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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
PARIS: LEIPZIG:
M. J. ROTHSCHILD, M. J. ROTHSCHILD,
14, RUE DE BUCY. 2, QUERSTRASSE.
_
La ae |
AF ah ees eee TA
sys armen TS he
* se eae °
°F ethan’
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; " ahs
“PRINTED BY TAYLOR A
RED LION COURT,
|
FLEET
a i ala a is inane
LIST
OF THE
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Page
Avanos, Artuur, F.L.S., Corr. Memb.
On the Genera and Species of Liotiine found in Japan.. 71
On the Genera and Species of Fossaride found in Japan 110
Description of a New Genus and of Twelve New Species of
MPOUMSCR ~. 066 vase Cdn ye Sareea « sae hel re eens 506
Apams, Artuur, F.L.S., Corr. Memb., and Angas, G.
Frencu, Corr. Memb.
Descriptions of New Species of Freshwater Shells collected
by Mr. F. G. Waterhouse, during J. M°Douall Stuart’s Over-
land Journey from Adelaide to the North-west Coast of Au-
0 Se Sa a inns oe Sram ahminr's 6 nua meats ale sain See
Descriptions of New Species of Shells from the Australian
Seas, in the Collection of G. French Angas.............. 418
Apams, Henry, and Apams, Arruur, F.L.S., Corr. Memb.
Descriptions of New Species of Shells, chiefly from the
mamingian Collection <o).\3 wixiawied satel & eile se ale oe-. 428
$+
lv
Page
Aver, JosHua, and Hancock, ALBANY. -
Notice of a Collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made
AV OUNGIR fo othe ee ees ex ere eee ee 158
Aneas, G. Frencu, Corr. Memb.
On the Land-Shells of South Australia .............. 520
Aneas, G. Frencu, Corr. Memb., and Apams, ARTHUR,
F.L.S., Corr. Memb.
Descriptions of New Species of Freshwater Shells collected
by Mr. F. G. Waterhouse, during J. M°Douall Stuart’s Over-
land Journey from Adelaide to the North-west Coast of Au-
SERRE es DINARS ie hain pine ohare ee Ciatele hie ae Deemer 414
Descriptions of New Species of Shells from the Australian
Bess inshis Collection —.\. 1 vndstale go's: She oct ee o.-. 418
Ayres, Witu1AM O., M.D., Corr. Memb.
Notes on the Sebastoid Fishes occurring on the Coast of
Californias WeS As. cw elce sa'e,s05. sree laiete cole a ce eee 390
Barro, W., M.D., F.L.S. aM
Descriptions of some New Species of Shells collected at
Vancouver’s Island and in British Columbia by J. K. Lord,
Esq., Naturalist to the British North-American Boundary
Commission in the years 1858-62 ............-e eens 66
Description of Two New Species of Shells collected by Dr.
Lyall, of H.M.S, ‘ Plumper,” at Vancouver Island........ 71
Descriptions of several New Species of Worms belonging to
the Annelida errantia and A. sedentaria or tubicola of Milne-
Bodwards. 5 oc ccikacaleie eee I cchsl oabeusie cls occas bee 106
Bartuett, A. D.
Description of a New Species of Galago............+. 231
Barer, C. Spence, F.R.S.
On some New Australian Species of Crustacea ........ 498
Page
Bates, Henry WAtTER, F.Z.S.
On a Collection of Butterflies brought by Messrs. Salvin
and Godman from Panama, with Remarks on their Geogra-
phical Distribution ...... Labbe bth. UG pis aie ee
On some Insects collected in eae by J Mr. Caldwell 472
Beppome, Captain R. H., Officiating Conservator of Forests,
Madras.
Descriptions of New Species of the Family Uropeltide from
Southern India, with Notes on other little-known Species... 225
Bennett, Dr. Greores, F.Z.S.
Letters from, respecting Didunculus strigirostris .. 102, 372
Mees Om the Kal 26.55... cee cece sees ee owe oe 385
Letter announcing the death of one of the two Didunculi
imtended for the Society... ...... 2.00 cece centre race se 439
Letter respecting the Kagu of New Caledonia (Rhinochetus
MDs Sin pis Sb = 0503 Fae AA sincere ae 8 rh mes 439
Buytu, Epwarp.
Exhibition of Deer-Horns and other Specimens, with Re-
Mierks...... Dinas Sdotie wore apa s OMNON onal cceunials el Wiaiele a es 155
Exhibition of two Rollers . CCR Ore oe 159
Synoptical List of the ae of Felis Pini the Indian
Region and the adjacent parts of Middle Asia.... . ESSE 181
| Bowernank, J. Scorr, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
A Monograph of the Spongillide.........+++++ en 440
. Buckvanp, Francis TREvELYAN, M.A., F.Z.S.
Observations on the Artificial Reproduction of Fishes.... 48
i Remarks on the progress of his experiments in hatching
and rearing Salmon and Trout by artificial means .......- 77
Remarks on his experiments in hatching the ova of Trout
amd Salmon .........c-ssecesscesereees = hla wht.
vi
Page
Notice of experiments in conveying a Porpoise from the
seaside to the Society’s Gardens ............ ee ese eens 440
Carpenter, Puiuir P., B.A., Ph.D.
Review of Prof. C. B. Adams’s ‘ Catalogue of the Shells of
Panama,’ from the Type Specimens........-..--. 000+ 339
Corr, E. D.
On a Species of Vipera hitherto unknown ....... SOE ae
DesMours, O., Corr. Memb., et Verreaux, J., Corr. Memb.
Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Perdrix .......... 62
Dunn, W.
Letter respecting animals intended for the Society ...... 370
Fraser, Louis.
List of birds captured or observed by Mr. E. Bartlett in the
POGeby ss GALIENS o's od is 0 nie i0eve. ala visive pia «felt ae 159
Exhibition of the skull of a Gorilla............... 372
Exhibition of the skin of a Leopard from Japan........ 510
Goutp, Joun, F.R.S., &e.
On a Collection of Birds from Central Australia........ 232
Gray, -Dr. J. Ey F:R.S,, FLLS., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a specimen of the young of the domestic
Fowl, with a singular malformation of the beak and foot .. 77
Letter addressed to him by Miss E. M. Smee, relating to
the habits of the larva of Phryganea ..........00 000005 78
Notice of the Chanco, or Golden Wolf (Canis chanco), from
Chinese Hartaryor. lawson dared. pis Fly (ofa lehels eee 94
Notice of a New Species of Chameleon sent from Khartoom
by Mr. Consul Petherick... ....0.5./0..se».<+++0s SER
vii
Revision of the Species of Lemuroid Animals, with the
Description of some New Species .............. 0. eeseee
Descriptions of Two New Genera of Lizards (Holaspis and
RASC EI) S12 5's ara a hctnde’ St bisichd Sip) Saye myays seater
Observations on the Box Tortoises, with the Descriptions
mr Enree New Asiatic Species’..)....0.00. 6c cs ca levees os
On the Species of the Genus Sternotherus, with some Ob-
Merwations Of Kanirys.. 0.650 eta cece seen ge Nene F
On the Arrangement of the Cetaceans................
On the Eyes of Emydide and Batrachia..............
Description of a New Lizard obtained by Mr. Henry Carter
on the South-east Coast of Arabia .......... 0... 0eee ee
MNGIA «<5... SNS GOI a OREO, Cer ot See ere ech
Description of a New Geoclemys (G. callocephalus) lately
living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society .........4.
Gunn, Ronap.
Letter from, announcing the shipment of living Thylacines,
with remarks on their habits................ eeeeee cece
Ginruer, Avsert, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.Z.S.
Contributions to the Knowledge of the British Charrs
oho eo anno wale Wan RISE TRR Es + + 050) 3\5.0 0.8 owe ge
On Atheris burtonii, a New Snake from West Africa....
Note on Diemennia superciliosa .........++44 a aaeends
Addition to Dr. Wucherer’s Article on the Ophidians of
Contribution to the Herpetology of Ceram ............
Observations on Australian Tree-Frogs living in the So-
G@tety s Menagerie .... 2... csc cee cece eee cece ec cens
Hancock, ALBANY, and ALDER, JOSHUA.
Notice of a Collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in
LES SS ear a eae a eee et eat) bare’
Page
129
152
173
192
197
202
236
253
254
103
viii
ig Page
Hartiavs, Dr. Gzoree, For. Memb.
On some Birds collected by Capt. J. E. Speke at Kazeh in
MastemgAdnda } -airsckh. Sa ave ae oe eee ee steak 105
Characters of a New Species of Sedge Warbler from Ma-
Dagascar so. seen ese ewes ee ce ee eden ene eset eenaee 165
Hewitson, W. C.
A List of Diurnal Lepidoptera taken in Madagascar by Mr.
it cel | as pa IMO Sem arve Rete Meares 4 te 64
Houpswortu, E. W. H., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of living Lissotriton palmatus.............. 159
Huxtey, Prof. T. H., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
On the Form of the Placenta in the Cape Hyrax ...... 237
Jounson, JAMES Yatr, Corr. Memb.
Descriptions of Five New Species of Fishes obtained at Ma-
GlGIF A. (catia 3 ihre Ah eae re ee ee a
Description of a New Species of Macrurous Decapod
Crustacean belonging to the Genus Penceus, from the Coast
of Portugal. .. c+: sais sie aighe ainsi: So aasy« eee eee ean 255
Description of a New Siliceous Sponge from the Coast of
Madeira: hac c0 0) 3c Gdgaine «acne i eo 257
Descriptions of Three New Genera of Marine Fishes ob-
tained.at Madeira ts.2 0-2. ints oak. <)5 3c 403
Description of a New Species of Flexible Coral belonging
to the Genus Juncella, obtained at Madeira.............. 505
Knox, Artuur E., F.Z.S.
Remarks on the Date of Extinction of the Mole and Weasel
in Ireland
2 Rk kek, eR ERT See aE Pr REO
ix
Page
Krerrt, Gerarp, Corr. Memb.
Description of a New Species of the Genus Dromicia dis-
covered in the Neighbourhood of Sydney .............. 49
Description of a New Species of Hoplocephalus with Keeled
0 ee ee a OE ee eg ee 86
On the Batrachians occurring in the Neighbourhood of
Sydney, with Remarks upon their Geographical Distribution 386
LEADBEATER, B., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of specimens of Eggs of a species of Rhea .... 1
Exhibition of castings of a Bee-eater ................ 159
Lorp, J. K., F.Z.S., Naturalist to the British North-American
Boundary Commission.
On Two New Species of Mammals ,............00000 95
Monrtetrro, L. A.
Letter from, on the habits of Cynocephalus anubis...... 238
Newton, Aurrep, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On a New Bird from the Island of Madagascar ........ 85
On an Illustration of the Manner in which Birds may oc-
casionally aid in the Dispersion of Seeds................ 127
On Two New Birds from Madagascar ................ 180
Remarks on the Exhibition of a Natural Mummy of Alea
OMNES isc peri yma siets 945 g eagicetnelse sty tere ride man 400
On the Breeding of the Green Sandpiper.............. 529
Parker, W. K., F.Z.S.
On the Systematic Position of the Crested Screamer .... 511
Preasr, W. Harper, Corr. Memb.
Letter from, on errors and omissions in former communi-
Remmmuens. {e3eo. fe adie sc Meg Ea ye td oo ie alae ean lO
x
Page
Peters, Dr. Witit1AM, For. Memb.
Note on the Galago demidoffii of Fischer ........ ia OOO
Preirrer, Dr. Lovts.
Descriptions of Ten New Species of Land-Shells, from the
Collection of G. French Angas, Esq. .........-.-..4. «. 526
Reape, W. Winwoop.
Notes on the Derbyan Eland, the African Elephant, and
Phe Gorillar. oats ce ucts aie Gia eo PBee ace aee te ae aie Oe ee 169
Routeston, Professor Grorer, M.D., F.Z.S., &e.
On the form of the Placenta in the Tenrec ...... .... 237
Savin, OsBert, F.Z.S. ‘
On a New Species of Calliste from Costa Rica...... Pee gee Fs)
Descriptions of Thirteen New Species of Birds discovered
in Central America by Frederick Godman and Osbert Salvin 186
Scuater, Pururp Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
the Society.
Remarks on two rare Fruit-Pigeons living in the Society’s
Gard cng’ ssh Pe SAP a rn gre oe rere eek cs eee ee 1
Additions to the Menagerie during the month of December
Exhibition of a collection of insects and freshwater shells
from Madagascar, transmitted to him by Mr. J. Caldwell,
and notes respecting them communicated by Mr. Caldwell.. 48
On a New Species of Pipra from New Granada ........ 63
Exhibition of a skin of the female Diardigallus prelatus,
transmitted by Sir R. Schomburgk .............. 2.2... 76
On the American Spine-tailed Swifts of the Genus Chetura 98
Announcement of the arrival of a collection of Indian Phea-
xi
List of the Species of Phasianide, with Remarks on their
Geographical Distributions. 55.56 of.4/02)-,4;s0;s08 dia epercipiel aris z
On the Mammals and Birds collected in Madagascar by
Es og he Sohn Link wns sul veel’ recs aeons
On a new Spine-tailed Swift from Western Africa ......
Observations on the Birds of South-eastern Borneo by the
late James Mottley, Esq., of Banjermassing, with Notes by
orau- eCiater ........ lain Nahslsinia Ss sra'a lies hue SP aner ee
Observations on some of the Animals in the Zoological
Gardens of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp 25 85.03%.
Record of the Period of Gestation of certain Ruminants
which breed in the Society’s Gardens ............0.-00.
Notes on the Method of Incubation of the Birds of the
MCL IHOTICR (oe 62 oy u, Saas, tre DoW eeurnepiicds oes heres ed
Note on the Occurrence of the European Sea-Eagle in North
0S ERR Oo
ne ree EF Ss cing’). ceintenk ssid .n te menente
On some New and Interesting Animals recently acquired
mor. the Socicty’s Menaperic, .. .... ces c8il deed edvneeaes
Exhibition of some variegated wool from Ohio ........
Note on the Breeding of Bennett’s Cassowary in the So-
Ree mmamemeti S267) 135k ARIE wakes sin icing «usa, Bord
Suortt, Dr. Joun, F.Z.S.
Letter on the fishing-propensities of the Pteropus of India
Smeg, Miss E. M.
Letter from, relating to the habits of the larva of Phry-
Speke, Capt. J. H.
Letter from, relating to the Zoology of Eastern Africa .
224
518
438
l
xii
Page
SwinuHog, Rosert, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of some new and remarkable species of Birds.. 62
On New and little-known Birds from China ...... Rare Tee
Exhibition of Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus........... ~ 18
On the Species of Zosterops inhabiting China and Japan,
with the Description of a New Species..............-... 203
Exhibition of a skin of a Royal Tiger ................ 237
Catalogue of the Birds of China, with Remarks principally
on their Geographical Distribution ..............-.00%- 259
TrceTMerer, W. B., Esq.
Exhibition of a singular variety of the Domestic Fowl .. 1
Tennant, Prof. James, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a fossil egg of the Apyornis maxima...... 438
Tomes, R. F., Corr. Memb.
Notice of a New American Form of Marsupial .......- 50
On a New Genus and Species of Leaf-nosed Bats in the
Museum at Fort. Pitt.) s:c2 «eo nis ald in se Lee
Tristram, Rev. H. B., Corr. Memb.
Note on some Freshwater Shells sent from Madagascar by
J. Caldwell, Esq. . siete» @peiisi<ia'e, Dbra)e 0 phn ieee oe
Supplemental Gatalogee of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mol-
lusks collected in Guatemala by O. Salvin, Esq., M.A.,
1 SAY As Rea aR ibe he peor eye ve fa nee Beit A BRM EE 411
VeRREAUxX, JuLEs, Corr. Memb.
Extract from a letter from, describing the female of Perdix
GAFOGEE ache PO. Cade eee tees Cee as te SN ee ee 371
Verreaux, Juues, Corr. Memb., et DesMurs, P. O., Corr.
Memb.
Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Perdrix ......++-. 62
:
:
Xili
Page
Watker, Dr. Davin, F.L.S., Corr. Memb.
Natural-History Notes made during a passage from Liver-
monte Vancouver's Island .)....0.. 2000s does veewes os 378
WALKER, F.
On some Insects collected in Madagascar by Mr. J. Cald-
Me sc cub vls aes oem 2 UE Get CRB Bt Ree 165
Wauace, ALFRED R., F.Z.S.
List of Birds collected in the Island of Bouru (one of the
Moluccas), with Descriptions of the New Species ..... ‘av. AS
Exhibition of a nestling of Buceros bicornis............ 48
Remarks on a Hornbill (Buceros pica) ........0..... 85
On the Identification of the Hirundo esculenta of Linnzeus,
with a Synopsis of the described Species of Collocalhia .... 382
A List of the Birds inhabiting the Islands of Timor, Flores,
and Lombock, with Descriptions of the New Species ...... 480
Wiis, J. C., H.B.M. Consul at the Samoan Islands.
Letter from, respecting Didunculus strigirostris........ 102
Witurams, WituiaM, F.Z.S.
Note on the Breeding of an Exotic Tortoise at Tregullow.. 51]
WucHERER, Dr. Orno, Corr. Memb.
On the species of Ligaen which occur in the
Province of Bahia, Brazil ..........2. 0000. De Ae A 51
On the Ophidians of the Province of Bahia, Brazil.
MEAL T bo ecie ka prea meinns cinaine ama ime 3 PEL 55
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate
DS VSAlMONsoalss vais:s’s aiayeiniersinid g ekers e\sivielelolareleinlnts “ 6
II COUN. otstekatstate tecarars tele fois aiais Sree ser eee .
Ill. Atheris burtonii ........4 Caceizte leo s olereiatelstenmorelvietsts
VP UHElCOMUDTICOLS ears cinclee sie ciate sae ar acer fc ycat
V. Ceyx cajeli...... SAH Acronis BEAR ER sor Hee
Wir, MOR On Chalomicaca «cr assis ici soials setae noe Se
VII. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus ....cssseererveeesececs
VIII. Hyracodon fuliginosus ......ecseseeeee ADibice seine nace
WX, eR endir Dar Gia vera eieieia mints yes alancla wavelets set sessymiaee =55
Kap UPTO LEUCOTEOC. laialcisiais oleae sini /aiplspeises aun aise
MO en Dademi Cemithed tara <n lateiete'« se renee he Fecha
XII. Lonchorhina aurita .....- sevens airig eisihisremrefeyeeas t
XIV. Hypherpes corallirostris.....ccccevceeveevevees wart
rahe scr cinereiventris ACI Wop clon acre tee ria dat } 98
CUSSUNEL «cies loyal state's i raldle a cistersicteteytepeeumiens ¢
XV. Vidua eques........ eianaia, avnae: slate 4 ols ‘bjekaluiere GPatatets ie
XVI. Euplocamus nobilis... sc. sccaveccnaveneccereeres
XVII. Prosimia xanthomystar ...... 0.022002 0s goose ie
XVIII. melanocephala ....+.++. ince
XIX... Otogale pallida, sires sss 1s piayelremie iy ajeloleliatarets
8 Relig ch car cy peor, centre Baber ateneye ae
Spatahurd, COTLETs sain «x einsle uialslsye'e sieib sinisiate leit
XXI. Portodogaster grayit ......ceeeeeenee Sunoosscss
XXII. Oreas derbianus .......... otal eters oie ere epaferalta Miatetern
XXIII. Panyptila sancti-hieronymi .icccecscesssaceenes
Cardellina versicolor .....ccsccosvececsavcnucss
ee Srscecinnececrisnns f
Ce Ltt Gait? aie ee mea
Plectrurus pulneyensis ...cecececcececsecevecs |
may Leer nilgherriensis ..... ies canes eae
Rhinophis microlepis . sseieeunaeseeenvenends
XXVIII. Plectrurus qguentheri ..csccccreveevevcesesseecs
xv
Plate Page
XXVIII. Galago monteiri........ ceases sgeeeeeceeeseecens Lal
AAIX. Butterflies from Panamia ...scsccscccusscesecsees 29
Flyla perontt oo ccccccccccccccccccacesnccceses
XXX. | — phylochroa Pertecnssuiseicieateceetae | 249
I id iff ee BeOMOO OBC sengo0dr AC OSIODROUR ECE
XXXI. Lagothrix humboldti...... sis eletela) sis se evevcceces
XXXII. Galago alleni.............. seus (ous (ahate: ova Eclecces -C 374
NOMEN BUDO fASCIOLATUS oo sien ssine cous 0s. vee sw duevenes
XXXIV. Phlogenas bartletti........00008s KID DOCDIORLE
XXXV. Galago demidofii ......0.005. Roverstersieters)tuststs: cinctata 380
XXXVI Diretmus argenteus. Pete teste ee ease ne ane ea ee es } 403
EL ATOS(IMS” OUCALT a afore afore aisles s/o 00 o\ele'eles Sate aloe
XXXVII. New Australian Shells ............ Baio steraie els .. 418
XXXVIII. Spongille .........0054. bneonnocopnnorncdnbonode weil
XXXIX. Ptilonopus albocinctus ...secsecsevesereseenesens 480
=} New Australian Crustaceans ....:-+sesneeeerereves 498
XLII. Casuarius bennetti¢ juv. vscsecccnseves wslovabeiacx pater 518
; ks “gee
. 7 jd ie), Sas 5 a
ivi. Peetaone 99 Ws i,
Trath') opi? ollie
ener hese dewarriy night
: av my gbie teed
Pteyenk SELE I:
\\nt gain m2: LA
vest Ala S11
Remar:
vasg EEO, sie
ORES 2s Og
J A mt, TERE
t. AVA
SPIRES
at
+ 2 1 ids ¢
‘ ore
ie
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pe
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 13, 1863.
George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
Dr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to two rare
Fruit-Pigeons living in the Society’s Menagerie, both of which he
believed to be new to the collection. They had been obtained by
purchase from a dealer, and were stated to have come from one of
the “South Sea Islands.” The species appeared to be Carpophaga
microcera, Bp., and Ptilopus fasciatus, Peale—both of the Samoan
Islands, in which group, according to Mr. Peale*, these two Pigeons
were frequently kept domesticated by the natives, and carried about
in a singular way, upon perches placed at the ends of long stakes.
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier exhibited a singular variety of the Domestic
Fowl, in which the webs of the feathers were broken up into minute
filaments.
Mr. Leadbeater exhibited specimens of eggs of a species of Rhea
(supposed to be those of Rhea darwini), obtained by Mr. E. W.
Goodlake in Patagonia.
The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Capt. J. H.
Speke, commanding the East-African Exploring Expedition, was read
to the Meeting :—
S “‘ Kazeh, Africa, February 17, 1861.
**S1r,—I have the honour to forward by down-caravan a few spe-
cimens of the fauna of this country, collected by the expedition
* Cassin’s ‘Mammalogy and Ornithology of the United States Exploring Ex-
pedition,’ p. 264.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. I.
2 i LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. (Jan. 13,
under my command,—they are enumerated below,—and to request, as
noticed by my former letters, that you will have them kept in a sepa-
rate department of the Society’s house for me until my return from
Africa, when Capt. Grant, my assistant, with myself, will be able to
explain the peculiarities of the various animals to you. This lot
includes, with those I first sent from Zanzibar, eight packages
in all. Most of them have been sent off in the greatest hurry, and
consequently without any arrangement, in the hands of passing tra-
vellers or caravans ; but as they have all been consigned to the care
of Mr. Frost, medical officer at Zanzibar, who has kindly offered to
officiate for me in sending such things to England, I have no doubt
but that they will reach you in very fair order for describing. They
affect to nothing else ; for it is next to impossible to stuff and take care
of animal-specimens properly when travelling with a large caravan,
destined for a long journey, and in constant motion. You must there-
fore take them as you find them, for the present ; but I hope they
will interest you sufficiently to direct your attention more particu-
larly to these regions; for I am convinced in mind that the great
varieties of animal life, large and small, which are to be found here
would fully repay any trouble or expense in procuring, and the So-
ciety would do well if they could find competent men who would
voluntarily spend a few years in collecting them. By far the richest
fields for sport, or any kind of animal-collections, which have come
under my notice are the regions in and about the East Coast range,
but more particularly so near the Kingani and the Wami Rivers,
where those streams issue from the range, and trend through beau-
tiful parks and forests. This part should be attended to first, as,
by being near the coast, transport would be easy, and the expenses
of living a mere trifle.
«To give you some notion of the variety of larger animals which
have been observed by the East-African Expedition, I will enumerate
them, making notes, and even marks of interrogation, so (?), when I
feel in doubt about their identity :—
«©, The Elephant (Z. africanus) seems general everywhere in the ~
hills or plains.
«©2, Rhinoceros. The only variety, from the coast to Ungamwezi,
which has been shot or seen is the common black Rhinoceros bi-
cornis of the south,—not the Ketloa; but we hear of the White
Rhinoceros in the Karagwah Mountains to the north.
«<3, Hippopotamus, general.
“4, Pig. Thisis avery peculiar animal. The boar has four tuber-
cles on the face ; but the sow has only two, on the point of the cheek-
bones below the eyes. I send sketches of them. Although we have
met this pig everywhere on the line of march, we have seen no other
variety. [This seems to be a species of Phacocherus.—P. L. S.]
«5, Giraffe, general.
“<6. Zebra, general; they make a kind of noise when excited,
something like a sheep trying to bleat with a bad cold and cough.
“7, Buffalo (Bos caffer), general.
‘“©8, Eland (Oreas sp.?). The only specimen shot was in the hill
ee ee ee
1863. ] LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. 3
range; but I believe them to exist, in the interior, on the plateau
also. This beast was about the size of a Delhi ox; it has black
points, and a broad black band strongly marked on the hinder part
of the fore legs, just above the bend of the knee: another pecu-
liarity is that it has white narrow stripes running down the flanks,
over the ribs. [No doubt Dr. Livingstone’s new species of Eland
figured from recollection in his Travels ?—P. L. 8.]
“9. Koodoo? I have certainly knocked some of these animals
over, although I never succeeded in bagging one. This was at Usekhe
in Ugogo, and there also I have seen their horns and skulls lying on
the ground. They appear to go up and hide in small hills covered
with bush during the daytime.
**10. Water-Boc, common in the lower lands.
1]. Hartebeest, common.
“12. Brindled Gnu, only seen on the east side of the coast range ;
they exist there in herds of hundreds.
“13. Bubal? This cream-coloured beast I have followed and
wounded, though never killed; it appears larger than the Harte-
beest, though somewhat like it in shape and horns. Its characteristic
marks are single black patches on the middle of its flanks ; and the
tail is tipped black. Seen in Dhoors, on the East Coast range, and
on the interior plateau.
“14. Pallah (pronounced P’hallah by the Wangamwezi) is one of
the commonest animals in this part of Africa ; many have been shot,
but some appear much larger and of lighter red than others.
“15. dntilope semmerringii? This elegant creature (if it is the
animal I have named it) was only shot in Ugogo. It is about the
4 LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. (Jan. 13,
size of the Black Buck of India, and carries itself much in the same
way ; the female has fine horns*.
«© 16. Reh Boe, only one specimen shot, in the East Coast range.
“17, Bush-Boc? Seen in the lowlands in thick bush, but never
killed.
*©18, Duyker Boc, common on the interior plateau.
«19. Stein Boc, common.
20. A. saltiana, common.
“91. Small Boe. This diminutive animal is a trifle darker than
a common water-rat ; it has short straight horns like the 4. saltiana,
but it is not above one-quarter of that size. I have seen the animal
alive in the jungle, and have had a skin of one, but never obtained
this Antelope entire.
«22. Zanzibar Boc.
*«©23. Strange Boc. The only specimen obtained of this was sent
home; and as that was young and looked like a small red calf, more
than anything else, I will leave it for future reference.
“924. A. saltatriz. This little Klipspringer was only shot in one
place, on some rugged granitic outcrops in the interior plateau.
*© 25. Lion heard everywhere, but never seen.
“26. Hyena crocuta, the common scavenger of the country.
«27. Variegated Hyena. The size and shape of a large Wolf,
long large ears ; gallops fast, and in packs, and barks like a dog, for
which cause it is called the Jungle-Dog by the natives. Three
rushed out of the bush, with loud barks, one day to attack me; but
they pulled up and went to the right about as soon as I turned
round to shoot at them.
6©98. Silver Fox, common.
«©29. Small dark-brown Fox, very large ears and black points.
© 30. Wild Cat.
31. Ruddy Lynx.
‘© 32. Hyrax.
¢ 33. Mungos fasciatus.
‘© 34, Squirrel.
«35. Yellow Ferret.
© 36. Dark Chestnut Ferret.
“© 37. Hares, 44 lbs. weight.
«38. Rats, in many varieties.
*©39. Mice, the same.
«40. Moles, peculiar.
“41. Hedgehog.
“42, Tortoise, two varieties.
“T may remark that I have not seen in the part of the hill range
traversed by this expedition the same peculiar four-horned Antelope
which I once saw in the Usumbara Mountains, a little to the north-
ward ; and further, I feel convinced that I have seen the prints and
[* There seems little doubt about this Antelope (of the horns of which Capt.
Pus) a sketch—see Woodcut) being new. Dr. Gray is of this opinion.—
ve
ee CLC
1863.] LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. 5
other signs of large and small Antelopes which have not been shot
by the expedition, and so also of other animals not considered game,
by which it will appear that there is much left for the naturalist’ or
sportsman to bring up on this branch of natural history alone, to
say nothing of the birds, reptiles, and insects which, by closer exa-
mination than I was formerly able to devote to it, I can now venture
to say comprise a variety of genera and species so great as few other
countries can boast of. There are, however, but few birds of prey ;
and the other birds, though of great variety, are seldom to be found
of gaudy plumage. The game-birds too are not so numerous as those
usually classed as common birds, and, as far as my experience goes,
I may enumerate them as—
**1. The Ostrich.
“2. Bustard.
“3. Three varieties of Floriken: of these, specimens of two sorts
have been sent home; and the third one is a larger bird with a black
body and white wings, something resembling the common large Flo-
riken of Bengal.
“4. Three different species of Partridge.
«5. Two sorts of Guinea-fowl.
_ 6. Quails, Common and Bush.
“<7. Geese.
«8. Ducks.
«9. Snipe.
“Of Snakes, poisonous as well as other ones are not uncommon,
and in some places very numerous. Lizards comprise an interesting
variety ; whilst the Insectivorous birds are of all descriptions, and
in vast numbers.”
Continuation of the above letter.
**Kazeh, 10th March, 1861.—Since writing the above letter I had
reason to believe that two species of Antelopes, which I had not met
with, were to be found in the jungles not far distant from this—the
Sable Antelope and the Blau-Boe. I accordingly went there, and
have now satisfied myself of the existence of both by personal inspec-
tion. The Sable Antelope appeared very scarce, for in six days’ con-
stant shooting I only saw one; but the Blau-Bocs were more com-
-mon. The specimen of this latter animal which I send you was
pulled down by Lions after the forearm had been broken by a
bullet.
“Kazeh, 7th May, 1861.—I have just returned from Mininga to
this place, and find, to my surprise, that I never concluded this letter
(by attaching a list of the birds and animals) before the expedition
departed. 1 now cannot do so from memory, the specimens being in
most part encased in tin; but Iam adding twenty-two birds and one
Wild Cat to the collection. There are also a few rough sketches
which 1 should like you to keep for me, painted on nine separate
Sheets of block-paper. It is now more than six weeks since the ex-
pedition left Kazeh ; and in that time I find all the large birds, Vul-
6 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Jan. 13,
tures, Falcons, Hawks, &c., have been so much destroyed by insects
that I have thought it better to throw them away. ji
“‘T remain, Sir,
~* Your obedient servant,
“J. H. Spex,
“ Captain Commanding E.. African Expedition.”
« P.S. A Leopard was shot here last night.”
« P, L. Sclater, Esq.,
Secretary, Zoological Society,
London.”
The following papers were read :—
1. ConTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH
Cuarrs. Part II. By Ausert Ginruer, M.A., Pu.D.,
M.D., F.Z.S.
(Plates I. & II.)
Since the publication of my first paper on this peculiar group of
Salmonide*, I have received very valuable materials for prosecuting
my researches. The additional specimens show that I have been
correct in distinguishing the three British species from those of the
Continent and from one another, and that the differences between
the young and mature fish of one species may be apparently greater
than between individuals of the same age but of two distinct species—
the laws according to which the changes in the external form proceed
from the young to the mature age appearing to be the same in the
different species, as far as our present experience goes. It has been
observed, in allied species of insects, that, whilst the perfect animals
are so completely alike as to be scarcely distinguishable, their larvee
are very different in their external characters, and even in their habits.
This is not the case with the Charrs: the young individuals of two
species differ as much from each other as the old ones. But in order
to find out the distinctive characters of two species, it is always
necessary to compare specimens of the same age. This can be ascer-
tained by the examination of the generative organs, by the develop-
ment of the jaws, and finally by comparison of a series of examples
from the same locality, assisted by actual observation or information
from persons who have heen for years acquainted with the Charrs
of a certain locality, and know to what size they attain there,
Among mammals and birds, difference in the size of full-grown
animals is admitted as a specific character, whilst ichthyologists have
scarcely ever used it as a distinction between closely allied species,
because numerous fishes continue to grow for an almost indefinite
period after they have attained to maturity. However, if we should
be able to ascertain for a series of tishes the age or the size at which
they first attain to maturity, the differences observed might be of as
* Proceedings of this Society, 1862, p. 37.
9
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“ITTOO CKITVS
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 7
great value for the distinction of the species of fishes as in the higher
classes of vertebrate animals. I have been induced to make these
remarks by the fact (to which we shall recur in the progress of this
paper) that the Salmo alpinus of Scotland attains maturity at a size
inferior to that of an immature Swedish Salmo alpinus. Now, if such
a difference in the size should be considered as a specific character at
a future time, the Scotch and Swedish fishes would be separated.
The specimens which I have examined since the publication of the
first paper are the following; they have been deposited in the Col-
lection of the British Museum :—
a. Salmo salvelinus, Nilss.
A large male specimen from the Lake of Wettern ; presented by
Professor Liljeborg.
b. Salmo alpinus, L.
A young male from Lapland ; presented by Prof. Liljeborg.
Four adult males from Quickjock (Lapland) ; sent by Mr. Wheel-
wright.
Two immature specimens from Lake Helier in Hoy, Orkneys ; pre-
sented by Dr. W. Traill.
Five adult specimens, males and females, from Scotland; pur-
chased of Mr. Stevens.
c. Salmo willughbii.
Many mature male and female specimens from Loch Bruiach ;
presented by Lord Lovat.
d. Salmo nivalis.
Two very fine immature specimens ; presented by G. G. Fowler,
Esq.
e. Salmo grayi.
Many adult males from Lough Melvin; presented by the Earl of
Enniskillen.
An adult female; purchased of Mr. Stevens.
f. Salmo colit, n. sp.
Many specimens from Lough Eske ; presented by the Earl of En-
niskillen and by T. Brooke, Esq.
A female specimen from Lough Dan, co. Wicklow ; presented by
. H. Scott, Esq.
Before proceeding to the detailed remarks on these six species, I
ust express my best thanks to the gentlemen mentioned for their
istance, which was accompanied by much valuable information.
a. Salmo salvelinus (L.), Nilss.
Diagnosis, taken from a male specimen from the Lake of Wettern,
7 inches long.—Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest
pth being contained five times and a half in the total length (to
8 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Jan. 13,,
the end of the middle caudal rays). The length of the head exceeds
the height of the body, being contained four times and a half in the
total ; it is rather more than one-half of the distance between the
snout and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The maxil-
lary extends beyond the orbit in the adult fish. Eye rather small,
its diameter being less than one-half of the interorbital space. The
length of the pectoral fin of the mature fish is equal to, or less than,
one-half of the distance of its base from the root of the ventral.
Dorsal rays fourteen* ; the length of its longest ray is much less
than that of the pectoral, and not much more than one-half of the
length of the head ; the length of its base is twice that of its last ray.
190 transverse series of scales above the lateral line. Vertebree 65.
Teeth of moderate size.
This species is not represented by any of the British Charrs that
I have examined. The Irish Charrs form quite a distinct group, the
characters of which I shall point out hereafter. S. willughéii and
S. cambricus have larger scales, much longer pectoral fins, and differ
besides in many other points. S. alpinus has the same number of
scales ; but in specimens of a corresponding age and size the pectorals
are much longer, the maxillary is less developed, &c. The Iceland
Charr has the dorsal fin much more elevated. This Swedish 8. sal-
velinus may be identical with a part of the specimens comprised by
Heckel under the same name.
b. Salmo alpinus, L.
Diagnosis.—Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest
depth being one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length (to the end of
the middle caudal rays). The length of the head equals the height
of the body in mature specimens, but is somewhat more in immature ;
it is two-ninths or one-fifth of the total; it is rather less than, or
equal to, one-half of the distance between the snout and the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal fin. The maxillary extends but little
beyond the orbit in the fully adult fish. The eye is one-half, or
rather less than one-half, of the width of the interorbital space.
The length of the pectoral of the mature fish is more than one-half
of the distance of its base from the root of the ventral ; in immature
specimens its length is considerably less. Dorsal rays thirteen; the
length of the longest ray is much less than that of the pectoral, and
three-fifths or one-half of the length of the head; the length of its
last ray is a little more than one-half or two-thirds of the length of
its base. 195-200 transverse series of scales above the lateral line.
Vertebree 62 in the Scandinavian variety, and 59 in the Scottish.
Teeth of moderate size.
At the time when I first compared the Charrs of Windermere and
Llanberrist with Linné’s and Nilsson’s descriptions of Salmo alpinus,
IT had not had the opportunity of examining specimens from Lapland.
Now, having specimens before me which, in all probability, are
identical with the species described by Linnzeus and Nilsson, I see
* Including the rudimentary rays in front of the fin.
+ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 39.
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 9
that I have misunderstood a part of the description of the former,
and that the latter has given his notes from young specimens. When
Linnzeus says that the head of his specimen (12 inches long) was
13 inch, he measured only the top of the head from the end of the
snout to the occiput ; whilst ichthyologists of the present time take
the lateral length of the head from the end of the snout to the gill-
opening. Nilsson says that S. a/pinus has shorter pectoral fins than
S. salvelinus ; this is correct if we examine specimens of the former
only 8-10 inches long, but in a mature state S. alpinus has the
longer pectorals. Therefore the characters by which I have formerly
distinguished the S. alpinus from S. willughbii and S. cambricus
cannot be retained, whilst others, affording easy specific distinctions,
become evident on comparison of actual specimens. The two Bri-
tish species mentioned have a less number of transverse series of
scales ; S. willughbit, besides, has the body more elevated, whilst S.
cambricus has a longer head, and the base of the pectoral overlapped
by the gill-cover apparatus. The Iceland Charr, again, differs from
S. alpinus in its elevated dorsal fin.
Ihave mentioned above that I refer to this species a number of
specimens from Lapland, Scotland, and from the Orkneys. After
having hesitated for a long time, I prefer doing so, as they certainly
are more closely allied to one another than to any of the other forms.
Future observations on a more perfect series than that which I
have at present, and especially an examination of a greater number
_ of immature and of very old specimens, will settle this point. The
specimens from Scotland and Lapland appear to agree in almost every
point of importance, but in the number of vertebre and in the size :
whilst the Lap Charr does not attain to maturity before it has at-
tained to a length of 12—13 inches, the Scotch individuals are mature
at a size of 9 inches. The specimens from the Orkney Islands are
_ 6 inches long, and apparently correspond in age to a Lap specimen
of 10 inches in length. The immature state of S. alpinus of both
countries is distinguished by short pectoral fins; but, whilst those
fins have attained to their full relative length in Scotch specimens of
9 inches in length, the Lap specimens are 13 inches long at the same
period. Other differences may be observed on comparing these
young Charrs, especially in the form of the head, which is consider-
ably less elongate in the Scotch individuals; but in order to ascer-
tain whether this character is constant, it would be necessary to com-
pare a greater number of specimens than I have at present.
I shall first describe one of the mature specimens sent by Mr.
Wheelwright from Quickjock.
Description of a male specimen, length 13 inches 8 lines.—Head
and body compressed, but slightly elevated; its greatest depth is
below the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is one-fifth of the total
length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth of
the tail is rather less than the length of the base of the dorsal fin.
The height of the head above the mandibulary joint equals the dis-
tance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of the
operculum. The top of the profile of the head is somewhat elevated
10 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Jan. 13,
above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is nearly one-
sixth of the length of the head, two-thirds of the extent of the snout,
and rather less than one-half of the width of the interorbital space ;
the latter is convex, with a rather prominent ridge along the middle,
and with a pair of series of pores. Snout compressed, conical, with
the jaws equal anteriorly. The maxillary extends to the vertical
from the hind margin of the orbit; in the two largest specimens
(15-17 inches long) it reaches slightly beyond that vertical. It is
armed with 20—22 teeth of moderate size; six teeth in each inter-
maxillary, fifteen in each mandible; three pairs on the vomer, ar-
ranged in two longitudinal series slightly converging behind ; nine-
teen on each palatine bone, and six pairs on the tongue. Opereulum
obtusely rounded behind, its length being two-thirds of its height ;
the suboperculum projects but little beyond the hind margin of the
opercle, its vertical width being one-half of that of the operculum.
Dy les Adie. ed oak ae
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal; the length of its base is one-
third more than that of its last ray, and contained once and a fourth
in that of the fourth ray. The fifth and sixth rays form an acute
point, and the upper margin of the fin is straight. The first ray is
rudimentary, the second half the length of the third, the third two-
fifths the length of the fourth, the fifth simple, the sixth branched,
the last split to the base. The distance of the adipous fin from the
dorsal is but little more than twice the base of the latter.
The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the root
of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of its
base is somewhat less than that of the dorsal, and is contained once
and a fourth in the length of the fifth ray.
Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being two-fifths as long
as the outer ones, the length of which is contained six times and a
half in the total ; lobes pointed.
The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by the
gill-cover apparatus ; ¢¢ terminates at a considerable distance from
the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, equals the length of the
head without snout, and is contained once and a third in the distance
between its root and that of the ventral.
The ventral is inserted below the middle of the dorsal.
A specimen, 12 inches long, from the same locality, agrees very
well with the one first described ; its operculum, however, is as long
as high, and the length of the pectoral fin is nearly one-half of the
distance between its root and that of the ventral.
An immature specimen, 10 inches long, differs widely from the
preceding, its body and its head being much more elongate. The
length of the head is more than the height of the body, the
former being one-fifth, the latter one-sixth of the total length ; the
operculum is longer than high, and the height of the head above the
mandibulary joint is less than the distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the end of the operculum ; the maxillary ex-
ee ee ————— ee es eS
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. a
tends nearly to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit. The
length of the pectoral fin is considerably less than one-half of the
distance between its root and that of the ventral.
With regard to the coloration, this species does not differ from
S. willughbii ; the immature specimen has the sides silvery, and the
red of the lower parts is replaced by a slight tinge of orange-colour.
Some of the specimens from Quickjock had the stomach filled with
food, which consisted of specimens of small species of Planorbis and
Limnea, of Ephemerides, of the larvee of Libellula, and of small
fresh-water Crustacea. The number of pyloric appendages is forty-
four.
The largest of our Scotch specimens is a mature male 11 inches
long. It differs from the male from Quickjock in having a more elon-
gate body, the depth of which is one-sixth of the total length. The
operculum is as high as long ; the pectoral fin terminates at a consider-
able distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, equals
the length of the head without snout, and is contained once and a
quarter in the distance between its root and that of the ventral. The
Jemales do not differ from the males.‘ The immature specimens have
the same short pectorals which we have found in the young Lap
Charr ; but the operculum is much less elongate.
The stomach of the Orkney Charr contained large common earth-
worms (Lumbricus).
We distinguish, therefore, one of the Scotch Charrs by the name
of Salmo alpinus, which, although not entirely agreeing with a Charr
from Lapland described by Linneus under the same denomination,
is nevertheless closely allied to it,—the Scotch variety being consider-
ably smaller in size at the period of first maturity. This Scotch
species is found in Lake Helier in Hoy, Orkneys, and very probably
in certain other lochs of Scotland *.
c. Salmo willughbii.
This species has been described and figured in the former paper
as the Charr of Windermere. A Charr for the knowledge of which
I am indebted to Lord Lovat is very closely allied to it. It is found
in Loch Bruiach (North Scotland) ; all the specimens sent are of
nearly equal length, of between 7 and 8 inches; nevertheless they
are mature, and the development of the milt and ova indicates that
their spawning-season is the end of October. Lord Lovat writes
that “those specimens are smaller in size than usual ; but they are
the largest we have caught this season.”
This Charr of Loch Bruiach differs but slightly from the typical
S. willughbii; it is somewhat more elongate ; it has thirteen dorsal
rays, the base of the dorsal fin being rather longer than the last dor-
sal ray. The number of vertebre is sixty or sixty-one, and that of
the pyloric appendages is thirty-five.
* The specimens purchased of Mr. Stevens for the collection of the British
Museum are from Scotland ; but the exact locality whence they have been pro-
cured is unknown.
12 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Jan. 13,
d. Salmo nivalis. Iceland Charr. (Pl. I.)
In the original description of S. willughbii (p. 48) I mentioned
several specimens of a Charr from Iceland, which were not fit for an
accurate examination, owing to the manner in which they had been
preserved. Meanwhile I have received from Mr. G. G. Fowler two
very fine examples of the same species, which, although young
(10 inches long), prove that it is distinct from the other European
Charrs. It is probably identical with the dark variety of S. alpinus,
mentioned by Faber (Fische Islands, p. 169), for which he proposed
the name of S. nivalis, if some future ichthyologist should point out
its distinctive characters.
Diagnosis.—Body slightly compressed and elongate ; its greatest
depth equals the length of the head, and is one-fifth, or somewhat
less than one-fifth, of the total length; the length of the head is
rather more than one-half of the distance between the snout and the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. The maxillary extends
beyond the orbit in the adult fish (15-20 inches long). The eye is
less than one-half of the interorbital space in the adult fish. The
length of the pectoral fin is, in mature and immature specimens, more,
or much more, than one-half of the distance of its base from the root
of the ventral. Dorsal rays fourteen ; the length of the longest ray
equals that of the pectoral, or that of the head without the snout ;
the length of the last ray is two-thirds of the length of the base.
190 transverse series of scales above the lateral line. Vertebre 62.
Teeth of moderate size.
Pyloric appendages 41. Specimens from 10-12 inches long are
still immature. The stomach of one contained numerous very small
freshwater bivalves.
e. Salmo grayit.
The Earl of Enniskillen has sent several very fine specimens of
this species from Lough Melvin for the collection of the British
Museum ; they were all males, and perfectly like, even in size, those
from which I have taken my description. A few of them showed
the red of the belly of a deeper hue than the individual figured. A ~
female fish, however, has been discovered among a collection of Sal-
monide purchased of Mr. Stevens: this specimen does not differ
from the males; but the colours have disappeared, the specimen
being preserved in spirits. The eggs are of the size of a hemp-seed.
The number of pyloric appendages is thirty-seven ; and that of
the gill-rakers of the lower branch of the outer branchial arch varies
from nine to thirteen.
f. Salmo colii, n. sp. The Charr of Lough Eske. (Pl. II.)-~
In the former paper on Charrs (p. 53), I mentioned several Irish
specimens, the property of the Museum at Belfast, said to be perhaps
from Lough Melvin. I then doubted the accuracy of the “ habitat,”
as those specimens, although allied to the Charr of Lough Melvin,
differed in several not unimportant points from the types, and as
they evidently belong to a very small species which is mature at a
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 13
size of 5 inches. Owing to the kind assistance of the Earl of Enni-
skillen and of Th. Brooke, Esq., I have been able not only to ascer-
tain the exact locality where those specimens are found, but also to
determine the characters of this new species (for such has the
Charr of Lough Eske proved to be) ; and I name it after that noble-
man, who has taken untiring interest in these researches.
Salmo colit is not confined to Lough Eske ; a specimen procured
by R. H. Scott, Esq., from Lough Dan, agrees in every respect with
the Charr of Lough Eske. The following description, given strictly
in accordance with that of Salmo grayit, will show the distinctive
characters on which this species is founded :—
Body slightly compressed and rather elongate, its greatest depth
being contained four times and three-fifths or five times in the distance
of the snout from the end of the middle caudal rays. The length of
the head is one-half of the distance between the snout and the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal fin. Head compressed ; interorbital
space nearly flat, its width being less than twice the diameter of the
eye. Jaws of the male of equal length anteriorly ; teeth very small,
four to six in each intermaxillary, fourteen to seventeen in each
maxillary. Pectoral shorter than the head, terminating at a consi-
derable distance from the origin of the dorsal and of the ventral.
Dorsal rays fourteen. 160 transverse series of scales above the
lateral line.
Description of a male and female specimen, 7? inches long.—Head
and body slightly compressed, not elevated, the greatest depth being
below the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained four times
and three-fifths (female) or five times (male) in the total length (to
the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth of the tail is
considerably less than the length of the base of the dorsal fin. The
height of the head above the mandibulary joint is more than the
distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of
the operculum. The top of the profile of the head is scarcely elevated
above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth of
the length of the head, somewhat shorter than the snout, and two-
thirds of the width of the interorbital space ; the latter is but very
slightly convex, with a very indistinct ridge along the middle. The
nostrils are situated midway between the end of the snout and the
orbit. The maxillary extends scarcely to the vertical from the poste-
rior margin of the orbit, and is armed with from thirteen to seven-
teen very small teeth. All the other teeth are small; four to six in
the intermaxillary, fifteen in each mandible, three on the vomer,
fifteen on each palatine, and four pairs on the tongue. The sub-
operculum forms the hindmost part of the gill-covers, and does not
cover the exposed portion of the humerus above the root of the pec-
toral ; its vertical width is one-half of that of the operculum.
Bala As 12. Bs Loa, sVs, De
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal; the length of its base is con-
siderably more than that of the last ray, and contained once and a
14 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Jan. 13,
third in that of the fourth ray ; the upper margin of the fin is straight.
The first ray is nearly half as long as the second, the second and
third half as long as the third and fourth; the fifth, sixth, and
seventh are the longest, the former simple, and the two latter
branched ; the last is split to the base, and half as long as the sixth.
The distance of the adipous fin from the dorsal is equal to, or rather
less than, twice the length of the base of the latter.
The origin of the anal fin is in the middle between the root of the
caudal and that of the outer ventral ray; the length of its base is
less than that of the dorsal and two-thirds of the length of the fifth
ray. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rays are the longest, and form an
acute point; the lower margin of the fin is slightly emarginate.
The fourth ray is simple, the fifth branched ; the last is split to the
base, half as long as the fourth.
Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being two-fifths as long
as the outer ones, the length of which is less than one-fifth of the
total. Lobes pointed.
The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by
the gill-cover apparatus ; it is shorter than the head, terminating at
a considerable distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal;
its length is one-half, or not much more than one-half, of the dis-
tance between its root and that of the ventral.
The ventral is inserted below the tenth and eleventh dorsal rays,
its length being four-fifths of that of the pectoral, and two-thirds of
that of the head.
Back bluish black; sides silvery, with scattered light salmon-
coloured dots; belly reddish; fins black, the anal and the paired
fins with a reddish tinge, the anal and the ventrals with a narrow
whitish margin.
Number of vertebree 63.
This is evidently one of the smallest species of this genus; it is
mature when it has grown to a size of 5—6 inches, and, according to
inquiries made by the Earl of Enniskillen, it never exceeds the length
of the specimens described, viz. 7-8 inches. The locality where it is
found is Lough Eske, a small lake in the county of Donegal, the cir-
cumference of which is not above eight miles. Mr. Brooke, whose
family were residents on the shores of that lake for more than two
centuries, writes that ‘‘ Lough Eske (Eske, or Yesk, meaning Fish)
was the crater of an extinct volcano, as suggested by Dr. Wilde, of
Dublin; a high mountain-range runs close to the north-east shores.
In the season, salmon, white trout, and the common lake-trout are in
abundance. The Commissioners of Fisheries have decided that the
Charr of Lough Eske are the Salmo alpinus, thus placing them in the
same Act as salmon ; so that, except for scientific purposes, we are
not permitted to take them after August. Formerly, in the months of
October and November the fish were taken in large quantities by the
country-people, without any apparent diminution of their numbers.
Now, at the permitted season of fishing they remain in such deep
waters, the people have not nets sufficiently large to take them. The
Charr are not at all like the only ‘ freshwater Herring’ with which
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 15
I am acquainted, that of Lough Neagh*, the flesh of which is quite
_ white; and the shape of the fish was like Sea-Herring.”’
Conclusion.
When we recapitulate the results of our examinations contained in
this and in the preceding papers, we hope we have shown—
1. That three very distinct species of Charrs are found in Great
Britain, namely, S. willughbii in the Lake of Windermere and in
Loch Bruiach, 8. cambricus in Wales, and S. alpinus in certain parts
of Scotland.
2. That those three species differ by most constant characters from
the S. uméla and S. salvelinus of the Continent ; but that S. alpinus
of Scotland is closely related to the §. alpinus of Lapland, differing
merely by its smaller size when first attaining to maturity, and by
the number of vertebree.
3. That Iceland is inhabited by a distinct species (S. nivalis).
4. That the Charrs of Ireland form a separate group by them-
selves, distinguished by the feeble development of their dentition ;
and that the Charr of Lough Melvin (S. grayi) is a distinct species
from that of Lough Eske and Lough Dan (8. colii).
In conclusion, I subjoin a synopsis of the species which I haye
examined up to the present time, observing, however, that this sy-
nopsis is given merely for the purpose of showing a few of the prin-
cipal characters by which the mature individuals of the different
species are distinguished :—
I. Jaws well developed ; teeth of moderate size.
A. The length of the pectoral fin in the mature fish less than
one-half of the distance between the roots of the pectoral
and ventral fins.
1. Thirteen dorsal rays. Intermaxillary teeth much
stronger than those of the maxillary. L. lat. 185.
Lower parts silvery. S. wméla.
2. Fourteen dorsal rays ; intermaxillary and maxillary
teeth equal in strength. L. lat. 190. Lower
parts red. S,. salvelinus.
B, The length of the pectoral fin in the mature fish more than,
or equal to, one-half of the distance between the roots
of the pectoral and ventral fins.
1. The height of the body one-fifth or one-sixth of the
total length ; the height of the dorsal fin three-
fifths or one-half of the length of the head. L.
lat. 195-200. S. alpinus.
2. The height of the body one-fifth of the total length;
the height of the dorsal fin equals the length of
the head without snout. L. lat.190. The gill-
cover not overlapping the root of the pectoral.
S. nivalis. :
* Mr. Brooke evidently alludes here to the Coregonus pollan.
an scales ; body compressed ; tail prehensile. Scales keeled. Sub-
= S caudal shields entire.
Ee
F : ArHeris BuRTONII. (PI. III.)
16 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW WEST-AFRICAN SNAKE. [Jan. 13,
3. The height of the body one-fifth or one-sixth of the
total length ; the height of the dorsal fin two-
thirds of the length of the head. L. lat. 170.
The gill-cover overlapping the root of the pec-
toral. S§. cambricus.
4. The height of the body one-fourth of the total
length; the height of the dorsal fin equals the
length of the head without snout. L. lat. 165.
The gill-cover not overlapping the root of the
pectoral. S. willughbii.
Il. Lower jaw very feeble ; teeth minute.
1. The pectoral extending to, or beyond, the origin of
the dorsal fin. S. grayi.
2. The pectoral terminating at a considerable distance
from the origin of the dorsal fin. S. colit.
2. On ATHERIS BURTONI, A New SNAKE FROM WEsT AFRICA.
By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.
(Plate III.)
A collection made by Major Burton, H.M. Consul in Fernando
Po, during an excursion in the Camaroon country, contained several
species of Snakes, namely, Grayia triangularis, Dryiophis kirtlandit,
a brood of newly-born Clotho nasicornis*, and, finally, a specimen of
a Snake distinguished by its form, scales, and shields, and by a colo- —
ration which is almost unique in the whole order of Ophidians. I —
had named this genus Pecilostolus (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Jan.
1863) ; but having since received the last part of ‘ Proc. Acad. Nat.
Se. Philad. 1862, I find that Mr. Cope has already proposed the |
generic name of Atheris for congeners of our species (p. 337).
ATHERIS.
Head thick, broad, triangular, covered above with strongly-keeled
The head and neck are rough, in consequence of the keels of the
single scales forming prominent spines. The rostral shield is very
low, linear, with other scale-like shields above ; nine upper labials.
Nostril in the middle of a single subquadrangular plate, situated |
above the first labial ; eye surrounded by a ring of subequal scales ;
chin-shields scale-like, keeled, except the anterior pair, which are
smooth ; the posterior labial shields of the lower jaw keeled. Scales
* There is also a specimen, in a very bad state of preservation, which appears
to belong to Neusterophis levissima (Natrix levissima, Gthr.).
Hil
be Oo f
%
“Tura Wi -
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON DIEMENNIA SUPERCILIOSA. 17
_ of the body in nineteen rows. Ventral shields 163; anal entire ;
subcaudals 58.
Entirely lemon-coloured ; some greenish scales are scattered about
on the upper surface of the body.
Total length 14 inches ; head 2 inch; tail 2} inches.
3. NoTE on DreMENNIA suPERCILIOSA. By Dr. A. Ginruer.
The Proceedings of this Society of last year* contain a very inter-
esting observation of Mr. Krefft, of Sydney, according to which a
small banded Snake, which he identifies with Furina textilis, Dum.
