see from the specimen I send. The snakes are large; one I

killed the other day measured 4 feet 6 inches in length, and was

7} inches in circumference at its thickest part; it is prettily marked,

and is considered extremely poisonous and deadly. These snakes

are common in prickly pear (Cactus opuntia) hedges, sometimes are

found about gardens and rocks ; they live on rats, mice, birds, frogs,

&c.; the natives are in great dread of them. I find that they are

very delicate, from being so easily killed; the slightest blow kills them.

To suspend them with a noose attached to some part of the body for

a couple of minutes kills them. I have been trying to get a live

specimen, but in consequence of their deadly poisonous nature and

the terror with which a native looks on them, and from their delicacy

in being so readily killed, I have not succeeded. Three have been

brought me, but they were either dead or dying ere they reached me.

266 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [June 25,

**T am inclined to believe that this is ‘ Vipera russellii’ of E. W.

Gray ; but, if so, it is not known by the same native name here as

he gives to it. Russell, I think, calls it ‘ Runniadi vyrien’ (opening-

glass) ; but not seeing the double fang noticed in any work I have

consulted, and finding the same to exist in three snakes that were

brought to me, I take the liberty of sending this specimen, and should

be glad to have your opinion upon the matter.”’

The Secretary stated that the skin of the snake in question was

referred by Dr. Giinther to Daboia elegans—a well-known Indian

and Ceylonese species. The double fangs were produced by the new

pair coming forward before the old pair were completely shed, and

were, therefore, only exceptionally present.

The following extract was read from a letter, dated Sydney, April

19th, addressed by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., to the Secretary :—

* You will recollect I mentioned in my ‘ Gatherings’ a specimen

of the Semipalmated Goose (Anseranas melanoleuca). That bird I

found on my return to Sydney alive and well, and it has been pre-

sented to me by its owner Mr. Clarke. In the young bird the legs

and mandibles were fiesh-colour ; in the adult they are of a light

reddish-orange colour, except the horny tip of the mandibles, which

were of a light-blue colour. The black and white plumage—the

former colour predominating—imparts to the bird a very handsome

appearance as it walks with a stately tread (not with the waddlin

gait of the goose) about the yard of my house like one of the Waders.

I have, however, from ignorance of its natural habits been the pro-

bable cause of the death of this bird, and I send you the following

remarks, considering they may be of some service to those desirous

of domesticating them. This bird was reared from the egg hatched

under a common hen, and has survived nearly four years and a half

domesticated in daily amicable intercourse with ducks, geese, and all

kinds of poultry, and always appearing playful and happy in their

society. But it unfortunately happened that, when sent to me, I was

not aware of its aversion to a solitary life. When alone in the yard

I noticed that it did not eat. Fearing that it had not his usual food,

I made inquiry, but found that it had its accustomed food. Still,

however, it moped, and more frequently than usual made its peculiar

clanging noise ; and although he would walk about the yard, yet he

more frequently mounted the high flight of stone steps and squatted

upon the lofty wall, remaining there for the most part of the day.

Although it did not feed well, yet it would often wash itself in a tub

of water placed for its use, and drank a good deal of water. At last

it became ragged in plumage, the wings drooped, and it died after

having been in my possession only from the 28th of February to the

25th of March. On mentioning the circumstance to a relation of

the donor, I was then informed, but too late, that if kept by itself it

would droop and refuse food; but when placed among other fowls

became lively, playful, and fed well. I fear that many birds and

other animals perish in our menageries by inattention to these ap-

parently trivial circumstances, which are, however, most essential to

1861. ] LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. 267

their successful rearing and preservation. I have been informed-by

those who have eaten of these birds in the southern parts of Australia

that they are usually thin, and the flesh coarse and not well-fla-

voured.”’

The following letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Capt.

J. H. Speke :—

““H. B. M. Consulate, Zanzibar,

22nd September, 1860.

*“‘Srr,—I have the honour to inform you that I have this day

packed and left at this house two cases of specimens of natural hi-

story, which will be forwarded to the Royal Geographical Society,

London, through Her Majesty’s Secretary of State, as soon as an op-

portunity offers itself to Her Majesty’s Consul. They will probably

be forwarded by the next Hamburgh vessel that leaves this port.

**], The specimens are preserved in spirits. All those found in

case No. 1 were collected in this island, save one Teal, one Sand-

piper, and one Lily-stalker, which were procured at Delagoa Bay ;

also one Owl from Europa Island, and one Vampire Bat from the

Island of Johanna, all of which may be easily recognized by a bit

of twine tied round one of each of their legs.

«2, All the specimens in case No. 2 are from Johanna Island.

The two larger Crabs are land ones ; whilst the two smaller ones and

the shells were taken from a sweet stream.

** Note.—The little Antelope in case No. 1 is a young male three-

parts grown. There are many of them in this island, but whether

they have been imported or not appears doubtful. Some people

imagine they were first brought over and imported here from Arabia

by the late Imaum of Muscat; but I would not recommend this be-

lief to be accepted until further inquiry has been made ; for there are

pigs on this island as well as these antelopes, and it is not likely that

Mussulmans would have brought them here.

“3. In furnishing these specimens, I am sorry that I cannot give

you more particulars about them, since the necessities incidental to

the organization of the expedition have occupied my time too much

for me to make the collection with my own hands. I have, there-

fore, employed my Hottentot guards both in shooting and in skinning

them ; but I think you will find them preserved in such a manner

as to be easily recognizable at first sight.

‘In concluding, I would beg you to be good enough to have these

as well as all other specimens that I may send you from Africa—

after they have been duly compared and reported on—placed aside

in one compartment of the Society’s house until my return home to

England, when I shall be able to particularize them with you.

‘© T have the honour to be, Sir,

‘Your most obedient servant,

«J. H. Speke,

“To P. L. Sclater, Esq., * Com. E. African Expedition.”

Sec, Zoological Society,

London.”

268 MR. G. F.ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. [June 25,

The Secretary reported as follows in reference to this collection :—

‘““The case No. 1 has arrived in good order, but the glass in No. 2

has been broken, and the spirit has evaporated, leaving the prepara-

tions dry and mostly spoiled.

“The Mammals are three in number, (1) the Antelope from Zan-

zibar, which Dr. Gray was at first inclined to consider a new Calo-

tragus, but now believes to be Nesotragus moschatus, von Duben,

juv. Dr. Peters informs me that he likewise met with this species

in the island of Zanzibar. (2) Pteropus edwardsi, Geoffr. (Peters,

Zool. Reis. i. p. 23), nearly allied to, but according to the high au-

thority of Dr. Peters distinct from, Pt. medius, Temm., of India—

the species which we have now alive in our Gardens, and which is

commonly called Pt. edwardsi. This Bat is from Johanna, Co-

moro Islands. (3) Cricetomys gambianus, Waterh., from Zanzibar.

“The birds, being in spirits, cannot be satisfactorily determined

until they have been taken out and dried. This I am not willing to

do until Capt. Speke’s return, and I therefore content myself for the

present by stating that the three species from Delagoa Bay are of

the genera Erismatura, Parra, and Hiaticula; that the Owl from

Europa Island is a S¢riz ; and that there are fifty specimens of Birds

from Zanzibar referable to thirty species, mostly well known.

“The Reptilia are two, from Zanzibar, which, as determined by Dr.

Giinther, are Chameleo dilepis and a Monitor, probably M. niloticus.

“The birds from Johanna Island (in case No. 2) are a Dicrurus

and a Muscipeta; the Crabs are of the genera Sessama and Cyclo-

graphus, and the Mollusk is a species of Navicella.”

The following papers were read :—

1. NoTES ON THE BROAD-FRONTED WOMBAT OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(PHAscoLomys LATIFRONS, Owen). By GrorGe FRENCH

Ancas, CorRRESPONDING MreMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL

Society or Lonpon, CoRRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE

IMPERIAL GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF VIENNA, MEMBER OF

THE IMPERIAL ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF

VIENNA, ETC.

The existence of a second species of Phascolomys on the Australian

continent was established some years ago by Professor Owen, from a

skull sent to England from South Australia, and named by him

Phascolomys latifrons (see ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’

for 1845).

Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, in his excellent work on the Marsupiata,

says, “Of the Broad-fronted Wombat, all that is known is a skull

sent from South Australia to Professor Owen. This skull presents

so many marked differences when compared with that of the Phasco-

lomys wombat, that no doubt can be entertained of the existence of

two distinct species of Wombats.”

I have lately had the opportunity of examining a full-grown male

example of the Broad-fronted Wombat, now living in the Botanical

1861.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. 269

Gardens in Adelaide, and of comparing it with two adult specimens

(male and female) of the Tasmanian Wombat, which, fortunately

enough, were being exhibited at the time in Adelaide. The differ-

ences between the two species were so evident, that I was induced to

make a careful drawing of P. latifrons, which, together with my ob-

servations and measurements of both animals, I have much pleasure

in laying before the Society.

When I first saw the Wombat in the Adelaide Gardens I was at

once impressed with the idea that it was an animal altogether distinct

from that figured by Mr. Gould in his ‘ Mammals of Australia ;’ but

as I was unable to refer to a copy of that magnificent work in this

colony, I hailed with pleasure the arrival of the living Tasmanian

Wombats, an inspection of which set aside all my doubts as to the

distinctness of the two species.

Phascolomys latifrons, Owen. Adult male. Total length 38 inches.

Fur fine and silky, rather long, particularly on the hind-quarters ;

colour light silvery mouse, tinged with buff and purplish brown,

browner on the face; the chest is white; the remainder of the under

surface is of a reddish mouse-colour ; the feet are of the same colour

as the body; the claws are smaller than those of P. wombat ; the

toes are covered with hair to the nails ; under lip blackish ; there is

a light-coloured spot above the eye, and a corresponding one below

it; with a dark triangular patch extending underneath the eyes in

front towards the nostrils; eyes small, irides dark hazel; eyelids

black ; nose flesh-coloured ; the bristles of the eyebrows are black

and rather long, as are also those in the centre of the cheek and

round the nostrils; tail naked and very small; the hind quarters

present somewhat of that peculiarly flattened or truncated appearance

observable in the ordinary Wombat ; the ears are well-clothed with

hair internally. The following are the dimensions of P. latifrons:—

in. lin.

Length from tip of nose to root of tail...... 37 0

OF EBT aa Seis 0yas Sa arab Se wh at 4, 0

OG BEBE siete ips a oet 3 ati, aa care 2 10 0

LNCS SE, EE elas ee er 3 8

Breadth between tips of ears.............. 8 0

DEEMECH TOOLOL CARS fonts wea sc:e0( ) OO

BELWOCIN EVER aor tct id eyeaies anc asretpl oo Me

Girth of skull in thickest part ............ 18 0

OR ERIE BOOY oon Dante 61) eos! hr 2B pS

Length of hind foot, including claws ...... 4 4

SR TRIE ee a8 stb. alata oe aha 3..3

Flese rt Re SOMMER aah oia2.. «, bisste woe: 2d ohn 12 0

Bit MN cn FS, eee ns aa Sjeys Store ge 14 0

Length of hind claw 4 an inch; fore claw .. 1 0

Phascolomys wombat, Péron et Lesueur. Adult male. Total

length 33 inches. Fur very rough and coarse, of a dark grizzly-

grey ; ears quite small, blackish brown outside, whitish internally ;

nose nearly black, and more pointed than that of P. latifrons, giving

270 MR.G. F. ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. [June 25,

to the face an expression slightly resembling the ‘‘ Koala”’ (Phascol-

arctos cinereus) ; whereas the P. latifrons presents a bold, bull-dog-

like aspect from the greater expansion of his face and width of

nostrils ; the tail is naked and rudimentary ; the feet are black, as

are the hairs of the fur covering them above; the claws are black,

and are longer and more powerful than those of P. latifrons. The

general aspect of P. wombat is more bear-like than that of P. lati-

frons. In standing it arches its back considerably, and does not hold

its head so erect as the latter animal ; the expression of the eye, too,

is decidedly fierce, and lacks the good-natured twinkle of the South

Australian species. Next to the form of the skull, one of the most

striking specific differences manifests itself in the colour, character,

and texture of the fur; in sleeping it rolls itself almost into a ball,

burying its nose between its fore-paws. 'The measurements I made

of the adult male of the P. wombat are as follows :-—

in. lin.

Eire NEOP CA ares 5 o's a3 (5 te = sae oars 33 0

| beer Sa d 10) ge 1%) eee Pea eine eet Bae |)

Breadth between tips of ears.......... 6 9

Breadth between eyes ......... sede ae mgt oe

CCIE ON CRIS ccd ik aca wie iene dein sia bee

Girth round centre of body .......... 29 6

Height, middle of back.............. 19 0

The specimen of P. Jatifrons in the Adelaide Botanical Gardens

is the only one I have yet seen. It was caught some twelve months

since near the Gawler River, about thirty miles north of Adelaide.

It is kept in an enclosure, where it is secured with a strong chain and

collar to prevent its escape by burrowing ; it is perfectly docile, and

never attempts to bite, like the Common Wombat ; it is fed artifi-

cially on bran and weeds, and drinks freely of water. The only

sound it emits is a short quick grunt when annoyed; it sleeps a

good deal during the day, and appears impatient of heat and rain,

as in its wild state it is entirely a burrowing animal, living in large

holes in the limestone districts, and only leaving its habitation towards

dusk for the purpose of obtaining food. The specimen in the Gar-

dens is fond of lying on its back like a bear, the feet are thoroughly

plantigrade, and on the inner hind toe the claw is quite rudimentary.

He will burrow 3 or 4 feet into the soft ground of his enclosure, and

scratches alternately with his fore paws. When worried he will turn

his hind quarters to the enemy, and, suddenly turning round, make

a charge at his legs, evidently for the purpose of throwing him

down ; otherwise he is perfectly harmless. He runs fast for a short

distance in a sort of gallop, but soon tires, and is easily caught.

Although in some parts of the colony, especially on Yorke’s Penin-

sula and about Port Lincoln, the holes of these Wombats are very

numerous, yet the animals are but rarely seen. Many of the oldest

colonists have informed me that they never saw a Wombat alive.

The blacks on the Murray describe two kinds of Wombats, one (evi-

1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON A SPECIES OF SCLEROSTOMA. 271

dently P. latifrons) they speak of as “big yellow fellow,” the other

as being smaller and dark ; they also say that the impressions of

their feet in the sand-tracks leading to their burrows bear a striking

resemblance to those of the foot-prints of a young child. The flesh

they describe as being like pork, and excellent eating ; they are ex-

tremely difficult to obtain on account of their great timidity. The

usual plan is to make a screen of boughs in the vicinity of their

haunts, behind which the natives conceal themselves; and then, if

not killed on the spot, they will scramble to their holes, from whence

it is utterly impossible to dislodge them.

Collingrove, South Australia,

April 1861,

2. NoricE oF THE OCCURRENCE OF SCLEROSTOMA EQUINUM 2?

IN THE TESTICLE OF THE Horse. By W. Barro, M.D.,

F.L.S.

The entozoon known by the name of Sclerostoma equinum or ar-

matum has long been known as infesting the Horse. According to

Rudolphi, Dujardin, and Diesing, it is very common at all seasons

of the year in the large intestines of that animal, as well as in the

Ass and Mule. It occurs also, though more rarely, in the duodenum

and pancreas, and a smaller variety is not uncommon in the aneu-

rismal sacs of the mesenteriac and cceliac arteries of these animals,

which appear to be liable to that disease. As far as I am aware,

however, this parasitic worm has only been once observed, and that

by Gurlt, as occurring in the testicle of any of these animals. This

author has recorded his having found it in the tunica vaginalis of the

Horse. Lately a specimen of what appears to be another variety of

this species was received by Professor Owen from a gentleman who

had taken it from the substance of the testicle of a young colt which

had just been gelded. Only one individual’was sent—a female ; and

though it differs somewhat from the ordinary specimens of the Sele-

rostoma equinum in the horse, as characterized by the authors men-

tioned above, I am unwilling to describe it from a single individual as

a distinct species. The specimen is about an inch in length, and is

strongly marked with transverse rings, which encircle the body, but

appears destitute of the longitudinal striz which Rudolphi and Du-

jardin describe as distinguishing. the equinum. The circular rings

on the centre of the body are about the fourth, but nearer the head

only a third, of a millimetre apart from each other; whilst in the

ordinary specimens of eguimum they are described as being very fine,

and according to Dujardin only 0°0043 mill. The tail, too, is much

more obtuse than in the ordinary specimens of the equinum, and the

whole animal is more robust, though not longer. The specimen

appears to be an immature individual ; and as I have not been able

to refer to Gurlt’s notice of the specimens he found in the tunica

vaginalis of the testicle of the horse, I must satisfy myself at present

with merely recording the fact of its being found in this country

272 MR. S. HANLEY ON A NEW PANDORA. [June 25,

also, trusting to have an opportunity at some future time of exami-

ning additional specimens.

3. DescrIPTION OF A New Species or PANDORA.

By Sytvanus HANntey.

Panpora cumineil. Testa magna, semilunaris, maxime inequt-

lateralis, concentrice obsolete undata. Latus anticum per-

breve, haud (ut in P. ceylanica) latus posticum valde productum

et sensim rostratum in latitudine superans. Rostrum acclive,

ad apicem satis (vix tamen in adultis) angustum, obtuse sub-

biangulatum. Margo dorsalis anticus subito declivis ; posticus

notabiliter incurvatus ; ventralis perarcuatus et utrinque equa-

liter acclivis. Area dorsalis lata, complanata. Nates acute,

conspicue elevate. Cardinis dentes haud longi.

Long. 13 poll., Jat. 2 poll.

Hab. Samar et Negros, Insulas Philippinas (Cuming.), in luto

arenoso.

This falchion-shaped Pandora exhibits the general aspect of P.

ceylanica (Sowerby), but the sides are much more unequal, and the

front one is no broader than the hinder. The groove which runs

below the incurved dorsal margin is less narrow than is usual in this

genus.

4. Descriprion or A New Genus or SHELLS FROM THE COL-

LECTION OF Huecu Cumine, Ese. By Henry Apams,

F.L.S.

Genus Arora, H. Adams.

Testa ovato-fusiformis, vir umbilicata, tenuis ; spira elevata ;

anfractibus convewis;liris elevatis spiralibus et lamellis tenuibus

cancellatis ; apertura ovali, antice producta ; labio levi, ro-

tundato, antice subreflexo ; labro margine simplici, acuto.

Shell ovate-fusiform, slightly umbilicated, thin ; spire elevated ;

whorls convex, cancellated with elevated spiral ribs and thin lamelle ;

aperture oval, produced in front ; inner lip smooth, rounded, slightly

reflexed at the fore part ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. Alora gouldii, H. Adams.

Trichotropis gouldii, A. Adams.

This shell, described by my brother as a species of Trichotropis,

has been supposed by some to belong to the family Melanide, and

to have been washed down the River Chiriqui, in the Province of

Veragua, near the mouth of which the first specimens were found.

The Rev. P. P. Carpenter, however, informs me that specimens have

since been procured from Panama by Judge Cooper and Col. Jewett,

of New York, and that it is truly marine. The genus differs from

Trichotropis in the produced, Melania-like aperture, and in the

absence of a canal.

1861.) DR. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S MAMMALS. 273

5. Opservations on Mr. Du Cnariyv’s Papers on “Tar New

Species oF MAMMALS” DISCOVERED BY HIM IN WESTERN

EavaroriaL Arrica. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray.

Mr. Du Chaillu, in a maiden zoological paper in the ‘ Journal of

the Natural History Society of Boston,’ for 1860 (pp. 296 and 353),

describes fifteen’ species of Mammals, and gives a short notice of a

sixteenth, which he collected in Equatorial Africa, and which he be-

lieves to be undescribed.

Having lately had the opportunity of examining these animals, I

am induced, in response to Mr. Du Chaillu’s challenge, to lay before

the Society the following observations on them.

I may observe that the determinations are founded on the com-

parison of the specimens named by Mr. Du Chaillu with typical spe-

cimens in the collection of the British Museum.

TROGLODYTES CALVUS, sp. nov., Du Chaillu, Boston Journ.

N. Hist. 1860, p. 296; Travels, t. 32. p. 232, t. 48. p- 357, t. 63,

p- 422.

TROGLODYTES KOOLOO KAMBA, Du Chaillu, Bost. J. p. 358,

Travels, t. 39. p. 270, t. 49. p. 360, t. 50. p. 361.

Ihave examined the skins of these presumed new species, and | am

not able to discover any character by which they can be distinguished

from the common 7. niger. Dr. Sclater and my assistant Mr. Ger-

rard have each examined the skulls and skeletons, and they inform

me that they have come to the same conclusion ; and I observe that

the writer of chapters 20 and 21 of Mr. Du Chaillu’s ‘ Explorations,’

and Professor Owen, both speak of them as interesting varieties of

that species. The baldness appears to be only an individual pecu-

liarity of the specimen ; the hair seems to have been worn off: the

skin, like most of the others, is in a very bad state,

The common Chimpanzee has been described long ago as forming

a shelter of boughs and leaves; so that it could not be a peculiarity in

the 7. calvus ; and it is very doubtful if this does not arise from their

having been observed sittmg under the shelter of some parasitic

plant, perhaps a Loranthus.

Dr. Franquet, in the ‘ Archives du Mus.,’ is inclined to believe

that there are three species or varieties of the Chimpanzee. Mr. Du

Chaillu, in the paper above referred to, doubts the distinctness of

these, and believes Dr. Franquet has described as distinct the old and

young of the common Chimpanzee.

(See observations on Mr. Du Chaillu’s figures of the animal in

‘Ann. and Mag. N. Hist.’ 1861, June, p. 463 et seq.)

I may observe that one skull of an old animal in the collection

differs from the other Chimpanzee’s skull in the lower edge of the

lower jaw being straighter and more at a right angle with the ramus

of the jaw, and in having the hinder angle rather more produced.

This makes the skull stand erect on its base, whilst the others are

inclined to fall backward on the condyles; but this must be only an

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1861, No. XVIII.

274 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S [June 25,

individual peculiarity. ‘The same difference of form is said to occur

in the skulls of the Gorilla.

CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES, Du Chaillu, Bost. Journ. p. 360.

This species is evidently different only in age from Cercopithecus

ervlebenti, Dahlb. & Pucheran in Rev. Zool. 1856; Dahlb. Studia

Zool. i. 102, t. 5. f. 12.

Mr. Du Chaillu’s specimen and the one in the British Museum

have the sides blacker than in the figure above cited ; the latter is

said to be from a young specimen. It has been compared with C.

pogonias.

Oroxicnus ApPicaLis, Du Chaillu, Z. c. p. 361.

The specimen of this species is formed on evidently an Ofolicnus

or Galago; but it is in a very bad state, and the ears are quite de-

stroyed, apparently by mice or cockroaches.

The white at the end of the tail I should say was an accidental or

individual peculiarity, not a specific mark. It is very like Galago

crassicaudatus, judging from the description.

There is a young animal in the collection, that appears to belong

to the same species, which has not the white tip to the tail.

GENETTA FIELDIANA, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 302.

This species is only the Genetta pardina of I. Geoffroy. It is

erroneously stated by Mr. Du Chaillu to be allied to G. poensis.

CyNoGALE veLox, Du Chaillu, 7. ¢. p. 361.

The specimen is in a bad state: only a skin (skinned by the

mouth), with only three feet, the end of the tail broken, and without

any skull.

The feet are rather small and weak; the toes compressed, not

webbed; the five toes of the forefeet all free ; the five of the hind feet

very unequal, the two outer being the strongest and longest, the two

middle rather shorter, more slender, united together to the nail ; the

inner much shorter, slender, and free ; claws all compressed, curved.

The tail is very strong, thick (compressed in the skin), and covered

with short close-pressed hairs ; the upper part of the base and the nar-

row central ridge along the upper surface covered with longer hairs,

like the back. The fur, like that of the Otter, with longer, fiat, stri-

ated hairs. Whiskers very long, rigid. Ears thin (part eaten),

small.

This may be a Glirine animal; it certainly has no affinity to my

genus Cynogale. It is more like the genus Fiber, which has a similar

tail.

Mr. Du Chaillu observes : ‘‘ Only a single species of Cynogale being

described, and that a native of Asia, I thought the different shape

and proportions of the tail, with its African habitat, were sufficient to

make this the representative of a different genus, for which I pro-

pose the name of Potamogale. Preferring, however, to wait until I

1861.] _ “NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS.” 275

can procure the skull and skeleton, I have placed it in the genus

Cynogale, to which it certainly bears a close resemblance ;’? and,

again, ‘the teeth resemble those of the above genus of Gray, as

well as the general appearance ; but the size of the animal, the length

and character of the tail, and the habitat, indicate a distinct species.”

IT may state that the animal has no relation to the genus Cynogale;

and, from the form of the feet, I suspect it is a Glirine and not a

Ferine animal—perhaps more allied to Fiber than Cynogale. I can-

not conceive that Mr. Du Chaillu’s proposed name of Potamogale

has any claim to be adopted, as he gives no character to‘it, and the

description of the feet which he gives is very incorrect, and does not

at all fit the specimen ; so much so that, if the character of his genus

were drawn from his description, no one could recognize the animal,

especially as he does not know the toes from the claws !

His description is as follows:—‘“‘ Extremities small, the first joint

enclosed within the skin of the body; feet five-toed, plantigrade be-

hind ; soles bare; claws curved and sharp; fore claws (!) very slightly,

if at all, webbed; hind claws (!) partially webbed, and the external

border of the tarsus fringed with a membrane ; tail stout, compressed

laterally, the terminal three-fourths sharp above, and at the eud

below, terminating in a point.”

I therefore propose that it should be called Mythomys, which may

be thus characterized :—Skull and teeth unknown. Whiskers elon-

gate, rigid. Toes 5°5, compressed, elongate, free, except the two

middle toes of the hind feet, which are united together to the claws.

Tail thick, compressed, covered with short adpressed hair, except at

the base and along the upper margin, where it is covered with elon-

gated, close, soft fur. © Fur soft, with flattened, elongated hair, pro-

duced beyond the fur as in Fiber and Castor, or Hydromys ; its tail

is very like F%ber, only much thicker and stronger.

Mythomys velox=Cynogale velox, Du Chaillu.

ANOMALURUS BELDENI, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 303; Travels, p- 455

(not fig.).

This is dnomalurus derbianus, Gray (A. fraseri).

The figure given as the species in the ‘Travels,’ p. 455. t. 70, is

copied from Ford’s figure of A. beecroftii, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852

(Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.). '

AnomALuRus ——? New species not yet described (Travels,

Appendix).

There are two specimens so marked in the collection; they are

Anomalurus beecroftii, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, t. 32.

The tails of the two specimens are short in the skins: but one is

imperfect, and the other has had the bones partly pulled out; so that

the tail is apparently shorter than it really would be in the perfect

animal,

These animals, which appear to be more allied to Myoxus than Sciu-

rus, are nocturnal, and rest quiet during the day in dead trees,

oes es ee ee See

276 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S {June 25,

Scrurus norpuorri, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 363.

This is a dark state of Sciurus stangeri, Waterhouse. It has

the characteristic short black streak behind the ears of that species

well marked.

Scrurvus Eportvorvs, Du Chaillu, U. c. p. 363; Travels, p. 282,

t. 41. Mboco, or Ivory-eater.

This is likewise a state of fur of S. staagert with red feet; it also

has the streak at the back of the ear well marked.

I may observe that the Common Rat eats elephant’s tusks, and

is said to choose the best.

Scrurus witsonu, Du Chaillu, /. c. p. 364.

This is also probably a state of fur of Sciurus stangeri, ; but it

may be distinct, as the black streak behind the ears is not to be seen.

If it is distinct, it is very nearly allied to that species; but I think

it probable that, when more specimens are obtained, they may all

three prove to be only a single species,

It agrees with Sciurus mutabilis, Peters.

ScrurRvs SUBALBIDUS, Du Chaillu, lee. p- 365.

This is the Sciurus rufobrachium of Mr. Waterhouse.

Scrurus rusripes, Du Chaillu, /. ce. p. 366.

This is Sciurus pyrrhopus of F. Cuvier. The two specimens in the

collection differ from the Museum specimen in being larger, and in

having the crown of the head and legs deep bay ; but this is just the

character of a more adult animal.

It is to be observed that the Seiuri are exceedingly variable in

their colour, even specimens taken in the same locality and at the

same time; and M. Temminck has shown that they present two states

of fur and colour according to the seasons.

Scrurus minutus, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 366; Travels, p. 453,

t. . Keudo Squirrels, not characteristic.

I have not seen this species before. The figure, which I think I

recognize as copied, gives little cr no idea of the character of the

species. The tail is varied; that is, it has a pale-edged darker

border.

I believe it is Sciwrus palliatus, Peters, Monatsb. 1852, p. 273;

Reise nach Mossambique, p. 184, t. 31. f. 1, t. 32. f. 3, skull.

TRAGELAPHUS ALBOVITTATUS, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p.299; Travels,

t. 44, p. 306.

This is evidently only a specimen of Antilope euryceros of Ogilby,

P. Z. S. 1836, p. 120; Tragelaphus euryceros, Gray, Cat. Ung.

B. M. 137.

Mr. Du Chaillu observes, ‘In coloration it somewhat resembles

-the ZT. euryceros, Gray.’ Yet in the ‘Atheneum Joarnal,’ 25th

May, 1861, he states “ that he now for the first time brings a skin.”

1861.] ‘NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS.” 277

Our specimen came from the Bight of Biafra. Mr. Du Chaillu

says it is found in forests in the interior, and not in maritime plains

or flat country (p. 301).

The specimen is without hoofs, ears, or tail !

PoTAMOCHGRUS ALBIFRONS, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 301; Travels,

t. 62 at p. 422, is P. penicillatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129.

This animal differs in the colour of the face from black to white.

Specimens of both varieties are in the collection. It is called the

Camaroon River Pig ; but Mr. Du Chaillu says it inhabits high table-

lands, both on the coast and at the head-waters of Fernando Vah.

Manatvus oweEnt, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 367.

I may observe that I cannot find. any distinction between this and

the other African Manatees, which have been called M. senegalensis,

M. latirostris and M, vogelii (P.Z.S8. 1857, p. 29).

The African species are distinguished from the American one by

the larger size of the malar bone, and in the base line of the lower

jaw being more curved. In the American skull the lower edge of the

malar bone is nearly straight, with a moderate-sized rugose tubercle

in the middle. In the African skull the lower edge of this bone is

more or less produced, according to the age of the animal, forming a

rounded lobe, which is largest in the adult skull, and giving a nearly

semicircular form to the lower edge of the bone.

The skulls of Mr. Du Chaillu’s specimens exactly agree with the

figure of the skull of M. senegalensis in Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie.’

The skull figured in the same work, named M. latirostris, is like our

younger one from the W. African coast.

There are three skulls and imperfect skeletons in Mr. Du Chaillu’s

collection ; the skulls appear to become broader, the central space on

the top of the head wider, and the tubercle on the under side of the

malar boue larger as the animal increases in age.

The adult form is shown in Dr. Baikie’s figure, P. Z. S. 1857,

p- 29, t. 51.

TROGLODYTES GORILLA.

The first indication of the Gorilla which I recollect to have seen

was an imperfect skull (which had been used as a fetish) that was

brought from the Gaboon by Mr. Bowdich on his return from the

Ashantee Mission in 1817. This skull, it was then thought, might

be that of an adult Chimpanzee; though Bowdich in his work

(pages 440, 441) mentions both the Inchego (Troglodytes niger)

and the Ingéna (7. gorilla) as distinct kinds.

Mr. Thomas Savage, the American Missionary at the Gaboon,

having obtained several skulls, in 1847 pointed out the distinction

between the skull of the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee ; and Professor

Owen followed up the subject, and figured two skulls in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1848, observing that ‘some

scepticism might be expected as to the alleged specific distinction of

the large and small Chimpanzee by naturalists who had not been

278 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25,

able to realize the differences by actual comparison of specimens.””—

P. Z.S. 1848, p. 34. But to show how little these describers knew

of the perfect animal, I may state that an adult male black Chim-

paunzee was offered by Mr. Henry Stutchbury to the British Museum

as ‘fan adult female Gorilla; ” and this specimen was afterwards

purchased by a foreign Museum, and has been exhibited since as

a “ Gorilla.”.—See Commission on the British Museum, 1849, App.

No. 19, p. 12.

For not believing that this black animal was a “Gorilla,” I have

been represented as doubting the distinctness of the species.

On the other hand I may state that a specimen of a young Gorilla

was exhibited for some months in Wombwell’s Menagerie in the North

of England as a Chimpanzee, and was as tame and tractable as the

young of that animal usually are. This specimen is now preserved

at Walton Hall, Wakefield.

6. Rerort oF A Coxttection oF MAMMALS MADE By OsBERT

Saxvin, Esa., F.Z.S., ar DueNas, GuATEMALA; witH Notes

ON SOME OF THE Spectres, BY Mr. Fraser. By Roserr F.

Tomes, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

(Plate XXXI.)

1. Desmonpvus rurvus, Pr. Max.

A great many specimens have been brought home by Mr. Salvin,

and a smaller number by Mr. Fraser. The latter gentleman says,

“Native name Murcilago, very common. I find nothing but blood

in the intestines and stomach. My mule is bitten every night; can-

not say by what.”

2. GLOSSOPHAGA LEACHI, Gray, sp.

Monophyllus leachii, Gray, Zool. Voy. Sulph. Mamm. p. 18, 1843.

Of this species I find but one specimen in the collection. This I

think somewhat remarkable, as it is abundant in Central America,

and has a considerable geographical range. Great numbers have

been collected in Mexico, and forwarded to Europe by M. Sallé.

3. STURNIRA (Sa each

The head of a small species with white facial stripes, somewhat

like those of Arctibeus lineatus. It is smaller in size than Sturnira

lilium, and has a rather more obtuse muzzle.

?4. ScoTOPHILUS URSINUS.

Vespertilio ursinus, Temminck & Le Conte.

Vespertilio carolinensis, Geoffroy.

The types of V. carolinensis contained in the Paris Museum pre-

sent two distinct varieties, which however appear to vary in no other

respects than that of size. The larger one has been subsequently

called Vespertilio ursinus by M. Temminck ; and in this separation

| Wolf, del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, Imp’

MYOXOMYS SALVINI.

1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 279

into two species he has been followed by Major le Conte. That the

V. ursinus of these authors is identical with the larger specimen of

V. carolinensis in the Paris Museum, I am able to state from actual

inspection of the types. It remains for further observation to de-

termine whether they are really distinct. Only one specimen appears

in the present collection, although a great number have been col-

lected by M. Sallé in Mexico.

5. SOREX MICRURUS, 0. Sp.

The present species, which I believe to be new, is in size somewhat

inferior to the European Sorex vulgaris. In general form it is not

unlike that species, excepting that it has a very short and slender

tail.

In its dentition it approximates pretty closely to the species com-

posing the group of American Shrews, which has been defined by

Prof. Baird in the following terms :—‘“‘ Third premolar larger than

the fourth, smaller than or equal to the second.” The species thus

characterized are Sorex pachyurus, S. forsteri, S. richardsonii, and

S. platyrhinus. From these, as well as from other Shrews from

Coban, which have been named by Dr. Gray, it differs remarkably

in the small size of the tail.

The fur is rather long for the size of the animal, very thick, soft,

and a little glossy. The general hue of all the upper parts is darkish

grey-brown, with a slightly grisly appearance. It is darkest on the

top of the nose and top of the head, and thence along the middle of

the back to. the root of the tail. On the sides of the back it is a

little paler, and from this it becomes insensibly paler on the sides of

the body, until the whole under surface may be called a lightish

grey-brown, tinged on the chin and along the middle of the abdo-

men with yellowish rufous. On all parts of the body the fur is

lead-coloured at the root, paler above than beneath. ‘The feet and

tail are clothed with thinly scattered short hairs, of a lightish grey

colour.

“ “ “ “a

Length of the head and body ......

Ge (REAR oceans Satoels'< 6s 0 10 0

SRL TSO 2s ee een 0

from end of nose to eye.... —— 0 41

from end of nose to ear .... ——

of the fore foot and claws .. 0 4

of the hind foot andclaws.. 0 53 O 52

The above description has been drawn up from three specimens,

two of which, being preserved in spirits, have furnished the above

dimensions, and from the third, which is preserved in skin, the qua-

lity and the colouring of the fur have been noted.

6. Lurra cu1Lensis, Benn. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 1; Waterh. Zool.

Voy. Beagle, Mamm. p. 22.

The specimen collected in Guatemala by Mr. Salvin agrees with

2380 MR. R, F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25

the description and figure given by Mr. Waterhouse of L. chilensis.

Especially the inner lobe of the carnassier tooth may be noted as

having the same angular form as in that species. In L. platensis

the inner lobe of the carnassier approaches more or less to a semi-

circular form. I regret that I have examined neither specimen nor

figure of L. californica; but the figure of the cranium of L. cana-

densis, given by Prof. Baird, exhibits the same form of carnassier

tooth as in L. platensis.

7. Fewis mitts, F. Cuy.

8. CERCOLEPTES CAUDIVOLVULUS, Illiger.

9. Nasua Fusca, Desmarest.

10. Meruitis MesoLevca, Licht. ?

M. de Saussure, in the ‘ Revue de Zoologie’ for 1860, p. 6, has

described a species of Mephitis from Mexico, which he says is in-

termediate between M. leuconofa and M. mesoleuca, but has the size

of the latter; ¢.e. about that of a cat. It has a single white dorsal

line which terminates angularly on the top of the head, and is con-

tinued along the middle of the back, becoming narrower as it ap-

proaches the tail—the terminal two-thirds of which are wholly white.

The length of the head and body is stated to be 15 or 16 inches

(French), and the tail 9 or 10 inches. The provisional name of M.

intermedia is proposed for the species.

The specimen from Guatemala, while it agrees in some degree in

size with the Mexican one, has a much longer tail and a much smaller

proportion of white on the back and tail. I describe it as follows.

Wholly black, with a small elongate white spot on the forehead,

anda broad white stripe which commences abruptly on the top of the

head between the ears, and passing backward along the neck becomes

narrower as it reaches the shoulders, and about the middle of the

dorsal region divides into two narrow and ill-defined lines, which ex-

tend to the hips, and are then lost. On the rump the hair is wholly

black, and outwardly the tail appears of the same colour. However

the hairs for fully two-thirds from its end are white at their root for

a fourth of their length.

Length of the head and body, about ........

af the tail) abouts sce s.ccieaueiejeee = 1 5

Obs. The concealed white of the terminal part of the tail leads

me to suspect that, at a more advanced age, that part might becom e

wholly white; and the resemblance to M. mesoleuca would then be

much greater. Should it, however, prove that the animal of which

I am now speaking is in adult livery, it must be regarded as distinct ;

and I would then propose for it the name of M. longicaudata. No

specimen resembling this is contained in our National Collection.

11. VULPES CINEREO-ARGENTATUS.

A flat skin, and a very young specimen in skin.

1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 281

12, Dasyprocra aGutT1, Linn.

13. Lrerus PALUSTRIS.

Lepus palustris, Bachm. J. A. N, Sci. Philad. vii. 1837, pp. 194 &

336; Waterh. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 119.

Lepus douglasii, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 586.

14, Sciurus LUDOVICIANUS.

Sciurus ludovicianus, Custis, Barton’s Med. et Phys. Journ.ii. 1806,

Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825, p. 178.

S. rufiventer, Desm. Mamm., p. 132, 1822.

S. macroura, Say, Long, Exped.i. p. 115, 1823.

S. subauratus, Bachm. P. Z.S. 1838, p. 274.

15. SciuRUS CAROLINENSIS,

The specimens contained in Mr. Salvin’s collection differ from

the ordinary specimens of S. carolinensis in being smaller and much

more strongly tinged with brown or rufous. There are not sufficient

grounds, however, for regarding them as distinct from that species,

the differences being such as we might expect to meet with.

16. Scrurus ——?

17. Sciurus 2

I am at present wholly unable to determine these two species with

certainty, and prefer therefore rather to leave them unnamed than

to run the risk of adding to the confusion of nomenclature which is

already so great amongst the American Sciuride.,

18. PTEROMYS VOLUCELLA.

Only one specimen appears, from which unfortunately the skull

has been removed. It holds precisely the same relation in colour to

North American specimens as that which I have noticed in the case

of the Guatemalan examples of Sciurus carolinensis. It is everywhere

much more strongly tinged with rufous, and has the fur a little

coarser. In size it resembles examples from the United States.

19, SIGMODON BERLANDIERY, Baird.

The present species differs merely from the well-known S. hispidum

in being a little larger, and rather paler in colour. It is very doubt-

fully distinct from the latter species. From the number of speci-

mens collected by Mr. Salvin and Mr. Fraser in Guatemala, and by

M. Sallé in Mexico, it would appear that the Sigmodon is very

abundant in Central America.

20. Mus muscu.vs.

Two specimens only of this species have come to hand; and these

would scarcely deserve comment, excepting that, although obviously

adult, they are of smaller size than European specimens. Others

collected by Mr. Fraser at Pallatanga resemble in this respect those

from Guatemala, ;

282 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION {June 25,

21. NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA, N. Sp.

The present species of Neotoma is so well-marked a species, that

it will be scarcely necessary to lengthen the description by comparing

it with other species of the genus.

It is typically a Neotoma, and in size about equals the Mus rattus

of Europe. General form rat-like ; the head rather elongate, and

the muzzle somewhat pointed. Mufile small, being little more than

a flat space between the nostrils, and with scarcely any part quite

free from short, fine, scattered hairs. Upper lip cleft from the muffle

downwards, and well covered with short hairs ; nostrils rather small

and rounded. Ears simple, roundish, of medium size, and not con-

cealed by the fur. Whiskers quite as long as the head. Fore feet

short; the two middle toes of equal length, the outer one about

14 line shorter, and the inner one not more more than 1 line shorter ;

claws very short, thumb rudimentary, its nailrounded. Palms with

five well-defined and rather large tubercles, of which the anterior

one occupies a position at the root of the middle toe, two others are

placed one at the root of each of the outer toes, and the remaining

two have a transverse position behind those just mentioned, nearly

as far back as the carpus, the outer one being a little the further

back of the two. The hind feet are remarkable for their breadth,

and for having, like the fore feet, toes which are nearly of a length.

The tibia is rather long in relation to the foot, although perhaps not

in relation to the size of the animal. On the sole of the hind foot

are six tubercles, the three anterior ones arranged like those of the

fore feet, and a fourth appears at the root of the inner toe. Imme-

diately behind the tubercle of the outer toe, and near to the middle

of the sole, is placed the fifth, which is much smaller than the others ;

and behind that of the inner toe is the sixth, much the furthest

back, and near the inner boundary of the sole. The arrangement

of these tubercles is much the same as in N. floridana ; but in con-

sequence of the shortness of the foot, they are of a less elongated

form, though fully as prominent. The claws, like those of the fore

feet, are short. The tail is as long as the head and body, and tapers

evenly to a somewhat obtuse point ; it is finely annulated, and pretty

evenly suffused with short black hairs, which, even towards the end

of the tail, where they are most abundant, do not conceal the scales.

The under surface is much less distinctly hairy than the upper.

The distribution of hair on the under surfaces of the fore and hind

feet is as follows :—Short and thick fur, of nearly the same quality

as that of the body, extends on the fore legs quite to the carpus ; it

is white inside the leg, and of the same colour as the upper parts of

the body outside of it. On the upper surface of the toes the hairs are

silvery white, adpressed, short, and projecting forward around the

claws so as to hide them. ‘The hind legs have the tibize densely

hairy behind, quite to the os calcis, and from thence there is an ex-

tension of adpressed greyish hairs along the inner side of the sole to

the posterior tubercle ; but there is a very narrow line left near the

outer boundary of the sole, which is quite free from hairs. On the

upper surface of the foot the hair of the legs extends somewhat

1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 283

further, and from this the foot is covered with short, adpressed, sil-

very hairs, grey on the foot and white on the toes.

The general colouring is remarkable, and unlike that of any other

species of Neotoma. All the upper parts are of a bright rufous

colour, and all the under parts pure white, the line of separation

being very clear and distinct. The fur of the back is mixed with

black hairs, giving that part a much darker colour than the sides of

the body, where these hairs are less abundant. Fur of the outer

surface of the fore and hind legs strongly tinged with dusky, inner

surface of the fore legs whitish, of the hinder ones dusky grey. On

nearly all parts of the body the fur is bicoloured, dusky at its roots

for two-thirds of its length; on the upper parts the dusky colour

becomes almost black, and on the under much paler. From the

chin to the space between the fore legs is an elongated patch of fur

which is pure white from root to tip, just as in Hesperomys atro-

gularis. The tail is deep dusky above, paler below; claws white.

In the outline of the grinding-surfaces of the molar teeth, this

species differs from all others at present described. Without en-

tering into a minute description of these teeth, of which it is difficult

to give a clear idea without figures, it may be stated that they have

somewhat the same arrangement of cusps as those of NV. cinerea of

Baird, saving that in the present species the anterior cusp or prism

of the first tooth in the lower jaw is in a position decidedly outside

the line of the cusps of the other teeth. The exposed ends of what

I have termed the prisms of these teeth constitute their grinding-

surface, which, instead of having an angular outline as in WV. eznerea,

present, as in those of N. floriduna, {a series of transverse ovoid or

loop-like figures; but these loops in the present species are much

narrower in an antero-posterior direction than in any other species,

owing to the folds of enamel entering more deeply and broadly into

the sides of the tooth.

Length of the head and body ......-....-

Pi ea Tt, ARIS Se Ret

TANG ee hee tee Ce eee :

Gb t he tore-a0 Nl 2s bid aie 212% 8 ees ose

of the fore foot and claws...... atavsis

Ty Peal tea al rit ge eee ee SR Pe ee Ries

of the tarsus and toes ........-.20.

SCOR RK OF OF OY

Brendtaiot the,eats a caejedas piaiteci» Scie hele

of the hind feet at the root of the

FOUET LOGS EAE diem sos Binjiee i eitaoiebcl

Length of the skull from the front of the nasal

bone to the occipital crest.........+--

Breadth across the zygomatic arch ........

Length of the nasal bones ......++.-++0++-

from the point of the upper incisor to

the crown of the first molar ..........

of the molar series........ Rides dora

—

or) oot ah ?,2) ies) DowurawDnwocns

284 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25,

Length of the incisive foramina ..........

of the palate. onc xsd wei eers é pistaretaiensie

Breadth of palate between two front molars. .

of palate between two posterior molars

Length of lower jaw from point of incisors to

condyle ...... sale elev aye ainke Rei bee

Depth from coronoid process to the angle....

b|-

ooocy:

—

ao noe AD

orm

99, HesprEROMYS t¢

Closely resembles H. Jeucopus ; but the cranium is a little narrower,

and the general colour of the fur much more rufous.

23. HespERomMys ——?

24, REITHRODON LONGICAUDA, Baird.

25. REITHRODON MEXICANA, De Saussure, Rev. Zool.1860,p.109.

25. Hresprromys (Myoxomys) SALVINI.

Since the publication of my last notes on Mammals collected by

Mr. Fraser, I have had occasion to examine anew the species of

Hesperomys mentioned therein, and have compared them with a

more extended series of species. The result is a considerable modi-

fication of the classification which I then adopted. It is not my

intention to enter now into the distinction of the several groups of

Hesperomys ; but it is necessary that I should define one of them,

for the purpose of afterwards describing a remarkable species con-

tained in the present collection.

Subgen. Myoxomys.

General form much resembling that of Myorus; muzzle short,

but not swollen; eyes large ; ears variable in size, roundish, end not

concealed by the fur; feet very short and broad, toes differing from

each other in length only; palms and under surfaces of toes thick

and fleshy, with their tubercles well developed ; nails very short ;

tail fully as long as the body, sometimes much longer, of nearly uni-

form size, and suffused with hairs, which are most abundant towards

and at the extremity ; fur short, fine, and without gioss; the colours

of the upper and under parts of the body divided by a well-marked

line.

Skull broad, its nasal region short; zygomatic arches much ex-

panded ; space between the orbits broad, and bounded by a well-

developed supra-orbital crest ; ante-orbital foramen large, the bony

plate which encloses it very narrow, so that it opens forward and not

at all upwards ; palate extending posteriorly only to the boundary

of the molar series ; condyloid process of the lower jaw considerably

longer than either the coronoid or descending processes.

Ex. Myoxomys salvini, n. sp. (most typical species).

M. latimanus, Tomes.

M. bicolor, Tomes (least typical species).

1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS, 285

Obs. It is probable that this subgenus will have to be elevated to

the rank of a genus, as it possesses more strongly marked characters

than any group yet indicated, if we except Orymicterus, which must

be regarded as a genus.

26. Hesprromys (Myoxomys) satvinu,n.sp. (Pl. XXXI.)

In general form this species bears great resemblance to the Myovus

nitela of Europe, and it is of nearly the same size. The head is

short and rather broad; but the face, although broad also, has the

muzzle somewhat pointed. The muffle is of small size, quite naked,

and cleft vertically ; beneath the nostrils, which are crescent-shaped,

are two descending points. The cleft in the muffle is continued

through the upper lip to the teeth. The whiskers are long, almost

twice the length of the head, and black. The ears are rather large

for the size of the animal, broadly oval, and sparingly clothed with

short inconspicuous hairs inside and out.

The fore feet are rather broad, short, and have the middle toes not

exceeding the others in length by more than a line; the thumb is

rudimentary, and its nail short and truncated. The tubercles of the

palms are large, roundish, and prominent ; they are five in number—

one at the root of each of the middle toes, one at the root of each

of the outer toes, another constituting the inner surface of the rudi-

mentary thumb, and the remaining one near the outside of the palm

directly opposite to the thumb. he toes themselves have their inner

surfaces very thick and fleshy, especially at their ends ; and they have

transverse depressions, which are less distinctly marked and further

apart than in most species of Hesperomys. The hind feet are remark-

ably short and broad, and have the toes so nearly of a length that

the middle ones are scarcely half a line longer than those on either

side of them ; the inner toe is scarcely half the length of the one next

to it. When seen from beneath, the ends of all the toes are thick

and fleshy, like so many fingers ; and, indeed, the foot, when seen

from this position and the toes partially closed, has more the ap-

pearance of the foot of a cat than of one of the Muride. This

arises not merely from the form of the fingers themselves, but also

from the size and form of the tubercles on the sole of the foot. These

are six in number, rounded and prominent. The three anterior ones

are arranged like those of the fore feet, the fourth is at the root of

the inner or small toe, the fifth behind the tubercle of the outer toe,

and near the outside of the sole, and the sixth behind that of the

inner toe, and consequently posteriorly to all the others. The claws

of all the feet are short and white. The sole of the hind foot has

its posterior third well clothed with hairs, but the tubercular

part (as well as the under surface of the toes) is perfectly naked.

The tail is about the length of the head and body, and tapers only

in a trifling degree; it is annulated with small scales, which are

nearly concealed by longish black hairs, which become thicker towards

and at the end, where they form a kind of pencil.

The general colour is like that of Neotoma ferruginea, viz. brightish

rufous on all the upper parts, with a mixture of blackish hairs along

286 MR. R. F, TOMES ON & COLLECTION [June 25,

the back, where the rufous colour is less pure than on the sides of

the body. On the outside of all the limbs this colour is considerably

tinged with dusky. A narrow black line runs from the roots of the

whiskers to the eye, and narrowly fringes the latter. The upper

surface of the fore feet is brownish white, of the hinder ones white,

with a dusky patch extending along their middle as far as to the

roots of the toes, the latter being wholly white. All the under parts

are pure white, as are the insides of the fore legs and the thighs.

The line of separation of the colours of the upper and under parts

is very distinct ; it extends along the cheek to the whiskers, leaving

only a narrow band of rufous under the eye. The white fur of the

under parts is uniformly white from root to tip; but that of the

pcan parts is darkish ash-coloured at the root for two-thirds of its

length.

The skull of this species is of a very peculiar form. It is short

and broad, with the nasal part short and compressed, and the

zygomatic arches much expanded. At first sight it has much the

appearance of the skull of Reithrodon cuniculoides ; but the zygoma

is more expanded anteriorly, the nasal region more compressed, and

the space between the orbits much wider. That part which is in

front of the zygoma is not more than one-fourth of the entire length

of the skull; and of the remaining three-fourths the zygoma takes

up two-thirds ; its anterior root springs out at once laterally in such

a manner as to be at right angles with the nasal bones. ‘The bony

plate which descends from this part of the zygoma to enclose the

ante-orbital foramen is very narrow, so narrow as to be wholly out

of sight when the skull is seen from above, and to give this foramen

a forward direction instead of opening obliquely upwards as well as

forwards, as in all other species of Hesperomys which I have seen,

with the exception of H. latimanus and H. bicolor, which resemble

the present one in this respect. The upper surface of the skull pre-

sents two strongly marked ridges or crests, diverging from a short

distance behind the extremity of the nasal bones to the outer angles

of the occipital bone.

The upper incisors are somewhat compressed, their anterior sur-

face rounded, but there is a faintly indicated though quite perceptible

ridge along the middle of each, and another similar but more strongly

marked one at their inner angle. The molars are parallel with each

other, and they decrease much less in size from front to back than

isusual. The folds of enamel are more numerous than in most, if

not all, other species of Hesperomys *,

The lower jaw has the coronoid process very small, but very acute,

the condyloid one very long, and rendered strong by an external

longitudinal ridge. The descending or angular process is a well-de-

* The number of primitive cusps in this species is what we usually observe

but they are penetrated by small folds of enamel near to their summits, and these

are wholly lost sight of in worn teeth. Between these cusps are some small

accessory ones, the enamel enclosing which forms no part of the exposed section

of the molar until it is much worn. Hence a considerable number of these teeth

laying had a different amount of wear are necessary for a proper description.

1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 287

fined projection from what may be termed the axis of the jaw, and

having a more downward direction than usual; indeed, it appears as

a distinct lobe or process from the lower edge of the jaw.

Length of the bead and bay) catneths iascee OP

GR CHCMIERED wiqaieie oad a's sa meatal Ba

ORD EIONES sn Geaisieoact,o 6 = ela weeeces 0 9

ofthe fore-ePMi (in. 2 cs. f ais cine eras oye's a OF LO

of the fore foot and ‘claws. a6 Cenc Swtates yi Ge, Ga

obthe trhiaies 5.15 PUR PSReRe 2 Ba 22s HYD

of the tarsus and toes ........ sie

of the tail... s. Sa0S 5 6

Breadth of hind feet at the base of the toes. . 0 3%

Length of skull from front of nasal bones to

“the CHEM CKERG. 22. fis aks ott ec estos be Lid

Breadth across the zygomatic arches........ 0 82

Length of the nasal bones’.......... 0 43

from point of upper incisor to the

front angle of first molar ............ 0 4

of the molar series .............. 0 24

ofthe palates cists wis vise 225 ta citere = 0 232

Breadth of palate .........000--0+eeeeee 0 12

Length of lower jaw from the points of incisors

forthe! PONTE % ast scan «xhlis ate aida 0 94

Depth from the coronoid process totheangle © 0 4}

27. Dasypus minutus, Desm.

28. DipeLpHys cALIFoRNICA, Bennett, P. Z.S. 1833, p. 40;

Waterh. Nat. Hist. Mamm. i. p. 476.

29. DipELPHYS QUICA (Natterer), Temm. Mon, i. p. 36, 1827 ;

Waterh. Hist. Nat. Mamm. i. p. 480,

Since the preceding report has been written, I have received from

Mr. Salvin the following list of additional species, which are con-

tained in a collection subsequently made at Duejas.

30. FeLis yAGouaronnI, Desm. Mamm. p. 230; Waterh. Zool.

Voy. Beagle, p. 16, pl. 8.

31. Musrexa rrenata, Licht. Saug. t. 42.

32. DicoryLes rorquatus, Cuv. Mamm.

33. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA, Linn. sp.

34, Dasyprocta azar&, Licht. Verz. Dubl. p.3,1823 ; Waterh.

Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 387.

D. punctata, Gray, Aun, Nat, Hist. x. p. 264, 1842; Cat, Mamm,

Brit. Mus, p. 124,

PF re eee 8 >

288 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. {June 25,

35. CERCOLABES NOV#-HISPANIA, Briss., sp.

Hystrix nove-hispania, Briss. Reg. An. p. 127, 1756.

36. Ca:LoGenys paca, Linn. sp.

Var. C. fulvus of F, Cuv. An. du Mus. x. p. 207.

7, List or Species COMPOSING THE Famity Mecapopiip2,

wits Descriptions or New SPECIES, AND SOME ACCOUNT

or THE Hasits or THE Species. By Groree Roserr

Gray, F.L.S., ere.

(Plates XXXII-XXXIV.)

1. TALEGALLUS CUVIERI, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 716.

Talegalla cuvieri, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1855, t. 38. p. 876.

New Guinea (Havre Dorey) ; Aru Islands.

2. TALEGALLUS LATHAMI.

New Holland Vulture, Lath. Hist. of B. i. p. 32.

Alectura , Lath. Hist. of B. x. p. 455.

Alectura lathami, Gray, Zool. Mise. 1. p. 3.

Meleagris lindsayi, James, Mem. Wern. Soe. vii. p. 473.

Catheturus australis, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 206.

Catheturus cuvieri (Less.), Bl.

Talegalla lathami, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 77.

Catheturus nove hollandie (Lath.), Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856,

. 376.

‘ Brush Turkey.

‘Wee-lah’ of the natives.

Australia.

3. MrGACEPHALON RUBRIPES, G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B.

iii. pl. 123 (adult).

Megacephalon malao, Temm.; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 142.

Megapodius rubripes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 25 (young).

Celebes (Menado).

4, Lerpoa oceLLaTA, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1840, p. 126; B. of

Austr. v. pl. 78.

‘Marrakko,’ ‘ Marra-ko,’ of the natives of S. Australia,

‘ Ngow-o,’ ‘ Ngow,’ of the natives of W. Australia.

5. MeGaropius FREYCINETI, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 32.

Juy. Alecthelia urvilii, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 703, t. 37; Pr, B.

Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 876.

Island of Waigiou; Gucbé, Boni; Batchian? and Kaisa Islands?

P.Z.5.1861,Plate XXXII.

Wolf del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, imp’

) MEGAPODIUS QUOYII, (Jur )

MANoLe del et litt M & N.Hanhart, Imp:

TIT TAAT

MEGAPODIUS TUMULU

1861.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 289

6. Mecapopius quovi. (Pl. XXXII.)

Megapodius freycineti, p., G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. 8. 1860, p. 362.

Like the Batchian examples of the former species ; but it is of a

more slaty fuscous-black, especially on the head, neck, and breast ;

quills fuscous black ; tarsi apparently of a pale horn-colour,

The young (Plate XXXII.) differs from that of the former species

in being also more of a slaty black on the head, neck, and breast, and

the plumes of the wings sooty black, rather narrowly margined and

banded with ochre. These marks are decidedly more prominent in

this species than in the young of the last ; cheeks and throat ochra-

ceous white ; the buff spot on the abdomen appears to be, when first

hatched, buffy white.

Gilolo (South).

7. MeGaropivus rorstent, Temm.; G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen.

of B. iii. pl. 124.

Megapodius freycineti, p., Temm.

Top of the head, wings, and back olivaceous-brown, tinged with

obscure rufous; front, sides of the head, neck, breast, and nape

slaty fuscous; abdomen fuscous, slightly tinged with slate-colour.

Bill pale horn-colour ; feet plumbeous black.

Length 13", wings 8!" 3!, tarsi 2!" 7!".

Amboina; Ceram; Banda?

8. MEGAPODIUS MACGILLIVRAYI.

Top and sides of the head, back, wings, tail, sides of the abdomen,

and under tail-coverts deep olivaceous fuscous, tinged with obscure

rufous ; neck, nape, some of the lesser wing-coverts, and beneath the

body slaty black. Bill dark horn-colour; feet pale (red); claws

black.

Length 13" 6!", wings 9", tarsi 2! 2!"

Louisiade Archipelago (Duchateau Isles and Pig Island).

9. MEGAPODIUS LA PEROUSI, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 33.

‘ Passegniat’ of the natives.

Ladrone or Marian Islands (Tinian, Guam, and Rotta).

10. MEGAPODIUS GILBERTII.

Megapodius rubripes, p., Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 737?

** Megapodius of small size,’ Wall. Ibis, 1860, p. 142.

Top of the head, nape, neck, and wings olivaceous brown, tinged

in part with obscure rufous ; front, sides of the head, collar round

the neck, and beneath the body slate-colour. Bill fuscous horn-

colour ; feet plumbeous black.

Length 12" 3'", wings 8", tarsi 2! 2'".

Celebes.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XIX.

290 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. [June 25,

11. Mecaroprus cumrneu, Dillw. Proc. Z. S. 1851, p. 118,

pl. 39.

Philippine Islands (Manilla) ; Labuan ; Borneo (North-western) ?

12. MEGAPopDIUS GOULDII.

Top of the head greyish-olivaceous brown ; back, wings, sides of

the abdomen, and beneath the tail rufous-olivaceous brown; sides of

the head, neck, nape, and beneath the body slate-colour. Bill pale

horn-colour ; tarsi pale red ; toes blackish, claws black.

Length 11" 6, wings 8" 3!", tarsi 1! 11!".

Lombock.

13. MEGAPODIUS NICOBARIENSIS, Bl. Journ. A. S. Be xv.

pp. 92, 372.

Nicobar Islands.

14. MeGaropIus REINWARDTII, Wagl. Syst. Av. Megap. Addit.

sp. 4. (Plate XXXIII. young.)

Megapodius duperreyii, Less. Bull. Univ. des Sci. no. 5. p. 113;

Voy. Cog. t. 36.

Megapodius rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 411; Wagl. Isis, 1829,

p- 737; Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 479.

‘ Mangoipe’ of the Papuans.

New Guinea (Havre Dorey, River Oetanata) ; Amboina?; Aru

and Ké Islands.

15. MrecGaropius tumutus, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1842, p. 20; B.

of Austr. v. pl. 79. (Plate XXXIV. young.)

‘Oooregoorga’ of the natives.

Australia (North); Islands in Endeavour and Torres’ Straits.

16. Mecapopius wauuacer, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1860,

p. 362, pl. 171.

East Gilolo.

17. MEGAPODIUS STAIRI.

? G.R. Gray, List of B. of the Trop. Isl. B.M.

Megapodius

46.

Egg dusky white. Length 3! 1'", width 1" 1".

Samoan or Navigator’s Islands (Rev. J. B. Stair, 1847).

18. MrGApropiIus BURNABYI.

?G. R. Gray, List of B. of the Trop. Isl. B. M.

Megapodius

46.

Egg pinkish stone-colour. Length 3! 1", width 1" 9!".

Hapace Islands (Lieut. Burnaby, R.N.).

These two latter species are only known by a specimen of the eggs

from each locality having been presented to the British Museum. I

have here provisionally placed a specific name for each, having little

1861.) MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 291

doubt that they will prove distinct species from each other, and even

from all the other known species.

19. ? MeGaroptius ? ANDERSONI.

Tetrao australis, Anders. MSS.

* Fusea nigraque ; pedibus nudis.”

New Caledonia.

The name given above (with the very short specific characters) was

found among others in the manuscripts of Anderson, who was as-

sistant-surgeon during the third voyage of the famous circumnavi-

gator Cook. Though the description is so short and concise, I am,

however, induced to suppose that it can only be referred to a species

of Megapodius; certainly it cannot be reconciled with any of the

present known birds from New Caledonia. I refer to it in the hope

that this slight indication may lead to its being searched for by col-

lectors and others who may be located in that island, thus proving

whether I am right in my supposition with regard to its being one of

this remarkable genus.

The family of Megapodiide is composed of a series of birds which

are very remarkable for the extraordinary and anomalous contri-

vances resorted to by the different species for obtaining the artificial

heat that is necessary for bringing their eggs to maturity ; and for

other singularities in their general habits, &. The account which

follows is principally collected together into one view from different

published sources.

These birds are all, with one solitary exception, as far as is at pre-

sent known, inhabitants of certain localities within the tropics, viz. :—

Nicobar Islands, Lombock, Borneo (N.W.), Labuan, and Lucon.

Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Ceram, Amboina, Banda Islands, Guébé,

Boni, and Waigiou Islands.

New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, Aru and Ké Islands.

Australia (North, West, and South), Islands in Endeavour and

Torres’ Straits.

Ladrone or Marian Islands. They are also known to exist in Ha-

pace or Habai Islands, Samoan or Navigator’s Islands; and pro-

bably in New Caledonia.