& Bibr., is merely the young of a very large species, the adult of
which is of a nearly uniform coloration. Mr. Krefft (who, for the
benefit of the collection entrusted to his care, is very anxious to have
his specimens identified with the types contained in European col-
lections) has sent us an old and two young examples of this Snake ;
and having re-examined the species of Diemennia and the literature
referring to them, I am enabled to settle some points on which doubts
have been entertained.
The young specimens, then, found by Mr. Krefft do not belong
to Furina textilis, Dum. & Bibr., which has three posterior oculars,
but to Diemennia annulata, described by myself in the ‘ Catalogue
of Colubrine Snakes,’ p. 213; and the old ‘individual sent by Mr.
Krefft is identical with Pseudoélaps superciliosus, Fisch. M. Jan,
_ of Milan (who says that he has examined the Snakes of the Hamburg
_ Museum), describes the adult Snake under two names, Pseudoélaps
_ sordellit and Ps. kubingii, the latter being founded on an accidental
|
variety, in which some of the head-shields are confluent.
Mr. Krefft, in a letter addressed to me, alludes to Pseudonaia
nuchals as a species which, perhaps, might be identical with an old
Diemennia superciliosa. These, however, differ toto celo, as may
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 149.
roc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. II.
18 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
be seen from the description given by myself (Colubr. Sn. p. 227),
and from the figures (anted, p. 17), where fig. @ represents the
head-shields of Pseudonaia nuchalis, and fig. 6 those of Diemennia
superciliosa.
The synonymy of this species, therefore, would be :—
DIEMENNIA SUPERCILIOSA.
a. Adult.
1856. Pseudoélaps superciliosus, Fischer in Abhandl. Geb. Natur-
wiss. iii. p. 107, taf. 2. fig. 3 (head, not quite correct).
1859. Pseudoélaps sordellit, Jan in Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
pl. C (head). i
1859. Pseudoélaps hubingii, Jan, 1. c. (founded on an accidental
variety).
b. Young.
1858. Diemansia annulata, Giinth. Colubr. Snak. p. 213.
1862. Furina textilis, Krefft, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 149.
4. List or BirDS COLLECTED IN THE IsLAND or BourRv (ONE
or THE Motuuvceas), witH DescripTions OF THE NEW
Srecizrs. By ALtFreD R. Watuace, F.Z.S.
(Plates IV., V., VI.)
This collection of birds was made by myself during two months of |
the year 1861. It consists of sixty-six species, among which were ~
no less than seventeen new ones. Of these, three were found about —
the same time in the Island of Sula, and, with a new Pitta, have
already been described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ leaving thirteen —
to be described in the present paper.
In my paper “On the Birds of the Sula Islands,”’ read before the —
Society at their last Meeting, I pointed out that the large proportion
of purely Celebes forms found there forced us to the conclusion that —
a closer connexion had once existed between those islands and Celebes,
and required us to class them as forming a single zoological group. |
The Island of Bouru must, on the contrary, be classed with the Mo-
luceas ; for, leaving out about twenty species of rather wide distribu-
tion, the remaining forty-six are all either identical with, or most
nearly allied to, Moluccan species. Not a single characteristic Celebes
form is found in Bouru; and there are only three birds in the island —
whose affinities seem rather with the Indian than the Australian —
region, viz. Alcedo moluccensis, Hirundo javanica, and Treron aro-—
mutica.
Bouru is therefore the western limit of the Moluccan fauna, and is
the poorest portion of it, having several very remarkable deficiencies. —
Lorius, found in every other island of the Moluccas and New Guinea,
is absent ; Cacatua, found in every island of the Australian region, —
is also absent; and, stranger still, Buceros and Corvus, found in~
almost every large island of the archipelago, are both wanting.
Wei) Hantart, ap
uh.
M&N Hankart Imp
1863.] | MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 19
With these exceptions, most of the Moluccan types are represented
either by identical or allied species.
The following is a list of the new species now described, and of a
few others which seem confined to Bouru :—
Tanygnathus affinis, n. s., Bouru Mimeta bouruensis (H. & J.).
and Ceram. Criniger mysticalis, n. s.
Accipiter rubricollis, nu. s., Bouru Monarcha loricata, n. s.
and Ceram. Rhipidura bouruensis, n. s.
_ Athene hantu, n. s. Tropidorhynchus bouruensis, n. 8.
Tanysiptera acis, n. s. Campephaga marginata, un. s.
Ceyzx cajeli, n. 8. Diceum erythrothoraz, Less.
Pitta rubrinucha, Wallace. Nectarinea proserpina, n. s.
Cisticola rustica, n. 8. Gallinula frontata, n. s.
All but the two first species in this list are confined to Bouru only,
and they are mostly representative species of Moluccan forms.
Besides these, the three species of Pachycephala are also, as far as
‘the Moluccas are concerned, peculiar to Bouru ; for though they are
found also in Sula, they have evidently emigrated there, the Celebes
group, to which Sula belongs, not possessing any species of the
genus. The Island of Bouru may therefore be considered to have
added seventeen new species, but not any new forms or genera, to
the Moluccan avifauna. _
GEOFFROIUS PERSONATUS.
Psittacus personatus, Shaw.
P. bataviensis, Wag]. Mon. Psitt. p. 624.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, Goram, Ké and Aru Islands.
Remarks.—The specimens from Bouru, and some from Ceram, are
123 inches long; that from the Aru Islands 9 inches; but I have a
series of intermediate sizes, and can discover no differences of form
_ or in the distribution of the colours. I must therefore consider Mr.
G. R. Gray’s Psittacus aruensis (P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 183) as only a
_ small variety of this species, and his P. capistratus, from the Ké
Islands (bid. p. 183), as a young male bird of the same species.
ECLECTUS MAGNUS.
Psittacus magnus, Gm. 8S. N. i. p. 344.
Hab. Bouru and the other islands of the Moluccas and New
- Guinea.
ECLECTUS PUNICEUS.
Psittacus puniceus, Gm.? (et auct.) Pl. Enl. 518.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, and Ceram.
Remarks.—This bird is sufficiently distinct from the Psittacus
grandis, Gm., which is confined to the Gilolo group, in its smaller
‘size, duller red colour, red under tail-coverts, and tail only orange-
‘tipped, in place of the yellow under tail-coverts and larger yellow
‘tail-band of #. grandis. Great confusion exists in the synonymy of
the Psittaci, owing, I believe, to the fact of so many of these birds
20 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
having been described from specimens which have lived a long time
in confinement, and have acquired abnormal colours in various parts
of their plumage. The production of such coloured variations is, in
fact, an art practised by the native tribes both in South America and
in the Eastern Islands. Another cause of error is from young birds
having been described; and a third, from the deficiencies of badly
prepared native skins having been made up by the addition of parts
(often the wings and tail) of other birds. In the present case I
have little doubt that this bird is the P. puniceus of Gmelin, and the
Lorius amboinensis of Brisson, whose description, generally so emi-
nently accurate, appears to apply to a young bird which had lost its
primary quills. I cannot agree to the revolution in nomenclature
proposed by Mr. G. R. Gray, in using the names of Boddaert,
which have been considered of no authority by every other author
from the time of Gmelin to that of Prince Bonaparte.
TANYGNATHUS AFFINIS.
Viridis, subtus flavescens; capite saturate viridi; dorsi plumis
ceruleo marginatis; crisso ceruleo; tectricibus alarum mino-
ribus et mediis obscure viridibus, flavo marginatis, versus mar-
ginem et flecuram alarum viridi-ceruleis ; majoribus ceruleo-
viridibus, flavo-viridi marginatis ; cauda subtus lutescente ; cul-
mine rostri versus basin biangulato.
Near T. macrorhynchus, Wagl.; but the under surface, and espe-
cially the sides of the breast and belly, have much less yellow; the
shoulders and wing-coverts are dull greenish and blue instead of deep
black, and only a few of the lesser wing-coverts are of a greenish
black ; the greater wing-coverts nearest the body are all green, and
the yellow margins are much less conspicuous than in the allied
species; the outer webs of the primaries and of the greater and
middle wing-coverts are green, instead of blue as in 7’. macrorhynchus.
The bill also differs, the culmen being much flattened in its basal
half, with distinct angular edges, whereas in the allied species it is
regularly rounded. Bill deep red; feet dusky olive; iris olive-
yellow, with an outer ring nearly white.
Total length 17 inches ; wing 93 inches; bill, to base, ¢ 23 inches,
@ 14 inch.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, and Ceram.
Remarks.—The Amboyna and Ceram specimens have the wing-
coverts a little darker than those from Bouru, but they are still
sufficiently distinct from 7. macrorhynchus.
TRICHOGLOSSUS CYANOGRAMMUS.
T. cyanogrammus, Wag). Mon. Psitt. p. 594.
T. nigrogularis, G. R, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 183.
Hab. Bouru, Ceram, and all the Papuan Islands,
Remarks.—On examining specimens from the above-mentioned
localities, I can find only slight individual variations among them,
not confined to any given locality. The specimens from the Aru
Islands (7. nigrogularis, G. R. Gray) exactly agree with the rest.
1863.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 21
Eos RUBRA, var.
Psittacus borneus, L.
P. ruber, Gm., Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 558.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, and Matabello Islands.
The specimens are rather smaller than those from Amboyna, and
have more blue on the wing-coverts, and often a greenish tinge on
the wings and tail, which makes them agree with the descriptions of
P. borneus of the old authors. Might not Bouru have been mis-
taken for Borneo, and thus led to the erroneous name?
Note.—Besides the preceding five species of Psittaci, Bouru pos-
sesses also the Aprosmictus amboinensis ; but as a specimen was not
obtained by me, I have not included it in the present list.
HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS.
Hatastur leucosternus, Gould, B. of Austr. i. pl. 4.
Hab. Bouru and the countries eastward.
BaZA REINWARDTII.
Lophotes reinwardtii, Schleg. & Mill. Verh, Ned. t. 5.
Hab. Bouru, the Moluccas, and Timor.
ACCIPITER RUBRICOLLIS. (Pl. IV.)
Supra nigro-plumbeus, subtus albo-cinereus ; nucha et colli late-
ribus late et intense rufis; genis cinereo-plumbeis; gula ven-
treque albescentibus; remigibus rectricibusque obscure Sasciatis.
Above slaty black; beneath very pale ash, shading into nearly
pure white on the throat, belly, and under tail-coverts. Back and
sides of the neck extending between the shoulders deep red-brown,
a lighter shade of which covers the sides of the breast ; the wings
and tail are crossed by obscure black bands, which on the lighter
undersides of the feathers become distinct blackish bands, less visible
on the outer tail-feathers. The under wing-coverts and the base and
margins of all the quills beneath are of a light rufous-buff. Bill
black, at the base plumbeous; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; iris
golden yellow.
Length 14 inches; wing 81 inches; tail 61 inches; tarsus 21 inches;
middle toe and claw 2+ inches.
The young bird is dusky above, with the feathers rufous-margined ;
beneath creamy white, with broad dusky stripes down each feather.
Hab. Bouru, Ceram, and Gilolo.
Remark.—This bird resembles on its upper surface 4. erythrau-
chen, G. R. Gray (P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 344), but is very much larger.
As the dimensions of that bird are wrongly printed, I will here
correct them. Instead of “length 11' 9", wing 8! 9"',” as given, it
should be, “length 10! 9", wing 6! 9!”’*.
* Since reading this paper, I have seen Professor Schlegel’s ‘ Catalogue of the
Birds in the Leyden Museum,’ part 1, in which (Astures, p. 39) he describes this
_ bird under the name of Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis, which seems to be equi-
valent to making it a variety of N. cirrhocephalus. Considering, however, the
22 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. ([Jan. 13,
ACCIPITER CRUENTUS.
Astur cruentus, Gould, Birds of Austr. i. pl. 18.
Hab. Bouru and Timor.
ATHENE HANTU.
Rufa, supra rufo-brunnea; gula pallidiore ; fronte genisque al-
bescentibus ; corpore subtus, cum cauda, rufescente et albescente
indistinctissime fasciato ; tectricibus alarum inferioribus rufis ;
remigibus fuscis, pogonio externo rufo; digitis tarsisque setu-
losis.
Above dark, beneath bright rufous ; tail with very indistinct, nar-
row, paler bars; forehead, cheeks, and chin whitish ; under surface
indistinctly banded with narrow fascize of darker and lighter rufous
or whitish; the under tail-coverts barred with rufous and whitish ;
quills not barred, except close to their bases; under wing-coverts
rufous, not barred; third, fourth, and fifth quills equal; tarsi and
toes densely clothed with bristles; bill whitish horn-colour ; iris
yellow ; feet (in the living bird) white.
Length 12 inches; wing 8? inches; tail 5 inches.
This species resembles 4. squamipila, Bp., in its hairy tarsi, but
differs in its coloration and proportions; it is one of the “ burong
hantus”’ (ghost-birds) of the natives.
Hab. Bouru.
Scops LEUCOSPILUS.
Ephialtes leucospila, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 344.
Hab. Bouru and Gilolo.
CAPRIMULGUS MACROURUS.
C. macrourus, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 142.
Hab. Bouru and the whole archipelago.
DENDROCHELIDON MYSTACEUS.
Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. Coquille, Ois. t. 22.
Hab. Bouru, Moluccas, and New Guinea.
Remark.—This is the limit of the range of this fine Tree-Swift to
the westward. In the Sula Islands and Celebes it is replaced by
D. wallacii, Gould.
CACOMANTIS ASSIMILIS.
Cuculus assimilis, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 184.
Hab. Bouru.
This specimen seems to agree with that named and described as
bird to be a very good species, I should at once have adopted Professor Schlegel’s
name ceramensis, had I not obtained the bird in other localities than Ceram. The
Raptores having so generally an extensive range renders the application of terri-
torial specific names less advisable in their case than in that of the Passerés. My
own rule is only to apply the name of a country as specific name when the sur-
rounding districts are known to possess their peculiar representative species, in
which case it amounts almost to a certainty that the new bird is similarly restricted
in range.
1863.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 23
above; but these small Cuckoos vary so much in their plumage as
to render it very difficult to decide. My specimens seem to show
that the same species extends over Celebes, the Moluccas, and New
Guinea ; and it may be probably the same as C. tymbonomus, Mil.
EvupyNAMIS RANSOMI.
EB. ransomi, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 101.
Mas ad. nigro-violaceo nitens; rostro pallide viridi-olivaceo ;
pedibus plumbeis.
The female and young male were described by Bonaparte. The
adult male is, like others of the genus, entirely shining blue-black ;
iris crimson.
Total length 18-19 inches; wing 8-83 inches; bill, to front,
1} inch.
Hab. Bouru and Ceram.
CENTROPUS MEDIUS.
C. medius, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 108.
Bill black ; feet blackish lead ; iris olive-brown. In the immature
bird the plumage above is pale rufous, banded and spotted with
black ; the tail bronzy black, with about sixteen rufous bands; the
under surface yellowish, with small dark spots; the thighs and vent
dusky ; and the bill pale horn.
Length 18-19 inches ; wing 73-8 inches ; bill, from gape, 14 inch.
Hab. Bouru, Ceram, and Gilolo.
TopDIRAMPHUS COLLARIS.
Alcedo collaris, Scop. ; Sw. Zool. Ill. t. 57.
Hab. Bouru and the whole archipelago.
TODIRAMPHUS SANCTUS.
-
Ialeyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. ; Gould, Birds of Austr. ii. pl. 21.
Hab. Bouru and the islands eastward.
"TANYSIPTERA ACIS.
Supra nigra, subtus albo-rufescens, plumis tenuiter nigro margi-
natis ; plumis pilei ceruleo marginatis, superciliis et corona oc~
cipitali magis ceruleis ; tectricibus alarum minoribus ceruleis ;
uropygio albo,; tectricibus caude@ superioribus albis, rufo tinctis
et nigro marginatis; rectricibus mediis elongatis ceruleis, ad
basin fusco et albo maculatis, spatulis albis ceruleo marginatis;
aliis albis, externe fusco-ceruleo marginatis, interne albo et
nigro maculatis ; gula albescente ; tectricibus caude@ inferioribus
albis.
Forehead and crown black, with the feathers blue-margined ; a
band over the eyes and round the nape brighter blue; ear-coverts,
back, and wings deep black, with the lesser wing-coverts blue-mar-
gined, margin of the wing blue-tinged; primaries with the outer
webs pale-edged towards the tips; under surface of the body pale
24 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
buff, nearly white on the throat ; the feathers of the breast and
flanks with blackish lateral edges ; rump white, feathers black-edged,
the black increasing to the tail-coverts, the last of which have the
outer web black ; middle tail-feathers blue, with the bases irregularly
white-striped, and the spatulate ends white, with bluish margins ;
lateral tail-feathers white, with blue margins to the outer webs, and
irregular dusky markings on the inner webs. Bill orange-red ; feet
olive ; iris dark.
Total length 14% inches; wing 4 inches.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—This interesting addition to the genus Tanysiptera is
blacker on the upper surface than any of its allies. It is also re-
markable for the buffy tint and black-edged feathers of the under
surface,—characters which in the other species are confined to the
young birds. My specimen is, however, in fine plumage and condi-
tion, and I have little doubt that these characters are distinctive of
the adult bird.
Nine species of the genus have now been described ; and a careful
examination of the fine series of specimens in my collection having
convinced me that they can all be clearly characterized, I will add a
table of the species.
Table of the Species of Tanysiptera.
I. With a white dorsal spot. Species. Habitats.
1. Beneath cinnamon-red .....+4. eicesacessesss cessesee Le SYlVIA sseseeee N. Australia.
2. Beneath white.
A. Tail and upper tail-coverts blue-margined... 2. doris......s++00 Morty Island.
B. Tail and upper tail-coverts white ........++4. 3. SADTING 10.0000 Kaioa Island.
II. No dorsal spot.
1, Rump red....scccscsececeecscnscceegeeeveeecccecs SaESASAS 4. nympha ...... New Guinea.
2. Rump white.
A. Ear-coverts and nape black.
a. Outer tail-feathers black, blue-edged... 5. Aydrocharis... Aru Island.
b. Outer tail-feathers white, blue-edged... 6. acts .--.....0++ Bouru.
B. Ear-coverts and nape dark blue.
a. Eyebrows and nape lighter blue than
the crown, terminal tail-coverts black. 7. isi2 ....04 ...-- Batchian and Gil
b. Head uniform blue, tail-coverts all white.
a. Back blue-spotted .....sceesseeceees 8.088) secesees sass Amboyna, Ceram
&. Back uniform .......00..+- Measesesese 9. galated «2... New Guinea and
Waigiou.
In this table I have’ altogether left out the Linnzan Alcedo dea,
because it is possible we may yet obtain certain evidence as to which
species it was applied to. The figure in the ‘ Planches Enluminées’
and the careful description of Brisson agree best with 7. sabrina, G. R.
Gray ; and I should have little hesitation in placing that name under
T. dea as a synonym, but that specimens may yet arrive from Ter-
nate—the locality given by the old authors. It is to be remarked,
however, that Kaioa Islands, where I obtained 7. saérina, is the ~
southernmost of a chain of islets extending up to Ternate, and no-
where more than eight or nine miles apart ; so that it is very impro-
bable there should be another species in that island. There can be
1863.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 25
therefore, I think, but little doubt that 7. sadrina is but an indivi-
dual or local variety of the true Alcedo dea.
ALCEDO MOLUCCENSIS.
Alcedo moluccensis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1847.
Hab. Bouru, Celebes, and Gilolo.
Cryx caseLi. (Pl. V.)
Nigra, subtus rufo-lutea; capite et tectricibus alarum punctis
parvis ceruleis ornatis; dorso et caude tectricibus pallide
ceruleis ; gula late alba; genis nigris aut tenuiter ceruleo
striatis ; flecura et margine alarum, colli et frontis maculis
lateralibus rufis ; rostro pedibusque dilute corallinis.
Above black ; beneath rufous yellow; each feather on the head
marked with a very small, subtriangular, light-blue spot ; on the back
and upper tail-coverts the outer half of each feather is whitish blue ;
chin and throat pure white ; a frontal spot over each nostril, a patch
behind the ears, and the bend and margin of the wing rufous; ear-
coverts black, and the space below them either black or very finely
striated with blue; bill and feet pale coral-red ; iris dark.
Length 6 inches ; wing 23 inches; bill, from front, 13 inch.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—This species is very like C. lepida; but differs in the
very small spots on the head and the stripe on the back being of
quite a different blue colour, and also in the scapulars being entirely
black, whereas in the other species they are tipped with rich blue.
I have named this species after the town or fort of Cajeli in Bouru,
to which island this pretty bird is most probably strictly confined.
EURYSTOMUS PACIFICUS.
Coracias pacifica, Lath.
Eurystomus australis, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 17.
Hab. Bouru and the islands eastward.
PITTA RUBRINUCHA.
Pitta rubrinucha, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 187.
Hab. Bouru.
ACROCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS.
Acrocephalus australis, Gould, Birds of Austr, iii. t. 38.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—My specimen agrees exactly with Gould’s figure and
description. I did not meet with the species in any other of the
islands.
CISTICOLA RUSTICA.
Luteo-rufa ; supra plumis medialiter nigris ; subtus gula et abdo-
mine medio albescentibus ; rectricibus subtus rufo terminatis,
macula subapicali nigra.
Rufous yellow; feathers of the head with a black stripe, of the
26 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
back and wing-coverts black with a rufous margin ; quills dusky, the
primaries narrowly, the secondaries and tertiaries more broadly
rufous-margined ; tail pale, rufous-tipped ; the two middle feathers
rufous, with the central part and towards the apex blackish, the rest
black ; beneath with the sides of the neck, the breast, the flanks,
and the under wing-coverts and tail-coverts pale chestnut, becoming
nearly pure white on the throat and the middle of the belly ; quills
beneath brownish black, narrowly margined with pale rufous towards
the base; tail beneath dusky, the feathers with narrow margins and
broader tips of pale rufous, and each with a large subapical black
spot ; bill dusky above, pale beneath ; feet and claws pale yellowish ;
iris pale olive.
Total length 4 inches ; wing 1,4, inch; tarsus 3 inch.
Hab. Bouru.
Remark.—Very near C. lineocapilla, Gould, with which I had
at first placed it; but comparison with a specimen in the British
Museum has convinced me of its distinctness from any of the Austra-
lian species.
MIMETA BOURUENSIS.
Philedon bouruensis, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. de I’ Astrol. t. 8. f. 2.
Tropidorhynchus buruensis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 390.
Cinereo-brunnea, subtus pallidior ; facie et auriculis fusco-nigris;
capite et gula substriatis ; torque nuchali indistincto fulvo-
cinereo.
Earthy brown; beneath whitish brown ; head a little paler, the
feathers marked with a central blackish stripe, and on the nape a
narrow paler rufescent band ; ear-coverts dusky black; lores and
cheeks blackish, mixed with whitish; chin and sides of the throat
with a dusky stripe on each feather ; primaries outwardly edged with
pale rufous ; under wing-coverts and margins of all the quills beneath
towards the base pale rufous or buff; under tail-coverts with a tinge
of buff; rectrices, all but the middle pair, tipped on the inner web
with the same colour; bill horny black; feet lead-colour; iris dull red.
Length 9 inches; wing 52 inches; tail 4? inches; bill, to front,
13 inch.
Hab. Bouru (Moluccas).
Remarks.—This curious bird resembles so closely a Honeysucker
of the genus T'ropidorhynchus that it has been figured and described
as such, and even escaped the acute eye of Prince Bonaparte, who
has given it that place in his ‘ Conspectus.’ But, more singular still,
there is a species of true Tropidorhynchus inhabiting the same island
of Bouru, which so closely resembles this bird that the two can hardly
be distinguished, except by a close comparison of the generic cha-
racters that separate them. We have here, in fact, a case among
birds of that mimicry of one species by another belonging to a dif-
ferent group, which Mr. Bates has so well illustrated among the
Lepidoptera of S. America (see Linn. Trans. vol. xxiii. p. 495). In
this case the Oriole has imitated the Honeysucker ; for it has de-
1863.) MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 27
parted from the usual gay colouring of its allies, and is actually the
dullest-coloured of its family, while the Honeysucker very much
resembles in its coloration other species of the group to which it
belongs. The imitation is carried to the minutest particulars: the
bare black orbits of the Tropidorhynchus are copied by a patch of
dusky feathers in the Mimeta; the rigid lanceolate feathers on the
head of the former are imitated by dark stripes on the broader fea-
thers of the latter; and even the very peculiar ruff of recurved fea-
thers on the nape of the Tropidorhynchus has its general effect imi-
tated by a collar of a pale colour in the Mimeta. The under and
upper surfaces of the two birds are as near as possible of the same
tint respectively ; and, stranger still, the Oriole has closely copied the
mode of flight and the voice of its model; so that ina state of nature
the two birds are practically undistinguishable. Most of the species
of Tropidorhynchus have an elevated keel or protuberance at the
base of the bill. In the Bouru bird this is altogether wanting ; yet
in the Mimeta which copies it there is a slight protuberance at the
base of the bill, which does not occur in any other species of its
genus—almost making us think that some ancestors of the present
bird had mimicked a species of Tropidorhynchus which possessed the
protuberance, and that their descendant, finding himself in the com-
pany of a bird without this ornament, was gradually losing it, but
had not yet quite done so. It has been observed by Mr. Bates, and
is no doubt generally true, that mimicking species are much less
abundant than those they copy. In the present instance it seems to
be different ; for I obtained many specimens of the Mimeta before I
saw a single Tropidorynchus, though in other islands the latter was
generally the most abundant. Perhaps in this case it has carried
the imitation to such an extent as actually to gain an advantage over
its model in the struggle for existence. This curious instance of
mimicry does not stand alone ; for in the adjacent island of Ceram,
two allied but very distinct species (Mimeta forsteni and Tropido-
rhynchus subcornutus) resemble each other with equal accuracy.
What peculiar immunity from danger the Tropidorhynchi possess,
which makes it advantageous for other birds to imitate them, it is
not very easy to see. In the case of insects, it seems probable that
it is the odour or taste of the imitated species which is unpalatable
to insect-eating birds ; or, in other cases, like the clear-winged Moths
which mimic Hymenoptera, the mimicked species are armed with a
sting. In birds it is evident that the bravest, strongest, and best-
armed groups should be the subjects of mimicry, and the weakest
and most defenceless those which obtain some advantage by imita-
ting them. Now this is certainly the case, for the Raptores are the
most frequent subjects of imitation—a Parrot (Strigops) imitating an
Owl, some Curassows of the genus Jéycter resembling Hawks (Ibis,
vol. ii. p. 223), and Cuckoos frequently resembling Hawks. A
species was named by Temminck Falco cuculoides ; and in all parts
of the world the larger grey and banded Cuckoos are mistaken by
the natives for Hawks. Cuckoos, however, which are certainly
among the weakest and most defenceless of birds, imitate several
28 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
other groups, especially Gallinaceze,—for example, Centropus pha-
sianus in Australia, and Carpococcyx radiatus in Borneo, which latter
is terrestrial in its habits, and much resembles the Huplocami of the
same island. Hudynamis also frequently resembles Pigeons, espe-
cially the females and young birds, which are banded like Macro-
pygia. Among the small Cuculinz some are very like Campephage ;
and Chrysococcyx has put on the metallic plumage of Lamprotornis.
Returning now to Mimeta and Tropidorhynchus, we have to ob-
serve that the former is a smaller, weaker, less active, less noisy, and
less pugnacious bird; the feet have a less powerful grasp, and the
bill is less acute. The latter has a great variety of loud and piercing
notes, which bring its companions to the rescue in time of danger ;
and I have observed them drive away crows and even hawks which
had ventured to perch on a tree where two or three of them were
feeding. The Tropidorhynchus knows how to take care of himself,
and make himself both respected and feared; it would therefore
evidently be to the advantage of the more defenceless Mimeta to be
mistaken for him.
In this instance, as in most others, the imitation is far closer in
the living bird than in the dead specimens, and it is a far more satis-
factory case of mimicry than any of those which I have alluded to as
occurring among birds, and which are more or less general resem-
blances to another group ; while here we have two species, each con-
fined to a single island, and each accurately imitated by a bird of a
distinct family, with which it has no direct affinities.
I therefore cannot doubt that this isa true case of mimicry, exactly
analogous to that so common among insects, and which my friend
Mr. Bates has the honour of having first brought under the same
general laws which have regulated all variation in the organic world.
CRINIGER MYSTICALIS.
Viridi-olivaceus ; subtus flavo-virens ; gula crissoque flavescenti-
bus; mento, loris et palpebris flavis ; remigum pogonio interno
Susco-nigro ; cauda immaculata.
Entirely olive-green, more yellow-tinged beneath, especially on the
throat and under tail-coverts ; the lores, chin, and eyelids are pure
yellow, and also the basal half of the gape-bristles ; bill horny black ;
feet lead-colour ; iris red.
Total length 9 inches ; wing 44; bill to gape 1 inch.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—This species is nearest to Criniger simplex, from Gilolo
(Ibis, 1862, p. 350) ; but is at once distinguished by the markings
of the face and the remarkable half-yellow gape-bristles.
ARTAMUS LEUCOGASTER.
Lanius leucogaster, Val. Ann. Mus. H. Nat. iv. t. 7. f. 2.
Hab. Bouru and the whole archipelago, from Sumatra to New
Guinea.
Remarks.—From the large specimens of N. Celebes to the small
ones of Timor and New Guinea there is such a gradation of size in
—————————————————e—eEeEeEeEeEOoOwr
1863.) MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 29
the various islands that it is impossible to separate birds which other-
wise agree exactly in form and coloration. A. papuensis, Bp. Consp.
p- 344, will have to be considered as a very slight local variety of
the present bird.
HiruNbDO JAVANICA.
Hirundo javanica, Lath., Temm. Pl. Col. 83, f. 2.
Hab. Bouru and the islands westward.
MYIAGRA GALEATA.
Myiagra galeata, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 352.
Hab. Bouru and the Moluccas.
Remarks.—The only two specimens procured are ashy above, with
faint signs of glossy blue and rufous white beneath; they probably
show the immature plumage of the species, of which I have speci-
mens from Ceram and the small islands east of it, and also from
Morty, north of Gilolo.
Monarcua LoricaTa. (Pl. VI.)
Nigro-chalybea, subtus alba; mento gulaque squamatis, nigro-
chalybeis ; cauda alba, rectricibus mediis nigris, duabus utrin-
que juxta medium nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque ceruleo-
plumbeis.
Blue-black ; beneath pure white, except the throat, which is
covered with scaly feathers of a rich metallic blue-black ; this colour
meets the black of the upper parts at the angle of the mouth, and
extends in an oval shield to the bottom of the neck; under wing-
coverts white; tail with the three lateral feathers on each side en-
tirely white, the next two black-tipped, and the middle pair entirely
black, with occasionally some white touches on the outer webs;
bill and feet lead-blue ; iris dark.
The sexes are alike; in the young bird the white is replaced by
pale reddish brown, and the black by fuscous brown.
Total length 7 inches ; wing 3} inches.
Hab. Bouru Islands (Moluccas).
Remarks.—This beautiful species is nearly allied to M. leucura of
Mr. G. R. Gray, which I sent from the Ké Islands, east of Ceram.
RHIPIDURA TRICOLOR.
Musicapa tricolor, Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 490.
Hab. Bouru, Moluccas, and New Guinea.
RHIPIDURA BOURUENSIS.
Fusco-plumbea ; capite nigro, ventre pallide rufo, alis caudaque
Suscis ; gula albescente, pectoris maculis elongatis albis ; stria
supraoculari occulta, alba; tectricibus majoribus pallide ter-
minatis, remigibus ultimis pallide marginatis ; rectricum duarum
externarum pogonio externo rufo-albo.
Dusky lead-colour, deepening on the head to black; wings and
30 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. {[Jan. 13,
tail dusky brown; feathers of the throat somewhat decomposed, with
the outer half white ; those of the breast with an elongate oval white
spot on each feather; middle of the belly, the vent, and under tail-
coyverts pale rufous ; over the eye isa silvery-white mark, only visible
when the feathers are raised ; the under wing-coverts are tipped with
pale rufous, the outer row with white ; the greater wing-coverts above
have the extreme apex whitish, the tertiary quills have a very narrow
pale-rufous edging; the tail isimmaculate, with the exception of the
two outer quills, which have their outer web for its whole length
rusty white ; bill black ; feet dusky ; iris dark.
Length 7 inches ; wing 32 inches ; tail 3} inches ; bill, to front,
1 inch.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—I have named this species after the island it inhabits,
because the allied forms from the surrounding islands being already
known, there is every probability of its never being found anywhere
else.
PACHYCEPHALA LINEOLATA.
Pachycephala lineolata, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 341.
Hab. Bouru and Sula Islands. ;
PaCHYCEPHALA RUFESCENS.
Pachycephala rufescens, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 341.
Hab. Bouru and Sula Islands.
PACHYCEPHALA CLIO.
Pachycephala clio, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 341.
Hab. Bouru and the Sula Islands.
Remarks.—The Bouru specimens have a more yellow tinge on the
back, and the black pectoral band is generally broader than in those
from Sula. I may here observe that the fine species from Batchian
and Ternate, included in Mr. G. R. Gray’s list of Molucea birds as
P. melanura, Gould, is quite distinct from that species, and may be
recognized by its black chin and upper tail-coverts, and narrow black
crescent on the breast entirely disconnected from the black head,
and also by its much larger size. We have therefore in the Moluccas
four species of Pachycephala allied to the pectoralis and melanura
of Australia, viz. P. macrorhyncha, Strickl., in Amboyna and Ceram,
P. calliope, Bp., in Timor, P. clio in Bouru and Sula, and P. men-
talis, n. s., in Batchian, Ternate, and Gilolo*.
* PACHYCEPHALA MENTALIS, n.S. P. flavo-olivacea ; capite, genis mentoque
nigris ; gula late alba; lunula pectorali nigra; subtus cum torque nuchali
vivide flava ; cauda ejusque tectricibus superioribus nigris ; remigibus fusco-
nigris, primariis olivaceo limbatis, aiiis tectricibusque alarum flavo-olivaceo
marginatis ; rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-olivaceis.
Long. 7, alar. 3°7, caudz 2°10, poll. et duodecim.
Hab. Ins. Batchian et Gilolo.
This may be Turdus armillaris, Temm., or Lantus cucullatus, Licht. (Bp. Consp.
p. 328); but I can find no descriptions of those species, and therefore give this
bird a name descriptive of a peculiarity confined to it. Laniarius albicollis, Vieill.,
is different from this and apparently from any other described species.
1863.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 31
Dicrurvs AMBOINENSIS,.
Dicrurus amboinensis, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p- 354.
Hab. Bouru.
Remark.—The specimens are rather larger and better-coloured
than those from Ampoina and Ceram, but otherwise agree with them.
CAMPEPHAGA MARGINATA.
Supra plumbea, subtus albo-cinerea ; loris fusco-nigris ; tectrici-
bus caude et alarum inferioribus albis ; remigibus et tectrici-
bus alarum majoribus nigris, albo marginatis ; rectricibus ex-
timis utrinque tribus albo terminatis.
Bluish lead-colour above, ashy white beneath ; base of wings be-
neath and under tail-coverts white; wings and tail black ; primaries
white-margined on the inner web near the base; secondaries, ter-
tiaries, and greater wing-coverts white-margined towards the points ;
middle tail-feathers ashy, with a black tip, outer ones with the outer
margin and tip ashy, the next two with diminishing ashy tips ; bill
and feet black; iris dark.
Total length 83 inches; wing 41 inches.
Hab. Bouru.
Remarks.—This species somewhat resembles C. pluméea, but is
smaller and paler beneath, and the bill is more slender.
TROPIDORHYNCHUS BOURUENSIS.
Cinereo-brunneus, subtus pallide cinereus ; gula et capitis lateri-
bus plumis subrigidis subsericeis ; alis caudaque subtus fuscis ;
rectricum lateralium utrinque duarum apicibus tenuiter fulves-
centibus; facie nuda nigra; protuberantia ad basin rostri nulla.
Above ashy brown; head somewhat paler, with lanceolate feathers,
the stems of which are black; beneath pale ashy; the plumes of
the throat and upper part of the breast and the marginal feathers of
the head and face somewhat rigid, of a silky lustre, and with darker
stems ; quills dusky, with the inner margins of a paler fulvous tinge ;
tail uniform dusky, the two outer feathers on each side with the apex
on the inner side of paler fulvous colour ; orbits and cheeks bare,
_ black ; bill black, without any protuberance at the base ; feet pale
lead-colour ; iris light olive.
Length 144 inches; wing 6 inches; tail 5} inches; bill, to front,
13 inch.
_ Hab. Bouru.
_ Remarks.—This species is the subject of imitation by a bird of
quite distinct family (Oriolide), as fully explained under Mimeta
_bouruensis, which bird is the Tropidorhynchus bouruensis, Bp., ex
Lesson.
ZOSTEROPS CHLORIS.
Zosterops chloris, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 398.
Hab. Bouru, Ternate, and Banda.
_ “Inris pale brown ; bill dusky black above ; beneath and feet lead-
colour,”
a2 MR. A, R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. [Jan. 13,
Dic£UM ERYTHROTHORAX.
Diceum erythrothoraz, Less. Voy. Coquille, Ois. t. 30. f. 1, 2.
Hab. Bouru.
Remark.—An allied species to this occurs in Ceram, of which I
give the description in a note*.
NECTARINIA PROSERPINA.
Purpureo-nigra velutina ; capite viridi-chalybeo ; gula purpureo-
violacea metallica; crisso, tectricibus caude superioribus et
alarum minoribus purpureo-cyaneis ; remigibus fusco-nigris ;
cauda elongata, rectricibus duabus meduis purpureo marginatis.
@ . Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescens ; capite pectoreque
cinereis ; cauda fuscescenti-nigra, apice pallida.
Rich velvety purple-black; crown greenish steel-blue; throat
richly scaled with violet-purple ; wings, with the lesser coverts only,
the rump, and upper tail-coverts metallic-blue ; two middle tail-
feathers margined on both sides with purple ; wings and tail fuscous
black.
Female.—Above olive-green ; the crown and nape dark ash, each
feather having a central dusky spot ; beneath pale olive-yellow, the
throat and breast light ash ; quills dusky, with an outer margin of
olive-yellow ; tail purplish-black, the feathers margined on the outer
web with olive-green, and a whitish spot on the inner web at the
apex, increasing in size from the middle to the outer feathers.
Length 5 inches; wing 21 inches; tail 13 inch; bill, from front,
inch.
4 Hab. Bouru. ,
Remark.—This beautiful species is like WN. aspasia, but differs in
its middle and greater wing-coverts being purple-black and not me-
tallic, and in the longer tail.
NECTARINIA ZENOBIA.
Cinnyris zenobia, Less. Voy. Coq.
C. clementie, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 40.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, and Ké Islands.
CALORNIS OBSCURA.
Lamprotornis obscura, Bp. (ex Forsten) Consp. Gen. Av. 417.
Hab. Bouru and the other Moluccas.
* DicHUM VULNERATUM.
Supra eneo-fuscum, subtus cinereum; abdomine albescente; macula parva
pectorali tectricibusque caude superioribus rubris.
Fem. immaculata.
Above dark fuscous brown, with a bronzy tinge; beneath light ashy, becoming
nearly white on the belly and vent ; a small round patch on the breast and the
upper tail-coverts bright red ; under wing-coverts and sides of breast white ; bill
black, bluish at the base ; feet black. The female (?) or young bird is rather lighter
on the upper and darker on the under surface than the male, has no red spot on
the breast, and the upper tail-coverts are reddish olivaceous.
Total length 3 inches; wing 2 inches.
Hab. Ceram.
1863.) Mk. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU, 33
MunlIA MOLUCCA.
Loxia molucca, L.; Pl. Enl. 139. 2.
Hab. Bouru and the Moluccas.
TRERON AROMATICA.
Columba aromatica, Gm.
C. viridis amboinensis, Br. Orn. i. p. 146; Pl. Enl. 163 (fig. pes-
sima).
Bill, cere, and eyelids pale dull blue, tip of the bill becoming yel-
low in dry specimens ; iris white ; feet dusky purple.
Total length 114 inches; wing 6 inches.
Hab. Bouru, and probably Amboyna and Ceram.
Remarks.—Brisson’s description of this species is most accurate,
and, with the bird before one, cannot be mistaken. The figure in the
‘Planches Enluminées’ is abominable, but no doubt applies only to
this bird. Gmelin copies Brisson ; but makes an error which would
prevent one recognizing the bird, in saying that “the upper tail-coverts
are sordid white,’ instead of the ower. This bird is the true Teron
aromatica (as being an inhabitant of the Spice Islands), a name which
has been applied to birds of distinct species from India, Sumatra,
and the Philippine Islands. It is easily distinguished from all its
allies by having the top of the head ashy blue, not reaching below
or even to the eyes, by the broad yellow bands on the wings, and by
the under tail-coverts being nearly pure white in both sewes.
CARPOPHAGA MELANURA.
Carpophaga melanura’, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 361.
Hab. Bouru and all the Moluccas.
Remarks.—This species is certainly distinct and peculiar to the
Moluccas, C. luctuosa being found only in Celebes on the west, and
C. bicolor in the Papuan Islands to the east of it. Bill greenish
horn-colour ; tip greenish yellow ; feet lead-colour ; iris nearly black.
CARPOPHAGA PE RSPICILLATA, var.
Columba perspicillata, Temm. Pl. Col. 246.
Hab. Bouru, Batchian, Gilolo, and Waigiou Islands.
Remarks.—The true C. perspicillata of Temminck is probably
_ that of the islands of Ceram and Amboyna, which has the head and
neck of nearly the same whitish ash as the under surface of the body,
_and the quills of a powdery-ash tint ; whereas in the specimens from
the Northern Moluccas and Bouru the head and sides of the neck
are slate-colour, the throat and breast slaty ash, and the quills purple-
black, with a slight ashy tinge. The bill is bluish, pale at the tip,
and red at the base ; the feet pale purple, and the iris brown-black.
__ This variety is constant and easily distinguishable, and will pro-
bably be considered a distinct species by many naturalists ; and it is
only the absence of any perceptible difference in the form or propor-
tions, or of any definite markings which can be more clearly charac-
terized than shades of colour, which prevents me classing it as such,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. III.
34 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. ([Jan. 13,
PrILONOPUS PRASINORRHOUS.
Ptilonopus prasinorrhous, G. R. Gray, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 185.
Bill and its base, as far as the eye, gamboge-yellow; iris orange-
brown, with an inner ring of yellow ; feet dull purple.
Length 92 inches; wing 43 inches.
Female entirely green; crown of head very rich green; under-
side rather duller ; under tail-coverts yellow-margined.
Hab. Bouru, Matabello, Goram, and Ké Islands, belonging to the
Molucca group ; also Mysol and Waigiou, of the New Guinea group.
PTILONOPUS VIRIDIS.
Columba viridis, L., Pl. Enl. 142.
Bill yellow, the base red ; iris yellowish Tee orbits yellow ; feet
red.
Total length 9 inches. The male and female are alike.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, and Goram.
MacropyGiA AMBOINENSIS.
Columba amboinensis, L., Bp. Consp. Gen, Av. il. p. 56.
Hab. Bouru and the other Moluccas.
« Bill black ; iris pearly white, with an outer ring of pink ; feet
coral-red.””
CHALCOPHAPS MOLUCCENSIS.
Chalcophaps moluccensis, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 345.
Hab. Bouru, Sula Islands, and the Moluccas.
MEGAPODIUS WALLACII.
Megapodius wallacei, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 362, pl. 171.
This species differs somewhat in its habits from the other members
of the family found in the Malay Islands. It resides generally in
the hilly districts of the interior, like Megacephalon maleo, and, like
that species, comes down to the beach to deposit its eggs ; but instead
of scratching a hole for them and covering it up again, the bird bur-
rows into the sand to the depth of 3 or 4 feet obliquely downwards,
and deposits its egg at the bottom. It then loosely covers up the
mouth of its hole; and is said by the natives to obliterate and dis-
uise, by innumerable tracks and scratches, its own footmarks leading
to the hole. Its offspring is then left to make its way into the world
as it best can. The only specimen I obtained here was caught on
the beach, at the mouth of its burrow, early one morning. Its wing
was broken and wounded at the outer joint, as if it had been attacked ©
by some small animal when in its burrow, probably a rat.
Hab. Bouru, Gilolo, and Ternate.
MEGAPODIUS FORSTENI.
Megapodius forsteni, Gray & Mitch. Gen. of Birds, iii. pl. 124.
Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, and Ceram.
1863.] | MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS OF BOURU. 35
This bird deposits its eggs in a heap of rubbish collected in low
places near the sea. It is seminocturnal in its habits, making a
loud wailing cry, which is often heard at night and about daybreak.
GLAREOLA GRALLARIA.
Glareola grallaria, Temm.
G. australis, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. pl. 14.
Hab. Bouru and Australia.
Esacus MAGNIROSTRIS.
Charadrius magnirostris, Lath., Temm. Pl. Col. 387.
Hab. Bouru, Celebes, and New Guinea.
NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS.
Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 43.
Hab. Bouru, the Moluccas, and New Guinea.
BuroripDEs JAVANICUS.
Ardea javanica, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 190.
Hab. Bouru and the whole archipelago.
ARDETTA FLAVICOLLIS.
Ardea flavicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701.
Haé. Bouru, and from India to Australia.
NycTICORAX CALEDONICUS.
Ardea caledonica, Gm.: Gould, B. of Austr. 6. t. 63.
Hab. Bouru, Moluccas, and Australia.
GALLINULA FRONTATA.
Fusco-plumbeo-nigra ; dorso alisque olivascentibus ; cauda nigra ;
tectricibus caude@ inferioribus lateralibus albis, mediis nigris ;
rostro rubro, apice abrupte luteo ; clypeo frontali magno, dila-
tato, supercilia attingente ; pedibus rubris, fusco articulatis,
tibiis subtus olivaceis.
Very near G. tenebrosa, Gould, but distinguishable from that spe-
cies by the differently-coloured back and wings, which are olivaceous
brown instead of black, the rather slenderer bill, the very large frontal
plate, and the more uniform-coloured legs, the joints of the tibize and
tarsi being dusky olive, the median line of the tibize beneath olive-
‘green, the tarsi beneath dusky lead-colour; the lateral under tail-
-coverts pure white, the middle ones black ; the rest of the plumage
‘of a dusky lead-colour, deepening on the top of the head and neck
to nearly black, and on the breast tinged with brown ; wings brownish
olive ; tail black.
Total length 13 inches; wing 7 inches ; bill, from back of frontal
plate, 2 inches.
Hab. Bouru.
36 MR.J.¥Y.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. [Jan. 13,
RALLINA PHILIPPENSIS.
Rallus philippensis, L.
Hab. Bouru and the islands eastward.
DENDROCYGNA GUTTULATA.
Anas guttulata, Temm.
Hab. Bouru, Ceram, and Celebes.
TADORNA RADJAH.
Anas radjah, Less. & Garn. Voy. Coq. Zool. pl. 49.
Eyelids yellow; iris milk-white ; bill and feet white; claws dusky
white ; nostrils blackish.
Total length 21 inches.
Had. Bourn, the Moluccas, and New Guinea.
Remurks.—Lesson describes the bill and feet of this bird as red.
In dried specimens they become of a dull reddish white; but in the
living bird are entirely white. Lesson’s specimen was obtained in
Bouru.
PoDICEPS TRICOLOR.
Podiceps tricolor, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 366.
Bill black ; base of the lower mandible lemon-yellow, which ex-
tends up towards the eye.
Hab. Bouru and the Moluccas.
5. Descriptions or Five New Specirs or FISHES OBTAINED
at Maperra. By James YATE Jonnson, Corr. Mem. Z.S.
(Plate VII.)
Fam. SCOMBRID&.
BRAMA PRINCEPS, Sp. 0.
D: 5.27-33. ° P. 20.° Vi. 52 As 3.262 C? iv, 152404, KMOB.7;
Body oval, compressed, and elevated, the height compared with
the length being as 1 to 24 or 22. It is of a blackish-grey colour,
beautifully reflecting white and iridescent hues. A coppery lustre
is reflected in certain lights from the sides of the body and the head.
The hinder portion (black) of the body is covered with large striated
scales; those on the head have finely pectinated edges, those on the
body have simple borders. Between and in front of the eyes the
head is scaleless.
The head is short and abrupt; its length to that of the whole fish
is as 1 to 22. The eye is vertically oval ; the pupil a pale grey, the
iris a dark brown. It is contained about 44 times on the head, and
is removed from the muzzle by a space equal to about 14 times its
longer axis. Above it there is a space equal to 1} times its longer
axis, and below it a space equal to twice that axis. ‘There is only
M & N.Hanhart, Imp?
J Jury, lith.
NEOSCOPELUS MACROLEPIDOTUS
PEELE Er
eee
Ae Oe Py: MH,
Fa
1863.] MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 37
one opening on each side to the pituitary sac, and that is small and
transversely oval. The mouth-cleft is small and subvertical; the
under jaw rather longer than the upper. The superior border of
the mouth is formed by the narrow premaxillary, much of which,
when the mouth is closed, passes underneath the maxillary. The
latter is much dilated below, and its exposed portion is triangular.
It reaches back to the vertical from the middle of the eye. There
are small scales on the premaxillary, and large ones on the maxillary.
There is a broad band of small conical, slightly curved teeth, nar-
rowing backwards in each jaw, the innermost row being slightly
longer. There is also a narrow band of small teeth on the palatines ;
but the vomer and tongue are unarmed. The tongue is broad, fleshy,
and black. Inside the teeth in each jaw there is a black flap ex-
tending from one side of the mouth to the other. The opercular
pieces are clothed with scales, and their margins are unarmed and
rounded.
The long dorsal fin is very high and falcate in front, this portion
being covered with small scales. The fin is low behind, and near its
termination the broadly expanded apices of the rays project beyond
the membrane. The length of the fin, compared with the total
length of the fish, is as 1 to 24. The pectoral fins are long, pointed,
and subfalcate, and they reach back as far as the middle of the dorsal
fin. The base is clothed with small scales ; and in the axil there is
a membrane bearing eight or nine scales, which connects the upper
side of the base with the side of the body. When the fin is pulled
away from the body, these scales spread out and cover up the hollow
of the axil. The ventral fins are inserted under the bases of the
pectorals ; they are short, and their apices are truncate. The spine
is very short, and there is a scale-like appendage in the axil. The
long anal fin resembles the dorsal in shape, being high and falcate
in front; the falcate portion scaly; the hinder portion low, with the
rays projecting beyond the membrane. It terminates on the vertical
of the termination of the dorsal. The vent is placed a little before
the commencement of the anal fin. The caudal fin is lunate, and
has a wide spread ; its base is scaly.
The middle portion of the tail is raised or thickened longitudinally,
so as to form a kind of flat, broad keel. Near the base of the caudal
fin there are some transverse grooves above and below.
Forty-five rows of scales may be counted between the border of the
opercle and the base of the caudal fin, and on the fin itself there are
nine or ten rows of small scales. There are about twenty-five series
of scales in the height of the body. The scales are very broad, and
their surfaces are radiate-striate, without the slightest trace of an
umbo or spine.
One of the examples, measuring 324 inches in length, proved on
being opened to be a female, and had an egg-sac 33 inches long and
iZ inch across. There were five stout pyloric ceeca, four of which
were 3 inches long, the fifth only half as long. The intestine was
convoluted, and 22 inches in length. The stomach was small the
liver of moderate size ; the gall-bladder large.
38 MR.J.¥Y.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. (Jan. 13,
The fishermen call this handsome fish “ Freira do alto,’? Brama
raii being called “ Freira.”’ Several specimens have been taken in
the months of February and March, the lengths of which ranged
from 27 to 33 inches.
In form it bears a close general resemblance to Brama raii, which,
however, is less thick in proportion, has much smaller scales, and
is without the broad ridge at each side of the tail and the white
borders of the vertical fins. Moreover in that species the anterior
portions of the dorsal and anal fins are much less developed. If ad-
mitted into the genus Brama, the definition of that genus given in
Dr. Ginther’s Catalogue will require modification in regard to the
size of the scales, the number of the dorsal spines, and the jaw-teeth,
which are there said to have an outer series of stronger teeth. No
such series is discoverable im the species now described.
The following measurements were taken from two examples of
nearly the same length :—
A. B.
inches, inches.
‘Botal lengthy... 545 f6 aesiae'hs sb averspeirals "ee 322 33
HeighGhe. Seasistiis- sta sald - he Ooeemins 13 13
Thickness under anterior part of dorsal.. 4 4
Length of body without caudal,....... ., 25
Heads isies Liar esleaedlates dries het 63 74
Kye, diameter road eles, ene @3* kee = 1?
Teeth, width of band on jaws .....--. ot 25
Rictnset yoo Penal bar ioteuvdieneonte shes 255
Dorsal, distance from muzzle ........ 82 102
» Mength- of hase ca este leine pees 14
peight dn Font. 69.613. veces eee 6 7+
Pectorals, distance from muzzle........ 74
pENEER 4% dadash. ep Yy yates 8L
Ventrals, length. . Sasualgrons ons idee 14
Anal, levity) osc ate anmee fs otras, <rof 104
——, height in front............04-- 6
, distance from muzzle ...,...,.. aa 1434
Caudal, expanse. . Bahia tal ihartaray ens ees We 12
Scales of body, ae Be Gare a oe 13
Fam. Tzniopr# (Lorworip4, Giinther).
LOPHOTES CRISTATUS, Sp. 1.
D.,. shout 255. P.13.0V. 5: AW 19.. CSS. seen
Elongated, compressed, blade-like ; the line of the unarmed belly
nearly straight; the back curving upwards slightly for the first
third, then falling gently to the tail. The height of the body, com-
pared with the length, is as 1 to 54. The colour is uniformly a sil-
very grey, without spots. The body i is clothed with simple scales,
which are buried in the skin, and set obliquely so as to give a reti-
culated appearance. They are rather large and very delicate.
The head is short and unarmed ; it bears a high fleshy crest, the
1863.] MR. J.¥.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 39
horizontal line of which is straight with the back. This crest carries
the anterior portion of the dorsal fin, and it projects, at an acute
angle, beyond the vertical of the snout. At the angle rises a single
bony ray, which is equal in length to one-fourth of the total lengtir
of the fish. A fringe of red membrane connects it with the dorsal
fin, of which it appears to be the first ray. The edges of the gill-
covers are simple, the bones radiate-striate. The round eye is large,
its diameter being contained three times in the head; the iris is
silvery white, the pupil oval. The space intervening between it and
the front of the head above the jaw is much less than a diameter ;
but the space between the edge of the capital crest and the superior
part of the orbit is considerably more than a diameter. The space
between the eye and the snout is reddish and scaleless. The mouth
is oblique and rather small ; the rictus about two-thirds the diameter
of the eye, and its width almost equal to adiameter. There are
about four rows of small conical-pointed teeth, which curve back-
wards, at the front of the premaxillary ; and about two rows of similar
teeth at the sides of the lower jaw, whilst in front they are crowded
four or five deep. Small teeth, very few in number, are planted on
the vomer and on the anterior extremities of the palatine bones ; but
there are none on the tongue. Inside the mouth, above and below,
there is stretched a black membrane from side to side. The maxil-
lary is toothless, and is much dilated below. It covers the pre-
maxillary at the sides, and reaches back to the vertical through the
middle of the eye.
The single dorsal fin extends from the capital crest to the caudal
fin, from which it is not easily distinguished. Behind the long bony
ray, already mentioned, it is low, the middle portion being higher
than the rest. The base is sheathed in transparent membrane, an
extension of the skin. The pectoral fins are of moderate size, placed
low down, and at a distance from the top of the lower jaw equal to
about an eighth of the total length of the fish. The first ray is bony
and very strong, but not longer than the rest, which are branched.
The ventral fins are very short, and are inserted a little behind the
pectoral fins, and only slightly below them. Only five slender, simple
rays were counted in the specimen. The azal fin is low, it is placed
far behind, near the caudal fin, and its first three or four rays are
short. The vent is placed just before the fin. The tail behind the
anal fin has parallel margins, and is much compressed. It is low,
and its lower edge is finless ; whilst its upper edge carries the poste-
rior portion of the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is short, and is not
well distinguished from the dorsal fin; but there seem to be fifteen
Trays, viz. ten below the lateral line and five above. The lower angle
only projects. This fin is not set on obliquely, as in some of the
genera of the family.
The unarmed Jateral line descends at an angle of 45° from the
angle of the capital crest to behind the eye; it is then straight along
the body to the base of the caudal fin.
The stomach is cecal, narrow, and tapers downwards. Numerous
ceca are attached to the intestine. The intestinal canal is long and
40 MR.J.Y.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. [Jan. 13,
straight ; the egg-sac long and forked; the liver of moderate size.
The stomach of the specimen examined contained the much-digested
remains of a small fish and a Cephalopod.
Only a single individual of this curious fish has occurred. The
single species of the genus hitherto known, a Mediterranean fish
(Lophotes cepedianus, Giorna), appears to be likewise very rare ; for
M. Valenciennes (Hist. Nat. des Poiss. x. 401) says that only three
specimens had been examined by naturalists, two of which had been
deposited in the Museum at Turin, and the third in the Museum at
Paris. In the British Museum are two stuffed specimens and one
preserved in spirits. The differences between the Madeiran fish and
the Mediterranean fish (as described in the Hist. Nat. des Poiss.),
which seem to justify the formation of a new species, are these :—
In the latter the height, compared with the length, is said to be as
1 to 7; and the thickness, compared with the height, as 1 to 3;
whereas in the Madeiran fish the height is to the length as 1 to 5,
and the thickness to the height as 1 to 6. Moreover, Valenciennes
says the skin is without scales, that its silvery-grey colour is relieved
with round spots of pure white, and that all the fins are of a lively
rose. Now the skin of the fish here described possesses scales, and
the colouring of the body and fins is a uniform grey. I may add
that I have examined the fish preserved in spirits at the British
Museum, but I could not detect any scales in the skin. The di-
mensions of the specimen which will hereafter find its way to the
British Museum are given in the following table :—
inches
ori temeie 24 0s SS od aes dete tes.
Height (14 inches from snout) ..........e000+- 94
Height of head through the eye...........-046- 73
Thickness for the greater part of body .......... 12
RL Cuar HED. 0. AOS bie Lon wine eee eee 64
Biya dtimeter (fs Ses ta ese © sine, ee eee 22
, distance from front of head ..........-... 12
, distance from edge of crest ...... 3555
Mouth, rictus 13
WAGER Ste Dh ecient er oe 2
Peethlenethe fs) C 7s es Ses aR a Pea : po
Maxillary, width Below. 22.02% (02.00 5.28 rie met
Dorsal, ‘length ‘of firshtay). 04 ose 22 2 eee ee
, height of middle portion ..............65 2
Peetorals; lenetit 2702 0, }.. eed A ee 3h
-, distance from tip of lower jaw.......... 63
—, distance from lower edge of body ...... 13
—, width of base ................2202-2 PF
Venttabslewrtny. oie. '85 eee si ae eee ee ar
, distance from root of pectorals...... Prt g,:
Anal herent ey Ae tet elt. soo. a cee
, distance from caudal..............e2e0- if
Wail shemener tc ise Cee Att. Yo eas EP ec rmby wae
Caudal, length at lower angle................ . 14
1863.] MR.J.¥.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 4]
Fam. ScoreLipz.
SAURUS ATLANTICUS, Sp. 0.
ferrats... 2nd) D: adipose... Pull... V.8.. Ad, .C..18,
M.B. 16.
Form of Saurus lacerta, i. e. elongate and cylindrical. The height,
compared with the length, is as 1 to 7 nearly. The head, cheeks,
and back are of a dull red colour, with irregular patches of bluish
purple. The belly is white, as well as the sides, which, however,
are variegated with irregular patches of dull red and brownish yel-
low, arranged alternately and longitudinally. The rays of the first
dorsal fin are spotted with red. The anal fin is blotched with red-
dish marks in transverse lines, and with some opaque white marks.
The cycloid scales are of moderate size.
The long, depressed, unarmed head is contained in the total length
about 41 times. The space between the eyes is hollowed, and the
head behind the eyes is flat and marked with radiating striz. Near
the tip of the muzzle there is a shield-shaped depression. There are
scales on the cheeks, and the opercle is bordered with a transparent
membrane. The eye is nearly round; its diameter is equal to one-
seventh of the head, and it is distant about two diameters from the
tip of the muzzle. It is placed rather before the middle of the upper
jaw, and the upper part of the orbit forms part of the profile. The
space between the eyes is rather less than a diameter. The lower
jaw is more pointed than the upper, the upper rather longer than
the lower. The rictus is long, being equal to the height of the fish,
and extending much beyond the eyes. The upper border of the
mouth is formed entirely of the strong and thick dentiferous pre-
maxillary, the much weaker maxillary lying behind. Both bones
are covered, like the bones of the lower jaw, with a thick scaleless
skin. In the lower jaw there are two rows of small slender teeth
with hastoid apices ; those of the inner row are larger, they are rather
distant from each other ; and in the intervals are set some very shorter
teeth of the same shape. All these teeth are directed inwards. In
the upper jaw there are also two rows of similarly shaped teeth, which
are about equal in size to those of the inner row in the lower jaw.
The teeth of the inner roware moveable. On the tongue are several
irregular rows of slender teeth, directed backwards. On the palatines
are about three rows of acicular moveable teeth, which are more
slender than those of the jaws. There are also teeth on the pharyn-
geal arches, but none on the vomer.
The gill-openings are large, and the branchiostegal membrane is
supported by sixteen rays on each side.
The first dorsal fin has a trapezoidal shape, and rises from a shal-
low groove posterior to the base of the ventral fins. It is short, and
terminates over the middle of the body. The two first rays are un-
branched ; the longest rays are the second and third, which neither
equal the height of the trunk nor the base of the fin. The minute
second dorsal fin is adipose, without rays, and is placed over the
middle of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are about one-eleventh of
42 MR.J.Y.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. [Jan. 13,
the total length of the fish, and about half as long as the ventral fins ;
the first ray is shorter than the succeeding three, but longer than
the last. The ventral fins are inserted about halfway between the
pectoral and first dorsal fins. Their length is about one-fifth of the
total length of the fish. The lower rays are longer, the last but one
being the longest in the fin. The vent is far behind, being three-
fourths of the length of the fish, minus the caudal fin, from the
muzzle. The anal fin is short, and rises out of a shallow groove.
The caudal fin has eighteen rays, besides short external rays. On
each face of this fin there are two scale-like appendages, such as are
seen in Saurus lacerta (“un appendice écailleux prolongé en une
petite palette.’’—Valenciennes).
The lateral line is straight, and is placed rather above the middle
of the body.
This description has been drawn up from a single specimen, ob-
tained in the month of April, which has been sent to the British
Museum. Another example, taken in May, only a trifle more than
3 inches long, had fourteen rays in the first dorsal fin, and ten rays in
the anal fin. There was a distinct dark spot at the tip of the muzzle.
The fish described by Mr. Lowe, in the ‘ Trans. Zool. Soe.’ vol. ii.
p- 183, under the name of Saurus griseus, is not to be distinguished
from S. lacerta, as defined by Valenciennes (‘ Hist. Nat. des Poiss.’
vol. xxii. p. 463) ; and to the same species is to be assigned the fish
described by Valenciennes, in his ‘ Ichthyologie Canarienne,’ under
the name of S. trivirgatus. Both these forms have been obtained
by me at Madeira.
The following are the dimensions of the larger of the two speci-
mens of S. atlanticus :—
inches
aOR? 6 2t osas cnejiniels Gite W git heaps mea 11
SE Se eee ee ee ee ee 1,5
Plead ais. hth eas) aes ote > eh) nee 235
Dye iameler 5. nade ade saa ist bas edaaiaeed =
First dorsal, distance from muzzle .............- 4
SHOR CELIEAYS 5). «sae =? -10 eases SE
Second slorsal,, betes 5.0 oy oa; w. ids We we ie go See ty
- iy GRE: «20d. pip nies «onsen 35g eek ae
Rectarals plone, 525) Pia <q 5 vd ie os Glee ee
Wentrale haptics s sctehnateis >12slaamins brs rape ae 2
, distance of their vertical from muzzle .. 3+
Vent, distance from muzzle...............5 caee ii
Amal y dreieabe cio) age a ieielant pikns f “asin eee can
5 Mental bane eit a2 -04s09'a0 ne see ae t5
, distance from base of ventrals ............ 44
Canal emett Go.cn tee ahs ¥.5 «510 013 eh = 15
ScoPrELUS CAUDISPINOSUS, sp. n.
Ist D.26. | 2nd‘. adipese.. P. 12. V. 9. A, IGh” Gs vane
10+-11. vu. M.B. 10.
Body slender, with the head of a peculiar aspect, from the steep
1863.] MR. J.¥.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 43
profile, the forward eye, and the deep mouth-cleft. The height is
to the total length as 1 to 7, and the thickness about one-twelfth of
the total length. The scales are cycloid.
The head curves rapidly downwards in front of the eyes, forming
a quadrantic profile. Compared with the total length, it is as 1 to
4%. It is scaleless, unarmed, and arched above. The eye hasa
diameter equal to about one-fifth of the length of the head, and is
placed less than half a diameter distant from the muzzle, which is
short, blunt, and truncate. The oral cleft is oblique, and reaches
much beyond the eyes. The upper border of the mouth is formed
by the premaxillary, the slender maxillary lying behind. There are
villiform bands of ¢eeth in each jaw, on the palatines, and on the
pharyngeals, as well as three longitudinal bands on the tongue, the
middle one widening backwards. There are also patches of similar
teeth on the entopterygoids ; but the vomer is unarmed. The rakers
of the branchial arches carry small teeth. The gill-openings are
large, and the gill-covers are of a dark blue colour inside ; the opercle
has an angular form near the root of the pectoral fin.
The pectoral fin is small, being to the total length as 1 to 114.
It is inserted low down, and reaches nearly to the root of the ventral
fins. The first dorsal fin is placed at the middle of the back. It is
higher in front, but its height does not equal that of the fish. The
abdominal ventral fins are inserted under the anterior part of the
first dorsal; they do not reach quite so far back as the commence-
ment of the anal fin. The anal fin is of moderate length ; it com-
mences under the middle of the first dorsal fin. On the upper edge
of the tail there are eight small sharp spines, followed by two larger
spines ; on the lower edge are nine small spines, followed by two
larger ones.
The single example of this fish that has occurred (taken in the
month of February) was so much damaged that little can be said
about the scales or colour. It appeared, however, to have been
nearly black ; but there were no traces of silvery spots on the sides.
The muscles abounded with oil.
It appears to be nearly allied to Scopelus crocodilus, Valenciennes,
who assigns twenty rays to the first dorsal and eighteen rays to the
anal fins of that species (H. N. Poiss. xxii. 447). Of that fish it is
stated that the eye is contained 31 times in the head, and that the
pectoral fins do not reach to the ventral fins. No dark blotch at the
_ base of the caudal fin was observed in my fish. It would seem to
fall into Rafinesque’s subgenus Myctophum ; but it is distinguishable
_ from all the four species described and figured in the ‘ Fauna Italica,’
by the greater length of the first dorsal fin, and by the larger number
of rays in that fin, which, in the four species referred to, range from
twelve to seventeen.
The following are the dimensions of the example which has been
‘sent to the British Museum :—
inches.
(NESS SR St aa ee GA ae 64
Beiwhs under firs dorsal... 265 os cos sccesdn HE
44 MR.J,Y¥.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. [Jan. 13,
inches.
Phichkwess. oi,¢ mei eecics G\) Res Nate. Bas, aoinsee +
Head ayaa» aise als Glamis ioe Seb am. Maitre orah a caeine ieee
Eye, diameter . w ila toraraartarsttally epee sap. Raters Ses Bete
Month-cleft; lenethy. . 42 ith. La eee ieee zo
i ae dorsal, distance from fhnezlévuaiseres yeeetetach 2
sme abs 2063.55 21 3 ik athens eee oi a fo
=, lengtlt of bases’... s.jwdis,a- . LS
Bectorals;legthn .Sok.ivi. bi dawateieege dee aan
Ventrals, length Gavshed SIR GES soot e aan to
a distance from tip ‘of mandible .......... 2
Anal, length of base Ge Loess 14 eta be
» distance from aig of mandible ............ 235
Caudal, length. . List ins ofa Re ehae ee ein meee er
NEOSCOPELUS, gen. nov.
Oblong, compressed, covered with large caducous scales. First
dorsal fin placed over the abdominal ventral fins. The pectoral fins
long ; their inferior rays not thicker than the rest. Mouth-cleft
not extending beyond the eyes. The maxillary dilated below, and
furnished with a small supplementary piece. The upper border of
the mouth formed entirely of the premaxillary. Scobinate bands of
teeth in both jaws, on the palatine bones, and on the vomer ; scobi-
nate patches of teeth on the entopterygoids. Branchiostegal mem-
brane with nine rays.
This new genus is allied to both Aulopus and Scopelus. In its
moderate number of branchiostegal rays and scopeloid form of body
it approaches the latter genus; the shape of the teeth and the den-
tiferous vomer ally it to the former. From Odontostomus it is di-
stinguished by the moderate size of the eye and the immobility of
the teeth; from Lampanyctus by the greater height of the body
and by the comparatively short rictus, which, in that genus, extends
much beyond the eye.
NEOSCOPELUS MACROLEPIDOTUS, sp. n. (PI. VII.)
Ist D.4.9. 2ndadipose. P.18. V.8. A.13. C. iv. 10+9.
ii. B.M.9. Scales of lateral line 30.
Oblong, conpressed, the height contained 43 times, and the thick-
ness 10 times in the total length. Back and sides dark red, becom-
ing uniformly fuscous in spirit; cheeks silvery; throat and belly
black ; the scales on the belly having a pearly iridescent centre, and
forming about five longitudinal rows of spots; all the fins a pinky
red, approaching scarlet. None of the fins, except the caudal, are
scaly.
The head is contained rather less than four times in the total
length. It is somewhat compressed, and the cheeks are flat. On
the vertex, above the posterior margin of the eyes, are two small
spines. The operculay pieces, the head between the eyes, and the
jaws are scaleless. The upper part of the opercle is marked by a
low longitudinal ridge. The neck and shoulder are rather high.
1863.] MR.J.¥Y.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 45
Between the eyes are two broad, shallow, longitudinal grooves, with
two low ridges between them. This part has an adipose or gelati-
nous appearance, and it is marked with some twenty or more trans-
verse beaded lines, and in the neighbourhood of the eyes with nume-
rous gelatinous papille. The round eye, the iris of which has a
golden-greenish colour, is contained about five times in the head,
and is placed at a distance of not quite a diameter and a half from
the tip of the muzzle. It is surrounded by an adipose border, which
intrudes upon it at the antero-superior side, and which has a small
notch at the posterior side. The distance from eye to eye is nearly
equal to a diameter and a half. The nostrils are close together, and
placed halfway between the eye and the jaw; the hinder one of
each pair is large. The muzzle is rounded, and short but not ab-
rupt. There is a protuberance on the premaxillary, behind the sym-
physis of the jaw. The under jaw projects slightly beyond the up-
per. The upper border of the mouth is formed entirely of the pre-
maxillary, behind which is the toothless maxillary, having a length
one-half that of the head. The latter is dilated below, is furnished
with a very small and narrow supplementary piece, and extends back
to the vertical from the posterior border of the eye. There is a sco-
binate band of teeth on each jaw, the inner rows being rather larger
and almost cardiform. A portion of these dental bands is seen out-
side the mouth when it is closed. A narrow band of similar teeth
is found on the palatines, and achevron-shaped patch on the vomer.
The thick tongue is toothless in front ; but behind there is a narrow
band of small teeth along the middle as far as the branchize extend.
On the entopterygoids there are large oval patches of minute teeth.
On the outermost free branchial arch are long rakers, of which one
edge is set with a band of minute teeth ; and on its hinder surface is
a series of short rakers, the apices of which bear numerous minute
teeth. The other branchial arches bear short stout rakers, which
have teeth at their ends; and the hinder faces of these arches have
similar processes to those of the first arch.
The tongue, the mouth, and the insides of the gill-covers are
bluish black. The gill-openings are large. The delicate branchio-
stegal membrane is supported by nine rays, of which the first is hair-
like, and the last very broad, with a raised posterior edge. The first
_ dorsal fin has a trapezoidal shape, and is placed well forward over
_ the ventral fins. The four first rays are unbranched, and the first
_ of these is very short. The longest ray is the fifth, and this is about
_ two-thirds the length of the head. The second dorsal fin is adipose
_ and scaleless ; it is placed over the hinder part of the anal fin. The
pectoral fins are longer than the ventral fins. They have about
two-thirds of the height of the fish above their bases, and they reach
_ back beyond the end of the first dorsal fin, but not quite so far as the
vent. Their inferior rays are not thicker than the rest. The ab-
dominal ventral fins have stout rays, and the first one is unbranched
_ and shorter than the next three, which are about equal to each other.
_ The abdomen is flat between the roots of these fins. The vent is
immediately in front of the trapezoidal anal fin, the first ray of which
a
46 MR.J.¥.JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES FROM MADEIRA. [Jan. 13,
is unbranched and very short; the fourth ray is the longest. The
tail is much compressed. The caudal fin is deeply furcate, spotted
with minute black spots, and covered with small scales.
The distinct /ateral line descends rather rapidly from the shoulder;
but from the pectoral region it is straight along the middle of the
body. The caducous scales which clothe the body are large and re-
markably broad, with the exposed margins armed with several rows
of small spines. Those of the lateral line are about thirty in number,
and in the height of the body ten rows may be counted, viz. four
above, and five below the lateral line, which is itself formed of the
tenth row.
Of this species only a single example (now in the British Museum)
has oceurred, and this was taken in the month of January. Its
dimensions are given below :—
inches
"Potaléleng thts. iG t).8' ig Wl wl his. Mb Sat Se 1035
Height, a little in front of first dorsal .......... 27%
Pineknegee sy i ialoe Me Sik cee acannon bibs. Pa it
ead yee uee sgh, uses sean eee Ie eee
Byes, diameter... . 2.0... +0 sees cece ere reas +
) distance apart © W000) 20s 400. a ee qe
Mouth, width behind when open .........+.+--- 1
, length of upper jaw .........--- Bua aer 12
First dorsal, distance from muzzle ..........+++- 32
-, length of base.......----2+- sees 12
—- , length of first branched ray ........ 12
—, length of last ray «1... ee ee eee eee ~
Second dorsal, height ............-+ sees ee eee 4
, distance from first dorsal.......... 12
Pectorals, length ..........-- esse cess cece eees 24
, distance from muzzle............++-+5: 22
, width ‘of base... Ailk vat. Sia eeee ah
Ventrals, length .. 1.0... 000. clen ween cee tae 13
, distance behind pectorals ..........--++: 1
Vent, distance of vertical from muzzle .........- 545
Anal, length of fourth ray ........--...20+0-5- id
» length of base) 22024 2.0 oe IR 1+
, distance from ventrals ...........-++0-+- 23
Paik; Height setsiiis Wee al. Se, IO. Se ee ¢
Caudal, lengthens 20:\) 2s eel. SG 4S one 2
1863.)
,
2 Cormorants.......seeeesssees Phalacrocorax carbo......
2 Chameleons ....... ace asacn Chameleo africanus ......
A Water-Tortoise ............ Emmys ——? .icccccseceeee
PEP SUMICALC casbuvesencccesessece RyZ@NA ZEN. .....00000000-
A Fallow Deer ...... see.|Cervus dama@ ....+4. spaeccec
An Iceland Falcon.......... --|Faleo islandicus.........06
2 Chinese Sand-Grouse......|Pterocles paradoxus ......
A Cretan Goat ............00. Capra beden, Forsk ......
A White-nosed Monkey ...|Cercopithecus nictitans...
A Woodcock ..................|Scolopax rusticula........-
2 Golden-crown Parrakeets |Conurus aureus ........0.+.
2 Capuchin Monkeys ......|Cedus Be aesoger tees ob
1 Wanderoo Monkey ...... Stlenus Veter seescssececseee
1 Tuberculated Iguana......|Jguana tuberculata ......
2 Iguanas ............... eseees — Biceinecaeede tes
A Tawny Owl ....... poeeee =e Syrnium alucod .......0000.
A Chacma Baboon ......... Cynocephalus porcarius...|
A Purple Kaleege ............ Gallophasis horsfieldii ...
PP OEPDISC’. .<s00se000% 000 CREA: Delphinorhynchus pho-
: cena.
2 Merlins ..... sasesssseeseseee|Hypotriorchis esalon ..
3 Golden Orioles ....... »++++|Ortolus galbula ....... seeee
1 Egyptian Sand-Lizard ...|Monitor niloticus .........
A Sooty Monkey ............|Cercocebus fuliginosus ..
Tropidonotus natrizx, var.
bilineata.
6 Snakes from Dalmatia < |Coluber esculapii .........
quaterradiatus ......
Zamenis atrovirens ......
2 Hawfinches....... Reames asses Coccothraustes vulgaris...
_jA Purple Pheasant
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE,
47
The following list of additions to the Menagerie during the month
of December was read to the Meeting :—
5?
A pair of Green-breasted
Pheasants.
Gallophasis horsfieldii ...
Phasianus versicolor
eoecee
_|Two Polar Bears ............ Thalassarctos maritimus..
3
|
|
:
4
A Collared Peccary .........
An Egyptian Dove ...
Dicotyles tajassu .........
Turtur senegalensis ......
Presented by
‘Sir H. Stracey, Bt., M.P.,
F.Z.S.
Mrs. Suffert.
T. Johnson, Esq.
Mrs. Borradile.
T. Luff, Esq.
Major Delmé Radcliffe.
Mrs. Bullock.
F, Guarracino, Esq.
Mrs. Burton.
The Maharajah Duleep
Singh.
Miss Langford.
.|E. Mackenzie, Esq.
A. Bryce, Esq.
\ Capt. Geo. Abbott.
Mrs. Turner.
Purchased.
| In exchange.
Born.
Hatched.
SEE Se ee ee ee ee ee eee
;
48 LETTER FROM MR. J. CALDWELL. (Jan. 27,
January 27, 1863.
G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. F. Buckland made some observations on the artificial repro-
duction of fishes, and upon the best mode of transporting their ova
without risk of injury.
Mr. A. R. Wallace exhibited a nestling of Buceros bicornis, taken
by his hunters from a nest in Sumatra, in January 1862.
Dr. Sclater exhibited a collection of insects and freshwater shells
from Madagascar, transmitted to him by Mr. J. Caldwell, of Mau-
ritius ; and read the following notes respecting them, communicated
to him by Mr. Caldwell :—
“*The insects forwarded last mail were almost all collected
in the neighbourhood of Antananarivo, two other boxes full, col- —
lected on my journey up, having been literally ground into dust by
the motion they were exposed to in being carried along the road.
The large Butterfly was, however, procured near Beforona, just
before entering the great forest of Alamazaotra. The large Water-
Beetles are those eaten by the natives at the capital, and sold com-
monly in the market ; and the one with the eggs on its back is, ac-
cording to the natives, the male, on the back of which the female
lays her eggs. I have not sent any of the common locusts, which
are also very extensively used as an article of food, not having been
able to procure any live ones, and those for sale being all fire-dried
and damaged. I have sent to the Society at least one of all the in-
sects I was able to save, having retained here only duplicates when
any existed.
“There is a vast number of Butterflies in Madagascar, as I was
able to ascertain both on my last voyage and on this. I had col-
lected at least twenty more kinds, some remarkably brilliant, and
mostly very beautiful; but it is worthy of remark that from Tamatave
to Antananarivo I noticed very little variety, notwithstanding the
vast difference of elevation—about 5000 feet. This holds good in
both the animal and vegetable kingdoms, there being of course many
exceptions to the rule, which is, however, pretty well established to
my satisfaction, and is cognate to a singular fact not usual in
countries where a conquering race is dominant, viz. that all over
Madagascar there is in reality but one language, though varied by
dialects in different parts.
“None of the five kinds of Snakes we found last voyage and this
are venomous. Only one is large; and of many specimens I mea-
sured before skinning I never found one exceed 60 inches in length.
This year they appeared to be scarce, and I could not procure one to
skin as I came down. Ina box of skins that was lost on the road
was a large black Toad, the only one I saw, about 32 inches long, and
1863.] MR. G. KREFFT ON A NEW DROMICIA. 49
rounder than our European species. I also had some Mammals,
closely allied to the English Hedgehogs, but, my medicine-chest
being stolen, had no chance or means of injecting them, without
which they would not have kept.
“Any birds worth sending home have been already dispatched
through my friend Mr. Newton ; and I can only say that the country
is rich enough to lead us to hope for more unknown as yet. The
country west of the capital has never yet been explored.
* By the first opportunity I will forward specimens of the smaller
Snakes, Chameleons, Lizards, and a small Bat, in spirits. The Cha-
meleons I have seen attain a length of 18 inches.
“J. CALDWELL.”
“ Port Louis, December 4, 1862.”
P.S. “I had several Aye-ayes (Chiromys madagascariensis) in my
possession at Tamatave to send to Mauritius ; but none arrived alive.
One that died in Tamatave I skinned, and gave the skin to Captain
Wilson, of H. M.S. ‘Gorgon.’ In so doing, I noticed what I have not
yet seen in any of the published accounts, namely, that the dower jaws
at the junction of the chin are only connected by a strong ligament,
and do not, as in most other animals, virtually form one connected
semicircle of bone. They play easily in a vertical direction, inde-
pendently of each other, and, when the animal is gnawing, alter-
_ nately. This accounts for the prodigious power of gnawing the
_ Aye-aye possesses ; for J have seen one cut through a strip of tin
_ plate 2 inches wide, nailed over the door of its cage. As there is
_ the usual vertical and lateral motion of the lower jaw, and this inde-
pendent power superadded, its effect is not astonishing.”
The following papers were read :—
1. Description or a New Species or THE Genus Dromicia,
DISCOVERED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD oF SypNEyY. By
GERARD KREFFT.
DROMICIA UNICOLOR, sp. nov.
oy pt 3—3
Canines —. Premolars —-. Mo-
ye ; gas
Dentition.—Incisors —— 353
I-1'° I-1
lars — = 36.
__ Of the grinders in the upper jaw, two are large and four cuspidate;
_ but the last one is much smaller, of a triangular form, and furnished
with three cusps only. The premolars are three in number, of
which the posterior one is large, and furnished with two fangs and
_ two roots ; the other two are rudimentary, with flat surfaces ; there
_is an interspace between these teeth and the long canine ; of the three
_ incisors the anterior one is the largest.
In the lower jaw there are three true molars, with four cusps to
each, but the last or posterior one smaller than the other two ; these
_are preceded by a large two-rooted false molar (which, in one speci-
_men examined, is furnished with one, in the other with two fangs),
Proc. Zoo. Soc.1863, No. IV.
50 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A NEW GENUS OF MARSUPIALS. [Jan. 27,
the anterior preemolars (two) and the canine being small and rudi-
mentary, with flat crowns; the single incisor is very long.
Coloration.—Fur of a uniform mouse-colour, lighter on the sides
and beneath, with a blackish patch in front of the eye.
All the hairs are slate-grey at the base, tipped with yellowish at
the back and sides, and with grey beneath ; longer black hairs, tipped
with white, are interspersed, except on the underside of the body.
Bristles black to within one-third of the tip, which is white; a few
long bristly black hairs in front and behind the eye. Tail somewhat
longer than the body, prehensile, thin, showing every joint ; slightly
enlarged at the base, and gradually tapering ; covered with a mixture
of light-coloured and black hairs apical portion, about 3" from the
tip, wide beneath.
inches.
heneth trourtip*to tip 2. ic. ws on se eget
alters tee See ee ehiete ee ee reer 34
Face, to base of ear ....... Ae ir q
2 TE ore nae SUB Sar sel U tava, Cuarepe rete oretee 4
Arm and hands........-......-- Baio =
PParsi‘Aand ‘O08 ods. <6 AP heats Sete Bae at 2
This beautiful little creature was captured near St. Leonard’s,
North Shore, Sydney, feeding upon the blossoms of the Banksia,
and lived a few days in captivity. In its habits it is nocturnal. The
tongue of this Dromicia is well adapted for sucking the honey from
the blossoms of the Banksie and Eucalypti, being furnished with a
slight brush at the tip. This species differs from the D. concinna of
Western Australia in being of a uniform dark colour without the
white belly, and having the base of the tail slightly enlarged ; it is
of about the same size as D. concinna.
2. Notice or a New AMERICAN Form oF MARSUPIAL.
By R. F. Tomes, Corr. Memes,
(Plate VIII.)
Genus Hyracopon, Tomes.
General form somewhat slender. ‘Tail as long as the head and
body, tapering evenly to a fine point, Feet long, and furnished with
an opposable thumb; nails somewhat long and pointed. Head
rather long; muzzle pointed; ears of medium size, ovoid. Upper
incisors: middle teeth simple, pointed, small, and in a vertical posi-
tion; the following two large, thick, and short, but having a semi-
acute point, which has a very backward direction ; the following one,
or fourth, similar, but very small; the fifth, or canine, separated
from the preceding by a considerable interval, small, conical, acute,
and nearly vertical in position; the two succeeding teeth nearly
similar. Lower incisors: middle teeth long, nearly straight, and
horizontal in position, as in the Shrews ; the four following teeth
more or less conical in form, closely packed together, and sloping
itr...
HYRACODOQN
FULIGINOSUS.
MceN Hanhart Imp
1863.] DR. WUCHERER ON THE CRASPEDOCEPHALI OF BAHIA. 51
forward, small in size, and evenly diminishing from the first to the
last ; the fifth tooth has a canine-like form, a little more prominent
than the preceding, and curved forward ; the sixth small, conical,
vertical in position, and widely separated from the fifth.
H. ruriernosus, n.s. (Pi. VIII.)
Tail sparingly covered with short hairs of a dusky colour, through-
out the whoie of its length, both above and below; upper surface of
the feet sparingly covered with hairs similar to those of the tail ;
ears nearly naked, and of a dark brown colour; fur on all parts of
the body of a deep sooty-brown, searcely paler on the under parts ;
all the naked parts brown.
Length of the head and body.............. 3.8
Sale FO a8. ccteae ear a pa Fulvabhniab. ec6,3 3 8
Rs EE io Re oan, waver days ah ogiare Lona
Hab. Ecuador; collected by Mr. Fraser.
3. On THE Species or CRASPEDOCEPHALUS WHICH OCCUR IN
THE Province or BauiA, Braziu. By Dr. Orno Wu-
CHERER, Corr. Memes.
In a former paper, containing the first portion of a list of the
Ophidians which I had been able to collect in this province, I abs-
tained from certain remarks on some species of the above genus
until I should have collected more ample materials to corroborate
them.
In the first place, I was struck by the fact that all the specimens
of ‘ Jararaca’’ which had up to that time come to my notice were
very similar and belonged to one species, Craspedocephalus atrox.
Having collected more than thirty specimens, I proceeded to examine
them more closely for comparison. Dr. Gray, in the ‘ Catalogue of
Viperine Snakes in the Brit. Mus.’ 1849, comments on the difficulty
of separating the species of this genus. His diagnoses do not agree
exactly with those of Schlegel in his ‘ Essai,’ nor with those of
Dumeéril and Bibron in their ‘ Erpétologie Générale,’ I may therefore
be excused if I offer the following remarks on my specimens. In
_ my former paper I stated that I had neither seen Craspedocephalus
_ lanceolatus nor C. brasiliensis. At the present time I have examined
‘
very nearly forty specimens of “ Jararaca,”’ all of which, except three,
_ agree sufficiently in every character, and are, according to the de-
scriptions of herpetologists, referable to C. atrox. These three spe-
_ cimens show certain slight differences which justify a doubt of their
_ specific identity with the others.
Dr. Gray mentions C. atrow as having seven upper labial shields.
; Schlegel, in his ‘ Essai,’ i. p. 189, and again il. p. 535, describes this
species as having eight labial shields ; still this may perhaps be con-
4 sidered a mistake, for in his plate 19 of the above work C. atrox is
a
_ represented as having only seven upper labial shields. Duméril and
52 DR. WUCHERER ON THE [Jan. 27,
Bibron make no allusion to this character in C.atroz. Now all the
specimens of C. atrox which I have had occasion to examine have
seven upper labial shields. Only one has on one side eight, which
must be considered an irregularity.
Dr. Gray describes C. brasiliensis as having nine or ten upper
labial shields, the hinder ones of which are smaller; Schlegel de-
cribes it as having nine; and Duméril and Bibron do not mention
the number of labial shields at all.
The three specimens differing from those of C. atrox mentioned
above have all eight upper labial shields on each side, the last one
narrower than the last one in C. atroz.
A statement I made in my former paper, that my specimens of C.
atrox differed from those described by herpetologists in having fewer
longitudinal rows of scales, I now take the opportunity to rectify.
The number of longitudinal rows of scales in the species of this genus
is not always mentioned as a specific character, and indeed it does not
appear very serviceable as such. Schlegel’s C. jararaca, the C. bra-
siliensis of Dr. Gray’s catalogue, has twenty-seven rows of scales ;
of C. atrox he says (Essai, ii. p. 536), ‘‘ On compte quelquefois 29
rangées d’écailles,” leaving it perhaps hence to be inferred that it has
generally a lesser number, or twenty-seven, like the one just de-
scribed, which is C. brasiliensis. Dumeéril and Bibron (vii. p. 1509
and p. 1511) give to C. atrow from twenty-nine to thirty-two, to
C. brasiliensis twenty-seven rows. All my specimens of C. atroz,
with few exceptions, have twenty-seven rows of scales, a few having
twenty-five. Of the three specimens differing from them, two have
twenty-five and one twenty-three rows of scales.
Schlegel, Duméril, and Bibron draw some specific differences from
the shape of the head, the former saying (ii. p. 535) that the snout
of C. atrox is more conical, by which I suppose is meant more
rounded, Duméril and Bibron stating that the sharp edge on the
anterior part of the head is almost effaced, and does not reach back
to the orbits, furthermore that the scales on the anterior part of the
head are comparatively much larger than on the posterior part in C.
brasiliensis; but all these differences do not appear very striking in
Schlegel’s excellent figures on plate 19 of the ‘Essai.’ My three
specimens distinct from C. atrox would rather agree in these points
with the descriptions of C. brasiliensis of these authors.
Schlegel points to the larger size of the superciliary and superior
labial shields in C. atrox, to its larger and more numerous mental
shields, to the stronger keel on its scales, showing a strong tendency
to take the form of a tubercle, by which I understand that it is
higher and shorter, not reaching the tip. Now these characters, if
they occurred simultaneously, might very well serve as some of the
specific characters ; and it does not appear just in Duméril and Bi-
bron to say (vii. p. 1508), ‘‘ M. Schlegel, dans lembarras ov il s’est
trouvé, n'a indiqué que des différences peu importantes, tirées de la
forme des écailles dont la caréne parait plus forte ; des lames noires
alongées, ou de |’étendue relative des plaques surciliaires ainsi que les
plaques labiales,’’—although they confess their inability to suggest
1863. } CRASPEDOCEPHALTI OF BAHIA. 53
any better characters, and still persist in considering them individuals
belonging to two species, having no other basis for their separation
than the frequent occurrence of C. atrox in Guiana, whilst the other
species is never found there.
Comparing my three specimens, which differ from those of C. atrox
in the last-mentioned respects, and first as regards the size of the
superciliary shields, I cannot come to any very precise decision, as
they are all not full-grown. Comparing with one another old and
young specimens of C. atrox, I find that not only the superciliary,
but all other head-shields are proportionately larger in young indi-
viduals, so is the pit in the cheek ; and the whole head is flatter,
especially the occiput, and more elongate in adult specimens. I
compared the three specimens with those of corresponding size of
C. atrox, but I could not arrive at any decided opinion; and, con-
sidering the difference in size of the figures in Schlegel’s plate 19,
they also do not allow me to draw any safe inference from the rela-
tive size of the superciliary shields in each species. Besides, I
am not acquainted with the absolute size each species may attain.
As regards the size and number of the mental shields, I cannot
find any very striking difference ; in some specimens of C. atrozx I
have found one, in others two, and even three pairs of chin-shields ;
in the three specimens which differ in other respects from them,
I always found only one pair. The labial shields are certainly
smaller in my three specimens which do not agree with C. atroz.
But more striking still is the shape of the scales and their keel.
The three specimens I am inclined to regard as referable to C. brasi-_
liensis have narrower scales, their keel lower, narrower, longer, and
reaching to their tip. At first glance these specimens have a less
hirsute appearance than those of C. atrox. In accordance with the
narrowness and the smaller number of their scales, their body ap-
pears more slender.
I am well aware that the coloration does not afford safe specific
characters, except in comparatively few instances ; but as all the
specimens I referred to C. atrox agree so well in this respect, dif-
fering from my three supposed C. brasi/ienses, which again agree
among themselves, I may be allowed to state in what one and the
other differ. The specimens I refer to C. atroz are all greyish yel-
low or olive, and have along the body irregular brown, black-edged
spots with sinuated margins, which occupy about as much space as
the ground-colour. In young specimens the colours are generally
_ brighter, and the spots more distinct. Underneath they are all, with-
i
;
4
‘
ane
out exception, chequered with dark grey or black.
The three specimens of supposed C. drasiliensis are olive-green ;
similar brown, black-edged spots, with sinuated margins, occupy
_ their back, but occur at much wider intervals, so that they occupy
_ much less space than the ground-colour ; underneath, all three are
dirty-yellow, punctulated with black, but not at all chequered.
These differences appear very striking, but I refrain from attach-
ing undue weight to them. Schlegel describes some specimens of
CO. brasiliensis with “larges taches carrées’’ (Essai, ll. p. 533).
54 ON THE CRASPEDOCEPHALI OF BAHIA. [Jan. 27,
Duméril and Bibron are not explicit as regards the coloration of C.
brasiliensis.
In Prof. Jan’s ‘ Prodrome d’une iconographie descriptive des
Ophidiens,’ published in 1859, I find Trigonocephalus neuwiedi,
which is synonymous with C. atroa, enumerated as a distinct species.
L also find that Duméril and Bibron consider specimens with a white
tip to the tail as a variety ; I may therefore be allowed to make the fol-
lowing remarks. Seven of my specimens of C. aérow are quite young,
their total length ranging from 0°333 to 0°382; in all the tip of the
tail is white. Besides these, I have seen many other small specimens,
which always showed the same peculiarity. In two specimens of
0°620 and 0:530 total length, which may be considered half-grown,
the tip of the tail is lighter-coloured than the rest of the body, show-
ing the transition to the black colour in the tail of adults. From
this I think it reasonable to infer that the difference im the colour
of the tip of the tail in individuals of C. atrox depends on their age,
and does not constitute a variety, much less a species. The Bra-
zilians, however, consider small individuals as a distinct species, which
they call “Caisacca.”” Of the young of C. brasiliensis Schlegel
states expressly (Essai, ii. p. 533), “ Les petits offrent le bout de
la queue blanc.”
The largest of my three supposed specimens of C. brasiliensis has
a total length of 0°872, and may be considered therefore about half-
grown ; the tip of its tail is lighter-coloured than the body ; under-
neath to a greater extent, and above at the extreme tip it is quite
white. In one of the other two specimens the tip of the tail is
lighter-coloured, in the other white.
According to the statement of Schlegel, the iris of C. brasiliensis
is dark red ; he does not mention how the iris of C. atrow is coloured.
In many live specimens of the latter species which I have seen, 1
always found it of a dark grey. I never saw a live specimen of a
snake corresponding to my supposed specimens of C, brasiliensis.
In these the colour of the iris is not preserved.
As to C. lanceolatus, I very much doubt whether it occurs in
Brazil at all.
Trigonocephalus landsbergii, Schl., Bothrops castelnaudi, and
Bothrops alternans, D. & B., have not yet come under my notice.
Of Craspedocephalus bilineatus I have seen eight specimens—seven
from the vicinity of Villa Vicosa, where the Prince of Wied, who
first described the species, found his specimen, and one of unknown
origin.
I had previously observed that some Brazilian species of Snakes
(as Spilotes variabilis and 8. pecilostoma, Coryphodon pantherinus,
Xenodon colubrinus, &c.) have the habit of striking the ground
rapidly with their tail when irritated; I had lately occasion to
notice the same peculiarity in a large specimen of Craspedocephalus
atroz.
1863.] DR. 0. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. ~ 55
4. On THE OPHIDIANS OF THE PROVINCE or Banta, BraZziL.:
By Dr. OrHo Wucuerer, Corr. Memes. (Part III.*)
The Dryadidz which I have here been able to obtain belong to.
two genera—Herpetodryas and Philedryast. The specimens of
Herpetodryas were in very considerable number, but I am disposed
to consider them all belonging to H. carinatus. They showed many
varieties as regards their scales; some appeared to possess no keels
at all, indeed the keel was almost effaced, and barely perceptible, on
very close inspection, in a few only of the scales. But these speci-
mens agreed in every other respect so much with undoubted speci-
mens of H. carinatus that I could not help considering them spe-
cifically the same, and supposing Schlegel was right in not regarding
H. fuscus as a species. 7. carinatus is one of the few Snakes pos-
sessing the peculiarity pointed out by Reinhardt, that, though they
have keeled scales, these have but one groove at the tip. The groove
is often very indistinct in H. carinatus, and to be found only on
some of the scales of the neck.
Of the genus Philodryas I have seen two species—Philodryas
reinhardtii and P. olfersii. Of these, the former is by far the most
common in our neighbourhood. Soon after my attention was drawn
to the small grooves on the scales, I found that all my specimens of
P. viridissimus had but one groove on each scale. I therefore thought
Reinhardt was wrong in stating this Snake to have two grooves,
until Dr. Ginther showed that there were two species comprehended
under the name P. viridissimus, to the one of which with two grooves
he has left the name viridissimus (Surinam), establishing the other
with one groove as a new species— P. reinhardtii (Brazil).
Of P. olfersii I have seen about half-a-dozen specimens. One
was sent to me lately from Rio de Janeiro, the rest were from this
province.
Of the family Dendrophide a single species, dhetulla liocerca,
has come to my notice, but in few specimens. One was sent to
me from Rio de Janeiro; when alive, it is a very beautiful animal.
The family of Dryiophide is represented in this province by two
species of the genus Dryiophis—D. argentea and D. acuminata, of
which the former seems to be very scarce, whereas the latter is ex-
ceedingly common. I have nothing to add to what is already known
of these animals. I have repeatedly tried to keep live specimens in
confinement, but they all soon perished, after incessant disquietude,
without ever taking food of any kind.
The Brazilian Dipsadide are all, as far as I have been able to
ascertain, of nocturnal habits. During the day, specimens are found
only in dark, sheltered places ; at night they are frequently met with
abroad. A specimen of Leptodeira annulata, which I kept for a
long time in confinement, was never visible during the day, being
hid in a crevice of its cage, but soon after sunset it became very
lively. I never saw it take any food; and it died after several
* See P. Z. S. 186], pp. 113, 322.
+ [To these we may now add the genus Dromicus; see page 56.—A. G.]
56 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW SNAKE FROM BAHIA. [Jan. 27,
months’ confinement, probably from inanition. This species is very
frequently found close to dwellings and in the thatch of houses.
Of Thamnodynastes nattereri I have obtained a great many spe-
cimens; but of 7’. punctatissimus only a few from Canavieras.
My statement to Dr. Giinther that I had seen a specimen of Eu-
dipsas leucocephalus was founded on a mistake ; no specimen of this
species has yet come to my notice. :;
Leptognathus catesbyi is not very scarce. Of L. mikanii I have
only lately received specimens from Caravellas.
The Brazilian species belonging to the family Scytalidze are nu-
merous. Of Scytale coronatum I have seen only the variety B.
of Dr. Giinther’s Catalogue. It is exceedingly common, and very
remarkable for the different changes of coloration it undergoes by
age. Young specimens are of a pale-pink colour; adults are of an
almost uniform black colour above, and white beneath. It lives, like
all the members of this family, on lizards, chiefly on our most com-
mon species, Trachycyclus marmoratus. I have frequently had
specimens of Scytale and Oxyrhopus alive for months; they are all
of seminocturnal habits, and pursue their prey, not during the night,
but at beginning of dusk, or a short time before sunset. On seizing
they seldom crush their victims, unless these offer strong resistance ;
and considering how vigorous and tenacious of life lizards are, I have
often been surprised at the little resistance they offer when caught
even only by a leg. They seem paralyzed. If they struggle, the
snake quickly throws a coil or two over them; if not, they allow
their pursuer, after a little while, to relinquish its hold and to seize
them deliberately by the head. Is it that the Snakes with grooved
teeth are, after all, not quite innocuous, at least for cold-blooded
animals? I was once severely bitten by a Philodryas reinhardtii
without feeling the slightest subsequent inconvenience.
Of the genus Ozxyrhopus I have seen the following species :—
O. clelia, O. formosus, O. petolarius, O. immaculatus, and O. tri-
geminus. The last-named one and O. petolarius are the most
common. Of O. immaculatus I have seen a single specimen.
Of the family Elapidze two species are very common—Elaps lemnis-
catus and E. coraliinus. The variety of the latter with white-edged
black rings never attains but a small size; it differs also in colora-
tion from the others, being brick-red. I am therefore inclined to con-
sider it as a distinct species—the LZ. circinalis of Dum. and Bibron.
5. ApDITION TO Dr. WUCHERER’S ARTICLE ON THE OPHIDIANS
or Baunia. By Dr. A. GintuEr, F.Z.S., etc.
Almost simultaneously with the concluding part of Dr. Wucherer’s
paper “On the Ophidians of Bahia,” I received from him a small
Snake, which on examination proved to be a new species of the
genus Dromicus.
Mr. Cope has lately * pointed out the complete gradation existing
* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 75.
;
1863.] pr. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW SNAKE FROM BAHIA. 57
between the most slender species of Dromicus and the stout forms of
the genus Liophis, dividing them into six divisions, characterized b
the structure of the scales and by the relative length of the tail*.
This new species would enter the division Lygophis of his arrange-
ment, having the scales without grooves, and a tail the length of
which is one-fourth of the total.
Dromicus (LyGorHis) WUCHERERI, sp. nov.
a
BSH
Ro
store *
Scales in fifteen rows. Loreal square; one preorbital, reaching
to the upper surface of the head, but not touching the vertical ; two
postorbitals ; eight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth enter-
ing the orbit (the third with its posterior angle only); the seventh
labial forms only a small portion of the lip, and on one side it is
even somewhat remote from the labial edge, the sixth and eighth
labials being in contact with each other (as in Diemennia, where this
shield generally is described as a temporal). An elongate temporal
shield is in contact with both oculars; five scale-like temporals be-
hind, in two transverse series. Five pairs of the lower labials are in
contact with the chin-shields. 160 ventral shields; anal bifid;
66 subcaudals.
The posterior maxillary tooth is the strongest, and somewhat re-
mote from the preceding.
Light brownish olive, minutely dotted with brown. Anterior part
of the trunk with twelve pairs of brown spots, which are arranged in
& zigzag series; the spots of the two anterior pairs are confluent.
* Mr. Cope’s general observations on the species of these genera are perfectly
correct, and the divisions proposed by him are most convenient for the determi-
nation of the species, but they do not appear to me to be more natural groups than
those which we had before; for instance, Liophis regine is certainly more closely
allied to L. merremii and to L. cobella than to Dromicus temminckii; yet L. re-
gine and D. temminckii ave united into one group, and the two others into
another. L. conirostris cannot be separated from L. regine. And if Liophis and
Dromicus be brought into so close a proximity as they are by Mr. Cope, Zamenis
and certain species of Coronella, Leptodira, &c., cannot be kept at a distance.
58 DR. A.GUNTHER ON THE HERPETOLOGY OF CERAM. [Jan. 27,
Head brown, with a pair of rounded, well-defined, yellowish spots ;
a yellow line from above the eye, along the canthus rostralis, round
the snout ; upper lip yellow, separated from the brown colour by a
black line; anterior ventral shields with an irregular series of black
dots on each side; belly yellow.
The typical specimen is an adult male, 16 inches long. I name
the species after my friend Dr. O. Wucherer of Bahia, its discoverer,
who informs me that he has seen only three specimens of it, alike
in size and colour. The species, therefore, appears to be scarce.
6. CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF CERAM.
By Dr. A. GUNTHER.
We are indebted to our knowledge of the reptiles of Ceram to
Dr. P. v. Bleeker, who, in a paper, ‘‘ Over de Reptilien-Fauna van
Ceram’’*, enumerates thirty-eight species collected at Wahaai, on
the northern coast of that island, and at Paulohi on the southern
coast.
Having received a small collection of these animals from North
Ceram, I am enabled to add the following species :—Tiliqua rufes-
cens ; Cyclodus carinatus, n. sp.; Coluber holochrous, n. sp.; For-
donia unicolor, Gray ; Cerberus acutus, Gray; and Diemennia miil-
leri, Schleg. However, it is probable that three of these species are
comprised in Bleeker’s list, but under different names, viz., Cyclo-
dus carinatus, mihi, as C. boddaértii, D. & B.; Fordonia unicolor,
Gray, as Eurostus plumbeus, D. & B.; and Cerberus acutus, Gray,
as Cerb. boeformis, D. & B. Therefore, taking the number of
Ceramese reptiles known as forty-one, we find that thirty-five of
them are referable to the fauna of the Indian Archipelago, whilst
the remaining six belong to genera which have hitherto been consi-
dered as peculiar to the Australian region. Those six are Cyclo-
dus, Liasis, Enygrus, Acanthophis, Diemennia, and Pelodryas
(Hyla cyanea).
Dipsas irregularis appears to be one of the most common Snakes
in Ceram. One large specimen had swallowed the egg of a bird,
probably that of a middle-sized parrot ; it was but slightly cracked
on one end. ‘This Snake has no cesophageal teeth.
| Fordonia unicolor feeds on freshwater crabs.
Enygrus carinatus has twenty-seven series of scales. Schlegel has
counted thirty-three.
Acanthophis cerastinus.—The specimens from Ceram differ from
those of the Australian continent in the coloration. They are light
reddish olive, with indistinct darker cross-bands in young age; a
series of black dots runs along each side of the front part of the
belly and of the tail. The other markings of the head are the same
as in Australian specimens; and as there is no other difference in
the form, in the shields, or scales, I consider it merely as a variety,
for which I propose the name of ceramensis.
* Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1860.
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE HERPETOLOGY OF CERAM. 59
The two following species appear to be new :—
CycLopvus CARINATUS.
_ Similar to C. gigas, and with the same elongate temporal shields ;
but the scales are larger, there being thirty-two in a series round
the body, and fifty in a longitudinal row between the axils of the
fore and hind limbs*. The median scales along the back are very
distinctly keeled, the keels forming slight longitudinal ridges along
the back of the tail.
Brownish olive, with about ten narrow black bands across the back
of the trunk ; sides and belly marbled with black ; limbs black.
Total length 18 inches, of which the tail measures 8 inches.
CoLUBER HOLOCHROUS.
Scales smooth, without groove, in seventeen rows. Seven upper
labials ; two anterior-and two posterior oculars. Uniform brownish
grey ; belly and the outer series of scales dull yellowish.
Body and tail moderately elongate, but slightly compressed.
Rostral shield broader than high, scarcely reaching to the upper
surface of the head; anterior frontals not quite half as large as the
posterior; vertical pentagonal, as broad as long, the lateral edges
being shorter than the anterior. Occipital shields moderate, slightly
notched behind. Nostrils wide, the suture between the two nasals
_ being very indistinct. Loreal large, longer than high ; two anterior
~~
and two posterior oculars, the upper anteocular not being in contact
with the vertical. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth coming
into the orbit. Eight temporal shields in three transverse series ;
the two anterior temporals are somewhat elongate, and the upper of
them is in contact with both postoculars, the others are scale-like.
Eight lower labials, five of which are in contact with the chin-shields.
_ Ventral shields 206; anal entire ; subcaudals eighty-seven. There
* Cyclodus gigas, from New Holland, has thirty-six series of scales round the
body, and fifty-seven or sixty between the fore and hind limbs.
60 REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON FRESHWATER SHELLS [Jan. 27,
are six or seven rather strong teeth in each maxillary, and ten in each
mandible. Eye rather small, two-fifths of the length of the snout.
Total length 43 inches.
If we divide the Coluéri with equal or subequal teeth into the
subgeneric divisions of Coluber, Elaphis, Cynophis, Spilotes, and
Coryphodon, as indicated in my ‘Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes,’
p- 84, the present species does not enter any of these sections ; and
we may propose the name of Lielaphis for a sixth group, of which
C. holochrous is the type, and to which also Spilotes samarensis,
Peters, belongs. Its characters would be :—Rostral moderate ; body
and tail rather elongate and compressed ; two anterior and two poste-
rior oculars. Scales smooth. Teeth subequal, in small number.
7. NoTE ON SOME FRESHWATER SHELLS SENT FROM MapaGas-
cAR BY J. CALDWELL, Esa. By Tue Rev. H. B. Tristram,
Corr. Memes. :
A small parcel of freshwater shells sent by Mr. Caldwell from
Madagascar, and entrusted to me for examination by Dr. Sclater,
contains examples of six species, four of which appear to be hitherto
undescribed.
1. Prrena spinosa, Reeve. Subgenus Melanatria of Bowdich.
Found at Renomafana, Madagascar.
2. AMPULLARIA ADUSTA, Reeve.
—— sordida, Sowerby, iii. pl. 143.
Given by Reeve without locality, but conjectured to be from Bor-
neo; Renomafana, Madagascar.
3. Puysa (subgenus 4meria, H. Adams) LrraTa, n. sp.
Testa truncato-ovata, brevis, tenuis, fusca; spira omnino truncata;
anfractus 3, liris continuis valde et conferte ornati modo teste
Harpe; sutura profunda; apertura subovalis, intus lirata, infra
expunsa ; peritrema continuum ; plica columellaris conspicua,
Shell truncate-ovate, short, fragile, brown ; spire quite truncated ;
whorls three, strongly and thickly ornamented with continuous ridges,
like the harp-shell; ‘suture deep; aperture subovate, lirated on its
inner fold, and expanded below; peristome continuous, columellar
fold distinct.
Long. 4} lin.; diam. 33 lin.
Hab. Two days west of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
This shell, while by its flattened spire and angulated posterior.
/
1863.]° COLLECTED IN MADAGASCAR BY MR. CALDWELL. 6t
whorl it approaches the Australian group Ameria of H. Adams, yet,
from its singular lirate character, may probably itself prove the type
of a peculiar subgenus.
4. Limna (Drap.) HOVARUM, nov. spec.
Testa imperforata, ovato-globosa, tenuissima, pellucida, nitidis-
sima, longitudinaliter subtilissime. striata; sutura simplex ;
spira depressa, apice acuto; anfract. 33, conveai, ultimus 4
longitudinis subequans ; apertura obliqua, ovato-globosa; pe-
ristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari reflexo, margi-
nibus callo tenui junctis.
Shell imperforate, ovately globose, very thin, transparent, very
glossy, very slightly striated lengthways ; the suture plain; the spire
depressed, with a sharp apex ; 33 whorls, convex, the last occupying
four-fifths of the length of the shell; the aperture oblique, ovately
globose ; the peristome straight and simple; the columellar fold re-
flected, its edges joined by a thin skin.
Long. 52 lin. ; lat. 33; apert. long. 44; lat. 3.
Hab. 'Two days west of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
5. Pranorsis (subgen. Nautilina, Stein) caLDWELLI, n. sp.
Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, nec striata, nitida, hispidula, supra
Sorte convexa, umbilicata, subtus plana, paulo foveolata; an-
Jract. 4-5, supra convexi, ultimus acute carinatus ; apertura
obliqua, sublunaris ; peristomium rectum.
Shell disc-shaped, horny white, not striated, shining, rather rough,
strongly convex above, umbilicated, flat below, and slightly pitted ;
four to five whorls, convex above, the last sharply keeled ; the aper-
ture oblique and crescent-shaped ; the peristome straight.
Diam. maj. 23 lin.; min. 2; alt. apert. 2 lin.
Hab. Two days west of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
The nearest congener of this species is an unnamed species from
Natal, in Mus. Cuming.
6. Cycias (Spherium, Scop.) MADAGASCARIENSIS, nov. spec.
Testa suborbicularis, subinequilateralis, ventricosa, tumida, ad
margin. paulo compressa, irregulariter concentrice striata,
rubigine radiata, olivaceo-fusca, zonis pallidioribis intersper-
sis, margine dorsali utrinque compresso et expanso; natibus
acutis, integris, proximis, natreo resplendentibus, valde pro-
minentibus ; ligamento subinfosso.
Shell suborbicular, slightly inequilateral, ventricose, tumid, slightly
compressed towards the edges; irregularly striated concentrically,
and faintly radiated with rust-colour ; olive-brown, interspersed with
paler zones; the dorsal margin compressed and expanded on both
sides; the umbones sharp, perfect, close together, with a natreous
lustre, very prominent; the ligaments buried. ;
Long. 4} lin.; lat. 32; alt. 22.
Hab. Two days west of Antananarivo, Madagascar.
62 J. VERREAUX AND O. DESMURS ON A NEW PERDRIX. [Feb. 10,
February 10, 1863.
W. H. Flower, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
Mr, R. Swinhoe exhibited some new and remarkable species of
birds collected by himself in the Island of Formosa.
The following papers were read :—
1. DescrIPTION D'UNE NOUVELLE ESPECE DE PERDRIX. PAR
MM. J. Verreaux Et O. DesMurs.
(Plate IX.)
PERDIX BARBATA.
P, Perpict cinerez assimilis, sed magis rufescens ; macula frontal,
suboculari, et plaga pectorali media nigris; plumis gutturali-
bus elongatis, lanceolatis, utrinque lateraliter expansis ; tarsis
rufescentibus.
Male adulte. Vertex, occiput et milieu de la nuque d’un brun
foncé, varié de roussatre, avec des flamméches ou stries blanchatres
occupant le centre de chaque plume, et allant en s’élargissant vers
le bout; front, face demi-cerise arrivant vers locciput, gorge et
devant du cou d’un roux- clair, plus vif sur les plumes du centre du
cou, ainsi que sur sa large plaque pectorale, au centre de laquelle se
trouve une autre grande tache noire; une trés-petite tache noire se
trouve en avant du front; une faire: au-dessous de l’ceil, semble
longer la partie supérieure ‘des plumes des oreilles, qui ont une teinte
brune variée de roussatre, et dont les plus longues portent des
flamméches blanchatres. Les plumes de la gorge sont longues et
étroites, et les latérales, beaucoup plus longues, forment une barbe
qui a quelque analogie avec celle de |’ Otis tarda. Cou et poitrine
et parties latérales du ventre gris-clair, fortement vermiculées sur les
deux derniéres parties; flancs blanchatres, avec des bandes obliques
plus ou moins larges d’un roux-foncé ; cuisses et bas-ventre d’un
blanc légérement grisatre; couvertures sous-caudales roussatre-claires,
légérement vemiculées de brun, surtout vers le centre, quelques taches
noiratres 4 l’extrémité des plus longues ; haut du dos gris, finement
vermiculé comme la poitrine, et légérement zoné de brun-roux foncé
et de roussitre-clair. La méme distribution régne sur le reste de la
partie supérieure; mais elle a une teinte générale plus rousse, excepté
sur les couvertures sus-caudales, qui sont trés-longues, et ot la couleur
est plus claire; les bandes transversales brunes, ou brun-roussatres,
sont trés-larges vers leur extrémité, et paraissent encadrées de blan-
chitre. Ailes d’un cendré brun, avec de nombreux zigzags de méme
couleur, et des bandes ou taches rousses, et des taches longitudinales
blanches au centre ; rémiges brunes, avec des taches et des bandes
blanchatres. Les sept rectrices latérales roux-claires, avec un ruban
plus foncé vers le bout, qui porte une tache blanche, surmontée méme
d’une tache plus ou moins bien marquée de noiratre, les médianes se
63), PU
1862
a
.v0
PZ
f eae
&W Hanhart, Imp:
f
O1F, del st ith.