They generally inhabit the dense forests, brushes, and mangrove

swamps, or jungles of luxuriant vegetation, especially those that

border the sea-beach, or rivers and creeks ; but others (Leipoa ocel-

lata) prefer the sandy districts of the scrub.

Their appearance when walking in open places is stately and some-

what sedate, which may be occasioned by their habit of lifting their

feet very high, and of setting their backs up, somewhat like the

guinea-fowls. Their extreme shyness and timidity causes them to

reside in, or to remain in close approximation to, the thickets, &c.,

that they may escape, if disturbed, by running (which they do with

great quickness) among the vegetation ; but should they fail thus to

conceal themselves, they then fly on to the lower branches of the

trees, where they remain quite motionless, with the neck sometimes

292 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES,. [June 25,

stretched out in a line with the body, or they ascend to the top of

the tree by leaping from branch to branch ; and should they still be

alarmed they will fly off, with a heavy flight, for a short distance, to

some other more secure position, where they can only be approached

by carefully proceeding under cover of the large trees. It has,

however, been remarked that some species have never been seen to

erch.

r They are often heard uttering at intervals a loud clucking or

screeching noise, while they lie concealed beneath the shady branches

of the trees during the midday heat. Some have been observed to

dust themselves on the sandy ground after the manner of gallina-

ceous birds ; and they have been noticed to be apparently very pug-

nacious at times, swiftly chasing each other along the ground, and

calling to one another more loudly than usual, suddenly stopping,

and then again running off in pursuit.

Their food is entirely sought for on the ground ; it is obtained by

scratching among and turning up the fallen débris beneath the trees

and shrubs in the forests, &c., and consists of seeds, fallen fruits,

insects, and small snails: but one species is thought to feed chiefly

on fallen fruits resembling the cotyledons of leguminous seeds; and

rice is also said to form a portion of its food.

The species that form mounds for the purpose of incubation,

usually select during the tropical spring a retired and shady place in

the dense thickets or brush, occasionally surrounding the trunk of a

tree by a portion of the materials employed in its formation, should

it come within the prescribed limit of the mound.

The mound is composed more or less of vegetable matter, which

becomes decayed and rotten during the period that the birds are

engaged in laying their eggs, which is thought to be an occupation

of two or three months’ duration. The size of the mounds varies

with the species ; some have been found reaching to 14 feet in height

(24 feet from the base of the slope to the summit) and 150 feet in

circumference, and some are even larger. The materials required

in their construction are collected by the birds by means of their

large feet, either by carrying a small quantity at a time in one foot,

or by scratching it together with their lengthened claws, and thus

leaving: the earth bare for some distance round the mound. The

mound of some species (Z'alegallus) is entirely composed of vegetable

matter; others (Letpoa ocellata, Megapodius macgillivrayi, Mega-

podius tumulus), however, mix with the vegetable matter earth,

sand, gravel, stones, and even, in some cases, fragments of corals;

in fact, the birds employ whatever falls in their way at the locality

they have selected. The same pair frequent the mound year after

year, destroying that of the former year on the renewal of the sea-

son for laying; thus the vegetable portion of the centre becomes

mixed with the sand and earth that formed the outer part of the

former mound. The pair, on renewing the mound, first collect a new

mass of vegetable débris for the centre, on which is scratched some of

the former material to a certain height, leaving the centre somewhat

hollow. It is in the middle, at various depths, from 18 inches to

1861.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 293

several feet, according to the habits of the different species, that

the females of some species deposit their eggs, in the form of a circle

_ (Talegallus, Leipoa), while others place them in an irregular manner

in separate excavations in different parts of the mound. The eggs

are deposited at about sunrise, one by one, at an interval of days be-

tween each, reopening the centre on each egg being placed therein,

and then covering it again, and returning each time to their usual

haunts in the thickets, &c., until all the eggs intended to be laid are

deposited. The centre is then completely covered in, and the mound

becomes elevated to the height of several feet with the remaining

earth or vegetable matter, assuming a conical or dome-shaped form ;

but the large mound has the top flattened for about 3 feet in dia-

meter. The heat that is engendered by the fermentation of the

vegetable matter is thus retained within the mass, and causes the

eggs to arrive at the period of maturity.

It is thought that the bird allows the centre to be but slightly

covered during the period of laying—for two reasons: first, that it

may have the less to seratch away on each visit, and thus be enabled

more easily to deposit the egg; secondly, that the eggs already laid

may be kept ina cool and certain temperature until all are deposited,

while, at the same time, the rain may more readily penetrate through

to the vegetable mass, which would hasten the rotting, and thereby

raise the necessary heat for the hatching against it is really required.

The mode adopted by the Megapode of Banda (Megapodius am-

boinensis’) differs materially from that of the species above referred

to. It is stated that the eggs of this bird “occur isolated and dis-

persed here and there; but each egg was carefully covered by a mass

of fragments of dry plants or leaves.”

Another remarkable difference is exhibited in the habits of the

small Celebean Megapode (Megapodius gilbertii). This species is

observed “to scratch out a hole in the rotten stump or root of a

fallen tree, and there bury its eggs ;”’ but nothing is said about co-

vering them with vegetable débris or other matters, which we may,

however, suppose them to do, as is exemplified by the other species

of this singular family.

There are other species whose habits are still more extraordinary

in the selection of places for the incubation of their eggs.

One species (Megacephalon), which resides many miles away in

the inland forests, and others (Megapodius freycineti, M. cumingit,

M. nicobariensis), that live in the jungles not far removed from the

beach, seek daily in pairs (often thus congregating in flocks of

hundreds at the period of laying their eggs) the sea-beaches, where,

in a retired position in the masses of sand thrown up above high-

water mark, as well as near the neighbouring jungles, may be ob-

served a number of holes of various diameter scratched in the sand :

so rapidly do the birds throw up the sand, that it looks completely

like a fountain during the operation. The holes are usually of the

depth of 18 inches to 2 feet ; in them it is thought that ‘a number

of hens”’ deposit in succession their eggs, upright in the sand, on the

side of the same hole at a distance of a few inches between each.

294 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. [June 25,

The number of eggs has been found to vary in the different holes,

which may, insome measure, depend on the number of females that

visit each. Each egg of the same female must, however, be, as in the

former case, laid at an interval of some days; but whether they re-

turn to, and lay their eggs in, a hole already formed by a single pair

or by several pairs in company on the same day, is not quite deter-

mined. Each separate female must, after the hole is made, when

about to lay, scratch a place for the egg on the side within the hole,

and when deposited must cover it with some portion of the sand

which is around it, and thus by degrees the interior of the hole be-

comes mostly filled in, after which the place of concealment is often

betrayed by the birds scratching over it a large heap of such shells and

rubbish as they may meet with on the beach. The eggs are then

left to be hatched by the heat engendered in the sand through the

rays of the tropical sun playing on its surface; probably a longer

period for batching the eggs is required than from the heat caused

by the fermentation of decaying vegetable matter, the heat of which

is known to be considerable.

Thus, if the preceding statement is correct, the eggs in one hole

have been laid and the hatching of them has commenced about the

same time ; and therefore it may be concluded that, after the neces-

sary time has elapsed, all the young birds are likely to make their

appearance about the same period.

It has been previously stated in reference to some of the mound-

raising species (Talegallus, Leipoa), that the eggs are placed by the

bird in a circle. The mode thus adopted by the bird is interestingly

accounted for by His Excellency Sir George Grey, in the following

manner :—After the bird, he says, has deposited the first egg

in the sand, leaving from 4 to 6 inches between the lower end of the

egg and the layer of dead leaves, it then lays the second egg, which

is ‘‘ deposited in precisely the same plane as the first, but at the op-

posite side of the hole before alluded to. When the third egg is

laid, it is placed in the same plane as the others, but, as it were, at the

third corner of a square. When the fourth egg is laid, it is still

placed in the same plane, but in the fourth corner of the square, or

rather of the lozenge, the figure being im this form -f=. The next

four eggs in succession are each placed in the interstices, but always

in the same plane ; so that at last there is a circle of eight eggs all

standing upright in the sand with several inches of sand intervening

between each.”

Other species do not regard such mathematical principles in the

laying of their eggs, but place them irregularly anywhere within the

mound, or in whatever position the several species may instinctively

adopt, as previously explained. That they may obtain the heat re-

quired to bring them to maturity appears to be the principal object.

It seems marvellous that these birds, after they have taken all

these precautions for the preservation and development of their eggs,

should exhibit no further care for them, but leave the young entirely

to find for themselves their way out of whatever position the females

may have placed the eggs in, The young bird, on breaking the

1861.] MR, G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 295

shell, scratches its way out of the heap without any assistance, and

when free, just shakes off the material of which the heap had been

. composed, and then runs off to the thickets, &c., and commences

seeking its food without any hesitation, by scratching and turning

up the earth or débris that lie on it, like an old bird. Each bird is

fully fledged on its first appearance. This latter circumstance has

caused some collectors and ornithologists to suppose these young

birds to be the adult state of a species; and the idea has occasioned

the establishment of the generic appellation of ALecTHELIA, with

the specific name of wrvillii, Less. This name has been attached

to all the specimens of young birds sent from various localities,

though in colour and markings they differ from each other, but re-

tain somewhat of the colour of the parents. Thus, I. freycineti

and M. quoyi are of a sooty-black colour, with the cheeks and throat

of a pale ochraceous colour ; but the markings differ in each species :

the former has the wing-coverts margined, and all the quills banded,

with pale ochre-colour ; in the latter, however, it is only irregularly

banded on the tertials and lower part of the back. On the other

hand, the young of M. reinwardti and M. tumulus are of a rufous

colour; the former has the back of the neck and nape greyish

brown, throat ochraceous white, breast and beneath the body

greyish ochraceous with a buff spot on the abdomen, quills fus-

cous, wing-coverts and tertials margined with deep rufous, feet

pale. The latter species is very similar, but appears to be more de-

cidedly margined on the wing-coverts and tertials with pale rufous,

conveying the appearance of bands; throat rufous ochre; and be-

neath the body of a somewhat darker colour than in the previous

example. These differences between the young and adult birds are

so strongly marked, that even Mr. Wallace states, with regard to one

sent home by him, that “‘he is convinced it is an adult bird,” “as

it is considered to be by the natives of Aru.”

The egg is remarkably large when on the point of being laid (mea-

suring from 33 to 44 inches in length, and 2 to 2} inches in width,

weighing & or 9 ounces) ; it consequently fills up, says Mr. Wallace,

the lower cavity of the body, squeezing the intestines so that it

seemed impossible for anything to pass through them; while the

ovary contained from eight to ten eggs about the size of small peas,

which must evidently require somewhere about the time named

(thirteen days the natives assert) for their successive development.

A considerable interval, says Mr. Wallace, “‘ must elapse before the

succeeding one can be matured. The number of eggs which a bird

produces each season seems to be about eight ;”’ so that, if this sup-

position is correct, ‘‘ an interval of three months must pass between

the laying of the first and last egg.”’

The eggs vary from white to cream- or pale salmon-colour. Some

eggs are often covered with an epidermis of a dirty-brown colour,

which easily chips off, exposing the proper colour of the egg.

The birds place the egg upright in their mounds or other places,

so that the egg may obtain the heat equally on all sides—as other

birds, which sit on their eggs, continually turn them, so that each

296 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A SECOND [June 25,

side may obtain the same amount of heat from their bodies, which

is essentially requisite, or the egg would not be brought to perfect

maturity.

The eggs, it is said, ‘‘ when quite fresh are delicious eating, as de-

licate as a fowl’s egg, but much richer.” The natives of the Hapace

Islands, either from their rarity or from their great delicacy, look

upon the eggs found in their islands as worthy to be reserved for

the chief’s eating ; and for that reason they are denominated “‘ Chief’s

Eggs.” The flesh of the adult bird of some species has been pro-

nounced to be good eating.

8. DescripTion oF A Seconp Species or ACANTHOGORGIA (J.

E. Gray) rrom Mapetra. By James YATE JOHNSON.

In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1857, p. 128,

was printed a description of a new genus of Gorgoniade by Dr. J.

E. Gray, founded on a specimen in the British Museum, the habitat

of which was unknown. The genus was named by its describer

Acanthogorgia, and the specimen was figured, by an inadvertence, in

the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1851 (Radiata, PI.

III. fig. 2), under the name of Nidalia occidentalis, instead of Acan-

thogorgia hirsuta, Gray. I am now in a position to state that the

native place of this curious Black Coral (of which no notice has been

taken by M. Milne-Edwards in his work on Coralliaria) is Madeira ;

for I possess one specimen, and have seen others, obtained from deep

water near that island. Last winter a specimen of Black Coral fell

into my hands (also obtained from the same coast), which, though

evidently belonging to the genus Acanthogorgia, appeared on exami-

nation to be specifically distinct from the species previously described.

I now proceed to lay before the Society a description of this second

species, which I have named, in honour of the founder of the genus

to which it belongs,

ACANTHOGORGIA GRAYI.

Colour dark brown. Branching irregularly, with a tendency to

grow in one plane. Branches free, slender, flexible, having an average

diameter of one-seventh of an inch; the thickest part of the stem

near the base has a diameter of three-tenths of an inch; the ends of

the branches are rounded, and thicker by one-half than the neigh-

bouring portion of the branch. Axis pale brown, very slender, that

of the smaller branches, when dry, being not more than the twentieth

of an inch in diameter. When the coral has been a few days out of

the water, the axis shrinks from the bark, and remains distinct in the

middle. It is composed of fibrous matter without spicula. Caustic

alkali has little or no effect upon it, even on the application of heat.

Bark composed almost entirely of spicula, studded with sessile cylin-

drical cells, irregularly distributed on all sides. These cells have a

height of from the thirtieth to the twentieth of an inch, and their

diameter is about half the height. The upper halves of eight (some-

1861.] SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA. 297

times nine) large erect spicula project round the orifice of each cell

at eight angles, corresponding with the same number of slightly ele-

~ vated ribs or crests on the outside of the cell formed by other spi-

cula ; the exposed portion of these projecting oral spicula is smooth.

.In A. hirsuta the exposed portions of the corresponding spicula are

Acanthogorgia gray.

rough. ‘The orifice itself in a dry specimen is covered in by another

series of large spicula, sixteen in number, arranged in eight pairs,

the apices of which meet in the middle. At the outside of the cells

the spicula are placed parallel, not crossed as in A. hirsuta.

The spicula are composed of calcareous matter, and are at once

dissolved with effervescence on the application of a strong acid,

leaving behind a formless mass of brown animal matter. The spicula

which lie in the bark between the cells are fusiform, slightly bent,

and for the most part very stout, some elongated, others contracted

to an ovoid form ; those which project round the orifices of the cells

have their basal portion geniculate, flattened, and very rough, with

protuberances ; and not unfrequently the bases are branched. The

spicula of both species are pretty objects under an object-glass of

low power.

Acanthogorgia grayi differs from A. hirsuta (of which a figure is

Acanthogorgia hirsuta.

here given for comparison) in the much smaller size and in the form of

the cells, which are cylindrical, not bell-shaped nor contracted at the

298 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25,

bottom. In the only specimen of the former which I have seen,

the cells are not nearly so numerous as in the specimens of the

latter which have come under my notice. Moreover, the orifices of

the cells in A. hirsuta are not roofed in with spicula in the same

complete and regular way as is the case with the cell-orifices of this

species. Lastly, I have not noticed any branching at the bases of the

large spicula of 4. hirsuta.

The only specimen of this very curious Black Coral which has

fallen in my way, and which I have had the honour of presenting to

the British Museum, was brought to me when residing at Funchal in

the month of February last. It was said to have become entangled

in a fishing line, and to have been brought up from a considerable

depth near Ponta do Pargo, the south-west extremity of the island.

It was attached to a stone on which a small specimen of Dendro-

phyllea ramea, a not uncommon Madeiran coral, was seated. It has

- a height of 6 or 7 inches, and it measures about 10 inches across.

9. NorEes ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA, WiTH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF New Species. By JAmes YATE JOHNSON.

In the following notes I have given an account of such Sea-Ane-

mones as have occurred to me after much diligent search in the

neighbourhood of Funchal, the capital of Madeira. The dredge

would doubtless bring other species to light, and possibly something

additional would be discovered by an examination of the shore in

other parts of the island. As to the nomenclature of the genera, I

have considered it right to follow Mr. Gosse, to whom all students

of this tribe of Zoophytes must feel much indebted for his pains-

taking book on the British species.

A Cornulariais included ; for although not, strictly speaking, a Sea-

Anemone, it closely resembles one in external appearance.

Order ALCYONARIA, M.-Edw.

CoRNULARIA ATLANTICA, Sp. nN.

Basal band narrow, inconspicuous, creeping irregularly, and bear-

ing the polypes at uncertaim distances. Column of a pale flesh-

colour, subeylindrical, rather wider at the middle than above and

below; destitute of spicula, but invested by a thin epidermis con-

taining particles of saud; when retracted, forming a fleshy hemisphe-

rical button, one-fifteenth of an inch high ; when expanded, the co-

lumn has a length of about three-tenths of an inch, with a diameter

of one-twelfth of an inch. Eight pinnate tentacles, in one series, at

the margin of the shallow cup forming the disk, the pinnee of about

twelve pairs, ringed, as if showing a tendency to further division.

Tentacle-stem subulate, about one-fourth of an inch in length, the

bases of the tentacles broadening and coming in contact one with

another on each side. When the animal is fully displayed, the ten-

1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 299

_tacles and the upper part of the column are nearly colourless, and

have the appearance of a transparent film.

Abundant on stones near low-tide mark ; sometimes attached to

sea-weed.

Order ZOANTHARIA, M.-Edw.

Suborder ActinirartA, M.-Edw.

Fam. Actinirp, M.-Edw.

SAGARTIA PARASITICA, R. Q. Couch, sp.

This species is invariably seated upon shells inhabited by Hermit

Crabs, Cassis sulcosa, Dolium perdix, Triton nodiferus, §:c.

SAGARTIA AFFINIS, sp. 0.

This species is closely allied to the last, and like it is always found

upon shells of which Hermit Crabs have taken possession, some-

times in company with it, sometimes alone. Its base is capable of

great extension ; and its column rises pillar-like, of a diameter very

much less than that of the base. When contracted it will often lie

so flat as to be scarcely thicker than a sixpence. The ground-colour

of the column is yellow; and there are five broad, more or less fus-

cous longitudinal bands, which, when the body is contracted, lie

star-like upon it. Sometimes there is an irregular whitish transverse

band placed nearer the disk than the base ; and in some specimens

a number of white longitudinal streaks have been observed near the

base. The inside of the mouth is orange. The disk itself is yel-

lowish, the tentacles grey, numerous, in four or five rows. The

average size of this species is less than that of S. parasitica, the

largest specimens of which I have never seen equalled by any of S.

afinis. Near neighbours in habit and mode of life as these two may

be, I have never observed any passage from one form to the other,

although a good many specimens have been met with. It is an eager

and voracious feeder, and bears captivity very well. It will some-

times transfer itself from the shell to the bottom of the tank, and

after a while, lo! it is seated on the shell once more, the shell being

all the time the abode of a restless Pagurus.

PHELLIA VESTITA, sp. 0.

Base adherent to rocks, less than column. Column cylindrical

when expanded, clothed with a dense, brown, closely-adherent skin,

rough like wash-leather, which when forcibly stripped off discloses

the true skin beneath, which is smooth and of a pinky red. The

animal is able to protrude the lower part and the upper part of its

column from beneath the epidermal covering, which seems to consist

chiefly of mucus and fine mud blended together. In a contracted

state it is wrinkled transversely, but not warted. Disk smooth, red-

dish, with radiating marks of brown and white. Tentacles numerous,

in three rows, crowded near margin of disk, of moderate length, the

innermost row the longest ; retractile, conical, rather broad at the

300 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25,

base, pale red, more or less ringed and spotted with opake white :

sometimes the dilated bases have a dark neutral-tint band, and below

this a white band round them. Mouth not raised on a cone, but

sometimes puffed out. Acontia emitted sparingly.

This Sea-anemone is able to take considerable variety of shape ;

sometimes it is contracted, sometimes swollen out at the middle, and

when irritated into a state of complete contraction, it has a very ru-

gose appearance. When detached from any support, I have seen

it contract its base so much that a small hole only was visible. It

has the power of expanding or distending both the lower and upper

parts of its body, the expanded portions becoming semitransparent,

and assuming the appearance of bladders, whilst the rest of the column

retains its rough opake coating. This coat adheres so strongly,

that I have in vain endeavoured to remove it with my finger-nail

from a healthy animal. From a specimen, however, which had been

severely wounded in removing it from its native rock, I succeeded in

peeling off the coat in patches. The animal is not timid, it will

keep its tentacles expanded until it is touched ; but in the day-time

it seldom pushes them out to their full stretch ; they are usually

held curved over the margin of the disk. It is rather fond of as-

cending the side of the tank until it nearly reaches the surface of the

water ; then, attaching itself by part of its lower disk, it will bend its

body loosely downwards at an angle of 45°. It is hardy in the aqua-

rium, rather sluggish in its habits, and adheres firmly to its support.

It is not uncommon under stones in pools amongst the rocks covered

at high tide. The size is not great; the largest 1 have seen measured

about half an inch in height when contracted, and expanded to a-

length of about an inch and a half.

Arptasia coucuit, W. P. Cocks, sp.

Not very common : usually found under loose stones near the level

of low tide. It preserves at Madeira all the chief characters and

habits possessed by its British sisters—restlessness of disposition,

flexuosity of tentacles, power of lengthening and contracting the

column, love of attaching itself to the side of the tank near the sur-

face of the water, the column hanging downwards with the disk and

tentacles widely expanded ; lastly, eagerness in seizing and swallow-

ing its food. Sometimes it will abandon all support and suspend

itself freely in the water, base uppermost, remaining thus for several

hours without moving, save in being continually employed in distend-

ing the column laterally. The distention began to show itself at the

disk, and travelled slowly along until it reached the base ; when this

had been effected, the animal stretched itself out and then recom-

menced the operation. One of my specimens, now living ina glass of

sea-water, presented itself one day as a globular vesicle three-quarters

of an inch in diameter. The disk and tentacles had been retracted,

and the tips of some of the latter were just visible at the bottom of

a depression resembling that seen at the top of an apple.

1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 301

~ ANTHEA CEREUS, Johnston.

This species is by far the most abundant of the Madeiran Acti-

naria, being found in almost every pool on the rocks between tide-

marks. It is undoubtedly the animal described in Dana’s great

work under the name of Actinia flagellifera (Comactis flagellifera,

M.-Edw.).

ACTINIA MESEMBRYANTHEMuM, Ellis & Sol.

This species stands next in regard to abundance. The commonest

variety is coloured a red-purple, with numerous black dots on the

column. Sometimes the spots are greenish grey, sometimes the

marginal spherules are red-purple instead of being azure. The animal

is frequently of an umber-brown ; and a few specimens have occurred

which had a brown body and disk, with red-purple base and tenta-

cles. Two specimens have been met with which had a dull-green

body and tentacles, with a white base, blue marginal spherules, and

a blue line at the junction of the column with the base. At the time

I possessed these two Actinie a third specimen was obtained, slightly

different from them ; and this was placed in the same glass. On

looking at them after the lapse of a few hours, I found that the new

comer was in contact with one of the others, and that six of the mar-

ginal spherules of the latter on the side of contact had expanded into

large, colourless, ovate vesicles, retaining only their original blue

colour at the tips. The upper part of the body of the animal was

separated at this time from the tentacle-bearing disk by a deep fosse.

Subsequently more of the blue tubercles expanded, until ten in this

state were counted ; after a while the disk expanded laterally, the

vesicles contracted, and the fosse disappeared. Whilst the vesicles

existed, the tentacles in their neighbourhood became much reduced

in diameter, so as to be filiform. Iam not aware whether a similar

phenomenon has been observed by others.

ACTINIA VIRGATA, Sp. N.

Base of a deep flesh-cclour, adherent to stones, not much exceed-

ing the column when the tentacles are expanded ; when these are

withdrawn and the column is depressed, it frequently spreads out into

an enlarged irregular oval. Column delicately smooth, imperforate,

non-adhesive; substance fleshy, marked by numerous (45 to 50) pairs

of straight, purplish-blue lines, which extend from the margin of the

disk to the angle of the column and base, where there is a circum-

ferent line of the same colour. Each of these lines is about half as

wide as the space between any two; sometimes a line is broken up

into dots. When the animal is in a contracted state, the lines are

brought so close together, and their colour so deepened, that it

appears nearly black. The disk has the margin closely set with azure

tubercles, about thirty in number; it is smooth, of a pinkish flesh-

colour, often puffed out into a cone, at the top of which is the mouth.

Tentacles about eighty in number, crowded in three or four rows,

placed near the margin of the disk, moderately long, with little differ-

302 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25,

ence between dimensions of those in the several series, conical, of a

pale-brown colour, with a slight purple tinge. When contracted, of a

dark sepia-brown. Mouth with an azure-blue spot at the oppo-

site angles. Acontia, none observed.

Size from half to three-quarters of an inch in height, and from

one-third to one-half an inch in height.

Found on the underside of stones in pools near low water-mark.

This pretty species is not very common : it is of very quiet habits,

and dislikes the light. Whenin the aquarium it hardly ever expands

its tentacles in the day-time, and at night, if brought within the in-

fluence of light, the animal immediately takes alarm. A specimen

is now living in one of my tanks. A few days ago, on looking at it

after an interval of four or five hours, I found, to my surprise, that it

had in the meantime surrounded itself with a progeny of fourteen

young ones, the average size of which was one-tenth of an inch in

height and diameter, though some were smaller and some nearly

twice as large. They were of a dull flesh-colour ; but on the larger

ones the purplish-blue marks began, im the course of a few hours, to

show themselves as rows of dots, with irregularly arranged dots filling

up the spaces between the rows of each pair. Some of them dis-

played their tiny tentacles in a ludicrously old-fashioned manner.

As to the mother, she had contracted her tentacles until they were

little more than papillee ; the disk was puffed out much beyond their

tips ; and the mouth was gaping widely, displaying a red throat ; the

base was quite free, and was altogether concealed by the contraction

of the body.

BuNODES LISTER], sp. n.

Base adherent to rocks ; its diameter about equal to the height

of the column. Column, when expanded, usually from half to three-

quarters of an inch in height; but one specimen extended itself to

the length of an inch and a third, with a diameter of four-tenths of

an inch. Surface red, beset with longitudinal rows, about twenty-

four in number, of small white tubercles, which have a spot or streak

of red at their apices. There are from ten to sixteen tubercles (taking

different specimens) in a row; these tubercles can be employed as

suckers, and by them I have seen the animal adhere to the bottom

or side of a glass in which it was living ; the alternate rows some-

times cease with the third or fourth from the disk. Disk frequently

cup-like, without marginal spherules, very transparent, with a row

of small white spots at the inner base of the innermost series of ten-

tacles: sometimes there are white spots between the tentacles. Mar-

gin of disk uneven, by reason of the highest tubercles of the column

forming part of the outline. Mouth with a pale ring around it.

Tentacles numerous, in about three rows near the margin of the disk,

those of the innermost row longer, and these are as long as the dia-

meter of the column, decreasing in size outwards, pale flesh or

brown, but sometimes bearing white opake spots, very pellucid, coni-

cal, simple, readily retractile, and usually brown, curled at the tips.

This pretty species is very distinct from all the other Madeiran

1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 303

species that have occurred, but it seems to be closely allied to the

British Bunodes ballii. The pale-red, diaphanous tentacles become

in some cases, when contracted, of a red-purple colour, in others of a

brown hue. In one specimen, which was brought to me much

wounded, the red tubercles of the column were ringed with greenish

yellow. The animal is rather impatient of light, and is only seen

fully expanded at night. It adheres very firmly to the object it is

seated upon, and will submit to be torn rather than loosen its hold.

I have named this species in honour of Dr. N. Lister, of Funchal,

to whom I am indebted for much sympathy and assistance in my

investigations.

ALICIA, gen, n.

Base adherent at pleasure; greatly exceeding column. Tentacles

simple. Margin of disk simple, without spherules. Column beset

with stalked appendages.

ALICIA MIRABILIS,

Base pale brown, adherent apparently by means of minute round

suckers scattered over it, capable of great dilatation, and sometimes

having a diameter of between 4 and 5 inches; very transparent, so

that the appendages on the column could be seen through it. The

outline undulate; the surface marked with about a hundred radi-

ating furrows, meeting in the middle, and causing the margin to be

erenate. Column apparently imperforate, pillar-like, when fully

expanded measuring 23 inches in height and diameter ; surface deli-

cately soft, pellucid, pale brown, marked with longitudinal furrows

corresponding with those on the base; beset with stalked appendages.

At the base these appendages are small, nearly sessile, and bear at

their summits a single wart of hemispherical outline and of a dull-

purple hue ; they become larger in proportion to their height above

the base, until those next the oral disk have stalks half an inch high

and 53, of aninch in diameter, which divide and redivide, each ulti-

mate division always crowned with a wart. As many as sixty warts

might be counted on one of these appendages, the appearance of which

when half-contracted, had some resemblance to a head of cauliflower.

In most cases the common stalk was of an opake white colour, but

in other cases it was orange ; and there were two of this colour stand-

ing higher up the column than the rest, and placed over against

each other. When the animal was in its greatest state of contrac-

tion, no part of the column was visible, on account of the warted

tops of the appendages forming an unbroken coat ; when fully ex-

panded, the soft delicate body was seen between the separated ap-

pendages, and the upper part near the disk was extended quite clear

of them for a considerable space. Under the microscope the purple

warts were seen to consist of an exterior, transparent, colourless coat

enveloping a body which was purplish at the tip and pale brown

below. Disk destitute of marginal spherules, not lobed nor extending

beyond the column, pale brown, transparent, slightly cupped. Ten-

tacles pale brown, simple, subulate, elongated, rather slender, often

304 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25,

curled, numerous, compactly set in three rows near the margin of

the disk, beset with minute papille. Mouth half an inch across ;

lips usually somewhat puffed out, and divided by deep furrows into

six longitudinal ribs on each side; destitute of warts and tentacles.

Throat of a pretty full brown. No acontia observed.

But one specimen of this very curious animal has occurred ; it was

brought to me alive in the month of April last, and was said to have

been found in one of the cane-work baskets which are sunk to the

depth of a few fathoms in the Bay of Funchal, chiefly for the purpose

1861.) ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 305

of taking Red mullet (Mullus surmuletus, L., and M. barbatus, L.).

When I first saw it, only just covered with a little water, it was in a

contracted state, and my first impression was that a compound Asci-

dian was before me. After keeping it for three weeks in a small

tank, I attempted to bring it with me to England in order to show

it to those interested in this tribe of animals; but being unfortu-

nately unable to attend to it in the earlier part of my voyage, it

perished, to my great regret.

As to its habits during the time it lived in my tank, I may say that

it bore confinement very well, and took its food (the flesh of Patella)

with considerable readiness. It frequently shifted its position in the

tank, and on one occasion it was seen floating base uppermost ; when

attached, its upper part was seldom destitute of motion, but that

motion was exceedingly slow. The tentacles were usually more or

less displayed ; but it has been observed with them so completely

withdrawn that it was not easy to discover the precise situation of

the disk and mouth. The tentacles possessed the power of stinging ;

but, though the skin was made red, the pain was not great.

Fam. CertanTHip#, M.-Edw.

SACCANTHUS MADERENSIS, Sp. n.

Column lengthened, worm-like, with a conical imperforate base ;

skin smooth, apparently without suckers or loopholes; of a pale

chestnut-brown colour ; enveloped in a loose non-adherent tube

secreted by the animal, open at both ends. Disk without marginal

spherules, cup-shaped, capable of being expanded so as to have a

diameter twice that of the column. ‘Tentacles of two kinds: lst,

marginal, twenty-four in number, in one series, but often arranged,

when fully displayed (and then bending inwards and outwards alter-

nately), so as to have the appearance of being placed in two rows;

these tentacles are slender, tapering, uniform, longer than the dia-

meter of the column, and are coloured brown with pale rings: 2nd,

short filiform tentacles, about twenty-five in number, arranged in two

or three irregular circles round the mouth, coloured a uniform brown;

these labial tentacles hardly equal in length the radius of the disk.

Only one specimen of this interesting animal has fallen in my way.

When first brought to me, its appearance was that of a mass of dirt

which had a certain convoluted shape, and out of which protruded

at one place a reddish semitransparent body (the base), and at another

some tentacles, which partly folded up on being touched. At first

sight I took the animal for an Annelid; but during the night it shuffled

off its muddy coating and displayed itself in its true character. It

was then seen to have a length of about 23 inches, with a diameter of

about a quarter of aninch. The column was quite smooth, cylindrical,

and of a brown colour approaching to auburn or chestnut. When

examined with a lens, some fine longitudinal lines were perceived,

dividing the body at regular intervals, and about 4, of an inch

apart. Faint angular transverse lines were also visible, pretty closely

set. It seemed shy, and never expanded its tentacles completely,

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XX.

306 LETTER FROM MR. E. BLYTH. [Nov. 12,

except in the dark, when it contracted them if the light of a candle

fell upon it. The power of fully withdrawing them seemed to be

wanting. They were more than an inch in length when entirely dis-

played. The next day I perceived it lying in the angle at the bottom

of the glass containing sea-water, enveloped in a glaucous semitrans-

parent film of mucus looking like a stout spider’s web, in which it

moved as a worm moves in its case. It had expanded to a length of

4} inches, but on being touched immediately contracted so as to

measure only 12 inch. It possessed the power of swelling out portions

of the column ; sometimes the swelling appeared near the middle of

the body, sometimes near the base. On some occasions it lay with

the lower part of the body bent into a hook ; at others it quitted the

protection of its tube and floated at the surface of the water. The

animal was never observed to wriggle or glide through the water like

a worm; all its motions were extremely slow. It was captured at

the bottom of a pool in the rocks near Funchal.

DEscRIPTION OF THE Wooncvt, p. 304.

Fig. 1. Alicta mirabilis, as seen with the base detached and uppermost, the ten-

tacles lying on the bottom of the tank.

Figs. 2 and 3. Two of the appendages of the column, of the natural size.

Fig. 4. One of the warts of an appendage, enlarged. The outer coat is colourless

and transparent ; the top of the interior body is dull purplish, the lower

part yellowish brown, and the interspace colourless.

November 12, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a cast of the skull of the Aye-Aye

( Chiromys madagascariensis ), taken from a specimen in the possession

of M. E. Verreaux, of Paris, the fourth example of this rare Mammal

received in Europe.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a portion of the collection of birds re-

cently forwarded by Mr. Wallace from Mysol and Waigiou, amongst

which were many rare and interesting species.

The following extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Edward Blyth, Esq. (Corr. Memb.), dated Maulmein, May 10th,

1861, was read to the meeting :— *

‘“‘ T have made this day a grand discovery, which neither you nor

others will believe in at the first announcement, but it is true never-

theless,—viz. that the extraordinary Rhinoceros-horn figured * as

* See P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 250.

1861.) LETTER FROM MR. E. BLYTH. 307

that of Rhinoceros crossii by Gray, in your ‘ Proceedings,’ is the well-

developed anterior horn of an old male R. sumatranus—the common

species of these provinces. My host at this place is a great sports-

man, and some noble trophies of the chase hang in his verandah ;

but what fixed my attention was the head of R. sumatranus,

with a development of horns which I had never imagined to occur

in this species ; and the resemblance of the much-curved anterior

horn to that of Gray’s supposed species, R. crossiz, struck me at once.

Conversing with my host on the subject, he remarked that he took

a similar head to England (where it now adorns his family hall), with

the front horn at least 3 inches longer, and still more curved. A

little reflection, and I felt satisfied that R. crossii must sink into a

synonym of R. sumatranus.”

In a subsequent communication Mr. Blyth remarked :—

“ All doubts now removed about the identity of R. sumatranus

and R. crossii. Mason states that the skin of the Tenasserim spe-

cies ‘is quite smooth, like a buffalo’s’—meaning devoid of folds ;

but Col. Fytche assures me that the one he shot had the slight folds

described and figured of R. sumatranus. The mature female horns are

small, and the nasal bones comparatively narrow; I am not aware

that a corresponding sexual difference occurs in any other Rhino-

ceros. In the Indian one-horned species the sexes are alike in size

and development of horn.”

The Secretary reported the return from the Cape, on the Ist instant,

of the Society’s collector, Mr. James Benstead, with a second collec-

tion of animals presented to the Society by His Excellency Sir George

Grey, K.C.B., the Governor of the Colony. The collection consisted

of the following :—

MamMat.s.

1, A young male Hartebeest (Antilope caama).

. A female Reh-bok (Antilope capreola).

3. A four-horned Sheep (Ovis aries, var.).

4. A male Ratel (Mellivora ratel).

Birps.

5. One male and two female Ostriches (Struthio camelus).

6. Three Stanley Cranes (Grus paradisea).

7. Two Jackal Buzzards (Buteo jacal).

The Hartebeest was of great interest, as having been only exhi-

bited once before in the Society’s collection. The Ostriches, being

from the Cape, afforded an opportunity of comparing together the

northern and southern birds, which had long been desired, and which

would probably lead to their being distinguished as different local

varieties, if not as species.

308 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS HELOGALE. [Noy. 12,

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice or HELoGALE, A New Genus oF VIVERRID#.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RB.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere.

In making out a list of the skulls of the animals in the Museum,

Mr. Edward Gerrard called my attention toa peculiarity in the skull

of some of the smaller African Mangoustes. They are externally

like the true Herpestes, but they want the smaller false premolar

teeth in the upper jaw, which are always to be found in the true

species of that genus. I propose to designate the group Helogale,

which may be thus characterized :—

HELOGALE.

Cutting teeth a5 Can. =; Premol, =F Mol. — eats

Body slender; head oval; ears distant; toes 5—5; claws com-

Skull of Helogale parvula (upper surface.)

pressed, acute ; soles of hind feet half bald and callous ; tail hairy,

tapering.

1. HELOGALE PARVULA (Herpestes parvulus, Sundeval).

Skull broad.

Hab. Natal.

2. HeLoGaLe Tznionota (Herpestes tenionotus, A. Smith).

Skull elongate.

Hab. South Africa.

The skull differs considerably in shape from that of the species of

true Herpestes.

1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. 309

2. Notice or a New Srvecries or Pitrot-WuHare (Guosio-

CEPHALUS), FROM THE Coast OF DorsETSHIRE. By Dr. J.

E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere.

In 1853 the British Museum received the skull of a Cetacean

which was dredged up at Bridport, on the coast of Dorsetshire, from

the Rev. John Beecham, of the Wesleyan Mission Board. It is evi-

dently a species of Globiocephalus; but on comparing it with the

skull of G. svineval, the Common Pilot-Whale, and other species of

Globiocephalus which have come under my observation, it appears to

be quite distinct from them, and, as I believe, of a species that has

not before been noticed.

It is evidently the skull of a large animal, being nearly as large as

that of the Common Pilot-Whale ; but it is at once distinguished

from all the other species of that genus by the convexity of the

palate and the oblong form of the nose of the skull, which is nearly

of the same width for the greater part of the length, and is regularly

rounded in front; while in G. svineval it gradually converges from

the notch to the apex, and the palate is quite flat, especially in front;

and this is the case with all the other species of the genus.

GLOBIOCEPHALUs INCRASSATUS. Thick-palated Pilot-Whale.

Teeth = or 1°", the nose of the skull attenuated, the side

nearly parallel, and regularly rounded in front; the palate very

convex, especially in the front ; the upper surface of the intermaxil-

lars rugose in front.

Hab. British Seas, Bridport (Rev. J. Beecham, 1853).

inches.

Length of the skull........ 28

Of PREmGsE. 3. «cae ee

of the\teeth ...... 8? imperfect, worn at the end.

Width of nose at the bridge 10

—- of nose atthe under. 93

of skull at orbits.... 17

The back of the skull is higher and much narrower than in the

skull of G. svineval. (See woodcuts, pp. 310, 311.)

This species does not appear to have been observed before as

British, and I do not find any indication of its having been de-

scribed as an exotic species. But it is so distinct both in the form

of the nose of the skull, in the width of the intermaxillary bones,

and more especially in the thickness and convexity of the palate of

the front part of the skull, from the species that has hitherto been

described, and the differences are so visible, that Mr. Edward Gerrard

selected it as a distinct species as soon as he saw it.

It has been suggested that this may perhaps be the other sex of

the common Pilot-Whale (Globiocephalus svineval); but I can

searcely think this probable, as I have seen many skulls of the latter,

and they have been all nearly similar and very unlike the one under

consideration; and I can scarcely believe that all I have seen could have

310 DR. J. Eh. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. [Nov. 12,

been of the same sex, for it is a Whale that comes on the coast in

great shoals, and hence one of its names is the ‘* Social Whale,’ and

Upper surface of the skull of Glodiocephalus svineval.

specimens of both sexes have been recorded as caught on the British

coast. Atthe present moment there is an inclination to regard some

—

1861. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. 311

of the Whales which have been considered species as mere sexes of

the same species, simply because the specimen described in one case

Upper surface of the skull of Globiocephalus incrassatus.

happens to be a male and in the other a female. Thus Delphinus

micropterus is said to be the female of Ziphius sowerbiensis, for the

above reason ; but I have not heard that any new specimen has been

312

DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. _[Nov. 12,

discovered, or any fact eliminated, to prove the truth of this sug-

gestion, and it may be only an instance of accidental coincidence—

ros)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Globiocephalus incrassatus.

Fig. 2. Diagram of the cross-section of the palate of G. inerassatus.

such a case as may be disproved by the next discovery of either

animal.

1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A SPECIES OF TEREDO. 313

In the same manner Professor Eschricht, of Copenhagen (and no

one has studied the Whales of the North Sea with greater earnest-

ness and success), regards Hyperoodon latifrons as the male of the

old well-known Hyperoodon rostratum, because his specimen of the

former belongs to a male, and that of the latter to a female specimen ;

and he exhibits them side by side as sexes of the same animal in his

Museum (see Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, ix. p. 281). Now

this is an evident mistake, arising from mistaking an accidental coin-

cidence for an established fact.

The specimen from which the skeleton of Hyperoodon latifrons

was derived, that is in the Museum of the College of Surgeons in

Edinburgh, was a female, which was taken on the 24th of October,

1839, accompanied by a young male, in the Frith of Forth. Therefore

there are female as well as male specimens known of Hyperoodon

latifrons, which is regarded by Professor Eschricht as the male of the

more common H. rostratum, of which I have also seen males as well

as females, as recorded in my paper on this subject in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings’ of the Society for November 1860.

3. On a LarGe Species oF TEREDO, SUPPOSED TO BE THE

ANIMAL OF THE GENUS FuRCELLA, Lamk. By Dr. J. E.

Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere.

In a former communication to the Society on the genus Furcella,

I came to the conclusion that the animal of that genus was destitute

of any shelly valves, because on examining the tube of a young spe-

cimen in a very perfect state, that contained in its cavity the two

palettes of the animal, it had no appearance of valves, which I sup-

posed would be of too large a size to have escaped out of the tube,

more especially as the palettes were in it, which were of a much

smaller size and more slender character than the valves were likely

to be, and the tube had all the appearance of the animal which

formed it having been eaten out by the larve of Muscidae, as the

skins of the larvae and pupa-cases were found in the tube with the

palettes.

But this shows the danger of coming to any conclusion without

one has the actual specimen before one ; for we have lately received

from Mr. Jamrach, along with a number of Fishes, Reptiles, and

other animals in spirits, chiefly from the Dutch Colonies of the

Indian Ocean, two specimens of a large species of true typical Te-

redines in spirit, without their shelly tube, but with their palettes

attached, which seem to be very probably the animal of the genus

Furcella. :

The reason why I believe them to be the animal of that genus is,

first, their large size, which is quite sufficient to form a tube as large

as the younger specimen of the genus Furcel/a, and, secondly, the

form and size of the palette, which agree in general character with

those which were found in the tube of Furcella, and which are

figured in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society for 1857, p. 243, Mol-

14 DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12,

lusea, pl. xxx1x. f.3. Yet there is just that amount of difference

between the palette of these animals and those found in the young

specimen of Furcella which prevents one from saying that the animal

is absolutely the animal of the Furcella.

The palettes of Furcella were slender, cylindrical, with a dilated

tip like a double-headed hammer, like the young palette of Teredo

malleolum of Turton, but of a much larger size; and they had a

small, slightly-raised tubercle on the middle of the inner side of the

dilated end.

The palette in the two specimens of Teredo which we have lately

received is of precisely the same form, and nearly of the same size ;

but instead of having this small tubercle, the middle of the dilated

end is produced into an elongated process about half an inch long,

which is more slender and oblong at the base, thicker, flattened, and

dilated above, and truncated at the top.

The valves of the shell are exactly like those of the Teredo navalis,

T. norvegicus, and other normal species of the genus, but larger.

I am inclined to name this species Teredo furcelloides; for I

do not think it would be safe to decide, without further evidence,

that it is the animal of Furcella, Lamk.; but at the same time I

consider it right to bring the occurrence of this animal at once before

the Society, as it has led me to doubt if my conclusion was correct

that Furcellais a genus of Conchiferous Mollusks without any valves,

as I was inclined to believe before the animal occurred, and which

the evidence then before me led me to believe was a correct conclusion.

The palettes are situated at the hinder end, just within the edge

of the mantle, the siphons being quite distinct from or within their

base. The siphons are slender, of nearly equal diameter, and united

nearly to their tips; in their contracted state they just reach to the

dilated part of the palette at the base of the terminal elongated pro-

cess. These are some fragments of a thin lamina of shell attached

to the hinder end of the mantle near the base of the palettes.

It this should prove to be the animal of Furcella, or even of a

Furcella-like Teredo, it shows most conclusively that the cup at the

end of the tubes cannot be regarded as the analogue of the true

valves of the genus, as I have also proved in a former paper (see

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 258).

If these animals prove to belong to the genus Furcella, as I sus-

pect they may, then that genus or group of species will only be

separated from the other Teredines by the habit of living in sand,

by the club-shaped form of the tube closed at the end with two

arched plates, the division and separate prolongation of the tubes of

the siphonal aperture, and the hammer-like form of the palettes.

4. ApDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE Genus Cuscus.

By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S8., ere.

In the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1858, p, 100, I gave some observations

on the genus Cuseus, with the description of a new species; and

1861. } DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 315

in the volume for 1860, p. 1, I described another species of the

genus.

Since that time we have received several other specimens from

Mr. Wallace, and I have also been able to examine several other

examples sent home by the same excellent collector ; and the exa-

mination of these specimens has induced me rather to modify my

views as regards the species, and has enabled me to observe other

characters for the species which were before unknown to me.

I therefore lay before the Society these additional observations, in

- the hope of doing something towards settling the species of this

very difficult group of animals, which are curious as being the only

Marsupials that have as yet been submitted to a kind of domesti-

cation; though I have never been able to see why Kangaroos might

not have been domesticated by the Australian emigrant, except from

the difficulty of making them adopt new ways even in a new country.

I may observe that I believe the British Museum contains the

largest and finest collection of the specimens of this genus that has

been ever brought together. A few years ago we considered our-

selves fortunate in having two specimens ; now we have thirty-three

from very different localities, and I have besides these examined about

half as many more.

The zoologists of the modern school are very desirous that the

name of the original namer of the species should always be inserted

after the specific name, to show to whom belongs the honour of

having first named the species,—often a very doubtful source of con-

gratulation or proof of scientific attamment, as for example in this

enus.

: Should the various varieties of colour really be proved to be good

species in this genus, we shall have to adopt the names of Lesson, an

author who seems only to have seen a very few specimens, and to

have given a name to each of those that he saw, without giving him-

self the trouble to discover what were the characters that separated

them from the other examples of the genus; and it is often the

case, not only with species but with genera, that the man who first

gives the name to either one or the other often knows less about

them, and takes less trouble to study the subject, than men who

have never given a new name to either genus or species. This was

specially the case with Swainson, who has given the names to many

genera of shells and birds even on the slightest characters, and with-

out the least analysis.

In the former paper I divided the Cusci into two sections, ac-

cording to the hairyness and prominence of the ears; I will now

divide them into four sections, according to the form of the skull and

the number and disposition of the anterior false grinders, and thus

place at the disposal of the student two means of determining the

species.

Sect. I. The nose of the skull short, broad, and rounded. The an-

terior conical false grinders one on each side, large, and nearly filling

up the short diastema. The grinders large, in an arched series, con-

316 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12,

verging behind. The forehead of the skull rather swollen over the

front, and depressed between the hinder part of the orbits. Ears

hidden under the fur. Fur of one colour. Evcuscus.

1. Cuscus (E.) ursinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 103.

Temm. Monog. t. 1. f. 1, 2, 3 (adult), t. f. 1-5 (half-grown)

(skull), t. 4 (skeleton).

Blackish ; tail and rump dark, like back.

Hab. Celebes (Temm.).

The three skulls, of different ages, all show only a narrow linear

space between the upper edges of the masseter muscles. The fore-

head of the youngest specimen is not so concave as that of the two

older ones.

We have an adult and half-grown female from Celebes, obtained

for the Leyden Museum in 1843; and a nearly adult specimen

without any distinct indication of its sex—probably a female—with

the pouch sewed up, from the Zoological Society, 1855.

If this should be the case, we have only female specimens of this

genus; but I believe they have a male at Leyden.

2. Cuscus (E.) Brevicaupatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 102.

Pale brown ; the tail and rump of the same colour as the back.

Hab. Cape York (Mr. Macgillivray).

The skull, which is that of a very young animal, is more like that

of C. ursinus than that of any other species in our Collection.

The canines are close to the cutting-teeth, and with a very small

space between it and the first grinder. The skull is rather convex,

and swollen in front over the orbits.

We have only the young specimen and its skull, on which Mr.

Gould established the species. It seems very distinct from C. ursinus.

Sect. Il. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The ante-

rior conical false grinders one on each side above, moderate-sized, near

the middle of the broad diastema. The grinders in a slightly arched

series. The forehead very convex, and rounded over the middle of

the orbit, and flat behind. The ears hairy outside, hidden in the fur.

The fur more or less variegated. Tail pale or yellowish. Dorsal

streak none. SprLocuscus.

The skulls which we have of the animals of this section show

that there are probably two distinct species. One species has grinders

of a rather larger size than those of C. ursinus, but differing from

them in being in only a slightly curved line, the three first grinders

forming a series of from 10 to 103 lines, or twelfths of an inch.

In this respect the skull agrees with those figured by Temminck

(Mon. Mam. t. 3. f. 1-6) as of Phalangista maculata. But one skin

agrees with the description of the skin of P. chrysorrhos of that

author, and its teeth with the figure of the teeth of P. maculata.

Yet it is to be recollected that this author only had a very small

number of specimens to examine, and he does not mention in his

1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS, 317

description of either species the difference in the size of the grinders,

though he shows the difference in his figures.

The second species has smaller grinders, placed in the same man-

ner as the former,—the three front grinders forming a series of from

84 to 9 lines in length, as they are figured by Temminck (Monog.

t. 1. f. 4-6) as Phalangista chrysorrhos.

We have two skulls with their skins belonging to this kind; and

both have the spotted skins which Temminck calls Phalangista ma-

culata. Under these circumstances it is difficult to adopt Tem-

minck’s name. Are we to take those of the skin or those of the

skulls? Perhaps what he describes as C. chrysorrhos may be the

proper and wild state of each species, and the spotted varieties de-

scribed as C. maculata may be albino varieties or half-domesticated

varieties of them, for the natives of some islands are said to breed

them.

As I have not the power of examining the skulls of all the speci-

mens, I have arranged those in the Museum provisionally under

these two names, taking them as they designate the general colour

of the fur.

3. Cuscus (S.) CHRYSORRHOS.

Cuscus maculata, var. 1, 2, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 102.

Phalangista maculata, Temm. Mam. t. 2. f. 1-5 (adult), 6 (young

skull).

The grinders * large, three front of from 10 to 103 lines in length.

Fur dark grey-brown ; sides and middle of the back blacker or

black ; face reddish ; rump and tail yellowish ; belly white.

Var. albina?

White ; feet and large spots on back red-brown.

Hab. Ceram ; south coast of New Guinea ; ‘‘ Moluccas” (Temm.).

1. An adult female of a large size from the Leyden Museum as C.

chrysorrhos, Temm. 1859.

2, 3. An adult and a three-fourths grown female, with the sides

very deep black. From Ceram; Mr. Wallace, 1859.

4. A young female specimen from the south coast of New Guinea ;

J. B. Jukes, 1846.

The skull of this animal shows that it belongs to the large-toothed

species.

Var.? albina. White, reddish varied.

C. maculata, nos. 3-5, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 102.

5. White, with a long irregular patch on the back, and the four

feet red. A female from Dufour Island, south-east coast of New

* T give the measurement of the three first of the true grinders only, because

in the young skull the hindermost grinders are not developed. I may state

that the difference in the size of the grinders does not depend on the sex of the

species, as there are both males and females with teeth of each size.

318 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12,

Guinea; John Macgillivray, 1851 ; and its skull, which agrees with

Temminck’s figure of the skull of C. maculatus.

6. ? An adult male, with numerous confluent reddish spots. New

Guinea; John Macgillivray, 1855.

7. A half-grown male, with numerous small, reddish and dark-

brown spots, often confluent. Darnley Island, south coast of New

Guinea ; John Macgillivray, 1855.

I have not been able to examine the skull and teeth of these spe-

cimens ; so they may belong to the next.

4, Cuscus (S.) MACULATUS.

Cuscus maculatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 5.

Cuscus maculatus, var., nos. 3-7, Gray, P. Z.8. 1858, p. 102.

Phalangista chrysorrhos, Temm. Mon. t. 1. f. 4, 5, 6 (skull, not

skin).

ene moderate, three front forming a series of from 81 to 9

lines in length. Skull very convex on the front of the orbit, flat or

slightly concave behind the convexity, the temporal ridges close toge-

ther, united (in the adult skull) and forming a sharp ridge.

White, spotted with fulvous grey-brown or black ; forehead

reddish.

Hab. New Guinea. Waygeroo and Aru Islands.

There are both sexes in the Museum Collection.

1. Adult male. Spots on the head and shoulders, confluent on the

back and sides, small, scattered ; tail white. Waygeroo. Purchased

of M. Verreaux, 1856, as Cuscus maculatus.

2, Adult male. White, with numerous, scattered, small spots ; tail

white, slightly varied with pale reddish. Aru Island; Mr. Wal-

lace, 1857. This belongs to the smaller-toothed kind,

3. Adult male and female. Very similar ; yellowish white spots, nu-

merous, smooth, intense black; head reddish-brown; tail white,

marbled with pale reddish. Waygeroo (Mr. Wallace, 1860).

Mr. Wallace observes that these animals are diurnal: the female

he marks as having a pale hazel iris. The skull of the male shows

that it also belongs to the smaller-toothed kind.

The three skulls in the Museum agree with the above description,

but vary among themselves ; one of the skulls from Aru (1195 6) is

much narrower in all its parts, and is less swollen and narrower be-

tween the orbits, than the others from the same locality, and is pro-

bably the skull of a female, as 1195a@ is from the male specimen

sent from Aru by Mr. Wallace.

The skull of the male specimen sent by Mr. Wallace from Way-

geroo is similar to the male from Aru (1195 @), but is rather more

swollen, especially between the front of the orbits.

Sect. III. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The

alterior conical false grinders one on each side above, moderate-sized,

near the middle of the broad diastema. The forehead deeply concave,

with a raised edge on each side between the orbits. Kars naked

1861. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 319

within, extended beyond the fur of the head. Fur of body and tail

uniformly coloured, with a dorsal streak. SrriGgocuscus.

5. Cuscus (S.) ceLeBEns!s, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 105, t. 62.

Hab. St. Cristoval, Solomon’s Group of Islands.

We have both sexes in the British Museum Collection, and the

skulls of two others nearly adult, collected by Mr. Rayner and Mr.

Skull of Cuseus celebensis (upper surface).

J. Macgillivray during the voyage of the ‘ Herald.’ There is very

little difference between the two skulls, though they are from a male

and female animal.

Skull of Cuseus celebensis (side view).

In the description of the species in the paper above referred to,

the animal is erroneously said, by a slip of the pen, to have no

dorsal streak.

We have in the British Museum a young specimen of a Cuseus

from Macassar, which is very like C. celebensis, but it has no visible

dorsal streak: it is not in a very good condition. It may be a va-

riety of this species, or the young of one of the other, or perhaps

an undeveloped state of a new one.

320 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS Cuscus. __[Nov. 12,

Sect. IV. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The an-

terior conical false grinders two on each side above, the anterior rather

larger, the hinder very small, cylindrical ; both near the other grinder,

and widely separated from the canines. The forehead with a deep

concavity between the orbits. Ears naked within, extended beyond

the fur of the head. Fur on body and tail uniformly coloured, with

a dorsal streak. Cuscus.

6. Cuscus oRIENTALIS, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 104, t. 61.

Cuscus quoyii, Lesson in Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. t. 56.

The male and female grey brown, with a distinct dorsal streak.

Var. albina?

Cuscus orientalis, Temm. & Gray.

j AKA 7 =F

Males pure white, without any dorsal streak. . {47%

Hab. Islands of Waigiou and Ceram. Ls.

Mr. Wallace attached to the male species this observation, ‘“ the

claws, soles, and end of the tail nearly white; eats leaves and

cocoa-nuts (young).”’ Hecalls the male C. orientalis.

We have specimens of both sexes in the Museum ; a very young

and adult female from Waigiou, obtained from M. Verreaux in 1856 ;

and male and female, with two young from the pouch, from Waigiou,

and a male from Ceram, from Mr. Wallace, in 1859 and 1860.

In the skull of the female the temporal ridges are separated from

one another by a wide flat band.

Temminck, and other authors since his work, have described the

male of this animal as white, and the female as silver-grey with a black

dorsal streak ; but we have both sexes of the latter colour. Can the

white males be an albino variety, and confined to the male sex? We

have two full-grown males of that colour, one obtained from Leyden

Museum, said to come from Amboyna, and another from M. Ver-

reaux, said to come from New Zealand ; they both have the small

hinder false grinders.

7. Cuscus ornatus, Gray, P. Z. 8S, 1860, p. 1, pl. uxxiv.

(male).

Both sexes grey-brown, grisled, and marked with small white

spots and a distinct dorsal streak ; the ground-colour of the male is

yellowish-red, of the female dark grey-brown.

Hab. Ternate and Batchian (Wallace).

We have a male and three females in the British Museum, all from

Mr. Wallace—a male from Batchian in 1859, two adult and a young

female from Ternate, obtained in 1858 and 1859.

In the British Museum there are two young specimens of the

genus which I am not able to determine with certainty. They are

both of a fulvous-brown colour, and without any streak on the

back.

1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 321

1. Said to come from “ Amboyna,” and is supposed to be a young

C. orientalis ; the sex is doubtful, but probably a male.

Skull of Cuseus ornatus (upper surface).

2. The other was sent by Mr. Wallace from Macassar in 1857,

and is a young male. I formerly considered it as a variety of C.

eelehensis (P. Z.S. 1858, p. 43) ; and it is like that species in se-

Skull of Cuseus ornatus (side view).

veral particulars ; but the want of the dorsal streak is a great pecu-

liarity, which was not so distinctly seen before it was stuffed.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XXI.

322 DR.O. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. [Noyv. 12,

5. On THE OpHipDIANS OF THE PROVINCE oF Banta, BRAZIL.

By Dr. Orso Wucuerer, Corr. Memes. (Part II.*)

Of the family of Coronellide several species of Liophis are very

common in this province—Liophis cobella, L. merremii, L. regine,

and L. conirostris. The last appears to me to occur only in the

vicinity of the city of Bahia. In several collections of Ophidians

sent to me from different parts of the province, I never found a single

specimen, whilst it is rather common in the vicinity of the city of

Bahia. It never attains to the same size as the other species. Some

specimens of L. merremii show so constantly certain differences from

others, that I feel tempted to consider them as belonging to a distinct

species, particularly as those differences are by no means referable to

the different age of the individuals ; however I shall withhold my sug-

gestions until I shall have collected more materials to substantiate

them. Erythrolamprus venustissimus, of the same family, is not

unfrequent. It shares with different other snakes the Portuguese

name of Cobra Coral.

The species of the genus Yenodon, which have been referred to

the family of Natricide, are allied to Liophis in many respects.

Their dentition is very similar ; they may all be considered as fresh-

water snakes (some species of Liophis are called by the Brazilians

Cobras d’agua), although they are frequently found in dry places

and at a distance from the water. They all live on Batrachians, and

have this peculiarity in common with the other snakes of the family

of Natricide, that they do not squeeze their prey to death before

swallowing it, nor ever coil themselves around it.

I have noticed only two species of Xenodon—X. rhabdocephalus

and X. colubrinus.

In a preliminary list of snakes observed by me, given by Dr. Albert

Giinther, X. severus is mentioned ; however, on a repeated examination

of the specimens in my possession, I must refer them all to XY. rhabdo-

cephalus+. This isa very common species in Bahia. Several young

examples may be frequently found together. It is very lively and

courageous, and, on account of its broad head and rather vicious

appearance, much dreaded by the Brazilians, who give it the name

of Surucueté. In order to distinguish Lachesis mutus from it, they

call the latter Surucuct bico de jacca, from the resemblance of its

strongly keeled scales to the prominences on the Jackfruit—the fruit

of the Artocarpus integrifolia. This Xenodon is very voracious. Re-

cently I had a young living specimen of it in the same cage with one

of Liophis conirostris, and gave them two young Cystignathi fusci

for their food. The Xenodon immediately seized one of the frogs by

the snout ; but the Liophis did not succeed so well with the other frog,

and found it easier to seize the Xenodon’s prey by the hind legs. A

struggle commenced, in which the Xenodon had better hold of

the frog than the Liophis, and the latter, being obstinate and not in-

* See above, p. 113.

+ One specimen of X. severus in the Collection of the British Museum is men-

tioned in the Catalogue as derived from Bahia.

1861.] DR. O. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. 323

clined to relinquish its hold, began to encompass its head with its

wide jaws. It became evident that the Liophis would have to share

the fate of its intended victim. As it was the first living specimen

of its species I had been able to obtain, I was very anxious to save

its life; so I cut the Yenodon in two with a knife, and the Liophis

quickly passed through the anterior segment of the Xenodon’s body

with the frog. The Liophis was returned to its cage, when it directly

seized hold of the other frog, and swallowed it undisturbed. It had

along its head, neck, and anterior part of the body minute wounds

from the Xenodon’s teeth, which bled freely while it was engaged in

swallowing the frog; but it has done quite well since, and I hope it

may arrive safely at the Gardens of the Society.

It is surprising how broad and flat a Xenodon rhabdocephalus

makes itself at times, chiefly whilst basking in the sun. This is

owing, I suppose, to a peculiar conformation and attachment of its

ribs, which I have not yet examined. The species of Liophis never

make themselves so broad. A Xenodon can pass a crevice which is

exceedingly small in proportion to the width of its head, —one smaller

than that which a Liophis with a much thinner body can pass.

Of the interesting species Yenodon colubrinus, so well established

and happily named by Dr. Albert Giinther, I received several live

specimens from Ihéos. Whenirritated, it rapidly strikes the ground

with its tail—a habit I have also noticed in Spilotes variabilis, S.

pecilostoma, S. corais, and in Coryphodon pantherinus. In its

habits it resembles also Y. rhabdocephalus; but in the form of its head

it shows great similarity to the members of the next family—that of

Colubride. In this species I first noticed a bright white spot or

groove on the tip of each scale. Recently I have become indebted to

Dr. A.Giinther’s kindness for a perusal of Prof. Reinhardt’s interesting

paper on these curious spots or depressions. Reinhardt discovered

them during his stay in Brazil, about thirteen years ago, in a living

specimen of Philodryas olfersii—a snake which has not yet been

noticed by me. After his return to Europe he found them in pre-

served specimens of many other Ophidians, and has tried to vindicate

for them the importance of a classifying character, which they un-

doubtedly possess. Reinhardt mentions that these depressions had

been noticed before by Wagler in species of Xenodon, by Holbrook

in Coluber alleghaniensis, and by Giinther in West Indian species of

Dromicus, but that they had been overlooked by other herpetologists.

In Xenodon colubrinus they are remarkably distinct, clearly perceptible

with the naked eye; they are circular, and placed very near the tip

of the scales.

The family Colubride is represented by two genera in this province

—WSpilotes and Coryphodon.