BARBATA .
PHERDIX
Pa. 2 eGo, Pinas
+
wd Wolf, del et lith M.& N.Hanhart, Imp:
PIPRA LBEUCORRHOA
1863.) pr. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW SPECIFS OF PIPRA. 63
confondent avec les couvertures. Bec plombé, plus clair vers le
bout ; tarses rougeitres.
Centim. Millim.
mensuedr totale. h..aeiceeaes | 80 0
—— de laile fermée .......... 16 0
sO Ma QUENG 73 Sizen. astaryh ala = 0
~—————. du bee, en suivant la courbure 0 14
din tarse <'a 2 2Ad akg 4 0
Cette description a été prise sur un sujet male trés-adulte, prove-
nant de la Dahourie centrale, a laquelle l’espéce parait exclusivement
confinée, puisqu’elle manque dans la partie septentrionale de cette
province qui est baisée, ainsi que dans la partie méridionale qui est
aride (celle des steppes sans eaux); elle se rencontre aux environs
de la ville de Nertschinsk, et dans tout le pays des Mines de Nert-
schinski-zawod. Elle se tient de préférence dans les champs cultivés
et dans les broussailles ; pendant l’hiver elle descend dans les prairies,
prés des ruisseaux et quelquefois prés des habitations. Sa voix et son
vol sont les mémes que ceux de la Perdix cinerea, dont elle est
facile 4 distinguer par le noir du front et du dessous de 1’ceil, et par
la large plaque de méme couleur qui occupe le centre du ventre, par la
teinte rousse de la partie antérieure, par les longues plumes de la
gorge et par les tarses rougeatres. Sa taille est enfin plus petite
que celle de la P. cinerea.
C’est 4 lobligeance de notre savant ami et collégue M. Tacza-
nowski, de Varsovie, que la science est redevable de la connaissance
de cette intéressante espéce et des détails qui précédent. Ceux-ci
lui ont été confirmés par M. Watecki, quia eu fréquemment occasion
d’ observer et de chasser cette espéce.
Nous espérons étre bient6t assez heureux pour en faire connaitre
la femelle qui nous a été promise par M. Taczanowski.
2. On a New Species or THE Genus Pipra, rrom New Gra-
napa. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secre-
TARY TO THE SOCIETY.
(Plate X.)
M. Verreaux, of Paris, has lately sent me a skin of a Manikin from
New Granada closely allied to Pipra gutturalis of Cayenne, but
easily distinguishable by the smaller size of the gular white, the white
crissum, and the entire absence of the white markings in the prima-
ries which are so characteristic of Pipra gutturalis. For this new
species I propose the name Pipra leucorrhoa, with the following
characters.
PIPRA LEUCORRHOA, sp. nov. (Pl. X.)
Splendenti-nigerrima, gutture et lateribus cervicis et crissi pluma-
rum apicibus albis ; primariis intus cinereis ; rostro plumbeo,
subtus albicante, pedibus carneis.
Long. tota 3°3; ale 2°2; caude 1-2 poll. Angl. et dec.
Hab. In Nova Granada int.
64 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON LEPIDOPTERA [Feb. 10,
Obs. Similis Pipre guttural, sed gutture circumscripte albo, crisso
albo terminato et primariis intus cineraceis facile distinguenda.
I should add that the first primary in the single specimen that I
possess of this bird is remarkably diminutive, measuring only 0°6
inch from the insertion to the extremity, and being very much
narrowed. ‘The second, third, and fourth primaries are also much
narrowed towards their terminations. My belief is that this is an
abnormal formation peculiar to the male bird, somewhat analogous
to that which I have described in Macheropterus* ; but before
stating this as a certainty, I should wish to see more specimens of
the species, as, without spoiling the skin, it is difficult to be quite
certain whether the first primaries are fully grown or not.
3. A List or DrurNAL LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN MADAGASCAR
BY Mr. CatpwrLut. By W. C. Hewitson, F.Z.S.
(Plate XI.)
A small collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera from Madagascar, which
has been sent to me for examination by Dr. Sclater, is stated to have
been formed by Mr. J. Caldwell chiefly in the neighbourhood of
Antananarivo, except the Diadema dexithea, which was captured
near Beforona, just before entering the great forest of Alamazaotra.
It contains the following species :—
PAPILIO DEMOLEUS.
A common African species.
Paritio ortBazus, Boisduval, Spécies Général des Lépido-
ptéres, p. 223.
A very rare species, the only examples of it sent to Europe up to
the present time being two specimens in the collection of Dr. Bois-
duval of Paris. The males of the nearly allied species P. nireus
(of which P. erinus of G. R. Gray is only a variety), P. phorbanta,
and P. disparilis have each on the underside of the posterior wing
a submarginal band of silvery white spots, whilst this species, which
is without these said spots, closely resembles their females, and in
this respect is most nearly allied to P. charopus of Westwood.
Pieris PHILERIS, Boisduval, Faune Entom. de Madagascar, pl.
De he On en be
PIERIS MESENTINA, Cramer, pl. 270.
A species common to Africa and India as well.
AcR#A RAKELI, Boisduval, Faune Ent. Madagas., pl. 5. f. 1, 2.
Acraa ziTsA, Boisd. Faune Ent. Mad., pl. 4. f. 4, 5.
ACR2&XA SERENA, Godart.
* See P. Z. S., 1860, p. 90; and Ibis, 1862, p. 175.
'Hewitson, del et ith 1863. M & N.Hanhart, Im
DIADEMA DEXITHEA
i its Mi) el
1863.] FROM MADAGASCAR. 65
AcR2&A OBEIRA, Hewitson.
Alis diaphanis ; anticis basi rufo, apice fusco ; posticis dimidio
basali rufo, maculis quindecim nigris, margine exteriore fusco.
Upperside transparent, glossy. Anterior wing with the base
. rufous, the apex brown. Posterior wing rufous from the base to
beyond the middle, marked with fifteen black spots ; five at the base,
two before the middle, followed at the middle by a curved band of
eight larger spots, two of which in the middle of the band touch each
other, the outer margin brown.
Underside as above, except that the margins are much paler and
the rufous portion of the posterior wing nearly white.
I have adopted the name by which Dr. Boisduval has proposed to
call this species.
VANESSA CARDUI, Linneus.
JUNONIA RHADAMA, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madagascar, pl. 7.
f. 2.
DiaDEMA DEXITHEA, Hewitson. (Pl. XI.)
Alis dentatis, lunulis marginalibus albis ; anticis nigris, in medio
Sascia obliqua lata maculisque quatuor apicalibus albis ; postt-
cis dimidio basali albo; pone medium fascia transversali
rubra; margine exteriore nigro.
Upperside black: the wings dentated, the outer margins with
lunules and lines of grey-white. Anterior wing crossed obliquely at
the middle by a broad equal band of white, with between it and the
anal angle two spots (one minute touching the band) of the same
eolour ; a band of four small white spots near the apex. Posterior
wing with the basal half cream-colour, bordered below with a band of
brick-red ; the base, the costal, and outer margins black. |
Underside as above, except in colour ; the black of the upperside is
_ below brick-red. The anterior wing has the inner margin broadly
black. The costal margin of the posterior wing is interrupted by a
white spot.
In its general appearance this species most nearly resembles the
female of D. lasinassa; in the arrangement of the nervures it agrees
with D. dubia and D. anthedon. The cell of the anterior wing is
open; the cell of the posterior wing is closed.
For the great pleasure of possessing and making known this most
valuable and remarkable addition to the diurnal Lepidoptera I am
indebted to the kindness of Dr. Sclater. The rich collection of Dr.
Boisduval contains the only other example which has, I believe, yet
reached Europe.
EREBIA TAMATAV.
Satyrus tamatave, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madagascar, pl. 8. f. 6, 7.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. V.
66 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM ([Feb. 10,
4. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEw SPECIES OF SHELLS, COLLECTED
at VANCOUVER IsLAND AND IN British COLUMBIA BY
J. K. Lorn, Esa., Natruraist To THE British Nortu-
AMERICAN BounDARY COMMISSION, IN THE YEARS 1838—
1862. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S.
1. CHRyYsoDOMUS TABULATUS, Baird.
Ch. testa fusiformi, aspera, confertim lirata, liris inequalibus,
minute squamatis ; anfractibus sex seu septem, superne concavo-
angulatis seu canaliculatis, ultimo magno, trientes duos longi-
tudinis teste adequante, et antrorsum in canalem flexuosum de-
sinente, suturis distinctis ; labro interno super columellam in-
flecto, umbilicum tegente.
Long. 3 inches; lat. 14 inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
Only one specimen of this species was collected, and it had for
some time been the abode of a hermit-crab. It is of a perfectly fusi-
form shape, and the upper parts of the whirls next to the suture
are flattened and hollowed out. into broad channels. The surface is
encircled with numerous, close-set, raised strize, which are of unequal
size, every fourth one being larger than any of the intermediate ones,
and all roughened by numerous small scales. The whirls are six or
seven in number (the upper ones being unfortunately broken off),
and rapidly increase in size, the last being two-thirds the length of
the whole shell. The columella is covered with a turned-over plate
of the inner lip, the umbilicus being partially concealed by it.
The lower canal is of considerable length, and is bent to one side.
The mouth appears to be rather small in proportion to the size of the
shell. When taken, it was inhabited by a species of Pagurus, and, as
is customary with shells similarly inhabited, was considerably injured
by its parasitic tenant.
2. VITULARIA ASPERA, Baird.
Vit. testa fusiformi, purpurea, scabra, elongata, longitudinaliter
plicato-costata, transversim lirata, liris crebris et minutissime
squamatis ; anfractibus sex, ultimo trientes duos longitudinis
teste adequante, in canalem rectum, longiusculum, apertum, de-
sinente ; columella planulata, fauce albida ; labro externo intus
dentato, extus serrato ; operculo oblongo, nucleo in margine ex-
terno sito.
Long. 1 inch; lat. $ inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
This shell partakes much of the character of a species of Murez ;
but the oblong operculum, with its nucleus situated on the external
edge towards the middle, places it among the Buccinide. It is of a
purple colour; and the surface of the shell is rough, with numerous
small scales on the raised strize which encircle it. The longitudinal
plaits or varices are about ten in number, and are least distinct on
the last whirl. The mouth is ovate, and the canal of moderate
length and straight.
‘
1863.] VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 67
3. CHEMNITZIA VANCOUVERENSIS, Baird.
Ch. testa elongato-turrita, cylindrica, longitudinaliter oblique
Sorte costata; anfractibus novem, ultimo superne indistincte
costato, infra levigato ; apertura parva, rotundato-ovata; su-
turis impressis.
Long. } inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
“Taken from the crop of a Pin-tail Duck.” — J. K. Lord.
This shell is peculiarly ribbed. The eight upper whirls are strongly
and somewhat obliquely ribbed ; but on the last, which is the largest,
the ribs are indistinct on the upper half, and on the lower half dis-
appear altogether. The interstices between the ribs, which in the
penultimate whirl are about sixteen in number, appear smooth. The
sutures are deep and well marked. The mouth is rather small, and
is somewhat rounded-ovate. In consequence of its having been in
the crop of a duck, the surface of the shell is somewhat eroded,
and the apex is broken off.
4. AMNICOLA HINDSsII, Baird.
Am. festa retusa, solidula, viridi-olivacea, minute longitudinaliter
undulato-striata, transversim obscure lirata, apice erosa; an-
Sractibus quatuor, ultimo prope medium retuse-carinato, ad
suturas canaliculato, suturis impressis; columelia albida; aper-
tura cerulescente.
Long., largest specimens, nearly } inch; lat. rather more than 2
inch.
Hab. River Kootanie, and stream at the foot of the Rocky Moun-
tains, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This species resembles somewhat the Paludina seminalis of Hinds,
but it differs in contour, being bluntly carinate round the middle of
the last whirl, and in being channeled round the suture. The surface
of the shell is distinctly marked with numerous flexuous striz, the
lines of growth, and near the sutures is rather indistinctly marked
with circular strie. I have named it after a good conchologist, who
has described several shells from the West Coast of America, and
_ who obtained the specimens of his shell from the Rio Sacramento,
ee
+
a RS
California.
5. Buriina (Tornatina) Eximta, Baird.
B. testa cylindracea, viridi-lutescente, striata; strits minutis,
confertis, undulatis ; spira concava, excavata ; apertura longa,
ad basin effusa; labro acuto, columella prope basin subito
arcuata.
Long. 3 inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
Two or three specimens of this pretty species of Budlina were
dredged, with the animals alive, in 12 fathoms water; and several
others were taken out of the stomach of a Pin-tail Duck shot in the
harbour. The shell is cylindrical, and minutely striated with nume-
rous flexuous lines. The spire is very short and concavely excavated ;
68 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM (Feb. 10,
while the aperture is of considerable length, and the columella at the
base suddenly arched.
6. SuCCINEA HAWKINSII, Baird.
S. testa elongato-obovata, tenut, pellucida, nitida, undulato-striata,
rubella, intus margaritacea, spira acuta; anfractibus quatuor,
convexis, ultimo duos trientes longitudinis teste adequante,
sutura impressa, apertura ovali, inferne effusa.
Long. # inch; lat. 4 inch.
Hab. Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This shell is of an elegant form, and of a pinkish colour, with the
interior of a pearly lustre. It is smooth and shining, but marked
with waved strize of lines of growth. It resembles very much in
figure the Succinea pfeifferi of Europe, but is of a still mere elegant
shape, and of a brighter hue.
I have named it after Lieut.-Col. Hawkins, R.E., Commissioner
of the British North-American Boundary Commission.
7. LimnzA sumassii, Baird.
L. testa elongata, attenuata, cornea, fragili; anfractibus sex,
ultimo ceteris duplo majore; apertura mediocri; columella
forte plicata ; superficie externa, sub lente, creberrime et minu-
tissime decussata.
Long., largest, 14 inch ; lat. 3 inch.
Hab. Sumass Prairie, Fraser River, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This species of Limnca approaches L. elodes of Say, but is more
elongated, more fragile, and has the columella very strongly plicated.
The surface of the shell, when seen under a lens of moderate power,
is finely decussately striated. It is of a horny colour, and is of an
elongated shape.
8. Puysa Lorn, Baird.
Ph. testa tenui, majuscula, cornea, tumida, gibbosa, apertura
magna ; labro acuto, linea alba seu fusca externe notato ; super-
ficie externa minutissime decussata; anfractibus sex, duobus
primis minutis, nigro tinctis, ultimo tumido, ceteris quadruplo
majore.
Long. from 3 to 1 inch; lat. from 4 to 4 inch.
Hab. Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This species is one of the largest of the genus, and is much swollen
and gibbous. The outer lip is generally marked with a streak of
brown edged with white, which mark is left in those specimens which
are of older growth, leaving a white callous-looking line of growth
edged with brown, nearly in the centre of the last whirl, which is very
large, being about four times the size of all the others put together.
The two upper whirls, which are very small, are of a black colour.
The surface of the shell is finely devussately striated,
The Physa heterostropha of Say abounds in the Sumass Prairie,
on the Fraser River; but its place seems to be taken on the higher
ground towards the Rocky Mountains by the Ph. lordi.
“o
1863.] | VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 69
9. ANCYLUS KOOTANIENSIS, Baird.
A. testa ovata, cinerea, concentrice striata, vertice antico, obtuso ;
intus nitida.
Long. j inch; lat. inch.
Hab. Rivers Kootanie and Spokane, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
The shell is of an ovate form, and is concentrically striated, though
the strize only appear on the lower two-thirds of its surface, the apex
being smooth and shining. Internally the shell is shining and some-
what pearly.
10. CuHrone Lorpy, Baird.
Ch. testa minuta, ovato-trigona, nitida, concentrice transversim
suleulata, umbonibus prominulis, nitidissimis, lunula nulla, extus
lutescente seu albidi-olivacea, intus alba, marginibus tenuissime
erenulatis ; sinu pallit brevi, obtusa.
Long. nearly } inch; lat. rather less than z inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
This shell was taken in considerable numbers from the crop of a
Pin-tail Duck, shot in the Harbour of Esquimalt, Vancouver Island,
November 23rd, 1858.
It is a small species, of an ovate-triangular shape, a smooth shining
appearance, and a light olive colour. The surface is concentrically
marked with slight grooves. The beaks are prominent and very
shining. Internally the surface is white, the margins of the shell
very finely crenulate, and the pallial impression short and blunt.
11. SpHarium (Cycias) Tumripum, Baird.
Sph. testa ovato-trigona, tumida, olivacea, conferte transversim
concentrice forte costata; umbonibus prominentibus, necnon
erosis ; interne cerulescente ; margine ventrali rotundato.
Long. 3 inch; lat. rather more than 3 inch.
Hab. Sumass Prairie, Fraser River, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This shell is of a tumid, swollen figure, and of an ovate-trigonal
shape. The colour externally is dark olive, and it is strongly ribbed
concentrically. The beaks are prominent, and frequently eroded.
‘The inner surface is of a bluish tint. The ventral or lower margin
is rounded.
12. Spuyarium (Cycuas) spoxant, Baird.
Sph. testa rotundato-ovata, cornea, concentrice transversim con-
Serte minute striata, nitida, sub lente obsolete punctata ; um-
bonibus rotundatis, obtusis ; interne albida; margine ventrali
rotundato.
Long. rather less than 3 inch; lat. rather more than 3 inch.
Hab. Rivers Spokane and Kootanie, British Columbia. (Mus. Brit.)
This shell is smaller than the preceding, more rounded, and with more
obtuse beaks. The strize or riblets are much less distinct ; the colour
is pale horny externaliy, and white internally. It has a shining ap-
pearance; but when examined by the lens, the surface is seen to be
indistinctly punctate. The specimens taken from the Spokane River
are much larger than those collected in the Kootanie.
70 DR. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. _[Feb. 10,
13. Lyonsta saxicota, Baird.
L. testa ovato-oblonga, medio gibba, tenui, fragilt, antice pro-
ducta, clausa, postice compressiuscula, hiante; umbonibus magnis,
incurvis ; epidermide olivacea, striata ; margine dorsali recti-
usculo, margine ventrali flexuoso, hiante.
The length of a moderate-sized specimen is about 3 inches, of a
large specimen 44 inches; the breadth from the beaks to the ventral
margin is about 2 inches and 22 inches.
Hab. Holes in rocks in Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island.
(Mus. Brit.)
This species is the largest of the genus that has yet been discovered.
It is of an ovate-oblong shape, gibbous in the centre, produced ante-
riorly, compressed posteriorly and gaping. The beaks are large and
incurved: it is covered with an olive-coloured epidermis, which is
striated transversely. The ventral margin is gaping and flexuous.
This species resembles considerably the L. navicula of Adams and
Reeve (‘Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang”), from the Sooloo
Sea, and might be taken for a very large specimen of it, and, indeed,
is considered to be so by Mr. Adams himself, who informed me he
had taken identically the same species, as to size, &e., from the seas
of Japan. Besides the size, habitat, and place of abode, this species
differs from L. navicula in the form of the anterior extremity of the
shell and the more gaping ventral margin. Owing to the peculiar
place of abode (holes in the rocks), it varies considerably in size and
form ; but in all the specimens which I have seen, ten in number, it
does not vary in the produced anterior extremity. The strize seen
on the surface of the epidermis do not appear to extend from it to the
shell underneath. It lodges always, Mr. Lord says, in holes in the
rocks, from which it is very difficult to extract it, without breaking
it ; for it would appear to take up its abode in a small hole, enlarging
it as it increases in size itself. The substance of the shell, without
being very thin, is exceedingly brittle; and few specimens were
brought over without being cracked across in various places, appa-
rently in the act of drying. The ossicle covering the front of the in-
ternal cartilage is strong and well developed.
14. CRASSATELLA ESQUIMALTI, Baird.
C. testa parva, cordato-trigona, crassiuscula, olivacea, transversim
undato-plicata, antice producto-rotundata, postice subtruncata,
margine ventrali rotundata, umbonibus prominulis, lunula longe
caudata.
Long. rather more than 3 inch; lat. nearly 2 inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island. (Mus. Brit.)
This species approaches very much in sculpture to the C. corrugata
of Adams and Reeve (‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang’),
from the Sooloo Sea, but differs very much in shape. The peculiar
undulate plications are chiefly discernible near the umbones, the
plicee or ribs on the lower third of the shell being plain. The beaks
are nearly central and prominent; the anterior extremity is some-
what produced, while posteriorly the shell is somewhat truncate.
Only one specimen was found by Mr. Lord.
1863.] MR. A. ADAMS ON THE LIOTIINZ OF JAPAN. 71
5. DescRIPTION OF Two SPECIES OF SHELLS COLLECTED BY
Dr. Lyaty, or H. M. Sure ‘ Prumper,’ at VANCOUVER
Isutanp. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S.
Lepa Fossa, Baird.
L. testa elongata, ovali, antice multo breviore, rotundata, postice
elongata, in rostrum subacutum producta, transversim undulato-
costata, in latere antico fossa transversa notata ; umbonibus
prominulis, margine ventrali rotundato ; intus levi ; epidermide
tenut, lutescente, nitida induta.
Long. rather more than 3 inch; lat. rather less than 3 inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island; dredged in from 10
to 15 fathoms water, by Dr. Lyall, of H. M. S. ‘Plumper.’ (Mus.
Brit.)
This little shell is of an elongate form, much produced posteriorly ;
and near the anterior extremity it is marked by a longitudinal depres-
sion or pit, upon which the ribs are nearly obsolete.
Nvucuta tyattt, Baird.
N. testa ovato-triangulari, tumida, crassa, umbonibus prominulis,
antice breviore, subrostrata, postice declivi, elongata, margine
ventrali rotundato, epidermide olivacea induta, longitudinaliter
utrinque costata, costis fortibus, medio divaricatis ; intus mar-
garitacea; margine ventrali subcostato ; dentibus anticis ad
numerum undecim, posticis novemdecim.
Long. rather more than 3 inch; lat. rather more than 2 inch.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island; dredged by Dr.Lyall,
H. M. S. ‘Plumper,’ in from 8 to 10 fathoms. (Mus. Brit.)
This very interesting species is the fourth of this peculiar divaricately
ribbed group which has been discovered in a recent state. The three
others are Nucula divaricata and N. castrensis of Hinds, and N. mi-
rabilis of Adams and Reeve. This species approaches very nearly to
the fossil species from the Crag, N. cobboldie, but differs from it in
being less transversely ovate, in having the beaks more prominent, the
posterior row of teeth in the hinge fewer in number (in N. cobboldie
they are 22), and in the costations heing stronger in proportion to
the size of the shell, and much fewer in number. It was with some
hesitation that I decided upon describing it as a new species ; but these
marks, the size, and the habitat all induce me to consider it as distinct.
I have named it after Dr. Lyall, of H. M. S. ‘ Plumper,’ who has
sent us only one specimen.
6. On THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF LIOTIINZ/ FOUND IN
Japan. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S., etc.
M. Morch imagines Cyclostrema to be allied to Scala; and the
shell undoubtedly bears some resemblance to that genus. In Liotta,
according to my observations, there are no intertentacular lobes, but
x
72 MR, A, ADAMS ON THE LIOTIINZ OF JAPAN. [Feb. 10,
the foot is provided with the lateral filaments peculiar to the Trochus
family ; and Clark has also shown the genus Adeorbis to be a true
Trochidian.
The little Japanese shell named Cynisca japonica by me, and
Liotia pilula by Dunker, I now consider to be a true Collonia.
1. Genus Lrorra, Gray.
1. Liorra CLATHRATA, Reeve.
Delphinula clathrata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 21.
Hab. Seto-Uchi (Akasi, 15 fathoms).
2. Lioti1aA ARMATA, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Korea Strait, 46 fathoms; Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms.
3. LioTIA SYDEREA, Reeve.
Delphinula syderea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 23.
Hab. Seto-Uchi.
4, Liot1A papaua, A. Ad.
L. testa crassa, complanata, discoidea, alba, late umbilicata, pul-
cherrime radiatim striata; anfractibus 33, planiuseulis, bica-
rinatis, carinis validis subcrenulatis, anfractu ultimo antice
dilatato tricarinato, interstitiis obsolete clathratis, carina su-
periore validiore, media postice evanida, inferiore crenata con-
spicua; umbilico magno, perspectivo; margine corrugato-denti-
culato; apertura circulari; peritremate continuo, extus varicoso.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; O-Sima.
This is a very elegantly formed species, with the whorls exquisitely
sculptured. In many of its characters it seems to approach the
Adeorbis verreauxii of M. Fischer ; but it is a true Liotia, having a
circular continuous aperture, with the peritreme varicose externally.
In form and general characters, however, it most resembles Delphi-
nula discoidea, Reeve, but the keels are not nodose.
5. Liori1a TANTILLA, A. Ad.
L. testa parva, crassa, discoidea, profunde umbilicata, sordide
alba; anfractibus 33, convexiusculis, concentrice sulcatis, sulcis
regularibus confertis, anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato,
antice dilatato ; umbilico mediocri, perspectivo ; apertura cir-
culari ; peritremate continuo, extus varicoso.
Hab. Gotto Islands, 71 fathoms.
A very neatly formed little species, most nearly resembling L.
australis, Kien., which, however, is a much larger species, an ex-
ample of which I have recently examined in the collection of Mr.
Cuming. Kiener’s figure, copied by Reeve and Philippi in their
Monographs, is execrable.
1863.] MR. A. ADAMS ON THE LIOTIINZ OF JAPAN. 73
2. Genus CycLostrema, Marryatt.
1. CycLostrema micans, A. Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Cyclostrema pulchellum, Dkr. Moll. Japon. p. 20, t. 3. f. 5.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Tsu-Sinia; Mososeki; Akasi.
2. CycLOSTREMA CINGULIFERUM, A. Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Hab. Tsu-Sima, 26 fathoms; Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms.
3. CycLosTREMA CINGULATUM, Dkr.
Cyclostrema cingulatum, Dkr. Moll. Japon. p. 20, t. 3. f. 11.
Hab. Tsu-Sima, 26 fathoms.
4, CycLostrEeMA suLcatum, A. Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Hab. Mososeki; Tsu-Sima.
5. CycLosTREMA ANAGLYeTuUM, A. Ad.
C. testa depresso-turbinata, alba, nitida, profunde et late umbi-
licata, spira elatiuscula ; anfractibus rotundatis, carinulis
concentricis acutis crenulatis, interstitiis lineis radiantibus
late clathratis ornatis, basi carinulis confertis denticulatis
instructa ; umbilico magno, intus radiatim lirato ; apertura or-
biculari, margine crenato.
Hab. Yobuko.
A very beautiful, richly embossed shell, with the style of sculpture
very much resembling that of C. reeviana, but the form is more
turbinate than in that pretty species.
6. CycLosrREMA smMMONOCERAS, A. Ad.
C. testa depresso-turbinata, discoidea, late umbilicata, alba, so-
lida, concentrice striata, radiatim costata, costis tenuibus sub-
distantibus ad suturas evanidis ; anfractibus rotundatis ; aper-
tura circulari, peritremate continuo; labio callo parvo resu-
pinato instructo.
Hab. Tanabe; O-Sima.
The only species resembling this is C. schrammi, Fisch., from
Guadeloupe, which has the same remarkable cornu-Ammonis appear-
ance, but the whorls of which, instead of being rounded, have two
concentric keels, which gives the species, says M. Fischer, the ap-
pearance of Planorbis cristatus with three rows of spines.
7. CyCLOSTREMA BIPORCATUM, A. Ad.
C. testa parva, subdiscoidea, spira depressa, albida, late umbili-
cata; anfractibus 3, subplanulatis, ultimo antice dilatato, su-
pra levi, infra concentrice striato, ad peripheriam liris duabus
validis transversis instructo; apertura circulari, peritremate
continuo, simplici.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Akasi.
This little species differs from any of those described, and may easily
_ be recognized by the double keel which surrounds the periphery.
v
74 MR. A. ADAMS ON THE LIOTIINH OF JAPAN. [Feb. 10,
3. Genus Morcuia, A. Adams.
1. Morcuta osvouvTa, A. Ad., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860.
Hab. Tsu-Sima, 26 fathoms; Takano-Sima, in shell-sand.
Obs.—M. Meyer has named a fossil genus of Vermetidee Morchia ;
and, in the last edition of Albers’s ‘ Heliceen,’ Von Martens has a
subgenus Morchia. Both these names, however, have been imposed
since I published the genus Morchia in the ‘ Annals’ for 1860. It
is a very curious little form, with an open umbilicus, and with the
last whorl encroaching upon and nearly covering the others, as it
does in Neritula and Teinostoma. In fact, it bears the same relation
to Tubiola or Turbo niveus of Chemnitz that Teinostoma does to
Ethalia.
Subgenus Tusroxa, A. Ad.
Testa subevoluta aut laxe voluta ; anfractibus concentrice striatis,
rotundatis, simplicibus: apertura subcircularis, peritremate
continuo; margine acuto, integro.
There are several shells, such as Delphinula laxa, Say (which with
M. Fischer is a Skenea), Turbo niveus, Chemn. (which M. Philippi
says might just as well be considered a Skenea), and Skenea cornu-
ella, A. Ad., which cannot very naturally be received into any esta-
blished genus. I have therefore thrown them together under the
name Tubiola, on account of their resemblance to a little horn.
1. TuBioLA NIVEA, Chemn.
Turbo niveus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. x. t. 165. f. 1587-8.
T. testa ovato-orbiculari, nivea, tenui, semipellucida, spira de-
pressa; anfractibus rapide crescentibus, convexiusculis, concen-
trice creberrime liratis lineisque incrementi decussatis, suturis
profundis, subcanaliculatis ; anfractu ultimo magno, antice di-
latato, ad peripheriam rotundato, ad peritrema contiguo;
apertura perobliqua, subcirculari, postice angulata ; peritre-
mate continuo, simplici, acuto; umbilico peramplo, patulo,
perspectivo.
Hab. O-Sima, on the sands.
This shell agrees exactly with the original figure and description
of Chemnitz’s Turbo niveus. The Delphinula levis of Kiener, or
D. nivea of Reeve, is quite different, and may be considered a Cy-
clostrema. The present shell is doubtless very rare. It is not in
Mr. Cuming’s collection, nor have I seen it in any other.
2. TUBIOLA CORNUELLA, A. Ad.
T. testa subdiscoidea, ovato-oblonga, tenui, sordide alba, late
umbilicata, apice elato; anfractibus 34, rapide accrescentibus,
rotundatis, ultimo ad peritrema soluto, striis incrementi ornato;
apertura perobliqua, transversim ovata; peritremate continuo,
acuto, integro, expanso.
Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms.
In this species, which I described from a young individual as a
1863.] MR. A. ADAMS ON THE LIOTIINZ OF JAPAN. 73
Skenea, in the ‘ Annals’ for 1860, the whorls are disunited, but the
volutions are not rolled on the same plane as in Daronia spirula.
4, Genus Apgeorsis, 8S. Wood.
1. Apgorsis pLANA, A. Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
2. Aprorsis causa, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Tabu-Sima, 25 fathoms.
3. ADEORBIS ORBELLA, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
4. ADEORBIS PROMINULA, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
5. ApEorBIs DEPRESSA, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
6. ADEORBIS PATRUELIS, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
7. ADEORBIS CORNICULUM, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
8. ApEoRBIS suTURALIS, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Tsu-Sima.
9. Aprorsts yaponica, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Gotto; Mino-Sima.
10. ApEoRBIS NANULA, A. Ad., Annals, 1861.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
11. Aprorsts carinaTa, A. Ad.
A. testa ovato-orbiculari, obliqua, depresso-conoidali, subdiaphana,
alba, late umbilicata; anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim
tenuiter striatis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antice dilatato,
ad peripheriam acute carinato; apertura subtrigonali, antice
angulata et producta, umbilico margine acuto.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Akasi.
The keel at the periphery is marked and prominent, forming an
acute ledge round the last whorl. The only other species at all re-
sembling it is 4. subcarinata, found in the British seas.
12. Aprorsis TRocHULA, A. Ad.
A. testa orbiculari, depresso-conoidea, profunde umbilicata, supra
convexa, infra plana, alba, semipellucida ; anfractibus 54, pla-
niusculis, lente accrescentibus, suturis marginatis, anfractu
76 DR. SCLATER ON DIARDIGALLUS PRELATUS. ([Feb. 24,
ultimo antice vix dilatato, ad peripheriam obtuse angulato ;
apertura subangulata, antice viv producta, umbilico margine
acuto.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
This species resembles a small depressed Trochus, with a flat base,
a somewhat angular periphery, and a deep rather narrow umbilicus.
13. ADEORBIS SUBANGULATA, A. Ad.
A. testa ovato-orbiculari, subdepressa, vertice elatiusculo, alba,
radiatim tenuiter striata, profunde umbilicata; anfractibus 3k,
convexiusculis, ultimo antice dilatato, superne obtusim angulato,
infra subplano ; apertura subquadrata, antice producta ; labro
supra subangulato, umbilico margine acuto.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
The angular projection of the whorls is not at the periphery, but
above it, which causes the subquadrate form of the aperture ; whereas
in the British 4. subcarinata and the Japanese A. carinata the peri-
phery is carinate, more or less, and the aperture triangular.
14. AprorRIs DIAPHANA, A. Ad.
A. testa depresso-orbiculari, alba, tenui, pellucida, late et pro-
Sunde umbilicata, spira prominula ; anfractibus 35, subplanu-
latis, lineis incrementi ornatis ; anfractu ultimo antice vix dila-
tato, ad peripheriam rotundato ; apertura circular ; umbilico
patulo, perspectivo, margine carinato.
Hab. Gotto, 71 fathoms.
This little pellucid shell is more globose than the species of
Adeorbis generally, and the aperture is nearly circular, with a conti-
nuous peritreme. By some it would be called a Vitrinella; but the
limits of that group do not seem to be yet determined.
February 24, 1863.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
Dr. Sclater exhibited a skin of the female of the splendid Phea-
sant, figured by Mr. Gould in the ‘ Birds of Asia’ under the name
Diardiyallus prelatus, which had been transmitted to him from
Siam by Sir Robert Schomburgk. Dr. Sclater remarked that, it
being now certain that the figure upon which Phasianus crawfurdi,
Gray, had been founded, had been intended for some other bird,
the oldest specific name for this species appeared to be prelatus of
Prince Charles Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. xlni. p. 415, 1856); but
that another synouym, not quoted by Mr. Gould, was Gallus diardii,
under which name Dr. Schlegel had described and figured this bird
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A MALFORMATION OF A FOWL. 77
in 1857, in his ‘ Handleidung tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde’
(vol. i. p. 379).
Dr. J. E. Gray exhibited a specimen of the young of the domestic
Fowl in spirits, with a singular malformation of the beak and foot,
and read the following letter addressed to him by Mr. W. Horn con-
cerning it :—
‘¢21 Belitho Villas, Barnsbury,
February 13th, 1863.
** Dear S1r,—With this I send you the body of the chicken I
spoke to you about, the beak and feet of which bear a close resem-
blance to those of a Parrot, and I beg your acceptance of it.
“Tt may perhaps be as well if I state the circumstances which, it
has occurred to me, may account for this freak of nature. I had
one of the Parrot tribe, which, on account of the noise it made, was
frequently placed in the yard where I kept a breed of white bantam
fowls. If any of these came near the Parrot’s cage to pick up the
food it scattered, it became much enraged and screamed violently.
Soon after this I sat two hens on eggs, and in each brood I had one
chicken of this strange form, My impression at the time was, and
now is, that one of the hens had been frightened by the Parrot, and
an effect thereby produced on some of her eggs.
““When'l first mentioned it to you, I thought it had but three
toes; on closer inspection I perceive there is a fourth toe; but the
form of the foot still very closely resembles that of a Parrot.
‘doar,
** Dear Sir,
** Yours very truly,
«Wn. Horn.”
«“P.S. The Parrot was never let out of the cage, and was, I be-
lieve, a female.’’
“J. E. Gray, £sq.,
British Museum.”
Mr. F. Buckland gave some account of the progress of his expe-
riments in hatching and rearing Salmon and Trout by artificial means
in the tanks of the Zoological Society and elsewhere, and made some
remarks on the monstrosities observed by him amongst the embryos
of these fishes.
78 LETTER FROM MISS M. E. SMEE. [Feb. 24,
The following letter, relating to the habits of the Caddis-worm
(larva of Phryganea), addressed to Dr. Gray by Miss M. E. Smee,
was read to the Meeting :—
“ Feb. 19, 1863.
“My pear Si1r,—I have ventured to send for your inspection a
box containing cases made by the Caddis-worm, the worms of which
were collected by myself from that part of the Wandle which runs
through our garden at Wallington.
*‘ T found, on examining the natural cases, that they were made of
different materials. For instance, some were constructed of small
stones finely glued together, others of sticks, and some were formed
of sticks and stones combined. Again, some were made of leaves of
water-plants, and I observed that others were formed of the shells of
creatures which inhabited the same stream.
«© As I had never seen or heard of these Caddises before, I felt
much astonished that creatures somewhat resembling maggots, and
living at the bottom of the river, should live in houses built by them-
selves, and yet that these houses should differ so greatly in their con-
struction. Indeed I was so interested that I determined, if possible,
to discover the capabilities which these creatures possessed of form-
ing different kinds of dwellings under different circumstances. I very
much desired to know whether they could construct cases from other
kinds of materials, besides those usually existing in the river in which
they lived.
** To ascertain the fact, I accordingly turned the worms out of their
natural cases, and gave them different substances to work upon; but
I found that they had not an equal facility with every material ; for
whilst with some they formed cases which were attended with good
results, with others they entirely failed.
“* The worms succeeded well when they were supplied with pieces
of glass, amethyst, cairngorm, cornelian, onyx, agate, coral, coralline,
marble, shells, jet, brass shavings, gold-leaf, silver-leaf, when existing
as small fragments.
“‘ When, however, the worms were supplied with round objects,
they invariably failed ; and although I have repeatedly tried them
with small glass beads and other round objects, I never found that
with these they were capable of forming a case.
‘* But these Caddises also failed to make themselves houses from
other causes than that of the roundness of an object ; for I found that
if these creatures were placed among materials strongly scented, or
which contained poisonous matter, not only were they unable to
build with them, but in most cases the substances proved fatal to the
worms. When I tried them with pine-wood, my Caddises would in
a short time become completely stupified from the turpentine con-
tained in the wood, from which they often never recovered. With
pieces of coal, brick, or slate they never succeeded in making a
case, although these substances did not cause their death. The rea-
son for their failure I attributed to some kind of odour which might
have emanated from these different materials. With painted or var-
nished objects they also failed. Not every kind of metal was suit-
1863.] LETTER FROM MISS M. E. SMEE, 79
able for their buildings ; for neither with tin, or lead, or copper did
they succeed. I found that if one Caddis was not able to make a
case out of any one kind of material, no other Caddis could succeed,
although I might try several others with the same material.
‘* After a Caddis had made two or three houses, I used to give it
something fresh to work upon, and oftentimes I supplied it with a
totally different material. With these new substances it proceeded
to build as quickly as before, constructing its new habitation accord-
ing to the shapes of the pieces it had then to deal with.
“ The maximum amount of artificial cases I could get any Caddis-
worm to make was five, the last one being very brittle, the parts being
scarcely glued together. After they had built so many houses, if
turned out of the last house, they would simply bury themselves and
remain in a quiescent state. But I think that if the Caddises were
procured early in the year, the number of their cases might be con-
siderably increased.
“Tt is a most curious sight to see these little creatures building
their houses, beginning by cementing a number of pieces loosely to-
gether. This is merely used as a foundation for building its subse-
quent structure ; for it is always cast off before the house is completed.
After they have laid the foundation, they proceed by lifting up each
piece of stone, or whatever the material may consist of, with their
feet, turning it on all sides to discover whether it will fit into the
space, and if it does not, as is frequently the case, that piece of stone
is instantly rejected, aud another is tried after the same manner, until
they succeed in finding a suitable piece, when it is cemented to the other
stones by a secretion which I ascertained proceeded from their mouth.
** When their house is made, the body of the creature is completely
encased ; their heads and feet alone protruded.
«Tn their natural state, the weight of these cases varies much.
They are twice as heavy, and made of more solid materials, when the
creatures inhabit rapid streams than when they live in still waters.
The reason of this difference is, I suppose, to enable themselves to
keep, by the weight of their cases, at the bottom of the water.
“ T noticed that, after the Caddis-worms were turned out of their
cases, air-bubbles appeared on the surface of their bodies. If placed
under these circumstances in running water, these air-bubbles would
cause the creatures to rise to the surface and there float until they
died from exhaustion, caused by their hard endeavours to reach the
bottom. According to the roughness of the water, so must be the
weight of their cases.
«* When in the pupa-state, their heads and feet are entirely with-
drawn into their cases ; and they remain in a dormant state, neither
eating nor moving, until they turn into flies, their cases being more
or less split in the act of transformation.
“ T used to feed some of my Caddises whilst in the larva state with
small pieces of raw meat, which they ravenously devoured; they would
even eat a common house-fly, leaving only the wings, head, and leg ;
_ but however hungry they might be, yet they never could be induced
to touch cooked meat.
80 LETTER FROM MISS M. E. SMEE. [Feb. 24,
** T found it was quite necessary for the Caddises to have plenty of
food whilst in the larva state, to enable them to have strength to un-
dergo the transformation.
“ Trout are the great enemies of the Caddises, as they eat them up,
cases and all, in every stage of their existence; but they consider the
worms without the cases as especially dainty morsels.
* On the 24th of January this year, I observed that the Caddises
were just hatched ; and although some were so small that they were
only visible with a lens, yet every one was busily employed in making
its little house.
“« They have grown so quickly that, since that date, they are now
quite conspicuous at the bottom of the river.
“« The box I send to you contains in the centre the cases made
from the various materials I gave to the worms, and encircling the
artificial cases are the natural habitations as taken from the river.
“* Trusting you will find them worthy of your inspection,
«* Believe me to remain,
“« My dear Sir,
‘* Yours faithfully,
** Er1zaABeETH Mary SMEE.”
“ To Dr. Gray, F.R.S.,
of the British Museum.”
“P.S. The Caddises are so excessively pugnacious that I am
always obliged to keep each in a separate vessel. If that precaution
were not taken, instead of peaceably constructing their houses, a fierce
warfare would be carried on between them, which would result in
the death of the weakest party. After one was killed, the survivor
would set about building its house. I generally kept about thirty
small white earthen jars at a time, each being filled with water, and
containing a single Caddis-worm, with the particular material of which
I wished its house to be constructed.
“« The Caddises are provided with two little hooks, situated one on
each side of the tergum. ‘These little hooks are curved and sharply
pointed. With these they securely fasten themselves in their houses,
by which extra strength is given to resist their being torn from their
cases. At first, on account of these hooks, I experienced some diffi-
culty in turning them out of their habitations. Indeed, I was often
so unfortunate as to break and consequently spoil their cases; or
sometimes, after catching the creature by its head and trying to pull
it forcibly out, I have known the creature to retain its hold so firmly
by means of its hooks, that its body has been pulled in two rather
than it would let go its hooks and suffer its house to be taken from
it. At last I found that when a pin was gently pushed into the end
of the case, the slight irritation would cause the Caddis to crawl
entirely out of its house, and thus I was enabled to preserve the case
without causing injury to the worm.”
TIX Sed C981 SZ d
1863.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON A NEW BAT. 81
The following papers were read :—
1. On a New Genus Anp Species or LEAF-NOSED BATS IN THE
Musevo at Fort Pirr. By Rosert F. Tomes.
(Plate XII.)'
In a collection of Bats preserved in spirit, and forming part of
the Museum at Fort Pitt, Chatham, which has been submitted to my
examination by Dr. Sclater, is one which constitutes a new and well-
marked genus of the Phyllostomide, or Leaf-nosed Bats of the New
World. It is more nearly allied to the genus Macrotis than to any
other; but differs from it, among other respects, in having its lance-
shaped nose-leaf developed to an enormous extent. I characterize
and name it as follows :—
LoncuorRHINA, gen. nov.
Top of the head somewhat elevated ; face depressed ; facial crests
complicated, consisting of a very long and pointed posterior leaf, in
Sront of which are two pits, more or less surrounded by prominent
fleshy excrescences ; lower lip with a smooth triangular space in
Sront ; ears long and broad; longest finger with four phalanges ;
wing-membrane extending to the distal extremity of the tibia, and
attached to the os caleis ; tail extending to the whole length of the
interfemoral membrane, as in the genera Macrotis and Vespertilio.
The posterior lanceolate facial leaf is in this Bat of great length,
being fully as long as the head of the animal; it is pointed, and has
a very distinct midrib. In front of this leaf is a deep pit, which is
divided itito two by a ridge which is continuous with the central rib of
the leaf; in the bottom of the pits thus formed are the nostrils,
which are small and ovoid. The septum between them is produced
anteriorly, and developed into a prominent and trifoliate fleshy ex-
crescence, which almost conceals the pits behind; it has a central or
upright lobe, exhibiting outwardly a rounded footstalk, surmounted
by a flattened top, the edge of the flattened summit being directed
upwards, and having five very slightly prominent, but very distinct,
denticulations. Besides this central lobe are two lateral ones, which
present a thin edge externally, and are continuous with each other
across the bottom of the central one. Where this horizontal ridge
Tuns across the central one, it is produced into a distinct point or
tubercle. On each side of the pits, behind the trifoliate leaf, is a
prominent, acutely conical, vertical projection about a line in length.
Below the trifoliate leaf is a transverse hollow, divided vertically by
a faintly marked septum, and below this is another transverse leaf,
forming the lower boundary of the hollow; this leaf is but slightly
prominent, and has its ends curved upwards and terminating in two
warty excrescences contiguous to the two acute projections near the
nostrils. Below this is a flat space, constituting the upper lip.
The lower lip has a large central space of a triangular form, which
is naked, and bounded laterally by a broad, smooth, and somewhat
elevated margin; at its inferior point is a single small wart, and in
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. VI,
82 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A NEW BAT. [Feb. 24,
the middle, forming the front of the lip, is an enclosed granulated
space.
The ears are as long as the head, broad and pointed, with the
lobular parts much developed, and extending forward almost to the
corner of the mouth. Tragus more than half the length of the ear,
tapering evenly to a subacute point; near the base, externally, is a
prominent though somewhat obtuse angle, and above this a notch,
forming another angle, more acute, but less prominent, than the
other ; above the notch there is no angle, but a rounded and slightly
prominent part, and from this to the tip the tragus tapers pretty
evenly. The auditory opening is partly surrounded (posteriorly) by
a prominent fleshy ridge of a lobular form, which will fold forward
and completely close the opening.
The longest finger is composed, as in all the Phyllostomide, of
four phalanges ; the thumb has the two phalanges of nearly equal
length. - The wing-membrane extends barely to the distal extremity
of the tibia, which it crosses over, in front, and is attached to the
base of the os calcis, somewhat as in the genus Natalus.
The tail is long, but composed of only nine joints, and extends
the whole length of the interfemoral membrane, as in the genus
Vespertilio. 'The feet are large, with the toes of equal length, and
the claws long and hooked.
The skull in its general outline bears considerable resemblance to
that of Macrotis; but the cerebral region is more elevated, and the
facial part more depressed. It is so much depressed just at the
posterior boundary of the nasal bones as to occasion a deep hollow
or longitudinal pit. The nasal bones are very differently formed to
those of Macrotis, being very much arched from the fore to the
hinder part. The maxillary bones are considerably inflated between
the nasal opening and the orbits. All the facial part of the skull is
much less compressed than in Macrotis.
Dentition:—Inc. = ; Can. a Premol. —; Mol. $$ —4— 39,
The middle upper incisors are large, flat, and somewhat pointed ;
the lateral ones minute and pointed, and with a posterior lobe near
the base; the canines are rather small and acute; the first premolar
is very small, roundish, and with two cusps, the anterior one being
the most prominent; the second premolar is very prominent, and
has the same carnassial form which is so common in the Chiroptera.
The lower incisors are symmetrically arranged, rather small, and
flat, with their edges somewhat lobated; the canines are slender,
straight, and with a distinct cingulum ; the first premolar is smaller
than the second, conical, acute, and with a slightly projecting poste-
rior lobe near the root; the second premolar is rather long, angular,
and acute, with a well-marked cingulum.
The tongue is thick and short, with six well-marked, transverse,
curved ridges, which are most distinct on the front part, and behind —
these are indications of others. All the upper surface of the tongue
is clothed with fine points, which are directed backward, like those
on the tongue of the Felidee.
1863]. MR. R. F. TOMES ON A NEW BAT. 83
LONCHORHINA AURITA, 0. 8.
Nearly the whole of the face is hairy, the hair having the same
quality and colour as that of the back; the nose-leaf and fleshy ex-
crescences are naked, but a few hairs spring from the edges of the
former near the base; ears hairy behind for three-fourths of their
length ; inside they have a distinct band of hairs on the inner mar-
gin, which does not extend further than three-fourths of their length
from the base; and there is another, but smaller, band of hairs in-
side the lobular parts.
The fur of the upper parts is nearly confined to the body, but
there is a little scattered on the humerus and the contiguous end of
the forearm. JBeneath, there is a little whitish hair powdered on
the membrane near the flanks and forearms.
All the upper parts are light reddish brown, the fur nearly uni-
color; beneath similar, but duller in colour and paler on the pubes.
Cutaneous system dark reddish brown.
Length of the head and body...........0.00.
MRO IEE os a aia chal a. bias o'sieleitin as 0,0} ale
of the head...... Se ye Sehr Ge eee 28
ETUC HE aR aee <iekelcaioiciiy te isais apo's i=
GREE BERN Saha hing 2 0 no ey ore fa a5, ya caps PEs
BSECOSMILOL TNC: OBES <ia.5 d'e'a'e.0in a0. cie0'e6g.nn, 0 aa
of the tragus, at its widest part........
wemechy of the forearm, «2 ...54 200220 eee ee
of the longest finger «......4:202 caeece
of the fourth finger.......... HEE 3
ESRC ROMIAD 0 sc ain acee ano ot Snes
BR pe a lsc Be Reassinexaiely “Aa 0 Bic. » 5 wh
of the foot and claws .......... sales
of the os calcis, about.........e.eee ee
Expanse of wings.......... oe aR SESS
Length of the nose-leaf, taken behind ........
Total length of the skull, from front of nasal bones
Breadth across the orbits..,.........-csaee+s
Length from the point of the middle upper incisor
to the posterior edge of the last molar ...... 0
Length of the lower jaw .......... else se poten MeO
Hab. The bottle from which this specimen was taken contained
several West Indian species, in which the Mormops blainvillit and
the Chilonycteris gymnonota of Wagner were conspicuous. The
latter is distinguished from other species of the genus by having the
wing-membranes springing from the middle of the back, instead of the
sides of the body; and there can be but little doubt that it is the
Pteronotus davyi of Dr. Gray. Of course Dr. Gray’s specific name
will take precedence of that given much later by M. Wagner, and
the name of Péeronotus may be conveniently used to distinguish the
Species as a subgenus of Chilonycteris. It is probable that the spe-
cimen from which I have taken the foregoing description may have
been received from the same locality as the Mormops and Péeronotus,
a
s
=
mleowm|co
Ms71 Dow Ww
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ws
BRONTohRaAOre &
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bole
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SoOSwCoooonwecocecocren
Helo bol
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ay
84 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A NEW BAT. [Feb. 24,
Obs.—Since the above was written, I have made a careful compa-
rison of the skull of this singular Bat with that of several other
species hitherto doubtfully placed with the Phyllostomide. The
following are the results: —The genus Schizostoma, which is rather
intimately allied to Vampyrus, bears also considerable resemblance
to the genus Macrotis in the general conformation of the cranium
and the lower jaw, and also in the very great similarity in the den-
tition. The form and size of the ears, too, in these genera are very
similar. Macrotis, again, bears in several particulars an intimate
relationship with the present genus Lonchorhina. More especially
may be mentioned the length of the tail, which extends in both ge-
nera to the whole length of the interfemoral membrane, as in the
genus Vespertilio, the considerable development of the ears, the size
and freedom of the feet, and, perhaps more than all, the general
contour of the cranium.
Pursuing the comparison, we find that Lonehorhina bears very
considerable resemblance to Chilonycteris, in the form of the anterior
part of the cranium, in the number and relative size of the teeth of
both jaws, and in the form of the lower jaw. Passing on from Chi-
lonycteris to Mormops, the skull of the latter is seen to be an exag-
geration of the former, having the facial part still more depressed,
and the cerebral part still more elevated. The upper teeth in both
these genera are very similar; and those of the lower jaw do not
present any essential differences, the chief one being that in Chilo-
nycteris the middle premolar is very much smaller than the corre-
sponding one in Mormops, which, although smaller than those on
either side of it, is not minute. All the above-mentioned genera
agree with each other in the presence of a fourth joint to the longest
digit of the wing, and in fact must be said to bear considerable re-
semblance in most particulars, saving in the degree of development
of the tail and the existence or absence of a hastate nose-leaf. How-
ever, it may be said that those species which have not a nose-leaf re-
sembling that of the ordinary Phyllostomidze have nevertheless some
cutaneous development about the face, nose, or mouth, and cannot
be properly called simple-nosed species.
There is another very singular genus, of which I have before spoken
in communications to the Society, and which I have regarded as
allied to Molossus, but I have mentioned that it possesses four pha-
langes in the longest finger. I allude to the genus Mystacina, which
has hitherto been found only in New Zealand. When preparing my
paper on the Bats of that country, I had not examined either Mor-
mops or Chilonycteris; but, on afterwards working out some West
Indian Bats, was at once struck with certain resemblances between
the latter and Mystacina. Without at present alluding to the de-
tails of structure which have induced me to arrive at this conclusion,
I take this opportunity of stating that I now regard Mystacina as
an aberrant form of Phyllostomide, coming after the several genera
which have been compared with each as above, but differing more
from them than they do from each other.
P. Z.S.1463;P5. 2
HYPHERPES CORALLIROSTRIS.
1863.] MR. A. NEWTON ON A NEW BIRD FROM MADAGASCAR, 85
2. On A New Brirp From THE IsLAND oF MADAGASCAR.
By AtFrep Newton, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
(Plate XIII.)
My brother, Mr. Edward Newton, Assistant Colonial Secretary at
Mauritius, and a Corresponding Member of this Society, having had
last autumn the good fortune to make a second visit to Madagascar,
has sent me a collection of birds from that island, containing many
objects of great interest, among which is one that I believe forms a
genus very distinct from any previously known. This I have now
. the honour to exhibit and describe.
Hyrnuerpes*, genus novum Certhianum vel Sittinum.
Char. Gen.—Rostrum breve, robustum, leviter emarginatum, ad
apicem aliquanto compressum, rictu setoso. Ale mediocres,
rotundate, ad caudam mediam attingentes, remige quarto, quinto
et sexto equalibus ; tertio septimum, et octavo secundum, super-
antibus; primo multo breviore. Cauda mediocris, prope equalis,
rectricibus duodecim aliquanto rigentibus. Pedes validissimi,
tarsis quam digiti medii posticique longioribus, unguibus com-
pressis, subvalidis.
HYPHERPES CORALLIROSTRIS, sp.nov. (Pl. XIII.)
Capite, gutture, pectore et abdomine schistaceo-brunneis, olivaceo
indutis ; collo, dorso, alis caudaque supra fusco-ceruleis, virente
tinctis: remigibus fuscis, extus pallide marginatis, intus cer-
vino latius limbatis, ut in Tichodroma: uropygio et crisso
subrufescentibus, rectricibus obsolete fasciatis: rostro toto
coccineo ; pedibus plumbeis : iridibus obscure rubris.
Longitudo tota 4°8 poll. Angl. et dec. ; rostri a fronte 4, a rictu
"65; alee 2°9; caudz 2°2; tarsi 0°9; digiti medii cum ungue 0°8,
postici 0°97.
March 24, 1863.
W. H. Flower, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair,
Mr. F. Buckland made some remarks on the progress of the ex
periments for hatching the ova of Trout and Salmon in the Society’s
Gardens.
Mr. Wallace made some remarks on a Hornbill living in the So-
ciety’s Gardens, which he believed to be a discoloured specimen of
Buceros (Hydrocissa) pica, a common Malaccan species.
* 7rd, sub; Epmns ex Eprw, repo.
86 MR. G. KREFEFT ON A NEW HOPLOCEPHALUS. [Mar. 24,
The following papers were read :—
1. DrescripTion oF A New Specizs or HoPpLocErHALUS WITH
KeeEvep Scates. By Gerarp Krerrt, Corr. Memes.
HopiLocEerHALus CARINATUS, Sp. Nov.
Scales in 23 rows. Anal entire. Ventrals 165. Subcaudals 54.
Body elongate and rounded ; tail rather short, not distinct from the
trunk, tapering, ending in a conical spine. Head broad, quadrangular,
distinct from the neck ; muzzle short and broad ; eye moderate, punil
rounded ; rostral broad, just reaching the surface of crown, with a
groove along the lower edge; anterior frontals moderate ; posterior
frontals much larger, five-sided, rounded behind. Vertical moderate,
five-sided, with an acute angle behind; superciliaries large, raised
above the eye; occipitals moderate ; one anterior ocular, slightly
grooved ; two posterior ones ; one large temporal shield, two smaller
ones behind ; no loreal, this being replaced by the nasal; the second
upper labial, anterior ocular, and posterior frontal bend down on the
sides. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth touching the orbit.
er eee
(eo 4Ose mss
Sane
Scales rather narrow and elongate, in twenty-three rows anteriorly,
somewhat broader, and in nineteen rows posteriorly, strongly keeled,
forming fourteen raised lines upon the back and sides; brownish
olive above, with some irregular interrupted blackish rings, which
become more and more obsolete towards the tail; skin between and
upon the underside of the scales black ; belly whitish, clouded with
purplish grey on the sides, much darker towards the tail, which is
of a uniform purplish colour below.
This Hoplocephalus differs from all the other known species in
the strongly keeled scales and the seven upper labial shields. Total
length 38".
Discovered by Mr. James J. Wilcox near Grafton, in the Clarence
River district.
1863.] MR. R, SWINHOE ON CHINESE BIRDS. 87
2. On NEw AND LITTLE-KNOWN BirDS FROM CHINA.
By Rosert Swinuog, F.Z.S., erc.
Fam. Picipz.
In the valley of Foochow I observed among the pine-trees a brown
species of Woodpecker feeding off some insects attached to the resi-
nous gum that exuded between the scales of the bark. It continued
active in its pursuit, running round and up the trunk, occasionally
halting a few seconds and uttering a hoarse shaking note, not unre-
sembling a laugh. I shot the bird, and found its head, base of bill,
and many parts of its body smeared with the gum among which it
was feeding. A female, which I afterwards procured from the same
locality, had the head quite disfigured by the dried mass of resin, which
glued the feathers of its crown together. This fact, I learn from
Jerdon’s book on ‘ Indian Birds,’ has been observed before by Mr.
Blyth and others, in the species of Indian Brachypternus. The Foo-
chow brown Woodpecker is also a Brachypternus, at once distinguish-
able from its Indian congeners, Micropternus phaioceps, Blyth, and
M. gularis, Jerdon, and the small Malay species, M. badius, Horsf.,
by its much browner plumage, the under parts especially being of a
deep dusky brown instead of chestnut, and by its long narrowed
feathers with dark central lines on the crown and occiput. The
Chinese bird, moreover, appears to be larger, the female being some-
what larger than the male. I propose to call this
BRACHYPTERNUS FOKIENSIS, Sp. nov.
General colour brown, banded narrowly on the back with chest-
nut; quills and tail chestnut, banded broadly on the former and
narrowly on the latter with brownish black ; feathers of the head
and neck narrowed and lengthened, in the male dusky yellowish
grey, in the female light chestnut, with deep-brown central stripes,
paler in the female. The masculine distinguishing mark is the patch
of crimson specks (blood-tips to the feathers) that occur on the
cheek just under the eye. Bull bluish grey, with more or less green-
ish yellow on the lower mandible; irides reddish brown; legs and
claws greenish slaty.
3. Length 8°5 inches; wing 5; tail 3°7; bill, at front, 1; tarse 8.
@. Length 9°5; wing 5:3; tail 3:7.
I have never received this bird from any part of China but Foo-
chow, where it 1s not particularly common. I have drawn my name
from the province of which Foochow is the capital. On Micro-
pternus phaioceps, Blyth, M. Malherbe has founded two species—
Phaiopicus blythii and P. rufonotus; but both Jerdon and Blyth
consider these to be identical. The Micropternus gularis, Jerdon, is
the Phaiopicus jerdoni of Malherbe.
While on the subject of the Woodpeckers, I should like to make
a few remarks on the eastern races or so-called species of the Picus
major group, namely, Pict mandarinus, luciant, gouldii, and cabanisi
88 MR. R. SWINHOE ON NEW AND | [Mar. 24,
of Malherbe’s ‘ Monograph.’ The form of this bird, found in the
north-west Himalayas, and described by Jardine and Selby as P.
himalayanus, and Hodgson’s species, P. majoroides, from the south-
west Himalayas, both appear to have the red breast-spot which, in
the adult dress, adorns the breast of the Chinese bird. I will here
add some remarks on our Chinese bird, made after a careful com-
arison of my series from China with the plates and descriptions in
{, Malherbe’s work.
Picus MANDARINUS, Malherbe.—P, major, L.,apud Von Schrenek
and Middendorff.
M. Malherbe has described and figured four species of true Picus
from China: of the exact locality of one of these only he speaks
with confidence—his type of P. mandarinus from Whampoa in the
Museum at Berlin. I have in my collection a specimen from Wham-
poa, three from Canton, three from Foochow, and one from Pekin.
From Whampoa and Canton I have two skins which answer to the
brown under-plumage of his P. luciani, but have broader and more
black bands on the lateral rectrices. I have two from Canton an-
swering to P. mandarinus, but with a less bright red spot on the
breast. My three birds from Foochow correspond nearly to his P.
gouldi, which I presume is from Shanghai, but are browner on the
under parts, and also have indications of the red spot on the breast.
My example from Pekin is of the bright under tints of P. cabanisi,
with an equally bright red breast-spot ; but has more white on the
wings, and the almost white lateral rectrices of P. Jucianit. From a
careful comparison of the skins of this variable Woodpecker in my
possession, I have come to the conclusion that they are all cer-
tainly of one species; for if we were to go on such nice specific di-
stinctions as those pointed out by M. Malherbe, every bird even out
of a number from the same locality might be regarded as a distinct
species. In one of my Canton birds the secret of the very brown
under plumage is developed; it is a young male with the crown
red, Hence I gather that the special brown plumage in this species
is a mark of the young, the red pectoral spot showing itself and
intensifying as the bird advances to maturity, while the under plu-
mage at the same time whitens. The white on the wings and tail is
always less in the young individual, and widens considerably with
advancing age. No two specimens agree precisely in the size or
distribution of the white on the wings or the bands on the tail. The
further north the locality whence the birds are derived, the larger
their sizes generally, and more conspicuous the white markings. My
Foochow specimens are larger than those from Canton and Wham-
poa, and have more white on the wings and tail; while the bird
* from Pekin is as light on the under parts as P. major, though, being
adult, it carries the characteristic bright red pectoral spot, At the
same time, being from a northern locality, the white spots on its
wings and the white bands on its tail are very largely developed,
Had M. Malherbe known the exact localities of the individuals he
describes from, and had he had a larger series of skins to examine,
1863,] LITTLE-KNOWN BIRDS FROM CHINA. 89
I do not think he would have advanced such strong opinions as to
the specific merits of the four species he has introduced into his ex-
cellent work.
Genus ALAUDA.
ALAUDA PEKINENSIS, sp, nov. Pekin Skylark.
Smaller than 4. arvensis, L., with longer wings; paler, without
the olive wash; head much less crested.
Length 7°5 ; wing 4°7; tail 3°1; tarsi ‘9.
My two specimens from Pekin I have compared with six speci-
mens of the English bird shot about the same season. Both my
examples are males, one mature, the other a bird of the year, My
younger specimen is, as usual in Larks, most distinctly marked, the
eyebrow, lore, throat, and nape being nearly white, the latter spotted,
The mature bird is more rufescent on these parts, but is otherwise
generally paler. The six English Larks vary a good deal as to par-
ticular marks and length of wing. They are all longer than my two
birds, and yet the longest-winged of the lot does not quite attain the
alar length of our birds. They all unite in having their dark parts
of a much richer brown, and their whole plumage washed with olive-
yellow, which is by no means apparent in the Pekin birds; while
the latter have much less crest.
ALAUDA Ca@Livox, Swinhoe. South-China Lark.
Of much richer plumage than the North-China Lark, much smaller,
with more developed crest.
Hab. Formosa, and from Canton to Foochow.
Length 6:5; wing 3°6; tail 2°4; tarsi °9.
ALAUDA INTERMEDIA, sp. nov. Shanghai Lark.
Capt. Blakiston has brought from Shanghai two Larks, which
occupy a position so entirely between A. pekinensis and A. celi-
vow, that it is impossible to refer them to either. They constitute
an intermediate race, which might by analogy be expected to
occur on the boundaries that divide the northern race from that of
the south ; and certainly, geographically speaking, the Yangtsze
River may be considered the dividing-line of the northern area of
China from the southern. This bird may perhaps be regarded as a
hybrid form between the two species, which in this locality may be
supposed to meet. I could not discover any striking differences in
the song of the Shanghai bird from that of A. ccelivoz, nor yet from
that of the Pekin Lark. But in size and general appearance the
three appear certainly distinct.
The Shanghai species may be characterized as intermediate to 4.
pekinensis and A. celivox, with proportionately longer wings than
either, and less crest than the latter. Its first primary quill is more
nearly of a length with the second than in the Pekin Lark.
Length 6°8; wing 4:2; tail 2°8; tarsi ‘9.
90 MR. R. SWINHOE ON NEW AND | Mar. 24,
Genus ANTHUS.
Neither Von Schrenck nor Middendorff notice a Rock-Pipit from
Siberia or the Amoor ; nor has one yet been noted from Japan. I
have never traced the form in any part of China. We are, how-
ever, indebted to Capt. Blakiston for the capture of a specimen of
this group, allied to 4. obscurus, L., on the banks of the Yangtsze
River, 150 miles inland. This skin closely tallies with one in Mr.
Gould’s collection from Ireland; but ours has a whiter face and
cheek, and the pectoral spots, which blend away obscurely in the
Trish skin, are in ours distinct and well marked. On the specific
merits of the various forms of Rock-Pipit procured in different
parts of Great Britain and Europe I will leave European naturalists
to dispute. For the present, until the acquisition of a larger number
of specimens shall prove the Chinese bird identical with the varying
forms of the West, I propose to consider ours as distinct, under a
specific designation taken from the name of its discoverer. It may,
however, be only a well-marked race, to which the British forms may
be found occasionally to assimilate; or it is just possible that the
specimen procured in Ireland may be one of the several Eastern birds
that in some unaccountable way has found its way to the shores of
Great Britain.
ANTHUS BLAKISTONI, sp. nov.
Bill blackish brown on culmen and tip, light brown on remainder;
legs blackish brown, paler on tarsi; upper parts light yellowish
brown, grey on the nape; crown and back with centres of feathers
deep brown; lore, eyebrow, and chin cream-white ; under parts
cream-white, spotted on the breast and streaked on the flanks with
brown ; axillaries pure white; wings brown, feathers edged paler ;
coverts and tertiaries broadly edged and tipped with cream-white,
forming a double bar across the wing ; tail brown, the central fea-
thers yellowish brown, edged paler ; the outer lateral tail-feather, on
the entire outer web, and great part of inner near the apex, white ;
second lateral edged exteriorly and largely tipped with white.
Length 5; wing 3:7; tail 2°7; tarsi °85.
ANTHUS GUSTAVI, R. sp.
This species, which visits the island of Amoy for a few days,
about the middle of May, may I think be regarded as a summer
visitant to the south of China. Mr. Blyth has examined a specimen,
and assures me that it differs from all the Indian species he is ac.
quainted with ; and I can find nothing in Europe approaching it. It
is more neatly allied to some Australian forms. It is about the size
of A. pratensis, L. Ihave named it after Gustavus Schlegel (son
of Dr. Schlegel of Leyden), who was the first to procure the bird at
Amoy.
Toh 6; wing 3:1 to 3°4; tail 2°3 ; tarsi *88 ; bill, along front, -5.
Bill and feet strong, approaching Corydalla, the former with a
slight upward curve; throat, axillaries, and centre of belly pure
white ; upper parts yellowish brown, with a rich chestnut-tinge, the
1863.] LITTLE-KNOWN BIRDS FROM CHINA. 91
centres of the feathers carrying very broad stripes of brownish black.
In the majority of skins, the feathers of the back are broadly edged
with yellowish white ; breast and flanks with chestnut-ochre, spotted
on the former and streaked on the latter with brownish black ; the
spots run in single line up either side of the lower neck close to
the bill; eye-streak, lore, cheeks, and under neck ochreous ; central
tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with olive-chestnut ; the outer
lateral being nearly white, with a darker outer web; the second
lateral has only a broad longitudinal pale streak along the inner web;
wings blackish brown, edged with olive-brown, the coverts and some
of the tertiaries being broadly edged and tipped with cream-white,
forming a double bar across the wing ; under wing for the most part
whitish, with a slight rust-tinge. Bill, upper mandible, and tip of
lower deep brown ; edge of upper and basal two-thirds of lower pale
flesh-colour; inside of mouth pale yellowish; eye-rim blackish brown;
iris deep hazel ; ear oval, aperture occupying the half furthest from
bill; legs and claws brownish flesh-colour. Some specimens are more
strongly washed with rusty ochreous, especially on the under wing
and under tail-coverts. Some have more olive on the upper parts
than ‘others. They vary also in size and intensity of the blackish
markings, as also in the pale yellow edgings to the dorsal feathers ;
but none depart from the well-marked general characters. This
Chinese bird may perhaps be considered one of the most striking
and handsome species of the difficult and already well-stocked genus
Anthus.
SALICARIA.
CALAMOHERPE FUMIGATA, 0. Sp.
This migratory species, which passes Amoy in May to the interior
of China, I obtained in sufficient abundance in 1861. I place it in
this genus, as both in size and form it is more nearly allied to our
C. orientalis, Schleg., and the C. turdoides of Europe than to any
others of the Salicarie that I am acquainted with. Its hind toe is
much shorter than that of C. orientalis, and its hind claw smaller ;
its tailis much more graduated, each feather ending in a long pro-
jecting tip. Perhaps no birds puzzle the classifier so much as do
the different species of Reed-birds. Almost each species may be
regarded as occupying a section of its own. I do not of course in
this include races of the same form from different localities, which
have been ranked as species, as} for instance, the Calamoherpe tur-
doides, and its eastern representative, the C. orientalis. It is just
as well for the facility of determination that such birds should be
separated, and this cannot well be done without the trinomial no-
menclature, unless subgenera are formed for their specific reception.
As naturalists are so averse to admit the double specific name (one
of the species, and the other of the locality whence any bird is de-
rived, which shows a sufficient variation to entitle it to be noted,
though scarcely strong enough to permit of its being styled a sepa-
rate species), we must continue forming subgenera,—though, in
92 MR. R. SWINHOE ON NEW AND [Mar. 24,
my opinion, with regard to the Reed-birds, and to several other
groups, double specific names might almost be allowed. We will
not now, however, attempt to propose a new subgenus for the recep-
tion of this new species; but only point out that, in the character
of its tail, this bird is not a typical Calamoherpe, if we regard C.
turdoides as the type.
3. Length 7°5; wing 3°3; tail 2°7; bill, along culmen, *7;
tarsi 1-1; hind toe and claw 7°5.
@. Length 7:2; wing 3:1; tail 2°7.
The five lateral rectrices much graduated, all strongly mucronate;
first primary quill broad, pointed, and short ; the second about one-
twelfth shorter than third, which is the longest in the wing.
Bill deep brown on upper mandible and apical half of lower, pale
on the edges of both ; basal half of lower ochreous, becoming brighter
yellow on the rictus, base, and basal edge of upper; inside of mouth
bright yellow; legs and claws deep flesh-brown; upper plumage
dusky chestnut-brown, tinged with olive, ruddier on the back, wings,
and tail; a whitish streak runs over the eyes; throat, centre of
breast, and belly white; cheeks and lower neck smoke-grey ; sides
of breast, axillee, flanks, and vent brownish buff; irides chestnut-
brown.
A younger bird had the bill deep greyish brown on culmen, bluish
grey on gonys, with the rest of the bill pale flesh-colour, yellowish
at base and rictus; inside of mouth pale yellow; legs and claws
light yellowish or flesh-brown ; the under parts have less smoke-grey
and buff, and the upper parts are lighter.
All the specimens have several thread-like filaments proceeding
from the ends of the occipital feathers. This peculiarity is more
observable in the Drymoice and Prinie than perhaps in any other
group of Warblers. I have of this species eight specimens, all pro-
cured at Amoy in May 1861.
CALAMODYTA SORGHOPHILA, 0. Sp.
This Sedge-Warbler, of which I procured only one specimen at
Amoy in May 1861, is smaller than the Continental C. aquatica,
and more nearly resembles the British C. phragmitis, L., from which
it differs in the form of its wing, and almost in the unspotted appear-
ance of its upper parts. Upper mandible of bill blackish brown, edge
of upper and whole of lower yellow-ochre ; rictus and inside of mouth
yellow ; irides ochreous brown ; legs and toes plumbeous, with paler
soles ; upper parts ochreous olive, with a few rather faint streaks of
blackish brown ; eyebrow and cheeks ochreous, more buff-coloured
on the lores; over the eyebrow a black streak marks each side of
the head; under parts yellowish buff, much paler on the throat,
under neck, aud centre of belly; wing-coverts and tertiaries deep
hair-brown, margined with ochreous olive ; quills hair-brown, edged
with light chestnut-brown ; tail pale hair-brown, margined with red-
dish olive, which colour also tinges the rump; inner edges of the
under wing edged with very pale rusty ochre.
1863.] LITTLE-KNOWN BIRDS FROM CHINA. 93
Length 4:6; wing 2°23; tail 1°88; tarsi*7; bill, along cul-
men, °42.
First quill very small, narrow, and pointed, about °34 long; second
quill :28 shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal and long-
est ; the fifth quill 15 shorter than the third and fourth; the sixth
*22 shorter than the fifth. Tail much graduated, the rectrices being
narrowed at their tips; tarsi thick ; toes and claws strong, the hind
toe and claw especially so.
LocusTELLA MACROPUS, 0. sp.
The Grasshopper-Larks, when procured, are the easiest of all the
Reed-birds to distinguish. For if there is any doubt from their ex-
ternal appearance, one has only to examine the tibial tendons. In
all three species procured at Amoy, these have proved quite rigid,
like those of gallinaceous birds. Mr. Blyth tells me this holds good
in the L. rubescens of India, and I expect it will be found also so in
the European species. It was first brought to my attention by an
intelligent Chinese bird-stuffer I used to employ, who was rather
astonished to find them so hard as to blunt his scissors. I have,
curiously enough, three good species of Locustella from Amoy. One,
a male of a very richly coloured species, was procured in our garden
on the 2nd September, and is evidently a winter visitant to South
China. This turns out, as I had expected, to be L. ochotensis (Midd.
Siber. Reise), from the Amoor and North Japan (Capt. Blakiston).
The other two are both summer birds with us, being generally found
about in May. The first of these, shot 3lst May, 1861, at Amoy,
approaches nearer to ZL. rai, but can at once be distinguished by
its much larger feet.
Length 5-1 ; wing 2°3; tail 2; bill, along culmen, °41 ; tarsi -68.
Bill blackish brown on upper mandible; edge of upper and greater
part of lower pale flesh-colour ; gonys, near tip, brownish and darker
flesh-coloured ; rictus and inside of mouth pale yellow; legs, toes,
and claws very pale yellowish flesh-colour.
First quill minute ; second quill rather shorter than third, which
is longest. Tail soft and graduated. Our single specimen has only
a very few faint spots on the breast, with none on the flanks and
under tail-coverts. In point of colouring it is very similar to some
phases of the dress of the European Locustedla, of which it is in fact
the Eastern representative.
LocusTELLA MINUTA, 0. sp.
This again is allied in colouring to the L. raii, but is a very dimi-
nutive species, strongly marked and spotted; it may perhaps turn
out to be a resident species in South China. I have one, shot at
Amoy on 18th May, 1861; and Capt. Blakiston procured a pair in
Canton in October. The Canton birds are strongly washed with
yellow, and are therefore, I presume, birds of the year.
Length 4°7; wing 2°15; tail 1:6, the feathers much graduated ;
tarsi °65; bill, along culmen, °38, to gape °6.
Bill blackish brown on the culmen and the small apical part of
94 DR. J. E, GRAY ON A NEW CHAMELEON. __[Mar. 24,
the gonys ; the rest of it and inside of mouth pale yellowish flesh-
colour ; legs and toes large and thick ; claws thin and pointed, hind
claw long and Pipit-like, all of a deep brownish flesh-colour, with
paler edges and soles.
First quill diminutive ; second one-twelfth shorter than third, which
is longest. Colouring similar to Z. raii, and perhaps as variable, _
according to the stage of its plumage.
I have a few other novelties, perhaps more interesting than the
above, from China, but I have not now leisure to add them to this
list; I must therefore reserve them for a future paper.
3. Notice or THE CHanco or GoLpEN Wo tr (CANIS CHANCO)
FROM CHINESE TarTARY. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.
Lady Augustus Hervey has kindly presented to the British Mu-
seum a fine specimen of the skin of a Wolf, which was shot by her
brother, Lieut. W. P. Hodnell, of H.M.’s 54th Regiment, with several
other animals, such as the large Ovis ammon, in Chinese Tartary.
It is a very showy animal, rather larger than the common Euro-
pean Wolf.
I do not find it noticed either in Pallas’s ‘Zoographia Rosso-
Asiatica,’ published at St. Petersburg in 1831, or in Dr. Leopold v.
Schrenck’s ‘ Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-Lande in den Jahren
1851-56,’ published at St. Petersburg in 1858, unless they regard
it as a variety of the Common Wolf (C. lupus).
The Russians in Eastern Siberia call a Fox (Canis alpinus) (figured
by Schrenck, t. 2) the Arasnoi Wolk, that is, Tawny Wolf.
CANIS CHANCO.!
Fur fulvous, on the back longer, rigid, with intermixed black
and grey hairs; the throat, chest, belly, and inside of the legs pure
white ; head pale grey-brown ; forehead grizzled with short black
and grey hairs.
Hab. Chinese Tartary. Called Chanco.
The skull is very like, and has the same teeth as, the European
Wolf (C. lupus). The animal is very like a Common Wolf, but
rather shorter on the legs ; and the ears, the sides of the body, and
outside of the limbs are covered with short pale fulvous hairs.
The length of its head and body is 42 inches; tail 15 inches.
4. Notice or A New Srrcies or CHAMELEON SENT FROM
Kuartoom sy Mr. Consut Petuericx. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., erc.
This species is very like Chamc/eo senegalensis ; but the scales on
the ridges of the head and the 1idges of the back are of the same
size as those of the neighbouring parts, and therefore do not form
1863.] MR, J. K. LORD ON TWO-NEW MAMMALS, 95
any appreciable crest. The occiput is rather differently shaped, the
hinder central keel being alittle more prominent. The scales of the
head, body, limbs, and tail are smaller and less raised. The limbs
are longer and more slender.
This species is very different from the Chameleo afinis of Riippell,
(which is the C. abyssinicus of the Berlin Museum), from Abyssinia,
which differs from both C. senegalensis and C. levigatus in the scales
being much larger and more convex, and in the scales of the ridges
of the head and back being larger than those on the neighbouring
parts, so as to form distinct crests; and in C. afinis the body is
grey or blackish, with two or three broad, irregular-shaped, opake-
white spots, forming an interrupted streak on each side of the back
of the animal.
This species may be thus described :—
CHAMELEO LEVIGATUS.
Grey or bluish in spirits. Scales small, flat, subequal, uniform ;
dorsal line, nearly smooth, scarcely crested. Belly with a crest of
larger acute white scales. Occiput slightly raised in the centre by
a slight keel; the superciliary ridges and the central keel scarcely
dentated. The legs elongate, very slender.
Hab. Khartoom.
5. Notes on Two New Species or Mammats. By J. K. Lorp,
F.Z.S., NaruraAuist TO THE British NortH-AMERICAN
Bounpary ComMISSION.
My principal reason for bringing to your notice this evening two
animals, a Musk Rat and a Lagomys, that I propose making new
Species, is to elicit from the zoologists who are before me opinions
on that most debatable of all debatable questions, Where does well-
marked variety end, and species begin? Is it enough if you have
decided differences of habit, size, colour, and locality —variations
that are always constant, but without well-defined structural differ-
ences, or these, if any, but trivial in character; or must there of ne-
cessity be decidedly marked variations in structure, particularly in
the skull and dental formule, as well as in habit, colour, size, and
habitat, to constitute a species? I now have on the table four ani-
mals, two of which are described and figured, and two I believe
specifically distinct from the former; and although the latter, as I
shall be able to point out to you, present differences of habit most
singularly well marked, strongly defined differences of size and co-
lour, habitat, and range, yet an examination of their skulls shows
only some slight differences, principally in size.
First, then, of the Musk Rat. The one which I believe is the well-
known Fiber zibethicus (Cuv.) makes its holes in the clayey banks
of streams and pools where the water runs slowly. The entrance is
always below the surface of the water; the hole is dug up in a
slanting direction till above the water-level. A stage or flat place is
96 MR. J. K. LORD ON TWO NEW MAMMALS. [Mar. 24,
then cleared, which constitutes his dining-, drawing-, and bed-rooms ;
leading to the entrance of his mansion are a large number of open
cuttings, running in all directions, cut or dug in the mud at the bot-
tom of the water. When foraging about, as he usually does about
twilight, if alarmed, he dives at once into one of these cuttings, and,
rushing tapidly through it, stirs up the mud, and so fouling the
water, completely and effectually conceals himself.
The other Musk Rat, which I propose to make a new species, and
to call Fiber osoyoosensis, having obtained it at a large lake (Lake
Osoyoos), situated between the Cascades and Rocky Mountains, and
through which the boundary-line (the 49th parallel of latitude) runs,
differs in size, in colour, in locality, but particularly in habits, from
the preceding.
This fellow chooses as his haunt a clear pond or lake, and in water
from 3 to 4 feet deep constructs a house of bullrushes, in form
conical, built up from the bottom—how, I am at a loss to imagine,—
the roof cleverly arched over into a domed shape, and raised about
a foot above the water. Up in this dome, skilfully constructed, is
his suite of apartments, the entrance to which is far below the sur-
face of the water. His habits very nearly approximate those of the
Beaver: he swims about boldly in the day-time, but dives rapidly
on the approach of danger. If a dead or badly wounded duck be
left on the pool, it is at once seized on, towed into the house, and
devoured.
I am quite satisfied, from careful observation, that the Musk Rat
is a carnivorous beast whenever he has a chance ; and the straight,
sharp-cutting, strong incisor teeth are well adapted for the indul-
gence of such cannibal propensities. ;
If there were no rushes growing where the mud-rover lived, it
might be assumed that he dug a hole into the bank from lack of
material to build a house; but I have often seen the rushes growing
abundantly where he has chosen his mud hut, offering every facility
for architectural pursuits, had he so willed. On the other hand, had
the rush-builder been precluded from finding a mud-bank in which
to construct his mansion, it might have been supposed that he had
resorted to making a hut with rushes on that account.
This Lagomys, which I propose making a new species, and calling,
from its being so much less than any other, Lagomys minimus, lives
on the summit of the Cascade Mountains, at an altitude above the
sea-level of about 7000 feet. He chooses as his residence loose piles
of rocks and stones. He is shy and wary, and on the slightest noise
takes a header into acrevice. When everything is again still and
quiet, he cautiously peeps out, and, growing bold in the silence, climbs
up on the top of astone, and, sitting on his hind legs like a begging
dog, gives a sharp shrill ery ; and so curiously deceptive is it that I
constantly imagined the sound was far distant when it has been close
to my feet. It was in October, when I was on Ptarmigan Hill, a
high mountain in the Cascade range ; the snow was just beginning to
fall; and all these little fellows were then busily employed in making
large nests, in the crevices between the stones, of dry grass and leaves,
1863.] MR. J. K. LORD ON TWO NEW MAMMALS. 97
evidently for their winter sleep, and perhaps store-house. I should
have made much more extensive observations, had not the prospect
of coming snow driven me down.
This Lagomys, which is much larger, and which I believe to be
the same as the one described and figured by Sir J. Richardson (pl. 19)
as Lepus (Lagomys) princeps, 1 first saw at Chilukweyuk Lake, a
large lake on the west side of the Cascades, close to the boundary-line,
and next on the trail leading from Fort Hope on the Fraser River
to Fort Colville on the Columbia, both fur-stations of the Hudson
Bay Company. The animals were in a narrow gorge, among large
heaps of loose stones that had rolled down from the high precipitous
sides of the gorge. I saw them busily feeding on grass, much after
the fashion of a rabbit, eating a few mouthfuls, then stopping and
sitting up and quietly taking a survey of things in general. At this
period, later in the year, about the same date on which in the year
preceding I had seen Lagomys minimus making its nest, not a trace
of a nest could I see, nor any evidence of an attempt to make one.
It was at the same period of the year, and about the same altitude,
that I saw this Lagomys at Chilukweyuk Lake; but no nest, nor a
shadow of an attempt to construct one, was there to be seen. Early
in October I returned again by the trail I had used in going from
Fort Colville to Fort Hope; the snow had fallen to about the depth
of 6 inches, completely covering up the rocks and stones. All the
little fellows had disappeared, and, although I searched most care-
fully, there was not a hole nor track in the snow to show they had
ever left their quarters. It was quite impossible a nest could have
been made in the interim ; hence I feel perfectly sure they hybernate
in deep holes without a nest, whereas Lagomys minimus, living at a
much greater altitude, makes a large nest of hay to pass his winter
sleep in.
The two new animals may be described as follows :—
Freer osoyoosensis, Lord, sp. nov.
Sp. char.—In total length 3} inches shorter than Fiber zibethi-
cus (Cuv.) ; in general size much smaller. General hue of back jet-
black ; but, the hair being of two kinds, if viewed from tail to head it
looks grey—the under fur being fine, silky, and light grey in colour;
concealing this on the upper surface are long coarse black hairs ; the
belly and sides somewhat lighter ; head broad and depressed ; neck
indistinct ; ear small, upper margin rounded ; eye small and black ;
the feet, legs, and claws are so exactly like those of Fiber zibethicus
_that it would be useless to describe them again ; whiskers long, and
composed of about an equal number of white and black hairs ; inci-
sors nearly straight, on the external surface orange-yellow.
The skull differs from Fiber zibethicus in bemg much smaller,
2% inches in length, 14 inch in width, very much shorter from the
-anterior molar to incisors ; nasal bones much more rounded at their
posterior ends, the superior outline less curved ; postorbital process
not nearly so much developed; the cranial portion of the skull in
its upper outline is much less concaye, and smoother ; superior out-
5 Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1862, No. VII.
98 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN [Mar. 24,
line of occipital bone not so prominent or strong; incisors shorter
and much straighter; molars much smaller, but in general outline
similar.
Lagomys mrnimvus, Lord, sp. nov.
Sp. char.—Differs from Lepus (Lagomys) princeps of Sir J.
Richardson (F. B. A., i. p. 227, pl. 19) in being much smaller. Pre-
dominant colour of back dark grey, tinged faintly with umber-yellow,
more vivid about the shoulders, but gradually shading off on the
sides and belly to dirty white; feet white, washed over with yellowish
brown; ears large, black inside, the outer rounded margin edged
with white ; eye very small and intensely black ; whiskers long, and
composed of about an equal number of white and black hairs.
Measurement: Head and body 6% inches; head 2 inches; nose
to auditory opening 13 inch; height of ear from behind | inch.
The skull differs in being generally smaller ; the cranial portion
of the skull in its superior outline is much narrower and smoother.
The nasal bones are shorter and broader, and rounded at their poste-
rior articulation, instead of being deeply notched as in L. princeps.
Distance from anterior molar to incisors much less; auditory bullee
much smaller. Incisors shorter and straighter, and very deeply
grooved on the anterior surface. Molars smaller, but otherwise
similar in form. Length of skull 1} inch.
General differences from Lagomys princeps—First, in being smaller,
12 inch shorter in total length; the ear, measured from behind, + inch
shorter: the colour generally darker, especially the lower third of
the back.
Secondly, in the structural differences of the skull; for although
these differences are not prominent or well defined, yet they are un-
questionable variations.
Thirdly, in the habit of constructing a nest of hay for the winter —
sleep, and in living at a much greater altitude.
6. On THE AMERICAN SPINE-TAILED SwWIFTS OF THE GENUS
Cuatura. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Se-
CRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
(Plate XIV.)
Through the kindness of Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, I have lately received for examination a
specimen of Chetura vau«i—the Western Spine-tailed Swift of North
America. I have long wished to see an authentic example of this
Swift, in order that I might compare it with Mexican skins in my
collection which I had referred, not without considerable misgivings,
to this species. Upon comparison I find that the skin transmitted
by Professor Baird, which was obtained by Dr. C. B. Kennerly when
engaged on the North-Western Boundary Survey at Simiahmoo, in
July 1852, agrees closely with mine, and I have no doubt of its
being of the same species. The range of this bird, therefore, appears
PN
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1863.] SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. 99
to extend from British Columbia through Mexico into Guatemala,
where examples were obtained by Mr. O. Salvin.
I take this opportunity of giving a short synopsis of the American
species of the genus Chetura*, which may be distinguished in the
following way :—
Div. A. Hemrprocne. Majores (long. corp. maj. quam 6 poll.).
Major; torque postico, angusto, albo .......sssecsscsecenssscesceeceuces 1. semicollaris.
Minor; torque undique, latiore, albo ...........cseccececesccucceeeseuves 2. zonaris.
Div. B. Cuztura. Minores (long. corp. min. qu. 6 poll.).
BRM MMRUEN OMY sess Shere eee e soc Se sea ratec loca cede a coteertaatheta 3. rutila.
dorso eneo-nigro, uropygio vix pallidiore ............ 4, pelasgia.
; ane gutture albo: pect. obscuriore 5. vauzxi.
Torque nullo 4 "TOPYS!0 fuliginaso gutt. et pect. fuliginosis ...... 6. poliura.
MEODVPLONCINELED eerevercsnesesesesetevcduectenersésanenece 7. cinereiventris.
PIFOPYPIOLALIGI eccnsesccaseenassnes sclesar tives coon gies cerns 8. spinicauda.
The synonymy of the species stands nearly as follows :—
A. HEMIPROCNE.
1. CHATURA SEMICOLLARIS.
Acanthylis semicollaris, De Saussure, Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 118.
Chetura semicollaris, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 282.
Nigra ; semitorque postico angusto, albo.
Long. tota 10, alz 10, caude 3, poll. Angl.
Hab. Mexico.
Mus. P. L. 8.
This fine Swift is easily distinguishable from C. zonaris by its
larger size, and the entire absence of any traces of a white collar
below. M. de Saussure has not vouchsafed to inform us in what part
of Mexico he procured it. My specimen was obtained by exchange
from the Geneva Museum.
2. CHZTURA ZONARIS.
Hirundo zonaris, Shaw, in Mill. Cim. Phys. pl. 55.
Hirundo albicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv."p. 524, et Gal. Ois.
1. 120.
4 Acanthylis albicollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 10, et 1858, p- 59.
_ Cypselus collaris, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 344; Temm. Pl. Col. 195.
| Hemiprocne collaris, Nitzsch, Pterylogr. p. 123.
Pallene collaris, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 168.
Hemiproene zonaris, Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 37; Cab. et
Heine, Mus. Hein. iii. p. 84.
Acanthylis collaris, Gray, List Spec. Fiss. p. 15; Bp. Consp.
p- 64; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 364.
Chetura zonaris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 79, et Cat. Am. B.
p. 282.
Fusco-nigra ; torque undique, lato, albo.
Long. tota 9-0, alee 9°0, caudze 2°5.
* I think it doubtful whether Temminck’s Cypselus senex (Pl. Col. 397) is to
be referred to this genus or not. Bonaparte says “ rectricibus minimé mucro-
_ natis, sed rigidis” (Consp. p. 65). I have no example of this species,—P. L. S.
100 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN [Mar. 24,
Hab. South America, from the La Plata northwards, and through
Central America to Guatemala; Jamaica (Osburn) ; St. Domingo
(Sallé).
Mus. Brit., P. L. S., &e.
B. CHaTURA.
3, CHETURA RUTILA.
Hirundo rutila, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. p.528, et Enc. Méth. p.534.
Acanthylis rutila, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 135.
Chetura rutila, Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 37, pl. 3. f. 1 (od).
2(@); Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 283.
Hirundo robini, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 270.
Chetura brunneitorques, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 81; Bp.
Consp. p. 64.
Nigricanti-fuliginosa, subtus dilutior ; torque maris undique, rubro,
femine nullo.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 5:0, caudze 2°0.
Hab. Guatemala (Salvin).
Mus: PF. i. 8:
Said to have been procured by M. Robin in Trinidad, and by La-
fresnaye described as from New Granada, but more certainly from
Guatemala, where Mr. Salvin obtained his specimens personally.
4. CH&ATURA PELASGIA.
Hirundo pelasgia, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 345; Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 48,
pl. 39. f. 1.
Chetura pelasgia, Steph. Gen. Zool. Birds, xiii. p. 76; Baird,
B. N. Am. p. 144; Sclat. Cat. Am. B. p. 282.
Acanthylis pelasgia, Bp. Consp. p. 64; Cass, Ill. B. Cal. i. p. 241.
Hemiprocne pelasgia, Streubel, Isis, 1848, p. 363.
Fuliginosa ; gutture pallidiore ; supra eneo tincta, uropygio paulo
dilutiore.
Long. tota 4°7, alee 5°0, caudze 1°8.
Hab. Eastern United States of North America.
5. CHEZETURA VAUXII.
Cypselus vauxii, Towns. Journ. Acad. Philad, viii. p. 148.
Acanthylis vauxii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 660, Notes De-
lattre, p. 90, et Consp. p. 64; Cass. Ill. B. Cal. i. p. 250.
Chetura vauxii, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 145; Sclat. Cat. Am. B.
p. 282.
Chetura ?, Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 37.
Fuliginosa ; dorso et capite eneo tinctis; urepygio pallidiore ;
subtus gutture albo, ventre obscure fuliginoso, gulam versus
sensim dilutiore.
Long. tota 4°3, alee 4°7, caudze 1°5.
Hab. Western North America, from British Columbia south
through Mexico to Guatemala.
Mus. P. L. 8.
1863.] SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. 101
Readily distinguishable from C. pelasgia by its smaller size, paler
rump, nearly white throat, and lighter under parts. C. poliura,
which somewhat resembles it, is blacker on the back and head, and
much darker below.
6. CHEHTURA POLIURA.
oe pi poliourus, Temm. Tabl. Méth. p. 78 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl.
ols '2).
Acanthylis cinereicauda, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1850, p. 58.
Cypselus pelasgius, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 347.
Acanthylis oxyura, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 366.
Acanthylis polioura, Bp. Consp. p. 64.
Chetura poliura, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 283.
| Supra eneo-nigra; uropygio et tectr. caude sup. fuliginosis ;
subtus fuliginosa, gutture albicantiore.
Long. tota 4:2, alee 4°8, caudee 1°8.
Hab. Cayenne and Brazil.
Mus. P. L.S.
One of the specimens of this species in my collection is said to be
from Brazil; but the other is certainly from Cayenne, and Buffon
describes the species as from that country. I have compared my
examples with the type of Mr. Cassin’s A. cinereicauda, and can
vouch for their identity. It is perhaps doubtful whether Buffon’s
figure was not really intended for C. pelasgia, in which case this
bird should bear Mr. Cassin’s name—cinereicauda.
7. CH&HTURA CINEREIVENTRIS. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1.)
Cypselus acutus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 351 (nec auct.).
Acanthylis spinicauda, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 366.
Chetura cinereiventris, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 283.
Aineo-nigra; uropygio et corpore subtus cinereis; crisso nigri-
cante.
Long. tota 4°3, alee 4:2, caudee 2°8.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil.
Mus. P. L. S.
The cinereous uropygium and body beneath render this Brazilian
bird very easily recognizable on comparison with its congeners, though
it has been hitherto always confounded with one or other of them.
8. CHATURA SPINICAUDA.
Cypselus spinicaudus, Temm. Tabl. Méth. p. 78 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl.
726. f. 1).
Hirundo pelasgia, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 581.
Acanthylis spinicauda, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971; Bp. Consp. p. 64.
Chetura spinicauda, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 283.
Nigra ; fascia uropygiali alba; subtus albicanti-fuliginosa ; pee-
tore indistincte nigro vittato.
Long. 3°7, alee 3:9, caude 1:6.
Hab. Cayenne.
Mus. P.L.S.
102 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [April 21,
I have little doubt that this bird is the true ‘‘ Hirondelle a queue
pointue de Cayenne” of Buffon. It is easily distinguishable from
all the others by the white band across the rump. I have two ex-
amples, both from Cayenne.
April 21, 1863.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following letter, which had been addressed
by Mr. Williams, H. B. M. Consul at the Samoan Islands, to Mr.
George Sprigg of Melbourne, in reply to letters of inquiry respecting
the possibility of obtaining living examples of the Didunculus stri-
girostris :—
“ British Consulate,
Apia, Upolu, Samoa,
_ 19th November, 1862.
«My pear S1r,—I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt
of your favour, dated April 8th, 1862, with its inclosures. In reply,
I would say that I have been over twenty years trying to get one of
the birds you write about, and have just, within the last two months,
been fortunate enough to secure ove, which is now thriving well ; and
I hope that when I go to Sydney I shall be able to take it with me.
Although, for myself, I should rather favour the Sydney Acclimati-
zation Society, yet, as you have first written to me about the bird, I
should think it only just to give you the first offer. I have had
great difficulty in obtaining the bird; for they are nearly extinct,
having been destroyed by the wild cats. The Rev. J. B. Stair’s
account of the bird is very correct.
“TI hope to be in Sydney about May or June, when I shall be
happy to hold any further communication with you, and, with kind
regards,
“JT am,
«* My dear Sir,
‘Yours very truly,
(Signed) * Joun C. WiILu1AmMs.”
“To Mr. George Sprigg,
Melbourne.”
Dr. Sclater also read the following extracts from a letter addressed
to him by Dr. G. Bennett of Sydney, F.Z.S., dated January 19,
1863, referring to the same subject :-—
**T have now to send you all the information I have collected
respecting that rare bird the Didunculus, to bring before the Society.
I mentioned in a former letter that I had made arrangements with
a gentleman about to visit the Navigators’ Islands to procure me
1863.] LETTER FROM MR. R. GUNN. 103
information respecting the existence of this bird, and, if possible
specimens, dead or alive. I also gave him an accurately coloured
drawing of the bird, copied from Gould’s ‘Birds of Australia.” On
the 26th of December 1862, I received the following letter from him,
dated from Apia, Navigators’ Islands, November 1862 :—
«Dear S1r,—According to my promise, immediately on landing,
I made inquiries concerning the ‘Manu Mea,’ the result of which
you will find detailed below. From inquiries made of the natives, I
find that on this island (Upolu) the bird, if not totally, is almost ex-
tinct. Mr. Williams, the British Consul, had one, which he pur-
chased for six dollars (25s.). I found, in the course of conversation,
that a few might be found on the mountains at the island of Savaii,
an island about thirty miles to the leeward of this place; and on
mentioning the kind of bird to a gentleman here of the name of
Trail, he told me that he knew of a bird answering the description
and drawing in the possession of a native on Savaii, which he would
procure and send to Sydney by the schooner ‘ Mechanic,’ not having
time to procure it before my departure, for £5. You will think the
price high ; but recollect that there are many scientific people who
have been inquiring here and offering large sums for the bird.
«© «T am, dear Sir,
** © Yours truly,
ej. OBE.
«On the 7th January Mr. O’ Hea arrived in Sydney, and informed
me that he had countermanded the bird, when procured, from being
sent by any vessel until the return of his vessel (the ‘J. K. Beatson’)
in two months, as he had ascertained the ‘ Mechanic’ might not
call at Savaii. He informs me that the Didunculus in Mr. Williams’s
possession is a very young bird, with*the teeth of the mandible not
well developed ; it ran rapidly about the cage on any one looking
at it, being very wild and not accustomed to confinement, and it was
obliged to be driven in a corner of its cage to enable the spectator to
have a good view of it. It had then been in Mr. Williams’s pos-
session only about six weeks. It is not now found at Upolu; but in
the island of Savaii, the largest and most mountainous island of the
group, it is thought it may still be procured, but is very rare.
«The natives were surprised at the great interest taken in the
bird; and the numerous inguiries and large prices offered will lead
them, I have no doubt, to place almost a prohibitory price upon it.
Captain M‘Leod has also sailed for the Navigators’ group, and has
also a drawing of the bird, and will make every exertion to procure
it. 1 have not limited him to any reasonable price, and I shall not
object to give £5 to £10 a pair even for skins, as I expect the bird
is nearly extinct, or only to be procured with great difficulty.”
A letter was read from Ronald Gunn, Esq., Corr. Memb., dated
Launceston, Jan. 19th, 1863, announcing the shipment of a living
female Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) with three young ones
for the Society. Mr. Gunn stated, with reference to this animal :—
104 REPORT OF THE ARRIVAL OF INDIAN BIRDS. [April 21,
‘Like most of our animals, the Thylacine is nocturnal, inhabiting
the remoter parts of the colony, and ascending to the tops of our
mountains at an elevation of some 4000 feet above the sea. You
need not, therefore, treat them as tender, as they are exposed to both
frost and snow in our winter season, although, from the wooded cha-
racter of our island, the shelter is very great and the cold necessarily
much modified as compared with the climate of Britain,—our annual
mean temperature being about 54°-92, the mean of the hottest month
being about 63°°57, and of the coldest 45°-82. These temperatures
are, however, from Hobart-Town observations ; but the haunts of
the Thylacines are where the temperature is much lower.
‘« They, invariably, will eat only what they kill, and that fresh ; so
that after killing a sheep they never (or very rarely) return to the
dead carcase, but kill another. Hence it has been found impossible
to kill them by means of strychnine and other poisons, as has been
desired by our sheep-owners. In confinement, however, I have
found them eat the meat furnished to them with avidity.
“The present one, in giving suck to its young, used to lie down
like a dog, the skin of the pouch being thrown back so as to admit
of the young ones getting easily at the teats. When alarmed, the
young ones crawled in with their backs downwards, the mother as-
sisting by lowering her hind quarters to facilitate their getting in ;
and by also placing her rump against the side of her cage to give
the cubs a purchase with their hind legs against the cage, and thus
push themselves in. They were so large when they left this, that
when all in the pouch it hung down very low, and seemed almost a
deformity.”
The Secretary reported the arrival in the Society’s Gardens, on
the 3lst of March, of a fine collection of birds from India, partly
presented to the Society by the Babu Rajendra Mullick of Caleutta,
and partly deposited in the Gardens by Mr. John J. Stone and the
Rey. William Smythe. The collection shipped at Calcutta had‘con-
sisted of fifty birds, thirty-five of which had reached the Gardens in
safety, and the greater part of them in excellent condition, namely—
9 Horned Tragopans (Ceriornis satyra), 6 males, 3 females.
4 male Impeyans (Lophophorus impeyanus).
4 male White-crested Kaleeges (Gallophasis albocristatus) .
1 male Cheer (Catreus wallichit).
1 male Pucras (Pucrasia macrolopha).
12 Hardwick’s Spur-fowl (Galloperdix lunulosa).
1 male Polyplectron (Polyplectron chinquis).
3 Hornbills (Buceros pica).
The Secretary stated that the Society were greatly indebted to
Mr. Stone for the arrangements he had made in facilitating the
transport of these birds by the overland mail from Calcutta.
The following papers were read :—
1863.] DR,HARTLAUB ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. SPEKE. 105
1. On some Birps cCoLuecteD By Capt. J. E. Speke at Kazeu
IN Eastern Arrica. By Dr. G. Hartiavus, For. Memes.
(Plate XV.)
[Of the collections spoken of by Capt. Speke in his letter addressed
to me from Kazeh, read to the Society on the 13th January last
(see anted, p. 1), only one box of birds and the sketches have as yet
reached me. I have sent the birds to my friend Dr. Hartlaub, our
best authority on African ornithology, for his examination ; and the
_ present paper gives the results of his investigations.—P. L. S.]
1, Metrerax musicus (Daud.).
HypPorrioRCHIS SEMITORQUATUS (Smith).
. Haucyon varrecata (Vieill.).
HALcyon SENEGALENSIs (L.).
. MEROPS ERYTHROFTERUS, Gm.
. IRRIsOR CYANOMELAS (Vieill.), ay. juv.
CRATEROPUS JARDINII, Swains.
BASANISTES CISSOIDES (Licht.).
oon noe & WwW LY
. PRIONOPS POLIOCEPHALUS, Stanl.
10. BRADYORNIS SPEKEI, n. sp. Supra ex olivaceo rufescens,
capite subcinerascente; alis et cauda cinnamomeo-rufis, sub-
alaribus dilute fulvis, remigibus majoribus in dimidio apicali po-
gon internt oblique fusco-nigricantibus; fascia gulari e maculis
nigricantibus composita, utrinque ad angulum oris usque elon-
gata; subtus isabellino-fulva, pectore cinerascente; subcauda-
libus fulvis ; pedibus et rostro nigris.
Long. 73", rostr. a fr. 6!"", al. 3" 5!", caud. 3!.9!", tars. 13!",
A typical species, allied to the western B. ruficauda; tail long ;
feet rather large ; beak rather slender; tertiaries nearest to the body
all rufous ; forehead and ocular region more rufescent.
I propose to name this fine new species after its zealous discoverer,
Capt. Speke. It was collected at Meninga, and is figured in his
sketches under the name of the ‘“‘ Morning Warbler ;” the irides
are described as of a light straw-colour.
11. Dryoscopus FuNEsRIS, n.sp. Ew ardesiaco niger ; alis et
cauda purius nigris, nonnihil fuscescentibus ; uropygit plumis
longis, laxis, albo variegatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.
Long. circa 8", rostr. a fr. 93!", al. 3" 7!", caud. 33", tars. 14!"
This species is nearly allied to the western D. carbonarius, but
is smaller, and may be distinguished by its more slender and more
compressed beak, and by the zron-greyish shade of its black colour.
There is no doubt about its being new.
Capt. Speke names this bird the ‘‘ Black Metal-toned Whistler,””
and gives Meninga as its locality.
106 DR. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF worms. [April 21,
12. Dryoscopus HAMATUS, n.sp. Supra niger, nitore nonnullo
chalybeo; uropygit plumis longis, sericeis, albis ; subtus albus ;
subalaribus et subcaudalibus albis ; tectricibus alarum et re-
migibus, primo et secundo exceptis, albo limbatis ; rostro gra-
cili, valde compresso, maxille apice uncinato, nigro; pedibus
nigris.
Long. circa 5" 10'", rostr. a fr. 8!", al. 3", caud. 23", tars. 10!”.
13, EsTRELDA PH@NICOTIS, Sw.
14, EsrreLpa MiniMA, Vieill. (mutilated skin, the head wanting).
15. SpeRMESTES CUCULLATA, Sw.
16. EUPLECTES FLAVICEPS, Sw.
17. Vipua parapisEa (L.).
18. Vipva macroura (Gm.).
19. Vipva EquEs, n. sp. (PI. XV.) Minor, nigra; macula
scapulari majuscula, rufo-cinnamomea ; subtus late nigro-mar-
ginata ; margine axillari flavo-rufescente ; subalaribus albis ;
remigibus omnibus basi niveis, speculum alarem formantibus ;
rostro margaritaceo, basi supra et infra plumbeo; pedibus
nigris.
hone! tota 63", rostr. a fr. 6, al. 2" 9'", caud. 3" 6", tars. 9!"
This fine and apparently undescribed species belongs to the divi-
sion Urobrachya. It is one of the smallest of the whole group, and
appears to be nearly related to the U. albonotata of Cassin, which,
however, has the scapular spot of a pure rich yellow.
20. TRERON NUDIROSTRISs (Sw.).
21. CotumBaA GuINEA, Linn.
22. DENDROCYGNA vipvuatTa (Linn.),
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL New SPECIES OF WORMS BELONG-
ING TO THE ANNELIDA ERRANTIA AND SEDENTARIA OR TU-
BICOLA OF Mitnr-Epwarps. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S.
The following very interesting species of Annelides were collected
by Mr. Lord, during the time he was engaged as naturalist on the
N.W. American Boundary Commission. They appear to me to be
undescribed. They will be figured in the forthcoming report of the
labours of the commission.
1. Lerprponortus INsiIGNts, Baird.
This is a very fine species of the genus Lepidonotus. It is rather
more than 3 inches long, and is nearly 4 an inch in breadth, exclu-
sive of the setze of the feet. On the upper surface, the body is of a
whitish colour, marbled with black. The sides, which are covered by
1863. ] DR. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF WORMS. 107
the elytra, are white, and a broad black line runs down the centre of
the dorsum throughout its whole length. The feet are encircled
with fine black circular lines. The elytra, eighteen pairs in number,
are oval, white, with black dots on the outer sides and centre, and
they are marked with a black semicircular patch on the inner edge.
They do not overlap each other, except near the head. On the body
of the animal they are wide apart, leaving the centre of the back ex-
posed. The under surface is of a bluish-black colour, with a narrow
white line running down the centre. The proboscis is large and
wrinkled, and the jaws are of a reddish-brown colour. The antennz
are five in number, the central one being nearly three times as long
as the external pair, and of a pure white colour ; the internal and
external pairs white, ringed with black. The feet are very prominent,
strong, rounded, conical, and armed with seven or eight stout brown
bristles. ‘The second branch is extremely small, and sends off two
or three very small white setee. The superior cirrus is tolerably
long and sharp-pointed ; it is pedunculated, the peduncle being stout,
conical, and of a deep black colour. The inferior cirrus is short,
conical, and sharp-pointed. The last segment of the body is termi-
nated by two tolerably stout, but not long, cirri.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
2. Lepiponotus LorpI, Baird.
This species is about 3 inches long, and rather more than one-third
of an inch in diameter at the broadest part of the body. It tapers
gradually from the head to the tail, which is only about =%,ths of an
inch broad. The colour is of a light brown, a broad line of a much
darker brown running along the whole length of the centre of the
back. On the under surface, a groove runs down the centre of the
body throughout its whole length. The elytra are thirty-five pairs
in number, thin, membranous, and of a Jight-brown colour. The two
first overlap each other slightly in the middle; but, for the rest of
its length, the centre of the back is uncovered. The antennz are
five in number, the central one short, of much the same length as
the internal ones; the two external the longest, white, with a bright
black ring round the upper part, but leaving the point white, which
is acute at the apex. ‘The feet are tolerably stout, and the two divi-
sions are both furnished with sharp, but curved, pointed bristles.
The superior cirri are white and of a moderate length; the inferior
ones very short.
A good many specimens of this species were taken, and they were
all found nestling under the shell, and occasionally coiling themselves *
under the foot, of the animal of Fissurella cratitia.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
3. Lerrponotus GRUBEI, Baird.
This species is about 2 inches long, and } an inch broad. The
body underneath is of a uniform brown colour; above it is whitish,
mottled with black. The elytra are eighteen pairs in number, nearly
round, rough, with small tubercles, edged by a slightly raised margin,
108 DR. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF worms. [April 21,
and mottled with black and white. They do not meet each other in
the centre, but leave a portion of the back uncovered. The superior
cirri are rather long, blunt-pointed, pedunculated, marked with a
black spot at the base, where they issue from the peduncle, and are
ringed with black a little distance from the extremity. The inferior
cirri are short and acute-pointed. The feet are broad, and the
bristles of both branches are stout, of a bright brown colour, and
toothed on one edge near the extremity. The antenne are five in
number, and are all short and nearly of equal length.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
4. LePIDONOTUS FRAGILIs, Baird.
This species, owing to its brittle character, is in too bad a state to
describe accurately. It is about 23 or 3 inches long, and is rather
narrow. The scales or elytra appear to be very thin and membra-
nous; but as they are deciduous, it is difficult to ascertain the num-
ber, especially as the worm is broken into several pieces. The supe-
rior cirri are stout and club-shaped at the tip. There appear to be
no ventral cirri on the feet, and the superior cirri become nearly
obsolete on the lower half of the body.
It was found by Mr. Lord adhering to a starfish ; “‘ but,” he says,
‘*it is next to impossible to obtain one perfect, as they break them-
selves to pieces on the slightest touch, or however carefully killed.”
In this respect it resembles a species of Annelide belonging to the
group of vermiform Aphrodisians, described by Risso as occurring
in the Mediterranean, under the name of Humolpe fragilis.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
5. Nernris FouiaTa, Baird.
This Nereid is of a dark grey colour above, and of a lighter hue
underneath, somewhat iridescent. It is 15 inches in length, and
at the broadest part is about } an inch in breadth. It tapers gradu-
ally towards the tail, which terminates in two short, blunt, caudal
styles. ‘The first or occipital segment of the body is about twice the
length of the second. The tentacular cirri are unequal, and vary
in length: in the largest and best-developed specimen the longest
are only about as long as the first two segments; while in another
specimen, nearly of the same size, they are nearly equal in length to
the first four segments, and in one or two small specimens, not a
third the length of the two just mentioned, these cirri are equal in
length to at least eleven of the first segments of the body. The
‘shorter ones are only about half the length of the first segment of
the body. The feet are well developed, the superior branchial ap-
pendages are large and in the form of a leaf, giving the animal at
first sight the appearance of a species of Phyllodon. The antennze
are shorter than the palpi, which are strong and conical in shape.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
This species approaches very nearly to Nereis virens of Sars, from
Newfoundland (vide Middendorf, Sibirische Reise, Annulos. 6,
tab. i. figs. 2-6).