Coryphodon pantherinus is exceedingly common. The grooves on

its scales are double, as in all the other species of this family, with

the exception of Zamenis dahlii, Fitz., which, according to Reinhardt,

has scales with a single groove. Reinhardt, however, observes that

this Ophidian had been classed by Schlegel with the Psammophide,

which have scales provided with a single groove.

324 DR. 0. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. [Nov. 12,

Of the genus Spilotes I have noticed S. corais, S. pecilostoma, and

S. variabilis.

They are very similar in their habits, very bold; and the most un-

daunted is perhaps S. corais. It is called by the Brazilians ‘‘ Papa-

pinto,’’ from its averred predilection for chickens, of which circum-

stance I have never been able to satisfy myself. It frequents the

neighbourhood of rivers, where it often strikes terror into the

black washerwomen occupied at their calling, by approaching and

running after them. I have been told strange stories about its creep-

ing on to the beds of sleeping women who nurse, and sucking at their

breasts. It may be that, like many other reptiles, it is very fond

of milk; and this may account in part for such tales, which have

been current in other countries also. SS. corais has generally seven-

teen rows of scales; but I have seen several specimens with only

fifteen rows. One very large specimen from Caravellas in my

possession, which measures 8’, has nineteen rows of scales. The

other two species of Spilotes are both called ‘ Cainana;” the

grooves on their scales differ from those of S. corais in being

larger and oblong or elliptical. Iwas on the point of referring a

specimen of S. corais, with fifteen rows of scales, to Herpetodryas

dendrophis, on account of the slender form of its head ; but the pre-

sence of the two depressions on each of its scales assisted me in its

correct determination. With regard to S. variabilis, I must state

that the specimens examined by me, which were all adults, had no

loreal shield.

The Dryadide 1 have met with belong to two genera, Herpeto-

dryas and Philodryas. Herpetodryas carinatus is one of the most

common snakes in this province. The Brazilians call it, as well as

all the other slender species of snakes, ‘‘ Cipo,” which signifies the

stem or a stick of acreeping-plant. Before I had read Schlegel’s

‘ Essay,’ I referred all the specimens of Herpetodryas in which I did

not detect any keeled scales to H. fuscus, this being the only distine-

tive character given in Giinther’s catalogue. When I found that

Schlegel had not admitted H. fuscus as a separate species, I sub-

mitted all my specimens (several dozens) to a closer examination, and

found that there was not a single one in which at least very slight

traces of keels were not to be found in some scales ; so that I feel in-

clined to follow Schlegel, and to consider my specimens as belonging

to one species. According to Reinhardt, the scales of Herpetodryas

carinatus are without any groove,—an observation with which I

cannot agree, having found grooved scales in all my specimens. In

some specimens they were found, indeed, only on a few scales of

the neck near the head ; others had them on the two middle rows of

keeled scales. The occurrence of these grooves in Herpetodryas* is

very interesting, particularly because they are single, and not double

as is generally the case in keeled scales. They are placed near to

the inner edge, and at the point of junction of the distal with the

* T have examined several specimens of this species : I was unable to find these

grooves in H. carinatus; one specimen of H. fuscus showed a single groove on a

few scales on the neck.—A. G.

1861.] DR. 0. WUCHERER ON A NEW ELAPOMORPHUS. 325

middle third of the scale. They are proportionately smaller in

larger specimens. The largest specimen noticed by me is 5 feet

7 inches long.

Philodryas viridissimus is not quite so common as the last species.

The largest specimen I have seen measured 4 feet. Reinhardt found

two grooves in the scales of this snake. After a careful search, I

.cannot find more than one groove at the tip of the scales. Some

scales on the tail have certainly two grooves, evidently in consequence

of the confluence of two scales.

Philodryas schottii.—I obtained a single specimen in a bad state.

Of the family of Dendrophide I have seen a single specimen of

Ahetulla liocerca*: it must be a very beautiful snake. It is said

to be exceedingly lively ; and this, with its proportionately long teeth,

may he the cause of its being considered dangerous by the Brazilians.

The family of Dryophide has two representatives in Bahia, be-

longing to the genus Dryophis—D. argentea and D. acuminata.

The former is very scarce (I have seen only one specimen in Mr.

C. M. Foppel’s collection), the latter very common.

6. DescrirTIon or A New Species or ELAPOMORPHUS FROM

Brazit. By Dr. OrHo WucHeEReER, Corr. Memes.

ELAPOMORPHUS SCALARIS.

Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth touching the eye, the

seventh largest. Scales in seventeen rows; 128-130 ventral shields ;

dirty brick-red above ; head brownish, with a black narrow dorsal

streak traversed by short black bands; narrow black spots on the

sides.

Hab. Cafavieras, Matta de S. Joao, Bahia.

Description.—The body of moderate length, almost cylindrical ;

belly flat ; the tail short. Head moderate, distinct, with flat crown ;

the cleft of mouth moderate; rostral shield triangular, almost reaching

the surface of the head, recurved, concave, the inferior edge slightly

protruding ; three frontals, two anterior and one posterior, the former

small, almost triangular, very narrow in the antero-posterior direc-

tion, the posterior one very large ; one nasal pierced by the nostril ;

nostril large, lateral; superciliary shield small; one anterior, two

posterior oculars, the anterior large, high, forming a short suture

with the vertical ; loreal elongate ; vertical moderate, almost trian-

gular; occipitals large, forked behind; one temporal, sometimes

two, one behind the other, touching the inferior posterior ocular ;

upper labial shields eight, the fourth and fifth touching the eye,

the seventh largest; eye moderate, sublateral, pupil round ; scales

rhombic, not truncated, smooth, equal, without any groove, a few in

the middle row of the tail larger, in seventeen rows; posterior tooth

longest, grooved ; two pair of chin-shields. Snout and part of crown

brown and bluish iridescent, irregularly speckled with black ; lips

* I received it from Mr. Christopher Gayleard, whose unceasing kindness in

assisting me to collect specimens I am happy to acknowledge.

326 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDSH. [Nov. 12,

white ; the back is of a dirty brick-colour: a black streak, of the

breadth of the middle dorsal row of scales, runs along the body almost

to the tip of the tail; this is crossed by short, transverse, black

bands, some of which do not correspond exactly in their lateral

halves ; on the sides a line of narrow, almost linear, black spots ;

underneath uniform yellowish white.

Dimensions of two specimens : —

Hength of head 2202) 720.2 010 0-013

Length of tail.............. 0040 0-055

Potal length eye. 2. os egies 0°320 0°250

Ventral shields ............ 128 34

Subcaudal shields .......... 130 34

The smaller specimen is in the British Museum. The larger spe-

cimen was sent to me from Cafiavieras. It was injured in the head,

and a few characters are not recognizable; the smaller corresponds

with it in every particular. I received it from M. C. Gayleard, from

_ the Matta de 8. Joao, a few leagues south from the city of Bahia.

This species differs from others in the shape of its head, which is dis-

tinct, in having a shorter body, broader ventral shields, and seventeen

rows of scales ; but the dentition and coloration are very similar.

7. Review or THE VeRMETID&. By Orro A. L. Morcu (oF

CopENHAGEN). (Part II.*)

Genus SprrociypuHus, Daudin, Recueil, 1800, p. 39.

Spiroglyphus, Gray, Guide, 1857, p.127; Mérch, Journ. Conch.

1859, viii. p. 360.

Bwonia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156 (nee Gray, nec

Cat. Brit. Mus. 1842, pp. 62 & 90); Gray, Figs. of Moll. 1850,

iv. p. 82 (not description) ; Adams, Genera, p. 358 (not the descrip-

tion).

Stoa, De Serres, Ann. des Sc. 1855, pl. 259. pp.

T. plerumque planorbiformis corrodens ; strie incrementi expresse ;

lire spirales rarissime inveniuntur.

Operculum magnum crassum superne convexum, laminis concen-

tricis crassis ; inferne planum concentrice liratum, centro mam-

milla cylindrica valida, peripheria margine angusto elevato sepe

compresso ; color sanguineus vel atro-purpureus.

The shell of this genus is so similar to that of Stoa that it can

only be distinguished by the operculum, which is convex outside, flat

inside, with a central cylindrical wart, not mentioned either by Dr.

Gray (Guide), by Bivona, or Philippi. It has some relations to the

lid of Vermiculus, and in some respects it approaches that of Pyai-

poma; I know at least no true Vermetus which, according to the

lid, is more allied to it. The colour varies in all the species from

bright purple to nearly black, and the surface from nearly flat to

very convex. I refer to this genus V’. glomeratus, Biv., which only

* See P. Z. S. 1861, p. 145.

1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&, 327

differs in having the central mammilla conical and not cylindrical.

The colour of the shell is generally brown, often white with brown

transverse bands. Chemnitz and Carpenter regard the genus as

being sinistral ; but I cannot see any difference between it and the

other Vermeti.

1. SerROGLYPHUS SPIRULIFORMIS, De Serres, 1855.

“Cette espéce est caractérisé par le dernier tour détaché des pre-

miers, qui se prolongent dans lage adulte en un tube légérement re-

courbé bien au-dela de la spire orbiculaire formée par l’ensemble de ces

mémes tours. Diam. 0™-026 4 0°028.”—M. de Serres.

Stoa spiruleformis, De Serres, Annales des Sciences, v. p. 241,

t. 8e. f, 1.

“La Stoa spiruleformis a été rencontrée sur la Pinna nigrina,

coquille décrite par Lam. comme de la mer des Indes, tandis que

nous l’avons recue de l’ile de Zanzibar. Quant A la St. spirule-

formis, elle parait habiter sur les valves de quelques Modioles de

Pocéan Atlantique boréal, ainsi que des cétes de l’ Amérique septen-

trionale.”’

The specimen represented is most probably from Zanzibar, the

American locality being very likely wrong, which is not improbable

from the curious form of the sentence commencing with “ Quant.”

I have not seen any shell corresponding to the representation

quoted. ‘The first whorls appear to be smooth, in which respect it

differs from all the following varieties. It is stated that the speci-

men is represented of the natural size, and double as large as S.

perforans ; but fig. 6, the natural size of the latter species, is, on the

contrary, represented somewhat larger.

Var. a. SCAPHITOIDES.

T. forma Scaphitis twanii parum immersa ; anfr. obtuse quadran-

gulares; anfr. juveniles bullati leves castanei; anfr. sequentes

planorbiformes, superne planati, liris incrementi arcuatis ap-

proximatis regularibus ; anfr. ultimus rectus, versus aperturam

solutus incurvus, latere externo plano, laminis incrementi de-

planatis arcuatis convexis, superne planatus, laminis incrementi

erassis arcuatis reductis, antice profunde excavatis, plerumque

duplicatis. Color badius, aperturam versus cinereus ; fascia

lateralis castanea. Apertura ovalis leviter contracta.

Diam. spire circ. 4 m., long. 8 m., diam. ap. 1 m., diam. anfr.

ult. 14 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin., on a young specimen of Margaritifera

muricata, Reeve ; of the same shape as the preceding, but much

smaller (coll. Cuming).

Var. 3. VORTEX.

T. planorboides ; anfr. angulati cinerei, superne plani, linea lata

badia submediana, laminis incrementi irregularibus subremotis,

arcuatis, antice hiantibus.

Diam. ap. 5-6 m., dm. apertura 11 m.

328 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

Operculum ecrassiusculum superne planum, lira aretispirali, peri-

pheria membranacea, centro puncto impresso annulo obsoleto

circumdato ; inferne margine peripherico angusto bipartito,

parte interna sanguinea, parte externa flavescente, centro mam-

milla latiuscula parum prominente.

Diam. 14 millim. (coll. Cuming). —

Hab. Ins. Philippin., on Haliotis ovina, Chemn., slightly corroding.

Var. y. LEMNISCATA.

T. tenuiuscula, anfr. primi planorbiformes, anfr. ultimi lemnisca-

tim contort.

On the same shell as the preceding.

Var. 6. SPIRALIS.

T. tenuis castanea fascia spirali lata alba, leviuscula, anfr. alio

super alium decliviter et spiraliter incumbentibus, strits incre-

menti obsoletis, lira spirali obsoletissima.

On the same shell as the two preceding varieties.

Five or six specimens agreeing with the above description differ

entirely in the manner of contortion from that known in the other

species; but the transition to the planorboid varieties seems to me

so striking, that I do not dare to include it in another genus or spe-

cies. The striz of growth are bent in the same way as in the pre-

ceding, but are very rarely slightly foliaceous. It is deeply cor-

roding.

V are. SOLIDISSIMA.

T. crassa parum immersa planorboides vel lemniscatim contorta,

alba, in anfr. ultimo angulo laterali linea badia notata ; lamine

incrementi obsolete antice excavate, interstitiis sepe foveatis.

Diam. aperture fere 2 m.

‘

Operculum solidum crassum atro-purpureum ; superne convexum

fere hemisphericum, lirula arctispirali obsoleta ; inferne mar-

gine peripherico elevato angusto incrassato sanguineo ; im-

pressio muscularis concaviuscula, centro mammilla valida eylin-

drica prominente, vertice plano dilatato. Op. superne fascia

peripherica lata flava.

Diam. fere 14m. :

About ten specimens on Chama radiata, Lam. (Mas. Reg.).

Var. £, operculo dilute sanguineo.

Operculum dilute sanguineum planum, mammilla centrali parva,

peripheria lamina tenui flava.

On Turbo marmoratus, several specimens showing considerable

variations in colour and shape. The shells are so overgrown with

Nullipore that they cannot be described. The colour is brown

inside, white outside.

Var. 7. IMMERSA.

T. profundissime immersa; anfr. plan; lire incrementi arcuate

conferte minutissime.

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 329

Serpula spirorbis contraria, Chemn. ix. p. 140.

S. spirorbis, orbiculata sinistra, Chemn. ix. p. 151, f. 999.

S. spirorbis 3, Gm. 8. N. 3740.

S. spirorbis, var., Dillw. p. 1073.

Spiroglyphus contrarius, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1859, vii. p. 45.

Hab. On Polydonta granularis, Bolten: from Tranquebar.

I have seen several specimens on the shell represented by Chemnitz ;

but they do not seem to differ from the preceding, except by burrowing

very deeply, in such manner that the sides are entirely concealed, and

the surface is sunk to the same level as the surface of the Trochus ;

but this appears only to depend on the nature of the outer layer of

the Trochus.

Var. 06. ERYTHRZENSIS.

T. albescens, intus castanea, laminis incrementi tenuissimis con-

fertis brevibus sigmoideis ; anfr. aperturam versus solutus cy-

lindricus.

Operculum superne convexum, inferne concaviusculum, margine

peripherica angusta elevato bipartito, parte interna purpurea,

externa flava ; mammilla centrali lete aurantiaca.

Hab. On Arca foliacea, Forsk., from the Red Sea (Mus. Reg.).

Var. t. DISCULUS.

Operculum superne convexiusculum ; inferne planiusculum, area

immersa bipartita, disco centrali lato atro concentrice lirato,

zona externa angusta nuda; mammilla centrali aurantiaca ;

limbo latiusculo leviter elevato nitido bipartito, parte interna

saturate purpurea, externa sanguinea.

From the same shell as the preceding.

2. SPIROGLYPHUS AMMONITIFORMIS, De Serres, 1855.

Cog. ‘discoide, 4 tours continus et arrondis, différe de la S. spi-

ruleformis, en ce que les derniers tours ne se détachent jamais des

premiers, et qu’ils sont fortement striés.

“Grand diam. 0™:020 a 0-021 ; petit diam. 0™:016 a 0°017.”

Stoa ammonitiformis, De Serres, Aun. des Sc. v. p. 240, t. 8. f. 2.

“Sur les valves de la Perna isognomon, coquille bivalve des mers

des Indes.”

I do not know this shell; perhaps it is more allied to Stoa per-

forans, which is like it in respect of the aperture.

3. SprroGLyPHuUS PLANOBIS, Dkr. 1860.

T. solidula, alba, planorbiformis, carinata, transversim sub-

lamellosa.

Lat. vix 4 m.

Vermetus planorbis, Dkr. Mal. Blatter, vi. Jan. 1860, p. 240.

Hab. Decima Harbour, Japan (Dr. Nuhn, Mus. Heidelb.). On

Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. ; slightly immersed in the surface.

330 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

The embryonal whorls are smooth, projecting in the centre of the

shell, and not unlike a very small Amnicola. It differs from V. cor-

rodens, D’Orb., in having more regular whorls, and in wanting the

tooth-like process of the carina in the aperture. I do not know this

species, which seems very nearly allied to the two preceding species.

4, SPIROGLYPHUS SPIRORBIS, Sow.

Serpula spirorbis, Sow. Gen. f. 3.

Spiroglyphus spirorbis, var., Dillw., Sow. Man. p. 101. f. 8.

S. spirorbis, Adams, Genera, p. 360, pl. 39. f. 4 (copy).

S. spirorbis, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2305 (copy).

Represented on a Patella, probably from the Cape of Good Hope.

I have seen one very similar on P. argenvillei, Kraus, but it is per-

haps a Stoa.

5. SPIROGLYPHUS SCHROTERI, Morch.

Helmintholithus muricis alati, ala mulctatus, serpularum lumbri-

calium undequaque sparsus, Fortis. Della valle vuleanica marina

di Ronca nel territorio Veronese, 1780 (ea Haquet). _

Lituiten mit gezihnelten Rindern, Haquet, Nachricht von Ver-

steinerungen, 1780, 8vo, p. 25, t. 1. f. 29,f.

Item, Schroter, Journal, vi. 1780, p. 267.

Serpulites muricinus, Schloth. Petref. 168 (cf. Verz. 68).

Spiroglyphus Schréteri, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 45 (1860).

Hab. Fossil, Valle Canella in situ vulcanico di Ronca ( Haquet).

Burrowing on a Strombus.

6. SPIROGLYPHUS STRAMONIT#, Morch.

T.planorbiformis, profunde immersa, castanea nitida; anfr.ultimus

extus obtuse angulatus, liris obsoletissimis 1 vel 2, malleatus,

aperturam versus albus, strigis transversis castaneis antiquatus ;

strie incrementi obsoletissime ; anfr. primi plani ; teste infan-

tilis apice bullato, flavescente.

Diam. testee 24 m.; diam. aperture 3 m.

Operculum tenuiusculum superne planum, area centrali lata rugu-

losa, annulo vivide coccineo circumdato, peripheria aurantiaca ;

inferne margine elevato angusto peripherico, inde concaviuscu-

lum, tuberculo centrali circulo immerso atro-purpureo circum-

dato (Mus. Reg.).

Hab. Guinea? on Purpura (Stramonita) hemastoma, L., var.

Not unlike the Spiroglyphus on Patella tarentina, in Deless. t. 23.

7. SPIROGLYPHUS ANNULATUS, Daudin.

“Sp. in spira irregulariter contortus, annulisque contextus.”’

“ Longueur de six lignes. Tube d’égale grosseur partout, tortillé

en un tour de spire irréguliére, et composé d’une multitude de trés-

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 331

petits anneaux couleur de corne, qui ont la forme d’une maille de

tricot.”’—Daudin.

Spiroglyphus annulatus, Daudin, Recueil de Mém. 1800, p. 50.

S. annulatus, Bosc, Hist. Vers, 1802, i. p. 187, t. 7. f. 5 (copy).

S. annulatus, Blainy. Dict. Sc. 1. p. 296.

S. annulatus, Mérch, Journal de Conch. viii. p. 44.

Hab. Sur les Patelles et les Fissurelles de l’océan indien.

The represented species is probably Fissurella barbadensis, Gm.

Var. a. DENTIFERA.

T. irregulariter contorta, transversim lamellata, longitudinaliter

carinata : aperture dente prominulo e carina formato.

Diam. 10 m. (D’Oré.).

Vermetus corrodens, D’Orb. Cuba, p. 235, t. 18. f. 1-3.

Spiroglyphus corrodens, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. Moll. Cuba, p. 14.

no. 147. p. 47.

S. corrodens, Schutleworth, Ann. des Se. 1855, p. 319.

S. corrodens, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 44.

Hab, Cuba. Martinique, always on Turbo tuber, D’Orb. St.

Thomas. Porto Rico. Jamaica, on Chiton piceus, Vermetus, sp.,

Turbo tuber, Trochus pica (Meleagris), Schutlw.

Var. B, linea badia spirali. Humphr. Conch. t. xi. f. 13 (semi-

adulta).

T.. cinerascens, carina acuta castanea laterali, latere externo per-

pendiculart transversim rugoso leviusculo, latere interno lato

declivi, laminis arcuatis crassis approximatis.

Diam. ap. fere 24 lin.

Hab. 1. Barbados, on Fissurella barbadensis, Gm. (coll. Cuming).

Var. y. GLOMERATA.

T. albescens vel castanea, presertim intus, laminis tenuissimis trans-

versis. Operculum planum vel hemisphericum, atrum vel cocci-

neum.

Vermetus irregularis, D’Orb. Cuba, t. 17. f. 16-18, sed vix de-

script. p. 235.

“T. fusco-nigra, irregulariter contorta, transversim rugosa plicata

(vel longitudinaliter sulcata, glomerata).’’—D’ Orb.

Serpula glomerata, Brooke’s Introd. f. 133 (verisimiliter).

Hab. St. Thomas, on Rhipidogorgia flabellum, L., forming large,

compact, globular masses, sometimes nearly 8 dm. in diameter.

D’Orbigny’s representation appears correct ; but the last sentence

of the diagnosis is perhaps taken from another associated species,

very likely V. varians, D’Orb., which is always “contourné oblique-

ment en spirale,” as stated in the description of V. irregularis. I

have seen both species together in one group, but the former species

very sparingly. According to D’Orbigny, it is found at Cuba and

Martinique, ‘sur les rochers, dans les plaques d’eau, ot elle a été re-

cueillée par M. Candé.”’

332 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

Var. 0. TROCHICOLA.

T.. gracilis varie torta, planorbiformis vel scaphitoides, profundis-

sime immersa, badia ; anfr. plani, lirulis incrementi arcuatis re-

gularibus viv prominentibus.

Diam. ap. 11 m.

Hab. St. Thomas, on Livona pica, L., very deeply corroding, some-

times even under the surface, but not concealed. On Tectura me-

lanosticta, Gm., in the same manner. This variety is perhaps more

nearly allied to Spirogl. stramonita, M.

Operculum (varietatis B) solidum crassum coriaceum, superne

convexum vel fere hemisphericum, lira arctispirali nigra ; area

centrali plana vel interdum immersa atropurpurea, annulo coc-

cineo circumdata, fascia latiuscula peripherica flavescente ; in-

ferne planum, liris concentricis 3-4 pulcherrimis, lira externa

valida ; mammilla centrali cylindrica, vertice plano ruguloso ;

peripheria margine elevato angusto levi pallide coccineo.

Var. e.

Operculum superne area centrali elevata convexa, atro-purpurea

fascia coccinea circumdata, peripheria albescens ; inferne area

centrali (farinosa casu?) liris 2-3 concentricis acutis, fascia

coccinea circumdata ; peripheria angusta, parum elevata, bipar-

tita pallide flava margine albescente ; mammilla centrali di-

stincta. .

From a specimen attached to Fissurella barbadensis.

8. SPIROGLYPHUS ALBIDUS, Carp. ?

Operculum g, et forsan f?, Carp. Cat. p. 311.

Bivonia albida, Carp. Cat. Mazatl. p. 307?

“T. parva, albida ; anfr. duobus primis levibus, turbinoideis, sub-

elevatis, postea amplectatis ; anfr. normalibus subregulariter

spiraliter contortis, marginibus subparallelis, ad sese plerumque,

ad concham alienam parum, adherentibus ; rugis concentricis

plus minusve expressis, spiralibus nullis.”

Long. 22 m.; lat. -1; diam. ap. °03.

Hab. Mazatlan: extremely rare, off Spondylus (Liverpool coll.).

The operculum g is without doubt that of a Spiroglyphus, and

not that of Bivonia contorta, var. indentata, as regarded not im-

probable by Carpenter. The operculum / differs from all the oper-

cula of this genus I have seen, in being thin and concave; but as it

is stated to be closely resembling the operculum of Bivonia glomerata,

Phil., I do not doubt it is truly congeneric, and perhaps conspecific,

as the opercula of this genus are excedingly variable in shape. That

it cannot belong to Bivonia contorta, as regarded probable by Car-

penter, seems evident to me, from the original specimen of Carpenter

showing distinct elevated lines on the columella, which proves it to be

that of a Vermetus. I have never seen any elevated columellar line

in a Spiroglyphus.

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 333

Sect. A. Operculum inferne mammilla centrali abbreviato-conica,

vertice obtuso.

Bivonia, Adams, Genera; Gray, Guide, not Cat. 1842.

9. SPIROGLYPHUS GLOMERATUS, Bivona, 1832.

V. testis cylindricis aut subangulatis, contortis, in massam con-

glomeratis, transversim undulato-rugosis.

Operculum completum, convexum semiglobosum, rufum superne

cinereum, rugosum, secundum Bivonam spiratum, anfractibus

laminosis tenuibus numerosissimis confertis ; subtus medio con-

cavum, margine nitidissimo levissimo libero (Phil.).

Animal viridi-fuscum, cinereo et nigro punctatum et maculatum,

interdum strigis atro-purpureis duabus in dorso; area inter

tentacula anteriora et pedem alba (Phil.).

Diam. ap. vix. 2!".

Vermetus glomeratus, Bivona, Nuovi Genere e Nuovi Sp. p. 12,

to. 4. 5 (Phal.);

V. glomeratus, Phil. Enum. i. p. 171, t. 9. f. 23; i. p. 144.

Bivonia glomerata, Gray, Fig. of Moll. i. t. 188. f. 5; iv. p. 49.

B. glomerata, Adams, Genera, 1. p. 358, t. 39. f. 1 (copy), f. a—e

(original).

B. glomerata, Morch, Journ. Conch. vii. p. 361.

Hab. Presertim prope Panormum frequenter occurrit (Phil.).

The description of the operculum is very incomplete, the central

mammilla being overlooked. I have not seen any operculum nearly

hemispherical, as represented ; but I do not doubt, from analogy with

the other species, that it is occasionally found.

Var. a. CRUSTANS.

? Le Gateau des Vermisseauz, Fav. t. 8. f. Q, from Provence.

Das graue und braune Wurmgewtchs, Kundm. Rariora, 1737,

p- 164, t. 10. f. 3.

Bivoma glomerata, Adams, Gen. t. 39. f. 1 a, 6, ¢.

T. agglomerata crassa, laxe spiraliter torta; anfr. primi teretes

levigati, candidi fundo cinereo, sulcis concentricis subremotis

articulatim adstricti ; anfr. ultimus fuscescens, carina laterali

acuta, latere externo subperpendiculari rudi, latere interno de-

clivi, laminis incrementi leviter arcuatis irregularibus approxi-

matis ; apertura circularis obliqua, diam. 5 m.; dissepimenta

convexra v. cupuliformia, cretacea. Testajuvenilis corrodens pla-

norbiformis badia, anfractibus angustis angulo laterali obtuso.

Operculum atro-purpureum crassum coriaceum planiusculum, su-

perne laminis brevibus concentricis irregularibus, area centrali

lata convexa; inferne area musculart excavata opaca atra,

concentrice lirata, nodo centrali conico-convexo rufo; limbus

nitidus bipartitus ; zona interna convexa atra, externa coccinea

tenuis oblique conferte striata, margine subreflexo.

Diam. fere 4 m.

334 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Nov. 12,

Operculum juvenile planum tenue, inferne vivide coccineum.

Diam. 15 m.

Variat laminis confertissimis et convexitate.

Hab. In Mari Mediterraneo.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a large flat crust, nearly the size

of the hand, showing on the under side white, smooth, cylindrical

whorls, with annular contractions, which seems to have been im-

bedded in chalk, but does not appear corroding. The representation

of Philippi is very like it; the last whorl on the upper side differs

entirely in shape, sculpture, and colour. A specimen from Bivona

himself, in Dr. Hornbeck’s collection, is very like Mr. Cuming’s

group. According to Philippi, it is chiefly common near Palermo.

According to the locality, Golfo di Tarento, it is probable that the

Spiroglyphus represented on Patella tarentina, in Delessert’s ‘ Re-

cueil,’ pl. 23. f. 7, is the young of this species.

A small group of agglutinated straight tubes from the Adriatic

Sea, by Trieste, in the collection of Mr. Alfr. Benson, furnishes the

following form, probably referable to this species :—

Var. 6. TUBULOSA.

Serpula annulata, Lam. Hist. 1818, v. p. 364. no. 10; ed. 2. v.

. 620.

5 S. annulata, Blainv. Dict. des Se. xlviii. p. 556.

Vermetus annulatus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 1, la.

« Testis teretibus, gracilibus, annulatim plicatis porrecto-flexuosis,

glomeratis.”’

« Ele est blanche, et sa masse ressemble 4 un paquet de petits in-

testins allongés”’ (Lam.).

This group has the tubes of only 14 m. diameter; in another

group from M. A. W. Malm, at Gotheborg, without locality, the

tubes are somewhat larger. The inside of the first whorls, which are

all broken, is pale brown.

To this genus the following species might perhaps be referred :—

Vermetus infundibulum, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 12 (with a young one).

V. costalis, Lam., Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 11.

Spiroglyphus marginatus, M‘Coy, 1844.

S. marginatus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 69 (Carboniferous Lime-

stone).

Vermetvus, Adanson, 1757.

Campulotus, Guettard, 1774, Mém. iii. p. 94.

Bivonia, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p.156 ; Adams, Gen.; Carp. Cat.

Petaloconchus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1843, p. 229 ; Woodw.

Man. p. 462; Carp. Cat. p. 308, et P. Z.S. 1856, p. 313.

Aletes, Carp. Cat. p. 301.

T. affixa irregulariter spiraliter torta, nunquam turritelloidea,

plerumque decussata ; columella lira mediana elevata; sepe

laminis duabus spiralibus varie dispositis.

Operculum tenue flavum concavum parum spirale.

Animal viviparum dorso utrinque carinato, tentaculis breviusculis,

filamentis pedalibus longis contractilibus.

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 335

A small group from Gaboon, corresponding to the description and

figure of Adanson’s ‘‘ Vermetus,’’ shows internally spiral lamelle,

proving its identity with Petaloconchus, Lea.

I have convinced myself, by comparison of numerous specimens,

that the presence or absence of laminz are not even of specific value,

although their forms, when present, afford characters of some value.

The individuals seem to undergo changes with age, analogous to

those of the genus Cyprea. The laminz seem to be dependent

on a thin, white, soft layer, sometimes covering the whole interior ;

they are mounted on a small elevated line in the mass of the shell;

and one, sometimes compressed and sharp, is always found on the

median part of the columella, These lamellee must be regarded as

a kind of septa, or perhaps as a muscular attachment analogous to

the cup of the Calyptreide, as first advanced by Carpenter ; but I

have not observed any attachment in specimens in spirit. The

animal occupies only the space near the columella, leaving the outer,

often much larger space empty ; the last whorls are quite filled out

by the animal. The lamine are most frequently present in the

median whorls, wanting in the first and last whorls ; sometimes they

are continuous to the aperture, but never when the last whorl is

raised in an erect tube. The size and thickness are very variable in

one and the same individual, sometimes very broad, nearly touching

each other, whilst in the following and preceding whorls they are

very short, leaving a large gap between them.

Septa are rarely met with. Carpenter mentions in Petaloconchus

cochlidium, a septum traversed by the laminz. Sowerby first re-

presented a Vermetus glomeratus closing the aperture with a sep-

tum, turning the convexity upward, and provided with a narrow cen-

tral opening. Dr. Gray* supposed it to be the production of some

parasitical animal}, induced by the fig. 18. pl. 57 of Delle Chiaje ;

but the discovery of Rhizochilus led him to regard it as a pecu-

liarity of the species. I have only once seen a similar instance, in a

detached specimen of Vermetus varians, D’Orb., from St. Thomas

(coll. A. H. Riise). The septum, constricted a little below the free

margin of the aperture, has a short narrow slit, not provided with

teeth like Dr. Gray’s specimen, and is of the same colour as the

shell, but paler; which makes Dr. Gray’s opinion very probable.

This suggestion is still more strengthened by some small solitary

spiral Vermeti, attached on Isognomon obliquum, Gm., and Tridachna

sguamosa, having the last whorl erect and free, with the borders

of the aperture inflected so as to form a reniform or heart-

shaped opening, but transverse and much larger than the slit in

the preceding. The principal difference is that the walls of the aper-

ture are bent inward. These small shells have a single series of im-

pressed linear varices, like those of Pythia and Eulima; to the left

of each varix the whorls are a little inflated. I have seen the West

* Gray, Annals of Nat. Hist. viii. 1851, p. 479, pl. 17 B. f. 4-6; Froriep, Jahres-

bericht, 1851-52 (translation).

+ It is indeed very like the constriction formed by Sipunculus strombi, Mont.,

in the shell of Dentalium.

336 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

Indian form Vermetus varians, D’Orb., passing over to the form with

plaits; this form of aperture must consequently be dissolved with

age. Varices maniciformes, of Philippi, are not unfrequently met

with, the insides of which show several raised transverse lamine,

probably arising from the dissolved old whorls. Several species are

corroding, but I have never met with a planorbiform corroding

shell.

I divide this genus into the following four subgenera, of which the

last two very likely only depend on differences of age, corresponding

to Bulla, Marginella, and the adult state of Cyprea; but I have

not seen a sufficient number of opercula to decide the question with

certainty, although I have compared numerous specimens of shells.

In the following list of species I use the names Aletes and Thyla-

codus, to distinguish the varieties which I regard as analogous.

Subgenus 1. Vermervs, Adans.

T. anfractibus gracilibus, laminis e parietibus procedentibus.

Typ. V. Adansonii, Daudin ; V. renisectus, Carp.

Subgenus 2. PeraLtoconcuus, Lea.

T. ut precedentis, sed laminis ab axi procedentibus.

Typ. VY. macrophragma, Carp.; cochlidium, Carp.; flavescens,

Carp.

The position of the laminz is not quite constant. In a large dis-

sected specimen, where the lamine can be followed throughout the

length, they often deviate considerably from the columella.

Forma 1. Thylacodus, Morch.

T. ut precedentium, sed anf. plerumque longissimi, laminis internis

nullis ; columella liris spiralibus 4—5, lateralibus obsoletissimis.

Typ. V. subcancellatus, Biv.; V. contortus, Carp., V. conicus,

Dill.

I have seen a specimen of the last species which is in the fore

part an dletes, and in the first whorls a plaited Vermetus.

Forma 2. Aletes, Carp.

T. ut precedentium, sed anfr. ampli, sepe sutura dilatata ; colu-

mella lira obsoletissima mediana.

Typ. A. centiquadrus, Val.

Vermetus, Adanson.

Subgen. 1. Vermetus.

1. VERMETUS ADANSONII, Daudin, 1800.

*‘Chaque coquille représente une espéce de cylindre de 5 a 6

pouces au plus de longueur, dont le diamétre, qui a une ligne et demi

a deux lignes de largeur en haut, diminue insensiblement jusqu’au

sommet, ou elle se termine en une pointe trés-fine ; le nombre des

spires varie depuis 5 4 12, peut-¢tre davantage. L/’ouverture s’¢léve

1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 337

dun pouce au-dessus des spires. Son épaisseur n’est pas bien con-

sidérable, mais sa dureté surpasse celle de la plupart des coquilles.

Elle est cannelée dans toute sa longueur, ou relevée de 6 A 12 petits

filets ridés pour l’ordinaire ou chagrinés. La couleur, pendant que

animal vit, est au-dehors d’un brun foncé, qui aprés sa mort devient

cendré ; au-dedans elle est violette.

“Opercule extrémement mince, et marqué sur sa surface de deux

petits sillons circulaires concentriques. I] est une fois plus petit que

le diamétre de la coquille.

** Animal cendré tirant sur le noir, depuis la téte, qui est mou-

chetée de petits points jaunes Jusqu’au manteau ; depuis le manteau

jusqu’au milieu du corps il est blane-sale, et noirdtre 4 Dextrémité

inférieure.”’— Adanson.

Le Vermet, Adanson, Senegal, p. 160, pl. 11.

Tubuli instrumentum pro extrahendo subere vel globulis selo-

petariis representantes. Martini, i. f. 24 B (copy).

Campulote a cannelures ridées, §-c., Guettard, iii. p- 108, t. 69. f. 6.

Vermiculaire le Vermet, Favanne, i. p-. 662, t. 6. f. H.; Fav.

Zoomorphose, t. 18. GH (copy).

Vermetus Adansonii, Daudin, Recueil, 1800, p- 35; Gray, Phil.

Trans. 1833, p- 816; Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch.

Vermicularia vermet, Bose, Vers, p. 326, t. 49. f. 3 (copy).

Vermetus lumbricalis, Royssy, Hist. Moll. v. p- 399, t. 56. f. 1

(non Linn.).

V. lumbricalis, Rang, Man. p. 187.

Hab. Ins. Gorea et Magdalena. It is especially found in the

basins where the water is quiet, and particularly in those excavated

naturally in the rock (4Adanson).

I possess a small crust from Gaboon, showing in the sections plaits

of the stamp of Petaloconchus renisectus, Carp. Proc. Z. S. 1856,

p- 315, fig. 5. The colour is concealed by a brownish, probably

foreign matter. .

Var. u. LAMARCKII.

T. apice spire affizo, anterius in tubum ascendentem porrecta,

zenut, pellucida, luteo-rufescente (Lam.).

Vermetus lumbricalis, Lam. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi. 2. p. 225; ed. 2.

ix. p. 66 (non L.); Blainville, Dict. des Sc. t. lvil. p. 328; Chenu *,

Illustr. t. 5. f. 1 a-d.

Hab. Senegal (Lam.). The last part of Lamarck’s diagnosis has

very likely only reference to the erect part of the last whorl; else it

must be specifically distinct.

Var. 6. CARPENTERI.

T. laminis per anfr. plerosque continuis, duabus e@qualibus tenui-

oribus, a parietibus, parte axin versus, procedentibus, ar-

cuatim medium versus continuis, interstitio haud pervio, extus

* Carp. (Cat. p. 306. lin. 18) makes some observations respecting Chenu’s plates

which are erroneous, as it is overlooked that Chenu has two plates marked « Vers

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1861, No. XXII.

338 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

labrum versus carinatis ; camera externa majore, reniformi ;

plica una centrali, columellari.

Diam. spire ‘4, aperture *1 poll. (Carp.).

Petaloconchus renisectus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 315, f. 5.

Hab. In Oceano Indico (coll. Cumingii). Described from a

large group of very regular growth, which from its accretions, Car-

penter supposes to be East Indian. A large flat crust, which I

suppose is the one described, does not show any other accretions ex-

cept an imbedded Isognomon, very like the I. perna, L., represented

by Dunker in Moll. Guineensia, t. 8. f. 10—a form I do not know

as Hast Indian.

2. VERMETUS VARIANS, D’Orb.

T. irregulariter convoluta, longitudinaliter rugoso-costata, vel le-

vigata, violaceo-fusca.

** Coq. ornée de 6-7 sillons irréguliers.

T?animal. La couleur en est violet foncé; la masse céphalique

poussce latéralement, au contraire, trés-foneé ; Popercule et le pied

sont d’un violet trés-pale. Le manteau & sa partie antérieure est

bordé de Touge de carmin ; le reste du corps, en dedans, est simple-

ment rosé en passant au jaune; on remarque néanmoins, ala partie

supérieure, une large bande violette, médiane, accompagnée de chaque

cété d’une autre moins foncée, qui se perd en approchant de l’ex-

trémité du corps.’”’—D’ Orb.

Operculum orbicular, thin, nucleus central (Gray); apparently

paucispiral, like that of Serpulorbis * made nearly flat ( Carp.).

Vermetus varians, D’Orb., Voy.’ Am. Mér. p. 456, t. 44. f. 7-10.

Serpuloides varians, Gray, fig. 4. p. 83, t. 128. f. 1.

Serpulorbis varians, D’Orb., Adams, Gen. i. p. 357.

Petaloconchus varians, Morch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 41.

Vermetus varians, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. (Moll. Am.), p. 47.

no. 405 (operculum); Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc.1856, p. 315 (operculum).

Hab. Rio Janeiro; “ tapissant le fond des plaques d’eau salée,

sur les rochers des environs de Rio, au niveau des plus hautes

marées de syzygies. Comme les lieux ne regoivent de l’eau que tous

les quinze jours, celle qui y reste est tellement concentrée, que sou-

vent elle se cristallise sur les bords.’”-—D’ Ord.

I have compared two rolled crusts from Montevideo (in the col-

lection of Mr. Alfred Benson), which do not differ materially in ex-

terior shape from var. 6 of the preceding species. The lamin,

agreeing very well with figure 4 of Carpenter, are angulated on

the edge; in one instance the larger lamina is rectangularly bent in

the middle, both sides being equal. The lamina looks generally

rather thick, particularly at the base.

It is doubtful if this species is in reality different from V’. adan-

sonii, Daud., notwithstanding the differences in the description of

the animal. Dr. Gray’s and Carpenter’s description of the lid is

after D’Orbigny’s original specimen.

* Very likely a misprint, this genus having no operculum.

186].] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 339

Var. a. CARPENTERI.

T. nigro-fusca, intus anfr. plurimis plicis solum instructis, pagina

interna maxime nitente,

Diam. spire *3, ap. *08 poll.

V. varians, D’Orb.? B. M. Cat.; D’Orb. Moll. p. 47. n. 405

(Carp.).

Petaloconchus varians? D’Orb. Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856,

p. 315. no. 4, fig. 4.

Hab, St.Vincent’s (W. B.Carp.); Honduras (Dyson, teste Carp.).

Var. 8. occLusa (THyLAcopws).

T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa, anfr. contiguis ;

anfr.ultimus partim porrectus ; apertura clausadissepimento con-

vexo castaneo, foramine centrali lineari-ovali, peritremate acuto.

V. glomeratus, Sow. Gen. fig. 5 (quoad formam).

Hab. St. Thomas.

A single detached specimen in the collection of Mr. Riise. I have

only found a rudiment of a thin lamina inside ; but it looks so closely

like the typical form, that I do not doubt it is the same species. The

slit in the septum is like that of Fissurella nodosa, Born.

Var. y. MONILE (THYLACODUS).

T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa, fusco-purpurea vel

violacea ; anfr. obliqui, irregulariter contigui, juxta suturam

dilatati, liris 6-7 pallidis, lateralibus, approximatis, granulis

pulcherrimis confertis; sutura pallida, transversim rugosa ;

strie incrementi obsolete, conferte, undulate ; anfr. ultimus

juxta aperturam solutus, cylindricus, leviusculus, annulatim

conferte rugulosus.

Diam. ap. 3 m.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson, coll. Cuming.), in a valve of Balanus

tintinnabulum?

The first whorls are lost ; in the inside of the present first whorl

is to be seen a longitudinal strong keel ; but I cannot decide whether

it corresponds to the central lira, or is produced by some mal-

formation. The inside of the last whorl is pale brown, glossy,

without any trace of plaits.

Var. 6. IRREGULARIS.

T. fusco-nigra, irregulariter contorta, transversim rugoso-plicata

vel longitudinaliter suleata, glomerata. (D’Orb.)

* Coq. des plus irréguliéres, formant une masse compacte, souvent

trés-étendue, composée d’individus contournés obliquement en spirale,

toujours fixés dans toutes leurs parties, et appliqués, comme collés, les

uns sur les autres d’une maniére si confuse, qu’a l'exception des der-

niéres circonvolutions, on ne peut pas les suivre séparément. Chacun

est irréguligrement pliss¢é en travers, ou marqué des sillons longitu-

dinaux pas réguliers et des plis. Couleur noir brun uniforme, quel-

quefois rougeatre.

340 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

“ Vermetus irregularis, D’Orb., Cuba, p. 235, no. 146 (vix t. 17.

f. 16, 18); Brit. Mus. Cat. p. 14. no. 146.

“ Hab. Cuba; Martinique, sur les rochers, dans les plaques d’eau,

ou elle a été recueillée par M. Condé.’”’—D’ O76.

I am nearly sure that the group figured is a Spiroglyphus, per-

haps mixed with a Vermetus.

Forma 1. ELECTRINA.

T. parva plerumque solitaria, lateraliter affiva, spiraliter wrre-

gulariter torta, solida, subpellucida; anfr. angusti graciles,

liris paucts validis nodulosis ; apertura soluta.

Although this form has quite the appearance of a distinct species,

I find the transitions to the preceding so striking that I at present

do not dare to separate it. It is chiefly distinet by the amber-like

pellucidity of the substance, narrower whorls, and stronger lire. I

have never seen more than three or four specimens together. . It is

very likely analogous to Bivonia contorta, var. indentata, Carp.

Var. e. ELECTRINA (VERMETUS).

T. solitaria, repens, lateraliter affiva, spiraliter torta, aurantiaca;

anfr. graciles plerumque contigui, liris validis 4-6 ; lire inere-.

menti aequidistantes in intersectionibus nodiferis, interstitis

foveatis ; apertura soluta, resupinata, subcontracta ; intus la-

minis duabus brevibus remotis juxta columellam instruetis,

lirula columellari mediana distincta.

Diam. ap. 1 m.

Hab. Tus. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise).

T have only seen a few specimens with interior laminze, from Mr.

H. Krebs.

Var. Z. ELECTRINA (THYLACODUS).

Differt a precedente anfr. reticulatis, liris obsolete nodosis, la-

minis internis nullis.

Hab. St. Thomas, on Lima scabra, and on Spondylus fimbri-

atus, var. aurantiaca, just corresponding in colour to the Vermetus

(Oersted).

Var. n. BADIA (VERMETUS).

T’. repens, laxe contorta, tenuiuscula ; anfr. primi pallidi, liris

parvis numerosioribus.

Hab. St. Thomas, several detached specimens; an individual is

affixed between two of the former variety (4. H. Riise).

Var. 0. CANDIDISSIMA (VERMETUS).

T. candidissima nodulosa; anfr. primi isabellini ; intus lamina

brevissima in anfr. medianis; anfr. superne varicibus erectis

3-4.

Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (H. Krebs ; Riise).

1861.) M.o.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 341

Var. §. PERLATA (THYLACODUS).

7’. spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa ; anfr. ultimus depressius-

culus, liris tribus lateralibus validioribus, nodulis validis sat

approximatis in seriebus transversis digestis,

Hab. St. Thomas (verisimiliter),

Var. x. costaTa (THYLACODUS).

T. ut in precedente sed albescens ; anfr. versus suturam dilatati ;

nodulis confluentibus, inde transversim validissime crenato-costatis.

Diam. ap. 1? m.; diam. anfr. penult. cire. 4 m.

Hab. Jamaica, on Chama macrophylla, Ch. (Oersted).

This is the thickest and largest variety of this form.

3. VeRMeETus conicus, Dillwyn & Wood.

Shell subcylindrical, flexuose, and spiral at the base. Tube rather

thick, brownish white, and coiled into a conical spire of about 8

whorls at the base ; the summit rises about 9 inches from the rock

to which the shell adheres ; but the length is probably thrice as

great, owing to the coils of the base; and the diameter of the tube

is about 2} lines (Dillw.).

La Trompe @ Eléphant, Favanne, p. 644 (t. 5. f. C), 1780.

Serpula, no. 6, Schroter, Einl. ii. p. 557.

Serpula lumbricalis, var. 3, Gm. p. 3742.

Tubulus testaceus solitarius anguinus, Mart. i. f. 15.

Hab. The coast of America, adhering to rocks (Favanne); Am-

boyna (Rumph.).

The latter locality is added because it is on the plates of the Amd.

Rariteithammer ; but as it is marked with a number, and not a

letter, it was added by Schynvoel, and may be erroneous. Dillwyn

evidently did not know this species, but has translated and extracted,

somewhat erroneously, the description of Favanne. This is clear

from comparing the measures given above with the following sentence

of Favanne :—“ Son élévation est de plus de trois pouces, mais sa

longueur croit & plus de triple.” The figure of Favanne is copied

from Rumph. t. 42, n10.4*; but the draughtsman has taken the shell

(Turbo?) on which it is affixed for the first whorls of the Vermetus.

This perhaps has induced Favanne to indicate eight whorls, as re-

produced by Dillwyn, although it is also possible that this indication

may have been taken from a specimen, as well as the indicated colour

and locality, It is the latter circumstances, in connexion with the

figure of Martini, which bring me to adopt Dillwyn’s name for the

following forms, described in the order of their age.

Var. a. PERSONATA Juv. (THYLACODUS).

1’. lateraliter affica, spiraliter regulariter torta, nitida, badia ;

anfr. 6-7 contigui obliqui convexiusculi, liris longitudinalibus

obsoletissimis, striis incrementi prominentioribus, varicibus

linearibus impressis in serie subobliqua dorsali digestis ; anfr.

* Rumph. t. 41 no. 4, is very likely a Bivonia,

342 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [Nov. 12,

pone varices inflati ; anfr. ultimus solutus suberectus, peritre-

mate inflexo, postice rotundato-lobato, inde apertura coarctata

reniformi.

Long. axis cire. 8 m. ; diam. anfr. ult. 13 m.

Hab. Ins. St. Croix, on Isognomon alatum, Gm., from the roots of

the Rhizophora mangle, L. (Oersted); about 5 specimens. I have

seen this form principally on the impressed linear varices and smooth

surface of the first whorls of a specimen of the following form ; the

constricted aperture must then, of consequence, become dissolved

with age.

Var. 3. (THyLacopvs).

T. pallide ferruginea vel albescens, lateraliter affixa, spiraliter

torta; anfr. contigui tenuiusculi, liris longitudinalibus et rugis

transversis reticulati; columella lira mediana et interdum

utringue lirula obsoleta remota ; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus,

tortus, pallidus, leviusculus ; anfr. primi ut precedentes ; spe-

cimen vidi cujus anfr. primi planorbiformes.

Hab. St. Croix, cum precedente (Oersted).

Var. y. (VERMETUS).

T. cylindrica lateraliter affiva spiralis, anfractibus contiguis,

sutura dilatata applanata pallida; columella lira mediana

distinctissima, utrinque lirula obsoleta, in anfr. medianis (la-

teris affixi) laminis duabus latis, oppositis, hyalinis, lacteis, con-

vexiusculis, margines fere attingentibus.

Axis long. 27 m., diam. aperturze 3 m.

Hab. cum preecedentibus.

The ten or twelve first whorls do not show any laminz inside. In

the thirteenth whorl is a pair of rudimental lamine (perhaps broken

off) ; in the two following whorls the laminz are very broad, leaving

a narrow slit between them, and dividing the interior into two unequal

parts, of which the interior is about a third part. In the sixteenth

whorl the laminz are very short, leaving a large gap between

them, and decreasing to a feeble line in the seventeenth and two

following.

Var. 6. GORDIALIS (VERMETUS).

T. differt a precedente anfractibus longissimis, irregulariter

spiraliter tortis, glomeratis, foveolato-reticulatis ; columella

liris tribus equidistantibus subequalibus, lirulis obsoletis in-

tercalantibus ; lamine interne ut precedentis.

Diam. apert. 4 m.

Tubulus marinus vermicularis, concameratus, striatus, notis nigris

punctatus, lucidus, ex fusco rufescens, Gualt.t. 10. f. Z.

Serpula decussata, Lam.v.p. 363.no. 7; ed. 2. v. p. 620 (nonGm.).

Vermetus decussatus, Blv. Dict. Sc. 1827,t.xlviii. p.555 (Serpula).

Vermetus decussatus, Desh., Lam. ix. p. 65. no. 2.

Vermicularia glomerata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 59. var. 24 (ex

specim. orig. ?).

1861.] M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. 343

Bivonia decussata, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2303 (verisimiliter).

Hab. Ins. St. Thomas.

The whorls of this form are exceedingly long and narrow; it is

generally solitary, but frequently from two to four specimens are

agglomerated. Gualtieri’s figure is very good; but I do not under-

stand the small black spots mentioned in the text and marked on

the figure ; perhaps they are produced by a foreign matter in the

grooves. It has often twice as many whorls.

Var. e. PROBOSCIS (THYLACODUS).

T. solitaria affixa, anfr. depressis, suturis expansis, anfr. ultimo

longo porrecto albescente.

Tubulus testaceus solitarius anguinus (Mart. i. f. 15).

Serpula conica, Wood. Index, t. 38. f. 22, p. 186 (copy).

Hab. West Indies, on Cytherea maculata (Martini). St. Thomas

(Riise).

Var. £, RETIFERA (ALETES).

T. agglomerata, vertice affixa, spiraliter torta, castanea vel ferru-

ginea, lineis transversis saturatioribus ; anfr. fere ubique conti-

gui, ampli (nec graciles), lirulis longitudinalibus latiusculis no-

dulosis, interstitiis subequalibus punctato-foveatis ; ruge in-

crementi regulares, in intersectionibus subnodose ; anfr. ultimus

longus, porrectus, cylindricus, pallidus ; columella sepe badia,

lira elevata mediana.

Diam. apert. cire. 5m.; anfr. penult. cire. 8 m.

Operculum tenue, flavum, superne concaviusculum, vix spirale ;

inferne area musculari plana subimmersa, peripheriam versus

sulco divisa, opaca, concentrice conferte et subtilissime striata ;

limbo lato nitido convexo oblique striolato, sulcis obsoletis con-

centricis 1 vel 2.

Diam. 3m.

T. feetalis (nondum nata) Bulimoidea, subcylindrica, apice bullato;

anfr. 24, convewis, sutura profunda; apertura obliqua rhom-

boidea, inferne subeffusa; columella recta, inferne producta ;

labro superne leviter retuso.

Long. cire. 1 m.

Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 14, sed anfr. ultimo incompleto.

Vermetus conicus, Dillw., Morch, Journ. Conch. vii. pp. 346 &

347, vill. p. 38.

Hab. St. Thomas, a group on Strombus accipitrinus, Mart.

(Riise). Coll, Cuming.

This form is closely allied in sculpture to Aletes centiquadrus, and

in shape perhaps differs from the var. V. peronii, Val., as repre-

sented in Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 6, only in the rather smaller calibre of

the tubes. On a group closely resembling Chenu’s representation are

several young ones, as described under var. a, affixed chiefly on the

erect apertural tubes (Coll. Riise). I have seen this Aletes pass so

344 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Nov. 12,

distinctly over into the preceding forms, that I do not doubt they are

identical. Although I have no specimens to prove that a similar

transition takes place between the forms called Aletes and Vermetus

from the west coast of America, I do not doubt that this will be found

to be the case on comparing larger suites of specimens.

On the upper side of the operculum are some cylindrical bodies

lying on the side ; but I suppose they are foreign bodies. The lobated

edge mentioned in ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ from a single specimen, is only

the effect of desiccation.

Var. 7.

T. ut precedentis, sed substantia crassa.

Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise).

4. Vermetus (TayLacopus) contortus, Carp. 1857.

Bivonia contorta, Carp. Cat. p. 305. no. 353.

? Vermetus glomeratus, Mke. Zeitschr. 1857, p. 178. no. 4, and

1850, p. 165. no. 14; Adams, Panama, p. 216. no. 323?

T. solitaria, lateraliter affiza (quondam), badia, tenuiuscula, irre-

gulariter contorta ; anfr. graciles, teretes, fere ubique equales,

irregulariter aliussuper aliumdecliviter et spiraliter incumbentes ;

anfr. primi plerumque contigui, ultimi disjuncti, lirulis longitu-

dinalibus approximatis, rvgis vel plicis incrementi decussatis,

inde reticulati, intersectionibus obsoletissime nodulosis ; anfr.

ultimus porrectus leviusculus, pallidus, latere affixo ferrugineo

rudi, irregulari ; varice maniceformi in anfr. penultimo ; colu-

mella in anfr. medianis liris 3-5 distinetis, harum tribus su-

perioribus approximatis.

Diam. aperture 33 m. (ex specim. orig. Carpenteri).

Hab. Gulf of California (Mus. Cuming).

I have not seen any laminz inside, but, from the great resemblance

of the 3-5 spiral liree on the columella* with those of the preceding

species, I believe they will be found in other specimens. This

species resembles most in shape var. é of V. conieus, Dill., but is a

Thylacodus. The opercula, supposed by Mr. Carpenter to belong

to this species, are more likely those of Spiroglyphus albidus, Carp.

Var. a. REPENS (THYLACODUS).

T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, solida; anfr. plerum-

que contigui ampliores quam in sp. preced.; anfr. ultimus

longus, rectus, repens nec solutus ; intus callo lineari lacteo.

Diam. aperture 4 m.

Hab. Gulf of California, on Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming).

In the broken end the columellar lines are not to be seen distinctly,

but only a white linear keel which seems situated on the walls of the

whorl.

This species is perhaps a state of 7. (Petalocunchus) macro-

phragma.

* Not mentioned by Carpenter, because the shell was not opened by him.

1861.] M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 345

Var. 3. ravosa (THyLacopus).

T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, cerea ; anfr. graciles in-

terdum soluti, teretes, sepe contigui vel tecti, hic illic varicibus

brevissimis arcuatis erectis, superficie longitudinaliter seriatim

pulcherrime favosa ; fovee plerumque hexagone e liris longitu-

dinalibus conferte regulariter undulatis et rugis equalibus

transversis equidistantibus formatis :-anfr. primi graciliores,

leviusculi, castanei.

Diam. aperturee 23 m. ;

Hab. California, on Crucibulum (Mus. Cuming).

The surface of this shell is quite like that of a honeycomb. The

two pair of sides of the hexagonal holes are formed by the undula-

tion of the longitudinal lire ; the third pair is formed by transverse

tugze, exactly of the same size and form as the longitudinal lire.

Longitudinally the rows are quite regular, transversely the rows are

oblique, or rather irregular. It is perhaps somewhat corroding. The

sculpture and colour look so different from the type that it perhaps

will prove to be a distinct species; but some parts show the same

dark-brown colour as in the type, and the first whorls are very like

those of the following variety, which I believe really belongs to the

true V. contortus, Carp.

Var. y. CONTORTULA (THYLACODUS).

T. parva, cerea, irregulariter spiralis; anfr. graciles circiter 6-10

superne liris duabus remotissimis, lira externa obsoleta, rugis

transversis cancellati ; latere inferno irregulart, lapillis agglu-

tinatis.

Diam. aperture 2 m.

Hab. Gulf of California, affixed to the typical specimen.

Approaches, according to the description, Bivonia (?) contorta,

var. indentata, Carp.

Forma 1. TuyLacopus (?) conrortus, var. INDENTATA, Carp.

“ T. Biv. contorte simili, sed minore, colore haud rosea, sculptura

indentata ; costis paucioribus ; interstitiis profundis, cancel-

latis.”

Bivonia ? contorta, var. indentata, Carp. Cat. p. 307. no. 355.

Hab. Mazatlan; very rare on Spondyli, &c. (Liverpool coll.), Carp.

This form corresponds, according to the description, to forma 1.

electrina, of Vermetus varians, D’Orb.

Var. 6. InDENTATA (VERMETUS).

T. parva, pallide aurantiaca, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spira-

lis; anfr.obliqui, graciles, contigui, ad suturam dilatati, appressi,

liris validis 4-5, liris transversis equidistantibus lateraliter

fortioribus ; in anfr. medianis lamina plana tenui lata versus

columellam instructa, in parte inferiore columelle lamina brevi

opposita.

Diam. aperture 4 m.; long. axis cire. 7-9 m.

346 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [Nov. 12,

Vermetus (Thylacodus) contortus, var. indentata, Carp., Morch,

Mal. Blatter, 1860, p. 77. no. 69.

Hab. Sonsonate ; two specimens on a rolled valve of a young Spon-

dylus limbatus, Reeve (vix Sow.) (Oersted).

This variety corresponds exactly to VY. varians, forma 1, var.e. It

differs chiefly in the position of the laminze, which does not look to

be quite constant. V. macrophragma differs in having both laminz

distinctly situated on the columella itself, while their position im

the present species is not very evident. The median columellar lira

is not so strongly marked as in V. macrophragma.

Var. e. CORRODENS (VERMETUS).

T. parva profunde corrodens ; columella lira acutiuscula ; laminis

duabus acutis latiusculis in parietibus juxta columellam in-

structa.

Hab. Ins. Sibo* (Spglr.), on Purpura lineata, Lam.

The outside of the specimens is entirely destroyed. I refer this

shell to the present species on account of the locality and the situa-

tion of the internal lamin.

5. VERMETUS RENISECTUS (Carp.), Morch.

Petaloconchus renisectus, var. Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 315.

T. badia, lateraliter affiza, spiraliter torta; anfr. obliquis sub-

equalibus, fere ubique contiguis, longitudinaliter leviter liratis,

interstitiis leviusculis, presertim versus aperturam, et in latere

umbilicali lirula intercalante ; rug@e incrementi regulares, recte,

equidistantes, sepe in intersectionibus granifere ; intus laminis

duabus planis juxta columellam instructa ; lira columellari me-

diana distincta ; apertura circularis soluta.

Diam. aperturee 2 m.

Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 2 d (quoad for-

mam).

Var. a. (VERMETUS).

Lire obsolete ; ruge incrementi acutiuscule, prominentes.

Hab. Ins. Philippin., both varieties on a valve of Radula vulgaris,

Link (coll. Cuming).

The shell shows on some places an amber-like pellucidity, like V.

varians, forma 1.

Var. 8. GoRDIALIS (THYLACODUS).

T. flavescens, fusco-cinerea, agglomerata, lateraliter affixa, spirali-

ter torta, anfr. obliquis plerumque contiguis, liris parvis regu-

laribus, interstitiis obsolete punctato-scrobiculatis, rugis incre-

menti regularibus, approximatis ; sutura pallida appressa ;

columella lira mediana acuta, utrinque liris duabus obsoletis

remotis ; apertura circularis soluta.

Diam. 3 m.

* Very likely intended to be Quibo.

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 347

Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 2 (sed anfr. ult.

producto).

Hab. Ins. Philippin. This group is composed of four specimens,

corresponding to var. of V. conicus, Dill. If provided with plaits,

they would correspond to var. 6, gordialis, of the same species.

Var. y. (TuyLacopus?) anfr. ultimo longo porrecto.

“ Testis subsolitariis, basibus in spiram attenuatam desinentibus,

antice elongato-porrectis (coll. Lam.).’’—Lam.

Serpula glomerata, var. 3, Lam. 1818, v. p. 363; ed. 2. v. p. 619.

Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 2.4, d (f. 2¢ is

probably enlarged).

¥, , Desh. Traité Conch. pl. 79. f. 12?

Hab. ?

Lamarck does not mention the locality of the variety which he

supposes to be distinct from this typical form from l’Isle de France.

In the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe’ (p. 298), Vermetus carinatus is

compared with a specimen of V. glomeratus in the collection of the

Museum at Paris.

Var. 6. ASPERULA (THyLACopvs?).

T. solitaria, lateraliter affiva, irregulariter spiralis, rufescens ;

anfr. contigui, liris approximatis lacteis, subtiliter nodoso-squa-

mosis, interstitus lirula parva intercalante, liris et rugis incre-

menti albescentibus, irregularibus, approximatis ; anfr. ultimus

partim erectus, albus, leviusculus, varice magna maniciformi,

intus laminis inerementi tribus remotis ; apertura suborbicu-

laris lateralis, superne fornicata ; columella lira mediana acuta.

Diam. aperture 2 m. ; long. axis cire. 27 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. ; a single specimen on a valve of Chama rubra,

Reeve (dente coccinea).

The aperture, which looks to be filled, is lateral, and covered above

with a Aalf-vaulted septum, corresponding to those described by

Gray, and represented by Sowerby. The fine nodulous or scale-like

sculpture seems to be dependent on the short spines of the Chama.

The last whorl is nearly uniform bluish white.

Var. «. ASPERELLA (VERMETUS °).

T. lateraliter affixa, spiralis, opaca, saturate badia ; anfr. con-

tigui, lirulis approximatis interruptis, rugis transversis geminis

juata suturam sepe furcatis ; columella lira mediana gemina

vel bipartita, utringue in parietibus callis duobus linearibus

lacteis ; apertura soluta erecta albescens.

Diam. 2} m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin.? two agglomerated specimens, with traces of

a green stone on the attached side.

This is evidently of the same stamp as the preceding variety, but is

of a dull-brown colour. The surface seems corroded, being riddled

with numerous small narrow holes, as if marked by the point of a

knife (Mus. Cuming).

348 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID, [Noy. 12,

Var. Z. JUVENILIS, apertura personata.

T. lateraliter affiva spiralis ; anfr. circiter 10, contigui, castanei,

leviusculi, malleati vie lirati, varicibus impressis in linea

obliqua dorsali digestis ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus suberec-

tus; peritrema inflecum, lobo dorsali triangulari, dentiformi,

obliquo, inde apertura cordiformi coarctatum.

Hab. India, on Tridachna squamosa, Lam. (Mus. Reg.).

This shell differs only from the young of V. conicus, Dillw., var. a,

in the posterior inflected lobe of the aperture, which is sharp and

not rounded.

Forma 1. woopwarot, Carp.

This form is analogous to forma electrina of V. varians, and to

forma indentata of V. contortus.

Petaloconchus renisectus, var. woodwardi, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc.

1856, p. 316. no. 5 e.

T. dense agglomerata, nigro-castanea, cinerascens, substantia dura;

anfr. graciles, luxe contorti, in locis immersis annulatim rugosi,

superne in locis apertis liris distinctis compressis, rugis incre-

menti plerumque parum prominentibus; apertura soluta, por-

recta, circularis; anfr. intus nitide nigro-castanei, laminis

duabus validis, marginibus reflexis juxta columellam instructis,

lira mediana columellari plerumque valida.

Diam. aperturee 4-14 m.

Operculum palhde flavum, superne concaviusculum, area centrali

parva concava, lamina suberecta cireumdata; inferne planum,

area centralt parva immersa, centro, ut mihi videtur, nodulo

trregulart.

Diam. # m,

A specimen was found loose on the upper side of the group.

Hab. ¢ A group with numerous specimens, about 9 dm.

long and 6 broad, without locality, in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Among the tubes were found a Bittium, closely allied to B. gib-

berulum, C. B. Adams, but brown, thicker, and: much shorter ; two

specimens of Caecum (Anellum), sp., and a Brochina (Volsella), about

54 m. long and 3 in height, very like Myt. charpentieri, Dkr. Moll.

Guineens. t. ix. f. 12, and Modiola subsulcata, Reeve, f. 47, but

without bristles, and with a thick epidermis reflected inside; also

a variety of the same with obliterated radiating liree on the dorsal

side. This shell is very like to Vermetus varians, D’Orb., but the

tubes are of a smaller calibre, and the liree are sharper.

Var. 7. WOODWARDI (THyYLACODUS).

Differt a precedente anfractibus amplioribus, nitidulis, liris levi-

oribus ; color brunneus castaneus vel nigrescens.

])iam. aperturee circiter 2 m.

Hab. ? A group about 11 dm. long and 6 broad, with a small

Ostrea (sp. cardine utrinque denticulato), an example of Polytrema

1861.] M.0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 349

miniaceum, Pall.? and of a species of Volsella evidently the same

as the smooth variety mentioned above, but partly white (long. 53 m.,

alt. 31 m.).

I have not noticed any internal lamin, but there is a very feeble

median columellar lira. The colour verges towards a dull ochreous

in many specimens, and the grey tinge of the preceding is very

feeble. It differs not more in size from the latter than the indivi-

duals of this group do mutually.

Var. 0. EBENEA (THYLACODUS).

T. solitaria, substantia dura, ebenea, nitidula, spiraliter torta ;

anfr. contigui, iris parvis remotis, rugis incrementi obsoletis-

simis, remotis, punctis asperis irregularibus in intersectionibus ;

anfr. ultimus prelongus glaber, zonis pallidis ; columella lira

mediana acuta.

Diam. aperture 3 m.

Tuyaux de mer nommé ville-brequin, Davila, Cat. i. p. 562. art. 59.

pl. iv. f. G (sed specim. paululum majora quam nostra).

Hab. Ins. Philippin. ; two agglomerated specimens, one of which

has a very long apertural tube.

This shell is perhaps more allied to var. y; but I put it here on

account of the solid substance of the shell and the dark colour; the

first whorls approach strikingly to one of the specimens of the last

group.

Var. «. PICEA (THYLACODUS).

T. solitaria, spiraliter torta,lateraliter affixa; anfr. graciles, parvi,

hiris validis circiter 4—5, striis incrementi acutis, inde liris sub-

tiliter crenulatis ; anfr. ultimus porrectus repens (corrodens’)

pentagonus (?) substantia crassa.

Diam. aperture vix 1 m.

Vermilia subcrenata, Chenu, Hl. tab. ix. f. F (simillima).

Hab. ? Four or five specimens on a young Ostrea cumingii,

Dkr., which is found at the Philippines.

I cannot decide whether it is partly overgrown by the oyster, or

corroding, which is less probable (Mus. Cuming).

Var. x. INDENTATA (THYLACODUS).

T.. succinea, huc illue badia ; anfr. graciles, contigui, irregulariter

spiraliter torti, liris validis 4-5, interstitiis plerumque levius-

culis ; liris transversis equidistantibus (in locis occultis forti-

oribus), inde quadratim reticulata ; apertura circularis.

Diam. fere 2 m.

Hab. lus. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming), specimen solitarium.

This form corresponds to forma 1 of V. varians, D’ Orb.

Var. \. MONILIFERA (THYLACODUS).

T. lateraliter affiva, irregulariter spiraliter torta, pallide auran-

tiaca; anfr. graciles, contigut, liris 3-4 pulcherrime moniliferis,

jueta suturam dilatati, liris transversis confertis ; interstitiis

350 M.O. A. L,MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. | Noy. 12,

latis, obsoletissime cancellatis ; in interstitio juxta umbilicum

lirula minuta moniliformi ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, por-

rectus, cylindricus, leviusculus, albescens ; apertura circularis.

Diam. 14 m

Hab. Ins. Philippin., specimen solitarium (coll. Cuming).

Notwithstanding that the sculpture is very different, I place it

for the present in this species. In respect to the sculpture, it

corresponds to var. y of V. varians, D’Orb., and to var. « of forma

electrina, as regards size.

6. VERMETUS NERINZOIDES, Carp.

T. V. renisecto simili, sed rubro-fusca, rugulis spiralibus pluri-

bus, intus solida ; lamine ut in V. renisecto site, sed valide,

labrum versus sepe biangulate ; camera externa minore.

Diam. spire *3 ; aperturee ‘1 poll. (Carp.).

Petaloconchus nerineoides, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 316.

no. 6, f.6; Adams, Gen. Supp. p. 626, t. 137. f. 10.

? Vermicularia glomerata, var. 1c, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 58 (ex

spec. orig.).

T. dense agglomerata,irregulariter spiraliter torta, aurantiaca, fere

ubique superficialiter cinerascens ; anfr. disjuncti sed approxi-

mati, lire compressiuscule, obsoletissime contracto-nodose, in-

terstitiis latiusculis, interdum latissimis ; strie et ruge@ incre-

menti compress, conferte ; anfr. ultimus plerumque prelongus,

lirulis parvis confertis ; lamine interne valide, in anfr. primis

crassissime, margines angulatos sepe fere attingentes, aper-

turam versus tenues, late.

Hab. Australia (coll. Cuming, Carpenter).

In Mr. Cuming’s group, which appears to be bleached, were found

a Rissoa, and a 5 m. long. Crypta aculeata, Chemn., or one of the

species generally confounded withit. As the latter shell is not known

to me as Australian, I suppose the locality assigned to the species is

erroneous.

Among the worm-tubes which, through the kindness of Professor

Grube, I have on loan, is a group very like that of Mr. Cuming ;

but I could not discover any sections corresponding to Mr. Carpenter’s

drawing, although they approached very much to Mrs. Adams’s figure,

which seems to be taken from the Cumingian group. It is evident

to me that the size of the chambers is not constant in one and the

same specimen, as a comparison of Carpenter’s and Adams’s draw-

ings, both very exact, sufficiently proves.

7. VERMETUS OCTOSECTUS, Carp.

Petaloconchus octosectus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 317, f. 8.

T. solitaria (gemina) lateraliter affixa, albescens, irregulariter spi-

raliter torta ; anfr. obliqui subcontigui, lirulis longitudinalibus

valde remotis ; lire et ruge incrementi regulares, approximate,

valide, inde superficie reticulata, lineolis transversis aurantiacis

remotis ; lamine interne late inequales, camera externa parva

1861.] M,0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 351

in anfr. primis, magna in anfr. ultimis ; lira columellaris acuta,

utringue lirula minuta remotissima,.

Diam. anfr. ult. circ. 4 m.

Hab? 8. Africa, Mus. Cuming (Carp.).

Var. a, DILATATA (VERMETUs et ALETES).

Differt a precedente anfr. planiusculis, sutura dilatata depressa,

rugis transversis validis approximatis.

Hab. Mare Rubrum (Mus. reg.) on Area foliacea, Forsk., with

Nullipores, like the preceding, which I suppose, with more proba-

bility, is from this locality.

I have seen specimens with and without internal laminz attached

on the same shell. One specimen shows on the outer wall a sharp

keel pointing to the slit between the laminz, which I have never

elsewhere seen so well developed.

According to Carpenter, it differs from the following species in

the absence of the “‘ remarkable” structure at the base, and in the

comparatively small size of the outer chamber: the former character

is probably quite accidental, and the latter is not constant in one

and the same species. The variety is still more like the V. cereus,

which perhaps will itself prove to be merely a variety when more

specimens have been compared.

8. VERMETUS CEREUS, Carpenter.

Petaloconchus cereus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, pe one; te 7;

no. 7.

T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, quondam lateraliter afiva ; anfr. de-

pressi, obliqui, planiusculi, contigui, aurantiaci, suturis depressis

albis; anfr. ultimus solutus, cylindricus, porrectus, albescens,

striis et rugis incrementi irregularibus ; lateris affixi verrucis

planis confertis in seriebus obliquis digestis (an impressione

Corallii ?) ; lamine parietales sat tenues, breviuscule ; camera

externa et interna subequales ; lira columellaris acuta. Aletes

quoad magnitudinem.

Diam. aperturee 4? m., diam. anfr. penult. 6-7 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming) ; Serpula, Born, p. 435, tab.

min., quoad formam.

The surface of Carpenter’s above-described specimen looks as if it

had been attacked by acid, and shows consequently no sculpture—

not even striz of growth. The small regular nodules on the white at-

tached side, regarded by Carpenter as a distinguishing character be-

tween this species and V. octosectus, are no doubt the cast of an Astea.

Var. a. GYMNOGASTRA (VERMETUS).

T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, flava ; anfr.

contigui lati, suturis expansis depressis, liris parvis confertis

equalibus ; ruge incrementi leviter flee, suturam versus incras-

sate ; umbilicus apertus angulatus ; lamine interne brevis-

sime ; lira columellaris valida acuta.

Diam. aperture 4 m., anfr. ult. 5 m., anfr. penult. fere 7-8 m.

Aletes quoad magnitudinem.

352 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERME1ID2. [Noyv. 12,

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming). The affixed side does not

show any trace of the nodules of the type.

Var. 3. TENUIS (ALETES).

T. lete aurantiaca, tenuiuscula, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter

spiralis ; anfr. contigui convexi, suturis dilatatis albescentibus

crenulati, liris parvis remotis; striae et ruge incrementi valida,

suturam versus incrassate, dilatate, plane ; anfr.ultimus longus,

solutus, rugis incrementi expressis, liris longitudinalibus obso-

letissimis ; apertura deflexa ; lira columellaris compressa acuta.

Diam. anfr, ult. 4-43 m., anfr. penult. 5-6 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming), on a Heteropora.

This variety is much thinner in the shell than the two preceding.

9. Vermetus (THyLacopvus?) carrnatus, Q. & G. 1833.

T. glomerata, ovata, triquetra, carinata, transversim striata,

cinerascens ; apertura intus rotunda.

* L’animal (dans l’esprit de vin) a une teinte brune, et d’assez

longs tentacules pour sa grandeur, portant une ligne noire sur leur

longueur.

“L’opercule est ‘long’ et peu profond.”—-Q. § G. (fig. 26 en-

larged).

Vermetus carinatus, Q. & G. Voy. l Astr. ii. p. 298, t. 67. f. 24-26.

Vermetus carinatus, Mrs. Gray, Figs. i. t. 56. f. 1, la.

Siphonium carinatum, Gray, fig. 4. p. 82 ; Adams, Gen. i. p. 357,

lin. 12 (non lin. 6).

Hab. Island of Guam (Q. § G.).

I have seen forms, which I regard as intermediate between V. octo-

sectus, Carp., and V. cereus, Carp., approaching to this.

10. VeERMETUS LILACINUS, Morch.

T. aggregata, subcylindrica, spiraliter torta, pulcherrime lilacina ;

anfr. teretes contigui, ultimi sepe soluti ; sutura dilatata alba ;

lire longitudinales obsolete remote parve ; ruge incrementi

remote vel interdum approximate, suturam versus incrassate

et furcate; anfr. ultimus solutus breviusculus ; lamine pa-

rietales brevissime (fractione’), ad columellam approximate ;

lira columellaris mediana acutiuscula.

Diam. aperture fere 3 m.

Hab. Zanzibar (Coll. Dunkeri). A group of about sixteen spe-

cimens, attached to a Bivonia.

Var. a. (THYLAcopDUws).

Serpula, Humphrey, Conch. t. xi. f. 17.

Hab. Zanzibar (Mus. Cuming); one small group of nine speci-

mens, aud a larger group composed of about thirty-five specimens,

with some agglutinated green pebbles. The columellar lira is well

marked, but I cannot discover any lamine as in Professor Dunker’s

specimens. The young shells show a strong tint of brownish, and

the adult have sometimes a few spots of the same colour. Verm.

1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 353

glomerata, Sow. Gen., belongs perhaps to this species, according to

the colour ; but the lire are too strong.

Subgenus 2. Peratoconcuus, Lea.

Laminis ab axi procedentibus.

The typical species and the following are unknown to me; but

I suppose, from their external similarity to V. cortortus, that the

position of the lamine is similar, as it would seem to be from the

section represented by Lea.

11. Vermetus (PETALOCONCHUS) scULPTURATUS, Lea.

T. vel contorta vel turrita, crassa, costulis longitudinalibus no-

duliferis, laminis internis politis, levibus, ad aperturam ob-

soletis ; apertura rotunda.

Diam. *20 inch.

P. sculpturatus, Lea, Philad. Trans. 1843, ix. p. 230, t. 3. f. 54;

Woodward, Man. p. 462.

Hab. Miocene of Petersburg, U.S. (Lea).

12. VeRMETUS (PETALOCONCHUS) DOMINGENSIS, Sow.

T. contorta, crassa, tubulo plerumque spirali, anfractibus ad

marginem inferiorem angulatis, ungulo costulisque longitudi-

nalibus graniferis, costulis nonnullis etiam infra angulum an-

Sractuum graniferis.

P. domingensis, Sow., Quart. Geol. Journ. 1850, vi. p. 51, t. 10.

‘al

? Steinkern thnlich Nerinea, Merian, Bericht Naturforsch. Basel,

1844, vi. p. 64.

Hab. Tertiary beds of St. Domingo (7. S. Henniker) ; ? Jamaica

or Antigua (Merian).

Seems to be near P. sculpturatus (Lea), only his species doves

not appear from his figure to have any granular longitudinal ridges

below the angle of the convolutions (Sow.).

13. VeRMETuS (PETALOCONCHUS) INTORTUS, Lam.

“ T. tereti-angulata, subcontorta, in spiram deformem contorta,

subglomerata, plicis transversis crebris.’—Lam.

Serpula intorta, Lam., 1818, v. p. 365. no. 16.

Vermetus * intortus, Desh. v. p. 623. no. 16.

Serpula intorta, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 6 et forte 6a.

Petaloconchus intortus, Sow., Moore, Lond. Quart. Geol. Journ.

1850, vi. p. 39: Bronn, Jahrb. 1852, p. 509.

Hab. Fossile des environs de Plaisance, et se trouve en France,

prés de Dax (Lam.).

Var. a. SUBAPENNINICA.

T. subsolitaria, irregulariter spiraliter torta; anfr. contigui sub-

quadrangulares, latere externo rectangulato, liris tribus equi-

distantibus obsoletis, rugis transversis decussatis, inde obso-

letissime foveolati ; columella laminis duabus validis usque in

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—]861, No. XXIII.

354 M. 0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

aperturam decurrentibus ; lamine superioris margine deflexo ;

varices maniciformes brevissime.

Wurmfirmige Wurmrihre, Knorr, Samml. v. Merkw. d. Natur,

1769, ii. 2. Abth. p. 288, t. 1a. f. 9 (verisimiliter), from Piedmont.

Serpula lumbricalis, Brocchi, Conch. Subapenn.

Vermetus intortus, Bronn, Letheea, iv. p. 283, t. 36. f.18; Phil.

Enum. ii. p. 144.

Serpula lumbricalis, Bronn, 269, Mus. Min. Hafan.

Vermetus subglomeratus, D’Orb. Prod. iii. p. 169 (ex Bronn).

Hab. Subapennine beds of Italy (Piedmont).

Var. 3. CANCELLATA *,

T. irregulariter spiraliter torta ; anfr. contigut, suturis depressis,

planiusculi, latere externo superne lirulis duabus obsoletis in-

terruptis, inferne liris duabus validis inequalibus, lira superiore

sepe interrupta, latere umbilicali liris 3-4 equalibus ; lamine

interne tenues inequales, in anfr. primis a columella remote,

in anfr. sequentibus in columella instructe ; ruge incrementi

_ prominentes approximate, inde interstitiis foveolatis.

Vermetus intortus, Hornes, Geol. Reichanstalt Wien, t. . p. 16.

V. rugosus, Grateloup, Act. Bordeaux, ii. p. 161 (ex Bronn).

Hab. Tertiary beds of Baden, Lower Austria.

Var. y. WOODIT.

T. plerumque gregaria, teres, subquadrata, arcte spirata, fere

tota affiva, repens, striis transversis undulato-rugosis, lineis

tribus longitudinaliter instructis, extremitate antica aliquando

libera, porrecta.

Diam. ap. 3 lin. (S. Wood).

Dale, Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, 1730, t. xii. f. 1.

Vermetus intortus, S. Wood, Cat. Annals, 1842; Wood, Crag,

1848, p. 113. t. 12. f. 8a. vix f. 86.

Hab. Coralline Crag (S. Wood).

The centre line is the most prominent, and forms the base or

keel of the volutions; so that only two are visible where the shell

is regularly spiral, and one upon the base below. The shell, when

perfect, is covered with rugz in a transverse direction ; but the ter-

minal portion is smooth and free. In large masses the volutions are

irregular and inconspicuous, though the young shell may frequently

be traced by its regularly spiral form (Wood). The fig. 8 a seems

to show moniliform lire; fig. 84, from a group of the Red Crag,

looks to be entirely different, and is probably a Serpula.

14, Vermetus (PETALOcoNCHUS) PACHYLASMA, Morch.

T. solitaria, subcylindrica, irregulariter spiraliter torta, perforata,

albescens ; anfr. contigui planiusculi, inferne angulati, latere

externo liris tribus pallide fuscis equidistantibus, lira suturalt

parva, lira angulari validiore, interstitio superiore lirula parva

* Vermetus intortus, Karsten, Verz. Verst. d. Sternb. Gestein., 1849, p. 19, is

perhaps to be referred to this variety.

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 3955

interrupta, latere basali plerumque occulta, interdum lirula

parva; ruge incrementi prominentes approximate continue ;

anfr. ultimus candidus levigatus, strato interno (casu?) denu-

datus ; columella superne lamina spirali validissima, margine

deflexo acuto parietem interdum approximante ; inferne carina

rectangulata acuta in anfr. ultimis evanescente ; lira mediana

obsoletissima; apertura irregulariter pentagona, columella su-

perne carina valida acuta (i.e. lamine superioris terminatione)

inferne liris duabus remotis.

Diam. aperture cire. 4 m.

Hab. Guinea?

In the Royal Museum there is a dissected specimen, with the first

whorls broken, very like Hornes’s figure, but somewhat larger, about

29 m. long., and 11 broad, with about sixteen whorls. It looks like

a fossil; but the keels are feebly coloured, and the inside is glossy ;

on the third whorl from the aperture is a varix. The sculpture and

form are quite those of the preceding; the chief difference is the

enormous development of the superior lamina, which, in the first

whorls (the seventh and sixth from the aperture), are rather thin,

very thick in the middle whorls, and thinner again in the last whorls.

15. Vermetus (THyLAcoDuUs) SUBCANCELLATUS, Brvon.

T. solitaria, rarius gregaria, teres, arcte spirata, fere tota affixa,

repens, fusca, striis transversis longitudinalibus subcancellata,

extremitate antica aliquando libera, porrecta.

T. subspiralis, gyris frequentibus, fere tota adnata, repens, aut

saltem antice breviter tantum porrecta, lineis elevatis trans-

versis et longitudinalibus cancellata, fusca, rufa, aut lutescens.

Diam. 1’”.

Animal atropurpureum, tentaculis cylindricis, retractilibus, su-

perioribus longiusculis, inferiora fere equantibus. Operculum

completum, tenue, planum.

Tubulus, Buonanni, Recr. p. 93. ii. t. 2. f. 20 9.

Le Gdteau des Vermisseaux, Fay. i. p. 654 (non t. 10. f. 3).

Tubuli vermiculares, Petiver, Gazoph. i. t. 151. f. 11 (copy).

Serpula glomerata, Lim. 8. N. xii. p. 1266. no. 80 (non edit. 10,

nec Faun. Suec. nec Mus. Ludov. Ulr.).

Vermetus glomeratus, Hanl. Ips. Linn. Conch.

Vermetus subcancellatus, Bivona, l. c. p. 12 (ex Phil.); Phil.

Enum. i. p. 172. no. 5, t. 10. f. 20; ii. p. 144; Poli & Delle Chiaje,

te07s fe 18.

Vermetus subcancellatus, Mrs. Gray, Figs. i. t. 58. f. 3.

Bivonia subcancellata, Adams, Gen. i. p. 358; Gray, Guide,

21273

Hab. Frequentissima in toto littore Siciliz (Philippi). Mediter-

anean (coll. Cuming, Dunker, et Mus. Min. Hafn. sp. orig. Phi-

lippil).

ct Lass examined five or six groups without finding any internal

laminee, as Sowerby and Moore appear to have done. In a com-

356 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. [Nov. 12,

paratively few specimens I have found a distinct medial lira on the

columella.

Var. a. OCCLUSA.

Apertura clausa, septo convexo ; foramen centrale parvum quadri-

dentatum, prout ex figura videtur (Poli & Delle Chiaje, t. 97.

f.19; Mrs. Gray, Figs. t. 58. f. 3).

Vermetus subcancellatus?, Gray, Annals, 1851, viii. p.479, pl. 17 B.

figs.4—6 ; Froriep, Jahresb. 1852 (translation and copy).

Hab. African coast of the Mediterranean (Gray).

I have never met with this form among the numerous specimens

I have seen. Sowerby’s figure, of a bright-violet colour, showing

very strong grooves, is very likely that of another species.

Var. 8. SUTURALIS (PETALOCONCHUS).

T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta ; anfr.

plerumque contigui, obliqui, leviter depressi, flavi, versus suturam

et umbilicum purpurascentes, longitudinaliter regulariter li-

rati; lire versus umbilicum fortiores, rugis transversis ap-

proximatis expressis decussate, inde granulate in intersec-

tionibus ; lamine interne inequales ; lamina superior plana vel

leviter deflexa, juxta columellam instructa, lamina inferior sub-

erecta, leviter arcuata, ad basin columelle instructa; lami-

narum acie acuta, interdum leviter reflexa; lira mediana colu-

melle valida, acuta, alba, utrinque lirulis duabus obsoletissimis

inequalibus.

Diam. aperture 23; diam. anfr. ult. 33 m.

Hab. On an old Spondylus gederopus, L., probably from Morocco

(Mus. Reg.).

This form is very like V. nerineoides, Carp., in size and sculpture ;

but the grooves are more distinctly granulated, and the sutures with

a dark-purplish band. The preceding form is very rarely of the

size of this variety, which perhaps will prove to form a distinct species

with the following.

Var. y. SCOLOPENDRINA (VERMETUS Vel PETALOCONCHUS).

T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, subregulariter spiralis ; anfr. gra-

ciles, numerosi (circiter 36), obliqui, teretes, subequales ; anfr.

primi triginta plani, liris tribus castaneis equidistantibus,

harum duabus suturalibus; anfr. ultimi sex convexi, liris 6-7

parvis inequalibus; lire incrementi approximate, prominentes,

regulares, intersectionibus nodiferis ; interstitiis pallidis, sutura

linea castanea ; columella lira elevata mediana, superne lamina

concava fere parietali, inferne lamina inflexa columellart.

Goldfuss, t. 70. f. 18 6, quoad formam et magnitudinem.

Hab. On the same old Spondylus gederopus as the preceding.

It differs chiefly from var. 3. in its more slender whorls. Ver-

metus renisectus is very like it. In one specimen the first whorls

are white and densely annulate, without longitudinal lire.

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 357

16. Vermetus (PeraLoconcuus?) parvuuus, Miinster.

T. exigua, in spiram conico-elongatam deformem convoluta, an-

Sractibus irregularibus contiguis creberrimis.

Serpula parvula, Minst., Goldf. Petr. i. p. 239, t. 70. f 18,

no. 66; Chenu, Ilustr. Serp. t. 7. f. 7 a-c; M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2.

v. p. 631, t. 59.

Hab. In collibus Westphalicis. From the Greensand at Essen an

der Ruhr, attached to the spines of Hehini. Very small and brittle

(Goldf.).

I refer this shell to the present place on account of its great

exterior resemblance to the last.

17. Vermetus (PeTALOcONCHUS?) VERMICELLA, Lam,

“Testis filiformibus, teretibus, transversim rugosis, flecuosis, in

massam crassam congestis.’—Lam.

* La coquille du Lispe, sur une longueur égale 4 Ja Vermet, a tout

au plus une ligne de diamétre, et souvent beaucoup moins. Elle

n’est tournée en spirale que dans sa partie inférieure, qui fait deux ou

trois tours au plus. Sa surface n’est point cannelée, mais légérement

ridée en travers ; et son ouverture ne déborde que de quelques lignes

au dessus des corps qui luiservent d’appui. Sa couleur est jaunatre.”

—Adanson.

Le Lispe, Adanson, Senegal, p. 164. no. 2, pl. 11. f. 2.

Vermichelle de mer, Fav. 1780, i. p. 649, t. 6. f. B. (copy).

Vermetus glomeratus vy. Lispe, Daudin, Rec. p. 35.

Serpula vermicella, Lam. 1818, v. p. 365. no. i3; ed. 2. p. 622.

Vermetus (Serpula) vermicella, Blv. Dict. Sc. 1827, t.xlviii. p. 556.

Vermetus Lispe, Desh., Lam. ed. 2. ix. p. 65.

Hab. Ile de Gorée (Lam.).

** Elle est aussi commune que le Vermet autour de ile de Gorée ;

mais on ne la trouve qu’entre les rochers sur lesquels la mer bat avec

violence. Les masses qu’elle forme sont fort compactes, d’environ

un @ deux pieds de diamétre, et de 5 4 6 pouces d’épaisseur.’’—

Adanson.

I have not seen any specimens from the quoted locality ; but the

great resemblance of Adanson’s figure (chiefly the specimens at the

top) with the next, induce me to refer it to this genus.

The variety 6 of Lamarck, “ Testis brevioribus, laxtoribus, varie

contortis’’—very likely the very shell represented in Chenu’s IIlustr.

pl. 2. f. 8—is probably a Serpula. (Cfr. Bly. Dict. Sc. Nat. t. xlviii.

p. 597.)

Var. a. FILARIS (PETALOCONCHUS).

T. parva sordide alba, interdum partim lilacina, presertim intus,

pulcherrime tincta, agglomerata vel solitaria, cylindrice vel

laqueatim torta ; anfr. teretes, gracillimi, plerumque contigui,

substantia erassa leviuscula opaca; anfr. ultimus partim so-

lutus, porrectus, interdum repens ; ruge incrementi obsoletis-

sime vel omnino evanescertes, interdum prominule, annulate ;

intus lamina plana distinctissima jueta medium columelle in-

structa,

358 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

Diam. ap. circ. } m.; axis long. 6-9 m.; diam. anfr. ult. cire.

fr Hab. On the same old Spondylus gederopus as V. subcancel-

latus, B & y.

This shell has quite the aspect of a Serpula; but it differs in the

manner of its contortion and the internal lamina on the columella,

which I have only seen in the middle whorls of three or four speci-

mens. It answers quite in form, and nearly in position, to that in

V. subcancellatus ; but 1 am not able to find the opposite one. The

walls of the shell are exceedingly thick in proportion to the aperture,

nearly corresponding to the radius of the aperture; in a few speci-

mens they are rather thin. Some specimens are coloured inside with

a beautiful lilac, which is to be seen outside, but is there more feeble ;

but I am not quite sure if this is not caused by the dying animal, as

may sometimes be seen in shells, chiefly of Purpura. The reason

why I do not distinguish this shell specifically is, partly because it

differs only from “le Lispe ” in its colour and locality, and partly

because it may possibly be only the young stage of V. subcan-

cellatus, var. scolopendrina, the first whorls of which show the same

dull-white colour, but which is much more strongly annular. I have

seen from ten to fifteen specimens. (Mus. Reg.)

18. Vermetus (PeTatoconcuvus?) scauatus, Eichwald.

Tubulo cochleate scale instar contorto, sepe angulato, erecto,

basi affivo, anfractibus invicem concretis transversimque costatis,

costis singulis, ternis quaternisve striis tenuissimis decussatis

extremo apice in tubulum exiguum rectumque excurrente.

Long. 2-3, raroj6’”, et lat. 2’.

Serpula scalata, Eichw. Naturh. Skizze, p. 199 ; Lethzea Rossica,

1852, i. p. 49, pl. 3. f. 8.

Vermetus intortus, Bronn, Index, ii. p. 1362; ? Guettard, Mém.

Acad. Roy..1760, pl. 2. f. 11.

Hab. Tertiary beds near Zukowie, and in other parts of Vol-

hynia.

«Les tubes sont toujours petits et contournés en spirale verticale :

les tours sont également ¢largis, et tellement rapprochés qu’ils se

réunissent les uns aux autres; ils sont cylindriques, quelquefois un

peu anguleux 4 cause de 2 ou 3 petites cotes longitudinales qui

occupent toute la longueur des tubes; les interstices entre les cotes

sont striés transversalement, les stries sont trés-fines, souvent 4 peine

visibles ; on compte 8 tours sur la longueur du tube de 5 lignes ;

quelquefois les tours sont encore plus étroits, et de 10-12 sur la méme

longueur. Selon Bronn /. intortus, Lam., quoique elle ne soit

jamais fixée par le coté, comme celui-ci, mais par la base, de laquelle

elle s’éléve verticalement, n’est jamais comprimée comme celui-ci,

mais cylindrique, également grosse dans toute sa longueur, et par con-

séquent pas plus grosse 4 l’extrémité supérieure. Outre cela, celui-ci

n’atteint jamais au-dela de 6 lignes, le V. intortus, au contraire, est

trés-long. L’extrémité supérieure offre un bout tout droit, mais de

la méme dimension que les tours précédents ; il est lisse ou trés-

1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 3959

finement strié, comme ceux-ci; je n’ai jamais trouvé le bout comme

dans les Serpula tubulus (Eichw.), avec lequel M. Bronn l’a réuni.”

—Lichw.

Note.—I place here the three following forms, only known to me

from single specimens. They have some resemblance to the genus

Anellum of the family Cecide, which seems to have the same rela-

tion to Vermetus as Spirorbis to Serpula. Notwithstanding the

peculiar annular sculpture and hyaline texture, I suppose they will

prove to be forms of Vermeti, modified from growing in sheltered

places. I bave sometimes seen a somewhat similar sculpture and

colour on the first whorls of Vermeti conicus, varians, and renisectus,

but not so distinctly that I could with perfect security refer them

to any fixed species.

19. Vermetus (THYLACODUS) BALANI-TINTINNABULI.

T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, alba, nitescens ; anfr. teretes, con-

tigui, suturis profundis, costis acutis parvis subremotis aqui-

distantibus ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, suberectus, levius-

culus ; umbilicus pervius.

Diam. ap. cire. 17 m.

Hab. Ona valve of Balanus tintinnabulum (Mus. Reg.).

Var. a, CRYSTALLINA.

T. anfr. obliquis costis acutissimis, regularibus.

Hab. Ins. Philippin.

20. VerMETuS (STREBLOCERAS ??) ANELLUM, Morch.

T. sinistralis, candida, spira affixa, spirorbiformis, umbilico aperto ;

anfr. pauci, ultimus solum adspectabilis, rapide crescens, peri-

pheria dilatata, costis transversis acutis validis, leviter flexis ;

apertura soluta, subovalis, latere interno dilutato, recto, superne

et inferne angulo recto.

Diam. teste circ. 2 m. ; diam. ap. 2? m.

Var. a. Costis acutis parvis confertis.

Diam. teste fere 3¢ m.; aperture: 1 m.

Hab. California, on Haliotis tuberculatus (Reeve), with Sipho-

nium megamastus (Moreh).

This shell, which perhaps will prove to be the type of a new genus,

is very like a large Spirordis in shape; but it looks to me in the

texture quite a Vermetid. The shape of the inside of the aperture

is exceedingly like that of a Separatista. I refer this species pro-

visionally to the genus Strebloceras, which I only know from Car-

penter’s description in these ‘ Proceedings,’ 1858, p. 440.

Subgenus 3. Macropuracma, Carp. Cat. p. 308 (olim).

Lamine interne versus medium columelle instructe ; lumina su-

perior acie angulata deflexa, extus bicarinata.

Operculum (specierum duarum) parvum, tenuissimum, corneum,

leve, subplanatum, vix spirale. (Carp. Cat. p. 308.)

360 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Nov. 12,

21. Vermetus (MacrorpHRAGMA) MACROPHRAGMA, Carp. 1857.

T. parva badia lateraliter affiva, sepe erodens, spiraliter torta ;

anfr. primi planiusculi contigui, ultimi teretes laxe contorti, liris

longitudinalibus satis expressis et approximatis, rug@ incrementi

express@ approximate ; anfr. mediani laminati, lamina superior

latissima, primum simplex, dein angulo recto deflexo, extus ca-

rinis 1-3, harum 2 acutissimis ; lamina inferior simplex, lirula

mediana acuta, ad laminam inferiorem approximans.

Diam. aperture ‘07 ; spire ‘23 poll. (Carp.).

Petaloconchus macrophragma, Carp. Cat. p. 309. no. 359 ; Proe.

Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 313. fig. 1; 1856, p. 226; Mérch, Mal. Blatter,

1860, p. 670.

Hab. Mazatlan, not uncommon on Uvanilla, Cuma, Murex prin-

ceps, &c. Panama, on Margaritifera, Mus. Cuming (Carp.); on

Vermiculus eburneus, Reeve (Coll. Cuming). Realejo, on stones,

Oersted (Mus. Reg.). S. Diego, Euraphie hembelii adherens, Carp.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 226 (Mus. Nuttal.).

The V. contortus, Carp., is perhaps the adult stage of this species,

which again possibly may be a form of Aletes centiquadrus, according

to the analogy with the forms of Vermetus conicus, Dill., described

above.

Sect. a, lamina columellaris infima intus laminam minorem gerens.

22. Vermetus (MacROPHRAGMA) COCHLIDIUM, Carp.

T.conferteagglomerata, subcylindrica, irregulariterspiraliter torta,

badia; anfr. plerumque contigui convexiusculi, liris longitudi-

nalibus validis regularibus, rugis incrementi angustis regularibus,

intersectionibus sepe nodiferis, interstitiis lirarum plerumque

quadratim foveatis ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, porrectus,

tortus, intus laminis duabus ab axi procedentibus, tenuissimis,

superiore majore, huc illuc latissima, acie acuto, vel in angulum

obtusum curvata, carinis duabus validis labrum versus instructa ;

inferiore minore plana, intus lamina parva obliqua instructa.

Diam. spiree ‘2 ; aperturee ‘08 poll. (Carp.).

Hab. Australia (Mus. Cuming).

It appears that Mr. Carpenter regards the “third” smaller lamina

“ crowing out of the lower flat lamina as homologous with the co-

lumellar median lira,’’ which I do not believe is correct. I have not

been able with certainty to ascertain the presence of the latter.

Var.a. (THYLACODUS).

T. spiraliter torta, anfr. ultimo recto, longissimo, partim adnato,

plerumque pallido, albescente, intus nudo ; anfr. mediani colu-

melle lira submediana acuta, compressa, valida, perobliqua, su-

perne et inferne lirula obsoletissima, callo obsoletissimo lineart

(lacteo ?) utrinque in parietibus versus columellam instructo.

Petaloconchus, sp., Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 317. n. 9.

Hab. Tahiti (Mus. Cuming).

A small group, mostly composed of long, transversely wrinkled

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 361

tubes, broken at both ends, loosely agglomerated, of a pale colour,

and without longitudinal liree, shows a few spiral specimens, which

in the exterior form quite agree with the preceding in sculpture and

colour. It seems to me that the columellar and subparietal lirze

correspond very well to the position of the laminz in the P. cochli-

dium from Australia. As Tahiti by all Continental authors is re-

garded as an Australian island, both groups are possibly from the

same locality.

23. VermMetus (MACROPHRAGMA) FLAVESCENS, Carp.

T. dense agglomerata, parva, cylindrica vel laxe contorta pallide

aurantiaca ; anfr. plerumque contigui, liris validis equidistan-

tibus 3 vel interdum 4 in latere umbilicali; anfr. ultimi liris 4 vel

5 expressis ; lire incrementi regulares, expresse, regulariter

approximate, inde liris crenulatis et interstitiis cuncellatis et

pulcherrime foveolatis ; apertura subquadrangularis, soluta (in

speciminibus incompletis), lamina valida, columellari ; lamine

interne fere ut precedentis speciet.

Diam. spire 4, aperturze ‘06 poll. (Carp.).

Petaloconchus flavescens, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p.314.no.3.

fig. 3.

Hab. Sicilia (Mus. Cuming), loc. verisimiliter erroneo.

This differs from the preceding chiefly in its smaller size, and

in the colour appearing bleached as in younger specimens of /.

cochlidium. The indicated locality is very likely erroneous. In the

inside were found two young specimens of Vermiculus dimorphus

(Morch), a Rocellaria* near R. cuneifermis (Spgl.), and a Diplo-

donta, closely allied to D. semiaspera (Phil.), but thicker in the shell,

with thicker and more approached concentric ribs, but with feebler

and indistinct granules. None of these genera appears to be known

from the Mediterranean, except the second.

Subgenus 4. Auetes, Carp. Cat. p. 300.

T. differt a precedentibus anfr. amplioribus, columella lira me-

diana obsoletissima; color plerumque rufescens, anfr. primi

badit.

Operculum superne concavum, lamina spirali, anfr. 5-6, ultimo

abrupto; inferne convecum nitidum, liris spiralibus irregula-

ribus ; area muscularis opaca, sepe irregularis (morbo °%).

Animal ut Vermeti.

The lid seems to me only different from that of Vermetus in size,

in consequence of the larger calibre of the shell.

The variety y of Vermetus conicus, Dill. (p. 342), would be refer-

able to this subgenus, if I had not seen one and the same specimen

successively in the different whorls change from Vermetus (Petalo-

conchus) to Thylacodus, and ultimately to Aletes. Vermetus cereus,

has the size of an Aletes, but shows well-developed internal lamine.

* In the calcareous tube, at some distance from the aperture, there is a ring

of small-branched tubercles, not unlike those in the fleshy tubes of some Solenes.

362 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12,

24. Vermetus (ALETES) CENTIQUADRUS, Val.

T. lateraliter affixa, spiraliter torta; anfr. primi sat angusti, anfr.

ultimus ampliatus, marginibus utrinque compressis, inde apertura

utrinque auriculatim effusa ; color pallide rufescens, fasciis an-

gustis obscuris, interstitia lirarum impresso-punctata.

Vermetus céntiquadrus, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 1, la, la bis.

Vermetus effusus, Val. pp. ; ; Chenu, Il. pl. 5. f. 4 (the

same specimen !).

Aletes centiquadrus, Val. Carp. Cat. p. 301. no. 352.

Vermetus (Aletes) centiquadrus, Morch, Mal. Blatter, 1860, no.70.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). .

The first whorls are of a dark-brown colour, and strongly sculp-

tured with longitudinal liree and transverse rugee exceedingly like

V. contortus, Carp., which I suppose to be only a form of this shell,

judging from analogy with V7. conicus, Dillwyn. The columella

shows one exceedingly feeble median lira, scarcely to be seen except

in a very favourable light, and two very conspicuous lateral lire

which seem to answer to the lamine in V. macrophragma, but they

must perhaps be more properly regarded as the margins of a thin

layer covering all the interior of the whorls, except the larger

medial part of the columella, which shows a slight difference in

colour.

Animal violaceum, capite obscuro antice rotundato, tentaculis bre-

viusculis roseis ; dorso convexo, utrinque acute carinato, a meso-

podio canali profundo lato separato ; propodium planum, folia-

ceum, parvum; tentacula pedalia remota (contracta) breviuscula,

curvata, latere interno profunde longitudinaliter fisso, mammilla

intermedia parva perforata ; mesopodium minutum, cordiforme,

bipartitum ; pallium simplex, acutum, linea coccinea marginatum.

The colour is deepest on the back, and more feebly bluish towards

the margins of the foot.

Var. a. MAXIMA.

Vermetus panamensis, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 1, la, 16;

Adams, Panama Shells, p. 216. no. 324; Menke, Zeitschrif. f. Mal.

1850, p. 165. no. 13; Adams, Gen. p. 358.

Hab. Panama (Adams) ; Mazatlan (Melchers).

This seems only to differ from the preceding in its smooth surface

and deep transverse furrows. In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen

labelled ‘‘ Philippines,’ which I cannot distinguish from the fig. 16

of Chenu. The /. angulatus, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 2 (copied

Chenu, Manuel, p. 320. f. 2300), is possibly a white variety of this

form. In Dr. Chenu’s plates are two marked “ pl. 5,” which I sup-

pose have given rise to the observations of Carpenter (Cat. p. 306),

who very likely has not seen the plate with the name V’. panamensis

as rightly quoted by Menke and C. B. Adams.

Var. B. Punctis impressis destituta,

Vemetus peronii, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 2 (on Stroméus

galea?).

Aletes centiquadrus, Val. Carp. Cat. p. 302.

1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE&. 363

This shell scarcely differs from the type, except in the absence of

the punctures; but as both states are frequently found on the same

specimen, this cannot warrant specific separation. I have a slight

doubt respecting this species, arising from the locality being only

known from the shel] on which it is represented, which perhaps is as

likely to be a Melo as Strombus galea. It seems to me curious that

a shell named after Péron should be from a place that he never

visited.

Var. y. SIPHONATA.

T. rufa subcylindrica, spiraliter torta, verticaliter affixa; anfr.

contigui, sutura dilatata, liris confertis obsoletissime nodulosis,

interstitus angustissimis sepe impresso-punctatis ; anf. ultimus

porrectus, solutus, leviter flewus, concentrice rugosus.

Diam. aperture 53m.

Vermetus peronii, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 6.

Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted).

This variety is closely allied to V. conicus, Dill., var. y, from which

it only differs in its deeper colour and more irregular sculpture.

Var. 6. TULIPA.

T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta; anfr. obliqui,

plerumque contigui; anfr. primi liris sat expressis, subremotis

rugisque transversis equidistantibus decussati, inde interstitiis

regulariter scrobiculatis ; anfr. mediani lati, leviusculi, sculp-

tura evanescente, albo et violaceo variegati ; anfractus ultimus

castaneus, lirulis confertis obsoletis, rugis incrementi sigmoideis,

irregulariter corrugatus, aperturam versus pallidus, lineis et

teniis pulcherrimis badiisvel ferrugineis, huc illuc lactescentibus.

Diam. aperture circ. 12 m.; axis longitud. cire. 65 m.

Vermetus tulipa, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 2 (an 1 & 32);

Adams, Genera, p. 358.

Hab. Gulf of California, on a piece of a black Pinna (Mus.

Cuming).

The figure 2 of Chenu is a pretty good representation of the

colour of the last part of the last whorl ; fig. 3 looks very different,

but approaches in appearance that of the middle whorls of the

described specimen.

Var. €. BRIDGESII.

T. agglomerata, verticaliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta ;

anfr. latiusculi plerumque contigui, liris et teniis sepe evane-

scentibus, ruge incrementi versus marginem prominentes crasse@ ;

anfr. primi 10-12 angusti, obliqui, depressiusculi, leviusculi,

badii, liris obsoletissimis vel omnino evanescentibus, suturis

pallidis.

Diam. ap. 5-9 m.

Hab. Panama, on Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming) ; very likely the

364 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Nov. 12,

group of Mr, Bridges mentioned by Carpenter, Cat. p. 306, in the

note.

This variety is very like the last ; but the colour is much obliterated,

and the last whorl is partly free and erect. It is chiefly notable for

the resemblance of the first whorls to Vermetus contortus and V.

macrophragma, some specimens of which are found on the same shell.

25. VerMeTuS (ALETES) sIPHO, Lam.

“7. tereti, longa, undato-curva, basin versus obsolete cancellata ;

spira baseos congesta, subtus planulata.’’— Lam.

Serpula sipho, Lam. Hist. v. p. 367. no. 25; ed. 2. v. p. 626;

Blainv. Dict. Se. t. 48. p. 588.

Vermetus sipho, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 3 superior (nee 3

sinistr ).

Hab. L? Océan des Indes, 4 Timor (Mus. nostr.). Elle varie beau-

coup, et néanmoins je la crois distincte de la S. arenaria, Lam.

Of the figures quoted by Lamarck, none agree with the descrip-

tion. Gualt. tab.x. f. L, is V7. arenarius, L.; and le Massier of Adan-

son, regarded by Deshayes (Lam. ix. p. 65) as the type, is not from

Timor. Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw., cannot be called longa, undato-

curva.

The upper figure 3 of Chenu’s plate seems to me to correspond ex-

actly with Lamarck’s description ; the figure 3 (left) is very likely Ze

Massier of Adanson, and does not agree with the description, although

it is possible Lamarck regarded it as a variety, as it really approaches

to V. arenarius, to which Lamarck likens it.

26. VerRmeETuS (ALETES ?) GRANIFER, Say.

Covered with longitudinal, contiguous, slightly elevated, granulated

strie. Shell subcylindric, contorted; inferior side flat; the whole

surface is composed of very numerous, small, contiguous strie, each

consisting of a single row of granules; these series are alternately

smaller. The continuity of the tube within is interrupted by oblique

diaphragms: it sometimes approaches the spiral form ; and one spe-

cimen has three complete volutions of much regularity.

Diam. of the largest specimen 2 inch.

Serpula granifera, Say, Philad. Journ. iv. i. p. 154, t.8. f. 4.

Vermetus? granifera, M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2. v. p. 632.

Serpula granifera, Bronn, Index, pl. 2. p. 1137.

Hab. Tertiary-beds of Maryland (Say).

According to the figure, this species must be closely allied to 7.

centiquadrus, var. peronit.

27. Vermetus (AueTES?’) ToRTRIXx, Goldfuss.

T. levis, elongata, irregulariter in spiram convoluta vel glomerata,

antice ampliata, tumida, striis transversis subrugosis.

Vermicularia lumbricalis, Minster, Petrefact. Deutschl. 1828, vi.

p: 98.

Serpula tortrix, Goldf. i. p. 242, t. 71. f. 15; Bronn, Ind. il.

p: 1140.

1861.]

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE,

365

Vermetus, sp., M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2. v. p. 632.

Serpula tortriz, Chenu, Ill. t. 6. f. 7a, 6.

Hab. In tertiary sandstone near Traunstein, Bavaria (Minster) ;

Nummulitique (Bronn).

The figure seems to be reversed. I refer this species to Aletes on

account of its resemblance to the last species.

The following lists of the additions made to the Menagerie during

the months of June, July, August, September, and October were

read to the meeting :—

JUNE.

Presented by

1 Black-backed Gull ...... Larus marinus s+... W. H. Leach, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey .........|Macacus rhesus ......... — Dyer, Esq.

’ Estrelda bichenovit

11 Australian Finches ...... phaeton ...... +|A. Denison, Esq., F.Z.S.

Poéphila cineta ...

1 Water Tortoise ......... Emys De swasiesbeca Sot A. Russell, Esq.,M.P., F.Z.S.

1 Capuchin Monkey ...... Cebus capucinus ? ah J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P.,

1 Hen Harrier............... Circus CYaNeUS ++... F.Z.S.

3 Water Ouzels ............ Cinclus aquaticus ..... John ITlancock, Esq.

1 Laughing Kingfisher ...|Dacelo gigas ..+...+++4..| Alexander Huth, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey ...... Mucacus cynomolgus ....Charles Simpson, Esq.

1 Great Black Cocatoo... Microglossa alecto ...... \Capt. Denham, R.N.

1 White-crested Cockatoo Cacalua cristata......... T. J. Arnold, Esq., F.Z.S.

| 1 Green Fruit-eating Pigeon! Treron bicincta? ......

1 Green- winged Pigeon ...|Chalcophaps indica...... : 2

1 Necklace Toes scnocObe rig suratensis ...... me genie Dales

4 Rain Quails ...... seeseeees(Coturnix coromandelica. primers

1 Indian Paradoxure ......|Paradoxurus typus? ...

1 American Grey Squirrel |Sciwrus cinereus .......+. H.R.H the Prince of Wales.

2 Crested Curassows ...... Crax alector ......+0+05. W.D St t.E

2 Red-billed Tree-Ducks ..| Dendrocygnaautumnalis| } atarce alae hg

] Spotted Salamander ...|Salamandra maculata...|Mrs. Hopper.

APROUCUS.ss2.sscecs-seee sere Proteus anguinus ...... Dr. Hugh Falconer, F.Z.S.

1 Brown Bear.,.......++0... Ursus arct0s ...000..000- Madame Didiée.

2 Haw Finches ............ Coccothraustes vulgaris |

2 Japanese Deer..........--| Rusa JAPONICA «2+ ..0e.000e

4 Spotted Woodpeckers...| Picus major.....-...0++-+-

1 Red-winged Parrakeet .. dprosmictus erythro-

plterus. |

1 Brazilian Maccaw ...... |AT SCVETA er.cccrerseese > Purchased.

IRMOEY -wepeccsci esate eos -...|Hos E Bgotdegomesber

1 One-streaked Falcon ... Astur monogrammicus ..

1 Snow-Bunting ............ Plectrophanes nivalis ...

2 Butcher Birds ............ Lanius excubitor...... =:

PPELOGPOGS. cmarwecancss denen Upupad Cpops ssesserevee

2 White-fronted Geese ... Anser albifrons ..+...... |

2 Brent Geese...............|Bernicla brenta ......+ Received in exchange.

1 Young Caiman............ Eee vabsmna slang J

pene

Of these, Estrelda bichenovii, Estrelda phaeton, Poéphila cineta,

Microglossa alecto, Rusa japonica, and Astur monogrammicus were

stated to be exhibited for the first time.

366 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 12,

JULY.

Presented by

1 Indian Snake...............|Chrysopelea ornata......}|A.W. W. Baudernaike, Esq.

2 Chinese Sheep ...000...... Ovis aries, Var. sse.sees- The Secretary at War.

I Scotch Hare viz. ...0c.0c0e- Lepus variabilis ......... R. Drummond, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Laughing Kingfisher...... Dacelo gigas ....|Capt. Watson.

WMD. Gaverereseseetororecnesessan- Boa i Ureueseessene-e H. Justins, Esq.

Ablabes punctatus ......

8 Snakes ....+.seeseeeeeese 1 |Chlorosoma vernale......

Tropidonotus fasciatus..| >A. Downes, Esq.

D BUll-frOgs’ weccecs seco cancvee Rand MUGiENS «60.04.0000

ig TOP Sp carsosen scence wssevadns Rana sylvaticd.......0...

DANES Secavedsterenenise<peeset Phoca vitulina, juy. ...|F. J. Rooper, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Vervet Monkey ............ Cercopithecus delalandii|J. R. A. Douglas, Esq.

IEGeNCbi ceascsehe sone eeencres Genetta abyssinica (?)...|J. Monteiro, Esq.

1 Vulpine Phalanger ...... Phalangista vulpina ...|A. M. Harris, Esq.

1 Curassow .........eeeseeeee Crax alectOr ...+.0...0 Sir Willi

1 Trumpeter ...........ss000« .|Psophia crepitans ...... } ir William Holmes.

PAOOPDES ove sspevecsvessasseas Upupa Cpops ...eereaeeee

1 Phalanger ........:0cesere ..|Phalangista vulpina ... |

1 Vervet Monkey ....... .....|Cercopithecus delalandii

2 Common Wrens............ Troglodytes parvulus ...

LORACCOGM sneer. car asane-ee Procyon lotor ....s.see0e

1 Bay Antelope............... Cephalophus badius......

1 Australian Hawk ......... Hieracidea berigora

1 Japanese Eel ..........+64.. Anguilla Potev tasers Purchased. |

2 TeVeretsi.cncscsse.casescvsvns Lepus timidus ......+ niece

1 White-crested Cockatoo..|Cacatua cristata......-+.

1 Philantomba Antelope ...|Cephalophus maaxwellii..

3 Scarlet Tanagers .........);Pyranga rubra .......+

2 Blue Robins «......-s00+. Sialia wilsoni ......00000- |

1 Pine Grosbeak ....... ..+»-|Corythus enucleator ... |

1 Aoudad, fem................ Ovis tragelaphus.........

1 Blood-breasted Pigeon ...|Phlogenas cruenta ...... In exchange.

I CurassOw ....csccccessceeee Crax globicera............ |

Of these, Chrysopelea ornata, Cephalophus badius, Hieracidea

berigora, and Phlogenas cruenta were stated to be exhibited for the

first time.

Avueust.

Presented by

1 Peregrine Falcon ......... Falco peregrinus ...... ...|Dr. Bree.

1 American Black Bear ...|Ursus americanus ...... G. R. Faulkner, Esq.

1 Ursine Opossum ......... Dasyurus ursinus ...... F. J. C. Wildash, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......... C. A. Long, Esq.

1 Marmozet Monkey......... Hapale cedipus.....+...++- H. Probyn, Esq., R.N.

2 Common Macaques ...... Macacus cynomolgus ...\Capt. Barwood. ~

6 Natterjack Toads ......... Bufo calamita.......++... 'Dr. Lankester.

1 Peregrine Falcon ......... Falco peregrinus ...+++... H. B. Bingham, Esq.

3 Wood Owls ......+++. cove. (SYPNIWM ALUCO......46 “5 .

2 Honey Buzzards ......... Porass APIVOTUS .eeseeee. Perey 8. Godman, Esq.

1 Toco Toucan ....+...ee0ees Ramphastos toco......... H. E. Governor Wodehouse.

1 Curassow .....0...-seeereee Crax alector ..s.-ccseeee Dr. W. Huggins, Corr. Mem.

1 Tortoiseshell Turtle ...... Chelonia imbricata ...... |

3 Marmozet Monkeys ......|Hapale iacchus .....+...| Admiral Sir H. Keppell.

MSLOUFACO seec scenes ssancAnons \Corythaia buffoni ......| J

1861.]

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

367

Avuaust (continued).

Presented by

1 Marmozet Monkey ...... Hapale iacchus ......... C. A. Staples, Esq.

1 Virginian Owl ........:... Bubo virginianus......... J. Radford, Esq.

3 Musk-Deer ............ «+.+-/Moschus stanleyanus ...

3 Land Tortoises ......... -+»| Testudo ungoasecre Hon. J. C. Ellis.

2 Water Tortoises............ Emys Rog AOBABEhSL

2 Pennantian Parrakeets ...|Platycercus pennantii... Mrs. Charles Wheeler.

3 Rhesus Monkeys --|Macacus rhesus ......... J. Bardsley, Esq.

2 American Alligators ......|A/ligator lueius ......... Capt. George Bruce.

1 Vulpine Opossum ......... Phalangista vulpina ...\C. C. Dawson, Esq.

1 Sparrow-Hawk ............ Accipiter nisus ....00... Samuel Smith, Esq.

Tres ove: csesceccsccsas. Turtur risorius ....+... J. W. Larking, Esq.

1 Eagle from Vancouver’s Haliaétus leucocephalus?}— Lambe, Esq., R.N.

Island.

2 Seals ........ waadleacesexeesse Phoca vitulina............

PMMIUATHS 5 Scskccsssveccoeess Anthus pratensis.........

1 Flamingo, young ......... |\Phenicopterus Bho

4 Ortolan Buntings ......... Emberiza hortulana . Purchased.

4 Leverets........ Agcsenbeacoce Lepus timidus ...... 0.0005

MH Ob Dy sitio. codeceec eee ‘Falco subbuteo........+...

5 Noctule Bats............... \Vesperugo noctula ......| )

1 Young Bear ................ Ursus isabellinus? ......| } SES bale

1 Javan Brahmin Kite...... | Haliastur indus ......... f Received in exchange.

SEPTEMBER.

| Presented by |

4 Magellanic Geese ......|Chloéphaga magellanica Wee Excellency Capt. T.!

1 Steamer Duck....... .-.../Micropterus cinereus cl E. L. Moore, R.N. |

1 Japanese Deer....... coves| COFDUS' SIND: .. sc aces sases E. Blyth, Esq., Corr. Mem.)

MeJerboaie. ies sce eeverenes | Dipus Jaculus .....c.0:0s- ‘Hon. Mrs. Stuart.

1 Indian Parrakeet......,..|Paleornis alexandri ....G. Dann, Esq.

1 Marmozet Monkey ...... Hapale iacchus? ........+ iT, Young, Esq.

1 Sloth Bear ........ sseeee Prochilus labiatus ...... Capt. Stanley.

1 Bonnet Monkey ......... Macacus pileatus......... H. N. Dupree, Esq.

2 Small Guans .........046 Ortalida katraca......... . |

1 Painted Sun-Bittern ...!Zurypyga helias ......... | aA Huggins, Corr.

1 West-Indian Rail....... -. dramides cayanensis ..,| zZ

10 Chameleons ............... Chameleo africanus ..,,W. Shorto, Esq.

T Kestrel ficcseccusconsaes .+++| Tinnunculus alaudarius A. Dodd, Esq.

1 Land Rail.............. oses|CYED POTZONE ...c00.00000 |

1 Red Antelope ............| Cephalophus rujilatus ...|

1 Plantain-Eater.,...... ..-. Musophaga violacea

1 Blue Water-Hen ......... Porphyrio martinica .... ‘ Purchased.

1 Sable Antelope ......... Hippotragus niger ...... |

6 Garter Snakes ..... : ..+«.| Propidonotus ordinatus |

1 Indian Rat-Snake ...... |Coluber blumenbachii ... )

4 Little Bustards ......... (Otis tetrax ..... a anew Received in exchange. |

Of these, Micropterus cinereus and Hippotragus niger were stated

to be exhibited for the first time.

368 DR. P. L. SCLATER’S EXHIBITION OF DRAWINGS. [Noy. 26,

OcToBER.

}

Presented by

1 Ichneumon............s008+ Herpestes griseus ...... '

2 Nightingales ............+ ..|Luscinia philomela ...... } C: Chitton, Ksq., ¥.2-S-

4 Bohemian Chatterers ...|dmpelis garrula ......... E. S. Preston, Esq.

2 European Wolves .......«- Canis lupus .eereeeeeverers Capt. Spain, R.N.

1 Pig-tailed Macaque ...... Macacus nemestrinus ...)W. Brooks, Esq.

7 Loach.......- seivcsaetoasacee Cobitis barbatula,........|W. Rose, Esq.

1 Bonnet Monkey............ Macacus pileatus.........|Mrs. Charles Foster.

1 Domestic fowl (cock in|Gallus domesticus ......|R. F. Tomes, Esq.

hen plumage). |

1 Entellus Monkey ......... Presbytes entellus ......\Charles Ashby, Esq.

1 American Black Bear ...|Ursus americanus ......

1 Musquash ...........++ weee.| Faber zibethicus ...+0+..- Capt. Herd, H.B.C.S.

1 Golden Agouti ............ Dasyprocta aguti ...... Capt. M. O. Stewart.

WOVE rev enessseare~sse0oy- Myoxus avellanarius ...\G. R. Lake, Esq.

1 Common Swan ............ Cygnus O10r ....0+02see0ee Duke of Northumberland.

1 German Fox ............+0+ Vulpes vulgaris ..+..... Mrs. Barston.

1 Alexandrine Parrakeet ...|Paleornis alecandri ...|P. Jolin, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey............| Macacus rhesus ...++0... — Brooke, Esq.

1 Herring Gull..........0+... Larus argentatus ...... E. T. D. Cotton, Esq.

2 Canadian Geese... ....|Anser canadensis......... Capt. Wishart.

1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus .....+... Capt. Rainy.

2 Marmozet Monkeys ...... Hapale iacchus .......+. Capt. N. F. Edwards, R.N.

2 Bearded Titmice ..... ....|Paroides biarmicus...... )

1 Merlin .........cecccseseeee Falco @salon ....+2-..00-

1 pair of Sand Grouse...... Pterocles alchata ......

4 Cedar-Birds ............... Ampelis cedrorum ......

1 Yellow-bellied Snake ...|Hoplocephalus superbus

2 Australian Vipers ......... Pseudechis porphyriaca ( Purchased.

2 Flying Opossums ......... Petaurus breviceps......

1 Bonnet Monkey............ Macacus pileatus.........

2 Mealy Redpolls .........+.+ Linota canescens........-

1 Domestic Turkey ......... Meleagris gallopavo......

1 Sparrow-Hawk ............ Accipiter nisus .....+...

November 26, 1861.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. B. Leadbeater exhibited the heads of three stags shot by

Lieut.-Col. Sarel, F.Z.S., in the Gardens of the Imperial Summer

Palace at Pekin. The species to which they were referable seemed to be

a true Cervus, allied to, if not identical with, C. elaphus of Europe,

and chiefly differing from that species in the shortness of the head.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited original drawings, by Mr. G. T. Vigne,

of the Koch or Wild Sheep of the Sulimani range (Ovis cycloceros)

and the Sha of Little Thibet (Ovis vignii), the distinctions between

which had been pointed out by Dr. Sclater in his article on this sub-

ject in the P.Z.S. for 1860 (p. 126). In reference to these animals,

Mr. Vigne observed that he had always supposed the Koch and the

P.Z.S.1861, Plate XXXV m

* delet ht

M & N.Hanhert, bop

GRUS MONTIGNESIA, (vu)

1861.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE CHINESE CRANE, 369

Sha to be the same animal, but that he now believed them to be

distinct, in accordance with the observations contained in Dr. Sclater’s

paper. Mr. Vigne’s drawings of the Koch (Ovis cycloceros) had

been taken at Derabend, from a tame specimen, in May 1836; that

of the Sha’s head, from a specimen obtained near Iskardol in Oct.

1838.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores oN THE BREEDING AND REARING OF THE CHINESE

CranE (GRUS MONTIGNESIA) IN THE SocteTy’s GARDENS,

By A. D. Bartuetrt.

(Plate XXXV.)

Near the middle of May a pair of these birds formed a rude nest

of dry rushes on the ground ; and soon afterwards two eggs were laid.

The parent birds took turns upon these eggs during the time of in-

cubation. On the 24th of June a young Crane was hatched, the period

of incubation having been thirty days.

The young bird was well covered with down of a light-brown or

fawn colour, with darker markings on the back ; it was short on its

legs, and the bill also appeared short; in fact, it appeared less

like a Crane than I expected to see it. It was able to walk about

as soon as it was hatched, but appeared feeble, and now and then fell

or rolled over in its attempts to follow its parents.

The old birds attended to the young one with much care, and

furiously attacked everything that came near the place; they col-

lected worms and beetles, &c., from all parts of their enclosure, which

they brought in their bills towards the young bird, and after muti-

lating all living food, they would hold it near the young bird, who

would advance and pick it from their bills, or from the ground as

soon as it was dropped by them. The young Crane never opens its

mouth and cries for food like the Storks or Herons and many other

young birds, but utters a rather loud note, like peep, peep, peep, not

unlike the chick of a common fowl] ; it is not, however, as adroit and

able to obtain its food as the young of the Gallinaceous birds gene-

rally are; and consequently the parent birds are far more attentive,

and watch every opportunity of obtaining food and preparing it for

the young one. I have frequently seen the old birds offer a piece of

biscuit (that the young bird found was too large tc swallow), and they

then would place it upon the ground, and by repeated blows break it

up in small pieces, and then drop these close to the young bird, who

would pick them up and swallow them. From these observations I

am induced to consider that the Cranes (Grus) occupy an interme-

diate position between those birds that feed their young like the He-

rons and Storks, and those groups, like the Bustards and Plovers,

whose young are at once able to run about and seek their food.