1863.] DR. BAIRD ON NEW SPECIES OF WORMS. 109
6. NEREIS BICANALICULATA, Baird.
This is rather a small species, about 2 inches long, and 2+ lines in
breadth. It is of a dull white colour, and is remarkable for having
a channel running down both the dorsal and ventral sides. The
channel on the dorsal surface is rather deep, commencing from the
eleventh ring, and continues to the tail; the channel itself is quite
smooth, the divisions or rings of the body not showing on its surface.
On the ventral surface the channel shows marks of the divisions or
rings into which the body is divided. The head is small, the an-
tennze about equal in length to the palpi, and the tentacular cirrhi
are equal to about five or six rings of the body. The upper portion
of the body is rounded, and not channeled ; and the tail terminates in
a round, blunt knob, without caudal filaments. The feet are rather
small, but are rendered unusually distinct from the peculiar manner
in which the rings or divisions of the body are interrupted by the
channel running along the centre of the body. It tapers very gra-
dually, and almost imperceptibly for some time, from the head to the
tail.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
7. GLYCERA CORRUGATA, Baird.
This Annelide is about 4 inches in length, exclusive of the pro-
boscis, which, when exserted, is {ths of an inch long, and is about
3 lines in breadth ; the proboscis is 4 lines at its greatest diameter.
The head is rather short and conical, and strongly ringed. The an-
tenn are somewhat broad. ‘The feet are broad, composed of two
lobes, and are destitute of branchial filaments. The bristles are
jointed, and the setze straight and sharp. The segments of the body
are very numerous, composed of a double ring, the one on which the
feet are set being the narrower of the two and raised ; while the
whole surface of the body, especially on the upper side, is densely,
though not very strongly, corrugated throughout its whole length.
The proboscis is densely scabrous, and covered with very short dark-
coloured bristles. The body tapers to a narrow point posteriorly,
and terminates in a loosely connected short lobe, armed at the extre-
mity with a slightly curved, horny, sharp-pointed claw.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
8. SABELLARIA SAXICAVA, Baird.
This Worm lives in the rock. The tube in which it lodges is
solitary, and is evidently hollowed out of the solid (though not a very
hard) rock by itself, and appears to be quite round.
The thoracic portion of the body is round ; the abdominal flat-
tened, with an impressed line running down through its whole length.
The head is surmounted by an opercular disk composed of two rows
of stout, dissimilar bristles (palee). The inner row consists of about
ten stout, cylindrical, sharp-pointed bristles of a dark horn-colour,
gradually increasing in size from the dorsal margin towards the ven-
tral. The outer row consists of about eighteen bristles, not so stout,
flattened, and finely denticulated on both sides for about half the
110 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE FossaARID&. [April 21,
length. The postoccipital segment of the body is long, of a dark
colour, somewhat wrinkled, and marked with three or four fleshy
tubercles, on each side. ‘Ihe thoracic feet are three pairs, and are
broad, but short. As only one specimen was found, it was thought
unadvisable to dissect the whole worm out ; in consequence of which
the extremity has not been seen. I am unable to say whether it
terminates in a caudal appendage or not.
The length of the exposed portion of the worm is 1} inch, the
breadth about 2 lines. Probably the part enclosed in the tube may
be of about equal length.
Hab. Esquimalt Harbour, Vancouver Island (Mus. Brit.).
3. On THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF FossARIDZ FOUND IN
Japan. By Arruur Apams, F.L.S., erc.
Of all the different forms peculiar to this little group, the animal
of Fossar only has been examined. It is distinguished from that of
Littorina and Trichotropis by the possession of two frontal interten-
tacular lobes. In this respect it resembles that of the Trochidee ;
but the sides of the foot and the operculigerous lobe are simple. In
the ‘ Annals’ for 1860 I suggested therefore the creation of a family
Fossaridz to include the genera Fossar and Isapis, to which I added
Conradia and Couthouyia, two new forms from the Sea of Japan.
I now add descriptions of Cithna and Gottoina, also new types from
the shores of the same archipelago. The species of Fossar which I
named F. japonicus I find identical with F’. costatus, Broce., which
inhabits the Mediterranean.
Genus 1. Fossar, Adanson.
1. Fossar costratus, Broce.
Nerita costata, Broce. p. 300, t. 11. f. 11.
Delphinula costata, Bron.
Purpura costata, Sow.
Sigaretus costatus, Serres.
Fossarus tornatilis, Gould, Otia, p. 110.
Fossar japonicus, A. Ad. Aunals, 1861.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Kuro-Sima; Tsu-Sima.
2. Fossar TROCHLEARIS, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 187.
Hab. O-Sima.
3. Fossar FENESTRATUS, A. Ad.
F, testa neritoidea, solida, alba, anguste umbilicata, spira obtusa,
anfractu ultimo permagno, anfractibus cingulis quatuor elevatis
transversis et costis longitudinalibus validis late clathratis ;
apertura semiovata ; labio recto ; labro margine valde crenato.
Hab. O-Sima.
A solid Neritoid species, with the spire obtuse, and the whorls very
coarsely clathrate.
— 4
1863.] MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE FOSSARID. 111
Subgenus Coutnovyia, A. Ad.
1. Cournovyta pecussaTa, A. Ad. Annals, 1860.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
2. Courwovuyia RETICULATA, A. Ad.
Fossar reticulatus, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 186.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Uraga.
3. CouTHOUYIA STRIATULA, A. Ad.
C. testa ovata, rimata, fusca, spira acuminata; anfractibus 44,
convexis, transversim striatis, lineis incrementi obsoletim im-
pressis, suturis profundis, apertura elongato-ovali ; labio tenui,
arcuato ; labro margine integro, rima umbilicali angusta, elon-
gata, semilunari.
Hab. Yobuko, 25 fathoms.
This is a thin, transversely striated species, with a linear rimal
fissure, and with the spire much produced.
4. Cournovuyia piicireRa, A. Ad.
C. testa ovata, tenui, rimata, fusca, spira acuminata ; anfracti-
bus 44, convevis, transversim tenuiter striatis, longitudinaliter
plicatis, plicis obliquis, tenuibus, subdistantibus, suturis canali-
culatis ; apertura ovata ; labio arcuato ; labro margine integro;
rima umbilicali angusta, lunata.
Hab. Yobuko.
This is a small species, with plicate whorls and canaliculated su-
ture; it is finely striated transversely, and is very thin, like most
shells obtained at any considerable depth.
Genus 2. Isaris, H. & A. Adams. .
1. Isaprs niraAta, A. Ad. Annals, 1860.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
2. Isapis conorpEA, A. Ad.
I. testa ovato-conoidea, alba, solida, rimata, spira acuta, elatius-
cula ; anfractibus quatuor, planatis, transversim valde liratis,
liris subdistantibus, equalibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter con-
cinne clathratis ; apertura ovata; labio incrassato, superne
dente acuto transverso instructo ; labro margine acuto, integro.
Hab. Takano-Sima, in shell-sand.
The form is conoidal, the tooth is at the upper part of the inner
lip, and the outer lip is not crenate. In other respects it somewhat
resembles J. ovoidea, Gould.
Genus 3. Conranpta, A. Ad.
1. ConrADIA CINGULIFERA, A. Ad. Annals, 1860.
Hab. Mino-Sima; Uraga.
112 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE FOSSARIDE. [April 21,
2. CoNRADIA CARINIFERA, A. Ad. Annals, 1860.
Hab. Mino-Sima; Gotto.
3. ConrapDIA CLATHRATA, A. Ad. Annals, 1860.
Hab. Mino-Sima.
4, CoNRADIA PULCHELLA, A. Ad. Annals, 1861.
Hab. Tsu-Sima, 16 fathoms; Gotto, 48 fathoms.
5. ConrapiA pouiaris, A. Ad.
C. testa turbinata, sordide alba, profunde umbilicata ; anfracti-
bus 43, convexiusculis, transversim valde liratis (liris in an-
fractu ultimo 7, equidistantibus), interstitiis concinne cancel-
latis, suturis canaliculatis ; apertura orbiculari ; labio tenui,
arcuato ; labro margine fimbriato; rima umbilicali angusta,
lunata.
Hab. Seto-Uchi (Mososeki, 7 fathoms).
This is a very pretty species, with distant transverse ridges, and
the interstices neatly cancellated. The shell is very thin, the aper-
ture is nearly circular, and the sutures are deeply channeled.
6. ConrADIA TORNATA, A. Ad.
C. testa turbinata, alba, solida, anguste umbilicata ; anfracti-
bus 34, convexis, transversim valde liratis, liris in anfractu
ultimo 5, distantibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter valde striatis;
suturis mediocribus ; apertura circulart; labio incrassato, an-
tice subdilatato, arcuato ; labro margine fimbr zato.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
A small, solid, neatly sculptured species, with a narrow umbilicus,
and the interstices between the strong transverse ridges very coarsely
striate.
Subgenus Gotrorna, A. Ad.
Testa turbinoidea seu trochiformis, imperforata; anfractibus
transversim liratis. Apertura ovata; labio simplici, arcuato.
This form differs from Fossar in the absence of the peculiar deep
rimal fissure, and in the inner lip being arcuate instead of straight ;
£,0in Conradia and Couthouyia in being solid and imperforate ; and
from Isapis in the inner lip not being furnished with a tooth.
1. Gorrormna suLcrIFEeRA, A. Ad.
G. testa depresso-turbinata, albida, solida, rimata, spira obtusa ;
anfractibus 34, conveais, liris transversis validis equalibus,
interstitiis longitudinaliter concinne striatis, ornatis ; apertura
ovata ; labio subincrassato, arcuato ; labro margine crenulato.
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
1863.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE SPECIES OF PHASIANIDA. 113
2. GoTroina PyRGULA, A. Ad.
G. testa trochoidea, albida, solida, imperforata, spira elata; an-
fractibus 4}, subplanatis, liris validis, transversis, subnodulosis,
et lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus, late cancellatis, lineis in an-
fractu ultimo inferne obsoletis ; apertura ovata; labio tenui,
arcuato; labro margine crenato,
Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms.
Subgenus Ciruna, A. Ad.
Testa globoso-turbinata, tenui; anfractibus levibus. Apertura
viz circularis ; labio tenui, arcuato; labri margine simplice ;
umbilico carina semilunari extus instructo.
This form resembles Conradia, without any ridges or keels on the
whorls. Tie umbilicus is exactly similar to that of Omphalotropis,
Pfr.
1. Crruna Guiososa, A. Ad.
C. testa globoso-turbinata, alba, tenui, profunde umbilicata, lineis
incrementi ornata ; anfractibus 4, convexis, suturis profundis ;
apertura orbiculari ; labio arcuato, acuto; labri margine sim-
plicit ; umbilico extus valde carinato.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Harima Nada.
2. CirHna sprrata, A. Ad.
C. testa turbinata, tenui, albida, late et profunde umbilicata,
spira elata; anfractibus 4, planatis, superne angulatis, ultimo
ad pertpheriam carinula transversa instructo ; apertura ovata;
labio tenui, arcuato; labro simplict, acuto; umbilico carina
conspicua circumcincto.
Hab. Seto-Uchi; Idsuma Nada.
4. List oF THE SPECIES OF PHASIANID#, WITH REMARKS ON
THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTION. By P. L. Sciarer,
M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
(Plate XVI.)
There is little doubt that all the species of the family Phasianide
might be introduced into this country, and bred in our aviaries.
Whether, as the more sanguine advocates of acclimatization main-
tain, it would be possible to add them to our game-preserves, and
whether this, if carried out, would be of material advantage to the
sportsman, I will not now stop to inquire. It is sufficient to say that
increased interest has been lately manifested in many quarters in the
acquisition of living examples of these splendid birds, and that I have
received numerous offers of assistance from correspondents in various
Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1863, No. VIII.
114 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
parts of the world, who are desirous of knowing what Pheasants the
Society already possesses, and what would be the most desirable addi-
tions that could be made to the present stock in the Gardens. Under
these circumstances I have drawn up the subjoined list of all the
species of the family Phasianide, as far as they are known to me,
adding some remarks on the general history of the species, and
notes on their exact geographical distribution, as far as that can
be ascertained.
The family Phasianide is one of the most typical of the circum-
scribed order Galline, which, according to the arrangement usually
followed, is conveniently placed between the Columba, on the one
hand, and the Struthious birds on the other. It consists, accord-
ing to my ideas, of six natural and tolerably well-defined families,
—namely (1) the Péeroclide, or Sand-Grouse, which may be placed
first, as showing certain Columbine affinities* ; (2) the Tetraonide,
embracing the true Grouse, Partridges, Odontophores, and Quails ;
(3) the Phasianide, containing the Pheasants, Peacocks, Turkeys,
and Guinea-fowl ; (4) the Cracide, or Curassows of the New World,
to which the genus Meleagris leads off, and possibly ought to be
referred; (5) the Megapodide, or Megapodes; and (6) last, the
Tinamide*+, or Tinamous, by which the passage is effected to the
Struthiones. The geographical distribution of these families is shown
by the following table :—
Regio Regio Regio Regio Regio Regio
Neotropica. Nearctica. | Palearctica.| /ithiopica. Indica. | Australiana.
Rene rccnecrae built Givlertgasedeuse Pteroclidz. |Pteroclidz. Pteroclida. | ....seceeeee
Tetraonide. |Tetraonide. |Tetraonidex. |Tetraonide. (|Tetraonide. |Tetraonide.
meaetteeree - |Phasianide. |Phasianide. |Phasianide. ({Phasianide. | ............
(Meleagris.) (Numidinz.)
Cracidvesma: ill wieavseccsrces 7
Recacssvessacl| cressvecreaten, al| Jl mie | 8M Mnel|UetaUace stems «- |Megapodidz.|Megapodide.
Tinamid®. =| ceeveceaesss
By this it will be seen that the true Phasianide are only repre-
sented in the New World by the genus Meleagris, and in Africa by
three small genera of the Numidine. It is in the Indian region
where these Gallinaceous birds have attained their great development,
most of the large and splendid forms of the group being confined to
this region, though certain outliers have been thrown out from it
into the adjoining parts of the Palearctic Region.
The Phasianide may be conveniently divided in the following
way :—
* See Mr. Newton’s remarks, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 203.
+ In spite of what Mr. Parker has stated before this Society, as to the undoubted
affinities of the Tinamous (see P. Z. S, 1862, p. 259), I cannot yet make up my
mind to arrange this group with the Struthiones, and therefore leave them for the
present at the end of the Gallinaceous group.
1863.) SPECIES OF PHASIANID.
1. Lophophorus N. India.
2. Pucrasia .....|N. India.
3. Phasianus ...|Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China, Japan,
and N. India.
ae 4, Thaumalea ..|Central Asia.
~ a *** 1 15. Crossoptilon./\Central and Eastern Asia.
(35 species.) 6. Euplocamus .'N. India, Burmese Countries, China, Sumatra,
and Borneo.
7. Gallus ...... India, Burmese Countries, Sumatra, Java,
and islands beyond, up to Timor.
| |8. Ceriornis .../N. India and China.
Tr Paconiie MAPAVO) ccscecose India, Burmese Countries, and Java.
“(3 + |2. Polyplectron |N. India, Burmese Countries, and Sumatra.
(8 species.) 3. ATZuS....0006 Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo.
III. Meleagrine..../1. Meleagris ...|North-eastern and Central America.
(3 species.) ;
IV. Namiding. {Numi Ati
(20 species.) 3. Agelastus ...|W. Africa.
In the following catalogue of species I have inserted those only
which I believe are unquestionably good. There are examples of
nearly all of these in the splendid collection of the British Museum * ;
and I may state that I have seen specimens of all the fifty-six species
enumerated below, except Numida pucherani. I have to thank
Mr. Wallace, Mr. Swinhoe, and Mr. Blyth for communicating to me
various particulars concerning the range of the different species.
Subfam. I. PHASIANINA.
Range.—Palzarctic and Indian Regions ; straggling into the con-
fines of the Australian Region.
Genus 1. LopHorHorus.
Range.—Southern slopes of the Himalayas.
1. LopHorHorvs impeyANus. (Impeyan Pheasant.)
Phasianus impeyanus, Latham, Ind. Orn.
Lophophorus impeyanus, Gould, B. Asia, pt. 2.
Hab. Southern slopes of Himalayas; probably throughout the
whole range, but certainly from Simla to Darjeeling. Cashmere, at
high elevations ; nowhere abundant, but pretty generally distributed
(A. L. Adams).
Genus 2. Pucrasia.
Range.—Southern slopes of the Himalayas.
]. Pucrasia MAcROLopHA. (Pucras Pheasant.)
Satyra macrolopha, Less. Dict. Se. N. lix. p. 196.
Pucrasia macrolopha, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p- 563 ; Gould, B. Asia,
pt. 6.
Hab. N.W. Himalayas, common on the ranges near Simla east-
ward (above 5000 feet elevation, Dr. 4. L. Adams). Procured by
Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.
* The desiderata of the British Museum appear to be only Euplocamus mela.
notus, E. swinhoti, Numida tiarata, and N. pucherani.
116 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
2. PucrasiA CASTANEA. (Western Pucras.)
Pucrasia castanea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 99; B. Asia, pt. 6.
Hab. Kafiristan (Grifith).
3. PucrasiIA NIPALENSIS. (Nepalese Pucras.)
Pucrasia nipalensis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 100; B. Asia, pt. 6.
Hab. Bhotan.
Genus 3. Puastanvus, Linn.
Range.— Palearctic Region, from Europe to Japan, and one aber-
rant species on southern slopes of the Himalayas.
Sect. A. Phasianus.
1. PHASIANUS CoLcHICUS. (Common Pheasant.)
Phusianus colchicus, Linn.
Hab. Shores of the Caspian, where diffused over Western Asia
and Europe.
2. PHAsSIANUS ToRQUaTUS. (Chinese Pheasant.)
Phasianus torquatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 742; Gould, Birds of Asia,
pi: 7. ple 4,
Hab. Eastern Asia, from Transbaikalia, through Amoorland, into
Southern China (Schrenck, Amur-Reise, i. p. 404).
Very common in the flat cotton-country round Shanghai; and a
hill-bird in Southern China, where less common. Believed to have
been seen in captivity near Pekin ; but not met with there in a wild
state (Swinhoe).
The Formosan bird varies a little in plumage from Chinese speci-
mens as noted by Mr. Swinhoe (Ibis, 1863, pt. 4).
3. Puastanus Moncoxicus. (Mongolian Pheasant.)
Phasianus mongolicus, Brandt: Gould, B. Asia, pt. 10. pl. 1.
Hab. Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains, and probably the adjoining
parts of Mongolia.
Herr v. Schrenck has shown (Amur-Reise, p. 403) that Prof.
Brandt was in error in considering this bird as We P. colchicus, var.
mongolica, of Pallas,— Pallas’ s bird being doubtless the Phasianus
torquatus, which is the only species met with in Amoorland. The
P. mongolica of Brandt appears to be a more western species, from
the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains. Mr. Gould speaks of an
example killed near Semipalatinsk, which is on the Irtisch, in
80° E. lon. The interposition of this distinct species between the
closely allied P. colchicus and P. torquatus is very singular.
4, PHASIANUS VERSICOLOR. (Japanese Pheasant.)
Phasianus versicolor, Vieill. : Gould, B. Asia, pt. 9. pl. 1; Temm.
Pl. Col. 486, 493.
Hab. Japan, Niphon (Heine, in Perry’s Japan Exp. Zool. ii.
p. 224): doubtful if extending into Jesso (Blakiston, Ibis, 1862,
p- 329).
1863.] SPECIES OF PHASIANID2. 117
5. PHASIANUS SE&MMERINGII. (Scemmering’s Pheasant. )
Phasianus semmeringii, Temm. Pl. Col. 487.
Hab. Japan, vicinity of Simoda, island of Niphon (Heine, J. c.).
Sect. B. Syrmaticus, Wagler.
6. PHASIANUS REEVESII. (Barred-tailed Pheasant.)
Phasianus reevesii, J. E. Gray, Ind. Zool. i. pl. 39.
Phasianus veneratus, Temm. Pl. Col. 485.
Phasianus superbus, Jard. Nat. Libr. xiv. p. 202.
Hab. Northern China: vicinity of Pekin (Lamprey).
Stated by the Chinese to be found also in the Taihoo district,
Central China, on the north side of the Yang-tsze-kiang (Swinhoe).
Sect. C. Catreus, Cab.
7. PHASIANUS WALLICHII, (Wallich’s Pheasant, or The Cheer.)
Phasianus wallichii, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xv. p.
Phasianus staceii, Gould, Cent. pl. 68.
Hab. North-western Himalayas, lower and intermediate ranges
(Dr. A. L. Adams).
The Cheer was introduced into Europe by the Society in 1857,
along with the three species of Kaleeges, but has not made such
good progress—not breeding so freely as the latter birds.
Genus 4. THAUMALEA, Wag].
Range.—High plateau of interior of Asia.
1. THAUMALEA PIcTA. (Golden Pheasant.)
Phasianus pictus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 272.
Hab. Southern Daiiria and the eastern part of the Desert of
Mongolia, in summer advancing sometimes up to the Amoor (Pallas,
Zoogr. ii. p. 86; Schrenck, Amur-Reise, i. p. 521). Interior of
China, provinces 3 Kansti and Sechuen, whence brought into Canton,
living, for sale (Swinhoe).
2. THAUMALEA AMHERSTIZ. (Lady Amherst’s Pheasant.)
Phasianus amherstie, Leadb. Linn. Trans. xvi. p. 129; Gray &
_ Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 125.
Hab. Probably the Chinese province of Yunnan and adjoining
_ region of Tibet.
_ The original examples of this splendid bird were ‘presented by
the King of Ava to Sir Archibald Campbell, who gave them to the
Countess Amherst. Her ladyship retained them in her possession
about two years, and ultimately succeeded in bringing both of them
_ to England alive; but they only survived the voyage a few week *°
_ (Leadbeater, in Linn. Trans. xvi. p- 129).
Mr. Hodgson obtained skins of this bird whilst in Nepal, as
noticed by Blyth (Cat. of As. Soc.’s Mus. p. 246), who gives as
118 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
locality the ‘‘ bordering regions of China and Tibet.” Other ex-
amples obtained by Mr. Hodgson are in the British Museum.
Genus 5. Crossoptiton, Hodgs.
Range.—Tibet, interior of China, and Tartary.
1. CROSSOPTILON TIBETANUM. (Tibetan Eared-Pheasant.)
Crossoptilon tibetanum, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vii. p. 864.
Hab. Eastern Tibet: only one specimen known, obtained by Mr.
Hodgson, and now in the British Museum.
2. CROSSOPTILON AURITUM. (Pallas’s Eared-Pheasant.)
Phasianus auritus, Pallas, Zoogr. R. A. ii. p. 86.
Crossoptilon auritum sive mantchuricum, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1862,
p. 286.
Hab. Mantchuria, north of Pekin: obtained by Dr. Lamprey at
Pekin (see P. Z. S. 1862, p. 221).
Genus 6. EupLocamuws.
Range.—Southern slopes of the Himalayas, and eastwards through
Burmese countries to Southern China and Formosa; Sumatra and
Borueo, but not Java.
Sect. A. Diardigallus.
1. EupLocamus pRa&LATUS. (Siamese Pheasant.)
Diardigallus prelatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 415 (1856) ;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xii.
Gallus diardi, Temm. in Mus. Lugd.; “Schlegel, Handl. t. d.
Dierk. i. p. 379.
Diardigallus fasciolatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxvii. p. 280.
Euplocamus crawfurdi, in Mus. Brit.
Diardigallus crawfurdi, Schomb, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 250.
Hab. Siam ; Shan States, to the east of Kieng-Mai (Schomburghk).
Mus. Brit.
Sect. B. Euplocamus.
2. EvpLocamus vie1LuorTi. (Vieillot’s Fire-back.)
Gallus ignitus, Vieill. Gal. pl. 207 (¢).
Phasianus ignitus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 320.
Euplocamus ignitus, J. E. Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. pl. 39 ( 2 ).
Gallophasis vieilloti, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498; Sclater &
Wolf, Zool. Sketches, ser. 2. pt. 1. pl. 6 (ex ave viva).
3. Niger, purpureo splendens : dorso imo ignescenti-castaneo :
lateribus albo notatis : rectricibus quatuor mediis fulvescenti-
albis.
9. Brunnea, plumis corporis subtus albo marginatis.
Hab. Province of Mergui, Tenasserim, and southwards throughout
Malayan peninsula, Sumatra.
1863.] SPECIES OF PHASIANIDZ. 119
Easily distinguished from the two following species by its white
side-stripes. Specimens of both sexes were obtained at Malacca by
Mr. Wallace.
3. EuvpLocamus 1eniTus. (Latham’s Fire-back.)
Phasianus ignitus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 1xi.
Gallus macartneyi, Temm. Pig. & Gall. iii. p. 663.
3. Niger, purpureo splendens : dorso imo igneo-ferrugineo : late-
ribus pallide castaneis, nigro variis: rectr. 4 medits albis.
2. Brunnea, subtus plumis albo variegatis.
Hab. Probably Sumatra.
There are specimens of this bird in the Leyden Museum and in
the British Museum ; but in neither case is the exact locality known.
Macartney’s original specimen was procured at Batavia; but Mr.
Wallace tells me there is certainly no form of this family, except Gallus
and Pavo, in Java. In this species the flanks are pale chestnut,
varied with purplish black; the middle of the belly is black, and
the four intermedial rectrices are nearly white, as in LZ. vieilloti.
4, EvpLocamus NoBILIs, n.s. (Bornean Fire-back.) (Pl. XVI.)
Euplocamus ignitus ex Borneo auct.
3. Niger, purpureo splendens: dorso postico et lateribus cum
ventre toto saturate castaneis: rectricibus quatuor mediis et
proxime utriusque pogonio interno cervinis.
2. Brunnea, subtus albo variegata.
Hab. Borneo.
There are two specimens of this bird in the British Museum from
Borneo ; and in the Leyden collection is an example from the same
locality. The species closely resembles the true EZ. ignitus, but is
readily distinguished by its fawn-coloured medial rectrices and wholly
chestnut belly. One example in Mr. Wallace’s collection was ob-
tained at Sarawak.
5. Evptocamus swinuoi. (Swinhoe’s Pheasant.)
Euplocamus swinhowi, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 284.
3. Niger, metallice purpurascens: crista media et dorso summo
niveis: scapularibus badiis: rectricibus duabus intermediis
albis, ceteris nigris : alis extus eneis: cera et pedibus rubris.
Q. Brunnea, nigro vermiculata: ventre puriore: alis nigris,
brunneo fasciatis.
Hab. Formosa (Swinhoe).
Sect. C. Acomus, Reichenb.
6. EUPLOCAMUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Rufous-tailed Pheasant.)
Phasianus erythrophthalmus, Raffi. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 321.
Gallophasis erythrophthalmus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498.
Phasianus purpureus, Gray, Ind. Zool. i. pl. 42 (2).
120 DR, P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
3. Niger, alis griseo undulatis : dorso imo igneo: cauda fulva:
oculorum ambitu nudo rubro.
©. Purpureo niger, unicolor.
Hab. Sumatra (Raffles) ; common in collections from Malacca.
I am inclined to believe that Raffles is right in his description of
the female of this bird—that sex having been considered hy some
authors as a distinct species, and named in Gray’s ‘ Indian Zoology ’
Phasianus purpureus. A male example of this species was obtained
at Malacca by Mr. Wallace.
7. EvpLocamus pyronotvus (Bornean Rufous-tailed Pheasant.)
Euplocamus erythrophthalmus, J. E. Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. pl. 39.
fig. 1.
Alectrophasis pyronota, G. R. Gray, List of Galline, p. 26.
Euplocamus personatus, Temm. in Mus. Lugdun.
3. Niger: dorso imo igneo: cauda fulva: corpore subtus albo
longttudinaliter lineato.
Q. Purpureo-niger, unicolor.
Hab. Borneo (Mus. Brit.).
- Easily distinguished from EF. erythrophthalmus by the white medial
shaft-lines of the plumage below. The female specimen in the British
Museum appears very like the female of the preceding species. Two
examples, males, one of which was obtained near Sarawak, are in
Mr. Wallace’s collection. The naked space round the eye is marked
red.
Sect. D. Genneus, Wagler.
8. EvpLocamus NYCHTHEMERUS. (Silver Pheasant.)
Phasianus nycthemerus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 272.
Genneus nycthemerus, Gould, B. Asia, pt. xi.
Nycthemerus argentatus, Sw. Class. il. p. 34.
Hab. Southern China. “ Has been shot in the vicinity of Amoy ;
mhabits the wooded hills of the interior of Southern China”
(Swinhoe).
Sect. E. Gallophasis.
9, EupLocamus LINEATUS. (Lineated Pheasant.)
Tineated Pheasant, Latham, G. H. viii. p. 221.
Phasianus lineatus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 24.
Phasianus reynaudi, Lesson, in Belanger’s Voy. Zool. pls. 8, 9.
Phasianus fasciatus, M°Clelland, Calcutta Journ. vol. ii. p. 146.
Hab. Tenasserim and Pegu, replacing the following species, LZ.
horsfieldi, which is connected with the present by a series of inter-
mediate forms found in Arracan. (See Blyth, Cat. Mus. A.S. B.
p. 244.)
N.B. Temminek’s Lophophorus cuvieri seems to have been esta-
blished upon one of these intermediate forms. (See Blyth, J. ¢.)
1863.] SPECIES OF PHASIANIDZ. 121
10. EvpLocamus HorsriELpi. (Horsfield’s Kaleege.)
Gallophasis horsfieldi, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. pl. 126.
Hab. Assam and Sylhet.
This and the two following species were introduced by the Society
in 1857, and are bred every year in the Gardens. Full details re-
specting them have been given from time to time in the ‘ Proceedings’
and ‘ Annual Reports’ of the Society. (See P.Z.S. 1858, p. 554,
and 1860, p. 444.)
11. EvpLocamus MELANoTus. (Black-backed Kaleege.)
Euplocamus melanotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 694 ; Cat. Mus.
A.S. B. p. 244.
Hab. Sikhim and probably Bhotan.
12. EupLocamus aLBocristatTus. (White-crested Kaleege.)
Phasianus albocristatus, Vig. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 16; Gould, Cent.
pl. 66.
Hab. Western Himalayas: “rare on the Cashmere ranges ; more
plentiful on those near the Punjab” (Dr. 4. L. ddams, P. Z.8. 1859,
p- 186).
Capt. Thomas Hutton observes with reference to this species, in
his ‘Notes on the Nidification of Indian Birds’ (J. A. S. B. xvii.
pt. 2. p. 694) :—
“In Mr. Gray’s catalogue of the collection presented to the British
Museum by Mr. Hodgson, this and Phasianus hamiltonii are given
as synonyms of Gallophasis leucomelanos. In this there. appears
to be some degree of error, for the species are distinct. Mr. Blyth,
in epistold, writes that ‘there are’ four true races and two hybrids.
Of the former, one is EL. albo-cristatus, crest rarely very white, the
white on the rump always well developed; and found exclusively
westward of Nepal. #. melanotus, Blyth, which has a black crest,
and no white on the rump, is common at Darjeeling: and the Nepa-
lese E. leucomelanos is certainly a cross between these two. JL.
cuviert of Assam, Sylhet, &c., has white on the rump, but the under
parts wholly shining black ; and this has produced a mixed race with
E. lineatus in Arracan.
“If such be the case, the name of /eucomelanos, belonging only to
a hybrid, and not to a true species, must give place to Gould’s name
of albocristatus. Phasianus hamiltonii of Gray’s ‘ Ill. Ind. Zool.’
looks very like an immature male of the present species, but, being
from Nipal, is probably an immature hybrid. In the neighbourhood
of Mussooree and Simla we have only Euplocamus (Gallophasis)
albocristatus (verus ),—the others all occurring more to the eastward,
as correctly observed by Mr. Blyth. The long white crest is seldom,
or perhaps never, found except in fully mature birds, it being gene-
rally of a dirty or dusky hue, like that figured in Gould’s ‘ Century.’
Every place, however, is now so thoroughly poached over by native
shikarrees that an old white-crested bird is extremely rare.”
122 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
Genus 7. GALLUS.
Range.—India, Ceylon, and throughout Burmese countries into
Sumatra, Java, and islands beyond, as far as Timor: Philippines(?).
1. GALLUS BANKIVA. (Bankiva Jungle-fowl.)
Gallus bankiva, Temm. H. N. Pig. & Gall. ii. p. 87.
Gallus ferrugineus, Blyth, Cat. p. 242.
Hab. Java, Sumatra, Malacca, Burmese countries: Assam; and
jungly districts of all Northern India, from valleys of the Subhima-
layan region southward to the Vindhya range and N. Circars
(Blyth). Philippines (Crawford). All the islands between Java
and Timor inclusive, aud also Southern Celebes (Wallace).
2. GALLUS STANLEYII. (Ceylonese Jungle-fowl.)
Gallus lafayetti, Less.
Gallus stanleyii, J. E. Gray, Ind. Zool.
Hab. Ceylon.
3. GALLUS SONNERATII. (Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl. )
Gallus sonneratiz, Temm. Pl. Col. 232, 233.
Hab. Peninsula of India.
“‘Tolerably abundant in most of the lofty jungles of Southern
India; also found in the lower jungles in the Carnatic and eastern
range of Ghauts” (Jerdon). Very rare and local in the Vindhya
range, and not found further north of it. Royle is wrong in stating
that it is found in the North-western Himalayas (Blyth).
4, Gauuus varius. (Fork-tailed Jungle-fowl.)
Phasianus varius, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 9.
Gallus javanicus, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 185.
Gallus furcatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 433.
Hab. Java: Lombock, Sumbawa, and Flores.
Mr. Wallace has examples of this bird from Java and Flores which
show little variation. He saw it in Lombock, and heard of its being
more abundant in Sumbawa.
Genus 8. CERIORNIS.
Range.—Southern slopes of Himalayas into Southern China.
1. CerrorNIs SATYRA. (Horned Tragopan.))
Meleagris satyra, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 269.
Tragopan satyrus, Gould, Cent. pl. 62.
Ceriornis satyra, Blyth, Cat. p. 240.
Hab. South-eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikim: Bhotan.
2. CERIORNIS MELANOCEPHALA. (Black-headed Tragopan.)
Satyra melanocephala, Gray in Griff. An. K. iii. p. 29.
Tragopon hartingsi, Vig. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 8; Gould, Cent.
pls. 63, 64, 65.
1863. ] SPECIES OF PHASIANID. 123
Ceriornis melanocephala, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 499; Gould, B.
Asia, pt. 7. pl. 9.
Hab. Slopes of North-western Himalayas: higher ranges north-
west of Simla, and Southern Pinjal forests of Cashmere (Dr. A. L.
Adams).
3. CERIORNIS TEMMINCKII. (Temminck’s Tragopan.)
Satyra temminckii, J. E. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 50.
Hab. China: exact locality unknown.
Obtained by Mr. Reeves from Beale’s Menagerie, and brought
alive to this country.
4. CerrorNis caBoTi. (Cabot’s Tragopan.)
Ceriornis caboti, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 171; B. Asia, pt.
Hab. China (?).
Described from a single specimen in Dr. Cabot’s collection, said
to have been obtained at Macao.
Subfam. II. PAVONIN A.
Range.—Indian region except China, Java, and Philippines.
Genus 1. Pavo, Linn.
Distribution.—Peninsula of India, Burmese countries, aud Java.
1. Pavo cristatus. (Common Pea-fowl.)
Pavo cristatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 267.
Hab. Indian peninsula, Himalayas (up to 4000 feet), and Ceylon ;
jungles among the salt-range of the Punjab (Dr. A. L. Adams).
At one time I supposed that the Ceylonese species of Peacock
might be the next (Pavo nigripennis) ; but Sir J. Emerson Tennant
having kindly procured me a skin from Ceylon for comparison, I
find it to be the same as the Indian Pavo cristatus.
2. Pavo NiGRIPENNIS. (Black-winged Pea-fowl.)
Pavo nigripennis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 221.
I am still at a loss to know what was the original sedes of this
Peaceck, which I cannot regard otherwise than as a very distinct
species. Raffles (Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 319) says the “Common
Peacock is a native of the Malay peninsula and Java;” and in the
Appendix to his Memoir, Pavo cristatus is given as being found in
Sumatra. Can the present bird be the Malayan form of the com-
mon species ?
3. Pavo muticus. (Javan Pea-fowl.)
Pavo javanicus, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 185.
Hab. Burmese and Malay countries, ranging northwards to Ar-
racan; Java (Horsf.); Sumatra (Vigors in Raffles’s Mem. p.676).
Obtained in Eastern Java by Mr. Wallace, and said to be abun-
dant all over the island.
194 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [April 21,
Genus 2. PotypLectron, Temm.
Range.—From Assam, throughout Burmese countries, to Sumatra
and Borneo (?).
1. PotypLecTRON cHrINQuIS. (Indian Polyplectron.) .
Polyplectron chinquis, Temm. Pl. Col. 539.
Hab. Assam, Sylhet, Arakan and Tenasserim, down to Mergui.
This is the Pavo tibetanus of Linnzus, but, not being found in
Tibet, cannot be called by that specific name. The best figure of
the male bird is given in the ‘ Planches Coloriées.’. We received two
males of this species in 1857, presented to us by the Babu Rajendra
Mullick, which are still living in good health in the Gardens. The
same gentleman has again sent us a pair this year, but the female
unfortunately died before reaching England. There is, however, no
doubt that this fine bird would do well in captivity.
2. PotyPLECTRON BICALCARATUM. (Hardwicke’s Polyplectron.)
Pavo bicalearatus, Linn.
Polyplectron iris, Temm.
Polyplectron hardwickii, Gray, Ind: Zool. i. pl. 37.
Hab. Malacca, commonly received in collections of skins formed
in Malacca ; Sumatra (Raffles).
3. PoLyPLECTRON CHALCURUM. (Sumatran Polyplectron.)
Polyplectron chalcurum, Temm. PI. Col. 519.
Hab. Sumatra.
Mus. Brit.
4, POLYPLECTRON EMPHANES. (Napoleon’s Polyplectron.)
Polyplectron napoleonis, Less. Trait. d’Orn. p. 487 (dese. nulla).
Polyplectron emphanum, Temm. Pl. Col. 540.
Hab. Perhaps Borneo.
Mus. Brit.
Genus 3. Arcus, Temm.
Range.—Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.
1. ARGUS GIGANTEUS. (Argus Pheasant.)
Phasianus argus, Linn.
Argus giganteus, Temm.; Vieill. Gal. pl. 203.
Hab, Malacca, and northwards to Mergui (Blyth) ; Siam (Mou-
hot); Sumatra in the deep forests, generally in pairs (Raffles) ;
North-western Borneo (Wallace).
The Siamese and Bornean birds may probably constitute local
varieties.
A second species of Argus (Argus ocellatus) has been created on
the faith of certain feathers in the French National Collection, but
the bird is otherwise unknown. See Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 878.
%
1863.] SPECIES OF PHASIANID&. 125
Subfam. III. MELEAGRIN®.
Range.—Awerica, north of Panama and east of Rocky Mountains
to Canada. P
Genus 1. MeLeracris.
1. Meveacris GALLopavo. (Wild Turkey.)
Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 268; Baird, B. N. Am.
p- 615.
Hab. Eastern States of North America.
Mus. Brit.
2. MeLEaGRIS MEXICANA. (Mexican Turkey.)
Meleagris mexicana, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 61; Baird, J. c.
p- 616.
Hab. Table-land of Mexico.
3. Meveaeris ocELLaTA. (Ocellated Turkey.)
Meleagris ocellata, Temm. PI. Col. 112.
Hab, Guatemala, province of Peten, and Yucatan.
Subfam. IV. NUMIDINA.
Range.—Africa, inclusive of Madagascar.
Genus 1. Numipa.
Sect. A. Numida.
1. Numipa MELEAGRIS. (West African Guinea-fowl.)
Numida meleagris, Linn, S. N.i. 273 ; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 199.
Numida rendalli, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 153.
Numida maculipennis, Sw. B. W. Afr. ii. 226.
Hab. Western Africa, from the Gambia southwards through
Ashantee to the Gaboon (Hart/.) ; Cape de Verd Islands (Bolle).
2. NuMIDA PTILORHYNCHA. (Abyssinian Guinea-fowl.)
Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht.: Riipp. Syst. Verz. p. 105, pl. 39.
Hab. E. Africa, Abyssinia, Kordofan, and Sennaar (Riipp.).
3. Numripa MITRATA. (Mitred Guinea-fowl.)
Numida mitrata, Pallas, Spic. iv. p. 18.
Hab. South Africa, and northwards along the east coast to the
country opposite to Zanzibar, where a specimen was obtained by Capt.
Speke (see P. Z. S. 1862, p. 12).
4. Numipa TraRATA. (Tiara’d Guinea-fowl.)
Numida tiarata, Bp.: Hartl. Orn. Madagasce. p. 68.
Hab, Madagascar.
126 ON THE SPECIES OF PHASIANID. [April 21,
Sect. B. Guttera.
5. Numrpa cristata. (Crested Guinea-fowl.)
Numida cristata, Pall. Spic. Zool. iv. p. 15; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr.
p- 200; Lath. G. H. viii. pl. 122.
Hab. West Africa: Sierra Leone, Ashantee, and Aguapim
(Hartl.).
6. NumIpA pUCHERANII. (Pucheran’s Guinea-fowl.)
Numida pucheranii, Hartl. Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1860, p. 341.
Hab. Zanzibar.
The eastern form of N. cristata, and probably the bird taken by
Layard for that species, in ‘ Ibis,’ 1861, p. 120.
7. NuM1IpA PLUMIFERA. (Plumed Guinea-fowl.)
Numida plumifera, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. 1857, p. 321, et
Journ. iv. p. 6, pl. 2.
Hab. Cape Lopez, Western Africa (Du Chaillu).
Mus. Brit.
Sect. C. Acryllium.
8. Numipa vuLtTuRINA. (Vulturine Guinea-fowl.)
Numida vulturina, Hardw. P. Z.8. 1834, p. 12; Gould, Icon.
Av. pl. 8
Hab. Madagascar (Layard, Ibis, 1861, p. 120).
Genus 2. Puasipus, Cassin.
Range.—Western Africa.
1. PHastipus N1GER. (Black Phasid.)
Phasidus niger, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1851, p. 322, et Journ.
iv. p. 7, pl. 3.
Hab. Cape Lopez, W. Africa (Du Chaillu).
Genus 3. AGELAsTus, Temm.
Range.—Western Africa.
1, AGELASTUS MELEAGRIDES. (The Agelastes.)
Agelastes meleagrides, Temm. in Mus. Lugd.; Bp. P. Z. 8. 1849,
p- 145; Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 200.
Hab. West Africa: Dabocrom (Pel.) ; Gaboon (Verreauz).
Mus. Brit.
Having enumerated the fifty-six species of the family which I am
acquainted with as existing in a state of nature, I may now remark
that twenty-five of them have been already possessed by the Society
in a living state, namely :—
1. Lophophorus impeyanus. 4. Phasianus torquatus.
2. Pucrasia macrolopha. 5. versicolor.
3. Phasianus colchicus. 6. reevesil.
1863.] MR. A. NEWTON ON DISPERSION OF SEEDS BY BIRDS. 127
7. Phasianus wallichii. 17. Gallus sonneratii.
8. Thaumalea picta. 18. furcatus.
9. Euplocamus vieilloti. 19. Ceriornis satyra.
10. erythrophthalmus. 20. melanocephala.
bt: nychthemerus. 21. Pavo cristatus.
12. lineatus. 22. nigripennis.
13. horsfieldi. 23. muticus.
14, —— melanotus. 24. Polyplectron chinquis.
15. albocristatus. 25. Argus giganteus.
16. Gallus bankiva.
N.B. Of the species printed in ttalics we have examples now alive
in the Gardens.
5. On An ILLUSTRATION OF THE MANNER IN WHICH BIRDS MAY
OCCASIONALLY AID IN THE Dispersion or Srreps. By
Aurrep Newton, M.A., F.Z.S.
Last summer, my friend Mr. Henry Stevenson, the Secretary of the
Norfolk and Norwich Museum, showed me the singular specimen
which, by his liberality, I now exhibit. It will be seen that it is
the leg and mutilated foot of a French Partridge (Caccabis rufa,
G. R. Gray), a great part of which is imbedded in a mass of clay.
128 MR.A.NEWTON ON DISPERSION OF SEEDS BY BIRDS. [April 21,
At my request he has since furnished me with the following parti-
culars respecting it :—
“On the 8th of December 1860, Mr. Sayer, a bird-stuffer at
Norwich, showed me the Partridge’s leg and ball of earth which I
recently placed in your hands, and, in answer to my inquiries, gave
me the following particulars :—‘A gentleman, whose name he did
not know, but whose face was quite familiar to him as an occasional
visitor to his shop, brought the leg to him a day or two before,
stating that the bird to which it belonged had been seen, on a heavy-
land farm in Suffolk, hobbling along in a very unusual manner, and
was with little difficulty run down and secured. It was then found
that the lower half of one leg was imbedded in a mass of earth, which
raised it considerably from the ground, and necessarily kept the
limb in a bent position. The bird was half starved.’
«The lump, measuring 74 inches in circumference, and weighing
63 oz., had become as hard as stone, and certainly in that state ac-
counted for the bird not having been able to free itself from the en-
cumbrance. ‘Two toes only are visible, of which one has the nail
torn off level with the edge of the mass itself. From the upper part
protrudes a short bit of straw, and this being entangled round the
foot probably by degrees collected the soil, which may also have
been hardened by the frost at night. The unfortunate bird may, too,
have been wounded in the leg, and thus unable to endure the pain
of removing the earth when it first began to accumulate. Ihave no
reason to doubt Mr. Sayer’s statement, and believe he told me what
he heard from the gentleman. The leg, when I saw it, looked fresh
where it had been cut off.
(Signed) “ Henry STEVENSON.”
It will be remembered that Mr. Darwin, in his work on the
‘ Origin of Species,’ speaks of the possibility of the seeds of plants
being occasionally transported to great distances by being enclosed
in earth adhering to the beaks and feet of birds; and he mentions
the fact of his having “‘removed twenty-two grains of dry argillaceous
earth from one foot of a Partridge,” in which earth ‘ there was a
pebble quite as large as the seed of a vetch”’ (pp. 362, 363). Now
the mass of clay I exhibit is enormously greater than the quantity of
earth mentioned by Mr. Darwin, and is sufficient to hold the germs
of a very extensive flora.
Apart from the statement of Mr. Stevenson, that the lump, when
he first saw it, was “‘as hard as stone,” and the contrast thereby
afforded by the “fresh look ”’ of the leg, a close examination of the
specimen convinces me that the clay, as that gentleman suggests, ac-
cumulated gradually. The two toes which are visible have become
distorted, and have accommodated themselves as well as they were
able to the shape of the mass. I imagine also that the loss of the
claw, noticed by Mr. Stevenson, has been experienced since the mass
attained nearly its present size and shape; and it will be seen that
the stump has perfectly healed over. Now all this must have taken
some time; I do not venture to say whether days, weeks, or months.
It is clear that, as the bulk and weight of the encumbrance increased,
uv
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1863.) DR. J. £E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 129
it would more and more interfere with the bearer’s means of obtain-
ing a livelihood ; and hence, weakened by starvation, the bird was
finally unable to rise, and met its death in the manner stated.
If, as I believe, the clay accumulated by degrees, it is obvious that
there was once a time when the incipient mass was uo heavier a bur-
then than the bird was able to bear in flight. What the actual limit
was, is a question we have no means of determining; at least I am
not aware of any experiments having been made tending to show
what weight a Partridge is capable of supporting on the wing. But
I trust I have said enough to justify me in bringing this before the
Society as a singular illustration of the manner in which birds may
occasionally aid in the dispersion of seeds.
6. Revision or THE Species oF Lemuroip ANIMALS, WITH
THE DeEscRIPTION OF SOME NEw Species. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., erc.
(Plates XVII., XVIII., XIX.)
Having to examine some recently acquired specimens of Lemuroid
animals from Western Africa, I was induced to re-examine the series
of specimens of the family in the British Museum, and determine
the different specimens of the genus which had been received within
the last few years, and only named as they were entered in the list
of accessions,
_ There has been published lately two monographs of the family,
derived from the same collection, that in the Jardin des Plantes at
Paris—the one by Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire and MM. Florent
Prevost and Pucheran (‘Catalogue Méthodique des Mammiféres,’
Paris, 1851), the other by a young Swedish naturalist, viz. A. G.
Dahlbom (‘Studia Zoologica,’ Lund. 1856). And Dr. Peters, in his
work on the ‘ Zoology of Mozambique,’ has examined and described
some specimens in the Berlin Museum. So that we may consider
that the specimens in the best Continental museums have been care-
fully examined.
Every one must be struck with the number of genera into which
the smaller species of the family are divided ; while the larger spe-
cies are all included in a single genus, divided into sections, which
are more decided and more neatly characterized than several of the
genera above referred to. This must be sufficiently evident when
we find that the most striking and important—indeed I may say
the only characters that M. Isidore Geoffroy can find to distinguish
allied genera are as follows :—Hind legs, ears, and eyes very deve-
loped, Microcebus; hind legs, ears, and eyes extremely developed,
Galago : to which, to be sure, he adds, the first is from Madagascar,
_ and the second from continental Africa and the small islands adjacent
to that continent.
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1863, No. IX.
130 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
In my outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into
tribes and families, in the ‘ Annals of Philosophy’ for 1825 (vol. x.
p. 337), I divided the family Lemuride as under—
+ Head long, grinders blunt. 1. Lemurina: Lemur, Lin. 2. Li-
chanotina: Indris, Lacép; Lichanotus, Illiger.
+t Head round. 3. Loridina: Loris, Geoff.; Nycticebus, Geoff.
4. Galagonina: Otolicnus, Illiger ; Galago, Adanson; Cheiro-
galeus, Geof. 5. Tarsina: Tarsius. 6. Cheiromyina: Cheiro-
mys, Cuvier,—
considering Galeopithecide as a separate family.
M. Isidore Geoffroy, i in the ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia in the
Paris Museum,’ 1851, divides the Lemuroid animals into three fa-
milies, viz. eae ide, Tarside, and Cheiromyide ; and he divides
the Lemuride into three subfamilies, according to the number of the
teeth, thus—
I. Indrisina—Grinders 2 =; lower cutting teeth 2; in all 30.
Genera Indris, Propithecus, es Avahis.
IL. Lemurina. —Grinders = zg: lower cutting teeth 4; in all 36.
Tarsus moderate, or of the aon length. Genera Lemur, Hapale-
mur, Lepilemur, Cheir Cpa NG: ae odicticus, Nycticebus, and Loris.
Ill. Galagina.—Grinders = i - lower cutting teeth 4; in all 36.
Tarsus elongate. Genera Microcebus and Galago.
The genus Galeopithecus is not included in the part of the work
that has as yet appeared.
Mr. A. G. Dahlbom, in his ‘ Studies on the Primates in the Paris
and other Museums,’ proposes to divide the Lemurine Primates, or
Prosimia, into three groups, according to the length and breadth of
the feet, as defined by the comparative length of the tarsus and
metatarsus, thus—
I. The Prosimie brachytarse, with tarsi shorter than the meta-
tarsi. Genera Indris, Avahis, and Propithecus.
II. The Prosimie isotarse, with the tarsi and metatarsi equal in
length. Genera Perodicticus, Nycticebus, Loris, Lemur, Lepilemur,
Cheirogaleus.
Ill. The Prosimie macrotarsa, with the tarsi much longer than
the metatarsus. Genera Galago, Hemigalago, Microcebus, and Tar-
sius.
He regards the Prosimie brachy- and iso-tarse as forming the
tenth family, Lemuride; the Prosimie macrotarse as a distinct or
eleventh family ; and forms the genus Daudentonia, Geoffroy (or
Cheiromys of Cuvier), into a twelfth family, which he calls Glirtsimie.
It will be seen by the foregoing observations that M. Isidore
Geoffroy divides the group of Lemuroid animals into three families,
according to the form and number of the cutting teeth—thus, Le-
muride, Tarside, and Cheiromyide. I think that such a division
is both natural and convenient ; and at the same time every one who
well examines the osteological characters and the general habit, as
well as the external appearance, of the two genera Tarsius and
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 131
Daubentonia, will come to the conclusion that in the zoological series
the Aye-Aye (Daubentonia) is properly placed with the Lemuroid
Mammalia, and that the genus Tarsius, by the disposition and the
form of the teeth and by the length of the fingers, forms the link
which explains the peculiarities of this otherwise apparently anoma-
lous animal.
Fam. I. Lemurip.
2
Cutting teeth = or eee the upper far apart; the lower com-
pressed, shelving forward, the two outer larger, opposed to the space
between the upper cutting teeth. The fingers and toes free, well
developed ; the first hind toe shorter, with an elongate curved claw.
Believing that the form of the head and size of the eyes, which
indicate the extent of the nocturnal habits of the animal, are of more
importance than the mere length and slenderness of the foot, I have
proposed the following arrangement of the genera.
I observe that the length of the ears varies considerably in what
are in other respects very nearly allied species, and that the ears
are very often distorted in the stuffed specimens—so much so that
a species may sometimes be said to have a long ear, while if ob-
served alive it would be regarded as only having a moderately de-
veloped one; for the ears are often unduly stretched by the stuffer,
and the form entirely destroyed ; and in some cases they are as much
shrunk by not being attended to when the skin is dried. This is
important, as sometimes the species, or even a genus, has been de-
scribed from a living specimen or from an animal preserved in
spirits, and at others from a more or less well preserved or stuffed
skin; and it is this difference of state that renders the recognition
of the animal so difficult, and has caused so many synonyma. For
these reasons I have united together into one group some of the
genera of the smaller species which have been separated on slight
differences in the apparent development and size of the ears.
I propose to arrange the genera as follows :—
I. The head elongate ; face developed ; eyes moderate ; hind legs
elongate ; fingers well developed, normal.
* Teeth 30; hind foot very short; great toe long. Indrinina.
1. Inpris. ‘Tail none.
2. Propitnecus. ‘Tail elongate.
** Teeth 36; tail elongate; great toe broad. Lemurina.
a. Feet short; ears moderate.
_ 3. Varecra. The head surrounded by a ruff; ears tufted.
_ 4. Lemur. Head without any ruff; wrist with a narrow bald
line and pad above.
_ 5. Prosim1a. Head without any ruff; ears externally hairy ;
_ wrist hairy.
132 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
b. Feet elongate ; ears large.
6. OToGALE.
VI. Head short ; face short, tapering ; eyes (and orbits) very large.
* Hind legs elongate; tail elongate.
+ Teeth 30; feet short, broad. Microrhynchina.
7. MicRORHYNCHUS.
+t Teeth 36; feet short, broad. Galagonina.
8. Hapatemur. Ears moderate; upper cutting teeth on the
inside of canine.
9, CuEerroGaLeus. Ears moderate; upper cutting teeth m an
arched series.
10. Leprremur. Ears large, elongate; upper cutting teeth in
an arched series. Tail with close-set short hair.
11. Cattorus. Ears very large, contractile. Tail with bushy
hairs.
ttt Teeth 36; feet elongate, slender.
12. GaLaGo.
** Fore and hind feet equal; tail none; feet short.
+ The hands normal ; fingers free, index clawed. Lorisina.
13. Nycricesus. Limbs short.
14. Loris. Limbs elongate, slender.
++ Hands broad, short ; index finger abortive, clawless.
Perodicticina.
15. PERODICTICUS.
I. The head elongate ; face well developed ; the eyes moderate; the
hind legs much longer than the arms; the fingers well deve-
loped, free, elongate, normal.
The form of the head is best seen in the skull, which in this sec-
tion is elongate; the face is well developed, rather compressed ; and
the orbits, though large, are much smaller than in the succeeding
sections. The length of the head and the size of the orbits vary in
the different species, and the division between this and the following
tribe is not very strongly marked.
* Grinders = cutting teeth - in all 30. The hind foot short,
broad; great toe very long, slender. Indrinina.
1. InprRis, Geoff. 1796.
Lichanotus, Mlig. 1811.
Pithelemur, Lesson, 1840.
hy
‘ ‘
1863.] DR. J. £. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 133
Upper cutting teeth large, strong, compressed, one before the
other in an arched line. Ears exserted, hairy. Nostril separated by
a very narrow septum. Body thick. Feet short; tarsus shorter than
the metatarsus. ‘Tail rudimentary, very short. The great toe very
long, slender, and covered with hair.
INDRIS BREVICAUDATUS, Geoff.
Lemur indri, Gmelin.
Indris niger, Vinson.
Var. white, called Simpoune.
Indris albus, Vinson, Compt. Rend. lv. 829.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
The claws, like most of the Lemuride, when perfect are keeled
and end in an acute tip.
Skull: length 3! 10, breadth 2" 3'",—that is to say, measured
in inches and twelfths of an inch or lines.
The four lower cutting teeth of the Indris occupy about the same
space as the six in the other genera, the central ones being broader,
while in the other genera the two central pair are very much com-
pressed and slender; and the upper cutting teeth are stronger and
broader ; indeed the general character of the skull is to be stronger,
though the teeth are fewer, In other respects there is very little
difference in the dentition.
2. PropitrHecus, Bennett.
Macromerus, A. Smith, 1834.
Habrocebus, Wagner, 1840.
Ears short, smooth inside, and visible in the fur. Nostrils sepa-
rated by a moderate septum. Tuail elongate. The two middle upper
cutting teeth very large, oblique, sharp-edged. Great toe long, hairy.
PropirHecus p1aApEMA, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 20.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
** Grinders a cutting teeth cae the tail elongate, hairy; the
great toe short, broad. Lemurina.
a. The feet short ; ears hairy externally, moderate or hidden ; the
upper cutting teeth subequal, on the side of the more or less
prominent intermazillary bone.