Perhaps the most remarkable thing is the rapid growth of the

young Crane, which is very surprising. As I have before stated, at

first the legs are short ; in fact, as compared with the parents, the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XXIV.

370 pR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. [Nov. 26,

bird is remarkably small, and few persons would guess what it

possibly could be; in a few days, however, the legs begin to grow

rapidly, and the neck and bill become elongated, and the bird quickly

appears a Crane in shape.

From the time of hatching the female alone broods upon or nestles

the bird, although the male takes turn in the task of incubation ; and

I notice the female does not squat down on the young one to brood,

but sits down on the ground near it, and the young bird imme-

diately walks behind her ; she then raises her long black plumes, be-

tween which he creeps, and passes forward under one of her wings,

until quite out of sight; her plumes are then lowered into their

ordinary position.

There is a beautiful example of the progressive growth from the

first down to the perfect feathers to be seen on the young of this bird.

I have in many birds observed this, but not to so great an extent. It

appears that the first down is not thrown off, but continues to grow

longer, until the perfect feather is developed, having the early down

attached at its point: this condition is to be seen not only on the

points of the primaries, but also on the ends of the feathers of the

entire plumage. Thus the bird for some time carries his early dress

on the outside of his second plumage. The rapid growth of the

plumage can be best understood from the fact that on the 27th of

September it was found necessary to catch the young bird in order

to cut the primaries of one of its wings (which I exhibit), to prevent

its flying away. The bird by this time almost equalled its parents

in size, and now is assuming the colour of the adult.

2. On a COLLECTION OF FisHES SENT BY Capt. Dow FROM THE

Paciric Coast or CentraL America. By Dr. ALBERT

GUNTHER.

A small collection of Fishes transmitted to the Society by its

Corresponding Member, Capt. Dow, from the Pacific coast of Cen-

tral America, has proved to be one of great interest, not only because

it contains an unusually large proportion of new species, but also

because it illustrates a very strange fact with regard to the geogra-

phical distribution of the class of Fishes. Several instances of one

and the same species occurring on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides

of Central America have been known to me for several years. Ne-

vertheless when Mr. Fraser sent home his last collection, made on

the Pacific side of the isthmus, and when I found several West

Indian species of fishes in it, I was much surprised, and rather in-

clined to assume that accidentally some confusion had taken place.

Every doubt, however, is removed by this last arrival, of Capt. Dow’s

collection, containing five species out of fourteen which are identical

with Atlantic forms, namely :—Batrachus surinamensis, Salarias

atlanticus, Clinus delalandii, Mugil proboscideus, and Fistularia

tabaccaria. It is, however, worthy of remark, that nearly all the

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. 371

species belong to genera living near the coast, and freely entering

fresh waters.

The ichthyic fauna of the western coasts of America, between

8° north and 8° south of the Tropic of Cancer, offers a remarkable

assemblage of types which belong to very different geographical re-

gions ; representatives of the faunas of North-west America, of the

Pacific coasts of South America, of Japan, and of the Sandwich Is-

lands, and of the Atlantic being mixed with a great number of forms

peculiar to the area mentioned.

We give, first, a list of the species contained in Capt. Dow’s col-

lection :—

1. Apogon dovii, un. sp.

- Gobius paradoxus, nu. sp.

seminudus, N. sp.

. Euctenogobius sagittula, n. sp.

. Batrachus surinamensis, Bl. Schn.

. Blennius brevipinnis, n. sp.

. Salarias atlanticus, C. & V. var. (see Gthr. Acanth. iii. p. 243).

. Clinus delalandii, C.& V.

macrocephalus, n. sp.

10. Auchenopterus monophthalmus, un. sp.

11. Mugil proboscideus, un. sp.

12. Myxus harengus, n. sp.

13. Fistularia tabaccaria, L.

14. Halicheres, sp.—The species appears to be new; but the

single specimen sent is in too bad a condition to admit of a descrip-

tion.

With the exception of the first species, the others are included

in my ‘ Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes,’ vol. iii., for which the

following accounts have been prepared.

CONDO BA Ww to

APOGON DOVII.

D. 6 | 5 A. z L. lat. 25. _L. transv. 3/9.

A roundish black spot on each side of the root of the caudal; the

spinous dorsal colourless, transparent ; uniform olive (in spirits).

Head densely punctulated with brown. Only the hind margin of

the posterior preeopercular ridge is serrated. Dorsal fins nearly

equal in height.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with-

out caudal), the length of the head two-fifths; eye large, its dia-.

meter being more than one-third of the length of the head. Pala-

tine and vomerine teeth present. The upper jaw overlaps slightly

the lower ; maxillary extending backwards to below the posterior

third of the orbit. Operculum with an upper flexible point, and

with a lower stiff spine. The third dorsal spine is a little longer than

the second, one-half of the length of the head. Caudal fin slightly

emarginate, with the angles rounded.

Total length 26 lines.

This species is so closely allied to A. inermis, from the Mediter-

372 DR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. [Nov. 26,

ranean, that perhaps it would be better not to separate it; the only

difference which we can find is the form of the soft dorsal fin, which

is considerably higher than the spinous in the Mediterranean species.

GOBIUS PARADOXUS. ;

DIG Ts “Aves Tilat 1

The head and the trunk are entirely naked to between the second

dorsal and the anal, the remainder is covered by ctenoid scales of

moderate size; there are nine or ten of them in one of the anterior

transverse series. The height of the body is contained five times and

two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and a

quarter. Head nearly as broad as high, its width being rather more

than one-half of its length. Eyes rather close together, of moderate

size. Snout obtuse, rounded, as long as the eye; cleft of the mouth

slightly oblique, with the jaws equal in length, and with the max-

illary extending to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in villiform

bands ; there are two curved canine teeth on each side of the lower

jaw. The first dorsal spine is elongate, filiform, sometimes extending

to the base of the caudal; caudal rounded, shorter than the head ;

none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral terminates at a great

distance from the vent. Blackish (in spirits), caudal and ventral fins

black ; the dorsal filament whitish.

GoBIUS SEMINUDUS.

D.6|15. A.10.

Head and anterior portion of the trunk naked ; sides with exceed-

ingly small scales, becoming somewhat larger posteriorly. The

height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the

head one-fourth. Head with the cheeks swollen, depressed, broader

than high, its width being two-thirds of its length. Eyes close to-

gether, directed upwards, of moderate size ; snout obtuse, as long as

the eye; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal

anteriorly, and with the maxillary extending to below the middle of

the eye. ‘Teeth in villiform bands, the anterior of the lower jaw

slightly enlarged ; there are two small curved canine teeth on each

side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins rather low, the hind part of the

spinous dorsal being scarcely lower than the anterior ; caudal round-

ed, as long as the pectoral; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ;

ventral rather short, terminating at a great distance from the vent.

Blackish, fins and sides of the head dotted with black; ventrals

black.

The largest of the specimens examined is two inches long. The

species has such peculiar characters that it will be readily recognized.

It has no natural affinity to the other .small-scaled Gobies, which

generally have an elongate form.

EUCTENOGOBIUS SAGITTULA,

D:.'6 |-13.. A.14. DL, lat.58,

Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal fin and the

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. 373

anus, twelve between the anterior portion of the second dorsal and

the anal. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length,

the length of the head five times and@ two-thirds. The head is as

high as broad, its width being somewhat more than one-half of its

length. Eyes very close together. Snout obtuse, shorter than the

eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head.

Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly,

and with the maxillary not extending to below the centre of the eye.

Head naked ; scales on the nape and behind the axil very small, be-

coming larger posteriorly. The second dorsal spine is the longest,

somewhat lower than the body underneath, but higher than the soft

dorsal ; caudal rather elongate and pointed, two-ninths of the total

length. Pectoral shorter than the head; the ventral terminates at a

great distance from the vent. Light greenish olive with a series of

four brown spots along the middle of the tail; sides of the head

with some irregular blackish-violet blotches; dorsal, caudal, and

pectoral fins dotted with black, ventral and anal immaculate.

This species has a second series of very small teeth within the

maxillary front series; these internal teeth do not appear to be

fully developed, but destined to replace those in function. The teeth

of the lower jaw form a very narrow band anteriorly, and stand in a

single series posteriorly.

BLENNIUS BREVIPINNIS.

a) Ase.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,

and contained four times and a half in the total. The snout is

obtuse, with the upper profile very oblique. Jaws without a curved

tooth. Orbital tentacle slender, fringed at the base. The dorsal fin

commences in the vertical from the operculum, is deeply notched,

and not continuous with the caudal. The pectoral is longer than the

ventral, and extends on to the vent. Greyish-brown (in spirits),

with a darker lateral band.

lines.

iW) 2 lg 12 i eA re ewer ge 18 or 23

EIS OL AME GORY fecal acne nn Sap 4or 5

CLINUS MACROCEPHALUS.

De Ae an Ca leks, Bod. Ve 18,

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the

total length, the length of the head five times. The head is de-

pressed, rather short, nearly as broad as long; crown of the head

broad and flat ; interorbital space concave, narrower than the orbit.

Snout very short, obtuse, rounded; the maxillary does not extend to

behind the posterior margin of the orbit; lips thick. The teeth in

the jaws form a band with an outer series of stronger ones ; vomer-

ine teeth in a narrow band; palatine teeth none. No orbital ten-

tacles ; those at the nostril and on the neck very small. Gill-openings

wide, the gill-membranes being united at the throat. Head naked ;

374 DR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. [Nov. 26,

scales on the body not very small, cycloid. The dorsal fin commences

at the occiput, and terminates near the base of the caudal: the

spines are flexible, and much-lower than the soft rays; the three

anterior ones are rather more remote from one another than the

following : none of the rays of this or of the other fins are branched.

Caudal rounded. The anal is higher posteriorly than anteriorly,

about as high as the spinous dorsal. Pectoral rounded, with the

middle rays longest, shorter than the head. Ventrals jugular, half as

long as the pectoral, with the spine and the outer ray enveloped in a

common thick membrane. Dark greyish olive ; head and fins black-

ish ; head, base of the pectoral, anterior part of the body, and dorsal

dotted with white.

lines

Totdilenath, [sues -ise t. . diie- ee ASE 61

Height of the body .........--.------+- 8

Length of the head .........-.--+ +0000 12

Greatest width of the head ..........---- 11

Depth of the head.............000 0005s 2

Length of the caudal fin ......--.+.+-5-: 10

—— of the pectoral fin............--.- 103

CreMNoBATES (BLENNIID2).

(Substituted for 4uchenopterus, which is preoccupied.)

Body moderately elongate, with the scales small or of moderate

size. Snout rather short, with the cleft of the mouth of moderate

width. A band of small teeth in the jaws; teeth on the vomer.

Two separate dorsals, composed of spines only ; the anterior short,

formed by three spines. Ventrals jugular, composed of three rays.

Head with tentacles; gill-opening wide.

CREMNOBATES MONOPHTHALMUS.

D.3|27. A.2. V.3. L, lat. 38.

A fimbriated superciliary tentacle ; a small one at the nostril and

on each side of the nape, both multifid. A black ocellus, edged with

white, on the posterior quarter of the dorsal fin.

Description.—This fish is very similar to Cristiceps argentatus in

general habit, but may be readily distinguished by the dorsal fin,

which is entirely composed of spines. Head and body are oblong

and compressed ; the length of the former is one-fourth of the total,

the height of the latter one-sixth. The cleft of the mouth is of

moderate width, with the lower jaw slightly prominent, and with the

maxillary extending beyond the vertical from the centre of the orbit.

The teeth in the outer series are stronger than those in the narrow

band behind; vomerine teeth apparently in a single series; palatine

teeth none. The orbital tentacle is shorter than the eye, with three

or four ciliz ; the nasal and nuchal tentacles are still shorter. The

pectoral is nearly as long as the head, rounded, with the middle rays

longest ; ventral slender, somewhat shorter than the pectoral, with

the outer ray longest. The first dorsal fin commences in the verti-

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON CENTRAL-AMERICAN FISHES. 379

cal from the preeopercular margin ; the two anterior spines are a

little higher than the second dorsal, and flexible; the membrane

behind the third spine extends backwards to the base of the second

fin. All the spines of the second fin are stiff and pungent, of nearly

equal length, the anterior ones being a little shorter ; the membrane

of the last spine terminates immediately before the base of the caudal,

leaving that fin quite free. Caudal rounded, one-seventh of the total

length. The anal commences below the seventh spine of the poste-

rior dorsal, and terminates before the caudal ; it has two spines an-

teriorly. The scales are of moderate size; the lateral line runs

closely along the dorsal profile, is bent downwards behind the pec-

toral, and proceeds along the middle of the tail to the caudal.

Brownish, irregularly marbled with darker ; anterior dorsal black-

ish; a black ocellus, edged with white, on the nineteenth and twentieth

spines of the posterior dorsal.

Total length 2 inches.

MUGIL PROBOSCIDEUS.

D. 4 e A. a L. lat. 38. LL. transv. 14.

The front part of the upper lip is extremely thick, conically pro-

duced ; the lower parts of both lips with a band of soft pavement-

like papillee, arranged in oblique series. Cleft of the mouth deeper

than broad.

Description.—This species is naturally more closely allied to

Agonostoma plicatile than to Mugil, but differs from it in having no

teeth at all in the jaws, except that in one specimen the band of

papillee passes into a series of fine moveable teeth anteriorly in the

upper jaw. The head and especially the body and tail are com-

pressed ; the greatest depth of the body nearly equals the length of

the head, and is contained four times and a half in the total length.

The upper anterior profile is nearly straight, obliquely descending.

The interorbital space is convex, one-half of the length of the head,

and scaly, whilst the parts before the orbits are naked. The anterior

portion of the upper lip is extremely thick, conically protruding, and

nearly as long as the remainder of the snout. A narrow band of

soft papillz occupies the lower parts of the lips anteriorly and

M. proboscideus.

376 DR. P.L.SCLATER ON A NEW MEXICAN FINCH. [Nov. 26,

laterally ; the papillee are arranged in oblique series, having a pave-

ment-like appearance. The lower jaws are rather narrow, and the

cleft of the mouth is much longer than broad. The maxillary is

entirely hidden by the preorbital, which has the extremity truncated

and minutely serrated. The eye is much shorter than the snout, and

in the present specimen, which apparently is a young one, one-fourth

of the length of the head. There are twenty-three scales between

the snout and the spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences somewhat

nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the snout: the

soft dorsal and the anal have series of small scales between the rays ;

the former is higher than the spinous dorsal, and commences above

the middle of the anal fin. Caudal emarginate ; the anal is rather

higher than long, as high as the soft dorsal. The pectoral is inserted

above the middle of the depth of the body, and its length is four-fifths

of that of the head.

Silvery, upper parts greenish ; dark stripes along the series of

scales.

Myxvus HARENGUS.

D.4|5. A. ZL. lat. 38.

A single series of small fixed teeth in the upper jaw, none in the

lower or on the vomer; lips thin. Preeorbital serrated anteriorly

and inferiorly. Anterior dorsal spines of moderate length, half as

long as the head.

Head and body are compressed, the greatest depth being about

one-fifth of the total. The cleft of the mouth is rather broader than

deep, and does not extend to the anterior margin of the orbit. Sides

and belly bright silvery ; back green.

3. On a New Species or Fincn, or THE Genus SYCALIS, FROM

Mexico. By Puiuip Lutiey Scriater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

In a small collection of Mexican birds lately sent to me for exami-

nation by M. Parzudaki, of Paris, I find a little Finch of the genus

Sycalis, which I propose to call—

SYCALIS CHRYSOPS, sp. nov.

S. brunnescenti-olivacea, capite obscuriore substriato: interscapulio,

alis et cauda nigricantibus, fusco marginatis: loris, oculorum

ambitu tectricibus subalaribus et corpore subtus flavis, pectore

medio et lateribus obscurioribus, fuscescentioribus: rostro et

pedibus fuseis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°6, caudze 1°6 poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In Mexico merid.

Obs. Affinis S. arvensi, sed statura minore et loris ciliisque aureis

distinguenda.

This bird is interesting as the first species of the genus Sycalis

1861.] DR. P, L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 377

recorded from the country north of Panama. It was, however, to

be expected that the Trans-Panamanic province of the Neotropical

region would produce representatives of this, as of other peculiar

South-American genera. Sycalis chrysops belongs to the same sub-

group as S. arvensis, but may readily be distinguished from it by its

diminutive size.

4. Descriptions or TweLve New Species or AMERICAN Birps,

OF THE Famities DenDROCOLAPTID#, ForMICARIIDH, AND

Tyrannip&. By Puixuie Luriey Scuater, M.A., Pu.D.,

F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XXXVI.)

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID.

1, LEPTASTHENURA PARANENSIS, Sp. nov.

Synallaxis ruficapilla, Burm. Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1860, p. 250.

Murino-brunnea, subtus paulo dilutior, gutture albicantiore :

alis extus et cauda tota rufis: pileo rufescente: rostro supe-

riore nigro, inferiore ad basin fusco: pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2:2, caudee 3°3, rostri a fronte 0°35, tarsi 0°7

poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In rep. Argentina.

I have a single example of this Synallazis presented to me by

Mr. O. Salvin, who received it in exchange from Prof. Burmeister.

It is marked Synallaxis ruficapilla, but is very different from the

true Synallaxis ruficapilla of Vieillot, and belongs to the section of

the Synallaxine typified by Synallaxis egithaloides, with which it

agrees completely in form ; so that I have placed it under the same

generic head—Leptasthenura.

The tail has 12 rectrices, as in L. egithaloides, the first pair being

only 1°2 (inch) in length, and each pair gradually increasing. The

medial pair are not quite so sharply pointed as in the latter species.

The colour of the tail-feathers is uniformly rufous, with the shafts

blackened except towards the base. The structure of the beak, wings,

and feet resembles that of L. egithaloides; but the tarsi in the present

species are rather longer*.

2. PHILYDOR SUBFULVUS, Sp. nov.

Anabates —— ", Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 456.

Saturate brunnescenti-olivaceus : cauda tota castanea : superciliis

ad nucham productis, et corpore subtus fulvis, hoc lateraliter

Suscescentiore sed ad gulum dilutiore: tectricibus subalaribus

* Since reading this paper, I have convinced myself that this species is not

different from Synallaxis fuliginiceps, Lafr. et D’Orb. (a species also found by

Professor Burmeister at Parana), and that my specimen was wrongly labelled “ S,

ruficapilla,”—an error which unfortunately induced me to regard it as new.

378 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [Noyv. 26,

et remigum pogoniis interioribus pallide fulvis: rostro corneo,

mandibule inferioris basi et pedibus flavicantibus.

Long. tota 6°7, alee 3°7, caudz 2°8.

Hab. In rep. Aquatoriana, ad Gualaquiza (Fraser).

The single example obtained by Mr. Fraser at Gualaquiza in

Ecuador is the only specimen I have yet seen of this Philydor. The

species most nearly resembles Philydor pyrrhodes (Cab.), but wants

the conspicuous pale cinnamomeous rump of the latter species, and

is also much paler in colouring below. I possess examples of the

following eight species, which I refer to this group of the Dendroco-

laptide.

(1.) Paitypor suPERCILIARIS.

Sphenura superciliaris. Licht. Doubl. p. 41.

Anabates atricapillus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1187.

Xenops caniveti, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 16.

Xenops melanocephalus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 318.

Anabates superciliaris, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 28.

Anabates atricapillus, Bp. Consp. p. 211.

Philydor superciliaris, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 73, pl. 73. f. 1; Cab.

et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 29.

Hab. Brazil.

(2.) Puinypor RUFUS.

Dendrocopus rufus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvi. p. 119.

Sphenura poliocephala, Licht. Doubl. p. 41.

Philydor ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 74. pl. 75.

Dendroma caniceps, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 80.

Xenops rufifrons, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 317.

Dendroma poliocephalum, Hartl. Verz. Mus. Brem. p. 27.

Anabates poliocephalus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 29.

Anabates ruficollis, Bp. Consp. p. 211.

Philydor rufus, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 29.

Hab. Brazil.

(3.) PuitypoR PYRRHODESs.

Anabates pyrrhodes, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 689.

Philydor pyrrhodes, Reichb. Handb. i. p. 200; Cab. et Hein.

Mus. Hein. ii. p. 29.

Hab. Rio Napo.

(4.) PHILyDoR sUBFULVUS.

Hab. Ecuador.

(5.) PH1~ypor sTRIATICOLLIs.

Anabates striaticollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 17.

Hab. New Granada.

1861.] DR. P. L.SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 379

(6.) Paitypor AMAUROTIS.

Anabates amaurotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 238. f. 2 ; Bp. Consp. p. 210 ;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 29.

Hab. 8.E. Brazil.

(7.) PHILyDOR ERYTHROCERCUS.

Anabates erythrocercus, Pelz. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 105.

Hab. Cayenne.

(8.) PHiLtyporR RUFICAUDATUS.

Anabates ruficaudatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. ii. p. 15; Bp.

Consp. p. 211.

Anabates ruficaudus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 26, et 1858, pp-

61, 456.

Hab. Ecuador ; Rio Napo; Bogota.

3. XENOPS LITTORALIS, sp. nov,

Xenops genibarbis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 293.

Similis Xenopi genibarbi ex Brasilia, sed statura majore, gula

minus albescente, corpore subtus magis olivaceo et dilutiore

distinguendus.

Long. tota 4:7, alee 2°5, caudze 1:9, rostri a rictu 0°6.

Hab. In reip. Mquatoriane regione littorali.

This Xenops is a climatic variety of XY. genibarbis of Brazil, but

has apparently as good claims to separation as X. mezicanus, its

Mexican representative, or as Xenops heterurus, Cab. et Hein., from

X. rutilus. It is a larger, stronger bird than X. genibarbis, and is

lighter and more olivaceous in its coloration below. The wing-band

which crosses the middle of the primaries and secondaries is broader

and much deeper in colouring in the present bird, but the general

coloration does not materially differ from that of the Brazilian form.

My specimens were obtained by Mr. Fraser, at Esmeraldas, in No-

vember 1859.

4, SPHENOPSIS IGNOBILIS.

Sphenopsis, genus novum ex familia Dendrocolaptidarum, affine

Philydori et eyusmodi formis plerumque Anadatis dictis. Rostrum

brevius quam caput, zeque altum ac latum, conicum, validum, gonyde

recta: alee modice, dimidium caudz attingentes: pedes ut in genere

Philydore, sed tarsis breviusculis.

Typ. et sp. unica S. ignobilis, sp. nov.

Cinerascenti-olivacea, subtus paulo magis rufescens : superciliis a

Jronte obsolete rufescentibus, alis caudaque rufescente fulvo

limbatis: rostro plumbeo : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°8, caude 2°7, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°75.

Hab. In Brasilia.

I have long had a single specimen of this little bird in my collec-

tion, under the manuscript name which I now bestow upon it, and

have never seen a second. It is remarkable for the short, straight,

380 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. ([Nov. 26,

conical bill, in which it differs from all the allied species that I am

acquainted with. The first, second, and third primaries increase

gradually in length, the fourth and fifth being equal and longest.

The tail is imperfect, but the lateral rectrices appear to have been

shorter and graduated as in other allied forms.

Fam. ForMICARIID.

5. THAMNISTES ZQUATORIALIS.

Similis Th. anabatino, sed supra olivaceus obscurior, et pileo ru-

Jescentiore, ferrugineo tincto, rostrogue magis compresso di-

versus.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°9, caudee 2:2.

Hab. In rep. Aiquatoriana.

The genus Thamnistes appears to belong to the neighbourhood of

Thamnophilus proper, with which it agrees in its thick, strong, com-

pressed bill and general characters. I am also inclined to believe

that the curious Brazilian form, Biatas nigropectus (Lafr.), agreeing

as it does in general characters of structure and plumage, must be

placed near it. Mr. Salvin received many examples of Thamnistes

anabatinus in the collection made at Choctum in Guatemala in

1859-60, and believes that the birds with the large concealed sub-

interscapular spot are the males, and those without it the females of

this singular form. If that is the case, which I think probable, my

specimens of Thamnistes equatorialis are both males, each of them

possessing the interscapular spot. But neither of them are very

perfect specimens,—one, obtained through M. Verreaux, and stated

to be from the Rio Napo, being in moult, and the other, collected

by Mr. Fraser at Nanegal, having been badly shot. I have, how-

ever, no doubt of their belonging to a second species of this curious

form of Thamnophiline.

6. RAMPHOCZNUS SANCTH MARTH.

Similis R. rufiventri ex Guatemala, sed major, colore capitis

multo minus rufescente, et ventre toto pallide fulvo, minus ru-

Sescente, dorso dilutius cinereo diversus.

Long. tota 5°4, alee 2°2, caudze 2°0, rostri a rictu 1°1.

Hab. In rep. Nova Granada, regione boreali littorali.

The comparison of a specimen of the true Guatemalan Rampho-

cenus rufiventris, kindly presented to me by Mr. O. Salvin, with

the present bird from Sta. Martha, has forced me to recognize them

as different species, contrary to what I supposed when I wrote my

“Synopsis of the American Ant-birds” in these ‘ Proceedings *,’

where the Santa-Martha bird is described under the name R. ruji-

ventris. Though nearly allied, however, it is a larger and less de-

cidedly coloured species, easily recognizable on comparison, and

makes the fourth of the group.

* See P. Z.S. 1858, p. 244.

1861.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 381

7. GRALLARIA MEXICANA.

Similis G. guatemalensi, sed major, colore corporis infra dilutiore,

ventre albicantiore, et remigibus alarum extus rufescentioribus.

Long. tota 7°5, ale 5:0, caudze 2-0, tarsi 2°1.

This Grallaria, as Mr. Salvin has already observed (Ibis, 1861,

p- 354), appears to be distinct from the Guatemalan bird, with which

I have hitherto united it. It belongs to the typical series of the

genus, at the head of which stands the Grallaria rex sive varia of

Cayenne. I am now acquainted with five species belonging strictly

to this section of the genus, namely —

1. Grallaria varia, Bodd. (Turdus rex, Gm.), ex Cayenna.

2. G. imperator, Lafr., ex Brasilia, mer.-orient.

3. G. regulus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 61, ex rep. Aquat.

4. G. guatemalensis, Prev., ex Guatemala.

5. G. mexicana, mihi, ex Mexic. merid.

As might have been expected, G. guatemalensis is intermediate in

characters between G. mexicana and G. regulus. The dimensions of

the three species are as follows :—

G. mexicana. G. guatemalensis. G. regulus.

Bone (tata... 22 acto ne ld feo 70 6°2

Riera sees S 5°0 4] 3°9

caude. . 2:0 1'8 eo

tarsi .. PAA 1°85 1°6

Fam. TYRANNIDZ.

8. CopuRUS FUSCICAPILLUS, sp. noy.

Niger : uropygio anguste albo : pileo ex cinerascente fusco, fronte

et loris albicantibus : alis et cauda brunnescenti-nigris : caude

rectricibus intermediis valde elongatis: rostro et pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota (cum cauda) 9°0, alze 3°0, caudze rect. med. 6°7, rect.

later. 2°4.

Hab. In Nova Granada.

This is the commonest species of Copurus received in Bogota col-

lections ; but I have hitherto confounded it with C. leuconotus of

Lafresnaye, and sometimes applied that name to it. The recent

acquisition of examples of the true C. deuconotus from Guiana and

Ecuador has now enabled me to separate the three species (or races)

satisfactorily, as follows :—

(1.) Copurus coLonvus.

Pileo albescenti-griseo ; dorso nigerrimo: uropygio albo.

Muscicapa colonus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 448, et Enc, Méth,

p- 824 (ex Azara).

Platyrhynchus platurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvii. p. 17, et Enc.

Méth. p. 839.

Muscipeta leucocilla, Hahn, Ausl. Vog. Lief. 9. pl. 2.

382 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [Nov. 26,

Muscicapa filicauda, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 12. pl. 14.

Muscipeta monacha, Licht. Doubl. p. 53 ; Max. Beitr. ii. p. 925.

Copurus filicauda, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 427 (1844) ;

Tsch. Faun. Per. p.157; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 507 ; Bp. Consp.

p- 194; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 113.

Copurus colonus, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 41.

Hab. In Brasilia mer.-or.

(2.) CopurRUS FUSCICAPILLUS.

Piieo fusco, fronte et loris albescentibus : dorso nigerrimo : uro-

pygio albo.

Copurus leuconotus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 148, et 1858, p. 71.

Copurus fuscicapillus, Verreaux, MS.

Hab. In Nov. Granada.

(3.) CopuRUS LEUCONOTUS.

Pileo fusco; fronte et loris albescentibus : dorso medio grise-

scenti-albo : uropygio albo.

Copurus. leuconotus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 335; Bp. Consp.

p- 194; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 294; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein.

li. p. 42.

Copurus pecilonotus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. il. p. 703.

Hab. In Guiana, Nova Granada, et rep. Hquatoriana.

I am not acquainted with Copurus funebris of Cabanis and Heine

(Mus. Hein. ii. p. 41), which may, perhaps, form a fourth species

of the genus.

9. PLATYRHYNCHUS FLAVIGULARIS, sp. nov.

Olivaceus, pileo brunnescenti-olivaceo ad frontem flavicantiore,

crista mediali interne alba: alis caudaque fusco-nigricantibus,

olivaceo anguste marginatis : subtus flavus, pectore, precipue

ad latera, olivaceo perfuso: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore

cum pedibus pallide flavidis.

Long. tota 3:0, ale 2°3, caudee 1°2.

Hab. In Nova Granada.

This Platyrhynchus is allied to P. rostratus, in respect of its cha-

racteristic white head-spot, but is barely larger in size than P. mys-

taceus. It is, however, very distinct from both these species, bemg

of a sulphur-yellow below, olivescent on the sides of the breast. The

specimen of this bird in my collection, which is the only one

I have seen, was received from M. Verreaux, of Paris, and is a

Bogota skin.

10. PHyLLomytas GRIsEocaPILuA (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 2).

Tyrannula griseocapilla, Lafr. MS.

Olivacea : pileo cinereo : alis fuscescenti-nigris, flavicanti-olivaceo

linbatis: subtus gutture toto ad pectus albescenti-cinereo :

1861.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS. 383

ventre medio et crisso albo, lateribus flavicantibus : rostro fusco,

pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°3, caudze 2:0.

Hab. In Brasilia.

I have several specimens of this well-marked Brazilian species in

my collection, but have never been able to find any other name than

the late M. de Lafresnaye’s MS. term, which I have ascertained to

be correct from examination and comparison of the type in his

collection.

This bird is closely allied to Phyllomyias brevirostris (Spix) (Cab.

et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 57), but readily distinguishable by its

dark cinereous head and white belly, &e.

11. Puyiiomyias semirusca (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 1).

Supra fusco-murina, superciliis obsolete albidis: tectricum ala-

rium et secundariarum marginibus pallidioribus, fulvescenti-

albidis: subtus lactescenti-albida, ventre stramineo viz tincto :

rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore pallide fusco ; pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 4°3, ale 2°3, caudee 1°9.

Hab. In Nova Granada, ad Sanctam Martham (Verreaur).

I have one example of this bird in my collection, procured by

M. Verreaux’s collector at Santa Martha, on the north coast of New

Granada. Its structure is quite that of the preceding species and

P. brevirostris, except that the bill is rather more elongated.

12. TyRANNUS INCA.

Tyrannus inca, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Fuscescenti-cinereus, alis et cauda fuscis, marginibus dilutioribus :

pileo cristato nigro, crista intus lete flava: subtus cinereus,

ventre et crisso fuscescente adumbratis: rostro et pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 75, alee 4-0, caudze 3°3, tarsi 0°6.

Hab. In Bolivia.

This is a very distinctly marked species of the true Tyrannus, of

which I possess one example. I have used the name given to it by

Lichtenstein in the Berl Museum. The external primaries are

acuminated towards the points, the three first being also deeply

emarginated 0-4 inch from their extremities.

5. DescrRIPTIONS OF SOME New GENERA AND SPECIES OF

SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION oF HucH Cumine, Esa.

By Henry Apams, F.L.S.

Genus Cuga, H. & A. Adams.

Crea Funssta, H. Adams.

C. testa ovata, solidiuscula, transversim striata, epidermide

384 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS. [Nov. 26,

nigro-olivacea induta; spira ovato-conica, apice decollato ;

anfractibus 43, convexiusculis, ad suturam costis munitis, ultimo

longiore, teste dimidium paulo superante ; apertura oblongo-

ovata ; labio polito, subcalloso ; labro margine simplice, intus

tenuiter incrassato.

Long. 9 ; lat. 5 lin.

Hab. Malacca.

Shell ovate, rather solid, transversely striated, covered with ‘a dark-

olive epidermis; spire ovately conical, apex decollated ; whorls 43,

slightly convex, furnished with an obsolete ridge at the sutures, the

last rather more than half the length of the shell; aperture oblong-

ovate ; inner lip smooth, somewhat callous ; outer lip with the margin

simple, slightly thickened within.

This species differs from the type, C. nigricans, in being smaller

and less solid, and in having the spire shorter, with the sutural rib

almost obsolete,

Genus. Canip1a, H. Adams.

Operculum parvum, unguiculatum, corneum ; nucleo marginali,

rostro basali elevato munito.

Testa fusiformis ; spira longiore quam apertura, apice eroso ;

anfractibus convexiusculis,’ transversim plicatis ; apertura

elongato-ovata, antice valde emarginata ; columella truncata,

subrecta ; labro simplici, antice sinuato.

Operculum small, unguiculate, horny, the nucleus marginal and

furnished with an elevated process behind.

Shell fusiform ; spire longer than the aperture, apex eroded ;

whorls slightly convex, transversely plicate; aperture elongately

ovate, with a distinct notch in front; columella truncate, nearly

straight ; outer lip simple, with a sinus at the fore part.

This genus is nearly allied to Clea, but differs from it in the colu-

mella being nearly straight, and in there being a sinus in the fore

part of the outer lip. The distinct notch in front and the operculum

distinguish it from Hemisinus, and the operculum from Melanopsis.

The operculum is similar to that of a shell from Travancore lately

described by Mr. Benson as a species of Clea. The operculum of

the typical Clea nigricans I have not had an opportunity of ob-

serving. Melanopsis helena, from Java, is a second species of

Canidia.

Canipi14 Fusca, H. Adams.

C. testa elongata, tenui, radiatim plicata, plicis sulcisque striatis,

epidermide pallide fusca; spira elevata, apice eroso, sutura

impressa ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, prope suturam costis

tenuibus, ultimo dimidium teste vir equante, et ad basin sul-

cato ; apertura oblongo-ovata, intus alba; columella polita,

subcallosa.

Long. 10; lat. 43 lin.

Hab. Camboja.

1861.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS. 385

Shell elongate, thin, radiately plicate, the plicee and the interstices

striated, covered with a pale-brown epidermis ; spire elevated, the

apex eroded, the sutures distinct ; whorls 7, rather convex, furnished

with thin ribs at the sutures, the last less than half the length of the

shell, and sulcated at the base; aperture oblongo-ovate, white within ;

columella smooth, rather callous.

Genus Cryptopiax, Blainville.

Subgenus Noropiax, H. Adams.

Valve fere equales, acuminatim cordate, disjuncte, interstitiis

mediocribus subequalibus ; area lateralis subconspicua.

Valves of nearly equal size, acutely cordate, disunited, the intervals

between them moderate and nearly equal; lateral area slightly in-

dicated.

Crypropiax (Noropiax) speciosa, H. Adams.

C. testa elongata; valvis acuminatim cordatis, olivaceis Susco

maculatis, utraque lata, levi, costa in dorso instructa, margi-

nibus crusse granosis, area laterali elevata linea indicata.

Limbus fuscus, spinulosus; poris mediocribus, spiculis conspicuis

cinctis. :

Long. 36; lat. 12 lin.

Hab. Tasmania.

Shell elongate; valves acutely cordate, olivaceous with brown

markings, each with a broad smooth dorsal ridge, the sides coarsely

granular, the lateral area indicated by a raised line. Mantle brown,

spinulose ; the pores moderate, surrounded by conspicuous spicula.

This species is interesting from its possessing characters peculiar

to both the genera Cryptoplax and Acanthochetes. The separation

of the valves, however, induces me to place it in the former, but with

the rank of a subgenus.

Genus Seme er, Schumacher.

SEMELE Exicua, H. Adams.

S. testa oblonga, transversa, inequilaterali, nitida, tenui, alba,

concentrice tenuissime striata ; latere antico longiore, rotundato,

postico breviore, subangulato, ad marginem ventralem valde

Jlexuoso ; intus alba.

Long. 63; lat. 52 lin.

Hab. Tasmania.

Shell oblong, transverse, inequilateral, shining, thin, white, finely

striated concentrically ; anterior side the longer, rounded ; posterior

side the shorter, subangulated, with a strong fold continued to the

ventral margin ; white within.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XXV,

386 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. __[Noyv. 26,

6. Descriptions oF SIxTEEN New Species or LAND-SHELLS

FROM THE CoLLecTIoN oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L.

PFEIFFER.

(Plate XXXVII.)

1. Heirx puryne, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 7.) TT. imperforata,

depressa, tenuiuscula, epidermide tenui brevi setosa obducta,

albida, fasciis fuscis et nigricantibus varie ornata; spira vix

elevata, superne planata ; anfr. 44, convexiusculi, celeriter ac-

erescentes, ultimus subinflatus, antice breviter deflexus, basi

pallide fusca, late areolatus; apertura perobliqua, truncato-

ovalis; perist. album, marginibus subconniventibus, supero ex-

panso et latere dextro late revoluto, basali reflexo, prope in-

sertionem intus tuberculo minuto dentiformi instructo, loco

umbilici in laminam affixam dilatato.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Ternate (Mr. Wallace).

Nearly allied to H. exceptiuncula of Férussac, and perhaps iden-

tical with the shell figured in Férussac’s plate 73 A. fig. 1, under

the name of H. exceptiuncula, var.

2. Heirx tanceorata, Pfr. (16286). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 6.)

T. umbilicata, subtrochiformis, acute carinata, solida, striata

et minutissime granulata, superne cinereo-fuscescens ; spira co-

noidea, vertice fusco, nitido, acutiusculo ; sutura vix carinato-

marginata ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes,

ultimus non descendens, basi planiuscula, saturate rufus;

apertura diagonalis lanceolata ; perist. erpansum et ad cari-

nam late revolutum, margine basali fusco, leviter arcuato, sub-

late reflezo, ad insertionem dilatato, umbilicum angustum fere

occultante.

Diam. maj. 27, min. 223, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Ternate (Mr. Wallace).

3. Hexrx aracta, Pfr. (1842a@). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 5.) T.

umbilicata, perdepressa, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, fulves-

centi-albida, fasciis 4 rufis ornata; spira vix elevata, vertice

. obtuso; sutura submarginata; anfr. 43, convexiusculi, ultimus

peripheria obsolete angulata, antice subgibbosus, pone aper-

turam subcristatus ; apertura obliqua, elliptica ; perist. album,

late expansum et reflecum, marginibus approximatis, columel-

lari intus vix incrassato, ad insertionem dilatato, umbilicum

mediocrem conicum partim occultante.

Diam. maj. 253, min. 21, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Ternate.

4. Hexrx catypso, Pfr. (19384). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 8.) 7.

umbilicata, depressa, solidula, conferte striatula, fulva, ad su-

turam rufo unifasciata ; spira parum elevata, obtusa; anfr. A,

conveaiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens,

P.Z.S.186l. Plate XXXVII

GB Sowerby del et lith

W West imp

|. Pupineila bornsensis. 2.Bultmus felix: 3.Binclinatus. 4.B gloriosus.

5.Helmatacta. 6.1. lanceolate.'7 Hiphryne. 8.H_ calypso. 9. Gydostomus

isabella. 10 Leptopoma mgricans.]L L.cmetelhum. 12, menadense.

1861. ] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 387

peripheria subcarinata, subtus nitidior, fulvo-lutescens, circa

umbilicum infundibuliformem intus castaneum subangulatus ;

apertura perobliqua, irregulariter ovalis, intus albido-margari-

tacea ; perist. pallide lilaceum, marginibus convergentibus,

supero flecuoso, expanso et refiexiusculo, basali breviter reflexo,

columellari fere verticaliter ascendente.

Diam. maj. 36, min. 29, alt. 143 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

5. Butrmus etoriosus, Pfr. (118 a@). (Pl. XX XVII. fig. 4.) 7.

imperforata, conico-ovata, solida, oblique striata et lineis con-

fertis spiralibus minute decussata, sub epidermide pallide

virenti-fulva albido et spadiceo flammulata ; spira conica ;

sutura submarginata ; anfr. 73-8, convexiuscult, ultimus spira

brevior, prope basin et infra medium nigro-castaneo cingulatus ;

columella alba, subcompressa, leviter torta ; apertura parum

obliqua, ampla, ovalis; perist. album, marginibus callo cras-

siusculo lacteo junctis, dextro expanso et reflexiusculo, columel-

lari adnato.

Long. 78, diam. 34 mill.

Hab. Republic of Ecuador.

6. Bunimus FELIX, Pfr. (250 a). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 2.) 7.

compresse umbilicata, ovato-oblonga, tenuis, levigata, albida

vel carnea, strigis vel fasciis latis spadiceis albo punctulatis

ornata ; spira convexo-conica, vertice acuto nigricante ; anfr. 6,

conveciusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, antice subascendens,

basi attenuatus ; columella subtorta, recedens, fusco-violacea ;

apertura subverticalis, ovalis, intus violaceo limbata ; perist.

simplex, album, marginibus callo castaneo junctis, dextro late

expanso, columellari late reflexo, patente.

Long. 33, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. New Granada.

7. Bunimus tnciinatus, Pfr. (272 a). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 3.)

T. vie perforata, fusiformi-oblonga, solidula, striata et rugosa,

strits spiralibus exiliter sculpta, nitidula, albida ; spira conica,

acutiuscula ; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis for-

mans, ad basin attenuatus; columella callosa, substricte recedens;

apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro de-

orsum perdilatato, expanso, columellari subadnato.

Long. 33, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. New Granada.

8. ACHATINA BREvis, Pfr. (69 a). TT. conico-ovata, tenuis,

pellucida, fulvo-cornea ; spira conica, apice obtusulo ; anfr. 6,

modice convex, striis a sutura descendentibus deorsum evanes-

centibus distincte sculpti, ultimus spira paulo brevior, rotun-

datus ; columella antrorsum torta, fere horizontaliter trun-

388 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [ Noy. 26,

cata; apertura fere verticalis, sinuato-ovalis ; perist. simplex,

tenue.

Long. 8-9, diam. 5-55 mill.

Had. Ahmednuggur, India.

9. Pura sericina, Pfr. (102 a). 7. subumbilicata, ovato-conica,

subtilissime striatula, sericinu, hyalina; spira sursum sensim

attenuata, apice rotundato; anfr. 6, modice convert, ultimus

non ascendens, ad basin subcompressus; apertura subobliqua, ob-

longa, lamella intrante parietali marginem dextrum tangente

coarctata ; perist. callosum, album, rectangule patens.

Long. 33, diam. 2 mill.

Hab. 2

10. CycLosromus ISABELLA, Pfr. (41 a). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 9.)

T. umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, striis spiralibus ine-

qualiter distantibus cincta, nitidula, isabellina; spira brevis,

acutiuscula ; anfr. 54, conveai, ultimus dilatatus, subtus suble-

vigatus, circa umbilicum angustum Liris confertis sculptus ;

apertura parum obliqua, ovalis ; perist. albidum, marginibus

callo arcuatim exciso junctis, dextro late expanso et revoluto,

sinistro angusto, vix refleco. Operculum

Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 21 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

11. CycLorus NaATALENs!s, Pfr. (§ 6.37 a). T. anguste um-

bilicata, turbinata, solidula, vix striatula, nitida, lutescenti-

cornea, lineolis rufis minutissime variegata; spira turbinata,

acutiuscula ; anfr. 5, convexi, ultimus infra medium castaneo

unifasciatus ; apertura vix obliqua, subcircularis ; perist.

simplex, breviter adnatum, undique expansiusculum. Opere.

normale.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 93 mill.

Hab. Cape Natal.

12. LepropoMa NIGRICANS, Pfr.(§ 2). (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 10.)

T. anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, solidula, conferte striata,

sericina, fusco-nigrescens ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6%,

conveai, superiores obsoletissime spiraliter striati, ultimus infra

medium subcarinatus, subtus planior ; apertura obliqua, sub-

angulato-rotundata ; perist. album, duplex, internum vix por-

rectum, externum late patens, concentrice striatum, ad anfr.

contiguum subinterruptum.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Menado, Indian Seas.

13. LEPTOPOMA CINCTELLUM, Pfr.(126). (Pl. XX XVII. fig.11.)

T. anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, spiraliter

confertissime striata et liris 6 filiformibus (harum infima peri-

pherica acutiuscula) cincta, albida castaneo plurifasciata, vel

fulvida maculis obliquis fulvis minute variegata; spira turbi-

1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFFR ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 389

nata, acuta; sutura albida, subcrenata ; anfr. 5, convexi, ul-

timus inflatus, subtus obsoletissime liratus ; apertura obliqua,

Jere circularis ; perist. simplex, album, sublate patens, margi-

nibus callo tenuissime junctis, sinistro angusto.

Diam. maj. 15-16, min. 13, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Ternate.

14. LeEPTOPOMA MENADENSE, Pfr. (29 a). (Pl. XX XVII. fig. 12.)

T. perforata, globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, cari-

nata, alabastrina ; spira conica, acuta; anfr. 5, convexiusculi,

ultimus peripheria acute et compresse carinata, superne turgi-

dus et carinis 4 filiformibus (in anfractibus reliquis conspicuis)

munitus, subtus sublevigatus; apertura fere diagonalis, suban-

gulato-rotundata ; perist. album, marginibus approzimatis,

dextro late patente, ad carinam angulifero, columellari angusto.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Menado, Indian Seas.

15. PUPINELLA BORNEENSIS, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 1.) 7.

perforata, ovato-oblonga, tenuiuscula, confertissime capillaceo-

striata, sericinad, corneo-fusca ; spira ventrosa, vertice acutius-

culo; anfr.7, modice convexi, ultimus penultimo multo bre-

vior, antice dilatatus, circa perforationem cristatus; columella

sicut in P. pupiniformi; apertura subverticalis, circularis ;

perist. albidum, margine dextro expanso et reflexo, sursum

producto, columellari late patente.

Long. 13, diam. 53 mill.

Hab. Borneo.

16. Partruta caLteponica, Pfr. T. profunde et compresse um-

bilicata, solidula, oblongo-conica, irregulariter striata, pallide

carnea, strigis fusculis subconfertis irregulariter radiata ; spira

conica, acuta ; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, medii distincte spiraliter

striati, ultimus spira brevior, antice ascendens, medio impressus,

ad basin saccatus ; columella intus profunde subplicata ; aper-

tura parum obliqua, oblonga; perist. album, undique sublate

expansum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro subflexuoso.

Long. 22-223, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

December 10th, 1861.

Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary exhibited skins of an Otter from Amoy, and of

a Hare from the Island of Formosa, both forwarded to the Society

by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Corr. Memb.

390 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. [ Dec. 10,

Mr. Swinhoe, in a letter dated from the British Consulate, Amoy,

June 29th, 1861, said :—

«I have succeeded in getting a fine specimen of the Chinese Otter

at Amoy, which I have had skinned, and now send to your Society

overland. I also enclose in same box a small Hare received from my

collector in Formosa. ‘This last appears to me to be only the Lepus

sinensis, found abundantly from Foochow to Pekin. The Otter is,

I suppose, the Asiatic LZ. nair of Cuvier. It is here often found re-

sorting to rocky shores, and prying in the salt water: it is by no

means abundant, and difficult to procure. Indeed, notwithstanding

all my vigilance, this specimen is the first adult that I have suc-

ceeded in procuring.

“T have an immature living specimen of Mustela sibirica that I

intend sending to the Society. It is very tame, and, if properly

cared for on the passage home, will perhaps reach you in safety. I

fancy that the species is not in your Gardens, and will probably

prove an acceptable acquisition.

“T am off to Formosa on the Ist July, and will there exert myself

for the Society, if you will let me know what animals will be accept-

able. ‘Two species of Monkeys are found there, a small Muntjac

(Cervulus), the new Cervus taévanus of Blyth, and, it is said, another

Cervus which I have not yet seen. Turtles of two species are abund-

ant. You will hear from me again if I succeed in making any dis-

coveries. I, of course, take with me my staff of bird-shooters and

stuffers. My immense Amoy ornithological collections I intend

leaving for the present at Amoy.”

The Secretary likewise stated that the box of skins shipped by

Mr. Swinhoe on the “ Harkaway,”’ and referred to by him in his

letter read before the Society on the 9th of April last *, had arrived

in safety.

The Deer procured in the Imperial Parks of the Summer Palace

at Pekin, and supposed by Mr. Swinhoe to be referable to Cervus

wallichii, was apparently not of that species. It had been submitted

to the examination of Dr. Gray, who had already communicated the

results of his investigations on this subject to the Society (see

anted, p. 236).

The Mole was considered by Dr. Gray to belong to a new species

with a white tail, differing in the large size of its molars from 7’. lew-

cura of India, and in the latter character agreeing with Talpa mi-

erura of Hodgson, but having only two false molars on each side

above. The Hedgehog was Hrinaceus collaris.

The Snakes were of two species, concerning which Dr. Ginther

had kindly supplied the following note :—

the European Tropidonotus natrix. It is at once distinguished by

a black collar without yellow nuchal spots (as im the South European

variety, Trop. natrix, var. siculus, Cuv.), and secondly by two an-

terior ocular shields—a character by which it approaches Trop.

* See area, p. 134.

“cae 844M,

‘TINOS@UVHOTHY VINO

OMLOLTE

mITAX PFET OSL 'S Zick

1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW PLECTROPOMA. 391

hydrus, a species from Western Asia. Those who prefer to con-

sider the Chinese 7'ropidonotus as a separate specific form may call

it Trop. orientalis, with the following characters :—

‘*TROPIDONOTUS ORIENTALIS.

“Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled ; upper labials seven, the third

and fourth entering the orbit ; two anterior and three or four poste-

terior oculars ; anterior frontals not pointed, rather obtuse in front.

Greenish olive, with three series of black spots anteriorly, becoming

very indistinct on the middle of the trunk; a black subcrescentic

spot on each side of the neck, without yellow ; posterior margins

of the upper labials and a spot on the temple black. Belly more

or less blackish. Three temporal shields, the anterior of which is

the largest, in contact with two oculars. Ventral shields 152, anal

bifid; subcaudals 64.

“ Hab. N. China (Swinhoe).

«‘The second species of Snakes from Pekin is Hlaphis dione, and

the specimens do not show any difference from an individual from

the Caucasus.”

Dr. Giinther exhibited some Charrs from different localities in

England, Wales, and Ireland. He considered the Irish species

undescribed, and proposed to call it Salmo grayii; but promised

further particulars at a subsequent meeting.

Mr. Bartlett exhibited a specimen of a young Polar Bear born in

the Society’s Menagerie, and made some remarks in confirmation of

his observations as contained in a communication to the Society on

a previous occasion (see P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 130).

The Rev. H. B. Tristram exhibited a Snake from Pekin (referred

by Dr. Giinther to Bungarus fasciatus) and a series of Pipits, which

seemed to lead him to the conclusion that the Anthus spinoletta

of the Continent (if a good species) occurred also in England.

The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species oF PLECTROPOMA FROM AUSTRALIA.

By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Plate XXXVIII.)

PLECTROPOMA RICHARDSONII.

D. 2. A.z. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the

total length, the length of the head three times and a quarter. Inter-

orbital space concave, half as wide as the orbit. Snout conical, with

the lower jaw produced. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary

extending behind the orbit. Dentition very strong; the upper jaw

with a patch of cardiform teeth in front, and a narrow villiform band

392 MR. A. NEWTON ON A HYBRID DUCK. [Dec. 10,

on the side; there is a very long curved canine tooth on the outer

side of the cardiform teeth, followed by a series of five or six teeth

of moderate size. Lower jaw with a pair of very strong canines

anteriorly, and with four or five strong, canine-like teeth on the

side. The upper canines are received in a notch behind those of the

lower jaw. Vomerine and palatine teeth in a narrow band, the

former angularly bent.

Lower jaw more than half as long as the head. Preeopercular

margin rounded, finely serrated posteriorly, and with a small spine

on the middle of its inferior margin, pointing forwards. Pectoral

rounded, scaly at the base, as long as the mandible; ventral not

quite half as long as the head. The spinous dorsalis separated from

the soft by a very deep notch: the spines are rather slender ; the

fifth and sixth are the longest, one fourth of the length of the head.

The soft portion higher than the spinous, with the upper margin

nearly even; base scaly. The second anal spine as long as, but

stronger than, the third. Caudal truncated.

Upper part of the head, cheeks, back of the trunk, and the spinous

dorsal bright red ; the remainder of the fish yellow, with a very

broad, irregular, brown band from the axil to the lower half of the

caudal. Head and upper parts of the body with scattered irregular

small blue spots, most of which are edged with brown; the brown

band with large dark-brown spots. Fins immaculate, except the

spinous dorsal, which has a few small blue spots.

Freemantle (Australia).

Length 153 inches.

The nearest ally of this species is Plectropoma dentex, Cuv. & Val.;

but the coloration, as represented in the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe’

(Poiss. pl. 4. fig. 2), is so entirely different that we cannot refer our

specimen to that species. Pl. dentex has been figured for the

second time in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ pl. 57, from

a stuffed specimen in the British Museum. This specimen agrees

well with P/. richardsonii in general form, but its original colours

have nearly entirely gone ; large round light blotches are still visible

on the side of the body, but there is no trace left of the white spots

on the back. Whether this specimen belongs to Pl. dentex or to

Pl. richardsonii is impossible to say ; probably it is referable to the

former.

2. On a Hysrip Duck. By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.Z8.

I am indebted to the kindness of my friend Mr. Newcome for the

opportunity of exhibiting to the Society a specimen of a fine hybrid

Duck, beautifully mounted by Mr. Ellis of Swaffham, which presents

several points of interest.

This bird (a male) was bred by Mr. Durham of Bremley Grange,

near Ripon, from a male Widgeon (Mareca penelope, Selby) and a

female which was a cross between the common Wild Duck (Anas

Ts.

Lath

leormb, 1

[13

1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. 393

boschas, Linn.) and an ordinary farm-yard Duck. It was sent to

Mr. Newcome by the intelligent gamekeeper at Hornby Castle,

Mr. Anthony Savage, from whom I learn that Mr. Durham has

since bred several other hybrids from the same male Widgeon and a

female of the domesticated variety of Anas boschas known as the

“ Grey Call-duck.” Of these hybrids Mr. Savage informs me that

he sent a pair to Mr. Grantley Berkeley, and another pair to Mr.

John Hancock.

No detailed notice of the particular cross I now exhibit has to my

knowledge been hitherto published, though Mr. Yarrell in the last

edition of his work (‘B. B.’ ed. 3, iii. p. 276) mentions the fact as

having occurred, and my friend M. de Selys-Longchamps, who has,

it is well known, devoted especial attention to the subject, informed

me about two years ago that he was aware of other instances of such

a hybrid. According to the views of the last-named accurate ob-

server, the Anas bimaculata of Keyserling and Blasius*—the Anas

glocitans of Gmelin (but not of Pallas)—is the result of this cross ;

and Mr. Berkeley has also expressed a similar opinion (‘ Field,’

March 16,1861). With the greatest deference to these authorities,

my own idea is that the birds so denominated have descended from

the Wild Duck (Anas boschas, Linn.) and the Teal (Querquedula

crecca, Steph.), as has already been suggested by Mr. Tomes and

Mr. Bartlett (‘ Zoologist,’ p. 1698); and I have arrived at this con-

clusion not only from repeated examinations of the specimens de-

scribed by Mr. Vigors (Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 559), which are now

in the British Museum, but also from having seen several other birds

of the same kind in different collections.

The principal distinctions observable between the subject of the

present notice and the so-called Anas bimaculata are in the greater

size of the former, and in the comparative obsoleteness of the dark

patch which, in that supposed species, separates the lighter-coloured

spots on the sides of the head. In the bird I now submit to your

notice this patch is reduced to a mete line, scarcely perceptible until

looked for. The breast also wants the well-defined dark spots which

are characteristic of the hybrid known as the ‘“‘ Bimaculated Duck.”

3. ON SOME NEW OR RARE Birps’ Eeces.

By Atrrep Nrewron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

(Plate XXXIX.)

Without in any way wishing to exact for oology a greater degree

of attention than most naturalists think it deserves, I entertain a

very strong conviction that its study will eventually be found highly

useful to the systematic ornithologist. I am, however, quite content

* Several writers assign the authority of Pennant for the trivial name ‘‘ dima-

culata.” J cannot trace it further back than the ‘ Wirbelthiere Europa’s’ of the

naturalists I have mentioned. There is no question about the Anas glocitans of

Pallas being a good species, but I do not know any recorded instance of its oc-

currence in Europe.

394 . MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. [Dec. 10,

to let the future decide the matter, and am even prepared to be

considered, with my brother egg-collectors, for the present as nothing

more than one of a number of harmless enthusiasts. But scientific

naturalists, for whom I yield to none in respect, must remember

that, as M. Des Murs in his late able work has well remarked, our

special branch of study is quite in its infancy. We scarcely know

the oological characters of a tithe of the 7000 or 8000 species of

birds which are supposed to exist ; and of these our knowledge ex-

tends to little more than two of the six physical regions of the earth.

Besides, it is only recently that our inquiries have been pursued

with that attention to facts which the nature of the subject pre-

eminently requires. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at if many of

the conclusions which, notwithstanding our very limited acquaintance

with the study, some of us have attempted to form, are found on

further research to be ill-founded. But there is, I hope, no need

for me to protract these apologetic remarks; I have only to add

that, in exhibiting to the Society a few rare or new eggs which it has

been my good fortune, chiefly through the kindness of several friends,

recently to procure, I am not actuated by any ostentatious motive,

but rather by a reliance on the truth of the old adage that ‘seeing

is believing.”” Knowing, as I do, that the most scrupulous exactness

in recording the dimensions and in describing the colours of eggs

fails to give any accurate notion of the originals, I shall rather dwell,

in what I have to say, on the history of the different specimens than

on their appearance, mentioning also briefly what is known by

me of the nesting of the species to which they belong.

Snowy Ow.

Nyctea nivea, Bonaparte.

I must confess to having done my friends Mr. Hewitson and Mr.

Wilmot the injustice of believing that they had, without due cause,

ascribed an egg possessed by the last named gentleman to this species.

Still so little has been published in England respecting the Snowy

Owl’s manner of nidification, that I hold myself excused for here

presenting to the Society what information I have been able to col-

lect on the subject, in illustration of the specimens I exhibit.

Towards the latter half of the last century Mr. Hutchins, in his

manuscript observations on the habits of birds in the Hudson’s Bay

territory, says of his “Spotted Owl” or ‘“ Wapacuthu,” that it

‘makes a nest in the moss on the dry ground,” and “lays from five

to ten eggs in May.”’ Sir John Richardson, from whom I quote

this statement, seems uncertain as to the species to which Hutchins’s

remarks refer (‘Fauna Bor.-Amer.’ ii. p. 86, note), but I think

there cannot be much doubt that it was the Snowy Owl. Sir John

further states (op. cit. p. 89), as the result of his own inquiries, that

this bird “ makes its nest on the ground, and lays three or four white

eggs.” So also Mr. Hearne confirms the truth of Hutchins’s obser-

tion (‘ Journey,’ p. 402)—a statement which Mr. Cassin (‘B. Calif.’

p- 194) is inclined to doubt.

1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. 395

According to Herr Wallengren (‘ Naumannia,’ 1854, p. 78), Pro-

fessor Lilljeborg on June 3rd, 1843, found on the Dovrefjeld a nest

of this bird, containing seven eggs, placed on a little shelf on the

top of a bare mountain, far from the forest, and easy of access. Pro-

fessor Nilsson mentions (‘Skand. Faun.’ ed. 3, IL. i. p. 101, note),

on the authority of my friend Herr A. G. Nordvi, that the Lapps in

East Finmark assert that the Snowy Owl lays from eight to ten eggs

in a little depression of the bare ground on the high mountains.

These accounts are in every way corroborated by the information

obtained by Mr. John Wolley, during his long sojourn in Lapland.

He several times met with persons who had found nests of this Owl,

and states (‘ Forhandl. Skand. Naturf.’ 7de Méde, p. 221) that he

was told the old birds sometimes attack persons that approach their

nests. He was, however, unsuccessful in obtaining their eggs. They

seem to breed commonly in the districts explored by him only when

the Lemmings are unusually abundant. From his chief agent, who

is now in my own employment, I learn that from the 16th to the

24th of May is supposed to be the time when they usually breed,

and that in 1860 a Lapp, who was not, unfortunately, one of his re-

gular collectors, found a nest with six eggs, which, instead of presery-

ing, he ate.

Many specimens, said to be the eggs of this bird, have of late been

received by European oologists, all of which so closely agree with

one another, and differ so much from those of other Owls, that I

believe they have been rightly assigned. Some are stated—with

what truth I know not—to have come from Count Hoffmansegg,

who a few years ago was collecting around Archangel. The majority,

however, are from the Moravian missionaries in Labrador. One of

these, which I now exhibit, I obtained this last autumn at Herrnhut

from Herr Méschler. He received it with several others in 1860

from Okkak, one of the four stations maintained on that coast by

the United Brethren. He has had in all more than two dozen from

that quarter. The Esquimaux find them and bring them to the

missionaries ; and the accounts they give tally exactly with those I

have just quoted from other sources. The bird always breeds on

the ground in bare places, and often lays a considerable number of

eggs. The second egg I exhibit is also from Herr Méschler, but

received by me through the intervention of Dr. Baldamus. It is

stated to have come from North-eastern Russia; but more concern-

ing it I do not know.

Mr. Hewitson has twice figured (‘ Eggs B. B.’ ed. 2, pl. 12*., and

ed. 3, pl. 18. f. 3) the specimen to which I have before alluded, from

the collection of Mr. Wilmot, who has kindly informed me he re-

ceived it with another from a missionary station in Labrador, whence

in the preceding year two young birds, taken from the same nest,

had been brought by the same person.

GoLD-VENTED THRUSH.

Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieill.).

As far as I know, this is the only egg received in England which

396 MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS EGGS. _[Dec. 10,

with any amount of probability can be assigned to this species. It

was sent to me about a year ago by Mr. Edgar Layard of the South

African Museum, Cape Town, who tells me that, to the best of his

belief, it is rightly assigned. However, he did not take it himself,

though he says that the finder knows the birds of the colony toler-

ably well. It certainly appears to be the egg of an Ixodine or Pyc-

nonotine bird ; but I believe there are found at the Cape of Good

Hope, besides Pycnonotus aurigaster, three other allied species,

namely, P. capensis, Andropadus importunus, and Phyllostrephus

capensis, the former of which, at least, would seem to breed in the

country (Victorin, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. ii. no. 10. p. 34).

I can hardly allude to this species without expressing my entire

dissent from the opinion of those naturalists who, on the strength of

the occurrence of an example of it in the county Waterford, would

recognize it asa “‘ British bird.” Ido not, however, question the fact

of the occurrence as reported ; nor do I doubt that the species was

rightly determined, though for myself I have not seen the specimen.

NUTCRACKER.

Nucifraga caryocatactes, Leach.

A genuine specimen of this bird’s egg—that is, one which has

been properly identified and authenticated—has for some time been

the desideratissimumof my collection. Of the examples I now exhibit,

that which I am most inclined to believe in is one sent to England

in 1860 by Mr. H. W. Wheelwright, who writing from Gardsj6 in

Wermeland, under the signature of “‘ An Old Bushman”? (‘ Field,’

No. 409, Oct. 27th, 1860), says, ‘The nest of the Nutcracker I

never took myself; but it breeds in Sweden, and this year I received

two sets of eggs not far from here from a correspondent upon whom

I can rely. In both cases the eggs were four; and, though I saw

neither nest [tz situ?], it was described as being in a small fir, and

not unlike the nest of a Jay.” Four of the eggs, the contents of

one nest, are now in the collection of Mr. John Hancock, where I

have seen them, and in general appearance they closely resemble the

example now shown. Of the remaining three, from the other nest,

one was unfortunately broken, while the other two, which, I am in-

formed, agree with the present in colouring, are also in the posses-

sion of English collectors. It will be seen, from the specimen which

is the subject of these remarks, that they were in no way like

eggs of the Jay (Garulus glandarius, Leach). Indeed, they have

more the appearance of being dwarfed eggs of the Magpie (Pica

caudata, Flem.); but the description of the nests furnished to Mr.