The length of the feet are shown in the skeleton by the tarsal bones
being shorter, or not longer, than the metatarsal ones; they are
shorter than the shank or tibia, being generally about two-thirds the
length of that part of the leg.
M. Isidore Geoffroy observes, the species of Lemurs “ are nume-
rous; many are very difficult to distinguish, or even doubtful.”
It is to be observed that I have never seen the skin of a specimen
that was caught wild in its natural habitat. All the specimens that .
have come under my observation have been living in menageries ; and
all the skins in the Museum are obtained from specimens which have
134 DR.J.E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
been so confined ; and some of them have been even born in confine-
ment, and are probably the hybrid offspring of two species, arising from
the intermixture of different kinds in the same cages. Under such
circumstances, it is very natural that there should be difficulties in
separating them, and that there may be intermediate forms. Yet
I may state that, when the specimens which have come under my
examination have been carefully compared, I have had no difficulty
in distinguishing them, and I have not found a single specimen
which I have had the slightest reason to believe is a passage from one
species to the other. And this is extraordinary when we consider the
very imperfect material that is at our command for the determination
of the species of this natural genus. In fact it appears to me, after
my long experience, that whenever there is any doubt about the
distinction of species, it always arises rather from the imperfection of
the material at our command, and the consequent imperfection of our
knowledge, than from any want of permanence in the species them-
selves. It is this that makes me doubt the wisdom of the theorists
who would explain the order of the creation by the mutability of
species, and take advantage of the imperfection of our knowledge as
the basis of their theory, instead of placing their faith in practical na-
turalists, who have studied species in detail for years, and who are all,
as far as I know, ready to declare that species (the history and detail
of which are well known) are the most certain and best defined
groups in nature, and are distinctly circumscribed, while genera, tribes,
families, orders, and even classes are constantly gradually passing into
each other, or contain species, or groups of species, of which it is dif-
ficult to say to which group they should be assigned. But, unfortu-
nately all their works have too much of the spirit of an advocate,
and sometimes there is evidence of special pleading, which is mis-
placed in a scientific essay.
My firm opinion, founded on forty years’ experience, and after
having had through my hands perhaps more specimens of animals
of different classes than most living zoologists, if not more than any
other, is that species are permanent; indeed they appear to me to
be the only groups of individuals that seem to be well defined and
separated from other groups by a distinct and unvarying character.
I fully agree with the observations of Messrs. Bentham and Hooker,
the authors of the ‘Genera Plantarum,’ now being published, ‘‘ that
on the whole the natural grouping of individuals into species, and
their limitation as such, is far more easy and satisfactory than of
genera and of all the other superior groups.”
It is no doubt true, as Mr. Darwin observed in his letter on Hete-
rogenesis to the editor of the ‘Athenzeum’ for the 25th of April 1863,
that the “ origin or derivation of species from gradual change, how-
ever produced, does appear to connect large classes of facts ’’—that is
to say, if such a derivation could be proved; but, unfortunately,
during all my experience, and after most careful search (for the
origin of species has always been a most interesting subject of my
contemplation), I have never found the slightest evidence for the
support of such a theory, or the least modification of any species
Log =
1863.] DR. J.E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 135
leading to such an opinion. We have, on the contrary, seen that
even when any hybrid specimen has been artificially produced,
there is always a strong inclination for the race so produced to re-
turn to the original form. And I must consider, as the authors
above quoted have stated, that “the fact that species do in botany
(and, I may add, zoology) stand out as the most prominent term in
the series between individual and class is perhaps the most salient
obstacle to the reception of the doctrine of the origin of these
through variation by natural selection,” or, I would add, any other
theory that has been suggested ; indeed it appears to be an insur-
mountable difficulty to the reception of the theory of the gradual
modification of species altogether, however much such a theory
might, if it were true, explain some of our difficulties*.
Varecia varia.
3. VARECIA.
The cheek and chin surrounded by a fringe of tong hair. The
* I would refer to Professor Haughton’s paper on the ‘ Origin of Species,’ read
before the Natural History Society of Dublin, on the 21st November, 1862, as
a most excellent corrective of such fallacious theories.
136 DR.J. E.GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
ears pencilled at the end. The wrist hairy. The skull elongate. Face
tapering, broad behind and shelving on the sides of the nose ; super-
ciliary ridges prominent, much higher than the forehead.
1. VARECIA VARIA. B.M.
Lemur macaco, Gmelin.
Lemur varius, Geoff.
Maki vari, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 178, t. 27.
Prosimia macaco, Gray.
Fur black and white-varied.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
Skull, with the face much lengthened, tapering. The nose high,
shelving on the side to the central ridges. The grinders large; the
upper cutting teeth one before the other, on the side of the projecting
intermaxillaries. The interorbital space very narrow and depressed.
Length of skull 3! 9'", breadth at zygomatic archi 2”.
=
2. VARECIA NIGRA. B.M.
Lemur macaco, Linn.
Lemur niger, Geoff. 1812; Schreb. Saiugeth. t. 40a; Peters, Mos-
samb. 21.
Fur uniform black.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
3. VARECIA RUBRA. B.M.
Lemur ruber, Geoff. 1812.
Fur red; wrist or ankles more or less white.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
Skull wider, orbit more diverging, and the side of the nose higher
and flatter, than in /. varia.
4. VARECIA LEUCOMYSTAX.
Lemur leucomystax, Bartlett, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 347, pl. xt.
Grey ; patch on lower part of back and fringe round the face
white.
Hab. Madagascar ; living in the Zoological Gardens.
4, Lemur.
Face without any ruff. Ears hairy externally. The hand with a
bald line up the inside of the wrist, ending in a bald spot above.
The tail ringed. Upper cutting teeth subequal, rather shelving.
Skull with the forehead convex ; face rather compressed, round above.
Lemur catra, Linn. B.M.
Macaco, Buffon, xiii. t. 22.
Prosimia catta, Lesson.
Hab. Madagascar.
Skull quite adult, length 3! Qt breadth 1" 10'; the interorbital
space flattened, narrow ; eckeadt convex.
Ta VS + ot a ee
ae eS
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 137
5. PRrosimtia.
The head without any ruff or fringe. The ears hairy externally,
naked at the tip, more or less exposed. The wrist hairy. The skull
elongate ; the face produced, rather compressed on the sides, rounded
above; forehead flat.
* Temple, cheek, forehead, and crown white.
1. PROSIMIA ALBIFRONS. . BM.
Lemur albifrons, Geoff.; Audeb. Makis, t. 3; Bennett, Zool.
Gardens, i. 299, fig.
Grey-brown, hairs minutely punctulated ; face and end of the tail
black; hinder part of the head, including the forehead, cheek,
temple, and base of ears, pure white ; chest, belly, and inside of the
limbs whitish grey.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.). Living in the Zoological Gar-
dens.
** Temple, under the ears, and throat white.
2. PROSIMIA NIGRIFRONS. B.M.
Lemur nigrifrons, Geoff.; Bennett, Zool. Gard. i. 301, fig. .
Blackish or grey, greyer on the sides beneath; base of the ears
reddish white ; cheek, throat, and chest white; nose grey; orbits,
forehead, cheeks, and end of the tail black or blackish.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
*** Temples coloured like the back.
3. PROoSIMIA MELANOCEPHALA. (Pl. XVIII.) B.M.
Fur yellowish brown, washed with black ; chin and beneath pale
rufous; head black above; cheeks, under the ears, with a convex
puff of hair of the same colour as the back; tail brown, blacker
at the end; hands and feet dark reddish brown.
Young of same specimen (perhaps a hybrid with some other
yellow-puffed species) : head rather paler; spot on side of the neck
rather yellower and more silky and puff-like.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
4, PROSIMIA MONGOZ. B.M.
Lemur mongoz, Linn.
Mongous, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 298, t. 26.
L. albifrons of Menageries.
Fur reddish grey ; throat, chest, and beneath reddish grey; the
crown of the head black; face, chin, streak up the forehead and
across the crown of the head black ; cheeks and side of the forehead
_ iron-grey.
Madagascar.
The specimens of this species vary in the breadth of the band or
streak on the head, but it is also known by the black nose and the
138 DR.J.E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
iron-grey spot on each side of the forehead. Skull elongate, length
3:6, breadth 2°0; canines very large; interorbital space broad,
convex ; forehead flat ; orbits produced on the sides.
**** Temples rufous ; the hairs elongated (forming a kind of
whisker) beneath.
5. PRosIMIA RUFIFRONS. B.M.
Lemur mongoz, Schreb. Saugeth. i. t. 39 a (moderate).
Lemur rufifrons, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 106; Fraser, P. Z. 8.
1845; Zool. Typica, t. (bad).
Fur grey, with two small white cross streaks on each side of the
rump; throat and beneath rufous; nose and line up the middle of
the forehead black ; sides of nose, cheeks, and large spot on each
side of the forehead white; tail blackish, rather rufous at the base.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
Both Schreber’s and Fraser’s figures leave out the peculiar stripes
on the side of the rump.
Lemur rufus (Geoff.), Maki roux (Audeb. Makis, t. 2), seems to
resemble this species, but we have it not; it may be only a variety.
Lemur rufiventer (1. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. 71) and Lemur flaviventer
(1. Geoff. Cat. Mamm. 72) are probably allied species.
6. Prostm1a xanTHomystax. (PI. XVII.) B.M.
Lemur xanthomystax, Gray, B.M.
Fur grey-brown, with a broad, black, indistinct dorsal streak; chin,
chest, and beneath pale rufous; head and back of neck black; a
large puffy spot on each side of the throat under the ear bright
rufous ; a large spot on each side of the forehead over the eyes
grey ; tail brown, blackish-washed.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
This may be easily known from P. mongoz (with which it agrees
by having the grey spot on the forehead) by the dorsal streak, and
the red puff on the temples.
*eEE Temples and cheeks and sometimes the side of the neck rufous.
7. PROSIMIA CORONATA. B.M.
Lemur coronatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1842, x. 257; Voy.
Sulphur, t. 4.
Fur pale grey; beneath reddish white; face white; temple,
cheeks, and forehead rufous ; spot on the crown of the head black ;
tail blackish, rufous at the base.
Var. white, Maki albine, Chenu, Ency. N. H. Quadr. 263, fig.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
Lemur chrysampyz (Scheurmann, Acad. Brux. xxii., 1848), ac-
_ cording to M. I. Geoffroy, differs from the foregoing species in the
absence of the black spot on the crown, and the white colour of the
lower and outer parts.
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROITDS. 139
8. ProsIMIA ALBIMANA. B.M.
Lemur mongoz, Audeb. Makis, t. 1.
Lemur albimana, Geoff.
Fur dark iron-grey, with a black streak on the hinder part of the
back, and a black broad crescent at the base of the tail; nose, outer
base of the ears, hands, chin, chest, and beneath white; temples
and sides of the throat rufous; spot on forehead and underpart of
orbit blackish.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
9. PROSIMIA ANJUANENSIS. B.M.
Lemur anjuanensis, Geoff.
Fur reddish iron-grey ; chin and beneath paler ; nose, head, nape,
front of the body, and shoulders blackish grey ; temples and outer
base of the ears black ; a large roundish spot on the side of the neck,
under the ears, rufous; tail blackish-washed.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
Easily known from P. collaris by the small size of the rufous spot
on the side of the neck, and the black nose and head.
10. PROsIMIA COLLARIS. B.M.
Lemur collaris, Geoff.
Fur dark or pale iron-grey ; nose, outer base of the ears, chin,
throat, and beneath white ; orbits, temples, side of the face, chin,
and sides of the throat rufous ; tail iron-grey, rufous at the base.
Hab. Madagascar (Brit. Mus.).
This species differs from P. al/imana in the rufous spot on the
side of the face being more extended, and the hands and feet are
dark iron-grey. There is no dorsal stripe nor crescent at the base
of the tail.
Prosimia rufifrons is easily known by the two small white stripes
across each side.of the rump.
P. albifrons by the white back of the head.
P. melanocephala by the black head and yellowish fur.
P. xanthomystax by the indistinct broad black stripe down the
back.
P. albimana by the black dorsal streak and crescent at the base
of the tail, and white feet.
P. coronata and P. collaris by the rufous band across the fore-
head.
b. Feet elongate ; tarsus longer than the metacarpus ; ears exposed,
nakedish.
6. OTOGALE.
Ears large, membranaceous, contractile backwards. Cutting teeth
= ; upper slender, equal, nearly in the same line; lower close to-
gether, and projecting horizontally forwards. Skull rather elongate,
broad. Anterior false grinder elongate, erect, conical, compressed,
140 DR.J.E.GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
with a slight notch at each side near its base; the lower canine
large, conical, bent up; grinders large, broad.
* Skull and face elongate. Otogale.
1. OTOGALE GARNETTII. B.M.
Otolicnus garnettii, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 6.
Pale brown, yellowish beneath, with a white narrow band on each
side of the loins. Tail half the length of the body; perhaps injured.
Hab. Port Natal.
Skull, length 2" 11!", breadth 1" 104".
Otogale garnettii.
2. OTOGALE CRASSICAUDATA. B.M,
Otolicnus crassicaudatus, Peters, Mossamb. t. 2. t. 4. f. 1-5; .
Schrank. Cat. Bones B. M. .
Galago crassicaudatus, Geoff. 1812.
Lemur crassicaudatus, Blainv.
Tail very long and thick.
Hab. Port Natal; East and West Africa; Mozambique(Sundevall).
Skull, length 2" 7!"", breadth 1" 8!".
—_—
—s
4
4
Otogale pallida. *
** Head short, broad; face short, conical ; eyes large. Euoticus.
OTOGALE PALLIDA, n. sp. (Pl. XIX.) B.M.
Fur pale grey, whitish beneath, with a roundish white spot on the
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 141
side over the axilla and the groin; tail very long, cylindrical, nearly
half as long again as the body and head.
Hab. Fernando Po (Capt. Burton, H. M. Consul).
Hind feet 2" 6'". Skull, length 2", breadth 1" 4!"
Skull: orbits prominent and produced on the sides, wider than
the zygomatic arch.
This species, which has the teeth exactly like the other Otogales,
by the shortness of its head and the large size of the eyes and orbit
of the skull forms a passage to the Galagoids*.
Il. The head short, subglobose ; face short, tapering ; eyes very large.
The skull is short, broad, depressed. The face very short, coni-
eal, tapering. Orbits very large, the zygomatic arches slender.
* The hind legs much longer than the fore ; fingers free, well
developed ; tail elongate, hairy.
+ Feet short, broad ; ears small, hairy, hidden; teeth 30, viz.
grinders = cutting teeth 4, Microrhynchina.
7. MicrorHyNcHUvS, Jourdan, 1834.
Avahis, I. Geoff. 1835.
Indris, A. Smith, 1834.
Semnocebus, Lesson, 1840.
Tail elongate, cylindrical, hairy. Ears hidden under the fur.
Nostrils separated by a narrow septum. Hind foot short and broad.
Claws elongate, convex, acute ; claw of front toe elongate, cylindrical.
MiIcRORHYNCHUS LANIGER. B.M.
Lemur laniger, Gmelin.
I. lanatus, Schreb.
Avahis laniger, 1. Geoff.
Brown, varied ; rump, spot over groin, and beneath whitish, with
a narrow white lunate band on the forehead.
Hab. Madagascar.
Length of foot about 24 inches.
+t Feet short and broad, about two-thirds the length of the shank
or shin; teeth 36, grinders = cutting teeth , the upper
ones placed one before the other. Galagonina.
8. Hapatemur, I. Geoff.
Hapalolemur, Giebel, 1859.
* Since this paper has been in print, I have procured from among some frag-
ments of skins belonging to M. Du Chaillu a very imperfect skin, in a bad state,
of a Lemur which appears to belong to this species; but it has a small white tip
to the tail (probably accidental). It is marked “‘ Otolicnus apicalis,” so that this
white-tipped variety is probably the animal noticed under that name in the
Appendix to M. Du Chaillu’s ‘ Travels,’ p. 471.
142 pR.J.£. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
Cutting teeth = the upper ones behind the other on each side,
crowded on the inside of the canine. Ears short and hairy. Tail
elongate, hairy. Hinder limbs much longer than the front ones.
1. Havatemur Gristvs, I. Geoff. Cat. Méth. 75. B.M.
Lemur griseus, Geoff. 1796.
Maki gris, Buffon, Supp. vil. t. 24.
Cheirogaleus griseus, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. 1844, xi.t. 1. f. 1
skull).
Dark iron-grey, with a yellowish tinge; hairs black, with a sub-
apical reddish band; underside rather paler.
Hab. Madagascar. Shot in the woods.
The upper cutting teeth are placed one before the other, and
crowded back so as to be on the inner side of the canine.
2. HAPALEMUR OLIVACEUS, I. Geoff. 1851.
Hab. Madagascar.
9. CHEIROGALEUS, Geoff.
Myspithecus, Fr. Cuv. 1833.
Myoxicebus et Cebugale, Lesson, 1840.
Cheirogaleus, Wagner, 1840.
Head very short, muzzle tapering. Ears small, hidden, bald on
the edge. Cutting teeth =, the middle larger, in an arched series on
side of intermaxillaries ; the first false grinder in the upper jaw large;
conical, erect, like a small canine, and in the lower jaw also rather
large. Hind legs rather elongate, more equal than in the true
Lemurs. The hind feet are short and broad, about two-thirds of
the length of the shank.
M. Isidore Geoffroy, in his account of the genus Hapalemur,
states that in Oheirogaleus ‘‘ the cutting teeth are in straight cross
lines, and the ears are membranaceous.” If this is correct, the
species here described are not Cheirogalei.
1. CHEIROGALEUS MILII, Geoff. 1828.
Maki nain, F. Cuv. Mamm. 1821.
“‘Grey-brown; pxlpebre, sides of mouth, and whiskers black ;
throat, chest, and belly white ; ears moderate, scarcely exserted, edge
smooth, crest hairy; head globose; muzzle broad, depressed.”
Hab. Madagascar.
2. CHEIROGALEUS TyPIcus, A. Smith, 8. African Journal, ii. ;
Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 17. B.M.
Reddish brown; cheeks, throat, and beneath white ; orbits black-
ish ; tail cylindrical ; fur on outside of ears blackish.
Hab. Madagascar.
Length of foot 2’; length of head about 2”, and width about 13",
as well as it can be measured on a stuffed specimen.
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 143
3. CuEerrRoGALEus smiTHu, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1842;
Cat. Mam. B. M. 16. B.M.
Microcebus pusillus, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Z.S. ed. 2. p.12. no.89.
Le Rat de Madagascar, Buffon, Supp. i. t. 20.
Pale bay; chin and beneath pale yellow; outside of ears pale
brown ; orbits blackish ; streak on nose and between the orbits white ;
the hairs are slate-colour at the base.
Hab. Madagascar.
Length of hind foot 1" 2!’.
This specimen is about one-fourth the size of the C. typicus. It
may be the young of it; but the teeth, so far as one can see in a
stuffed specimen, appear to be perfect.
Le Rat de Madagascar (Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 20) well represents
this animal; but it has been considered as the type of the genus
Microcebus, which is described as having a long slender hind foot.
We have a specimen in spirits, from the Zoological Society, that
was named Microcebus pusillus by Mr. Waterhouse in the second
edition of the Catalogue of the Museum of that Society, which agrees
with this animal in almost all particulars ; but the ears appear larger
‘aud bald, and the fur of the under part of the body whiter—perhaps
both particulars arising from its having been preserved in spirits.
The length of the feet and the teeth agree; but the feet, and espe-
cially the hands, are white and hairy, while in the dry specimen they
are brown and nearly without hair.
It is sad to observe the persistence with which an error may be
endowed. Vigors and Horsfield, in the ‘ Zoological Journal’ in 1828,
described an American ference asa Teme under the name of
Cheirogaleus commersonit, believing that it came from Madagascar.
This error was soon corrected; but Lesson retains it among the
Lemuride, and re-named it Glicebus rufus ; Schiuz, in his ‘ Systema-
tic Catalogue,’ published in 1844, still retains it, and calls it Scartes
rufus (vol. i. p. 102); and Giebel, ‘ Die Saugethiere,’ published in
1859, p. 1018, still regards it as a Cheirogaleus.
10. Lurrtemur? I. Geoff. 1851.
Microcebus, ge SI & Peters.
Cutting teet , the two front upper longer. Ears elongate,
membranaceous, seamioent Foot broad, shorter than the shank.
Tail cylindrical, covered with close-set short hair.
* Back uniform.
1. LEPILEMUR MURINUS. B.M.
Lemur murinus, Miller, Cym. Phys. 25. t. 13.
Microcebus murinus, Waterh. Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. 12. no. 90( ¢ ).
Galago minor, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1842.
? Little Macaco, Penn. Quad.
Back pale reddish grey; underpart of the fur deep black; broad
144 DR. J. FE. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
streak up the nose between the orbits, the cheeks, and the underside
whitish ; front of the orbits on the sides of the nose brown; tail
rather browner, slender, rather longer than the head and body ; ears
rather large, rounded at the end, pale, covered with short scattered
hairs on the outside.
Hab. Madagascar ; from Zoological Society.
Miller’s figures very well represent this animal, but the tail is
more bushy and browner than our specimens; the feet are of the
proper size and form. The skull of the adult male has a rather
longer nose than those of the typical Galago ; and the orbits are very
large, but scarcely so large as some of the species of that genus. It
is 1" 23'" long, and 93 lines broad. The two front upper cutting
teeth are large and bifid, the inner ones small and cylindrical. The
upper canines are erect; the lower ones are decumbent. The first
and second upper false grinders are slightly conical and compressed.
Lepilemur murinus.
2. LEPILEMUR MYOXINUS.
Microcebus myoxinus, Peters, Mossamb. Saugeth. i. 14, t. 4.
Hind feet short, two-thirds of tibia.
Hab. Eastern Madagascar.
The figure of Dr. Peters agrees pretty well with our specimen of
L. murinus ; but the whole colour of the fur is rather darker, and the
ears are larger. The figure of the skull also agrees well with that
of L. murinus. This is not a Microcebus as now restricted ; the feet
are too short and broad for that genus.
Skull, length 1" 4!” (according to the figure), breadth 102!"'.
It is very like my Chetrogaleus smithii, but the ears are too large.
The ears are very apt to be unnaturally stretched in the stuffing, or
the converse and allowed to shrink in the drying.
3. LerpILEMUR MUSTELINUS, I. Geoff. Cat. Mamm.; Archives
du Mus. t.
Rufous; throat white; forehead and cheeks grey; lower part of
body yellowish ; the tail, hands, and lower part of the legs yellowish
grey ; outer side of the last third of the tail brown; tail two-thirds
the length of the body ; ears large, rounded, membranaceous, dark.
Length of head and body 14", of tail 10".
Hab. Madagascar, 1842.
The description of this animal agrees in most particulars with
Lepilemur, but it is said to have no upper cutting teeth. May not
this be a peculiarity of the single specimen on which the species is
founded ?
1863.] DR.J. EB. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 145
** Back with a black streak, forked on the occiput.
4. Lepr~temur FURCIFER.
Lemur furcifer, Blainv. Osteogr. 1839.
Cheirogaleus furcifer, 1. Geoff.
Cheirogale, Chenu, Encyel. Quadrum. p. 269, f. 2187?
“Grey; back with a streak, forked on the occiput and extended
to the eyes; end of the tail black.”’
Hab. Madagascar.
Dr. Dahlbom observes that this species would be a Lepilemur if
it. was without upper cutting teeth; but as our Lepilemures have these
teeth, I think it had better be placed in this genus.
11. CaLLorus.
The ears very long, membranaceous, the hinder edge contractile,
so as to fold up the conch like the long-eared Bats. Teeth 2
canines strong. Feet broad, short, only two-thirds the length of the
shank. The toes broad, with distinct roundish disks. ‘The thumb
very broad. The eyes very large; the iris very contractile, leaving
a very small, erect, oval or lanceolate pupil. Tail very long, with
spreading hairs, tapering at the end.
CALLOTUS MONTEIRI,
Galago monteiri, Bartlett, MS.
Uniform pale grey ; side of the nose rather dark ; hair of the body
soft, dark slate-colour, with long, white, rather crisp tips.
Hab. Western Africa: Angola.
This genus chiefly differs from Ga/ago in the shortness, breadth,
and strength of the hind feet. .The animal is only known from a
specimen living in the possession of Mr. Monteiro, who has had it
for more than a year. It is of the size of a small Common Cat ;
larger than Otogale crassicaudata.
.
+tt Feet elongate, slender, nearly as long as the shank or shin ;
tarsal bone longer than the metatarsal.
12. GaLaGo.
Cheirosciurus, Cuv. & Geoff. 1795.
Galago et Galagoides, A. Smith.
Seartes, Swainson.
Ears large, pellucid, membranaceous, hinder edge contractile.
Cutting teeth =; the upper equal, slender; the lower shelving
upwards. The upper canines erect; the lower ones decumbent,
shelving forwards and upwards. The first false grinder short, broad,
three-lobed, like the others, and not prominent and erect like the
canines.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. X.
146 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 21,
* Tail thick, with spreading hairs ; fingers and toes very slender,
elongate ; the upper cutting teeth placed in an arched line, one
before the other.
1. GALAGO ALLENII. B.M.
Galago allenii, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 87.
Fur dark, blackish brown ; forehead, rump, and base of tail grey ;
arms and legs reddish-washed; nose-streak and underside of body
whitish ; tail black; toes and fingers very slender, free; ears mo-
derate.
Length of hind foot 2 10'". Skull (imperfect), length about 2" 2",
breadth 1! 5!"
Var. gabonensis. Skull small, 2" 0", width 1" 44!"
Hab. West Africa: Gaboon; Fernando Po.
There is a considerable difference in the two skulls of this species
which we have, though the skins resemble each other very closely,
so much so that it would not be easy to distinguish them as varieties.
The one from Fernando Po is larger, and the upper cutting teeth
form an arched series, and the grinders are very large and broad.
The one from the Gaboon is rather smaller in size, the upper cutting
teeth are in nearly the same straight transverse line, and the grinders
are scarcely three-fourths of the general width of those of the other
skull. Both skulls seem to have their perfect and permanent teeth.
Probably this may arise from the sex of the specimen; but the sexes
are not marked, and there is no external character to distinguish
them. In a third and younger specimen the upper cutting teeth are
subequal, and placed one before the other; so that this seems to be
the normal position of the teeth.
** Tail clavate, hair of lower part adpressed, of end spreading ;
the fingers and toes broader, shorter ; upper cutting teeth very
slender, in a straight cross line.
Galago maholi.
2. GALAGO MAHOLI.
Galago maholi, A. Smith, Illust. S. African Z. t.
Otolicnus galago, Wagner, Saugeth. Suppl. i. 292?
G. senegalensis, var., I. Geoff. Cat. p. 81.
? Lemur , Brown, Illust. Zool. t. 44, 1776.
Scartes , Swainson, Class. Mamm. 352, 1838.
Brownish grey; nose-streak, face, throat, and beneath whitish ;
1863.] DR. J. E.,GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 147
ears large ; tail elongate, rather longer than head and body, subcla-
vate, rather browner than the back.
Length of hind foot 2! 5!"
Var. smaller; orbits darker.
Length of hind foot 2! 3!". Skull, length 1" 6", breadth 1” 0'".
Hab. South Africa.
Brown’s figure seems to represent this species ; but the hind foot
is too short—having about the same proportion, compared with the
shank-bone as Lepilemur; therefore I have only referred it to this
species with doubt.
The fine male specimen which served as the type of Sir Andrew
Smith’s figure has the orbits of the same colour as the rest of the
face ; in two other rather smaller specimens in the Museum the orbits
are darker, in one nearly black.
There are two skulls of this species in the Museum Collection,
both from South Africa. They vary very slightly in the size of the
teeth, especially in the breadth or squareness of the grinders. The
upper cutting teeth are cylindrical, elongate, of the same size, and
placed in a nearly straight cross line; the first upper false grinder
is broad and lobed, like the second one. ‘
3. GALAGO SENEGALENSIS, Geoff. 1796 ; I. Geoff. Cat.81. B.M.
Galago geoffroyii, Fischer.
Galago acaciarum, Lesson.
Lemur galago, Schreb. Saugeth. t. 38 B.
Ears oblong, rounded at the end; fur grey; nose-streak, chin,
and beneath white ; tail and feet blackish brown; tail rather longer
than the body and head; orbits blackish.
_Length of hind foot 2" 3'", of head 1" 7'".
Hab. West Africa: Senegal; Gambia.
Galago sennariensis.
4. GALAGO SENNARIENSIS.
Galago (senegalensis) sennariensis, Kotzschy, MS. B.M.
Bluish grey; face and feet blacker; orbits black; throat and
under part of body and inside of limbs white; tail very long, one-
half longer than the body and head, blackish; ears very large,
- rounded ; fingers and toes slender.
Length of hind foot 2. Skull, length 1" 6'" (about the back
being imperfect), width 1" 24!"
Hab. ‘Sennaar, on the Nile.”
148 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LeMUROIDS. [April 21,
The upper front cutting teeth are very slender, longer and more
produced, the upper grinders are broader and squarer, and the
hinder one is more triangular than in G. maholi.
There are three specimens of this species in the Museum, unfor-
tunately not in a good condition; but they all decidedly differ from
G. maholi, especially in the length of the toes, and in the fingers
and toes being more slender. These three species are very similar,
and I think they may easily be distinguished by the length and colour
of the tail. G. maholi and G. senegalensis have the tail only rather
longer (not more than one-fifth) than the body and head. In G.
maholi the tail is rather dark, but grey; in G. senegalensis it is
much darker, being blackish brown. In G. sennariensis the tail is
much longer than the body and head, and black. There seems also
to be some difference, although difficult to describe, in the proportion
of the ears and the head.
The following species have not come under my observation :—
1. Galago conspicillatus, I. Geoff. Cat. p. 81.
Kars acute, triangular, acute at the tip ; fur above black-brown,
beneath grey ; tail elongate.
Hab. Port Natal; South Africa.
2. Otolicnus peli, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. 42.
3. Galago senegalensis, Riippell, Abyss. Wirbelth.
4. Otolicnus senegalensis, Peters, Mossamb. ii. t. 4. f. 11-13.
Hab. Mozambique.
9. Otolicnus teng, Sundevall, Kénigl. Petersb. Akad. 1842, p. 201.
*** Tail slender, cylindrical ; ears smaller.
Hemigalago, Dahlbom, 1857.
“A new genus, intermediate between Galago and Microcebus,
I. Geoff.”
Galago demidoffir.
5. GaLaGo pemiporri, Fischer, Mém.S.N. Mose. (1806). B.M.
Hemigalago demidoffii, Dahlbom, Stud. p-.230, t.. 10.
Galago senegalensis, L. Fraser.
Galago murinus, Murray, Edinb. Phil. Journ. n. s., x. t. 11.
Brown ; side of face dark ; nose-streak white, narrow ; chin, throat,
1863.] DR. J. . GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 149
and below reddish grey ; tail one- half longer than the body and head,
darker at the hinder half. :
Skull, length 1" 5', width 103'". Length of hind foot 1! 8!".
Hab. West Africa: Gaboon.
There are several specimens of this animal in the Museum Col-
lection. The skin of the adult measures about 5 inches long, from
the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is 73 inches long
the hind foot and shin are about 1 inch 8 lines long. There are
some smaller specimens in spirits, which appear to be younger,
which have the hind foot only 1 inch and from 4 to 6 lines long.
I am induced to suppose tnat Mr. Murray’s Galago murinus from
Old Calabar is the young of this species, as the hind foot is figured
about 14 inch long.
The skull without a lower jaw, which in the Museum Catalogue
of Bones is put under Microcebus myoxinus (p. 33), evidently belongs
to this species.
*k** Tail cylindrical, elongate; ears small, partly hidden.
Microcebus, Geoff. 1828.
Myscebus, Lesson, 1840.
Myocebus, Schinz, 1844.
6. GALAGO MADAGASCARIENSIS, Geoff. T'ab. d. Quadr. 1812.
Microcebus rufus, Geoff. Cours Mam. 1825; I. Geoff. Cat. 80.
Lemur pusillus, Geoff. Bull, Phil. i. p. 89, 1795.
Microcebus rufus, Schinz, p. 107, 1841.
Petit mongous, Buffon, xiii. 177?
Rat de Madagascar, Buffon, Suppl. iil. p. 147, t. 20?
Hab. Madagascar.
Buffon’s figure of Le Rat de Madagascar, which is the type of
Lemur pusillus, represents the animal as having a short hind foot,
and in that particular better represents my Cheirogaleus minor than
any animal that M. I. Geoffroy would place with the Galayina,
or M. Dahlbom with the Macrotarse. 1 have never seen a Lemur
with small ears and a long foot ; so that I suppose a true Microcebus
has not occurred to me; and I doubt much if Buffon’s figure repre-
sents the genus.
.
** The fore and hind feet nearly equal in length ; feet short, broad.
+ Great toe very broad ; tail none ; index finger short. Lorisina.
13. Nycricesus, Cuvier, 1795.
Bradicebus, Geoff.
Bradycebus, Blainv.; Lesson.
Head subglobose. Body and limbs stout and strong.
NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS. B.M.
Stenops tardigradus, Van der Hoeven.
Hab. Borneo and Sumatra.
150 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. [April 2],
2. NycTiceBus JAvaANnicus, Geoff. 1812; V.d. Hoeven, Nat.
Wijdsehr. vii. p. 345, t. 6. f. 1,°2,/3, 4.7 -f 5-72 B.M.
Hab. Java.
14. Loris.
Prosimia, Cuv. & Geoff. 1798.
Stenops (part), Illiger.
Arachnocebus, Lesson, 1840.
Head small ; nose conical; ears thin, produced. Body and limbs
elongate, slender.
Loris Gracriis, Linn. B.M.
Loris, Buffon, xiii. t. 30.
Loris ceylonicus, G. Fischer.
Hab. Ceylon. India: Pondicherry.
Skull and skeleton in British Museum.
tt The hand broad ; the index finger abortive, clawless ; eyes mode-
rate. Perodicticiua.
15. Preropicricus, Bennett.
Tail shorter than the body. The hands and feet large. Fingers
and toes free at the ends ; the index finger rudimentary, but distinct.
Lower cutting teeth large and prominent, and projecting. The apices
of the vertebrae of the back, neck, and withers projecting beyond
the s'‘in, like prickles.
PERODICTICUS POTTO. B.M.
Perodicticus geoffroyi, Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 109 ; Murray,
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1860, p. 191. fig. of hand and feet.
Potto bosmani, Lesson.
Hab. Sierra Leone; West Africa.
Skull and skeleton in British Museum.
16. ARCTOCEBUS.
Tail very short. Hands and feet small, with the lower phalanges
(not including the thumb) united in the skin, the two upper joints
free ; the index fingeg abortive, reduced to a tubercle. Lower cut-
ting teeth small, hyaline, hidden by the lips.
ARCTOCEBUS CALABARENSIS. ;
Perodicticus calabarensis, Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.
1860, p. 172. f. 1, 2 (hands), f. 3, 4 (head).
Hab. West Africa; Old Calabar.
Fam. II. Tarsipa.
Cutting teeth = erect, cylindrical, conical; the two upper front
elongate, acute ; the lower ascending obliquely, crowded between the
6
. é —6
canines; grinders ——;. The fingers and toes free, well developed ;
1863.] DR. J.E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF LEMUROIDS. 151
the first and second hind toes shorter, each with an elongate curved
claw. Head short. Eyes and orbits very large. Limbs free, elon-
gate. Foot very long, as long as the shin. Tail elongate, hairy.
Tarsivus, Storr, 1780; Daub. 1792.
Macrotarsus, Cuv. & Geoff.
Tarsier, Lacép.
Cephalophacus, Swainson, 1835.
Hypsicebus, Lesson, 1840.
Tarsius sprcrrum, Geoff.; Dahlbom, Studia, t. 11 (skeleton).
B.
Tarsius pallasii, Geoff.
Tarsius daubentonii, Audeb.
Tarsius bancanus, Horsf. Java, t.
Lemur tarstus, Erxl.
Lemur spectrum, Pallas.
Didelphis macrotarsus, Gmelin.
Hab, Borneo; Celebes.
Fam. III. DavBENTONIAD&.
Cheiromyide, Bonap.
Glirisimie, Dahlbom. '
Cutting teeth , compressed, large; canines none; grinders =.
Limbs free. The fingers and toes well developed. The fingers very
long and slender. ‘The great toe broad. The index finger with a sharp
curved claw. Face short. Tail elongate, hairy.
DavusentoniA, Geoff. Decad. Philos. iv. p. 193, 1795; Dahl-
bom, 1851.
Aye-Aye, Lacép. 1799.
Cheiromys, Cuvier, 1800.
Chiromys, Ilig. Prod. 1811.
Cuvier refused to use the name proposed by Geoffroy, because it
was given in honour of a person; but as this rule has not been gene-
rally observed, the objection ceases to be operative.
DAUBENTONIA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Geoff.; Dahlbom, Studia,
p- 236, t. 12. B.M
Aye-Aye, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. p. 138, t..76. 1782.
Sciurus madagascariensis, Gmelin.
Cheiromys madagascariensis, Geoff. 1803; Owen, Trans. Zool.
Soc. 1863.
Hab. Madagascar.
Fam. IV. GALEOPITHECID.
Cutting teeth es the upper middle small, side one compressed,
lower shelving, pectinate ; canines —s like the molars ; grinders =.
Limbs and tail united by a membrane covered with fur. Limbs
—_——_ oor
152 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW LizARps. _ [April 21,
short, subequal. Fingers and toes short, subequal, compressed,
united by a membrane. .
GALEOPITHECUS.
1. GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS. B.M.
Lemur volans, Linn.
Galeopithecus variegatus, Geoff.
Galeopithecus rufus, Geoff.
?Galeopithecus ternatensis, Geoff.
G. temminckii, Waterh.
Galeopithecus undatus, A. Wagner; Schreb. Siiugeth. i. p. 326,
t. 307 6b.
Hab. Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Siam.
2. GALEOPITHECUS PHILIPPINENSIS, Waterhouse, P, Z. 8.1838,
p- 119. B.M.
Hab. Philippines.
?3. GALEOPITHECUS MACROURUS, Temm.
7. Descriptions or Two New Genera or Lizarps (Howaspis
AND Portopogaster, A. SmiTH, MS.). « By Dm J. 3
Gray, F.R.S., ere.
(Plates XX., XXI.)
Sir Andrew Smith, M.D., having most kindly sent to the collection
of the British Museum two most interesting Lizards, which he has
very properly named as the types of two new genera, I hasten to
send to the Society a short description of each of them under the
MS. names which Sir Andrew Smith has attached to them in his
museum.
The first genus is allied to the family Lacertinide, and is at once
known from all the genera of that group by the peculiarity of having
two series of broad band-like scales down the vertebral line of the
back, which are continued on the upper surface of the base (and pro-
bably of the whole length) of the tail; but the single specimen which
I have seen has evidently had the end of the tail reproduced and
covered with abnormal scales. The tail is depressed, and has a
series of prominent keeled scales, forming a dentated keel on each
side.
This genus I consider forms a distinct family, which may be called
_Hoxasprp4, distinguished from Lacertinide by the form of the tail
and the peculiarities of the scales.
1. Howasris, A. Smith, MS.
Head pyramidical, depressed ; crown covered with regular, many-
sided shields; side of face shielded; nostrils nearly on the ridges
near the front of a single scale with a shield in front of it; labial
‘Teyreo ‘einpereds 7 Usyquens stdseory T
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Poriodogast
1863.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. 153
shields low ; temple covered with small scales; eyes lateral ; lower eye-
lids sealy ; eyebrow covered with three large shields; ears large,
oblong, erect, open; tympanum rather sunk ; tongue slender, re--
tractile (?); the apex deeply notched, acute. Body ‘depressed, with
a slight keel on each side of the belly. ‘The back and upper part of
the neck covered with whorls of narrow elongated keeled scales, with
two series of smooth, oblong, transverse shields, one on each side of
the vertebral bones. The belly covered with cross series of square
smooth shields, placed in few longitudinal series. The throat and
neck covered with small rather convex scales, and with a distinct
collar formed of a regular series of large half-ovate scales. The legs
rather depressed, covered with granular convex scales; the front
legs with a series of broad smooth shields on the upper front side ;
the thighs with two (an upper and lower) series, and the hind legs
with an inferior series, of smooth broad shields, like those on the
front of the fore legs; the hind feet slightly fringed on the inner
side ; toes 5: 5, elongate, slender, unequal; claws acute. The femoral
pores small. Vent with a single half-oblong shield in front. Tail
depressed, with a fringe of compressed close scales on each side, the
sides covered with rings of small convex scales, and with two series
of small broad band-like shields on the upper and lower surface.
Mr. Cope has pointed out to me that this genus agrees in many
particulars with the genus Placosoma of Fitzinger, MS., described
by Von Tschudi in an article on the family of Hcepleopoda (Arch. fiir
Naturg. 1847, pp. 50 & 58).
The scaling seems very similar; but the body of Placosoma is not
said to be so depressed and fringed on the sides; and the small part
of the tail that remains on the specimen described is not said to be
depressed and fringed on the side; and I can hardly believe that
Herr von Tschudi would have overlooked such a peculiar form, and
therefore I believe they are different.
Herr von Tschudi describes the scales on the upper surface of the
small part of the tail that remains, which is only 3 lines long, as small,
like those on the sides; but in Dr. Smith’s genus the upper surface
of the tail is covered with two rows of large shields, like the back.
Placosoma cordylinum is described from a specimen in the Mu-
seum at Bonn, on the Rhine, collected by Dr. John Natterer in
North Brazil; and it is probable that the Holaspis guentheri may
also be a Tropical-American form.
Horaspis Guenruert, A. Smith, MS. (Pl. XX. fig. 1.)
Bluish brown (in spirits), with three bluish-white equidistant re-
gular lines down each side of the head, neck, and body, and a stripe
down the front of the fore leg.
Hab. 2
The specimen was purchased in Paris without any habitat affixed
to it.
The tail has been reproduced, and the reproduced part is of the
normal form, fringed and toothed on the sides, but of a different, that
is to say, uniform dull leaden colour.
154 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. [April 21,
The second genus has many characters in common with Xantusia
of Baird, and will most probably belong to the family Xantusiide,
as proposed in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences,’ Phi-
ladelphia, for 1858, p. 255.
2. PortopoGastTER, A. Smith, MS.
Head pyramidical; sides erect ; crown flat, hard, bony, covered
with very thin polygonal normal shields ; superciliary ridge. bony,
solid; temple covered with a shield ; lower jaw thick, bony, solid,
covered with a single series of large broad, thin, membranous shields,
which are united in a straight line on the middle of the chin ; eyes
circular, large, lateral, without any eyelids; pupil large, circular ;
tongue not retractile, broad, flat, attached nearly to the tip, the tip
ouly obscurely nicked; teeth simple; ears oblong, large, with a
groove to the angle of the mouth ; tympanum sunken; nostrils late-
ral, anterior in the suture between two nasal shields, the front situ-
ated between the upper edge of the rostral and the front odd plate.
The sides of the neck and throat covered with moderately sized,
round, convex, nearly uniform-sized scales. The throat with two
folds on each side, and with a cross fold in front of the chest ; these
folds are covered with scales of the same size and kind as the rest of
the throat. ‘The back of the neck, back, and sides of the body
covered with uniform, convex, roundish scales, with numerous scat-
tered, larger, prominent, conical, tubercular scales, placed in longi-
tudinal rows along the centre of the back, and larger and more abun-
dant ones on the sides. The belly covered with cross series of square
flat smooth shields, most of which have a dark large pore-like crypt in
the middle of their hinder edge ; the shields of the chest are smaller,
more numerous, and placed in converging lines. The legs strong,
covered with round convex scales; the hinder ones armed with
larger prominent tubercles on the upper surface. Toes 5:5, unequal,
slender ; claws sharp, curved, the under surface covered with flat
shields ; femoral pores large, distinct. The front of the vent covered
with three pairs of equal flat shields, each having a very large crypt
in the middle of its hinder edge, the hinder pair next the vent beg
the largest. The tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with rings
of square keeled scales, every fourth ring being larger, prominent ;
the under side with rings of small square shields.
PoriODOGASTER GRAYII, A. Smith, MS. (Pl. XXI.)
Brown, yellowish beneath.
Hab. ? British Museum.
Mr. Cope, to whom I have shown the specimen of this species, has
drawn my attention to the genus Xantusia of Professor Baird, no-
ticed in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences’ for
1858, p. 255, which agrees with it in many particulars, but is cer-
tainly distinct, though probably belonging to the same family, XYan-
tusiide, which may be characterized by the form of the tongue, the
front fold on the throat uniting the ears, and the absence of the eyelids.
RE Eee
1863.] MR. E. BLYTH ON SOME HORNS OF RUMINANTS. 155
Professor Baird describes the pupil of Xantusia as vertical ; in our
genus it is circular.
This similarity to Xantusia makes it probable that this genus
is from Lower California.
M. Auguste Duméril, in the ‘Revue et Magasin de Zoologie’ for
1852, describes and figures a new genus of Saurian under the name
of Lepidophyma flavimaculata (t. 17), from the province of Peten
in Central America, which resembles this Lizard in many particulars;
but he particularly says that it has no femoral pores, which he says
are found in all the Zonures with which he has compared it.
M. Duméril’s genus is probably the same as the Xantusia of
Baird; but cannot be the same as the one here described, which is
peculiar, not only from having large femoral pores, but pores on the
ventral shield as well.
Mr. E. Blyth exhibited some horns and other specimens which had
been obligingly lent him for that purpose by the authorities of the
South Kensington Museum.
Among them were a pair of loose horns and odd right and left
horns (of different individuals) of a species of Deer that had been
presented to Her Majesty by the Siamese Embassy lately in London,
and made over to the South Kensington Museum by Her Majesty’s
command. (See figs., next page.)
The last were considered by Mr. Blyth to indicate the existence
of an undescribed species of Deer, probably inhabiting Siam, which
he denominated Cervus or Rucervus schomburgki, in compliment to
his distinguished friend, Her Majesty’s representative at the court of
Bangkok. He had seen a similar pair of horns upon the frontlet, in
Calcutta, in the possession of a sailor, who was unable to inform him
of their origin; but Mr. Blyth had considered that pair, at the time,
to represent a remarkable variety of horn of the Rucervus duvaucelii
of India. The occurrence, however, of horns of three additional indi-
viduals of the same type, and the region from which they were all but
certainly brought, induced him to believe that they indicated a veri-
table species, separated in its geographic range from that of R. du-
vaucelit by the intervention of the range of Panolia eldi. The latter
extended from the Munipur Valley to that of the Irawadi (the species
being common in Lower Pegu), and reappeared in the southern
Tenasserim province of Mergui, and in that of Kedda within Siamese
territory, a region where the R. duvaucelii or Indian Bard Singha
was quite unknown. The horn of R. schomburgki much resembled
that of the Bara Singha, but was remarkable for the extreme short-
ness of the beam, combined with a well-developed crown- and brow-
antler, imparting a characteristic aspect. Had it not been for his
extreme familiarity with the varieties of horns presented by the
various Deer of India and neighbouring countries, Mr. Blyth would
scarcely have ventured to consider the Rucervus schomburgki as di-
stinct from R. duvaucelii of India, but under the circumstances he
did not hesitate in regarding it as a second species of the same pecu-
liar type.
156 MR. £E. BLYTH ON SOME HORNS OF RUMINANTS. {April 21,
A singularly contorted horn of a domestic Buffalo, also from Siam,
was exhibited, gyring round much in the manner of an ordinary
Helix-shell, with the spires in absolute contact ; and, from the same
country, the anterior and posterior horns of different individuals of
Rhinoceros sumatranus, which Mr. Blyth considered to be identical
with the Rh. erossii of Dr. Gray (figured in P. Z. 8S. 1854, p. 250).
Dr. Gray’s specimen in the British Musewn, according to Mr. Blyth,
measures but 16 inches (not 24 inches) in span from base to tip,
Ee ee”
Pe Tee
Senate
1863.] MR. E. BLYTH ON SOME HORNS OF RUMINANTS, 157
and was certainly referable to Rh. sumatranus. Mr. Bartlett possessed
a posterior horn of the same species, received with various Dyak
weapons, &c., from Borneo, where the species would exist together
with RA. sondaicus (v. javanicus) ; and Mr. Blyth had been ap-
prised of a two-horned Rhinoceros having also been killed in Asim,
where it was considered a great rarity. He had elsewhere shown
(Journ. As. Soc. 1861, p. 151) that both Rh. sondaicus and Rh. suma-
tranus inhabit the Indo-Chinese region and Malayan peninsula, and
that, so far as he could learn, they were the only Rhinoceroses of that
great range of territory, as Rh. sondaicus (and not Rh. indicus) was
the only known species inhabiting the eastern Sundarbans of Bengal.
Mr. Blyth next called the attention of the Meeting to a frontlet
with horns of a peculiar species of Buffalo, supposed to be from
Africa, but the origin of which was unknown. The specimen had
long been hung up in the Museum of King’s College, where it bore
his MS. name planicerc os, imposed nearly a quarter of a century ago.
This specimen he was permitted to exhibit through the kindness of
Professor Rymer Jones. A second and much younger example of
the same species had long been exhibited in the Museym of the
Royal College of Surgeons, in the catalogue of which it had been
assigned to the Gayal (Bos frontalis) of the Transbrahmaputran
regions *, to which species it was not even specifically allied—it being
unquestionably the frontlet of a veritable Buffalo, and of the African
type, as distinguished from the Asiatic, as exemplified by Budalus
eaffer and B. brachyceros.
Another frontlet, indicative of an undescribed species of presu-
mably African Buffalo (indeed, stated to be from South Africa, which
must now be considered doubtful) had long been in the Collection
of the British Museum, where it is assigned in Dr. Gray’s Catalogue
_ of the Mammalia in that collection to B. caffer, juv.t; but it has
the indisputable characters of maturity, and is very unlike the young
of B. caffer of either sex, with the development of the horns of
which species Mr. Blyth was acquainted from personal observation
in the case of the living male. This second species he proposed to
designate B, reclinis. Pint
The figures exhibited (see woodcuts, next page), drawn on a scale
of an inch to a foot (English measure), would impart a better idea
than any description of the horns of Bubalus brachyceros, Gray, B.
reclinis, and B. planiceros.
The two heads of B. brachyceros have been drawn from a pair of
specimens in the National Collection, brought to England by the
celebrated traveller Capt. Clapperton, from “Bornou ; the faces and
ears having been rectified from a living cow for merly i in the Surrey
Zoological Gardens, upon which Dr. Gray had founded the species.
* « Catalogue of the Contents of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,
_ London,’ pt. 3. p. 156, No. 1079. “ The frontlet and horns of the Gyall.’”’
+ It is figured in the ‘ Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalia in the Col-
lection of the British Museum’ (1852), pt. 3. Ungulata furcipeda, tab. 2. fig. 3.
“ Pennant’s specimen.” Vide Grew, Rar. 26; Pennant’s Syn. Br. Mus. Catal.
(1862), p. 227, Bubalus caffer, “a. Frontal bone and horns; young.”
158 MR. E. BLYTH ON SOME HORNS OF RUMINANTS. | May 12,
reer men
ant rsD Ne
ane
Figs. 1, la, and 2 represent the sexes of B. brachyceros ; figs. 3
and 3a, the B. reclinis; and figs. 4 and 4a, the B. planiceros.
May 12, 1863.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
A communication was read from Messrs. Joshua Alder and Albany
Hancock, F.Z.S., entitled ‘ Notice of a collection of Nudibranchiate
1863.] MR. L. FRASER ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE GARDENS. 159
Mollusea made in India by Walter Elliot, Esq., with descriptions of —
several new genera and species” *.
Mr. Leadbeater exhibited some castings thrown up by a species
of Bee-eater (Merops persicus), similar to those usually produced by
the King-fishers ( Alcedinide).
Mr. Holdsworth exhibited living examples of Lissotriton palmatus
obtained by himself from a new locality near Hereford, and made
some remarks on this and three other species of Newts of which
living examples were contained in the Society’s Collection.
Mr. Blyth exhibited and made remarks on some specimens of two
Rollers (Coracias indica and C. affnis), and of some intermediate
varieties between these two species.
Mr. Louis Fraser laid before the Meeting the following list of
Birds which had been captured or observed in the Society’s Gardens
in the Regent’s Park, for the most part by Mr. E. Bartlett, son of
the Superintendent, a very promising young naturalist :—
LGR i a eR ee me
ET aS sii tte gibt «308 Strix flammea, Linn.
*Spotted Flycatcher .......... Muscicapa grisola, Linn.
DY ET Bd WO) Turdus viscivorus, Linn.
RE oa) g a a ctiwi Asya d es 3 pilaris, Linn.
*Song-Thrush .... musicus, Linn.
0 iliacus, Linn.
2S rr merula, Linn.
minz-Ouzel........... ee torquatus, Linn.
*Hedge Accentor . .++... Aecentor modularis.
PBRCAAE Si. eck eee ns Erithacus rubecula (Lath.).
Wheat-ear ...... Sazxicola ceenanthe, Bechst.
Beem Warbler)... .......).. Calamoherpe palustris, Gould.
Sedge Warbler.............. Calamodyta phragmitis, Selby.
ementinpale oo-.. 2.45) vee. Philomela luscinia (Linn.).
EMCI 6,50 c56 ('a7a% Xie) cok < ae Sylvia atrieapilla, Bechst.
Garden Warbler ............ —— hortensis (Gmel.).
Common Whitethroat........ cinerea, Bechst-
Lesser Whitethroat .......... garrula, Bechst.
eee Warbler... 2 50028. Phyllopneuste sibilatrizx, Bechst.
Willow Warbler ............ trochilus, Gmel.
Memennih O20. 2. RA rufa, Lath.
Golden-crested Regulus ...... Regulus vulgaris, Cuv.
3 ree ae Parus major, Linn.
Mee LO. SRI c@aruleus, Linn.
MeebrG * oe Syl Re ater, Linn.
PM NE ay cc 3. g os te nes palustris, Linn.
Long-tailed Tit ............ caudatus, Linn.
Pree Wastall 0. ee odads.. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould.
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss.
* This paper will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ accompanied by
six plates.
160 DR.
Grey Wagtail ...:.....
Ray sew agtall., . Sagieds + «e224
Tree Pipit
Meadow Pipit
Skylark
Common Bunting
Chaffineh
House Sparrow
Greenfinch
aimee hey th, sees SE
Goldfinch Wei sae oe
Common Linnet
Lesser Redpole
Bullfinch
Starling
Carrion Crow
Rook ae
JACK Cty 42: eyes Rte eee
Great Spotted Woodpecker... .
CommonCreeper ..5.°.5 - sete
Wren
*Swallow
Martin
Swift .
Nightjar
Wild Duck.
Moorhen
Coot
on) 0 a; 6 6 ele iv es sisimiele ©
Pp. L. SCLATER ON MAMMALS.
[May 12,
Motacilla boarula, Lath.
rayt.
Anthus arboreus, Bechst.
pratensis (Linn.).
Alauda arvensis, Linn.
Emberiza milaria, Linn.
Fringilla celebs, Linn.
Passer domesticus (Linn.).
Ligurinus chloris (Linn.).
Coccothraustes vulgaris, Briss.
Carduelis elegans, Steph.
Egiothus linarius (Linn.).
-—— minor (Ray).
Pyrrhula vulgaris, Briss.
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.
Corvus corone, Linn.
Srugilegus, Linn.
monedula, Linn.
Picus major, Linn.
Certhia familiaris, Linn.
Troglodytes parvulus.
Hirundo rustica, Linn.
urbica, Linn.
Cypselus murarius, Temm.
Caprimulgus europeus, Linn.
Anas boschas, Linn.
Gallinula chloropus (Linn. ).
Fulica atra, Linn.
The species marked thus * had been observed to breed in the
Society’s Gardens.
The following papers were read :—
1. On Toe MAamMALsS AND BIRDS COLLECTED IN MADAGASCAR
BY Dr. CHartes MELLER.
By P. L. Scuatrer, M.A.,
Pa.D., F.R.S., SecreTary TO THE SOCIETY.
Dr. Charles Meller, who went up with the Mission from Mauritius
to Antananarivo+ last year, as Medical Attendant, collected about
seventy skins of Mammals and Birds on the road between Tamatave
and the capital. At the suggestion of our Corresponding Member Mr.
Edward Newton, Dr. Meller has since forwarded these to me, along
with botanical specimens sent to the herbarium at Kew.
I have
therefore done my best to determine the species in this collection ;
and, with the assistance of Dr. Hartlaub’s book on the ‘ Birds of
Madagascar’ and Mr. Alfred Newton’s personal aid, 1 believe I
have performed this with tolerable exactitude.
Paper labels were attached to most of the specimens. The informa-
tion contained on these I have given as far as the words were legible.
+ See Linnean Society’s Journal, Bot. vol. vii. p. 57, for an account of this ex-
pedition.
1863.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 161
The collection only embraces two species of Mammals, namely :—
1, HapaLoLtemur Grisevs (G. St. Hilaire).
Lemur griseus, G. St. Hil.—Lepilemur griseus, Is. Geoff. St. Hil.
Cat. des Prim. p. 75.—Chirogaleus griseus, Giebel, Siug. p. 1018.
Mr. Meller’s collection contains two examples of a Lemur, which
I refer to this species, from the ‘‘ Bamboo-forests near Alamazaotra.”’
They are an adult female and a young one, taken at the same time.