Wheelwright precludes us from so considering them ; and the fact

of the entire contents of two nests being so exactly similar renders it

somewhat improbable that they should be abnormal varieties laid by

that or any other bird.

Of the remaining examples now exhibited, two were sent me by

Dr. Eduard Baldamus. One of these was received by him from the

South Carpathian Mountains, through Herr Bielz. In colour, as Dr.

Baldamus has stated (‘ Naumannia,’ I. i. p. 71), it is not unlike a

1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. 397

palely-marked Jackdaw’s egg (Corvus monedula, Linn.), but the

nest is said to have somewhat resembled a Jay’s. The other was

obtained by Dr. Baldamus from Savoy, through the Abbé Caire.

It is rather larger than the preceding, and has the ground-colour of

a paler blue-green, and is not very much unlike the egg of the Alpine

Chough (Pyrrhocorax alpinus, Vieill.). Herr F. W. Badeker has

described and figured a second specimen procured in the same quarter

(‘ Journ. f. Orn.’ 1856, p. 32, pl. 1. f. 1), which more resembles my

Transylvanian one. Baron Richard Konig-Warthausen, in an able

paper lately published (‘ Journ. f. Orn.’ 1861, pp. 33-44), has ex-

pressed his opinion that the eggs obtained by Dr. Baldamus from

Herr Bielz are Jays’, and that those procured from M. Caire only

are entitled to the consideration of naturalists as Nutcrackers’. The

eggs which my friend Mr. Tristram has described (‘ Ibis,’ 1860,

pp- 169, 170) IT am compelled, much against my will, to doubt.

One of them, which I have seen and compared with my series of the

eggs of the Siberian Jay (Perisoreus infaustus, Bp.), is not to be

distinguished by any character I can detect.

The remaining two eggs I now exhibit, though sent to me as those

of the Nutcracker, are without doubt abnormal Jackdaws’.

Under these circumstances I forbear from having any of my spe-

cimens figured, in the hope that before long I shall have the pleasure

of giving some more certain information on the subject.

Pauuas’s SAND-GROUSE.

Syrrhaptes paradozus (Pallas). Pl. XXXIX. fig. 1.

No egg of this species, I believe, has ever before been seen in

England, though I understand that Herr Radde has obtained speci-

mens in Eastern Siberia, which are nowin St. Petersburg. The pre-

sent example was laid in the Society’s Gardens, June 21st, 1861, by

one of the birds brought from China. I saw it a very few hours

after it had been produced. Its colour was then very brilliant, the

brown spots showing warmly against the fresh sea-green ground. It

was placed in the incubator; but a few days afterwards Mr. Bartlett

found it to be cracked, and it was purchased by me from the Society.

I should add that there were no birds of any other species in the

cage where this egg was laid.

MacQueEeEn’s BustTarp.

Houbara macqueeni, Bonaparte. Pl. XXXIX. fig. 5.

Without being able to express an opinion of my own on the ques-

tion whether the Houbaras of Africa and Asia are to be considered

specifically distinct, I am content to include in this list of oological

novelties an egg of the eastern race, which was sent to me by Mr.

Christian Rassam, Her Majesty’s Consul at Mosul, with the infor-

mation that it was taken by an Arab at Tel-Yacoob, May 21st, 1860.

Mr. Blyth, I believe, is unequivocally of opinion that the Houbaras

of the Mesopotamian plains are identical with those of Scinde and

Affghanistan ; I therefore think that I am justified in figuring the pre-

398 MR. Ae NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. [Dec. 10,

sent specimen as a genuine one of MacQueen’s Bustard, though both

the Great and Little Bustards (Otis tarda, Linn., and Tetrax campes-

tris, Leach) also occur in Assyria. The present egg does not differ

much from that of the western form (Houbara undulata, Bp.); but,

as far as I know, it is the only one that has yet reached any Euro-

pean collector.

Grey PLover.

Squatarola helvetica, Brehm. Pl. XXXIX. fig. 2.

The egg of this cosmopolitan species has been confessedly one of

the rarest and most sought for by collectors. It is now well known

that Sir John Richardson must have been mistaken in his assertion

(‘F. B.-A,’ ii. p. 370) that the Grey Plover breeds in Pennsyl-

vania.

The specimen which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting was

sent me a few months ago by my friend Dr. Baldamus, who re-

ceived it from Councillor von Middendorff. This intrepid traveller

states (‘Sib. Reise,’ II. ii. p. 290) that the bird breeds on the

Byrrangaé Mountains, in latitude 74° N., as well as on the Boganida,

in latitude 71° N., and that it is much less common there than

Charadrius pluvialis. He found a nest on June 26th, with four eggs,

which he describes with some minuteness, besides figuring an ex-

ample (t. 19. f. 1). They greatly resemble in character those of

the Lapwing (Vanellus cristatus) and Dotterel (Hudromias mori-

nellus), but are much larger. My specimen is, I believe, a good deal

under the average size, and yet it is more bulky than any Golden

Plover’s that I have, thereby confirming Von Middendorff’s remark.

With it Dr. Baldamus sent me a memorandum, bearing the autograph

of the discoverer, as follows :—

Squatarola helvetica, = °43, fluv. Taimyr, 74°.—Middff.”’

Littye STInt.

Actodromas minuta, Kaup.

For the knowledge of the egg of this species oologists are indebted

to the researches of Von Middendorff, and I for its possession to the

kindness of Dr. Baldamus, who received the specimen I am now able

to show from that distinguished Siberian explorer. He states (‘ Sib.

Reise,’ II. ii. p. 221) that he found the bird breeding on the river

Taimyr, in latitude 74° N.; but apparently only obtained a single

nest of four eggs, one of which is before you, taken, it would seem,

July 1st—the same day as the Grey Plover’s egg I have just men-

tioned. As might be expected, the specimen agrees very much with

those of the kindred Limonites temmincki, which he states breeds in

the same locality, but is a much rarer bird there.

Great Waite HERon.

Egretia alba, Bonaparte. Pl. XXXIX. fig. 6.

In a former edition of his well-known work, Mr. Hewitson figured

1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS’ EGGS. 399

(‘ Eggs B. B.’ 2nd ed. pl. 75. f. 1) a supposed ege of this species,

but most wisely, as I think, omitted it from his latest volume.

Whether the original of his drawing was that of the large American

Egret (2. leuce, Bp.) or of the Indian allied species EZ. nigriro-

stris, Gray) I cannot say ; but I feel very sure it was not that of

the European bird. I believe the present specimen to be in all re-

spects the most satisfactory of any that I have the pleasure to bring

before the Society this evening. It was given to me by my excellent

friend Dr. Baldamus, having been taken by himself in Hungary some

fourteen years ago ; and he assures me that during that time it never

left his possession until it passed into mine.

The late Baron von Lébenstein seems to have been the first dis-

coverer of the nidification of this beautiful Heron, in 1840; and in

1847 Dr. Baldamus found another breeding-place, like the former, in

Hungary. From the accounts published (‘ Naumannia,’ 1851, iii.

p. 18, and iv. p. 41), the nests on both occasions were placed in

beds of gigantic reeds, and were very difficult of access. A large

colony of Purple Herons (4rdea purpurea, Linn.) were also breed-

ing in company ; but the great difference in the size of the eggs of

the two species renders it almost impossible that any mistake should

have been made by the captors. Dr. Baldamus only obtained a dozen

specimens of Hyretta alba, of which I think he has but a single one

remaining in his cabinet, so great has been his liberality towards his

fellow-collectors. The egg I now show is much larger than that of

any other European species of Heron,—so much so, that some of my

friends have suggested, in ignorance of the circumstances of the

case, that it may have been a double-yelked monstrosity. But I

think this objection will vanish when the length of the legs in the

Great White Heron is taken into consideration *, coupled with the

memorandum of Dr. Baldamus, from which I translate the follow-

ing :—

‘ The eggs of Ardea alba were found on the 23rd June, 1847, in

a great marsh on the ‘ White Morass,’ adjoining the Ecska, near

Nagy-Becskerek, in the Royal Banat (South Hungary). In all

there were twelve specimens, the whole ready to hatch. The young

had white down. The very large nests stand on the luxuriant stems

of a forest of reeds, which are about 12 feet high, and some hundred

yards from the margin. Altogether there were eleven or twelve

pairs breeding, and pretty near to one another. Most of the nests

contained small young, clothed in white down.”

* The best and most detailed description of this bird with which I am ac-

quainted is that of MacGillivray (‘ Hist. B. B.’ iv. pp. 460 e¢ seg.), though he is

certainly wrong in considering his British specimen, which he there calls Eyretta

nigrirostris, as distinct from the Continental Z. alba. He gives (p. 469) the fol-

lowing dimensions :—Bare part of tibia 5 inches 6 lines, tarsus 7 inches 9 lines,

third toe 4 inches 6 lines; while in the Common Heron (drdea cinerea, Linn.)

the same parts measure respectively 2 inches 6 lines, 6 inches | line, 3 inches

6 lines (p. 443). In a former work this laborious ornithologist had denomi-

nated the same specimen Frodius victorie (§ Man. B. Orn.’ ii. p. 131).

400 MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRDS EGGS. ___[ Dee. 10,

STELLER’s Duck.

Somateria stelleri (Pall.). Pl. XXXIX. fig. 4.

To the same kind friend, Dr. Baldamus, I owe the opportunity

of exhibiting the egg of this bird, which is one that he received from

Von Middendorff, who states (< Sib. Reise,’ II. ii. pp. 234, 235) that

he discovered it breeding pretty commonly on the flat ‘“tundras” of

the Taimyr. On the 25th June the nests found contained from seven

to nine newly-laid eggs, of which he gives in his work representa-

tions of three specimens (tab. 23. figs. 3-5).

I may perhaps be allowed to add that, towards the end of June

and in July 1855, when in East Finmark in company with Mr. W.

H. Simpson and the late Mr. John Wolley, we saw several small

flocks of this species at various places along the Waranger Fjord,

but we could never detect an old male in the breeding-plumage ; and

I imagine that it is seldom that one is to be found there in summer,

though in winter and spring adults certainly occur, as we not only

learned from the inhabitants, but as may be seen from the account

given by Herr Schrader (‘ Journ. f. Orn.’ 1853, pp. 320, 321). Mr.

Wolley succeeded in shooting three birds, which I myself dissected ;

and the figures of the trachea of this species, given by Mr. Yarrell

in the last edition of his work (‘ B. B.’ 3rd ed. iii. p. 309) are taken

from the specimens I then prepared ; but unfortunately, the engraver

having omitted to reverse the drawings placed in his hands, the re-

presentations are in this particular inaccurate. These examples were

apparently all young ones of the preceding year ; but as the trachea

of the Eider (Somateria mollissima, Boie), when immature, does not

differ from that of the adult, I think we may safely infer that these

present the same appearance that they would have done had the

subjects been older. Though we made unceasing inquiries, we could

not ascertain that Steller’s Duck breeds in any part of Norway or in

the adjoining districts of Russia. In its habits it seems to resemble

the common Eider, as much as it does in general appearance ; and

those I saw were only to be distinguished, at a distance, from the fe-

males or young males of that species by their smaller size. They were

generally found swimming near the shore, or sitting at low water on

the sea-weed-covered rocks, or flying near the surface from point to

point. On one occasion, just as we had crossed a small but rapid

river a few hundred yards from its mouth, a large flock came flying

down over the water. They passed quite close to us, but our guns

were not at hand. I presume they had been feeding higher up the

stream; but at no other time did I ever see them at any distance

from the shore.

Ivory GULL.

Pagophila eburnea, Kaup.

I obtained this egg also from Dr. Baldamus, who procured it from

the late Apothecary Mechlenburg of Flensborg, with the informa-

tion that it was brought to him from Spitzbergen. In that distant

island, I believe, no other species exists which is likely to lay an egg

1861.} MR. A. NEWTON ON RARE BIRD’S EGGS. 401

like the present specimen. For this reason, therefore, I am chiefly

inclined to trust in it. At the same time I am bound to say that,

until a few days ago, I never heard of but one instance of the Ivory

Gull’s nest having been found in Spitzbergen. In 1854 a veteran

walrus-hunter told Mr. Wolley that he believed it bred in the north-

east of the country, and even indicated the spot by name—Porro-

vara (7. e. Remdeer Hill). But in most years the ice keeps vessels

off that part of the coast until August, when, of course, it is too late

for eggs. From another source I learn that the naturalist of the

Swedish Arctic Expedition which last summer was examining the

Spitzbergen seas is said to have obtained in July some eggs of the

Ivory Gull, hard sat-on. I hope, therefore, shortly to be able to

bring before the Society a better-authenticated specimen.

FORKED-TAILED GULL.

Xema sabini, Leach.

The ruins of an egg of this rare Gull were sent me by Dr. Bal-

damus. He obtained it from Von Middendorff, who found the spe-

cies on the lakes of the ¢undras and the little islets at the mouth of

the Taimyr, breeding abundantly in company with the Arctic Tern

(Sterna macrura, Naum.), as Gen. Sabine had done twenty years

previously on the islands in Melville Bay: He gives also a figure of

an egg (‘Sib. Reise,’ II. ii. p. 244, t. 25. f.1). Whether any spe-

cimens were brought home by the first discoverer of this species I

do not know ; if so, it is probable they are no longer in existence,

though it is clear, from the accounts given (‘ Linn. Trans.’ xii.

p- 520), that many might have been procured. I am not aware that

any of the later Arctic voyagers obtained others ; nor has greater suc-

cess attended the Greenland correspondents of the Danish naturalists.

PoMERINE Sxkva.

Lestris pomerinus, Temminck. Pl. XXXIX. fig. 3.

I am again indebted to Dr. Baldamus for one of the specimens of

this egg that I now exhibit. It was sent to him by Von Midden-

dorff, who states (‘ Sib. Reise,’ II. ii. p. 240) that the bird breeds

in especial abundance on the ¢uadras adjoining the river Taimyr.

He found the first eggs on the 7th July in latitude 74° N., two

lying on the moor without any nest ; and in his work (t. 24. f. 1) he

gives a representation of a specimen. Other examples in my collec-

tion I have obtained from Pastor Theobald and Conservator Con-

radsen of Copenhagen, whither they were sent from the Danish

settlement in Greenland ; but these are not so fully identified as my

Siberian specimen, which forms the subject of the accompanying

illustration.

In June 1855, Mr. Simpson and myself observed off Berlevaag,

a promontory east of the North Cape, large flocks of this species.

On our return a few weeks afterwards with Mr. Wolley, we again

saw them. In 1857, that gentleman sought diligently, but un-

successfully, for their breeding-place in this district. He was led

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XXVI.

402 DR. SCLATER ON THE OCELLATED TURKEY. [Dec. 10,

believe that in the years when the Lemmings swarm in the moun-

tains, they usually breed far in the interior of the country ; for this,

as well as the allied species of Lestris, preys much on these little

rodents. It is perhaps worthy of remark that, in the full-plumaged

Pomerine Skua, the middle tail-feathers have a kind of twist in their

shafts, which brings the lower surfaces to meet together towards

their extremities in a vertical direction ; and this peculiarity gives

the bird, when on the wing, a very singular appearance, as we had

several opportunities of observing.

Having profited so largely by the generosity of Dr. Baldamus,

it is only fitting that I should close these remarks by saying that

in August last I had the pleasure of looking over his egg-cabinet,

which, in the number of European species it contains, is the richest I

have ever seen. He has not, it is true, a very large series of any

one sort; but he has now been collecting for many years with un-

remitting eare, especially with regard to the genuineness of the spe-

cimens he has obtained. Hence not only are the results very va-

luable, but, in critically inspecting the contents of his cabinet, one has

no cause for exercising that restramt on one’s remarks which is un-

fortunately so often the case when viewing collections interspersed

with examples manifestly spurious, owing to the want of attention

to the great principles of identification and authentication.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1. Egg of Syrrhaptes paradoxus.

-. 9, Sguatarola helvetica.

» Lestris pomerinus.

Somateria stelleri.

» Houbara macqueeni.

» Lgretta alba.

Pe RYT

4. NotrE ON THE OcELLATED TurRKEY OF Honpuras. By

Puitie Luriry Scuater, M.A., F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE

Society.

(Plate XL.)

The drawings which I now exhibit (Plate XL.) are the results

of careful studies by Mr. Wolf of the heads of the male and female

of the Ocellated Turkey of Honduras (Meleagris ocellata, Tem-

minck). The upper figure represents the head of the male bird,

and the lower that of the female. It willbe at once observable how

peculiar the wattles are in this Turkey, and how different from those

of the ordinary Meleagris gallopavo of the United States, and the

closely allied M. mexicana of Mexico.

The first Ocellated Turkey in the Society’s possession was a female

bird, presented by the Earl of Ilchester in 1831.

‘ In 1856 three Ocellated Turkeys were obtained in Honduras, and

brought over to this country in the August of that year, by the com-

bined care and skill of Mr. George M. Skinner and Capt. Wilson of

the Royal Mail Steamship Company. They were placed by Her

Majesty the Queen, to whom in the first instance they were presented,

oni

ote ees ae

P.Z.5.1861 Plate XL.

M.& N Hanhart. lop

HEADS OF MELEAGRIS OCELLATA 16 2?

1861.) REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON BERMUDAN MOLLUSKS. 403

in the Society’s Gardens in the September following, and we had

for some time great hopes of inducing them to breed with us. But,

although they lived nearly two years in the Menagerie, they were

evidently not in good health, and died without young birds being

obtained from them.

In April last our Corresponding Member Mr. Robert Owen, of San

Geronimo in Guatemala, brought us home a single female of this

species, which he had obtained from the district of Peten. On its

arrival this bird was in very poor condition, but is now doing tolerably

well. As Mr. Owen has returned to Guatemala, and promises us

to use every effort to obtain more examples of this beautiful species,

we need not yet despair of seeing the Ocellated Turkey established

in our poultry-yards.

5. CATALOGUE OF A CoLLEcTION oF MoLiusKs FROM BERMUDA.

By H. B. Tristram, M.A., F.L.S., Corr. Memes. Z.8.

Dr. Sclater having kindly intrusted to me a small collection of

thirty species of Mollusks from Bermuda, presented to the Zoological

Society by Colonel Freeman Murray, late Governor of the Bermudas,

I have been induced, while cataloguing this collection, to make a list

of the shells in my possession, which I obtained while resident for

some time in those islands. My cabinet contains about 150 Ber-

mudan species, including all those presented by Col. Freeman Murray.

This list, however, might be indefinitely extended, as I unfortunately

paid very little attention to the subject while in the islands, never

used the dredge, nor collected systematically, so that nearly the whole

of my species are from the laminarian zone, excepting a few gathered

from the fishing-boats. I am not aware of any conchologist having

yet systematically examined the coral-reefs or sandy bottoms of the

Bermudas,—the only attempt at an enumeration of the Mollusks

being, so far as I am aware, a most meagre list by Dr. Temple Prime

of New York, slightly enlarged by Mr. Jones in his interesting little

work ‘The Naturalist in Bermuda.’ These lists contain seven ter-

restrial Gasteropods with which I am unacquainted (five of them being

new species), and thirteen marine species (three of them new, like-

wise wanting in my collection).

Although few of the Mollusks enumerated in this notice are new

or peculiar to the Bermudas, yet the list presents some very interest-

ing features with reference to the geographical distribution of the

marine fauna of the Atlantic. While the Flora and Avifauna of Ber-

muda are identical with, and have doubtless been supplied from, the

opposite coasts of North America, there being neither birds nor plants

which are not common to Virginia in the same latitude, the marine

fauna appears to be thoroughly West Indian. Of the whole number

of shells, I have been able to identify only fourteen as common to

the Virginian and Carolinan shores, and of these only one (Lucina

pennsylvanica, Lam.) which is not included in the catalogues of the

Bahamas or West Indies.

404 REV. H, B, TRISTRAM ON BERMUDAN MOLLUSKS. [Dec. 10,

How clearly have the ocean currents registered their course in this

fact. Although Bermuda is out of the course of the gulf-stream,

lying as it does some fifty miles to the south-east of any perceptible

current, yet it is not beyond its influence, as may be seen by the most

casual observer in the masses of tangled gulf-weed which are washed

on its shores. But beyond the gulf-stream to the westward, the

polar current, narrowed indeed, but very perceptible, runs along the

shores of Virginia, assimilating its marine fauna to that of New York,

and chilling the life of those lovely corallines and zoophytes which

have extended their range, under the fostering of the more genial

gulf-stream, from the Bahama banks to the reefs of the Somers

Islands.

It were much to be wished that some enterprising marine zoologist

would undertake the examination of the reefs of Bermuda, and let

down his dredge in the almost unvisited depths of Castle Harbour,

and on the sandy surface of the great bank which extends for many

miles to the southward, commencing at about thirty miles from the

land, and running from east to west. On this bank the Grouper

(Serranus ?), the cod of the Bermudas, is no less -abundant

than its northern representative off the island of Rockall.

Catalogue of the Mollusca of Bermuda.

Spirula fragilis, Lam.

Strombus pugilus, Linn.

Ranella caudata, Say.

Murex

Pisania turbinella, Kiener.

Triton lotorium, LZ.

—— femorale, L.?

lanceolatus, Menke.

tessellatus, Reeve.

chlorostoma, Lam.

Mangelia 2

Buccinum plumatum, Brug.

nucleus, Brug.

olivaceum, Brug.

ambiguum, Dillw.

Nassa 2

Terebra hastata, Kiener.

Purpura deltoidea, Lam.

bicostalis, Lam.

undata, Lam.

Planaxis semisulcata, Sow.

Cassis testiculus, L.

Dolium perdix, L.

Columbella mercatoria, Lam.

Columbella cribraria, Sow.

nitidula, Sow.

concinna, Sow.

Oliva fusiformis, Lam.

reticulata, Lam.

nivea, Gmel.

Olivella eburnea, Lam.

jaspidea, Gin.

oryza, Lam.

bullula, Sow.

Conus mus, L.

aurantius, Brug.

verrucosus, Brug.

nebulosus, Sow.

daucus, Sow.

Mitra striatula, Lam.

Marginella pallida, Lam.

avena, Val.

varia, Sow.

Cypreea cinerea, Gm.

rotunda, Say.

Trivia quadripunctata, Gray.

pedicula, L.

Ovulum gibbosum, L.

Natica canrena, L.

clausa, Sow.

— dillwynii, Réeluz.

1861.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON BERMUDAN MOLLUSKS.

Natica sordida, Swains.?

Cerithium mutabile, 4dams.

eriense, Valen.

—— peloritanum, Cant.

litratum, Desh.

algicola, 4dams.

Vermetus knorrii, Say.

Scalaria clathrus, Z.

tenuis, Con.

fragilis, Lam.

Littorina angulifera, Lam.

ziczac, Lam.

— dilatata, ddams.

muricata, ddams.

Phorus.agelutinans, LD.

Nerita peloronta, L.

—— versicolor, Lam.

tessellata, Gmel.

Neritina viridis, Z.

Turbo pica, L.

Imperator chemnitzii, Desh.

Trochus modulus, L.

Phasianella pulchella, Z.?

pullus, Lam.

Ianthina fragilis, Zam.

Fissurella barbadensis, Lam.

cayennensis, Lam.

—— listeri, D’ Ord.

greeca, Lam.

minuta, Lam.

Emarginula ?

Calyptrzea ?

Pileopsis militaris, Lin.

Siphonaria picta, Hanley.

brunnea, Hanley.

Chiton squamosus, L.

Helix bermudensis, Pfr.

circumfirmatus, Redf

— microdonta, Desh.

paludosus, Say.

Bulimus ventricosus, Drap.

Helicina variabilis, 4dams.

Succinea is

Melampus coffea, Lam.

fasciatus, Chemn.

Melampus oblongus, P/r.

Bulla occidentalis, Lam.

media, Lam.

—

Philine 2

Pecten nodosus, LZ.

ziczac, Chemn.

Lima tenera, Chemn.

scabra, Chemn.

Spondylus longitudinalis, Lam.

digitalis, Reeve.

Perna ephippium, LZ.

Meleagrina placunoides, Reeve.

Pinna rudis, L.

Mytilus exustus, Zam.

—— lavallianus, D’ Ord.

Modiola tulipa, Lam.

Arca noz, L.

lactea, L.

Chama iostoma, Conrad.

macrophylla, Chemn.

Cardium serratum, ZL.

Lucina tigerina, D’ Ord.

penunsylvanica, Lam.

——-muricata, D’ Orb.

pecten, Lam.

—— squamosa, Lam.

Tellina magna, Spengler.

interrupta, Wood.

—— levigata, Linn.

radiata, L.

mera, Say.

clausa, Desh.

—— bimaculata, ZL.

sexradiata, Lam.

Capsa is

Sanguinolaria rugosa, Lam.

Semele subtruncata, Sow.

obliqua, Wood.

Solecurtus dombei, Beck?

Pholas striata, L.

* In Mr. Cuming’s collection, but unnamed.

405

406 DR, SCLATER ON THE GENUS ELAINEA. _ [Dec. 10,

6. INpeEx GENERIS ELAINES% Ex FAMILIA TYRANNIDARUM AD-

DITIS NOVARUM SPECIERUM DIAGNOSIBUS. AUCTORE

Puitiero Lutrtey Scuarer, A.M., Phil.D., Soc. Zoot.

LonpIn. SECR.

(Pl. XLI.)

Genus Hlainea anno MDCCCXXXVI. a clarissimo Sundeval in

Systemate suo Ornithologico fundatum, typum habet Muscicapan

payanam Licht. Huic affines sunt varie species, forma vix diversze,

coloribus fere similibus, et pellibus inter se diligentissime collatis vix

dignoscendze. Sedes generis est America tropica cum insulis Antil-

larum. Mihi note sunt species sequentes, quarum omnium speci-

mina mecum teneo.

Div. a. Capitis subcristati plumis interne albis.

1, ELAINEA PAGANA, .

Muscicapa pagana, Licht. Doubl. p. 54.—Platyrhynchus paganus,

Spix.—Museicapa brevirostris, Max.—Elainea pagana, Cab. in

Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 701; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 476; Cab. et

Hein. Mus. Hein. p. 59.

Hab. In Brasilia or., Guiana, Venezuela, et ins. Tobago.

2. ELAINEA SUBPAGANA.

Elainia subpagana, Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 36.

Zab. In Guatemala et Mex. merid.

3. ELAINEA SEMIPAGANA, sp. nov.

Li. obscure fusco-cinerea, capite nigricantiore, uropygio olivaceo

induto : criste plumis ad basin cinerascentibus, vix albis: alis

nigricantibus, harum secundariis et tectricibus majoribus et mi-

noribus albo late limbatis : gula alba, pectore et lateribus sub-

cinerascentibus : ventre medio et tectricibus subalaribus pallide

flavicantibus : rostro nigro, mandibula inferiore cornea : pedi-

bus nigris.

Long. tota 6:0, alae 3-0, caudse 2°8 poll. angl. et dec.

Hab. In rep. Aquatoriana reg. occident.

Obs. Affinis LZ. pagane, sed capite obscuriore et gutture albo, nec-

non colore supero cinerascentiore, minime brunneo, distinguenda.

4, ELAINEA RIISII.

Elainea riisii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 314; Newton in ‘ Ibis,’

1860, p. 307.

Hab. In ins. 8. Thome, Antillarum.

5. ELainrA ALBICEPS.

Muscipeta albiceps, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 47 ; D’Orb.

Voy. Ois. p. 319.

Llainea albiceps, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 71, et 1859, p. 46.

Hab. In Bolivia, Peruy. et rep. Aquat. orient.

~ ™ “~

SS Seek

1861.] DR. SCLATER ON THE GENUS ELAINEA. 407

6. ELAINEA MODESTA.

Elainea modesta, Tsch. Av. Consp. p. 14, et Faun. Per. p. 159 ;

Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 26; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 59.

Hab. In Peruv. orientali et Nov. Granada interiore.

7. ELAINEA GRISEIGULARIS.

Elainia griseogularis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 554, pl. 146. f. 1,

et P. Z.S. 1859, p. 46.

Hab. In mont. reipubl. Aquatorialis et Chiliens.

Obs. Speciei preecedenti aflinis, sed alis albo vittatis forsan di-

versa.

8. ELAINEA PALLATANGS, sp. nov. (Pl. XLI.)

Brunnescenti-olivacea ; pilei subcristati plumis ad basin albis :

alis fuscescenti-nigris, tectricum majorum et minorum apicibus

et secundariorum marginibus apicalibus late et distincte albis :

cauda fuscescenti-nigra, marginibus olivascentibus : subtus pal-

lide stramineo-flava, gutture viridicantiore : rostro fusco, man-

dibula inferiore carnea, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°7, caude 2°3.

fab. In rep. Aquat. Pallatanga (Fraser).

9, ELAINEA MESOLEUCA.

Elainea mesoleuca, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 60.

Hab. In Brasilia merid. prov. Rivi Grandis.

10. ELAINEA FALLAX.

Elainea fallax, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 314.

Hab. In ins. Jamaica.

11. ELAINEA CANICEPS.

Tyrannula caniceps, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 49; Bp. Consp. p. 191.

Hab. In Guiana et Cayenna.

Div. 8. Capitis subcristati plumis interne flavis.

12. ELAINEA PLACENS.

Elainia placens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 46; Ibis, 1859, p. 123,

pl. 4. fig. 2, et p. 443 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 194.

Hab. In Mexico merid. et Guatemala.

13. ELAINEA SUBPLACENS, Sp. nov.

Supra cinerascenti-olivacea, pileo subcristato cinerascente, plumis

medialiter flavis: loris et regione oculari griseis : alis et cauda

nigricantibus olivaceo limbatis : subtus pallide straminea, gut-

ture toto cinerascenti-albo : tectricibus subalaribus straminets :

vostro nigro, mand. inf. ad basin alba: pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:0, caudze 2-8.

Hab. In rep. Aquator. Pallatanga (I’raser).

408 DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. [Dec. 10,

Obs. Similis EZ. placenti sed major, dorso cinerascentiore, et subtus

pallidior.

14. ELAINEA IMPLACENS, sp. nov.

Olivacea, alis et cauda fuscescenti-nigris, hac olivaceo, illis flavicanti-

olivaceo terminatis : pileo subcristato cinerascenti-nigro, media-

liter aureo: superciliis et loris albis: subtus straminea ; gut-

ture albicante, pectore cinerascente induto : tectricibus subala-

ribus stramineis: rostro et pedibus nigris, illius mand. inf. ad

basin carnea.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudze 2°2.

Hab. In rep. Aiquatoriana, Esmeraldas et Bahahoyo (Fraser).

Obs. Proxime accedit hee species L. placenti, sed crassitie paulo

minore, rostro latiore et corpore subtus dilutiore stramineo digno-

scenda est.

15. ELAINEA COTTA.

Elainea cotta, Gosse, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. iii. p. 257, et Ill. B.

Jam. pl. 45; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 77.

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse).

Div. y. Capite unicolore.

16. ELAINEA RUSTICA.

Muscicapa rustica, Licht. in Mus. Berol.—Elainea obscura, Cab.

in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 158; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 66.

Hab. In Brasilia merid. et rep. Argentina.

Obs. Dubito an M. obscura, Lafr. et D’Orb. vere hue referenda

sit.

17. ELAINGA OLIVACEA.

Muscicapa olivacea, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 54.—Muscica-

para boliviana, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 458.—lainea olivacea, Sclater,

P. Z. 8.1859, p. 46.

Hab, In Brasilia merid.

Obs. Species a preecedente (a Muscicapa rustica, Licht., saltem)

vix distincta.

7. CONSPECTUS GENERUM LABROIDEORUM ANALYTICUS. AUCT.

P. Burexer, Soc. Zoox. Lonpin. Socio Perrer.

I. CuEerLrnirorMEs=Julidina, Giinth., ex parte.

Corpus oblongum compressum, capite corporeque squamis magnis

vestitis, squamis genarum biseriatis, corporis 22 ad 25 in serie longi-

tudinali, caudalibus posticis 3 elongatis, ceteris majoribus. Caput

non carinatum. Dentes maxillis conici, antici 2 ad 8 canini, an-

gulares nulli. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore triangulari, denti-

bus conicis vel graniformibus 1- ad 4-seriatis. Pinnze dorsalis et

1861.] DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. 409

@nalis basi vagina squamosa, spinis pungentibus, dorsali 9 ad 11,

anali 3. Dentes, spine radiique viridescentes.

A. Linea lateralis interrupta.

a. Preeoperculum edentulum.

aa. Maxille parum protractiles.

+ Dentes canini utraque maxilla 4. Squame corporis 22

vel 23 in serie longitudinali. Spinze dorsales 9 vel 10.

Spina analis posterior ceteris longior. B. 5.

Cheilinus, Lac.

+! Dentes canini maxilla superiore 8, externi ceteris lon-

giores, maxilla inferiore 2. Squameze corporis 24 in

serie longitudinali. Spinze dorsales 9. Spina analis

media ceteris longior. B. 6.

Pseudocheilinus, Blkr.(sp. typ. Cheilinus hexa-

tenia, Blkr.).

bb. Maxillee in tubum horizontalem protractiles. Os jugale

elongatum cum maxilla inferiore articulatum.

+ Dentes canini utraque maxilla 2. Squamee suboperculo-

interoperculares elongate, corporis 22 in serie longitu-

dinali. Spinze dorsales 9. B. 5.

Epibulus, Cuv.

&. Preeoperculum denticulatum. Maxille parum protractiles.

Dentes canini maxilla superiore 6, maxilla inferiore 2.

Squamee corporis 24 vel 25 in serie longitudinali. Spinz

dorsales 11. B. 5.

Cirrhilabrus, Schl.

B. Linea lateralis continua. Preeoperculum denticulatum.

Maxillee parum protractiles. Dentes canini utraque maxilla

4. Squame corporis 24 vel 25 in serie longitudinali. Spine

dorsales 9, anteriores plus minusve filigeree. B. 5.

Duymeria, Blkr.

II. PsrupopacitrorMres=Pseudodacina, Ginth.

Corpus oblongum compressum, capite squamis mediocribus,

trunco squamis magnis vestito, squamis genarum pluriseriatis, trunci

33 p.m. in linea laterali, caudalibus posticis 5 elongatis ceteris

majoribus. Caput non carinatum. Pinne dorsalis et analis basi

squamose, spinis pungentibus dorsali 11, anali 3. Dentes canini

securiformes vel incisivi maxilla superiore 2, maxilla inferiore 4.

Os pharyngeale inferius corpore scaphiformi, dentibus pavimen-

tatis. Preeoperculum edentulum. Linea lateralis continua. B. 6.

Pseudodaz, Blkr. (sp. typ. Odax moluccanus,

Cuy.).

410 DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. [Dec. 10,

Il]. CuxitionirormMes=Julidina, Giinth., ex parte.

Corpus elongatum cylindraceum, squamis mediocribus (45 ad 48

in linea laterali) vestitum, squamis caudalibus posticis, mediana

acuta excepta, ceteris non majoribus. Caput non carinatum, acu-

tum. Dentes maxillis cristales acuti compressi. Os pharyngeale

inferius corpore triquetro, dentibus conico-graniformibus pluri-

seriatis. Preeoperculum tate juvenili denticulatum. Linea late-

ralis continua. Spine dorsales flexiles 9. B. 6.

Cheilio, Comm.

IV. PsrupoLABRIFORMES=VJulidina, Giinth., ex parte.

Corpus oblongum vel elongatum compressum, squamis magnis

aut parvis (26 ad plus quam 120 in linea laterali), squamis cau-

dalibus posticis ceteris non majoribus. Caput non carinatum.

Dentes maxillis, quum adsunt, conici. Os pharyngeale inferius

corpore triquetro, dentibus conicis vel graniformibus uni- aut pluri-

seriatis. Preeoperculum edentulum. Spine dorsales 8 vel 9, mem-

brana inter singulas spinas nec incisa nec lobata. B. 6.

A. Linea lateralis continua. Spine anales 3.

w. Spinze dorsales 8. Pinnze dorsalis et analis basi squamosze ;

spinze omnes pungentes. Squame corporis magne, 28 vel

29 in linea laterali. Dentes intermaxillares angulares nulli.

Os vharyngeale inferius corpore ad marginem posteriorem

rectiusculo, dentibus 3- ad 4-seriatis conicis vel graniformi-

bus, serie posteriore ceteris majoribus.

aa. Rostrum elongatum valde acutum. Maxillee longe ante

oculum desinentes. Dentes canini 2 intermaxillares tan-

tum, curvati.

Gomphosus, Lac.

bb. Rostrum breve obtusum. Maxilla superior sub oculo vel

vix ante oculum desinens. Dentes utraque maxilla canini

2 eurvati prominentes.

Julis, Cuv., Giinth.

b. Spinee dorsales 9.

aa. Caput ubique alepidotum.

+ Squamee corporis parve 70 ad plus quam 120 in linea

laterali.

3 Os pharyngeale inferius corpore margine posteriore

concavo, dentibus serie posteriore subzequalibus.

9 Squamee 110 ad 120 p. m. in linea laterali, Corpus

elongatum. Labia valde carnosa. Dentes canini

utraque maxilla 4 curvati, angulares nulli, Spine

dorsales omnes flexiles non pungentes. Pinna

caudalis angulis non productis.

Hologymnosus, Lac. (sp. typ. Hologymnosus

fasciatus, Lac.).

1861.] DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. 411

p' Squamee 76 p. m. in linea laterali. Corpus ob-

longum. Labia gracillima. Dentes canini utra-

que maxilla 2 recti, angulares utroque latere 2.

Spinze dorsales, anterioribus 2 exceptis, leviter

pungentes. Pinna caudalis angulis filigera.

Pseudocoris, Blkr. (sp. typ. Julis [Halicheres]|

heteropterus, Blkr.).

d' Os pharyngeale inferius corporis margine posteriore

non concavo, dente in serie posteriore mediano ob-

tuso, ceteris majore.

9 Squame 70 ad 80 p. m. in linea laterali. Corpus

oblongum vel subelongatum. Labia valde car-

nosa. Dentes canini utraque maxilla 2 ad 4 cur-

vati. Spinee dorsales, anterioribus 2 interdum

exceptis, pungentes. Pinna caudalis angulis non

producta.

Coris, Lac., Ginth., ex parte.

+’ Squamze corpore magne vel mediocres 26 ad 55 p.m.

in linea laterali. Spinze dorsales omnes pungentes.

d Dentes canini utraque maxilla 2 heteromorphi, inter-

maxillares securiformes. Squame 27 ad 52 in

linea laterali. Pinnze dorsalis et analis basi alepi-

dote. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore margine

posteriore rectiusculo, dentibus biseriatis, serie poste-

riore compressis, apicibus acutis.

Anampses, Cuv.

d' Dentes canini utraque maxilla 2 vel 4 conici curvati.

Squame thoraco-ventrales in medio corpore mi-

nores.

p Os pharyngeale inferius corpore margine posteriore

non concavo, dentibus conico-graniformibus 3-

seriatis, serie posteriore mediano ceteris majore.

S Squamee corpore 50 ad 55 in linea laterali.

Pinnee dorsalis et analis basi alepidotee. Max-

illa superior dente angulari.

Hemicoris, Blkr. (sp. typ. Halicheres varie-

gatus, Ripp.).

3! Squamee corpore 27 ad 30 in linea laterali.

Q Pinnee dorsalis et analis basi squamate. Max-

illa superior dente angulari. Corpus oblon-

gum. Dentes maxillis uniseriati.

Platyglossus, Klein (sp. typ. Julis [Hali-

cheeres| annularis, K. v. H.).

412

DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. [Dec. 10,

Q!' Pinne dorsalis et analis basi alepidotz.

Dentes maxillee intracristales graniformes.

canini utraque maxilla 2 ad 4. Corpus

oblongum.

Halicheres, Riipp., Giinth.

Dentes canini in utraque maxilla 2 parum

curyati. Corpus elongatum.

Pseudojulis, Blkr. (sp. typ. Julis girardi,

Blkr.)

9' Os pharyngeale inferius corpore margine posteriore

concavo, dentibus triseriatis, in serie posteriore co-

nicis subeequalibus. Squamz 28 in linea late-

rali. Pinnz dorsalis et analis basi alepidotze.

Maxilla superior dente angulari. Dentes canini

in utraque maxilla 4, laterales magni retrorsum

curvati. Corpus elongatum.

Leptojulis, Blkr. (sp. typ. Julis [Haliche-

ves| cyanopleura, Blkr.).

9" Os pharyngeale inferius corpore margine posteriore

valde convexo, corpore ipso dentibus 3 tantum,

et horum medio molari maximo. Squamee 28 in

linea laterali. Pinnee dorsalis et analis basi ale-

pidotee. Maxilla superior dente angulari. Dentes

canini in maxilla superiore 4, maxilla inferiore 2.

Dentes intermaxillares cristales, ad maxillam ad-

nati vix conspicui. Corpus oblongum.

Macropharyngodon, Blkr. (sp. typ. Julis

geoffroyi, Q.).

d" Dentes maxillarum uniseriati, canini nulli. Maxilla

superior dente angulari. Squamee 27 in linea late-

rali, thoraco-ventrales in medio corpore majores vel

non minores. Pinnze dorsalis et analis basi vix vel

non squamate. Os pharyngeale inferius corporis

margine posteriore concavo, dentibus biseriatis, in

serie posteriore compressis subzequalibus. Venter

carinatus. Squama in linea laterali posterior lan-

ceolata.

Stethojulis, Ginth.

bb. Caput squamatum. Squame corporis magne vel medio-

eres 26 ad 55 p.m. in linea laterali. Maxilla superior

dente angulari. Pinnze dorsalis et analis basi squamatze.

Os pharyngeale inferius corporis margine posteriore non

ae dente in serie posteriore mediano ceteris majore,

obtuso.

1861.] DR. P, BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. 413

+ Genz alepidote. Labia mediocriter carnosa. Pinnze

dorsalis et analis basi vagina squamosa humillima.

Dentes canini in utraque maxilla 4 curvati. Os pharyn-

geale inferius corpore dentibus triseriatis. Squamez

corporis magne 27 vel 28 in linea laterali.

3 Squameze capitis in operculo superne tantum.

Giintheria, Blkr. (sp. typ. Halicheres ceru-

leovittatus, Riipp.).

3! Squamee capitis in regione postoculari et operculo

superne tantum.

Hemitautoga, Blkr. (sp. typ. Labrus centi-

quadrus, Comm., Lac.),

p! Squamee 53 p.m. in linea laterali. Caput mag-

num obtusum, maxilla inferiore lata prominente.

Ophthalmolepis, Blkr. (sp. typ. Julis lineo-

latus, Val.).

+ Genze squamosz squamis bi- ad pluriseriatis. Os pha-

ryngeale inferius corpore dentibus quadriseriatis.

Pinne dorsalis et analis basi valde squamosze.

d Operculum superne tantum squamatum. Dentes

cauini utraque maxilla 2 recti.. Labia lata maxime

carnosa.

Hemigymnus, Ginth.

d' Operculum totum squamosum, squamis magnis bi-

aut pluriseriatis. Dentes canini utraque maxilla 4

curvati. Labia mediocriter carnosa.

Pseudolabrus, Blkr. (sp. typ. Labrus rubi-

ginosus, Schl.).

B. Linea lateralis interrupta. Spinze dorsales 9.

a. Dentes maxillis uniseriati. Maxilla superior dente angulari,

Squame corpore valde magnze. Pinna dorsalis spinosa

medio depressa. Spinze anales 3 (Diagnosis Giintheriana).

Doratonotus, Giiuth. (Genus mihi incogni-

tum).

6. Dentes maxillis bi- aut pluriseriati, intracristales, graniformes,

cristales conici, antici 2 canini curvati, angulares nulli.

Pinnz dorsalis et analis basi alepidotee. Os pharyngeale

inferius corporis margine posteriore concavo, dentibus in

serie posteriore subzequalibus.

414 DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. [Dec. 10,

aa. Spinee dorsales anteriores 2 flexiles, ceteree pungentes.

Spine anales 3. Squamee regionibus post- et suboculari

uni- aut pluriseriatee, corpore 27 vel 28 in serie longitu-

dinali. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore dentibus 4- ad

5-seriatis.

Novaculichthys, Bikr. (sp. typ. Labrus te-

niurus, Lac.).

66. Spine dorsales auteriores 2 rigidee non pungentes, ceterze

pungentes. Spine anales 2. Squame corpore 90 cir-

citer in serie longitudinali. Os pharyngeale inferius, cor-

pore dentibus triseriatis.

Cymolutes, Giinth.

V. NovacuL#rormes=Julidina, Giinth., ex parte.

Corpus oblongum valde compressum, squamis magnis (28 ad 30

in serie longitudinali) vestitum, squamis caudalibus posticis ceteris

non majoribus. Caput carimatum valde convexum rostro obtusis-

simo. Squame capitis parvee. Dentes canini in utraque maxilla 2

curvati, angulares nulli. Os pharyngeale inferius, corpore valido

triquetro, dentibus conicis 3- ad 5-seriatis. Preeoperculum eden-

tulum. Linea lateralis interrupta. Pinnz dorsalis et analis bast

alepidotze, dorsalis spinis 2 anterioribus flexilibus. B. 6.

A. Genz mediz alepidotee. Squamee postoculares uniseriate.

a. Spinee dorsales 2, anteriores a ceteris non separate, non pro-

ductze, anterior post oculum inserta.

Novacula, Riip., Cuv., Val., ex parte.

&. Spinee dorsales 2, anteriores longe a ceteris distantes, in pin-

nam accessoriam separatee, anterior supra oculum inserta.

AXyrichthys, Cuv., Val., ex parte (sp. typ.

Ayrichthys pavo, Val.).

B. Gene mediz squamis pluriseriatis. Spinze dorsales 2, anteriores

sequentibus longiores, anterior ante preeoperculi marginem

posteriorem inserta.

Hemipteronotus, Lac., Blkr. (sp. typ. He-

mipteronotus guinguemaculatus, Lac.).

VI. Lasricutuyirormes=ZJulidina, Ginth., ex parte.

Corpus oblongum vel subelongatum, compressum, squamis mag-

nis vel mediocribus (27 ad 50 in linea laterali) vestitum, squamis

caudalibus posticis ceteris non majoribus, Caput non carinatum,

acutum, squamatum. Spinz dorsales 9, omnes pungentes. Dentes

maxillarum canini curvati 2 ad 4. Maxilla superior dente angulari.

Os pharyngeale inferius corpore gracili lmeari, dentibus acutis uni-

seriatis. Preeoperculum edentulum. Linea lateralis continua.

Membrana pinne dorsalis nec incisa nec lobata. B. 9d.

1861. | DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. 415

A. Squame corporis 27 p.m. in linea laterali. Caput antice, late-

raliter inferneque squamosum. Dentes canini maxilla supe-

riore 4, maxilla inferiore 2. Labium inferius lobatum fim-

briatum. Pinnee dorsalis et analis basi valde squamosve.

Spine anales 3.

Labrichthys, Blkr. (sp. typ. Labrichthys

cyanotenia, Blkr.).

B. Squamz corpore mediocres, 40 ad 50 in linea laterali. Caput

genis et operculis tantum squamosum. Dentes canini utraque

maxilla 2.

a. Labium inferius antice in lobos 2 oblongos distantes produ-

ctum. Pinne dorsalis et analis basi alepidotee. Squamee

corporis 48 ad 50 in linea laterali. Spinze anales 3.

Labrotdes, Blkr. (sp. typ. Labroides para-

diseus, Blkr.).

6. Labium inferius lobis productis nullis. Pinne dorsalis et

analis basi leviter squamatze. Squamee corporis 40 in linea

laterali. Spinze anales 2.

Diproctacanthus, Blkr. (sp. typ. Labroides

vanthurus, Blkr.).

VII. Cossypurrormes=ZJulidina, Giinth., ex parte+ Hypsigenina,

Ginth.

Corpus oblongum compressum, squamis magnis vel mediocribus

(25 ad plus quam 50 in linea laterali) vestitum, squamis caudalibus

posticis mediocribus interdum acuminatis. Caput non carinatum,

squamatum, squamis operculi magnis. Dentes maxillarum canini 4,

magni, curvati. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore triquetro, dentibus

graniformibus pavimentatis. Praeoperculum ztate juvenili denti-

culatum. Linea lateralis continua. Spine dorsales pungentes 10

ad 13, anales 3.

A. Pinne dorsalis et analis basi alepidote. B. 6.

a. Labium superius compressum ensiforme. Squamz genis

3-seriatee, trunco magne, 28 p.m. in linea laterali. Caput

valde obtusum. Spine anales 12. Maxilla superior dente

angulari, Squamee caudales posteriores 5 ad 7 lanceolate.

NXiphocheilus, Blkr.

6. Labium superius valde carnosum. Squamee genarum pluri-

seriate, trunci magne vel mediocres, 30 ad 50 p. m. in

linea laterali. Spinze dorsales 12 vel 11. Maxilla superior

dente angulari, interdum deficiente.

aa, Squamee 50 p.m. in linea Jaterali. Preeoperculum limbo

alepidotum. Maxilla superior dente angulari nullo.

Semicossyphus, Ginth.

416 DR. P. BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. [Dec. 10,

6b. Squamee 45 ad 62 in linea laterali; preeoperculum limbis

alepidotis ; maxillz superioris dente angulari (Diagnosis

Giintheriana).

Trochocopus, Giinth. (Gen. mihi incogn.).

ec. Squamze 30 p. m. in linea laterali. Preeoperculum limbo

inferiore squamatum.

Decodon, Giinth. (Gen. mihi incogn.).

B. Pinnz dorsalis et analis basi squamosee. Squame corporis

magne (25 ad 36 in linea laterali), genarum pluriseriate.

a. Spinze dorsales 10 vel 11. Squamee 25 p.m. in linea late-

rali. B. 5. Caput acutum.

Pteragogus, Peters (Genus mihi incogni-

tum).

b. Spine dorsales 12. Squamze 30 ad 36 in linea laterali.

B. 6. lLabium superius ore clauso labio suborbitali non

occultum.

Cossyphus, Val.

ec. Spine dorsales 13. Squamze 28 vel 29 in linea laterali.

B. 6. lLabium superius ore clauso antice totum labio

suborbitali occultum. Caput valde convexum obtusum.

Squamee caudales postice 5 ad 7 plus minusve elongate.

Cherops, Riipp. = Hypsigenys, Giinth.=

Cossyphodes, Blkr.

VIII. Lasrirormes=Labrina, Ginth.

Corpus oblongum vel subelongatum compressum, squamis ma-

gnis aut parvis (30 ad 70 in linea laterali) vestitum. Caput non

carinatum. Genze squamose. Labia carnosa. Dentes maxillis

uni- aut pluriseriati, angulares nulli. Os pharyngeale inferius cor-

pore triquetro, dentibus conicis vel conico-graniformibus tri- aut

pluriseriatis, non pavimentatis. Spinze dorsales a 13 ad plus quam

20, anales a 3 ad 6. Membrana pinnze dorsalis inter singulas

spinas incisa lobata. Linea lateralis continua.

A. Spine dorsales pungentes.

a. Spine dorsales 16 ad 21, anales 4 ad 6. Squame corporis

mediocres, 35 ad 45 p. m. in linea laterali. Operculum

squamosum.

aa. Pinna dorsalis basi squamosa.. Dentes maxillarum pluri-

serlati, anticl canini.

Acantholabrus, Val., ex parte.

6b. Pinna dorsalis basi alepidota. Dentes maxillarum uni-

seriati, canini nulli.

Centrolabrus, Gimth.

1361.) DR. P, BLEEKER ON LABROID FISHES. 417

&. Spine anales 3. Pinna dorsalis basi alepidota

aa. Operculum squamosum.

+ Dentes maxillis canini curvati 2 ad 4.

d Interoperculum squamatum. Dentes canini 4.

p Dentes maxillis uniseriati. Spine dorsales 15,

anteriores filigeree. Squamee 35 ad 45? in linea

laterali. B. 6.

Lachnolaimus, Cuv.

p' Dentes maxillis pluriseriati. Spine dorsales 17.

non filigeree, Squamee 35 ad 37 in linea laterali.

Ctenolabrus, Val.

3' Interoperculum non squamatum. Dentes maxillis

uniseriati, canini 2ad 4. Squame 40 ad plus quam

50 in linea laterali. Spinze dorsales 16 ad 21, non

filigeree. B. 5.

Labrus, L.

¢' Dentes maxillis uniseriati, canini nulli. Interoperculum

Squamatum. Squame 30 ad 36 in linea laterali.

Spine dorsales 13 ad 17. B. 5.

3 Maxillze non aut vix protractiles. Rostrum non pro-

ductum. Spine dorsales 13 ad 17.

Crenilabrus, Cuy.

d': Maxillze valde protractiles. Caput valde acutum,

Spinee dorsales 15.

Coricus, Cuv.

bb. Operculum alepidotum. Dentes maxillis canini 4 com-

pressi. Squamze 60 ad 70 in linea laterali. Spine dor-

sales 17. B. 5.

Tautoga, Mitch.

B. Spine dorsales flexiles 18, anales 3. Dentes maxillis uniseriati,

canini 2. Operculum limbo tantum squamatum. Squame

37 p.m. in linea laterali. Pinnz dorsalis et analis-basi ale-

pidotee.

Malapterus, Val.

IX. OpactrormEs= Odacina, Ginth.

Corpus subelongatum vel elongatum, compressum, squamis parvis

(55 ad 90 in linea laterali) vestitum, squamis caudalibus posticis

ceteris non majoribus. Caput non carinatum, acutum. Dentes

maxillis adnate aggregate. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore tri-

quetro dentibus pavimentatis. Preeoperculum edentulum. Spine

dorsales flexiles 15 ad 24. Linea lateralis continua.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XXVII.

418 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. [Dec. 10,

A. Caput operculis regioneque postoculari squamosum. Spinze

anales 2. B. 5.

Odazx, Cuv.

B. Caput, regione supraoperculari excepta, alepidotum. Spin

anales 3. Squamee parvee (Diagnosis Giintheriana).

Coridodax, Giimth. (Gen. mihi incogn.).

C. Caput, regione supraoperculari excepta, alepidotum. Spinze

anales 3, dorsales anteriores ceteris longiores. Squamee me-

diocres.

Olisthops, Richds.

X. Ciepricirormes=Julidina, Giinth. ex parte.

Corpus oblongum, compressum, squamis magnis (34 p. m. in

linea laterali) vestitum, caudalibus posticis ceteris non majoribus.

Caput non carinatum, obtusum, totum fere squamosum. Oculi

posteri. Maxillee tenues, in tubum horizontalem protractiles,

labiis tenuibus, inferiore membranaceo ante maxillam pendulo.

Rictus maxillis retractis subverticalis. Dentes intermaxillares uni-

seriati, recti, antrorsum spectantes, subeequales, inframaxillares

laterales conspicui nulli, antici 2 caninoidei, recti, antrorsum spec-

tantes. Os pharyngeale inferius corpore gracili, dentibus conicis

3- ad 4-seriatis. Linea lateralis continua. Pinnee dorsalis et analis

basi valde squamosz, spinis pungentibus dorsalibus 12, analibus 3.

B. 6. ;

Clepticus, Cuv.

Seripsi Lugdun. Batav., Calend. Novembr. 1861.

7, SOLENACEA NOVA COLLECTIONIS CUMINGIANZ DESCRIPTA A

GuILIELMo DUNKER.

1. Soten GRANnIS, Dkr.

Testa linearis, recta, magna, solida, striis incrementi obsoletis et

epidermide levi cornea instructa ; extremitas antica acute

marginata, oblique truncata, neutiquam sulcata ; eatremitas

postica rotundata, haud angusta. Color sub epidermide albus,

strigis roseis, ex parte subfuscis, striis incrementi parallelis

picta ; pagina interna. alba, posticum marginem versus rosea.

Concha usque ad 144 mm. longa, 32 alta, et 21 lata, quasi inter-

media inter Solenem ceylanensem et brevem. A S. ceylanensi pre-

sertim differt latere postico plus minusve rotundato, a 8. brevi pi-

ctura aliena, margine dorsi et basis prorsus parallelis, ita ut testa

postice haud angustata appareat. Preeterea angulus, qui formatur

linea basis cum margine oblique truncato plerumque acutior est quam

in illa specie.

Hab. Ad Philippinas insulas (H. Cuming).

1861:] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. 419

~ 2. Soren recutaris, Dkr.

Testa linearis, recta, in utraque extremitate oblique truncata, alba,

unicolor, epidermide pallide olivacea vestita; margo anticus

simplex, haud sulcatus, intus incrassatus, cum margine inferiore

angulum acutum formans, angulus lateris postici oppositus ob-

iusus.

Concha 70 mm. longa, 15 alta, 10 lata, habitu maxime convenit

cum Solene schultzeano, Dkr. (Novit. Conch. vol. i. p. 8, t. 3. f. 1),

sed latere postico oblique truncato, margine antico parallelo pluri-

mum differt. Unica Solenum species est marginibus tam exacte

parallelis cireumscripta, quee nobis in conspectum venit.

Hab. Malacea (H. Cuming).

y 3. SoLen ronesi, Dkr.

Testa linearis, recta, glabrata, convexiuscula, albida, subdiaphana,

epidermide cornea induta; margo dorsi et ventris fere exacte

paralleli ; extremitas antica oblique truncata, abrupta, non

sulcata, inferne acuta, intus paullo incrassata ; extremitas pos-

fica rotundata. Margo anticus linea pallidiore insignis, lineis

obscurioribus utringue terminata. Epidermidis color corneus

in area triangulari subcanus.

Concha 73 mm. longa, 15 alta, vix 10 lata, a Solene schultzeano,

eui simillima est, testa majore, altiore, tenuiore, leevissima, pellucida,

quasi vitrea differt.

Hab. In littore Australiz septentrionalis (Mr. Strange).

, 4. Soren exicuvs, Dkr.

Testa parva, brevis, linearis, solidula, unicolor alba, epidermide

cornea subolivacea induta ; margo anticus abrupte truncatus,

superne et inferne paullo rotundatus, margo posticus retundatus

subobliquus ; linea dorsalis basi exacte parallela.

Long. testee 40 mm., alt. vix 10, latit. 4, 5.

Hab. Borneo (H. Cuming).

_ 5. SoLten Leanus, Dkr.

Testa parva, brevis, linearis, tenuis, unicolor alba, epidermide

cornea levigata obducta; margo anticus abrupte truncatus

acutus, viz canaliculatus, margo posticus rotundatus ; dorsum

basi fere parallelum.

Long. testee 40, alt. 8, latit. 5 mm.

Soleni ewiguo similis est, sed testa tenuiore, angustiore, minus con-

vexa, latere antico subcanaliculato differt. °

Hab. In Philippinis insulis (7. Cuming).

6. Soten mAxaAccensis, Dkr.

Testa linearis, recta, utringue truncata, angusta, obsoletissime

striata, epidermide tenui pallide olivacea obducta, alba, maculis

nonnullis fammisque lividis perpendiculatis variegata ; extre-

mitas antica sulco lew signuta.

420 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. [Dec. 10,

Testa 115 mm. longa, 17 alta, 11 lata. A Solene vagina Linnei

differt suleo multo minore et leviore, necnon pictura.

Hab. Malacca (H. Cuming).

7. SOLEN vITREUvS, Dkr.

Testa parva, brevis, linearis, lactea, pellucida, epidermide tenuis-

sima, pallide cornea, virescente induta, extus subcanaliculata,

intus paullulum incrassata ; extremitas postica acute truncata.

Conchula modo 42 mm. longa, 10 alta, 6 lata, vitrea, valvulis

fragilibus, tenuissimis, pellucidis signis est. Dorsum margini basis

parallelum.

Hab. Malacca (H. Cuming).

8. SoLen aspersus, Dkr.

Testa angusta, linearis, subarcuata, tenuis, levigata, nitida, mo-

dice convexa, antice truncata, postice paullo rotundata, albida,

maculis irregularibus purpureo-fuscis adspersa ; epidermis te-

nuissima, decidua, diaphana, vitrea; extremitas antica leviter

canaliculata, paullulum coarctata.

Heec species 85 mm. longa, 12 alta, 8 lata, a Solene philippiano

Dkr. (vaginoides, Phil. non Lam.) forma angustiore, parte postica

subattenuata, valvulis levigatis et epidermide tenuiore, quasi vitrea,

satis differre videtur. Quzenam sit species So/en pictus Philippi

(Zeitschr. f. M. 1848, p. 174) discernere non potui; heec autem a

nostra specie forma cylindracea, abbreviata, canaliculo omnino carente

abhorret.

Hab. Australia (Mr. Strange).

9. SOLEN PFEIFFERI, Dkr.

Testa linearis, brevis, paullo curvata, solidufa, convewxa, alba, area

zonis fulvis picta; margines dorsi et basis exacte paralleli,

aliquantulum curvati, eatremitas antica oblique truncata, sul-

cata, supra et infra obtusa ; extremitas postica rotundato-trun-

cata, margini antico subparallela ; epidermis olivacea.

Species parva, callosa, 52 mm. longa, 10 alta, 7 lata.

Hab. Caraccas, West Columbia (7. Cuming).

10. SoLEN woopwaropI, Dkr.

Testa linearis brevis, paullo curvata, plano-convexa, levis, antice

abrupte truncata, postice rotundata, sordide alba, epidermide

cornea nitida induta; margo dorsi et basis pene omnino pa-

ralleli.

Species parva 53 mm. longa, 12 alta, 7 lata, unicolor, ad eos

Solenes pertinet, qui canaliculo levi in margine antico gaudent.

Hab. Ad insulam Zebu Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

11. SoLEN ROSTRUM-ANATIS, Dkr.

Testa recta lineari-ovalis, convexiuscula, antice declivis, subrotun-

data, postice producta, paullulum attenuata, equaliter rotun-

data, intus extusque purpurea, striis incrementi tenerrimis stri-

gillisque nonnullis ab apicibus radiantibus instructa, epidermide

1861.] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. 421

nitidissima subviridi, partem posticam versus vivide olivacea,

et subrugosa vestita.

Concha 72 mm. longa, 19 alta, ad umbones 10 lata est. Species

singularis a Solenibus reliquis facile distinguitur toto habitu, margine

antico declivi rotundato, basin versus producto, necnon extremitate

postica, quze rostro anatis haud dissimilis est. Cardinis structura

veris Solenibus plane respondet. In superiore valvarum parte color

purpureus sub epidermide translucet ; partem posticam versus valve

planiores fiunt.

Hab. Patria ignota.

4 12. Souen ROSTRIFORMISs, Dkr.

Testa subovalis, convexiuscula, tenuis, antice arcuato-truncata,

postice sensim attenuata, rostriformis; margo basis subar-

cuatus ; color rubescens ; epidermis tenuis, levis, nitidissima,

subviridis ; extremitas antica leviter sulcata.

Concha 55 mm. longa, ad umbones 10 alta, et circa 7 lata, a

Specie, que antecedit, testa minore, tenuiore, antice magis derupta,

postice angustiore, necnon colore pallidiore facile distingui potest.

flab. Patria ignota.

13. Ensis Luzonicvus, Dkr.

Testa linearis, subarcuata, solidula, concentrice striata, postice

subsulcata, tota alba, epidermide pallide cornea vestita; ex-

tremitas antica rotundata, postica parum attenuata, rotundato-

truncata; margo superior et inferior subparalleli ; cardo den-

ticulis exilibus curvis munitus, uno majore irregulari cum ad-

jacente minore in dextra, duobus curvis in sinistra valva ; liga-

mentum quartam teste partem occupans, haud prominens. Um-

bones decorticati testam ostendunt cretaceam.

Long. 77 mm., alt. 14.

Hab. Ad insulam Luzon Philippinarum (7. Cuming).

14, CuLTELLUS HANLEYI, Dkr.

Testa recta lineari-ovalis, plano-convexa, utrinque rotundata,

concentrice tenerrimeque striata, pene glabra; color totus albus;

epidermis levis, tenuis, straminea.

Specimen quod exstat maximum 66 mm. longum, 19 altum, et 9

latum est.

Species ambitu variabilis Cultello maximo affinis, sed multo minor.

Dentes divergentes irregulares, basis et margo cardinalis paullo cur-

vati. Sub vitro lineze nonnull impresse, striis concentricis paral-

lelee, ab umbonibus radiantes observari possunt.

15. CULTELLUS SUBELLIPTICUS, Dkr.

Testa longe ovalis, subelliptica, tenuis, plano-convexa, utrinque ro~

tundata, antice subattenuata, postice dilatata, tenerrime striata,

alba, nitida, epdermide pallida tenuissime obducta,

- Long. 46, alt. 16, latit, 7 mm.

422 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. [Dec. 10

Concha marginibus pene eequaliter curvatis subelliptica apparet.

Cardo in utraque valvula bidentatus est; dens valvule dextre an-

terior angustus, bifidus, a dentibus duobus valvulze opposite recipitur.

Ligamentum angustum et breve est.

fab. Malacca (H. Cuming).

16. CuLTELLUS ATTENUATUS, Dkr.

Testa recta linearis, concentrice tenerrimeque striata, pene levis,

utrinque rotundata, postice producta, sensim attenuata, tota

alba, epidermide pallida, tenuissima, nitida obtecta.

Long. 57 mm., alt. 15, et lat. 6.

Conchula in antica longitudinis parte altissima est, extremitatem

posticam versus coarctata. Dentes vix divergunt; in valvula sinistra

duo observantur, anticus simplex, posticus late fissus, ita ut cardo

tridentatus appareat. Ligamentum brevissimum est.

Hab. Ad Philippinas insulas (H. Cuming).

17. CuLTELLUS Po.itus, Dkr.

Testa utrinque rotundata, tenuis, complanata, subtilissime striata,

pene glabra, tota alba, epidermide nitidissima, pallida, suboliva-

cea induta. Cardo utrinque callo elevato munitus denticulisque

exilibus instructus, valva dextra unico, sinistra duobus, qui

inter se excipiunt denticulum oppositum. Ligamentum, ut

solet, exiguum, haud prominens.

Long. 67, alt. 15, lat. 5 mm.

Species singularis, certe rara. Epidermis radio albo lato ab um-

bonibus minimis ad latus posticum decurrente, necnon radio obscu-

riore antico insignis est. In media testa strigillas parvulas radiatim

ordinatas sub vitro invenies.

dab. In ostiis Gambie fluminis (7. Cuming).

18. CuLrELuus vitrevs, Dkr.

Testa parvula, tenuissima, perfragilis, vitrea, substriata, recta,

lineari-ovalis, utrinque equaliter rotundata, epidermide tener-

rima vestita. Cardo singularis; in valvula dextra denticuli

observantur duo obliqui, paullo divergentes, valvula vero oppo-

sita tribus instructa est dentibus, mediano bifido. Ligamentum

parvulum, brevissimum.

Long. 18, alt. 6, lat. circiter 2 mm. sequat.

Hab. Singapore (H. Cuming).

19. CuLTELLUS CuMINGIANUS, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, subarcuata, utrinque rotundata, concentrice

tenuiterque striata, sublevis, solidula, alba, maculis densis con-

fluentibus fuscis, basin versus lividis picta, epidermide olivacea

subrugosa induta.

Long. 68, alt. 20, lat. 11 mm.

Differt a Solene cultello Linnzei testa solidiore, basi minus cur-

1861.] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. 423

vata, extremitate postica latiore, haud attenuata, picture indole et

epidermide haud leevigata.

Hab. Ad insulam Zebu Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

20. CuLTELLUS AUSTRALIS, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, subarcuata, utrinque rotundata, postice paut-

lulum latior, concentrice tenuiterque striata, solidula, alba,

maculis pallidis subfuscis sparsis picta, epidermide olivacea

subrugosa vestita.

Long. 62, alt. 19, lat. 10 mm.

Hee species a reliquis Cultellis pictis preesertim testa solidiore et

pictura languida differt.

Hab. Ad Portum Essington, Australize (Mr. Jukes).

v 21. CuLTELLUs tivipus, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, subarcuata, tenuissime striata, pene levis,

utrinque rotundata, tenuis, nitida, pallide livida, maculis irre-

gularibus obscurioribus variegata et nebulosa, epidermide tener-

rima, glabra, pellucida obducta.

Specimen unicum quod exstat pene 70 mm. longum, 19 altum,

et 10 latum est.

Differt a Solene cultello Linnzi colore, testa ad umbones paullo

convexiore, subcarinata, latere antico extrinsecus magis sinuato.

Hab. Ad Philippinas insulas (H. Cuming).

~~ 22. CuLTELLUS MARMORATUS, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, subarcuaia, utrinque rotundata, fragilis, ni-

tida, tenuissime striata, albida, subpellucida, colore sublivido

marmorata, epidermide tenerrima diaphana vestita.

Long. speciminis quod exstat unici 43, alt. 11, et lat. 6 mm.

zequat.

Forma pene eadem atque in Cultello livido, sed minor. Fortasse

pullus est et varietas hujus speciei.

Hab. Ad insulam Negros Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

23. CULTELLUS CONCINNUS, Dkr.

Testa parvula, ovali-oblonga, subarcuata, utrinque rotundata,

postice latior, tenuis, albida, maculis lividis eleganter picta,

radiisque albis duobus vel tribus obliteratis ad latus posticum

decurrentibus signata, epidermide tenuissima, glabra, pellucida

vestita.

Long. 37, alt. 13, lat. 7 mm.

Hab. Ad insulam Negros Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

24. PHARELLA OVALIS, Dkr.

Testa ovalis subelliptica, complanata, tenuis, lactea, lineis incrementi

concentricis plus minusve expressis instructa, epidermide tenui,

pallide cornea, languida, haud nitente, valvarum margines late

excedente obducta ; umbones obtusi, perparum prominentes, ad 2

424 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. [Dec. 10,

longitudinis teste siti ; ligamentum breve, latiusculum ; cardo den-

tibus quinque munitus, in valva dextra duobus longis angustis di-

vergentibus, antico subbifido, in valva opposita tribus, duobus

posticis basi conjunctis.

Long. 74, alt. 26, lat. 14 mm,

Inter omnes species, quee ad hune diem cognitze sunt, heec concha

latissima vel potius altissima est ; forma ejus Glauconomen in mentem

vocat.

Hab. Singapore (H. Cuming).

25. Macua suucata, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, utrinque rotundata, postice paullo declivis, pallide

Susca, subrosea, radiis duobus albis, postico paullulum latiore

picta, sulcis crassis obliquis postice resupinatis et undulatis ele-

ganter exsculpta, epidermide tenui, cornea, opaca vestita ; umbones

obtusi ; venter paullo coarctatus.

Hee species magnitudine Mache strigilate pree omnibus ceteris

coguatis sulcis crassis, dorsi posticam partem versus undulatis insignis

est.

Hab. In littore Australize orientalis (Mr. Strange).

26. MAcHA PHILIPPINARUM, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, utrinque rotundata, postice subdeclivis, pallide

Susca, radiis duobus albis angustis signata, striis incrementi sub-

tilibus sulcisque obliquis subimbricatis instructa, epidermide cornea

decidua vestita ; umbones obtusi, parum prominentes, antemediant ;

linea dorsi et basis subrecte ; venter paullulum coarctatus.

Long. 57, alt. 25, lat. 16 mm.

Species nostra Mache strigilate simillima est, sed habitu minore,

colore pallide fusco nec roseo, radiis angustioribus et margine poste-

riore subdeclivi facile distinguitur.

Hab. Ad Philippinarum insulas (H. Cuming).

27. Macua avustrRAtis, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, antice rotundata, postice arcuato declivis, parum

convexa, pallide subrosea, radiis duobus albis signata, dense tenui-

terque sulcata, epidermide cornea decidua vestita ; venter parum

coarctatus ; basis subsinuata ; umbones prominuli.

Long. fere 60, alt. 26, lat. 16 mm.

Forma angustata, colore pallido sulcisque exilibus densis a spe-

ciebus preecedentibus discrepat.

Hab. ? (Mr. Strange).

28. Macua presuayesit, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, utringue rotundata, convexa, tota alba, epider-

mide tenui decidua obducta, striis incrementi obsoletis instructa,

sulcis obliquis distantibus subimbricatis arata; margo dorsi et

basis subrecti, pene paralleli ; umbones obtusi, haud prominentes,

ad 2 longitudinis valvarum siti.

Long. 60, alt. 25, lat. 16 mm.

1861.] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. 425

Forma angusta, regularis, convexa. Loco radiorum, quibus or-

nantur Macha strigilata alizeque species, testa aliquantulum coar-

ctata est. Cardinis structura M. strigilate plane respondet.

Hab. In littore Australie orientalis (Mr. Strange).

29. Macua cuminGiANnA, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, convexa, angusta, utringue rotundata, alba, striis

incrementi concentricis lineisque obliquis elevatis subtilibus in-

structa, epidermide sordida, tenui, decidua, sublamellosa induta ;

umbones parvuli, antemediani, obtusi; basis dorso subparallela.

Long. 41, alt. 17, lat. 11 mm.

Hee species Mache quoyi Desh. similis est, sed statura angustiore,

margine dorsi et basi fere parallelis, umbonibus obtusis vix promi-

nentibus lineisque obliquis minoribus satis differt.

Hab. In Antillis insulis (47. Cuming).

L 30. Azor ospLoneus, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, solida, alba, antice rotundata, postice producta,

oblique subtruncata, concentrice rugoso-striata, epidermide cornea

decidua vestita, canali lato ab umbonibus ad basin decurrente in-

signis ; ligamentum crassum, prominens ; umbones obtusi, ut solent,

antemediani.

Long. 73, alt. 31, lat. 17 mm.

Ab Azore scheepmakeri Dkr. testa angustiore, postice producti-

ore necnon margine dorsi postico aliquantulum sinuato pro specie

genuina differre videtur.

Hab. Ad insulam Luzon Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

. 81. Azor soxipus, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, solida, alba, utrinque rotundata, in basi sub-

arcuata, in dorso curvata, concentrice rugoso-striata, epidermide

olivacea, decidua, margines versus lamellosa induta, canali obsoleto

ab umbonibus obtusis decurrente instructa.

Specimen quod exstat maximum 65 mm. longum, 31 altum, et 18

latum est.

Nescio an sit melius jungendus cum Azore scheepmakeri.

Hab. In insulis Philippinis (4. Cuming).

32. Azor minutus, Dkr.

Testa minuta, ovali-oblonga, subelliptica, tenuis, lactea, subpellucida,

concentrice tenerrimeque striata, epidermide pallide cornea ob-

ducta ; sulcus ab umbonibus decurrens, vie conspicuus ; altera val-

vula bidentata, altera unidentata, ita ut denticuli valvule dexire

erecti dentem parvulum valve opposii@ recipiant.

Long. 17, alt. 8, lat. 4 mm.

Fortasse speciei cujusdam pullus est.

Hab. In insula Bureas Philippinarum (H. Cuming).

426 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SOLENACEA. [Dec. 10,

33. SILIQUARIA CARPENTER], Dkr.

Testa oblonga, linearis, recta, concentrice striata, livida vel olivacea,

radiis duobus albidis in postica valvarum parte picia, linea brevi

Susca ad umbones siqnaia, epidermide cornea, in adultis specimi-

nibus olivacea vestita; umbones submediani, parvuli, paullo por-

recti ; linea basis recta, margini dorsi subparallela ; latus anticum

rotundatum, posticum oblique rotundato-truncatum. Cardo val-

vule dexire denticulis duobus equalibus, sinistre uno majore erecto

cochleariformi et uno minore antico instruclus. Sinus palliaris

Jere mediam testam occupat. Costula levis ab umbone directe

decurrit.

Long. 34, alt. 11, lat. 6 mm.

Differt a Siliquaria polita Carpenteri testa longiore angustiore,

umbonibus paullo prominentibus, linea umbonum fusea directa neque

obliqua.

Hab. In Carolina australi; Caraccas, West Colombia (H. Cum-

ing).

34. SrmiQUARIA NITIDISSIMA, Dkr.

Tesia oblonga, solidula, concentrice striata, alba, utrinque pallide

livescens, linea brevi fusca ab umbonibus decurrente lineolisque

nonnullis medias valvulas tenentibus signata, epidermide tenut,

pallide cornea, pellucida, constante et nitidissima obductu; um-

bones submediani, obtusi; basis et linea dorsi paullo curvate ;

extremitates rotundate, postica subattenuata.

Long. 43, alt. 15, lat. 7 mm.

Differt a Siliquaria polita Carp. testa majore solidiore, pictura

languida, epidermide pallidiore, et lineolis istis fuscis medias valvas

occupantibus.

Hab. In littore Peruano (ZH. Cuming).

35. SILIQUARIA PERUANA, Dkr.

Testa oblonga, ovalis, ventrosa, sordide alba, concentrice striata,

epidermide cornea, glabra, nitida, utringue subrugosa induta ; ex-

tremitates rotundate, postica angustior ; ligamentum breve, cras-

sum. Cardo in valva deatra bidentatus ; dens posticus crassus,

curvus ; cardo valve opposite pariter dentibus duobus, sed mino-

ribus et uno obliterato munitus est. Preterea facies interna om-

nino Soleni gibbo respondet.

Long. 53, alt. 23, lat. 17 mm.

Queeritur num heee concha statura brevi, tumida, et extremitate

antica eequaliter rotundata, necnon epidermide glabra excellens, pro

specie propria haberi possit, an potius pro varietate curta Siliquarie

gibbe, que mirum in modum variat.

Hab. In littore Peruano (H. Cuming).

36. Auxus sapontcus, Dkr.

Testa ovalis, fere elliptica, compressiuscula, concentrice tenuiterque

striata, levigata, nitida, strigis vel zonis lividis et violacescen-

tibus radiisque 4 albis picta, epidermide tenuissima subvitrea in-

P.Z.9.1861, Plate ALI.

J. Wolf.de

tlith MeN Hanhart lnp

ARCILIARIB.

P ¢) DARG U 2)

P.2.0 1061, Plane ae

Wolf delet hth, M.& N.Henhart Imp

| MACHARIRHYNCGHUS ALBIFRONS.

TODOPSIS WALLACII

1861. ] MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS. _ <-~ 427

duta. Cardinis structura ut in Solene radiato; valva dextra

dente unico cum adjacentibus duabus foveolis instructa, quibus

dentes subconici duo valve opposite respondent; costa crassa,

alba, parum obliqua, a cardine usque ad medium valvarum extendi-

tur, marginem versus evanescens. Nymphe magne, crasse ; liga-

mentum breve.

Long. 50, alt. 24, lat. 11 mm.

Concha nostra statura minore, breviore, ambitu fere exacte ellip-

tico, colore, necnon radio antico directo, haud obliquo, ab Aulo ra-

diato satis differt.

lab. In Japonia (H. Cuming).

37. AULUS GRAYANUS, Dkr.

Testa ovali-oblonga, subelliptica, complanata, utrinque rotundata, ad

basin subsinuata, striis concentricis distinctis instructa, nitida,

pellucida, alba, radiis pallide lividis picta; umbones prominuli ;

costa angusta, elata, parum obliqua, extrinsecus diaphana, mar-

ginem versus evanescens.

Long. 31, alt. 13, lat. 5 mm.

Differt ab Aulo pulchro Gouldii presertim valvulis altioribus, striis

concentricis distinctioribus, pictura languida. Suleum parvum ad

umbones incipientem ad latus posticum decurrentem, necnon stri-

gillas minimas paullo divergentes sub vitro invenies.

38. AuLus rostrRaAtus, Dkr.

Testa magna, ovali-oblonga, complanata, utrinque rotundata, antice

brevis, postice longe producta, attenuata; basis equaliter cur-

vata; dorsum utrinque compressum, carinam acutam formans ;

ligamentum pro magnitudine teste breve, paullo immersum ; color

cretaceus, opacus ; epidermis crassa, coriacea, nitida; umbones

prominuli, ad { longitudinis teste siti, livido picti, radio albo ob-

scuro utrinque signati.

Long. 132, alt. 58, lat. 20 mm.

Species magna, forma sua rostrata ab Aulo grandi Hindsii differt.

Hab. In regionibus Arcticis (H. Cuming).

8. Remarks on, AND Descriptions or, New Specizes or Brrps

LATELY SENT BY Mr. A. R. Watuace From Waiciov,

Mysox, AND GaGiEe IsLanps. By Grorce Rospert Gray,

F.L.S., &e.

(Plates XLII., XLIII., XLIV.)

The following new species, which I beg to lay before the Society,

have been selected froma series of 73 species of Birds obtained at

Waigiou, of which 10 species only had been previously noticed in

works as from that locality, also from a series of 102 species

procured at Mysol, which is quite a new locality for the ornithologist.

There are further added some remarks on previously known species

428 MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS [Dec. 10,

which present differences in their colour, &c., according to the island

that they inhabit.

Popareus surerciLiaris, G. R.Gr. (Pl. XLIL.)

This fine species differs from Podargus marmoratus in its deeper

rufous colour on the upper surface, and -in the white spots on the

wings, and also in the numerous patches of white on the under sur-

face of the body; but principally in the well-marked white eye-

brows.

Total length 14” 3!, bill from gape 2" 3!", wings 7! 9",

Hab. Waigiou.

HALcyon TOROTORO.

Of this bird M. Lesson figured the male, from which the female

differs in having a black crown and nuchal collar of the same colour.

The Waigiou and Mysol examples vary from Lesson’s figure in

having the back and wings of a yellowish green, and the abdomen

pale rufous instead of white.

PriLtotis sonororpes, G. R. Gr.

This species approaches to Ptilotis sonora, Gould. It is of a

brownish grey, with the lores and behind the eyes black ; beneath

the latter there is a bright yellow streak ending in a patch of pure

white ; beneath, the body is yellowish white, streaked with fuscous

along the shaft of each feather ; quills and tail bright olivaceous yel-

low on the outer margins.

Total length 8" 9'", bill from gape 1" 1'", wings 4" 6!",

Hab. Waigiou.

PTILOTIS SIMILIS, var.

Differs from the typical Péélotis similis in having the bill shorter,

and the patch of yellow on the ear of a larger size.

Hab. Waigiou.

PTILOTIS FLAVIVENTRIS.

This species seems to vary in the different islands; for example,

that of the Island of Waigiou is olivaceous above, with a greater quan-

tity of yellow on the breast, and is also of a purplish brown on the

sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts, while the length of the

wings is 3! 7!"",

That from Mysol has the sides of the abdomen and under tail-

coverts inclined to rufous, while the wings are 4" 3!" in length.

PrTILoTis MEGARHYNCHUS.

The Mysol example agrees best in colour with the Dorey specimen,

while the measurements are most like those of the Aru specimens.

The bill is 1" 63!" in length.

The Waigiou specimens are of a dull brown, with grey on the head,

neck, and breast. The bill is 1" 8!" in length, while in measurements

it agrees best with the Dorey specimen.

1861. ] COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. 429

PTrILOTIS POLYGRAMMA, G. R. Gr.

Head greyish black ; throat white; upper surface fuscous black,

margined with olive yellow; feathers of nape, wing-coverts, and

across the middle of the back speckled with triangular spots of white ;

quills and tail fuscous, margined with olive yellow; beneath the body

white; the feathers of the breast fuscous along the shafts, while each

feather of the abdomen has an irregular band of black ; all are fringed

with yellow.

Total length 6” 6!", bill from gape 11'", wings 3! 31",

Hab. Waigiou.

TROPIDORHYNCHUS MARGINATUS, G. R. Gr.

This species differs from the Tropidorhynchus nove. guinee in

having olivaceous margins to the quills. It seems also to be rather

larger in all its dimensions,

Hab, Waigiou.

MACH4&RIRHYNCHUS ALBIFRONS, G. R. Gr. (Pl. XLII. fig. 1.)

This bird is like the M. wanthogenys, G. R. Gr., in many respects ;

but it is at once distinguished by the front and streak over the eyes

being white, and by the bill being rather narrower and slightly

sharper in front.

The young bird is of a yellowish olivaceous, with the front and

eyebrows pale rufous ; throat and breast white, the latter is waved

with fuscous ; beneath, the rest of the body yellow, and olivaceous

on the sides ; wings and tail fuscous, with the coverts of the former

margined with white, while the quills are margined with yellow.

Total length 4" 11!", bill from gape 93!", wings 2! 4!"

Hab. Waigiou and Mysol.

. foporsis watiacu, G.R.Gr. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 2.)

Top of the head black, with the tips of the feathers light blue and

the shaft bluish white ; back rufous ; wings and tail dark brown;

wing-coverts tipped with white ; round the eyes, lores, ear-coverts,

aud beneath the body white; quills margined narrowly with white ;

the tips of the outer tail-feathers also white.

Total length 4" 7'", bill from gape 8'", wings 2".

The young bird is rufous white on the throat ; the bill is black,

tipped with yellowish white ; it differs from that of the typical To-

dopsis in being longer and somewhat curved, and in having the

bristles as long as the bill.

Hab. Mysol.

PACHYCEPHALA GRISEONOTA, G. R. Gr.

Brownish grey above ; quills and tail fuscous, margined with grey ;

beneath, the body white ; breast tinged with brownish-white.

Total length 5" 9", bill from gape 9!", wings 3! 2!’

Hab. Mysol.

CAMPEPHAGA SCHISTICEPS.

The figure of this bird in the ‘ Voyage au Pole Sud’ represents

430 MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS [Dec. 10,

the female. The male is of a deep slaty grey, not unlike the Cam-

pephaga tenuirostris of Australia. The young male is of a pale

rufous, changing to deep slaty grey.

CamMPpEePHaAGaA (LALAGE) ATROVIRENS, G. R. Gr.

Greenish black; lower part of the back, body beneath, some of

the wing-coverts, broadly tipped and margined, and the outer mar-

gins of secondaries and tertials, white ; upper tail-coverts black, mar-

gined with white, and the tips of the outer tail-feathers white. Bill

very small, and black ; feet plumbeous.

Total length 8", bill from gape 8'", wings 3! 11!",

The young bird is fuscous black, the feathers of the under sur-

face narrowly margined with fuscous black, under tail-coverts like

those of the adult, but with less white on the lower part of the back.

Hab. Mysol.

RECTES uROPYGIALIS, G. R. Gr.

Its general appearance is similar to Rectes dichrous, but it is

larger and of a darker rufous colour, with the lower part of the back

as well as the tail-coverts deep black.

Total length 11", bill from gape 1" 3!", wings 5".

Hab. Mysol.

RECTES LEUCORHYNCHUS, G. R. Gr.

It is above the size of Rectes strepitans, to which it is also very

similar in colour, but it is easily distinguished by the colour of the

bill, which is of a yellowish white.

Total length 12" 3", bill from gape 1" 4'", wings 5! 11!"

Hab. Gagie.

RECTES CERVINIVENTRIS, G. R. Gr.

This bird is nearest to Rectes cirrocephalus, but it is much smaller,

and differs in the colour of the back, wings, and tail. Head and

throat brownish grey ; back the same colour, but darker ; wings and

tail brown, margined with rufous ; abdomen and under tail-coverts

rufous buff.

Total length 9" 5!" bill from gape 1 3!", wings 3! 11!”,

Hab. Gagie,

Mytouesres arrinis, G. R. Gr.

It is like the Mytolestes aruensis on the upper surface, but the

head has a slight tinge of grey ; beneath, the body pale yellowish

fuscous ; throat slightly varied with white. It is rather smaller in

its general measurements.

Hab. Gagie.

CRACTICUS PE RSONATUS, Var.

The examples of Waigiou and Mysol have longer bills and a greater

quantity of white on the tips of the outer tail-feathers. The New

Guinean examples appear to be rather wider at the base of the cul-

men than in that part of the Aru, Waigiou, and Mysol specimens,

but the length of the bill is about the same.

1861.] COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. 431

PARADISEA RUBRA.

A specimen marked by Mr. Wallace as a male exhibits the cirrhi

as extending for about three inches and a quarter beyond the tail-

feathers, and ending in spatula-formed ends, composed of rather short

and broad lateral webs. This peculiar character may denote it to

be a young bird, of which as the bird advances in age the cirrhi

prolong and the lateral webs at the ends wear off (see Wallace,

‘Ibis,’ 1861, p. 290).

It may here be remarked that a specimen with lengthened cirrhi

and with long narrow-webbed ends was described as a distinct spe-

cies under the name of Paradisea bartlettii by Mr. Goodwin in the

‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, 1860, p. 243. "The example referred

to may now be considered as the young of Paradisea papuana.

Catornis GuLaris, G. R. Gr.

-This species is very like the Calornis viridescens, but with less

green on the nape; and it possesses the same rich glossy purple

colour on the throat as is found on the breast.

Total length 8" 11", bill from gape 93!", wings 3! 9!"",

Hab. Mysol.

CatLornis mysotensis, G. R. Gr.

It agrees in many respects with the-Calornis obscura, but it is of

a richer glossy green over the whole surface.

Total length 9" 2", bill from gape 11!", wings 3! 9",

Hab. Mysol.

Catornis cANToROIDES, G. R. Gr.

Lamprotornis cantor, Mill.?

Black, with glossy green reflexions, as in the former species ; but

the tail is shorter, and nearly square at its end.

Total length 7" 5!, bill from gape 11!, wings 3! 8!",

Hab. Mysol.

Eos COCHINSINENSIS, var.

This variety differs in having an irregular collar of blue round the

neck.

Hab. Waigiou.

Curysococcyx paciLturus, G. R. Gr.

Chrysocoecyx lucidus, auct.

The upper surface is like that of C. Jucidus, but the inner webs of

the tail-feathers (except the first and central feathers) are rufous,

with broad black bands and white tips; the outer feather of each side

is banded with white, rufous, and black, the black and white bands are

the broadest ; the inner margins of the quills rufous white. The

glossy zeneous bands on the under surface apparently more numerous

and rather narrower than in C. lucidus of New Zealand.

Hab. Mysol.

The Australasian examples have the margins of the inner webs of

the tail rufous, but the inner margins of the quills are always white.

432 MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS [Dec. 10,

PTILONOPUS ROSEIPECTUS, G. R. Gr.

Approaches the P. viridis, but is smaller and without the greyish

white on the shoulder ; this colour is less extended on the face, where

it is rather inclined to be of a bluish white. It has only a patch of

deep rose-colour on the breast, which appears to be wanting in the

female. The tips of the tail-feathers are without the bright-yellow

margins.

Total length 7" 6", bill from gape 8", wings 4" 5!

Hab. Waigiou, Gagie, and Mysol.

Henicopnars atpirrons, G.R.Gr. (Pl. XLIV.)

Front white ; fuscous-rufous black, tinged with glossy green, on the

back and tertials; greater wing-coverts with golden-coppery gloss ;

abdomen grey fuscous; under tail-coverts rufous.

Total length 13" 6!", bill from gape 1" 23!", wings 7!",

The bill is like that of Chalcophaps, but the apical portion occupies

rather more than half its length; the basal part of culmen is flat-

tened and rather broad.

Hab. Waigiou.

MEGAPODIUS FREYCINETI.

Mr. Wallace* refers to what he considers to be two species of this

genus, and states that their “bill and feet are different in size ;’’ but

the variations referred to seem to me to be only caused by the dif-

ference of age.

RALLUS PLUMBEIVENTRIS, G. R. Gr.

Head, neck, and breast rufous; back and wings olivaceous brown;

tail-coverts and tail black ; abdomen plumbeous.

Total length 11" 3!", bill from gape 1" 9!, wings 7!’ 3!",

Hab. Mysol.

Mr. Wallace has thus increased the Avifauna of New Guinea and

its neighbouring islands to upwards of three hundred species.

Amongst these his diligence has added some sixty-five new species to

our knowledge, many of which are not without interest to ornitho-

logical science.

A table of specific names is added to this paper, as it will best ex-

emplify the distribution of the several species among the islands that

constitute the localities of the New-Guinean Avifauna; it will also di-

stinguish those birds that at present appear to be peculiar to one island.

¥ in front of a specific name indicates those species, of the Waigiou

and Mysol collections, of which this paper more especially treats.

** before the name show the new species added to the New-Gui-

nean avifauna by Mr. Wallace.

* in column records those species of author’s which have been

given as inhabitants of the peculiar locality to which the column is

dedicated.

** in column point out the localities of those species of which

Mr. Wallace had obtained specimens.

* Ibis, 1561, p. 311.

1861.] COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. 433

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434 MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS (Dec. 10.

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CHTUIESCENS 2.5. 05020.0200ceseacseesess|

Alcippe MUrina ......sssescsseeeeeees

2 WOW ACH Ay coaceacuvpesseccecnwascac

Pitta macklotal -..<..0.2.00...320dec0ss< areils.celnbenilloe flees [ie sath ae

TOVR-ZUINER ...seeeeeeeeeee Aca ini hems kooks pow [EE SIE =

Oriolus miilleri .........e+eeeeees ee) Sekt] | SE Sheds [eo | aie

striatus...... Wensewecteee ek

melanotis... ave¥esacteme *

Sericulus aureus ...........s000 *

?? BNAIS Seast-covhassvduderes 3) ake

t+ Pomatorhinus isidori ...............0.-20.) #¥

ft Anthus richardii, var............scceceseee| vee

** Macherirhynchus xanthogenys.........! ...

t xx ALDIFTONS; DiSP--- ss.cvccsekeusacsdees| see :

Myiagralatirostris, vicese.ccsecdoddcdded=| 5. | cos] ste | oeetl cee [roost] wee IEEX

+ «x Piezorhynchus lucidus ..........2.....56) KE | Bee) seat ee eer

Todopsis cyanocephala ...............006|

+ bonapartel ..:.0..5....ccsseressss acs

Tt #x Wallacei, 1. SP. ...0..seseee

Rhipidura threnothorax .......

TUfiventYiS ........ss.-0e

ek hyperythra .....-....s000

t QUlANIBI.Jccanectecasscccens

*% ASSIMIIS 2.0... eee eee eee

*e Maculipectus .........0008

t pectorale ......

secceeeceesee! F | ye] oe.

seteteceeeeeeres! FH | ee | ee | cee | eee | eee | eee | EK

eos | eee | cee | cee | coe | ¥¥

see | cee | cee | coe | coe | coe | KF

eee | coe | eee | coe | cee] coe | wee | EF

MH | cae | eee | coe | ee] coe | vee | FH

coe | coe | cee | ose | cee] coe | coe | coe | ¥

cee | coe | cee | woe] cee | cee | coe | KF

1861.) COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. 435

§ of ol fe .

S/S1F/8/8) sla

os bo] . S

Bl eialel2 Pl Bl 2] s

Zi/H|alalel/slal4dis

t ** Rhipidura atripennis ...............c00e00] oe. | cae SpaE zal hods ||FSa es"

Monarcha inornata...... uses auc ek | |e. uae wee | eee [ORK

t cinerascens ...., Senos | neslllixewltaserll eve | aeall eeanlieeys

t guttula ...... sere] HK | ce fee | eee | OK] wee | RK | OK

4k griseogularis SO kocerl hice hoe eee

eK REM CNT A sem acwdactaasaces es ECD | Moe By kAeol sede fcsod neo || Os] woslbe =

melanoptera..........+..

JGUCOUMR i tesecsecers-e-63

ek MICNTOA cs cesspet ciraesasestane. see ees 3K

iF telescophthalma ...............-.002] 4 | ee | eee | coe | aK

t GHIYSOMEM As cease ccaces hoses cence cE | eee lore toeses eel | cet eee

t ** Microeca flavovirescens .............ce006] con | eee | eee | cee | ee | coe [2B | aE

ee Conspicillata ............sesceseeeeee | KE

‘+ xx Pachycephala griseiceps.............000++ ne sk Bri

T ek GUIREONOLA NS SPs scree secazece:ceceeoolin.. lcs |’ sawilles. [ieee hoe al ee

+k Pat DSc A Neey Copocc Soe neoAcer Me Coal lie Peed tetncullece MOSS Gata! Ged eael les

* PTAONACHAG ‘ese ees aan ecdas spe

? WIGODIIS ee canasnces tases cance

? virescens ..

SDIMICRUGH) lenve anes sa caeacan ss

Campephaga desgrazii ..........

OVEN aeewars rc ssa: csersaente dese ceo

ek GEEGMLCOPTISCA Ms ccc canantaxcacses's ese |itea (fase ltaae ae

MIGLAN ODS AVAN.s a crtacectaccerseorsecalio. si ol <enitituculieecl lissortmed Ee

ING OMGNCH EM nocsadencvessnostsccass: tere taven beeen y een | ee [Pes teeeel ee

WG ee Hidenedancaanaceneneserecesencscest to

tT DINMBPEA vacesash nsencescecasst-scoseee|! 2k

NOVH-ZUINCH ....00..,.sseeeeereereee| 2%

DADUCUSIR tes arocaendencaaneasetcores. on] OE

ii BCMISUICEPAl, > .sadesdecssendacensens

Ni WNELBUDIOYS) s.cesenceseactsancrsere

larvata ....

t+ xx (Ghalage) atrovirens, N-sp:iee-cscc|i2. |v Ioenllesaaltse lase OEE

#k (Lalage) polygramimicay.s-s.-s<-c|/c.. | o-e lee» cari] eos, ioealides | 0

+ Artamus papuensis............ paceacsessae|hEN|is-clliacerliass [esemiheeeh| OO | eK

* Dicrurus assimilis . seeeeecee eee [EK A] oes | cee | coe | cee | eee | vee | HH

t CATHONATAUS! .sd.00cncoeqeesrtesceences|U2E lesa) aoe |(aee 1 Ki hesenl eee

Rectes cirrocephalus ............sseseeeee|

CICHNONS Hess adeaccs.dssdadsscaceceaae| 2 [be cenleseailtaeel|fees lteeell bese IGE

T ex TROD YP AMS AWS SY: towscscccdssaces<-s|isenlisss|/ scm |enenlmemer|iewer ROT

t BEREPIUADS cn rentesecse nc seveseecesccoee| KK] cee | wee | cee [eee | eee | HK | HH

+ *x LEHCOMBVECHUS, N-SP-! Ssccors-<esase|"s0'lraseh liseailinea: SER

t se COXVINIVENITIS: MRPs, caecaccsseesnes||sostlecculeceittes cil 3k

Myiolestes megarhynchus ...........

Tt #x ANUENSISptssses seo. 2- _

t xx affinis, n. sp. pecdeececyeksens | ovarlix ceniieeas \oaaitoee

pulverulentus easasesenssecese|

Cracticus CassicUsS ..........ssscseceeeeees|

personatus .. ceccccccccecceccecee| KE | coe | coe | vee | cee | coe | woe | EK

teeeeveseccoeses|

see eeenesesese

re eK

COrVUS OFT. .....00.ssccscnecescosescseene-| KE] EP | .. =| ooo | HK [soe | HH | OE

Gymnocorvus senex(fuscicapillus, adlt.)| + |...) 00] 00 | |... | oe. | 8

+44>+

436 MR. G. R. GRAY ON NEW BIRDS [Dec. 10,

New Guinea.

| Salwatty.

| Battanta.

Paradisea apoda ........sssesssscssssseceee| KP

ft papuana. (P. bartlettii, Goodw.

juy. OO)” satavcdacncnicocneaccnstss

TEBIA...+00..-

SPECIOSA Ie neceacsctecsensesteden.

BETA ...ccecerccccceseceeccee

SEXPCNNIS. con ccccveovercssess

T MUIDIR Shcscacesoqccessdacesuass

? WHSONivenitenccsiedanevencensnesscenssens

AStLAPIA MIGTA .ssccseesscccsseescoecererees

CALANCHIAGA nrmdvasscoeceonuaeciimndace

Ptilonorhynchus buccoides .........++-

2K INELANGUSC ss sesccssesacscdesssumrencnes

t Manucodia viridis .....0.........cecsssees

i GEA <o.saeen

KETAUOTONMcosaccsasienssocerreaceat=an

++ Calornis viridescens (virescens errone-

OUSHY) Jace sswavscetecwaancescessseses

tex gularis, n. sp. ... steotesrcccins

tT x MYSO]ENSIS, N. SP. cvccoscercsceseees

T 2% CANTOTOIdES, TSP. <onchsacesacencces

tf Gracula dumontii ..........5.0.-.sc00cees

ih. PB UCEROS TUMCOVUSH wcaecsceceeeecussescase?

+ Platycercus dorsalis” <........0s.ss-0s000s

Aprosmictus erythropterus, var. ......

Chalcopsitta nove guinee ............++

SCUNGUAGA sec ccs: ccecasssapsduereccesess

2k MUDEMTONS sss ce decascnosaaessrnt es

RUPIPINOSH) secebcanesesnt-cs-csressees

T SUK cweees

Charmosyna papua......ccs.eeeee

eK pulchella co. .c.c.secgasectese=

+ Lorius domicella......

: | Louisiade.

* of | Mysol

* | Aru.

x | HK

+ +

¥X y ¥* y

swe

* *

eee | HE

eee | coe | coe | vee | ces

revere

coe | H¥

aoe | RE

eee | RK

Eos squamata ......s.secscessesees

ft cochinsinensis, Var..........+

TUSCALA Yc hen csavaseee doaketes ty ck te

ff Eeclectus linnaei ............s0csevsceeoes

Psittacodis polychloros .............0.0+

t VAN. ALUCNSIS” 2.2<csisycedttac'evs see's

DALRDEMecsesuuadcceras csedeeeeescesestes:

Coriphilus placentis ......ceecscseeeesees

Trichoglossus cyanogrammus...

Capistratus, Var. ........e0e.

T+? nigrogularis ............c000e.

4k COCCINCHTONS .....seeeceseseeeee

? ochrocephalus ............06-++

? ImMMarginatus .......cecseeeees

t Tanygnathus macrorhynchus..........+.

2 TABU PINAUUR ecteecebesesdcceraseesr ses

Psittacus personatus (?)....escccecceeeres

THOMGP ie rerteecscetsccedeconecscaacess

tT PUCHELEM trees caccesscedes coaeccosects

eee lean | *

EL RK | OK

see | eee | eee | wee | RF

KK | see | coe | wee | FH

1861.] COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. 437

New Guinea,

| Louisiade,

| Salwatty.

| Battanta.

ax Psittacus capistratus .... seseelyas lly ees|veret | adel tiene

eK BYUCNSIS .....ceseseseaese Seer] aesill eee

t+ Psittacrla desmarestii...... setae EA osc lite y et | oes’ | tees

diophthalmay. (i.cs.2.<csce te sescsosl oF |heng

Nasiterna pygma@a .......0...+

Cacatua equatorialis, .c..0.ssnsrecessesedl) 2 -| oso lltcts | cepilices

EIGONMccwoaeneeteceencascocaceeaestsesh SOHO Ii. |) oet| ae

+ Microglossum aterrimum .........000...] | cee | vee | vee |

MIECIOM Fe renreinwen nace aceurturewacen sect (cewllaee Wie senlitee leas

Dasyptilus paraguanus ........2....0060-| see | owe | ace | ce |X

BESQUELII? 0... -etracare coresdenses cell

? Chrysocolaptes cardinalis ..........

Centropus menebiki ..............

ek SPMOPLENUR) /- -aaes cdaveecadesceas vs seee|| seni | Soc estlieeee less

Eudynamis punctatus..

Cuculus leucolophus ...

4K assimilis... ...... stesesseeeeee! won| coe] coe | woe | FF

KE MeECATIAVNCHUSE cadens see mec sen! ce eee | cas Thee cd Reon ee

Chrysococcyx peecilurus, n. sp. ........-] & |... | cee | coe | eee

t+ Ptilonopus superbus (cyanovirens,

Pie Ba OY ico cm sgeah ed accaites sacees|| 4K) Vann, lrecalteee | RE

rivoli

? SUMOPMILNIY cnahewscecosonsipssscrcaceeslte spel 3%

T ee PYASINOLThOUS ...000.....secesoeeeeees

PETALS co. cccecsesverscseseerscccsres| K | ace] cee | oun | cos

* WAIIACEIO: ceaacosessepeeesssenssceeseurl ona, | mgallinenliasallied

i pulchellus ..... seteccereee! | cee] aoe | vee | 2K

WINEDS|) cscepscceps Sacesceenl of

Ee aurantiifrons .. sssnp seer] tare user | isda naam iene

E coronulatus ....... SA Pod looe

MANUS .2..20026

ak iozonus ......

Viridis (?) ...... eevecsesensl 3

T ex TOSEIPECHIS aie cee se ncwens cress teantee res! leacilieaeiinasauliesen Gee

t Carpophaga pinon .............secceeeeeee| HK | cee | vee | woe | RK

BOGE Freceyiee scsi nater sansh-me svencrense| FF |ieen\|) cs ailNeselliters

NU Cta iasees sncrssaehussss cnr seseerenns (ice: less |eeellicans ieee

t Dicolopit cs .cagsb cceess docdee

XE Spilorrhoa ....cccccssseseees

Chalybura.......sceeeees

Li sundevallii ............00

pacifica (a2nea, duet.)...

MYYISticivOra ........000-

albogularis ...........0008

eeereeccceeeeeevesses|

eee eeccee! cee | see | see | eee | eee

AG CIANICH ENE cons dae cde song opahsnases | 2

Perspicillatacsnnccevacdeonewertes tesa |iecil Sen |'caat| eee (ORR

Macropypia phasianelfg vss.ccs<s.sesaceveluee'l coerce teen lace

AOTEV Alc ucwtosssaa Cacscare se teceee eh PEF [en lioce ivan SER

WEIMWATAU vaccasncacnonpoesoncteceetse| ¥ |'ccellieae [eee eek

Geopelia humeralis......,...c0.csseeseeeee|

Chalcophaps stephani.................

Trugon terrestris......sec-esssessosseee

** Henicophaps albifrons, n. sp.......

> + +> > ° 4SS>

438 NEW BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. WALLACE. [Dec. 10.

A Cy : -

als | Sha

Elelzlg 3

® a ves Bl) BI gs

z\|alala = \4/s

Caloenas nicobarica ..-........ Pera tie 3

TULA tcccesexssesen snes a5) a3

Goura COFONATA co. ..c,cccccceccecocsccvees| FF | ace | ave

VICLOTIEE “osesue ceveoaseuvadeswbecteneee|/ oe

Talegallus cuvieri ..........+6+ EE be we | ORK

Megapodius reinwardtii ........... ek koe Paes woe | 2 |

? PUDEIPES Poachuveckthacesciesdensices cscs

t FTEYCINEM oso a.cecntawesteacowesemes *

Coturnix nove guines(Megapodius, j j:?)

CasUarilsS CMU... wicsccesececssasste-- estsael! OE

KADY} casetseens ene cl tatatet Stil okic Pel a | ee

Esacus magnirostris Davenseceecsees| titan vrenl|t te

Glareola grallaria ... Songscatance)| mealies wee [RK

Charadrius xanthocheilus ........... sadsliaes x7

if MNLOLNAGHE:cedevasdecssuvoeccsee sede coos fatal Be eee jac Wee fc

Gime NS ANLENPTES wsrosncecccwcectveceasseet| 2 | bee {recs |leea|| vee x |

Hematopus longirostris Sanceigacr ball 9.35

Ardea nove guinez ......

jugularis .......6-. SCEEDLOUEEH Wie

PLOY Goes setwecsneccessscansencceseees=|(ece

ATUETSIS) “cccsurscevepewen coecearsasds es} oe) fc

Ardetta stagnatilis .... ecvasseae| 3

Botaurus heliosyla ....

eos |

Numenius uropygialis... ae

t+ Tringoides empusa ......... vel ||Boi Fon see | H%

Himantopus leucocephalus * 2 ¥%

Tringa albescens.....ccccscecsecessccecsses|

Phalaropus hyperboreus, var.

eeeeeneee! wae

t Scolopax Ufone eveite nceekaatestikeeFeest|

on coe | HK

Parra gallinacea .......sss0e.. * 63 xx

} x* Rallus plumbeiventris, n. sp. ... 4 Ben ca

tome Rallina tricolor .......ccscsesecesesseeeeee| #% Fe

GOWER een sccncciewbacmaseshaoeceenkesives| Pade [total ccc ier HH | ORK

Eulabeornis castaneoventris Ree een |e

Tadorna radjah .......6..00.

? Eudyptes torquatus........+...

: PAPUA) oes. overs asseseereks wan

? Aptenodytes longirostris (?) veoee]

Halzebona typica.e..ccccseoescserecces =

T Sterna poliocerca ..........-.0+.

MOUTOSUiss canes es bat sic oes

t gracilis ... 50520

melanauchen tees

t PAYMANA ......eecccceccccccecsevecesee| oes

Snilaifibenc.ct.ccorines ese

Graculus hypoleucus ..

Attagen ariel ............

eer | woe | eee

ee eeeecnseeterons! coe | one | wee | eee | wee H*

eae | eee | coe | wee | wee | wee | woe | HH

Ablabes

collaris, 216.

owenii, 217.

punctatus, 366.

rappit, 216.

Abrornis

albigularis, 200.

albiventris, 199.

hodgsoni, 199.

melanops, 200.

superciliaris, 200.

Acanthogorgia

grayi, 296.

hirsuta, 296.

Acantholabrus, 416.

Acanthosaura

armata, 189.

capra, 188.

coronata, 187.

Acanthylis

collaris, 79.

Accipiter

cruentus, 433.

nisus, 367, 368.

poliocephalus, 433.

Acephalocystis

macaci, 120.

ovis - tragelaphi,

120.

Achatina

brevis, 387.

foxcrofti, 25.

octona, 230.

planti, 25.

semigranosa, 25.

Acrocladia, 56.

trigonaria, 58.

Actinia

mesembryanthemum,

301.

virgata, 301.

Actodromas

minuta, 398.

Adamsiella

osberti, 232.

Addax

nasomaculata, 234.

INDEX.

Adula, 145.

multivalvis, 145,

Egialitis

melodus, 80.

Z&gotheles

wallacei, 433.

Agama

versicolor, 215,

Ahetulla

liocerca, 325.

Aiptasia

couchit, 300.

Aix

sponsa, 44, 82, 84, 85.

Alcedo

ispida, 264.

Alcippe:

monacha, 434.

murina, 434.

Aleyone

azurea, var. lessoni,

433.

Alecthelia

urvilliz, 288.

Alectura

lathami, 288.

Aletes, 334, 336, 361.

centiquadrus, 362,

centiquadrus, var. im-

bricatus, 154.

margaritarum, 164.

Alicia, 303.

mirabilis, 303.

Alligator

lucius, 59, 367.

Alora

gouldii, 272.

Ameria

carinata, 148.

cumingti, 144.

mesta, 144.

obesa, 144.

truncata, 144.

Ampelis

cedrorum, 368.

cineracea, 210.

garrula, 368.

Ampelis

hypopyrrha, 211.

Anabates

amaurotis, 378.

atricapillus, 378.

erythrocercus, 378.

poliocepha'us, 378.

pyrrhodes, 378.

ruficaudatus, 378.

rufjicollis, 378.

striaticollis, 378.

superciliaris, 378.

Anableps _

dowtt, 30.

Anas

acuta, 84.

bimaculata, 393.

boschas, 84, 392.

ceruleata, 84.

clangula, 84.

clypeata, 83, 84.

fusca, 83.

glocitans, 393.

marila, 84.

mollissima, 83.

nigra, 83, 84.

perspicillata, 83.

querquedula, 84,

spectabilis, 83.

Andropadus

importunus, 396.

Anguilla

bengalensis, 226.

elphinstonei, 226.

porphyrea, 226.

variegata, 226.

Anomalurus

beecroftii, 275.

beldeni, 275.

derbianus, 275.

Anser

albifrons, 59, 365.

canadensis, 368.

paludosus, 19.

phenicopus, 19, 234.

segetum, 19.

sinensis, 234,

440

Anseranas

melanoleuca, 266.

Anthea

cereus, 301.

Anthus

pratensis, 367.

spinoletta, 391.

Antilope

caama, 307.

capreola, 307.

euryceros, 276.

Aphantochroa

roberti, 203.

Apogon

en 371.

Aprosmictus

erythropterus, 234, 365,

436.

scapulatus, 234,

Aptenodytes

chrysocome, 46.

longirostris, 438.

pennantit, 47.

Aquila

braccata, 45.

fucosa, 59, 101.

gurneyi, 433.

Ara

severa, 365.

Arachnothera

nove guinee, 434,

Aramides

cayanensis, 367.

Aramus

giganteus, 81.

scolopaceus, 81,

Arca

lactea, 405.

noe, 405.

Arctibeus

achradophilus, 64.

brachyotus, 64.

carpolegus, 64.

Jjamaicensis, 64, |

perspicillatus, 64,

sulphureus, 64,

Ardea

aruensis, 438,

greyti, 438.

herodias, 81.

Jugularis, 438.

nove guinee, 438,

purpurea, 399,

Ardetta

exilis, 81.

stagnatilis, 438,

amus

papuensis, 435,

Ascaris

depressa, 122,

dispar, 122,

INDEX,

Ascaris

lineata, 123.

retusa, 121.

tribothrioides, 122.

vesicularis, 122,

Asteronyx

lovent, 96.

Astrapia

carunculata, 436.

nigra, 436.

Astur

monogrammicus, 234,

365.

nove hollandie,

433.

Ateles

belzebuth, 247.

paniscus, 247.

Athene

humeralis, 433.

theomacha, 433.

Atherina

sithama, 221.

Attagen

ariel, 438.

Attagis

molouina, 46.

Auchenia

glama, 101.

Aulia

hypopyrrka, 211.

Aulus

grayanus, 427.

Japonicus, 426.

rostratus, 427.

Azor

minutus, 425.

oblongus, 425,

solidus, 425,

Baleniceps, 131.

Balea

taylori, 27.

Barbus

brachiatus, 223.

diplocheilus, 224.

heaastichus, 224,

megalepis, 223.

mosal, 223,

Basileuterus

uropygialis, 128.

Basilornis, 183.

celebensis, 184.

corythaix, 184,

Batagur

dhongoka, 214,

lineata, 214.

Batrachus

surinamensis, 369.

Baza

stenozona, 433.

Beguina (Thecalia)

concamerata, 146.

Belideus, 368.

Bernicla

brenta, 101, 365.

canadensis, 264.

Biblis

leucocyma, 53.

Bilharzia

magna, 118.

Bivonia

albida, 332.

contorta, 344.

decussata, 343.

glomerata, 333.

subcancellata, 355.

Blacicus

pallidus, 77.

Blennius

brevipinnis, 373.

Boa

constrictor, 15, 115,228.

Boodon

lineatus, 209, 265.

Bos

grunniens, 101.

taurus, var. domesticus,

Botaurus, 133.

heliosyla, 438.

Brachypteryx, 201,

cruralis, 201.

hyperythra, 201.

nipalensis, 201.

rufifrons, 201.

Bronchocela

cristatella, 189.

Bubo

lacteus, 59.

virginianus, 367,

Buccinum

ambiguum, 404.

nucleus, 404.

olivaceum, 404.

plumatum, 404.

Bucephalus

capensis, 209, 265,

Buceros

rujicollis, 436,

ufo

calamita, 366.

carinatus, 220.

melanostictus, 189, 220.

Bulimus

areolatus, 194.

comes, 193.

demerarensis, 24.

dux, 24.

dysont, 230,

felix, 387.

Jlavus, 194.

Bulimus

glaucolarynx, 207.

gloriosus, 387.

hepatostomus, 23.

honduratianus, 230,

énclinatus, 387.

todostylus, 23.

moricandi, 230.

mouhoti, 194.

niloticus, 24.

pan, 23.

pazianus, 230.

portii, 193.

pyrgiscus, 24.

rhombostomus, 194.

seemanni, 207.

semipellucidus, 230.

ventricosus, 405.

zebrinus, 194.

Bulla

media, 405.

occidentalis, 405.

Bungarus

fasciatus, 391.

Bunodes

listeri, 302,

Burtinella, 147.

contraria, 148,

nodus, 148.

nystii, 148.

phillipsii, 148,

sowerbii, 148.

turbinata, 148.

Buteo - re

thronotus, 45,

he 307.

poliosoma, 45.

tricolor, 45.

unicolor, 45.

varius, 45.

vulgaris, 264.

Cacatua

equatorialis, 437.

cristata, 365, 366.

philippinarum, 234,

triton, 437.

Caccabis

rufa, 234.

Cairina

moschata, 284.

Calamaria

brachyorrhos, 216.

fusca, 215.

Callianassa

turnerana, 42.

Callophis

macclellandiz, 219,

univirgatus, 219.

Caleenas, 234.

nicobarica, 438.

INDEX,

| Calcenas

rufigula, 438.

Calornis

cantoroides, 431, 436.

gularis, 431, 436.

mysolensis, 431, 436.

viridescens, 436.

Calotes

versicolor, 189, 215.

Calotragus, 235, 268.

melanotis, 209, 264.

tragulus, 209, 264.

Calyptrea, 405.

Campephaga

atrovirens, 435.

boyeri, 435.

ceruleogrisea, 435.

desgrazt?, 435.

hypoleuca, 435.

larvata, 435.

melanolora, 435.

melanops, 435.

melena, 435.

nove guinee, 435.

papuensis, 435.

plumbed, 439.

polygrammica, 430.

schisticeps, 429, 435.

Campulotus, 334,

Cancer

bellianus, 240.

Cancroma, 133.

Canidia, 384.

fusca, 384.

Canis

lupus, 368.

Capra

hircus, 264.

Caprimulgus

americanus, 77.

Jamaicensis, 77.

macrurus, 433.

Capromys

brachyurus, 64.

Capsa, 405.

Cardium

serratum, 405,

Carpophaga

albaulasts 437.

bicolor, 437.

chalybura, 437.

leclancheri, 437.

miilleri, 437.

myristicivora, 437.

pacifica, 437.

perspicillata, 437.

pinon, 437.

puella, 437.

rufigaster, 437.

sundevallit, 437.

zoee@, 437.

441

Casarca

rutila, 59.

Cassis

testiculus, 404.

Castor

canadensis, 59.

Casuarius

emu, 438.

kaupi, 438.

Catheturus

australis, 288.

cuviert, 288.

nove hollandie, 288.

Catla

buchanani, 226.

Cebus, 250.

capucinus, 59, 365.

Cenchris

piscivorus, 13.

Centrolabrus, 416.

Centropus

menebiki, 437.

spilopterus, 437.

Centurus

radiolatus, 79.

Cephalophus

badius, eer ie

meus, 209, -

dates 367.

Cercaria

cercopithect, 119.

cervi, 119.

macaci, 119.

Cercolabes

nove hispanie, 288.

Cercoleptes

caudivolvulus, 280.

Cercopithecus

delalandii, 101, 234,

366.

eralebenit, 274.

nigripes, 274.

pa 101.

sabeus, 234.

Cereopsis

nove hollandie, 234.

Cerithium

algicola, 405.

eriense, 405.

litratum, 405.

mutabile, 405.

peloritanum, 405.

Certhiola

flaveola, 73.

maritima, 71,

Cervulus, 390.

cambojensis, 138.

Cervus, 368.

axis, 59, 264.

kuhiit, 188.

peronit, 138.

442

Cervus

pseudaxis, 235, 236.

sika, 235, 236, 367.

taiouanus, 235, 390.

wallichii, 134, 286,

390.

Ceryle

aleyon, 77.

Cestoideum

amadine, 120.

Lait 433.

pusilla, 433.

solitaria, 433.

Chaca

lophioides, 223.

Chezetodon

argus, 221.

atromaculatus, 221.

pairatalis, 221.

Cheetura

zonaris, 79.

Chalcophaps

indica, 365.

stephant, 437.

Chalcopsitta

atra, 436.

nove guinee, 436.

rubrifrons, 436.

rubiginosa, 436.

scintillata, 436.

Chama

zostoma, 405.

macrophylla, 405.

Chamzleo

africanus, 234, 367.

dilepis, 209, 265, 268.

Chamepelia

passerina, 80.

trochila, 80.

Charadrius

inornatus, 438.

sxanthocheilus, 438.

Charmosyna

papua, 436,

pulchella, 436.

Chatoéssus

manmina, 226.

Cheilinus

hexatenia, 409.

Cheilio, 410.

Chelodina

longicollis, 59, 101.

Chelonia

imbricata, 366.

Chilonycteris

Suliginosa, 65.

grisea, 65.

gymnonota, 66.

macleayi, 65,

osburni, 66.

INDEX.

Chilonycteris

quadridens, 65.

rubiginosa, 66.

Chiromys

madagascariensis, 306.

Chiton

squamosus, 405.

Chitra

indica, 215.

Chloéphaga

magellanica, 367.

poltocephala, 46.

rubidiceps, 46.

Chlorcenas

inornata, 80.

rufina, 80.

Chlorophanes

flavirostris, 129.

guatemalensis, 129.

Chlorosoma

vernale, 366.

Cheerops, 416.

Chondropoma

rubicundum, 232.

Chordeiles

gundlachii, 77.

minor, 77.

pusillus, 182.

virginianus, 77.

Chorisodon

sibiricum, 47, 50.

Chrysococeyx

pecilura, 431, 437.

Chrysocolaptes

cardinalis, 437.

Chrysomitris

magellanica, 46.

Chrysopelea

ornata, 366.

Chrysothrix

sciureus, 250.

Chrysotis

agilis, 79.

collaria, 79.

Ciconia

alba, 101.

Cidaris, 54,

Cinclodes

vulgaris, 47.

Cinclus

aquaticus, 365.

interpres, 438.

Circus

cyaneus, 365.

Cirrhilabrus, 409.

Cirrhina

reba, 225.

Cistudo

amboinensis, 140.

Cistula

trochlearis, 232.

Clangula

glaucion, 234.

Clausilia

cambajensis, 199.

obesa, 27.

(Balea) taylor?, 27.

Clea

Sunesta, 383.

Clepticus, 418.

Clinus

delalandii, 369.

macrocephalus, 373.

Clupanodon

manmina, 226.

Clypeaster, 57.

Cobitis

barbatula, 368.

scaturigina, 225.

Coccothraustes

vulgaris, 365.

Coccyzus

seniculus, 79.

Coelogenys

fulvus, 288.

paca, 288.

Ceelopeltis

vermiculata, 49.

Coenurus

lemuris, 120.

Collocalia

hypoleuca, 459.

nidifica, 433.

Coluber

aulicus, 219.

blumenbachii, 218, 367.

dhumnades, 219.

fasciolatus, 218.

melanurus, 218.

molurus, 215.

naja, 219.

nigro-marginatus, 219.

quadrivitiatus, 13.

reticularis, 218.

russellii, 216.

stolatus, 217. ,

trabalis, 47.

umbratus, 217.

(Elaphis) dione, 48.

Columbella

concinna, 404.

cribaria, 404.

mercatoria, 404.

nitidula, 404.

sandwichensis, 244.

Comatula, 58.

Conurus

flaviventer, 79.

nanus, 79.

Conus

aurantius, 404.

daucus, 404.

Conus

mus, 404.

nebulosus, 404.

verrucosus, 404.

Copsychus

albiventris, 187.

amenus, 186.

ceylonensis, 186.

luzoniensis, 186.

macrurus, 187.

mindanensis, 186.

pica, 187.

pluto, 186.

saularis, 186.

stricklandi, 187.

suavis, 185.

Copurus

colonus, 381.

jilicauda, 382.

funebris, 382.

fuscicapillus, 381.

leuconotus, 382.

pecilonotus, 382.

Coracias

temminchii, 433.

Coridodax, 418.

Coriphilus

placentis, 436.

Coris, 411.

Cornularia

atlantica, 298.

Coronella

albocincta, 216.

cana, 209, 265.

doliata, 227.

puncticulata, 216.

Corvus

orru, 435.

Coryphodon

blumenbachii, 218.

carinatus, 219.

fasciolatus, 218.

pantherinus, 14,

323.

Corythaix

buffoni, 59, 366.

Corythus

enucleator, 366.

Cosmetornis

veaillaria, 44.

Cossyphodes, 416.

Cossyphus, 416.

Coturniculus

tivicrus, '74.

Coturnix

coromandelica, 365.

nove guinee, 438.

Cracticus

cassicus, 435.

personatus, 430, 435.

quoy?, 435.

INDEX.

Craspedocephalus

atrox, 15, 114.

bilineatus, 15, 114.

brasiliensis, 114.

lanceolatus, 114.

Crax

alector, 365, 366.

carunculata, 234.

globicera, 234, 366.

Cremnobates, 374.

monophthalmus, 374.

Crenilabrus, 417.

Crex

minuta, 81.

porzana, 367.

Cricetomys

gambianus, 268.

Crithagra

brasiliensis, 74.

Crocodilus

biscutatus, 140.

longtrostris, 215.

porosus, 140.

tenuirostris, 215.

Crotalus

horridus, 15, 114,

229.

Crotophaga

ant, 79.

Cryptophthalmus

cylindricus, 245.

Cryptoplax (Notoplax)

speciosa, 385.

Ctenolabrus, 417.

Cuculus

assimilis, 437.

leucolophus, 437.

megarhynchus, 437.

Cultellus

attenuatus, 422.

australis, 423.

concinnus, 423.

cumingianus, 422.

hanleyi, 421.

lividus, 428.

marmoratus, 423.

politus, 422.

subellipticus, 421.

vitreus, 422.

Cuncuma

leucogaster, 433.

Cuscus, 314, 320.

chrysorrhos, 317.

maculatus, 318.

orientalis, 320.

ornatus, 320.

quoyit, 320.

(Eucuseus) brevicauda-

tus, 316.

(Eucuseus) ursinus,

316.

443

Cuscus

(Strigocuseus (celeben-

sis, 319.

(Spilocuscus) chrysor-

rhos, 317.

(Spilocuseus) macula-

tus, 318.

Cyanopterus

inornatus, 82.

Cyclographus, 268.

Cyclophorus

papilio, 29.

ponderosus, 232.

transiucidus, 232.

Cyclostoma

ésabella, 388.

tahitensis, 243.

viridescens, 243.

Cyclotus

batchianensis, 28.

natalensis, 388.

subflammulatus, 28.

Cygnus

olor, 368.

Cylindrella

ghiesbreghti, 231.

microstoma, 27.

salping, 231.

lindrophis

ae 189.

Cymolutes, 414.

Cymospira, 146.

Cynocephalus

porearius, 234.

ogale

velox, 274.

Cyphorhinus

philomela, 202.

Cypreea

cinerea, 404.

rotunda, 404.

Cyprinus

dias 265.

catla, 226.

gibelio, 208.

mosal, 223.

mosario, 225.

reba, 225.

richardsonit, 224.

Cysticercus, 93.

phacocheri-ethiopict,

121.

potamochert-penicil-

lati, 121.

tenuicollis, 121.

Daboia -

elegans, 266.

Dacelo

gaudichaudi, 433.

gigas, 365, 366.

dit

Dacelo

macrorhynchus, 433,

nove guinee, 433.

tyro, 433.

undulatus, 433.

Damalis

albifrons, 208, 264.

Dasyprocta

aguti, 281, 368.

azare, 287.

punctata, 287.

Dasyptilus

paraguanus, 437.

pesquetii, 437.

Dasypus

minutus, 287.

Dasyurus

maugei, 209, 265.

ursinus, 366.

Decodon, 416.

Delphinus

micropterus, 311.

Dendrocopus

rufus, 378.

Dendrocygna

autumnalis, 365.

Dendreeca

canadensis, 70.

discolor, 71.

palmarum, 71.

pannosa, 71.

petechia, 71.

pharetra, 71.

tigrina, 71.

Dendroma

caniceps, 378.

poliocephalum, 378.

Dendrophis

picta, 189.

Dendropoma

afrum, 156.

centiquadra, 154.

leucozonias, 155.

lituella, 154.

megamastum, 153.

teredula, 155.

Dendrortyx

leucophrys, 234.

Desmodus

rufus, 278.

Diadema, 56, 58.

diomea, 51.

divona, 50.

Diagramma

cinctum, 221,

Diceum

aignicolle, 434.

papuense, 434,

pectorale, 434,

Dicotyles, 63.

torquatus, 265, 287.

INDEX,

Dicrurus, 268.

assimilis, 435.

carbonarius, 435.

megalornis, 435.

megarhynchus, 435,

Didelphys

californica, 287.

guica, 287,

Dilophyrus

mentager, 188,

Diomedea, 135.

Diproctacanthus, 415.

xranthurus, 415.

Dipsadomorphus

biscutatus, 228.

Dipus

jaculus, 367.

Distoma

@quale, 118.

boscti, 119.

compactum, 118.

conjunctum, 118.

coronarium, 119.

minutum, 118.

Dolabrifera

tahitensis, 245.

Dolichonyx

oryzivorus, 74,

Dolium

perdix, 404,

Donacola

castaneothorax, 198,

234.

Doratonotus, 413.

Doriopsis

viridis, 244.

Doris

pulchra, 247.

Draco

teniopterus, 187.

Dracunculus

maculatus, 189.

Drusilla

anableps, 52.

artemis, 52.

catops, 52.

dioptica, 52.

domitilla, 51.

macrops, 52,

mylecha, 52.

myops, 52.

phoreas, 52.

selene, 52.

urania, 52.

Dryiophis

acuminata, 14, 325.

argentea, 14, 325.

Duymeria, 409.

Dyctis

agondas, 53.

bioculatus, 53.

Dysopis

limbatus, 40.

Eccyliomphalus, 175.

Echinococcus

altricipariens, 120.

Echinometra, 56.

Echinorhynchus

inflecus, 124.

Echinus, 54.

Slemingii, 54.

sphera, 58.

Eclectus

linnei, 436.

Egretta

alba, 398.

cerulea, 81.

nigrirostris, 399.

nivea, 81.

Elainea

albiceps, 406.

caniceps, 407.

cotta, 76, 408.

fallax, 76, 407.

griseigularis, 407.

implacens, 408.

mesoleuca, 407.

modesta, 407.

olivacea, 408,

pagana, 406.

pullatange, 407.

placens, 407.

riisii, 406.

rustica, 408.

semipagana, 406.

subpagana, 406.

subplacens, 407.

Elaphis

dione, 391.

Elapochrus

deppet, 228.

Elapomorphus

scalaris, 325.

wuchereri, 15.

Elaps

corallinus, 15, 228.

lemniscatus, 15.

macclellandii, 219.

octolineatus, 216.

univirgatus, 219.

Emarginula, 405.

Emberiza

hortulana, 367.

Embernagra

chloronota, 202.

Empagusia

flavescens, 215.

Emys

erassicollis, 140.

dhongoka, 214.

lineata, 214,

Emys

venusta, 229.

Ensis

luzonicus, 421.

Entomophilus

albigularis, 43+.

spilodera, 434.

Eos

cochinchinensis, 431,

436.

fuscata, 436.

sguamata, 436.

Ephialtes

grammicus, 80.

Epibulus, 409.

Epicrates

cenchria, 15, 115.

Epidromus

cumingi, 205.

Epimachus

albus, 433.

magnificus, 433.

maximus, 433.

Epomophorus

erypturus, 11.

Sranqueti, 11.

gambianus, 11.

labiatus, 11.

macrocephalus, 11.

schoensis, 12.

Epthianura

tricolor, 209.

Equus

burchelli, 209, 264.

Eremias

variabilis, 50.

velox, 50.

Erethizon

dorsatum, 101.

aceus

collaris, 390.

Erismatura, 268.

Erodias

victoria, 399.

Erythrolamprus

venustissimus, 322.

Hsacus

magnirostris, 438.

Estrelda

bichenovii, 198, 234,

365.

phatton, 198, 234,

365

ruficauda, 198, 234.

Euctenogobius

sagittula, 372.

Eudynamis

punctatus, 437.

Eudyptes

antarcticus, 47.

chrysocome, 47.

INDEX.

Eudyptes

chrysolophus, 47.

diadematus, 46.

nigrivestis, 46.

papua, 438.

torquatus, 438.

Eulabeornis

castaneoventris, 438.

Eunectes

murinus, 15, 59, 115.

cerulescens, 434,

Euphonia

jamaica, 73.

vittata, 129.

helias, 367.

Eurypyga, 133.

Eurystomus

gularis, 433.

pacificus, 433.

Eustrongylus

papillosus, 121.

Falco

esalon, 368.

anatum, 101.

peregrinus, 366.

poliosoma, 45.

subbuteo, 367.

Felis

concolor, 141.

hernandezi, 141.

jubata, 141.

leo, 140.

leopardus, 140.

mitis, 280.

onca, 140, 141.

pardalis, 141, 264.

tigris, 140.

yagouarondi, 287.

Fiber

zibethicus, 368.

Filaria

ardee-nycticoracis,

128.

colubri-americant, 123.

colubri-blumenbachit,

128.

gruis-antigones, 124.

lacertarum, 124. -

sanguinea, 208.

Fissurella

barbadensis, 405.

cayennensis, 405,

granifera, 244.

greca, 405.

lasteri, 405.

minuta, 405.

Fistularia

tabaccaria, 369.

445

Florida

cerulea, 81.

Fulica, 46.

americana, 81.

Fuligula

ferina, 44, 82, 84.

marila, 234.

nyroca, 44, 82, 84.

Furcella, 313.

Galago

crassicaudatus, 274.

Galaxias _

scriba, 101, 207, 439.

Gallinago

wilsoniz, 80.

Gallinula

chloropus, 18, 261.

galeata, 18, 81.

nesiotis, 209, 261.

pyrrhorrhoa, 19.

tenebrosa, 18.

Gallophasis

horsfieldit, 59.

Gallus

domesticus, 102, 368.

Gambetta

melanoleuca, 80.

Garzetta

candidissima, 81.

Gasterosteus

ovatus, 222.

Gavialis

gangeticus, 215.

Gazella

dorcas, 234.

Gecko

verus, 189.

Genetta

abyssinica, 366.

Jieldiana, 274.

pardina, 274.

Geoclemmys

macrocephala, 139.

melanosterna, 205.

Geoemyda

spinosa, 139.

Geopelia

humeralis, 487.

Geophis

gintheri, 115.

Geopsittacus

occidentalis, 100.

Geothlypis

trichas, 70.

Geotrygon

montana, 80.

Gerres

longirostris, 142.

Gerygone

chrysogaster, 434.

446

Glandina

carminensis, 230.

ghiesbreghti, 230.

Glareola

grallaria, 438.

Globiocephalus

encrassatus, 309,

svineval, 309.

Glossiptila

ruficollis, 73.

Glossophaga, 87.

amplexicaudata, 88.

caudifer, 64, 91.

ecaudata, 88.

leachi, 278.

Glyciphila

modesta, 435.

ocularis, 434.

Gobio

ricnorhynchus, 225.

Gobius

giuris, 222.

paradoxus, 372.

seminudus, 372.

Gomphosus, 410.

Gonodactylus

guerinit, 43.

Gonorhynchus

gobioides, 225.

Goura

coronata, 488.

victoria, 488.

Gracula

dumontii, 486.

saularis, 186.

Graculus

hypoleucus, 458.

Grallaria

guatemalensis, 381.

imperator, 381.

mexicana, 381.

regulus, 381.

varia, 381.

Grissonia

vittata, 59.

Grus

carunculata, 209,

265.

montignesia, 369.

paradisea, 307, 439.

Gryllivora

brevirostris, 186.

intermedia, 186.

longicauda, 187.

rosea, 186.

Gintheria, 413.

ceruleovittata, 413.

Gurnellus, 239.

Gymnocorvus

senex, 436.

Suscicapillus, 435.

INDEX.

Gymnorhina

tibicen, 183.

Heematopus

longirostris, 438.

Halzbona

typica, 438.

Halcyon

albicilla, 483.

cinnamomina, 433.

collaris, 433.

sancta, 433.

sordida, 433.

torotoro, 428.

Haliaétus

leucocephalus, 367.

Haliastur

indus, 367.

leucosternus, 433.

Halicheres, 371, 412.

ceruleovittatus, 413.

variegatus, 411.

Halmaturus, 234.

Hapale

zacchus, 366, 867, 368.

adipus, 264.

Heleotragus

capreolus, 209, 264.

Helicina

amend, 233.

chryseis, 233,

lindeni, 233.

merdigera, 233.

salvini, 233.

variabilis, 405.

Helicops

angulatus, 114.

leprieurti, 114.

Helisoma

lautus, 145.

Helix

acetabulum, 242.

ajax, 191.

andromache, 191.

atacta, 386.

atrofusca, 22.

batchianensis, 21.

bermudensis, 405.

cesia, 20.

calypso, 386.

carmeliensis, 21.

ceramensis, 192.

circumfirmatus, 405.

coactiliata, 230.

conula, 243.

erinaceus, 192.

euryomphala, 230.

euterpe, 193.

eximia, 230.

expansa, 22.

Saradensis, 20.

Helix

gassiesi, 21.

ghiesbreghti, 230.

grossularia, 192.

guinaria, 195.

hector, 191.

ignescens, 20.

lactiflua, 190.

lalliana, 230.

lanceolata, 386.

leucothoé, 192.

leucotropis, 22.

martensi, 193.

microdonta, 405.

neptunus, 190.

nodifera, 21.

occulta, 22.

paludosus, 405.

parvidens, 243.

pernobilis, 190.

phryne, 386.

polillensis, 190.

portii, 191.

repanda, 195.

rhynchostoma, 21.

subcornea, 20.

trochiscus, 20.

uranus, 190,

wvanthochila, 192.

Helogale, 308.

parvula, 308.

tenionota, 308.

Hemicoris, 411.

variegata, 411,

Hemidactylus

Sfrenatus, 189.

Hemiderma, 104.

Hemigymuus, 413.

Hemipteronotus, 414.

quinquemaculatus, 414.

Hemitautoga, 413.

centiquadra, 413.

Henicocichla

auricapilla, 70.

ludoviciana, 70.

noveboracensis, 70.

Henicophaps

albifrons, 432, 437.

Herodias

egretta, 80.

Herpestes

griseus, 264, 367.

parvulus, 308.

rutilus, 136.

tenionotus, 308.

Herpetodryas

carinatus, 14, 324.

Ffuscus, 14.

Hesperomys, 284. :

(Myoxomys) salvinz,

285.

Heterornis

corythaix, 184,

Hiaticula, 268.

Hieracidea

berigora, 366.

Himantopus

leucocephalus, 438.

Hippotragus

niger, 367.

Hirundo

frontalis, 433.

Sulva, 72.

lunifrons, 72.

neoxend, 433.

nigricans, 433,

peciloma, 72.

Holocentrus

servus, 221.

Hologymnosus, 410.

fasciatus, 410.

Homalocranion

atrocinctum, 227.

Homalopsis

buccata, 189.

Hoplocephalus

superbus, 368.

Hoplopterus

cayanus, 46.

Houbara

macqueent, 397,

undulata, 398.

Hyla

holochlora, 229.

leucomystax, 220.

maculata, 220.

Hylobates

agilis, 212.

puleatus, 136.

Hylocharis, 435.

Hylophilus

insularis, 128.

Hyperoodon

latifrons, 313.

rostratum, 313.

Hypotriorchis

columbarius, 79.

Hypsigenys, 416.

Hypuroptila

dsaure, 199.

urochrysa, 198.

Hyrax

capensis, 101, 209, 234,

264.

Hystrix

nove-hispania, 288.

Tchnoglossa, 91.

Icterus

leucopteryx, 74.

personatus, 74,

Iguana, 60, 61.

INDEX,

Imperator

chemnitzii, 405.

Ischnognathus

dekayi, 228.

Txulus

castaneiceps, 202.

striatus, 202.

Janthina

Fragilis, 405.

Julidina, 408, 410, 414,

415, 418.

J sae ae :

eoffroyi, 412.

phot 412.

lineolatus, 413.

(Halichoores annular

411.

(Halicheres) cyano-

pleura, 412.

(Halicheeres)

pterus, 411,

Kerivoula

@rosa, 32.

argentata, 32.

lanosa, 32.

papillosa, 32.

Kittacincla

albiventris, 187.

macrura, 187.

hetero-

Labeobarbus

heaastichus, 224,

Labrichthys, 415.

eyanotenia, 415,

Labroides, 415.

paradiseus, £15.

Labrus, 417.

centiquadrus, 413.

rubiginosus, 413.

teniurus, 414.

Lacerta a

angetica,

a 215.

Lachesis

mutus, 15, 114,

322.

Lachnolaimus, 417.

Laletes, 72.

oshurni, 72.

Lampornis

mango, 79.

porphyrura, 79.

Lamprophis

aurora, 209, 265.

Lampropsar

guianensis, T4.

Lanius

excubitor, 365,

niger, 77.

447

Larus

argentatus, 368,

marinus, 365.

Lasiurus

noveboracensis, 69,

Lathria

cinerea, 210,

Susco-cinerea, 210,

Lathriosoma

typicum, 211.

dohrni, 242,

Leiolepis

belliz, 189.

Leiothrix

cinerea, 202.

Leipoa

ocellata, 288.

Leiuranus, 226.

mur

catta, 249,

Leopardus

wverrinus, 136.

Leptasthenura

paranensis, 377.

elise, 231.

emmeline, 231.

Leptodeira

annulata, 15.

rufescens, 209, 265.

Leptognathus

catesbyi, 15.

Leptojulis, 412.

cyanopleura, 412.

Leptophis

aes 219.

Leptopoma

cinctellum, 388.

decipiens, 29.

globulosum, 29.

menadense, 389.

mouhoti, 195.

nigricans, 388.

pulicarium, 29.

Lepus

douglasii, 281.

nigripes, 40.

palustris, 281.

sinensis, 390.

timidus, 366, 367.

variabilis, 366.

Lernzea

cyclopterina, 239.

Lestris

pomerinus, 401.

Leuciscus

brachiatus, 223.

erythrophthalmus,

par 208.

448

Ligula

colubri-blumenbachit,

120.

Lima

scabra, 405.

tenera, 405.

Limicolaria

turris, 25.

Linota

canescens, 368.

cannabina, 59.

montium, 59.

Liophis

cobella, 14, 322.

conirostris, 14, 322.

merremit, 14, 322.

reging, 14, 322,

Lipaugus

cineracens, 210.

fuscocinereus, 210.

holerythrus, 211.

hypopyrrhus, 211.

plumbeus, 210.

rufescens, 211.

simplex, 211.

subalaris, 210, 211.

unirufus, 211, 212.

Littorina

angulifera, 405.

dilatata, 405.

muricata, 405.

ziczac, 405.

Lobiger, 246.

Lobocheilus

gobioides, 225.

ricnorhynchus, 225,

Lobostoma

quadridens, 65.

Lophocercus

viridis, 246.

Lophostoma, 105.

sylvicolum, 104, 106,

108.

Lorius

domicella, 486.

hypoinochrous, 436.

puniceus, 436.

tricolor, 436.

Loxigilla

anoxantha, 74.

violacea, 74.

Lucina

muricata, 405.

pecten, 405.

pennsyluanica, 405.

squamosa, 405.

tigrina, 405.

Luscinia

philomela, 264, 368,

Lutra

californica, 280.

INDEX.

Lutra

chilensis, 279.

nair, 390.

platensis, 280.

vulgaris, 101.

Lycodon

aulicus, 219.

hebe, 219.

Macacus

cynomolgus, 59, 101,

365, 366, 439.

nemestrinus, 209, 265,

368.

pileatus, 367, 368.

radiatus, 59.

rhesus, 101, 284, 365,

366, 567, 368.

Macha

australis, 424.

cumingiana, 425.

deshayesti, 424.

philippinarwn, 424,

suleata, 424.

Macherirhynchus

albifrons, 429, 434.

avanthogenys, 434.

Macroceramus

polystreptus, 233.

Macrognathus

armatus, 222.

Macropharyngodon, 412.

a ae 412.

Macrophragma, 359.

Macropteryx

mystaceus, 433,

Macropus

gigas, 234.

Macropygia

doreya, 437.

phasianella, 437.

reinwardtit, 437.

Macrotis

waterhousii, 65.

Malapterus, 417.

Manatus

latirostris, 277.

owenti, 277.

senegalensis, 277.

vogelii, 277.

Mangelia, 404.

Manis

pentadactyla, 139.

Manucodia

atra, 436.

keraudrenit, 436,

viridis, 436.

Mareca

penelope, 392.

Marginella

avena, 404.

Marginella

pallida, 404.

varia, 404.

Mastacembelus

armatus, 222.

Megacephalon

rubripes, 238.

maleo, 288.

Megalomastoma

simulacrum, 232.

Megapodius

andersoni, 291.

burnabyi, 290.

cumingti, 290.

duperreytt, 290.

forsteni, 289.

Sreycineti, 288,

438.

gilbertit, 289.

gouldit, 290.

la-perousi, 289.

macgillivrayt, 289.

nicobariensis, 290.

quoyit, 289.

reinwardtii, 290, 438.

rubripes, 288, 299,

438.

stairii, 290.

tumulus, 290.

wallacet, 290.

Meiglyptes

jugularis, 182,

Melampus

coffea, 405.

fasciatus, 282, 405.

oblongus, 405.

(Tralia) striatus, 244.

Melanitis

leucocyma, 53.

melane, 53.

mimalon, 52,

Melanopsis

helena, 384.

Meleagrina

placunoides, 405.

Meleagris

gallopavo, 368, 402.

lindsay?, 288.

mexicana, 402.

ocellata, 234, 402.

Mellivora

ratel, 307.

Mephitis

intermedia, 280.

leuconota, 280.

longicaudata, 280.

mesoleuca, 280.

Merops

ornatus, 433.

Merula

leucogenys, 70.

Micreeca

conspicillata, 435.

flavivirescens, 435.

Microglossa

alecto, 365, 437.

aterrima, 437.

Micropterus

cinereus, 367.

patachonicus, 46.

Milvus

govinda, 265.

Mimon, 106, 108.

bennettii, 106.

Miniopteris

dasythrix, 39.

schreibersii, 39.

Minla

cinerea, 202.

Mitra

adamsi, 205.

arabica, 205.

aurora, 205.

gambiana, 206.

striatula, 404.

Mniotilta

varia, 70.

Modiola

tulipa, 405.

Moerchia, 147.

nystii, 148.

Molossus

acetabulosus, 69.

Suliginosus, 68.

fumarius, 68.

limbatus, 40.

natalensis, 69.

obscurus, 68.

Monarcha

cinerascens, 435.

chrysomela, 435.

dichroa, 435.

griseogularis, 435.

guttula, 435.

tnornata, 435.

leucotis, 435.

leucura, 435.

melanoptera, 435.

telescophthalma, 435.

Monitor

flavescens, 215.

niloticus, 109, 268.

Monophyllus, 87, 89.

leachii, 278.

redmanit, 63, 64, 91.

Mormoops

blainvillii, 65.

Morpho

bioculatus, 53.

Moschus

kanchil, 101.

stanleyanus, 367.

INDEXe¢

Mugil

nepalensis, 222.

proboscideus, 375.

Murena

bengalensis, 226.

maculata, 226.

Murex, 404.

Mus

musculus, 281.

rattus, 64.

tectorum, 64.

Muscicapa

altiloqua, 72.

brevirostris, 406.

colonus, 381.

Jilicauda, 382.

olivacea, 408.

pagana, 406.

plumbea, 210,

rustica, 408.

sibilatrix, 211.

simplex, 211.

vociferans, 211,

Muscipeta, 268.

albiceps, 406.

leucocillu, 381.

monacha, 382.

Musophaga

olivacea, 367.

violacea, 59, 867.

Mustela

Sfrenata, 287.

sibirica, 390.

Mycetes, 249.

Mycteria

senegalensis, 234.

Myiagra

Y stivostris, 434.

Myiarchus

validus, 76.

stolidus, 77.

Myiobius

pallidus, 77.

stolidus, 77.

Myiolestes

affinis, 430, 435.

aruensis, 435.

megarhynchus, 430.

pulverulentus, 435.

Myoxomys, 284.

bicolor, 284.

latimanus, 284.

salvinii, 285.

Myoxus

avellanarius, 368.

Myriotrochus, 58.

Mythomys, 2795.

velox, 275.

Mytilus

exustus, 405.

lavallianus, 405.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XXIX.

449

Myxus

harengus, 376.

Myzomela

chermisina, 434,

erythrocephala, 434,

nigrita, 434,

Naia

haje, 209, 265.

tripudians, 219.

Nandinia

binotata, 234.

Nanina

cesia, 20.

Nannoperca, 116.

australis, 116.

Nasiterna

pygmed, 437.

Nassa, 404.

Nasua

fusca, 280.

Natalus

stramincus, 65.

Natica

canrena, 404.

clausa, 404.

dillwynii, 404.

sordida, 405.

Nautilus

fascia, 152.

Navicella, 268.

Nectarinia

amasia, 433.

aspasia, 433.

eques, 433.

eximia, 433.

frenata, 433.

zenobia, 433.

Nematoideum

colubri-americant,

124.

colubri-blumenbachii,

124.

Nerita

peloronta, 405.

tessellata, 405.

versicolor, 405.

Neritina

pritchardi, 206.

viridis, 405.

wallactt, 206.

Nesopsar

nigerrimus, 74.

Neotoma

ferruginea, 282.

Nesotragus

moschatus, 268.

Nicon, 87.

leachii, 91.

Nidalia

occidentalis, 296.

450

Nitidula, 201.

campbell, 201.

Noctilio

americanus, 68.

Notherodius

holostictus, 81.

Notoplax, 585.

speciosa, 385.

Novacula, 414.

Novaculichthys, 414.

teniurus, 414.

Nucifraga

caryocatactes, 396.

Nullipora, 153.

Numenius

uropygialis, 438.

Numida

meleagris, 80.

Nyctea

nived, 394.

Nyctibius

jamaicensis, 77.

Nycticejus

planirostris, 33.

Nycticorax

violaceus, 81.

Nyctidromus

derbianus, 78.

Nyctiellus

lepidus, 65.

Nyctinomus

brasiliensis, 68,

69.

murinus, 68.

nasutus, 68.

Nyctipithecus

trivirgatus, 101.

Ocana, 143.

helicina, 143.

Odacina, 417.

Odax, 418.

moluccanus, 409.

Oleacina

conferta, 26.

decidua, 26.

multispira, 26.

saccata, 26.

turgida, 26.

Olisthops, 418.

Oliva

fusiformis, 404.

nivea, 404.

reticulata, 404.

Olivella

bullula, 404.

eburnea, 404.

jaspidea, 404.

oryza, 404.

Ophiocephalus

barca, 222,

INDEX.

Ophiocephalus

latus, 222.

punctatus, 222.

Ophiognathus

ampullaceus, 235.

Ophthalmolepis, 413.

lincolatus, 413.

Oreinus

hodgsonti, 224.

maculatus, 224,

Oriolus

melanotis, 434.

miilleri, 434.

striatus, 434.

Ortalida, 367.

Orthaliscus

mars, 2d.

Orthotomus

coronatus, 200.

Ortyx

virginianus, 80, 234.

Ostrea

cumingit, 146.

Otis

tarda, 101, 398.

tetrax, 367.

Otolicnus

apicalis, 274.

Otolithus

argenteus, 222.

grammicus, 80.

vulgaris, 101.

Ovis

ammon, 235.

aries, 101, 234, 307.

eycloceros, 368.

tragelaphus, 234, 366.

vignet, 368.

Ovulum

gibbosum, 404.

Oxyglossus

lima, 189.

Oxyrhopus

clelia, 15.

petolarius, 15.

trigeminus, 15,

Pachycephala

griseiceps, 435.

griseonota, 429,

435

lugubris, 435.

monacha, 435.

rufipennis, 435.

spinicauda, 435.

virescens, 435,

Pachycheilus

corvinus, 233.

Pachyrhamphus

niger, 77

Pachyrhamphus

nigrescens, 77.

Pachysoma

labiatum, 11.

Pagophila

eburnea, 400.

Palzornis, 367.

alexandri, 368.

Paludinella, 233.

Pandion

leucocephalus, 433.

Pandora

cumingit, 272.

Paradisea

apoda, 436.

atra, 436.

bartlettii, 431, 436.

papuana, 431, 436.

regia, 436.

rubra, 430, 436.

sexpennis, 436.

speciosa, 436.

wilsont, 436.

Paradoxurus

pallasti, 136.

typus, 365.

Parias

maculata, 220.

Paroides

biarmicus, 368.

Parra, 268.

gallinacea, 438.

Partula

caledonica, 389.

Parula

americana, 70.

Pastor

corythaix, 184.

Patagicenas

caribea, 80.

Pecten

nodosus, 405.

ztezac, 405.

Pelidna

pusilla, 80.

Pelophilus

fordii, 142.

Peltops

blainvillet, 433.

Penelope

purpurascens,

Pentacrinus

caput-meduse, 87.

Pentastoma

denticulatum, 124.

oxycephalum, 124,

Perdix

hodgsonie, 198.

Perna

ephippium, 405.

Pernis

apivorus, 366.

(Henicopernis) longi-

cauda, 433.

Petaloconchus, 146, 334,

336.

cereus, 351. -

jlavescens, 361.

macrophragma, 360.

nerineoides, 350.

octosectus, 350.

renisectus, 338, 346.

varians, 338.

Petrochelidon

euchrysea, 72.

fulva, 72.

Petroica

hypoleuca, 434.

Phacochcerus

eliani, 30, 101.

ethiopicus, 30, 93.

Phaéton

phenicurus, 183.

Phalangista

chrysorrhos, 318.

maculata, 317.

vulpina, 234, 366,

367

Phalaropus

hyperboreus, 438.

Pharella

ovalis, 423.

Phascolomys

latifrons, 268.

wombat, 269.

Phasianella

pulchella, 405.

pullus, 405.

Phasianus

colchicus, 234.

Phellia

vestita, 299.

Philine, 405.

Philodryas

schottii, 325.

serra, 14.

wiridissimus, 13, 14,

325.

Philydor

amaurotis, 379.

throcercus,

B79.

pyrrhodes, 378.

ruficaudatus, 379.

ruficollis, 378.

rufus, 378.

striaticollis, 378.

subfulvus, 377.

superciliaris, 378,

Phlogenas

cruenta, 366.

INDEX.

Phoca

vitulina, 366, 867.

Pheenicopterus, 367.

Pholas

striata, 405.

Phorus

agglutinans, 405.

Phrygilus

melanoderus, 47.

axanthogrammus, 47.

Phrynocephalus

helioscopus, 50.

Phrynosoma

cornutum, 59.

Phyllomyias

griseocapilla, 382.

semifusca, 383.

Phyllonycteris

poeyi, 65.

Phyllophora, 90.

Phyllostoma, 108.

bennetti?, 103, 106.

bidens, 107.

brachyotum, 64.

brevicaudum, 104.

childreni, 107.

crenulatum, 107.

elongatum, 104, 105,

106.

hastatum, 89.

lituratum, 107.

obscurum, 64.

perspicillatum, 64.

planirostre, 64.

scrobiculatum, 105.

spectrum, 103.

superciliatum, 64.

Phyllostrephus

capensis, 396.

Physa

sowerbyana, 231.

purpurostoma, 231.

(Ameria) carinata,

143,

(Ameria) cumingit,

144.

(Ameria) mesta, 144.

(Ameria) obesa, 144.

(Ameria) ¢runcata,

144

Physopsis

Jjukesit, 144.

Piaya

pluvialis, 79.

Picus

major, 365.

Pileopsis

militaris, 405.

Pimelodus

bagarius, 223.

cenia, 222.

451

Pimelodus

silundia, 223.

Pinna

rudis, 405.

trigonalis, 242.

Pionus

vinaceicollis, 79.

Pisania

turbinella, 404.

Pitangus

caudifasciatus, 76.

Pitta

macklottii, 434.

nove-quinee, 434.

Planaxis

plumbea, 244.

semisulcata, 404.

Planorbis

corpulentus, 231.

duenasianus, 232.

tumidus, 232.

wyldi, 232.

(Helisoma) /autus, 145,

Platalea

aaja, 46.

Platycercus

dorsalis, 436.

pennantii, 234, 367.

Platyglossus, 411.

annularis, 411.

Platypsaris

negra, 77.

Platyrhynchus

flavigularis, 382.

paganus, 406.

platurus, 381.

Platystacus

chaca, 228.

Platyurus

schneiderianus, 189.

Plectrophanes

nivalis, 365.

Plectropoma

dentex, 392.

richardsonit, 391.

Pleiocercus

e@qualis, 227.

elapoides, 228.

Pleurobranchus

delicatus, 245.

Podar;

pacer Ha 433.

ocellata, 433.

papuensis, 433.

superciliaris, 428, 433.

Podiceps

dominicus, 82,

Podilymbus

podiceps, 82.

Pecilonetta

bahamensis, 59.

452 INDEX.

Poéphila Psittacodis Ptilotis

cincta, 198, 234, polychioros, 436. striolata, 434.

365. tarabe, 436.

Polioptila Psittacula sericina, 388.

buffonit, 127. desmarestii, 437. weinlandi, 146.

Polychrus diophthalma, 437. Pupina

marmoratus, 13. Psittacus mouhoti, 196.

Polypedates aruensis, 437. Pupinella

maculatus, 189, 220. capistratus, 437. borneensis, 889.

Polytmus collarius, 79. Purpura 3

cephalater, 79. leucocephalus, 79. bicostalis, 404.

Pomatorhinus personatus, 436: deltoidea, 404.

isidori, 434. pucherani, 436. undata, 404.

Porphyrio rhodops, 436. Pycnonotus

martinicus, 81, 367. timneh, 101. aurigaster, 395, 396.

Porzana Psophia capensis, 396.

carolina, 81. crepitans, 366. Pygosceles

jamaicensis, 81. Pteragogus, 416. wagleri, 47.

Potamocherus Pterapon Pyranga

albifrons, 277. trivittatus, 221. rubra, 366.

penicillatus, 62, 96, Pterocles Pyrrhula

277. alchata, 368. violacea, 74.

Potamogale, 274. Pteromys Pythia

Pratincola momoga, 137. wallacit, 28.

rubicola, 234. volucella, 281. Python

Presbytes Pteropus bivittatus, 215.

entellus, 368. edulis, 12. molurus, 215, 234.

Prochilus edwardsii, 101, 136, reticulatus, 189.

labiatus, 367. 268. tigris, 215.

Proctotretus medius, 268.

telsneri, 16. Ptilogonys Querquedula

Procyon armillata, 73. erecea, 393.

lotor, 366. Ptilonopus discors, 82.

Proteus aurantiifrons, 437. Querula

anguinus, 365. coronulatus, 437. Fuscocinerea, 210.

Psammophis cyanovirens, 437.

collaris, 216.

sibilans, 209, 265.

Psarocolius

leucopteryx, 74.

Psephotus

hematorrhous, 234.

multicolor, 234.

Pseudechis

porphyriaca, 368.3

Pseudocheilinus, 409.

hexatenia, 409.

Pseudocoris, 411.

heteropterus, 411.

Pseudodax, 409.

moluccanus, 409,

Pseudojulis, 412.

irardi, 412.

Pseudolabrus, 413.

rubiginosus, 413.

Pseudoscops

grammicus, 80.

Psittacara

nana, 79.

Psittacodis

aruensis, 436,

zozonus, 437.

nanus, 437.

perlatus, 437.

prasinorrhous, 437.

pulchellus, 437.

rivoli, 437.

roseipectus, 431, 437.

strophium, 437.

superbus, 437.

virens, 437.

viridis, 437.

wallacei, 437.

Ptilonorhynchus

buccoides, 436.

melanotis, 436.

Ptilotis

assimilis, 434.

auriculata, 434.

flaviventris, 428, 434.

fumata, 434.

megarhynchus, 428,

434

polygramma, 429, 434.

similis, 428, 434.

sonoroides, 428, 434.

Rallina

oculea, 438.

tricolor, 438.

Rallus

crepitans, 81.

longirostris, 8k.

plumbeiventris, 432,

438

Ramphastos

ariel, 59.

toco, 366.

Ramphocenus

rufiventris, 380.

sancte marthe, 380.

Ramphocelus

ephippialis, 130.

Rana

liebigti, 220.

mugiens, 366.

sylvatica, 366.

tigrina, 189, 220.

Ranella

caudata, 404.

Rectes

cerviniventris, 430, 435.

Rectes

etirrocephalus, 435.

dichrous, 435.

leucorhynchus, 430,

435

strepitans, 435.

uropygialis, 430, 435.

Regenia

albogularis, 113, 234.

ocellata, 60, 113.

Reguloides

viridipennis, 200.

Reithrodon

longicauda, 284.

mexicana, 284,

Rhacophorus

maximus, 220.

Rhea

americana, 59.

Rhinoceros

crossii, 307.

sumatranus, 807.

Rhinochetus

Jubatus, 30.

Rhinopoma

carolinensis, 68.

Rhipidura

assimilis, 434.

atripennis, 435.

gularis, 434.

maculipectus, 434,

hyperythra, 434.

rufiventris, 434.

threnothorax, 434.

Rhyacophilus

solitarius, 80.

Rohita

microlepidota, 225.

usa.

Japonica, 236, 365.

peronit, 138.

Saccanthus

maderensis, 305.

Saccobranchus

fossilis, 223.

Saccolarynx

flagellum, 235.

Sagartia

affinis, 299.

parasitica, 299.

Salamandra

maculata, 365.

Salarias

atlanticus, 369.

)

grayit, 391.

tator

isthmicus, 130.

Sanguinolaria

rugosa, 405.

INDEX,

Saxicola

enanthe, 265.

Scalaria

clathrus, 405.

fragilis, 405.

tenuis, 405.

Scatophagus

argus, 221.

Schistura

scaturigina, 225.

Schizostoma, 105, 108.

minutum, 105.

Sciurus

cinereus, 365.

eborivorus, 276.

gerrardi, 92.

Javensis, 137.

ludovicianus, 28).

macclellandii, 137.

macroura, 281.

magnicaudatus, 281.

minutus, 276.

mouhotit, 137.

mutabilis, 276.

nordhoffiz, 276.

palliatus, 276.

pyrrhopus, 276.

rubripes, 276.

rufiventer, 281.

rufobrachium, 276.

stamensis, 137.

splendens, 137.

stangeri, 276.

subalbidus, 276.

subauratus, 281.

wilsonii, 276.

Sclerostoma

armatum, 271.

equinum, 271.

Scolopax, 438.

Scotophilus

capensis, 36.

kuhlii, 35.

marginatus, 39,

minutus, 33.

rusticus, 35.

ursinus, 278.

variegatus, 36.

Scytale

coronatum, 15.

Scytalopus

magellanicus, 47.

Seiurus

gossit, 70.

ludovicianus, 70.

noveboracensis, 70.

Segmentina

donbilli, 232.

Semele

exigua, 385.

obliqua, 405.

453

Semele

subtruncata, 405.

Semicossyphus, 415.

Sericulus

anais, 434.

aureus, 434,

Serpentarius

reptilivorus, 364.

Serpula, 147, 152.

afra, 156.

annulata, 156, 334.

bicarinata, 162.

decussata, 342.

dentifera, 163.

gigantea, 167.

glomerata, 355,

granifera, 364.

tntorta, 353.

lumbricalis, 173, 354.

maxima, 166.

nebulosa, 162.

parvula, 357.

regularis, 177.

scalata, 358.

sipho, 364.

spirorbis, 329, 380.

tortria, 364.

tortuosa, 170.

turbinata, 148.

turboides, 163.

vermetus, 174.

vermicella, 357.

Serpularia

circumcarinata, 175.

Serpulites

muricinus, 330.

Serpuloides

varians, 338.

Serpulorbis

varians, 338.

Serranus

sex-fasciatus, 220.

Sessama, 268.

Setophaga

ruticilla, 72.

Sialia

wilsoni, 366.

Sigmodon

berlandieri, 281.

Siliquaria

carpenteri, 426.

nitidissima, 426.

peruana, 426.

rosea, 150.

gangetica, 223.

urus

fossilis, 223,

454

Silurus

singio, 223.

Simotes

albocineta, 216.

octolineatus, 216.

purpurascens, 216,

russellii, 216.

teniatus, 189.

Simpulopsis

e@nea, 27.

cumingi, 27.

Siphia

erithacus, 201.

Siphonaria

brunnea, 405.

picta, 405.

Siphonium, 147, 152.

aculeata, 162.

anaulaz, 163.

biangularis, 168.

carinatum, 165, 352.

cariniferum, 165.

costale, 165.

effusum, 181.

fasciatum, 152.

Jissurata, 163.

gederopi, 163.

gigas, 167.

imbricata, 163.

luridum, 164.

margaritarum, 164.

maximum, 166.

nebulosum, 146, 162.

pictum, 161.

planorboides, 163.

prelonga, 169.

rugosa, 163.

scandens, 167.

serrata, 162.

subgranosum, 165.

turboides, 161, 162.

(Dendropoma) afrwm,

156.

(Dendy.) centiquadra,

154.

(Dendr.) “ituella, 154.

(Dendr.) leucozonias,

155.

(Dendr.) megamastum.

153. :

(Dendr.) teredula, 155.

(Stoa) difunicularis,

158

(Stoa) eristatum, 158.

(Stoa) da-coste, 157.

ston} platypus, 157.

(Ste) politum, 156.

(Stoa) scaphitella, 160.

i) scaphitoides,

(Stony spinosum, 159,

INDEX,

Siphonium

(Stoa) sguamulosum,

158.

(Stoa) subcrenatum,

157.

(Stoa) subdecussatwum,

(Stoa) textum, 159.

(Stoa) wnguiculatum,

160.

Siphonorbis, 77.

americanus, 77.

Solarium, 147

nystii, 148.

Solecustus

dombei, 405.

Solen

aspersus, 420,

exiguus, 419,

fonesii, 419.

grandis, 418.

regularis, 419.

leanus, 419.

malaccensis, 419.

pfeifferi, 420.

rostriformis, 421,

rostrum-anatis, 420.

vitreus, 420.

woodwardi, 420.

Somateria

stelleri, 400.

Sorex

micrurus, 279.

Spatula

clypeata, 82.

Spectrellum

macrourum, 65.

Spermophila :

anoxantha, 74,

Spheniscus

magellanicus, 47.

Sphenopsis, 379.

égnobilis, 379.

Sphenura

superciliaris, 378.

poliocephala, 378.

Spilotes

corais, 14, 228, 324.

hodgsoni, 218.

melanurus, 218.

pecilostoma, 14, 324.

reticularis, 218.

variabilis, 13, 14,

324.

Spindalis

nigricephala, 74.

Spiraxis

boucardi, 24.

cobanensis, 231.

lattrei, 230.

shuttleworthii, 230.

Spiroglyphus, 152, 326.

albidus, 332.

nomena 329.

annulatus, 330.

contrarius, 329,

corrodens, 331,

crustans, 333.

da-cost@, 157.

dentifera, 331.

disculus, 329.

erythreensis, 329.

glomeratus, 146, 331,

333.

immersa, 328.

lemniscatus, 328.

marginatus, 334,

planorbis, 329.

politus, 156.

scaphitoides, 327.

schroteri, 330.

solidissima, 328.

spiralis, 328.

spirorbis, 330.

spiruliformis, 155,

327.

stramonite, 330.

trochicola, 332.

tubulosa, 334.

vortex, 327.

Spiroptera

crassicauda, 122.

obtusa, 121.

Spirula

fragilis, 404.

Spizactus

occipitalis, 234.

Spondylus

digitalis, 405.

longitudinalis, 405.

microlepis, 158.

Squatarola

helvetica, 398.

Stenops

Javanicus, 265,

Stenorhina

ventralis, 228,

Stephopoma, 147, 148,

153.

bispinoswm, 152.

pennatum, 151.

roseum, 150.

senticosum, 150.

tricuspe, 150.

Sterna

gracilis, 438.

melanauchen, 438.

paynana, 438.

poliocerca, 438.

regia, 82.

torresit, 438.

Stethojulis, 412.

Stoa, 152, 326.

ammonitiformis, 154,

329

bifunicularis, 158.

cristata, 158.

da-coste, 157.

perforans, 156.

platypus, 157.

polita, 156.

scaphitella, 160.

scaphitoides, 159.

spinosa, 159.

spiruleformis, 327.

sguamulosa, 158.

subcrenata, 157.

subdecussata, 158.

teata, 159.

unguiculata, 160.

Strepsiceros

kudu, 208, 264.

Streptaxis

eburnea, 23.

sinuosa, 23.

Streplophorus

sebe, 227.

acuticaudatus,

123.

nodularis, 122.

paradoxus, 121.

spiculatus, 123,

tubifex, 122.

Struthio

camelus, 3807, 439.

Sturnella

ludoviciana, 30.

Sturnira, 278.

Succinea, 405.

scalarina, 28.

indicus, 63.

scrofa, 63.

Sycalis

P eanbeaes 74.

chrysops, 376.

Sylvicola

eoa, 71.

estiva, 71.

pannosa, 71.

pharetra, 71.

Syma

torotoro, 433.

INDEX.

Synallaxis

fuliginiceps, 377.

ruficapilla, 377.

Synapta, 58.

Syngnathus, 239.

Syneecus

australis, 101.

Syrnium

aluco, 366.

Syrrhaptes

paradoxus, 196, 203,

234, 264, 397.

Tadorna

radjah, 438.

Tenia

infundibuliformis,

120.

levis, 120.

lanceolata, 120.

multiformis, 119.

paradoxa, 119,

pusilla, 119,

Talegallus

cuvieri, 288, 438.

lathami, 288.

Talpa, 390.

leucura, 185.

Tamandua

tetradactyla, 287.

Tanagra

subcinerea, 129.

zena, T4.

Tanagrella

rujicollis, 73.

Tanygnathus

macrorhynchus, 436.

marginatus, 436.

Tanysiptera

galatea, 433.

hydrocharis, 433,

sylvia, 433.

Taphrometopon, 48.

lineolatum, 48.

Tapirus

americanus, 59.

Tautoga, 417.

Tellina

bimaculata, 405.

clausa, 405.

interrupta, 405.

levigata, 405.

magna, 405,

mera, 405.

radiata, 405.

sexradiata, 405.

Tenagoda, 148.

Terebra

hastata, 404.

Teredo, 152, 314.

Surcelloides, 314.

455

Testudo

elongata, 139.

horsfieldii, 214.

javanica, 214,

hachuga, 214,

ocellatus, 214.

Tetrao

australis, 291.

falklandicus, 46.

Tetrapteryx

paradisea, 209,

265.

Tetrax

campestris, 398.

Thalasseus

cayanus, 82.

Thamnistes

equatorialis, 380.

anabatinus, 380,

Thamnodynastes

natterert, 14,

punctatissimus, 15.

Therapon

servus, 221.

Thylacodus, 336.

Tickellia, 199.

hodgsoni, 199.

iliqua

rufescens, 215.

Tinamus, 134.

robustus, 234.

variegatus, 234.

Tinnunculus

alaudarius, 367.

Tityra

leuconotus, 77.

Todopsis

bonapartei, 434.

eyanocephala, 434.

wallacii, 429, 434.

Todus

viridis, 77.

Trachischium

fuscum, 215.

rugosum, 216.

ee 103, 107,

Pl eens, 103,

107.

Trachycyclus

superciliaris, 16.

Trachynotus

ovatus, 222.

Tragelaphus

albovittatus, 276.

euryceros, 276.

Tragulus

affinis, 138.

Trematoda, 118.

Trichocephalus

affinis, 121.

456

Trichoglossus

capistratus, 436.

coccineifrons, 436.

eyanogrammus, 436.

immarginatus, 436.

nigrogularis, 436.

ochrocephalus, 436.

Trichosoma

aérophilum, 121.

brevicolle, 122.

longicolle, 122.

Trichotropis

gouldii, 272.

Trimesurus

viridis, 220.

Tringa

albescens, 438.

bonapartit, 80.

wilsoni, 80.

Tringoides

empusa, 438.

macularius, 80.

Trionyx

gangeticus, 214.

hurum, 214.

Javanicus, 214.

ornatus, 41.

tuberculatus, 42.

Triton

chlorostoma, 404.

Semorale, 404.

lanceolatus, 404.

lotorium, 404.

tessellatus, 404.

Trivia

pedicula, 404.

quadripunctata, 404.

TrochiJus s

lyimus, 79.

Hel Seder, 416.

Trochus

contrarius, 148.

Serrugineus, 148.

modulus, 405.

Troglodytes, 250.

calvus, 273.

gorilla, 198, 212, 277.

hypaédon, 128.

koolookamba, 273.

niger, 273.

parvulus, 366.

Tropidonotus

cerasogaster, 218.

chrysargus, 217.

fasciatus, 366.

natriz, 390.

ordinatus, 228, 367.

orientalis, 391.

platyceps, 217.

quincunciatus, 189,

217.

INDEX.

Tropidonotus

stolatus, 217.

umbratus, 217.

Tropidophorus

cochinchinensis, 188.

grayi, 189.

microlepis, 188.

Tropidorhynchus

marginatus, 429, 434.

mitratus, 434.

nove-guinee, 434.

plumigenis, 434,

Tropidosaurus

montanus, 189.

Trugon

terrestris, 437.

Tubulus, 169.

anguinus, 173.

Tupinambis, 61.

Turbo

cidaris, 143.

helicinus, 143.

pica, 405.

Turdus

amenus, 186.

aurantius, 70.

Jjamaicensis, 70.

luzoniensis, 186.

macrurus, 187.

mindanensis, 186.

rex,

Turritella

ungulina, 147.

Turtur

risorius, 367.

suratensis, 365.

Tylostoma, 104, 106, 108.

bidens, 107. ~

Tyrannula

caniceps, 407.

gossii, 76.

griseocapilla, 382.

‘annus

es 383.

crinitus, 76.

Upupa

peed 365, 366.

Uranops

angulatus, 15.

Urocissa

sinensis, 101.

Ursus

americanus, 366, 368.

arctos, 365.

tsabellinus, 367.

Vam s, 104.

tee 103, 108.

bidens, 104, 107.

cirrhosus, 107.

Vam

pic eee 104.

spectrum, 104, 108.

(Lophostoma), 104.

(Lophostoma) auritus,

104

(Schizostoma), 105.

(Schizostoma) elonga-

tus, 105.

Varanus

heraldicus, 215.

piquotii, 215.

Vermetus, 146, 147, 169,

334, 336

adansoni, 176, 336.

albensis, 176.

anguis, 175.

annulatus, 156, 334.

asperella, 347.

badia, 340.

bicarinatus, 172.

candidissima, 340.

carinatus, 158, 176,

cariniferus, 165.

carpenteri, 337, 339.

centiquadrus, 362.

cereus, 351.

cochleiformis, 175.

conicus, 341, 343.

corrodens, 331, 346.

costalis, 170, 334.

decussatus, 146, 342.

dentiferus, 163.

eburneus, 178.

electrina, 340.

giganteus, 168.

gigas, 166, 167.

glomeratus, 333, 346.

gordialis, 342.

gymnogastra, 351.

hindsii, 179.

indentata, 345.

tndicus, 172, 174.

infundibulum, 334.

intortus, 353.

wrregularis, 331, 339.

Juvenilis, 348.

knorrii, 152, 174, 405.

lamarckii, 337.

lilacinus, 352.

lispe, 357.

lumbricalis, 174, 337.

margaritaceus, 164.

maximus, 166.

nerineoides, 350.

nystti, 148.

octosectus, 350.

panamensis, 178,

362.

pellucidus, 177.

Vermetus

peronii, 362.

planorbis, 329.

quadrangulus, 174.

radicula, 174,

rastrum, 180.

renisectus, 346.

roseus, 150.

rouyanus, 176.

rugosus, 34.

sipho, 364.

spiratus, 174.

subglomeratus, 354,

subgranosa, 180.

tulipa, 363.

turritella, 176.

varians, 338.

(Aletes) bridgesiz, 363.

(Aletes) centiquadrus,

362.

(Aletes) di/atata, 351.

(Aletes) granifer, 364.

(Aletes) maxima, 362.

(Aletes) retifera, 343.

(Aletes) sipho, 364.

(Aletes) siphonata, 363.

(Aletes) tenuis, 352.

(Aletes) tortrix, 364.

(Aletes) tulipa, 363.

(Macrophragma) coch-

lidium, 860.

(Macrophragma) flave-

scens, 361.

(Macrophragma) ma-

crophragma, 360.

(Petaloconchus) can-

cellata, 354.

(Petaloconchus) domin-

gensis, 353.

(Petaloconchus) filaris,

357.

(Petaloconchus) éntor-

tus, 393.

(Petaloconchus) pachy-

lasma, 354.

(Petaloconchus) parvu-

lus, 357.

(Petaloconchus) scala-

tus, 308.

(Petaloconchus) _ scolo-

pendrina, 306.

(Petaloconchus) sculp-

turatus, 353.

(Petaloconchus) subap-

penninica, 353.

(Petaloconchus) sutu-

ralis, 350.

(Petaloconchus) vermi-

cella, 357.

(Petaloconchus) woodz,

354.

INDEX.

Vermetus

(Strebloceras) anellum,

359.

(Thylacodus) asperula,

347.

(Thylacodus) balani-

tintinnabult, 359.

(Thylacodus) carina-

tus, 352.

(Thylacodus) contor-

tula, 345.

(Thylacodus) contortus,

344.

(Thylacodus) contortus

var. indentata, 346.

(Thylacodus) costata,

341.

(Thylacodus) evenea,

349.

(Thylacodus) electrina,

340.

(Thylacodus) favosa,

345.

Seta gordialis,

346.

(Thylacodus)indentata,

349.

(Thylacodus) manile,

339.

Ce) monili-

Sera, 449.

(Thylacodus) oce/usa,

339, 356.

(Thylacodus) perlata,

341,

(Thylacodus) persona-

ta, 341.

(Thy slacodus) picea, 349.

( Thylacodus) proboscis,

343.

a be a repens,

(Thylacodns) subcan-

cellatus, 354.

(Thylacodus) wood-

wardi, 348.

Vermicularia, 147, 169.

arenaria, 163.

lumbricalis, 364.

nodus, 148.

glomerata, 175,342,350.

sowerbii, 148.

vermet, 337.

Vermiculus, 152, 169.

albensis, 176.

ampliata, 172.

anguis, 175.

bicarinata, 174.

carinatus, 176.

castanea, 179.

cinerea, 174.

Vermiculus

cinnamomina, 178.

circumcarinatus, 175.

cochleiformis, 175.

cornea, 172.

crassa, 178.

diaphana, 171.

dimorphus, 176.

discifer, 180.

eburneus, 178.

effusus, 181.

laquearis, 177.

lituina, 177.

lumbricalis, 171.

melanosclera, 174.

nidificans, 170.

pellucidus, 177.

picta, 178.

planorboides, \77.

quadrangularis, 174.

rouyanus, 176.

rugulosa, 173.

scalaris, 175.

solarinus, 171.

spiratus, 174.

teres, 173, 175.

tigrina, 179.

tortuosus, 170.

triqueter, 176.

. turritella, 176.

ungulina, 176.

unicostalis, 170.

volubilis, 178.

Vermilia

subcrenata, 157,

349.

Vespertilio

borbonicus, 69.

capensis, 3G.

carolinensis, 278.

dasythria, 39.

minuta, 33.

noveboracensis, 69.

schreibersii, 39.

ursinus, 278.

Vipera

russellii, 266.

Vireo

modestus, 72.

noveboracensis, 72.

Vireosylvia

altiloqua, 72.

olivacea, 72.

Viverra

malaccensis, 136.

Viverricula

indica, 265.

Vulpes

cinereo-argentatus,

280.

vulgaris, 368.

‘

458

Xema

sabint, 401.

Xenodon

colubrinus, 14, 322.

purpurascens, 216.

rhabdocephalus, 14,

322.

severus, 14, 322.

Xenops

caniveti, 378.

littoralis, 379.

INDEX,

Xenops

melanocephalus, 378,

rufifrons, 378.

Xiphocheilus, 415.

Xiphosoma

caninum, 15, 115.

Xyrichthys, 414.

pavo, 414,

Zamenis

atrovirens, 48.

ERRATA,

Zenaida

amabilis, 80.

Ziphius

sowerbiensis, 311.

Zoanthus

rubricornis, 99.

Zoarces, 239.

Zosterops

citrinella, 434.

griseotincta, 434.

Page 54, lines 42, 43, after Pl. X. fig. 1, add A, B.

Page 54, line 48, instead of “ (Pl. X. fig. 3),” read “ (PI. X. fig. 1, E, E).”

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The “ Transactions” contain the following articles :—

Vou. 1. 18385.

. On the M’Horr Antelope. By E. T. Bennett, Esq.

. Qn the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam.; and on the Structure

of its Cilia. By Robert E. Grant, M.D.

Observations on the Laws which appear to influence the Assumption

one ae of Plumage in Birds. By William Yarrell, Esq.,

LS. & ZS.

. On the Structure and Characters of Loligopsis, and Account of a new

Species (Lol. guttaia, Grant) from the Indian Seas. By Robert E.

Grant, M.D.

. On the Characters and Description ef a new Genus of Carnivora,

called Cynictis. By W. Qgilby, Esq., A.M.

On the Chinchillide, a Family of Herbivorous Rodentia, and on a new

Genus referable to it. By E. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., Sec. Z.S.

7. On the Sacculated Form of Stomach as it exists in the Genus Semno-

pithecus, F. Cuv. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S.

. Description, with some additional particulars, of the Apteryx Australis

of Shaw. By William Yarrell, Esq., F.L.S. & ZS.

On the Anatomy of the Sepiola vulgaris, Leach; and Account of a

new Species (Sep. stenodactyla, Grant) from the Coast of Mauritius.

By Robert E. Grant, M.D.

. On a new Genus in the Family of Corvide. By Mr. John Gould,

F.L.S. Communicated by the Secretary.

. Characters and Descriptions of several new Genera and Species of

Coleopterous Insects. By the Rev. F. W. Hope, A.M.

Observations on the Neck of the Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridac-

tylus, Lmu. By Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

. On the Anatomy of the Concave Hornbill, Buceros cavatus, Lath.

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S.

. Description of a new Genus of Acanthopterygian Fishes. By the

Rey. R. T. Lowe, B.A., Corr. Memb. Z.S.

. On the Anatomy of the Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb. By Richard

Owen, Esq., F.Z.S

. Notice of a Mammiferous Animal from Madagascar, constituting a

new form among the Viverridous Carnivora. By E. T. Bennett,

Esq., F.L.S.

. Descriptions of some new Species of Cuvier’s Family of Brachiopoda.

By W. J. Broderip, Esq.

. On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda of Cuvier, and more especially

of the Genera Terebratula and Orbicula. By R. Owen, Esq., I'.Z.S.

. Some account of the Maneless Lion of Guzerat. By Capt. Walter

Smee, of the Bombay Army, F.Z.S.

. Description of a new Species of the Genus Eurylaimus of Dr. Hors-

field. By Mr. John Gould, F.L.S.

. A few Remarks tending to illustrate the Natural History of two An-

22.

23.

24.

nulose Genera, viz. Urania of Fabricius and Mygale of Walcke-

naer. By W.S. MacLeay, Esq., F.Z.S. &c.

Descriptions of some new Species of Calyptreide. By W. J. Brode-

rip, Esq.

On the nee of the Calyptreide. By Richard Owen, Esgq., F.Z.S.

On the Structure of the Heart in the Perennibrauchiate Batrachia.

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.Z.S.

25. On the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradeaus, Blum. By Richard

Owen, Esgq., F.Z.S,

- Notes on the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus

paradoxus, Blum. By Dr. G. Bennett.

. Description d’un nouveau Genre de Mollusques de la Classe des

Gastéropodes Pectinibranches. Par E. Riippell, M.D., Memb. Ext.

LS. & ZS.

. On Clavagella. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.

. On the Anatomy of Clavagella, Lam. By Richard Owen, Esq.,

F.R.S. & Z.S.

- On Nycteribia, a Genus of Wingless Insects. By J. O. Westwood,

Esq., F.L.S.

. Some Account of Macropus Parryi, a hitherto undescribed species of

Kangaroo from New South Wales. By E. T. Bennett, Esq.

. On the Genus Chama, Brug., with Descriptions of some Species ap-

parently not hitherto characterized. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.

. Characters and Description of a new Genus of the Family Melolon-

thide. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

. On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a Plant near to

Monte Video. By John Curtis, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

- Description of a Microscopie Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the

Human Body. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

. Additional Remarks on the Genus Lagotis, with some Account of a

second Species referable to it. By E. T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,

Sec. Z.S.

. Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platycarcinus, Latr.),

with Descriptions of three new Species. By T. Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

On the Osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang-Utan. By Richard

Owen, Esq., F.R.S.

. On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. By Richard Owen, Esq.,

F.R.S. & ZS.

- Description of a new Species of Tapeworm, Tenia lamelligera, Owen.

- By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

Remarks on the Entozoa, and on the Structural Differences existing

among them, including Suggestions for their Distribution into

other Classes. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. & Z.S.

. Additional Observations on Alepisaurus ferox. By the Rev. R. T.

Lowe, M.A., Corr. Memb. Z.S.

Worle sds

On the Quails and Hemipodii of India. By Lieut.-Colonel William

Henry Sykes.

. Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at the Isle of

France. By Robert Templeton, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S.

. On a remarkable Species of Pteropine Bat. By E. T. Bennett, Esq.,

L.S

. Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America, with

Descriptions of new Genera and Species; founded principally on

the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller. By Thos.

Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

. Some Observations on the Economy of an Insect destructive to

Turnips. By William Yarrell, Esq.

- Mémoire sur une nouvelle Espéce de Poisson du Genre Histiophore,

de la Mer Rouge. Par M. E. Riippell, M.D.

7. On the Genus Octodon, and on its relations with Ctenomys, Blainv.,

and Poéphagomys, F. Cuy., including a Description of a new Spe-

cies of Ctenomys. By E.T. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.

18.

. On the Anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera. By Robert

Garner, Esq., F.L.S

- Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S.

. Mémoire sur les Gerboises et les Gerbilles. Par M. Fred. Cuvier.

- Description of a new Genus of Mammiferous Animals from Australia,

belonging probably to the Order Marsupialia. By George R.

Waterhouse, Esq.

. Descriptions of several new Species of Insects belonging to the Family

of the Sacred Beetles. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &e.

. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Orang-Utans

(Simia, Erxleben). By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

. A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira; with the principal Synonyms,

Portuguese Names, and Characters of the new Genera and Species.

By the Rey. R. T. Lowe, M.A.

. Observations on the Genus Galictis (Bell), with the Description of a

new Species. By Thomas Bell, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S. &c.

. On a new Subgenus of Fishes, allied to Ophidium. By William

Thompson, Esq.

. Description of a new Species of Antelope. By Capt. W. C. Harris.

Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe. By Richard Owen,

Ksq., F.R.S. &e.

. On a new Genus of Insectivorous Mammalia. By W. C. L. Martin,

Esq., F.L.S.

On the Anatomy of the Southern Apteryx (Apteryx Australis, Shaw).

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

. Observations upon Pelagic Serpents. By Dr. Theodore Cantor.

. Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen,

Esq., F.R.S. &e.

. On the Genus Galeopithecus. By G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

. On the Skull of the North American Badger, Meles Labradoria of

Authors. By George R. Waterhouse, Esq.

. On the Fishes of the Dukhun. By Lieut.-Col. W. H. Sykes, F.R.S.

. On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. By Richard Owen, Esq.,

E.R.S. &e.

Vou. IT. 1849.

. Supplement to “A Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira.” By the Rev.

R. T. Lowe, M.A

- Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe at the Zoological Society’s Gardens,

and Description of the Foetal Membranes and of some of the natural

and morbid appearances observed in the Dissection of the Young

Animal. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

. Notice of a fragment of the Femur ofa Gigantic Bird of New Zealand.

By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

Monograph of the Hollow-horned Ruminants. Part I. By William

Ogilby, Esq., M.A.

. Description of Australian Fish. Part I. By J. Richardson, M.D.,F.R.S.

Description of Australian Fish. Part II. By John Richardson, M.D.,

F.R.S. &c., Inspector of Naval Hospitals, Haslar.

Observations on the Stenochoride of New Holland, with Descriptions

of new Genera and Species of that family. By the Rev. F. W.

Hope, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &e.

7. Description of a new Genus and Species of Sponge (Euplectella Asper-

gillum, O.). By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e

Description of some Coleopterous Insects from Tropical Africa, belong-

ing to the section Heteromera. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S.

10.

11.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

. Mémoire sur la Famille des Touracos, et Description de deux Espéces

nouvelles. Par le Dr. Edouard Riippell.

On Dinornis, an extinct genus of Tridactyle Struthious Birds, with

Descriptions of portions of the Skeleton of five species which for-

merly existed in New Zealand. By Professor Owen, M.D., F.R.S.,

F.Z.8. &e.

On the Anatomy ofthe Apteryx Australis, Shaw. Part II. (Myology.)

By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

- On the Osteology of the Marsupialia. (Part II.) Comparison of the

Skulls of the Wombats of Continental Australia and of Van Diemen’s

Land, whereby their specific distinction is established. By Pro-

fessor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

On Dinornis (Part II.) : containing Descriptions of portions of the Skull,

the Sternum, and other parts of the Skeleton of the species previously

determined, with osteological evidences of three additional Species,

and of a new Genus, Palapteryx. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Observations on the Dodo (Didus ineptus, Linn.) : an Appendix to the

foregoing Memoir on the Dinornis. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

On a new Genus of the Family Lophide (les Pectorales Pédiculées,

Cuv.) discovered in Madeira. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe, M.A.,

Corr. Memb. of the Zool. Soc. &e.

On Dinornis (Part TIL.) : containing a Description of the Skull and

Beak of that Genus, and of the same characteristic parts of Pal-

apteryx, and of two other Genera of Birds, Notornis and Nestor:

forming part of an extensive series of Ornithic remains discovered

by Mr. Walter Mantell, at Waingongoro, North Island of New

Zealand. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

On a new Species of the Genus Apteryz. By John Gould, F.R.S.,

F.L.S. &e.

Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes, Geoffroy), including the Description of the Skull of a

large Species (Troglodytes Gorilia, Savage) discovered by Thomas

S. Savage, M.D., in the Gaboon country, West Africa. By Professor

Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Vou. FV. Part 1. 1850.

. On Dinornis (Part IV.) : containing the restoration of the Feet of that

Genus and of Palapteryx, with a Description of the Sternum in

Palapteryx and Aptornis. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

. Contributions to the knowledge of the Animal of Nautilus Pompilius.

By J. Van der Hoeven.

Vou. IV. Part 2. 1852.

On the Anatomy of the Indian Rhinoceros (Rh. unicornis, L.). By

Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

On Dinornis (Part V.): containing a Description of the Skull and

Beak of a large Species of Dinornis, of the Cranium of an immature

specimen of Dinornis giganteus (2), and of Crania of Species of

Palapteryx. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &c.

. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantell in the Middle Island

of New Zealand, of a living specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the

Rail family, allied to Brachypterya, and hitherto unknown to Natu-

ralists, except in a Fossil state. By Gideon Algernon Mantell,

Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. &c.

. Remarks on Notornis Mantelliit, By J. Gould, F.R.S,

Vou. IV. Pant 3. 1853.

‘7. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. IV. Description of the

Cranium of an Adult Male Gorilla from the River Danger, West

Coast of Africa, indicative of a variety of the Great Chimpanzee

(Troglodytes Gorilla), with Remarks on the Capacity of the Cranium

and other characters shown by sections of the Skull, in the Orangs

(Pithecus), Chimpanzees (Troglodytes), and in different varieties

of the Human Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Part 4. 1857.

8. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. V. Comparison of the

Lower Jaw and Vertebral Column of the Troglodytes Gorilla, Tro-

glodytes niger, Pithecus Satyrus, and different varieties of the Hu-

man Race. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

9. Onthe Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.).

By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

10. On Dinornis (Part V1.): containing a Description of the Bones of the

Leg of Dinornis (Palapteryx) struthioides and of Dinornis gracilis,

Owen. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Parr 5. 1858.

11. On Dinornis (Part VII.) : containing a Description of the Bones of the

Leg and Foot of Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor

Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.

12. On Dinornis (Part VIII.) : containing a Description of the Skeleton of

the Dinornis elephantopus, Owen. By Professor Owen, F-.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S. &e.

13, Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees

(Troglodytes) and Orangs (Pithecus). No. lI. Characters of the

Skull of the Male Pithecus Morio, with Remarks on the Varieties

of the Male Pithecus Satyrus. By Professor Owen, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S. &e.

14, On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.).

Part II. By Professor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e.

Vou. IV. Parr 6. 1859.

15. Additional Evidence relative to the Dodo. By W. J. Broderip, Esq.,

F.R.S., L.S., G.S., V.P.Z.S.

16. On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the

Zoological Society of London. By H. E. Strickland, F.G.S.

17. Notice of an original Painting, including a Figure of the Dodo, in the

Collection of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, at Sion House.

By W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e.

18. Monograph of the Strigide. By Dr. J. J. Kaup, Director of the

Museum at Darmstadt ; Corresponding Member.

19. On some New or little-known Species of Accipitres, in the Collection

of the Norwich Museum. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. &e.

20. Description of a New Species of the Genus Buteo from Mexico. By

Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. &e.

21. Description of a New Species of Owl of the Genus Ciccaba. By

Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.L.S. &c.

Vou. IV. Parr 7. Section I. 1861.

22, On the Osteology of Baleniceps rex (Gould). By W. Kitchen Parker,

Mem. Mier. Soc.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER,

11, Hanover Square, Secretary.

April, 1862,

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