There is no doubt about this animal belonging to the genus called
Hapalemur by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, the peculiarities of its dentition
and short hairy ears rendering it easily recognizable. As regards
coloration, it appears to agree best with St. Hilaire’s new species
Hapalemur olivaceus ; but whether this be in reality anything more
than a variety of H. griseus seems doubtful. Without comparison
of specimens it would be impossible to pronounce upon this subject ;
and I am not aware that there are any examples of these animals in
the country, this form of Lemuride being at present unrepresented
even on the well-stored shelves of our national collection.
Dr. Meller’s adult female example measures, along the back,
about 143 inches from the snout to the root of the tail; the tail is
15 inches in length. The fur is of a greyish mouse-colour, finely
striated throughout, overspread with yellowish rufous on the upper
parts, particularly on the crown of the head and back ; below paler,
nearly pure pale cinereous, with the belly and inner sides of the
limbs somewhat ochraceous. The younger individual is scarcely dif-
ferent, except in being rather more yellowish below.
2. CenTetEs EcAuDaTUS (Schreb.).
Native name, Tandrack. Obtained at Beforona.
Rather darker and smaller in size than most of the specimens in
the British Museum (which are from Mauritius), but hardly otherwise
different. Mr. Flower, who has kindly compared the skull of this
specimen with others of Centetes in the collection of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons, informs me that it only differs in being smaller.
The importation of this animal into Mauritius, if this has really
taken place, as is generally stated, may have resulted in an increase
of size and variation into a paler coloration.
The birds in Dr. Meller’s collection are of forty species, nearly
the whole of which are correctly registered in Dr. Hartlaub’s work.
They are as follows :—
AVES.
1, TiINNUNCULUS NEWTONI, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 34, pl. 2,—
Tinn. punctatus, ex Madagascar, Hartl. J. c. p. 18.
Two examples from Nossibey and River Hivondro.
2. PoLyBoROIDES RADIATUS (Scop.), Hartl. J. c. p. 21.
Native name, ‘‘Vorondoui.”” Obtained “ July 1862, near the river
at Beforona.”’
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XI,
162 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON MAMMALS [May 12,
All the names of the older authors often applied to the continental
form of this bird belong in strictness to this Madagascar species.
The synonymy of the two birds should stand as follows :—
(1.) Potyporoipes rapiatus. (Supra pallidior: fasciis abdo-
minis latioribus.)
TL? Autour & ventre rayé de Madagascar, Soun. Voy. pl. 103.
Vultur radiatus, Scop. Del. pt. 2. p. 85.
Falco madagascariensis, Daud. Tr. d’Orn. ti. p. 78.
Falco gymnogenys, Temm. Pl. Col. 307.
Sparvius madagascariensis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. x. p. 339.
Polyboroides radiatus, Hartl. l.c. p. 21, et Enc. Méth. p. 1271.
Polyboroides madagascariensis, A. & E. Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 268.
Gymnogenys malzacii, Verr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 348.
Hab. In Madagascariensi ins.
(2.) PotysororpEs typicus. (Supra magis obscurus : fasciis
abdominis angustioribus.)
Polyboroides typicus, Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. i. p. 107 ;
Rupp. Syst. Ueb. p. 12.
Polyboroides capensis, Smith, 8. Afr. Journ.
Polyboroides radiatus, Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 237; 1862, p. 35.
Hab. In Africa universa preeter Septentr.
3. Mitvus parasiticus (Daud.), Hartl. /.¢. p. 19.
Native name, Peroruva. ‘Iris bright sienna, and light brown
dirty feet.” Seen from Tamatave to Fenerive.
4. Orus MADAGASCARIENSIS, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii.
p- 316; Hartl. /.c¢. p. 23.
Obtained in August 1862, at Vavony. ‘“Inis black.”
5. Strix FLAMMEA, Linn.; Hartl. /. c. p. 24.
Native name, Para. ‘Lives in the rocks of Antananarivo: comes
out about 4 p.m.”
6. CoryTHORNIS vINTSIOIDES (Lafr.), Hartl. /. c. p. 31.
Native name, Vinshi ; frequents the lakes, rivers, &c.
7. NECTARINIA ANGLADIANA, Shaw; Hartl. l.c. p. 52.
Native name, Sushné.
8. NECTARINIA soUIMANGA (Gm.), Hartl. /.¢. p. 34.
“Tris pink : found both in the forests and on the plains.”
9. Dryma@ca MADAGASCARIENSIS, Hartl. 7. c. p. 53.
“Tris brown: found on the plains.”
10. Exuista typica, Hartl. /. c. p. 37.
“© Amanzarik : iris brown.”
1863. ] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 163
11. Pratincoxa stpyxtua (Linn.), Hartl. /. ¢. p. 38.
Several examples of this apparently common Madagascar bird from
the “valleys and hills to within twenty miles of Antananarivo.”
“Tris dark brown.”
12. GERVAISIA ALBOSPECULARIS (Eyd. & Gerv.), Hartl. /. c.
p. 39.
One example, without label attached.
13. Moracittua FLAVIVENTRIS, J. Verr.; Hartl. /. c. p. 39.
“ Wagtail ; native name, Skuluda: obtained at Andovorant, 27th
Aug. 1862. Iris pink sienna.”
14, ZosTEROPS MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linn.), Hartl. /. c. p. 40.
“Native name, Shei. Iris pinkish brown: from the forests.”
15. HypstreTes ovRovANG (Gm.), Hartl. /. c. p. 44.
“Native name, Vorova: iris dark brown: common on the road
from Andovorant to Mandrahody.”
16. Tcu1rrea mutata, (L.), Pl. Enl. 248. fig. 2; Hartl. /. ¢.
p- 49.
“Native name, Stcatri: found by the streams: iris brown.”
17. TcHITREA 2
“Native name, Selangani: iris sienna: obtained at Beforona,
31st July, 1862.”
Probably the chestnut form of the preceding.
18. Dicrurus rorricatus (Linn.), Hartl. J. c. p. 49.
Two examples. Native name, Drongne: iris pinkish brown: ob-
tained in the plains by the village of Andranakoditra, but ‘“‘ common
all along the road.”
19. Vanea curvirostRis (Linn.), Hartl. J. c. p. 51.
“‘ Native name, Vorombanga: iris light brown : from the beach at
Andovorant.”
Mr. F. Plant, who is now collecting objects of natural history in
Madagascar, has lately transmitted to Mr. Stevens a nest and two
eggs of this bird. The nest is an open cup-shaped structure, com-
posed of small sticks, roots, and fibres, lined with rather finer mate-
rials of the same description. The interior is about 23 inches in dia-
meter, the whole mass measuring 7 inches in diameter. The eggs are
white, spotted with two shades of red, and measure 1:2 by 0°8 inch.
20. HarRTLAUBIA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Linn.), Hartl. /. ¢. p. 52.
Native name, Fetat: iris dark brown: Andovorant.
21. Spermestes NANA, Puch.; Hartl. J. c. p. 56.
Three examples without labels.
164 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. [May 12,
22. Mrrarra Hova, Hartl. J. c. p. 57.
Native name, Suréte, or Shurete: found in the plains ; a fast-run-
ning Lark. Two examples, obtained at Ambatananga and Maro-
mango. ‘Iris pinkish sienna.”
23. Coracopsis vasa, Bp.; Hartl. J. ¢. p. 58.
Native name, Boisa: obtained at Beforona and Analamazotra.
24. Coracopsis niGRA (Linn.), Hartl. J. c. p. 58.
Iris dark brown: from Andovorant: native name, Boisa.
25. Cenrrorvus rouv (Linn.), Hartl. p. 60.
Four examples of this apparently common bird, from between
Hivondro and the capital, obtained in July and August. Native
name, Tooloohoo: iris sienna-brown.
26. Cova c#RvuLea, Linn.; Hartl. 1. ec. p. 60.
Two examples. Native name, J'esin, or Tisin : one from the ‘‘ woods
near Beforona,’’ and the other “from the woods of Analamazotra:
iris in each example marked “ dark brown.’’
27. FUNINGUS MADAGASCARIENSIs (Linn.), Hartl. J. c. p. 64.
Native name, Founz: iris pink, caruncle pink: from the “hills by
Beforona,”’ and from the woods by Analamazotra.
28. VinaGo austRALIs (Linn.), Hartl. 7. c. p. 65.
Native name, Vounenigo, or Fount: iris pmk: from the hills by
Ranomaton’ (July 29, 1862).
29. TurruR prcruRATus (Temm.), Hartl. J. c. p. 66.
One example without label.
30. MarGaroperpIx striata (Gm.), Hartl. J. c. p. 70.
Native name, Trou-trou : iris dark brown ; legs dark brown : found’
in the “ grassy hills ; flight low and short.”
31. CHARADRIUS TENELLUS, Hartl. 1. ¢. p. 72.
One example, not in good state, obtained on the beach: ‘‘iris
light brown.”
32. ARDEA ATRICAPILLA (Afz.), Hartl. J. c. p. 75.
One example without label.
33. ARDEA BUBULCUS, Sav.; Hartl. l.c. p. 74.
Native name, Vorompotsi, or Vorompootsa: iris bright yellow : ob-
tained at Andovorant, 26th July, 1862.
34. Scopus umBretra (Linn.), Hartl. J. c. p. 76.
Obtained in the paddy-fields at Moromanga : iris brown.
1863.] MR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW SEDGE WARBLER. 165
35. Rovcrtius BerniERI, Bp.; Hartl. /. c. p. 80.
*Waterhen: native name, Skosa: shot in the highest part of the
wood near Analamazotra. Iris pink.”
36. PorPHyRIO MADAGASCARIENSIS (Gm.), Hartl. /. ¢. p. 81.
“Green Waterhen, from Lake Hivondro.”’
37. GALLINULA pyRRHORHOA, Newton, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 19.—
G. chloropus, Hartl, J... p. 81.
One example without label.
38. Nerrapus auritus (Bodd.), Hartl. /.c. p. 82.
Several examples of this little Goose, from Lake Hivondro. “Iris
brown.”
39. DariLA ERYTHRORHYNCHA (Gm.), Hartl. J. c. p. 82.
Two examples from the marshes near Analamazotra: iris sienna-
brown. Native name, Hark.
40. Popicers PELZELNI, Hartl. J. c. p. 83.
“‘ Voron-kohi: iris dark brown: from the marshes and rivulets
by Beforona.”’
2. CHARACTERS OF A New Species or SepGe WARBLER FROM
Mapaecascar. By Dr. G. Harruavs.
CALAMOHERPE NEWTON], nob.
d . Supra obscurius olivacea, subunicolor, subtus multo pallidior,
medio subflavicans ; mento gulaque albidis ; jugulo maculis lon-
gitudinalibus fuscis conspicue notato ; subalaribus flavo-albidis ;
subcaudalibus obscuris ; maxilla Jusca, maundibula obscure au-
rantiaco-rubente ; ore interno lete aurantiaco; iride helvola ;
ala brevi; cauda longa, rotundata, rectricibus angustatis,
apice rotundato-attenuatis.
Long. 63"; rostr. a fr. 6!"; rostr.a rict. 9!""; al. 2!" 7's. caud.
oesetars. 11!"',
Two male specimens of this unquestionably new species were col-
lected by Mr. Edw. Newton near Soamandrikazay, in the island of
Madagascar.
3. On some INSECTS COLLECTED IN MADAGASCAR BY Mr. J.
CaLtpwe.u. By F. Waker, Esa.
The insect-fauna of Madagascar is to a great extent almost un-
known ; but enough has been ascertained to show that it contains
several peculiar forms, though some of its species are identical with
those of South Africa, and others with those of Hindostan. Various
166 MR. F. WALKER ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. [May 12,
Coleoptera have been discovered and described by French natura-
lists; and Boisduval, in his ‘ Faune Entomologique de Madagascar,
Bourbon et Maurice,’ has characterized the more conspicuous Lepi-
doptera; Bigot has described several Diptera; and Coquerel has
ascertained the habits of a few species of other insect classes.
While expecting the arrival of large collections of insects from this
island, I have availed myself of the kindness of Dr. Sclater to give a
brief notice of some species collected by J. Caldwell, Esq., near An-
tananarivo, the capital of Madagascar.
COLEOPTERA.
CysistER. ‘Two or three species of this genus.
POLYBOTHRIS AUROPICTA.
This is one of the species of Buprestidae, with dilated elytra, which
are peculiar to Madagascar.
Apopervus. A large and handsome species.
OrTHOPTERA.
Acueta. One species.
(Eprropa. One species.
PHYMATIUS MORBILLOSUS.
Mantis. One species.
NEUROPTERA.
Aiscuna. One species.
LrpeLLuLa. Two species.
HYMENOPTERA.
XYLOCOPA EZSTUANS.
This also inhabits Hindustan and the islands of Sumatra, Celebes,
and Aru.
HeMIPTERA.
LyGZUS CONSENTANEUS, 2. 8.
DipLonycuus. One species.
Noronecta. One species.
Bretostoma. One species.
LEPIDOPTERA.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.
Madagascar and the two neighbouring isles seem to be the central
habitation of this species, whence it extends on the one hand along
the coasts of Africa and of West Asia and through Europe, and on
1863.] MR. F, WALKER ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. 167
the other hand to Hindostan, China, Java, and the Philippine Isles.
Of the other two supposed species of this genus, 4. styx (called
also A. medusa) seems to be an Asiatic form of 4. atropos; and the
latter can hardly be considered as originally distinct from the third
species, which inhabits Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and Java, and has
received the names of mortis, satanas, lethe, and circe. The intro-
duction of 4. atropos into England may be a consequence of the
warmer period which ensued after the glacial epoch, and during which
the southern forms of life migrated northward. This period is in-
dicated slightly in the present time, when a hot summer in England
is accompanied by the appearance of some South European insects.
EvucHRoMIA FOLLETII, Guér.
BIzZONE AMATURA, 0. 8.
The genus Bizone has been hitherto only discovered in Asia and
in some of the Eastern Islands.
ARTAXA FERVIDA, 0. 8.
EvUPROCTIS PRODUCTA, D. 8.
TRIGONODES HIPPASIA.
Inhabits also Ceylon and Hindostan.
ARACHNIDA.
GASTERACANTHUS. One species.
The new species indicated above may be described as follows :—
LyG£US CONSENTANEUS.
Coccineus ; proboscide, antennis, pedibus, prothoracis punctis duo-
bus, mesothorace, metathorace, abdominis maculis lateralibus
maculaque apicali, necnon alarum anticarum lineola costuli,
puncto discali membranaque nigris; alis posticis nigricanti-
cinereis, venis nigris, ad basin rufis.
Bright red; proboscis, antennz, and legs black ; prothorax with
two black points in a transverse line on the disk; mesothorax and
metathorax black : abdomen with black dots along each side ; apical
spot black, largest on the underside: fore wings with a short black
costal line and a black discal point, membranous part black: hind
wings blackish cinereous ; veins black, red towards the base.
Length of the body 6 lines, of the wings 12 lines.
BIZONE AMATURA.
Fem. Alba, palpis antennisque roseis, pedibus roseo variis; alis
anticis linea exteriore subinterrupta, strigis quatuor costalibus
maculisque septem marginalibus roseis, alis posticis guttis mar-
ginalibus roseis minus determinatis.
Female. White; palpi and antenne rosy ; fore legs rosy ; middle
tibiee with two rosy bands; posterior tarsi rosy ; fore wings with an
168 MR. O. SALVIN ON A NEW CALLISTE. [May 12,
exterior transverse, slightly interrupted, rosy line, with four rosy
streaks along the costa, and with seven rosy spots along the exterior
border ; hind wings with less distinct rosy dots along the exterior
border. Length of the body 43 lines, of the wings 11 lines.
ARTAXA FERVIDA.
Mas. Ochracea, capite thoraceque hirsutis; alis anticis lineis
duabus transversis undulatis albidis, secunda extus ochraceo
saturatiore marginata.
Male. Ochraceous; head and thorax with erect hairs; fore legs
very densely pilose ; anterior tibize fringed towards the base ; fore
wings with two irregular undulating transverse whitish lines, second
line bordered irregularly with darker ochraceous on the outer side.
Length of the body 5 lines, of the wings 14 lines.
EUPROCTIS PRODUCTA.
Mas. Nivea, abdominis fasciculo apicali ochraceo; alis anticis
elongatis, apice rotundatis.
Male. Pure white; abdomen with a bright ochraceous apical
tuft ; fore wings elongated, rounded at the tips; costa and exterior
border hardly convex, the latter very oblique. Length of the body
8 lines, of the wings 20 lines.
The ochraceous apical tuft of this species distinguishes it from
E. divisa.
4. On A New Species or CAuuisTe FROM Costa Rica.
By Ossert SAtvin, M.A., F.Z.S.
CALLISTE DOWII, Sp. nov.
Supra nigra: dorso vix viridi lavato, plumis nuche et laterum
colli utrinque argentescente viridi terminatis, pilei margine pos-
tico ochracescente marginato: uropygio argentescente viridi, tec-
tricibus superioribus rectricum cyaneis : subtus gula tota nigra:
pectore superiore nigro, plumis viridescenti-cinnamomeo termi-
natis : ventre imo cum crisso et lateribus cinnamomeis, pectore
inferiore paulo dilutiore: primariis usque ad terminos, secun-
dariis, tectricitbus alarum et rectricibus omnino nigris, pogoniis
externis omnium cyaneo marginatis, tectricibus subalaribus
albis, via cinnamomeis ; campterio cyaneo, albo vittato: rostro
nigro, mandibule inferioris basi albida : pedibus flavo-nigris.
Long. tot. 5°25, alee 2°9, caudze 2, tarsi *75, poll. angl.
Hab. Costa Rica.
This is a very distinct species, and unlike any of the genus. The
greenish-silvery feathers of the neck and the green uropygium sug-
gest the group which Dr. Sclater unites under the head of Procnopis,
as its proper position in the genus, its nearest ally being the New
Granadian C, nigriviridis, from which, however, it differs essentially.
1863.] MR. W. W. READE ON THE DERBYAN ELAND. 169
This makes six species of Calliste now known to inhabit Central
America and the Isthmus of Panama, viz. C. larvata from the hot
forest-region of the Atlantic side of Guatemala, C. francesce* from
Costa Rica and Veragua, C. dowii from Costa Rica, C. frantzii from
the same country, C. gyroloides, a species ranging from Costa Rica
-to Bolivia, and C. znornata from Panama to the Isthmus of Darien.
The single specimen of this Calliste now described was procured
by Capt. J. M. Dow, Corr. Mem. Z.S., at San José, the capital of
Costa Rica, during a short visit he paid to that city im the early
part of the present year, and by him most kindly presented to me.
He was unable to inform me exactly whence it came ; but it was most
probably obtained from the low forest-region of the Atlantic slope.
I dedicate the species to Capt. Dow, whose researches in the ma-
rine fauna of Central America are too well known for me to need to
dilate upon the justice of the appellation.
5. Norres on THE DerByaN ELAND, THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT,
AND THE GorILLA. By W. Winwoop Reape, F.S.A.L.
(Plate XXII.)
1. Tae Dersyan Evannp (Oreas derbianus, Gray).
When I was on the Casamanza, a river of Senegambia, in December
1862, I was informed of the existence of an enormous Antelope,
double the size of the Senegal Bullock, with horns lying backwards,
a black mane, and white stripes on its sides. My French host in-
formed me that it was unknown in France, which is quite true, as,
in fact, its very existence has been denied by French naturalists. I
asked where this animal was most abundant, and was told in the
bamboo-forest of Bambunda, about fifty miles north-east of Sedhu,
where I was staying. I immediately rode over to a village called
Missera, situated on the borders of the forest, taking a rifle with me.
The hunters of that village told me that at that time it would be im-
possible to kill the Djik-t-junka, the bush being dark, as they expressed
it; but that in a few weeks they would burn the tangled under-
growth of the forest and the high grass of the plains, according to
their annual custom. They would then have a dative ; hundreds of
people would collect, and animated nature, towards the close of the
day, would be driven intoa large plain. There Antelopes, Gazelles,
Wild Boars, Porcupines, &c., would be found so exhausted that many
of them could be killed with sticks ; and indeed only a limited number
* T had considerable doubts whether this species was really separable from
C. larvata, but, having examined a number of skins of both species, have come
to the conclusion that the distinction, small as it is, is constant. Dr. Sclater
has pointed out in his ‘ Monograph’ what the differences are, to which I may
add that C. francesce seems a lighter rather than a brighter bird than C. larvata ;
the blue on the forehead is a trifle broader in the former ; and the outer bluish-
green margin to the middle wing-coverts of the latter is almost obsolete in the
former. In fact, there is just a difference, and that is all.
OO EE ee ee
_~
170 MR. W. W. READE ON THE DERBYAN ELAND, [May 12,
of guns were allowed in case of accidents. Accordingly I made an
arrangement with them that the first specimen they killed should be
sent to Sedhu, where my friend M. Rapet would buy it for me, and
send it on- Thus I obtained one specimen; the others I purchased
at Macarthy’s Island, Gambia.
I made inquiries of these hunters of Nussera as to the habits of
the Derbyan Eland. They told me that the forest was its home ;
that it never of its own accord entered the plains ; that it never grazed,
but that the bull would tear down branches of trees for the does and
fawns to feed upon.
A fawn, destined for le Jardin des Plantes, was once sent by M.
Rapet from the Casamanza, but it died at Goree. When I was at
Macarthy’s Island, I saw a fawn of this Antelope which was in the
possession of an officer of the 2nd West Indian Regiment; it was
extremely tame, allowing itself to be caressed, and was so young
that it used to be fed on milk.
2. Tue Arrican Evepruant (Elephas africanus).
The most wonderful sight which I saw in Africa (at least in a
zoological point of view) was an Elephant-nghal, or enclosure. I had
just returned to the Gaboon settlements after a trip among the Fans,
when I heard that a hunting-party of these cannibals had enclosed
three Elephants in a nghal, or fence. I immediately went off in my
canoe, and slept that night at a village within a few miles of the
place. I walked over there the next morning. About twenty acres
of ground had been enclosed by what is called, in hunting parlance,
posts and railings. Round this fence at intervals were the huts of
the hunters. After I had paid the usual compliments to the chief,
and also the price of my admission to the menagerie with a few
strings of white beads, I said that I should like to see the Ele-
phants. The chief answered that the Elephants were asleep under
a large tree, which he pointed out to me. I wanted to crawl in and
have a look at them; but they would not let me do that, fearing
that a white face would frighten the Elephants away, in which case
(so my interpreters informed me) I should be kept prisoner till I had
paid the value of the meat and the ivory. But they told me to have
patience ; for the Elephants would wake up in the afternoon. Pre-
sently a number of young men came running round, and took me to
a place where I could see one of the Elephants, a fine tusker, about
100 yards off. He was swinging himself on three legs and feeding,
sometimes helping himself to the leaves of the tree with his trunk.
I asked how the Elephants were got into this fence and kept there.
The Fans replied that, having found that three Elephants frequented
that part of the forest (for these animals are not found in large herds
here as in South Africa), they had built the fence—which certainly
must have occupied them a considerable time. They left a gap (which
they had not even closed up, for they showed it me), and their me-
dicine-man made fetish for them to come in; they came in ; then he
made fetish for them to stay, and they stayed. When the new
moon appeared, z.-e. in about a fortnight’s time, they would kill
1863. ] AFRICAN ELEPHANT, AND GORILLA. 171
them; and then he would make fetish that they should not be
angry.
Now, if I had read this in a book, I should have disbelieved it.
The Elephant, which is so intelligent, to be decoyed into so palpable
a trap! the Elephant, which is so sensitive of the approach of man,
to remain for days and days surrounded by the hubbub of a negroes’
camp ! what can appear more absurd ?
But as the Elephant was there before my eyes, I was under the
painful necessity of believing a thing which I did not understand,
which of course I found very humiliating. A little while afterwards
a man came round singing and dabbing the fence with a piece of rag
soaked in a dark brown liquid. The Fans then told me that they made
fetish every day, and that this fetish would be spoilt if a white man
was present. I took this delicate hint and went away. Now I think
that I can offer an explanation of this, which, if not perfectly satis-
factory, is not unreasonable. The doctors, or fetish-men, as we call
them, of the negroes have certainly an intimate knowledge of herbs.
Possibly, by observing the habits of Elephants, they have found out
some herb with which they can entice them where they please. This
would be the fetish which made them come in. They would probably
use another herb, which the Elephants disliked, to prevent them going
out ; and perhaps this was the dark brown liquid which they sprinkled
on the fence. Finally, they might scatter stupifying herbs among
their food ; and this would be the fetish which prevented them from
being angry whilst they were being killed. This surmise was after-
wards partly indorsed, when I was in Angola, by a runaway slave
from the unvisited kingdom of Matiamvo, who told me that they
always poisoned the Elephants there before attempting to kill them.
Before the Elephants in question were killed, all the undergrowth
was cut down, part of which I saw had already been done; and they
were killed with cross-bows, spears, and trade-guns.
3. Tur Goritia Are (Troglodytes gorilla).
I will now speak of that 7'’roglodytes prodigiosus, the Gorilla.
In the first place, the name itself is a blunder. The Gorilla of
Hanno were found, it is supposed, on Sherbro Island; they scaled
rocks, and they defended themselves with stones. These could neither
have been Gorillas nor Chimpanzees, but a species of Cynocephalus, or
kind of Baboon, commonly called the Dog-faced Monkey. These ani-
mals, which I have seen often enough in Senegambia, go in troops,
which Gorillas do not, and actually defend themselves with stones, —
a fact which I assert not only on the evidence of natives, but on the
evidence of white men who have kept them in a state of captivity.
They are also very ferocious, and will always defend themselves when
attacked either by man or by beast.
I spent five months in the Gorilla country, and did not leave that
part of Africa till I had completely satisfied myself respecting the
habits of this animal. The evidence which I now lay before you is
composed of statements made to me by men who had killed Gorillas.
It is collected from three distinct parts of Equatorial Africa, viz.
172 MR. W. W. READE ON THE GORILLA. [May 12,
from the Balengi of the Muni River, from the Shekani and Fans of
the Gaboon, and from the Commi, Bakeli, &c., of the Fernand Vaz.
But from the last river, where Gorillas are most plentiful, I ob-
tained most information.
The Gorilla is found in those thick and solitary places of the
forest where animal life is scarce. His food is strictly vegetable.
He moves along the ground on all fours ; sometimes he goes up into
the trees to feed on fruit, and at night he sleeps in a large tree.
When the female is pregnant, the male builds a nest, where she is
confined, and which she abandons as soon as her young one is born.
The Gorilla does not beat its breast likeadrum. It utters a kind
of short, sharp bark when enraged, and its ordinary cry is of a plain-
tive nature.
With respect to its ferocity, the hunters have a proverb, ‘‘ Leave
a Ngina alone, and it will leave you alone.” When it is at bay and
wounded, it will attack man, like the Stag, the Elephant, and other
animals naturally timid. But it makes this attack on all fours; the
hunters, who are themselves as nimble as apes, often escape from it
as men escape from the charge of an Elephant. I have seen a man
who had been wounded by a Gorilla; his wrist was crippled, and the
marks of the teeth were visible. He told me that the Gorilla seized
his wrist and dragged it into his mouth ; it was contented with having
done this, and went off. The nearest approach to an erect posture
which the Gorilla attains to is by supporting itself by holding on to
the branches. When I asked the people of Ngumbi whether a man
had ever been killed by a Gorilla, they said that their fathers had
spoken of such a thing, but that nothing of the kind had happened
within the memory of anybody living.
Such is the evidence of the native hunters upon the habits of the
Gorilla. I could not find that it differed in any important respect
from the Chimpanzee, except in its superior size and strength, and
in its being certainly more formidable when wounded. But when I
asked the hunters which was the more dangerous, the Leopard or
the Gorilla, they replied, ‘‘ The Leopard.”
I can make one or two positive assertions from my own experience.
Although I never succeeded in seeing a Gorilla in its wild state, I can
assert that it travels on all fours; for I have seen the tracks of its
four feet, over and over again. I can assert that it runs away from
man, for I have been near enough to hear one running away from
me; and I can assert that the young Gorilla is as docile as the
young Chimpanzee in a state of captivity, for I have seen both of
them in a state of captivity. I have also seen the lying-in nests
both of Chimpanzees and Gorillas, the latter being a little the larger
of the two. The Chimpanzee, I may observe, has the character of
being more intelligent than his big brother.
Now, Gentlemen, I hope you will permit me to add a few words in
vindication of my own personal character. Whether M. Du Chaillu
has killed a Gorilla or not is not, I think, of much scientific moment
when compared with his real merits as an explorer, as an author on
the ethnology of Equatorial Africa, and as a collecting naturalist.
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. 173
But I have brought an accusation against M. Du Chaillu, and I
should deserve to be severely blamed if I had brought a charge
against any man on light and insufficient grounds.
Not having been able to find out at the Gaboon whether M. Du
Chaillu had killed a Gorilla or not, nobody having visited the inte-
rior of the Fernand Vaz since he left it, I determined to go there,
and made a tedious voyage by open boat and canoe from Gaboon to
Ngumbi. On arriving at this town, pretending of course to be a
trader, almost the first question I was asked was whether I would
buy Gorillas, as M. Du Chaillu did. I refused to buy them, but
said that I would give a large reward to any hunter who would get
me a shot at one, and also a present to the king. They seemed asto-
nished at this, and asked me why I wished to do a thing which other
white men had not wished to do.
Now I had taken with me two interpreters, and managed to make
them quarrel, so that there might be no collusion in the matter.
I examined Etia, a hunter in whose company M. Du Chaillu pro-
fesses to have killed Gorillas, by each interpreter separately. I
examined in the same manner the five guides who had escorted him
into the Apingi country ; and though they spoke of M. Du Chaillu
in high terms, and appeared to have a great affection for him, they
all replied that he had never shot a Gorilla.
If I sit among a jury, and a man is placed in the witness-box and
gives his evidence clearly, if he does not change his statements under
a severe cross-examination, I admit, of course, the possibility of per-
jury, but if I can imagine no reason why he should perjure himself,
I am forced to give a verdict according to that evidence. Such a
case is the one in point. I say that it is possible M. Du Chaillu has
been belied by these men, but I cannot admit that it is probable.
In any case I think you will allow that he has not been belied by
me, and that any other man would have arrived at the same conclu-
sion on receiving similar evidence.
6. OBSERVATIONS ON THE Box TorToiseEs, wiTH THE Descrip-
TIons OF THREE New Asiatic Sprecires. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., etc.
The knowledge of the animals of our own country is progressive
and only gradually acquired ; and how much more so must it be as
regards the species which we receive from a distant country, whence
we get only isolated specimens, and often in a more or less imperfect
condition, without any account of how they live, and what they eat,
and in what manner they conduct themselves !
Tn such cases how can we do more than guess at what is a species,
and into what groups the species should be divided? and yet, because
we doubt in what we are doing (and the older we become in the
study, the more do we see the necessity for doubting, and the more
do we see the imperfection of our materials)—yet, on the doubts
which arise from such causes and not from any want of faith in the
principle that species are permanent, if we only had materials enough
174 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. [May 12,
to study them properly, do theorists wish to support the theory that
species gradually pass into each other, and have been derived, or
rather have originated, from such transformations. Never was a
theory more baseless, as far as our knowledge is concerned.
This imperfection of our knowledge is specially the case with re-
spect to exotic Tortoises, where we sometimes only procure the shell,
at other times the animal with the shell in a more or less perfect
condition ; and when the latter is procured, we find that the conclu-
sions that we had come to as regards the probable form of the animal,
or some part of it, are more or less incorrect, and we are thus obliged
to reconsider the situation the species occupies in the series.
Having lately received some more perfect specimens of some of
the Indian Box, Tortoises, I am induced to suggest their arrangement
as follows :—
The Tortoises belong to the tribe Cistudina, are characterized by
having the sternum attached to the back by a ligamentous suture
on each side, and being divided across the centre by a similar cross
suture, leaving the front and hind lobe more or less moveable.
In the normal Cistudine, which have the lobes of the sternum
moveable at all ages, the cartilaginous sutures and the suture between
the pectoral and ventral shields of the sternum are at the same situ-
ation; and the lobes of the sternum are broad, as broad as the open-
ing of the thorax, and cover the legs when they are contracted.
The normal Cistudine may be divided into genera, according to
the more or less aquatic habits of the animal, as indicated by the
structure of the feet.
I. Sternum-lobes unequal ; front shorter, almost free from the sym-
physis. The hind foot slender, elongate ; toes very unequal,
second longest. N. America.
1. Cisrubo.
Thorax convex, solid; sternum rounded or truncated before and
behind ; the front lobe smaller, almost free from the symphysis.
The fore legs with large shields in front ; the toes short, enclosed,
not webbed, with short conical claws. The hind feet elongate, nar-
row, with the second toes produced ; the rest short, nearly enclosed,
not webbed; the soles of the feet with subequal moderate-sized
scales, the hinder edge rounded.
N. America.
* The hind feet with small hinder or outer fourth toes. Cistudo.
CistupDo CAROLINA, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. B.M. p. 39.
Of which C. ornata and C. major, Agassiz, seem to be varieties.
** The hind feet without any small fourth toes. Onychotria.
Cistupo MExicaNa, Gray, Cat. /. c. p. 40.
See also C. triunguis, Agassiz, which is said to be smaller than
C. carolina and C. mexicana.
———————— SS ee COC lh eC rh lr
ae Oey age ee
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. 175
Dr. Holbrook describes and figures Cistudo blandingii (t. 3) as a
separate species, because it has a head like Emys, the upper jaw
deeply emarginate in front, the front lobe of the sternum less ele-
vated. On these characters Lecomte refers it to Lutremys, and
Agassiz to Emys, as restricted by Bonaparte, who regards E. europea
as the type. The figures of Holbrook look very like Cistudo caro-
lina ; but Agassiz, who forms for it a subfamily, describes it as much
more depressed. It is probably distinct ; but I have never seen an
American Box Tortoise that could be arranged or confounded, as
Leconte has done this, with our European Lutremys. It certainly
is not E. meleagris of Shaw, as Agassiz believes.
Il. Sternum-lobes subequal, both forming part of the lateral sym-
physis. The Old World.
i. Hind foot elongate ; toes very unequal, nearly free, second longest.
2. PyxIpEA.
The thorax convex, solid. Sternum flat; lobes rather narrow,
truncated in front, notched behind. Legs with large band-like thin
shields in front ; toes short, scarcely exserted, with band-like shields
above, slightly webbed. The hind feet rather elongate ; toes slightly
webbed, short; the second rather elongate, produced, with a large
claw. Claws conical, acute.
PyxIDEA MOUHOTII.
Cyclemys mouhotii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1862, x. p. 157.
Hab. Lao Mountains, Siam.
The back is flattish and sharply three-keeled.
ii. The hind foot elephantine ; toes subequal.
3. CisTOCLEMMYS.
Thorax convex, solid. Sternum nearly flat, rounded before and
behind; the front lobe large, partly enclosed in the symphysis. The
fore feet subclavate ; the toes very short, nearly enclosed, not webbed ;
the claws short, blunt. The hind feet elephantine, subcircular ; toes
very short, enclosed. Soles with two series of large prominent
shields; the hinder edge keeled, but scarcely produced. Tail
shielded beneath. Asiatic.
This genus, in the convex and solid structure of the thorax, is like
Cistudo ; but the foot is more like that of the Land-Tortoises; and
the hind foot is subcylindrical, instead of elongate as in the Ame-
rican genus.
CiIsTOCLEMMYS FLAVOMARGINATA.
Dark brown, shields of the back deeply concentrically grooved ;
the sternum flat, black ; the lower side of the margin of the thorax
yellow ; head olive, temple yellow, with a yellow streak on each side
of the crown, becoming wider and triangular behind.
176 DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. [May lL,
Cuora trifasciata, var., Gray, Cat. Shield Reptiles in B.M. p. 42.
Specimen c.
Hab. China (J. Reeve, Esq.) ; Formosa (R. Swinhoe, Esq.).
The surface of the shell is often more or less eroded ; the one
which we first received from Mr. Reeve was so on the whole upper
surface. The form of the foot, as well as the height and thickness
of the shell, at once separates this species from Cuora trifasciata,
with which I formerly confounded it.
Mr. Swinhoe informs me that this Tortoise is very abundant in
the ponds in the district of Tamsuy, N.W. Formosa. He did not
fall in with it in South Formosa, where the Emys bennettii* is the
prevailing species. He has frequently seen the Tamsuy Tortoise
showing its head and the top of its back on the surface of the water
in ponds about the rice-fields, and has watched them basking, several
at a time, on the tops of large stones in such ponds.
il. The hind feet flattened, fringed ; toes webbed and with band-
like shields above.
4. Cuora.
The thorax rather convex, more or less three-ridged. The sternum
flat ; lobes subequal, both enclosed in the symphysis. Head flat at
top; eyes lateral. The front of the fore legs with large scales. The
toes all banded above, webbed. The claws conical. The hind feet
depressed ; the hinder edge fringed and angularly produced. Asiatic.
* The head large, flat, with two yellow streaks on each side ; back
one-coloured ; toes broadly webbed. Cuora.
Cuora AMBOINENSIS, Gray, Cat. Shield Reptiles B.M. p. 41.
Hab. Amboina; Gilolo (Wallace) ; Borneo (Wallace).
** Head smaller, oblong, with two dark streaks on each side ; back
three-banded ; toes narrowly webbed. Pyxiclemmys.
Cuora TRirasciaTa, Gray, Cat, Shield Rept. B.M. p. 42.
Hab, China.
5. LuTremys.
Thorax depressed. Sternum flat; lobes subequal, both enclosed
in the symphysis. Head ovate; eyes superior. The legs with large
scales in front. The feet depressed; toes webbed, banded above ;
the hind feet fringed and angularly produced behind. Claws elon-
gate, acute.
Lurremys EuROoP#A, Gray, Cat. Shield Reptiles B.M. p. 40.
Hab. Europe.
Very variable in colour.
* Emys sinensis proves to have been founded on the young state of this species,
as is shown by the fine series of specimens brought from Formosa by Mr. Swinhoe.
—
1863. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. 77
iv. Toes webbed; they and legs covered with very small scales ;
Sront legs only with thin band-like plates in front ; the lobes
of the sternum narrow.
6. NoTocHE.ys.
Back convex, flattened above. The sternum flexuous ; lobes rather
narrow, truncated in front and behind. The legs and toes covered
with minute scales ; the front legs having a series of broad, thin,
band-like shields in front. Toes webbed. Claws acute.
This genus is like a true Hmys in most of its characters ; but the
sternum is scarcely raised above the underside of the margin, and
is united to the thorax by a cartilaginous symphysis ; the lobes are
separated by a straight depressed suture, but scarcely moveable. It
differs from all the other Cistudine in the legs and toes being
covered with minute lanceolate scales as in Batagur, with only a few
very narrow shields near the claws.
NOTOCHELYS PLATYNOTA.
Emys platynota, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1834, p. 54.
Cyclemys platynota, Gray, Cat. Shield Reptiles B.M. p. 43.
Hab. Sumatra; Singapore (Wallace).
The head with a pale streak on each side, extended down the
upper part of the sides of the neck.
The young specimens have one small black spot on the back edge
of the areola of the costal, and two on the back edge of the areola of
the vertebral plates.
In the aberrant Cistudine the lobes are only moveable in the
young state; the transverse suture that divides the bones of the
_ sternum into two parts is straight and transverse, while the front edge
_ of the pair of ventral shields overlaps its edge and forms a sinuous
_ line in front of the suture. The lobes of the sternum are narrower
than the opening of the thorax, as in Emys, and do not cover the
legs when they are contracted.
This genus forms the transition to the Tortoises with solid and
fixed sternum ; but it is easily known from them by the sternum
being scarcely raised above the margin of the thorax, and by the
existence of the cartilaginous sutures between the sternum and thorax.
7. CYCLEMYs.
The thorax convex or depressed. The sternum flat or slightly
convex, with the lateral symphysis well marked, truncated before
and notched behind ; the cross suture indistinctly marked and nar-
row, more or less obliterated in the adult, covered with the produced
front edge of the ventral shields. The legs covered with large,
band-like, thin plates in front. The toes banded above; the front
one short, webbed. The hind feet flattened, with the toes broadly
webbed ; the hinder edge keeled and angularly produced.
Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1863, No. XII.
178 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. _[May 12,
* Thorax depressed, suborbicular.
1. CycLemys orpicuLata, Bell, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 17.
Cyclemys dentata (adult), Gray, Cat. Shield Reptiles B.M. p. 42,
ingle
Shields brown-rayed.
Hab. Java.
The small figure of Emys dentata of my ‘ Illustrations of Indian
Zoology’ represents, I think, probably the young of Geoémyda gran-
dis, Gray (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1860), judging by the series of spe-
cimens brought by M. Mouhot from Camboja. ‘The larger figures
are those of a young Batagur.
** Thorax oblong, convex.
2. CYCLEMYS OLDHAMII.
Thorax oblong, eonvex ; back flattened, bluntly keeled, and with
a convexity in front, and two acute prominences at the end of the
two last vertebral shields; costal plates rather convex, with the
areola on the upper hinder margin; shields concentrically striated,
brown, with some black lines on the part of the costal shield near
the lateral keels ; margin toothed behind. Thorax flat ; shields pale, _
with dark rays.
Cestudo dentata (adult), Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 183; Bell, Tes-
tudinata, t. (with animal) ?
Hab. Mergui (Professor Oldham) ; Siam (M. Mouhot).
I was formerly inclined to believe this was an adult of the former
species ; but we have lately received a second specimen, which proves
that it is perfectly distinct.
3. CYCLEMYS OVATA.
Thorax ovate, grey-brown, convex, hinder edge acutely dentated ;
the middle of the back rather flattened, bluntly keeled in front and
above, and acutely keeled on the shelving hinder parts; the side
shelving, the front slightly and the hinder part rather deeply im-
pressed ; the upper part of the costal plates convex; the sternum
pale grey-brown.
Hab. Sarawak (Wallace, no. 138).
The specimen is not in a good state; probably the animal had
been in confinement and was out of health ; the cross suture on the
sternum is much eroded on the edge, and the shell seems to be dis-
coloured.
There is a second specimen, which was presented to the British
Museum by Sir Andrew Smith, C.B., without any habitat, which is
perhaps a younger stage of the species ; but it does not show any
mark of the transverse suture on the sternum, and the marginal
plates are all broad and equally so, while, in the specimen from
Borneo, the fourth, fifth, and sixth lateral marginal plates are much
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE BOX TORTOISES. 179
broader than the others on each side, and ascend up into the margin
of the costal ones; and the sides of the shell are rather more convex
in front, and only slightly and not so deeply impressed behind.
The shell is uniform pale brown above, and brown below, with
regular close radiating paler rays, which are wider and more distinct
near the margin of the shield. The areola on the vertebral shield is
close to the hinder margin, near the upper hinder angle of the costal
shields, and it is near but not on the hinder outer edge of the sternal
shields.
The dried animal is brown; the front edge of the fore legs are
covered with irregular-sized scales.
Mr. Bell, in his ‘ Testudinata,’ gives two figures of the underside
of the shell of his Cyclemys orbiculata ; and in his text says that he
cannot assent to M. Bibron’s referring this species to the genus
Cistudo. These undersides evidently represent two distinct species ;
and the upper figure of the two shows the very cross suture that
Mr. Bell denies to exist.
The lower figures represent the sternum of Cyclemys orbiculata,
with the lobes, especially the hinder ones, narrower than the open-
_ ings in the thorax.
_ The upper figure represents a species where the lobes are broad
_ and rounded, and nearly as broad as the aperture in the thorax.
. It indicates the existence of a species which has not occurred to
. me, and to which the name of C. del/lii may be applied. Perhaps it
is one of the specimens which he received from either Madras or
_ Bombay ; for he says he has received them from those countries as
well as from China; and I have not seen any specimens of the genus
from either of these two localities.
All the three specimens of this species in the British Museum
have the lobes of the sternum narrow, like the lower figure. The
figure of the shell with the animal in Mr. Bell’s work better repre-
| sents Cyclemys oldhamii than the depressed, flattened C. orbiculata
of Java.
j
180 MR. A. NEWTON ON TWO NEW BIRDS. [May 12,
7. On Two New Birps rrom Mapacascar. By ALFRED
Newron, M.A., F.Z.S.
The collection of birds made by my brother, Mr. Edward Newton,
the Assistant Colonial Secretary at Mauritius, and a Corresponding
Member of this Society, on his second visit to Madagascar, besides
the species already described (anted, pp. 85 and 165), contains two
specimens of species which I believe are as yet unrecognized. Both,
as it happens, appear to be in immature plumage, and it is therefore
not without some degree of hesitation that I venture to characterize
them as new.
The first is a Harrier, which I propose to call
C1iRCUS MACROSCELES, sp. nov.
C. aspectu Circo cyaneo generaliter similis, sed statura valde
majore.
Descr. maris hornotini. Coloribus omnino ut in exemplis Circi
cyanei ejusdem etatis, sed striis scapinis ventris longioribus, -
caude tegminum latioribus, et rectricum transversalibus angus-
tioribus clarioribusque.
Long. tota 22°75, alee plus quam 15*, caude 10, tarsi 4, dig.
med. cum ungue 2°75, rostri culminis 2 poll. angl. et dec.
Hab, In Madagascar.
Mus. Norvicensi.
Obs. I describe this species as new, chiefly relying on Mr. J. H.
Gurney’s opinion. He is very confident that it is distinct from any
previously characterized, and considers that it comes nearer to C.
assimilis of Australia than to any other Harrier. Both in colouring
and size it is altogether unlike C. maillardi, which, in its immature
plumage, has some resemblance to C. eruginosus; while this is, as
stated above, more like C. cyaneus at that stage. (Cf. Sclater in
‘Ibis,’ 1863, pp. 163-165.)
The next bird is a little Flycatcher, which, though not without
some doubt, I refer to the genus Hrythrosterna, and propose to call
ERYTHROSTERNA (?) BRUNNEICAUDA, Sp. Nov.
E. ad Erythrosternam parvam multo appropinquans, sed cauda
unicolore.
Descr. foeminze junioris (?). Supra olivaceo-murina, remigibus
externe pallidius limbatis; subtus rufescenti-albida ; rostro
nigricante, pedibus schistaceis, iridibus pallide flavis.
Long. tota 4°62, alee 2, caudee 1-45, tarsi ‘71, dig. med. cum un-
gue ‘48, rostri *38 poll. angl. et dec.
Hab. In Madagascar.
Mus. A. et E. Newton.
* In exemplo unico remigum extremitates multo sunt abrase; si sint integra,
probabiliter 14 poll. angl. longiores forent. In exemplo C. cyanei, ejusdem
sexus et etatis, ex Britannia, mensure sunt
Long. tota 19, alee 13:5, caudz 8°5, tarsi 2°75, dig. med. cum ungue 1°88, rostri
eulminis 1°25.
1863.] MR. E. BLYTH ON THE SPECIES OF FELIS. 181
Obs. No species of Erythrosterna has hitherto been found, that I
am aware of, in Madagascar, or even in South Africa ; and I am not
acquainted with any previously known Madagascar species of which
this could be the undescribed female. I have therefore no alterna-
tive but to characterize it as new. I think it quite possible that
future naturalists will decline to receive it into the genus to which
I have here assigned it ; but for the present I believe it cannot be
better placed. It has very much the general appearance of the
female of the European Erythrosterna parva, except that it wants
the white spot on either side of the tail, which jn that species forms
so conspicuous a feature.
My brother’s observations on these and the other birds procured
by him on his last visit to Madagascar will appear in the forthcoming
Numbers of the ‘ Ibis,’ for July and October 1863,
May 26, 1863.
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.
Mr. R. Swinhoe exhibited a specimen of the rare Wader named
Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus, in full summer plumage, obtained in
Northern China.
The following papers were read :—
1. SynopticaL List oF THE SPECIES OF FELIS INHABITING
THE INDIAN REGION AND THE ADJACENT PARTS OF MIDDLE
Asta. By E. Buiyru.
_ Having enjoyed favourable opportunities of studying most of the
Asiatic species of Felis, and considering that they are in need of elu-
_ cidation, chiefly from casual or individual varieties (which do not
_ exemplify particular races) having been described as peculiar species,
I trust that a list of what I am led to regard as species, with their
_ numerous synonyms in some instances, will prove acceptable to stu-
_ dents of zoology.
The most different from the rest is—
1. Fexis susaTA, Schreber.
FF. guttata, Hermann.
_ F-. venatica, A. Smith.
. F. fearonis (?), A. Smith, apud Gray.
Chita, or ‘‘ Cheetah,”’ or “ Hunting Leopard ” of authors, though
_F. pardus is more commonly known by the former appellation m
many parts of India. Original Mav6ijp et Leopurdus antiquorum ;
the latter name founded on the notion (still current in Barbary) of
eae ae a
182 MR. E. BLYTH ON THE ASIATIC [May 26,
its being a mixed race produced between the Lion and the female
Pard.
Hab. All Africa; Syria; Arabia; Mesopotamia; Persia; West
and South India; Ceylon (auct. Baker*).
The rest of the Asiatic Cats may be divided into, the Pardine
series (inclusive of the Lion and Tiger), with more robust form of
skeleton, and comparatively rounded and obtuse ear-conch ; and the
Lyncine series (inclusive of the Domestic Cat), with constantly a
more slender form of skeleton, and larger and more pointed ear-
conch, which, in general, is more or less tufted.
Pardine series.
2. Feuis Leo, L.
Leo barbarus, senegalensis, gambianus, capensis, asiaticus, et
goojerattensis auctorum.
Varies much in shade of hue and development of mane, and of
hair along the flanks, in the male sex—some individuals (both in
Asia and Africa) being permanently maneless, or comparatively sot,
though it does not appear that these anywhere constitute a distinct
and established race, any more than do occasional beardless indi-
viduals among the ordinarily bearded races of humankind.
Hab. South Asia and Africa, and formerly (within historic times)
the south-east of Europe. Within the present century, distributed
over much of Central, West, and North-west India; but now con-
fined in that country to the peninsula of Guzrat, unless a last rem-
nant still maintains a lingering existence in the jungles bordering the
Sind River in Bundelkund, which I now consider doubtful. East-
ward of the north-west provinces of the Bengal Presidency, the Lion
has not been observed in any part of Asia.
3. Feuis T1er1s, L.
Hab. Peculiar to Asia, extending westward as far as Mount
Ararat. A few are annually killed in Turkish Georgia. More nu-
merous in the Elburz Mountains, south of the Caspian (the ancient
Hyrcania). North of the Hindu Kosh, Tigers occur in Bokhara,
and proved troublesome to the Russian Surveying Expedition on the
shores of the Aral in midwinter. They are also found on the banks
of the Irtisch, and in the Altai region; and thence eastward to
Amur-land, or Amuria (where very destructive to cattle), and round
by China and Indo-China to India, southward of the Himalayas ;
but the species does not extend into Ceylon. It inhabits the Ma-
layan peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Bali, but is not met with in
Borneo, neither does it occur in the great Tibetan region of high
Central Asia.
* ‘Eight Years’ Wanderings in Ceylon,’ by S. W. Baker (1855), p. 118. This
author clearly distinguishes between the Chita and the Pard.
+ Vide Layard’s ‘ Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon,’ p. 487 ;
also Barth’s ‘ Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa,’ i. p. 482;
v. pp. 97, 270.
1863.] SPECIES OF THE GENUS FELIS. 183
4. Fevis parpus, L.
F. leopardus et F. varia, Schreber. \
F. nimr, Ehrenberg.
F.. panthera, Erxleben.
F. antiquorum, Fischer. >(auct. Gray).
F.. melas, Péron.
F. chalybeata, Hermann.
F. fusca, Meyer.
F. longicaudata, F. Cuvier.
F. pecilura (?), Valenciennes.
The Pard, Panther, or Leopard.
Hab. S. Asia and Africa ; commonly miscalled “Tiger” in Africa
and also in Ceylon. In the Malayan region, it inhabits the peninsula,
Sumatra, and Java; but not Borneo.
5. Freuis uncta, Schreber.
F. pardus, Pallas.
F. panthera, Erxleben (auct. Gray).
F. irbis, Ehrenberg.
F. tulliana, Valenciennes, Comptes Rendus, xlii. 1035.
The Ounce, or ‘‘ Snow Leopard.”
Hab. Snowy regions of Middle Asia. The animal described by
M. Valenciennes was procured in the mountains east of Smyrna.
6. FELIS JAPONENSIS.
Leopardus japonensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262, pl. xxxiii.
Hab. Japan.
7. Feuis p1arp11, Desmoulins ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.
F.. macrocelis, Temminck.
F. macroceloides, Hodgson.
F., nebulosa, Griffith.
Hab. Mountainous parts of South-east Asia, with the islands of
Sumatra and Borneo; Tibet (auct. Hodgson).
N.B. The ground-colour of this animal becomes much more ful-
vous with age.
8. FeLis MARMORATA, Martin.
F. charltoni, Gray.
F. diardii, apud Jardine, Nat. Libr.
F. ogilbii, Hodgson, Calc. Journ. N. H. viii. p. 44.
Hab. Apparently the same range as the preceding species, or
perhaps not quite so extensive. And the ground-colour would simi-
larly appear to become more fulvous with age.
9. FELIS BRACHYURA.
Leopardus brachyurus, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 352, pl. xliii.
Hab, Formosa.
184 MR. E. BLYTH ON THE ASIATIC [May 26,
10. FELIS VIVERRINA, Bennett.
F. viverriceps, Hodgson.
F. bengalensis, apud Buchanan Hamilton.
F.. himalayana, Warwick, auct. Jardine, Nat. Libr. (?), nee Gray.
F. celidogaster, Temm., auct. Gray.*
Hab. India (with Ceylon) ; Burma (common in the Tenasserim
provinces). Found only in the lower valleys of the Himalaya.
Malacca and Formosa, apud Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 353.
. FeELIs BENGALENSIS, Desmoulins.
11
F. sumatrana et F. javanensis, Horsfield.
F. minuta, Temminck.
F. undulata, Schinz.
F. nipalensis et F. pardichrous, Hodgson.
. wagati, Elliott.
Leopardus ellioti, chinensis, reevesii, et Chaus servalinus, Gray
(rufous-tailed variety).
F. nipalensis, Vigors and Horsfield (hybrid ?, or Domestic Cat of
Nepal ?f).
ry
* Brit. Mus. Catal., but not of Temminck (1855), who recognizes a West-
African species as his F. celidogaster, to which he refers the figure assigned to
F. chalybeata in Griffith’s English edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Régne Animal,’ vol. ii. pl. 2.
See ‘ Esquisses Zoologiques sur la cdte de Guinée,’ par M. Temminck, I* partie,
les Mammiféres, p. 86. F. himalayana, Gray, is perhaps F. celidogaster, Temm.,
+ This has been assigned to F. viverrina; but it does not appear that Mr.
Walter Elliot ever obtained the latter, and he presented me with a living speci-
men of F. dengalensis as his F. wagati.
t “ The Domestic Cat is as common in Nepal as elsewhere, and has no pecu-
liarity worthy of note.. Judging by its marks, I should conjecture that it is de-
rived from the F. nipalensis ; if so, it has lost by domestication the fine ground-
colour of that beautiful species.’’— Hodgson in Journ. As. Soc. B.i. p. 341.
Pennant was assured that the male specimen originally- described by him
‘swam on board a ship at anchor off the coast of Bengal. After it was brought
to England, it coupled with the female cats, which twice produced young. I
saw,” he remarks, “ one of the offspring, which was marked in the same manner
as the male parent; but the ground-colour was cinereous.” (History of Qua-
drupeds, i. p. 293.) Various other wild species (both of the Pardine and Lyncine
series) interbreed more or less freely with the Domestic Cat in different countries.
Mr. E. L. Layard (in his ‘ Catalogue of the South African Museum,’ 1862)
notices, that “ F. caffra intermingles freely with the domestic race which has been
imported by the European settlers, and the mixed progeny possesses all the fero-
city and bloodthirstiness of the wild parent.” A hybrid of this kind is in the
British Museum Collection, as noticed by Dr. Gray (Catal. 1843, p. 45).
Mr. Walter Elliot, formerly of the Madras Civil Service, assured me of the
occurrence of hybrids between the Domestic Cat and F. chaus, and also of simi-
lar hybrids with F. rubiginosa (vide Journ. As. Soc. B. xvii. pp. 247, 559). Dr. *
D, Scott, of the late Bengal Army, and formerly of Hansi, assured me of the
occurrence there of hybrids with F. ornata, and that many of the Domestic Cats
of that part of India were undistinguishable from the wild F. ornata, as some of
those of the Scottish Highlands are from the European Wild Cat (vide Jardine,
Nat. Libr., Feline). I was assured by the late Dr. Kelaart that he had seen a
hybrid from F. viverrina in Ceylon.
For some remarks on the Domestic Cats of India, vide Journ. As. Soc. B. xxv.
note to p. 443. The Chaus pulchella, Gray, appears to me to be only an Egyptian
variety of the Domestic Cat. ~
ee ie ee ee
me) 2863.) ° SPECIES OF THE GENUS FELIS. 185
Hab. South-east Asia, from Tibet to the great islands of the Ar-
chipelago ; but perhaps not Borneo.
Varies much in its markings, though scarcely more so than F.
pardalis and other spotted Cats; while the varieties are linked
together by intermediate specimens. The most permanent of them
would seem to be that designated javanensis, from Java and the Ma-
layan peninsula, which approximates to F. viverrina in colouring,
except that the under parts are pure white, black-spotted.
12. Freuis JERDONI, nobis, n.s.
Very similar in its markings to the preceding species; but the
size of the full-grown animal much smaller—that of F. rubiginosa ;
and the ground-hue of the upper parts grey, untinged with fulvous.
Hab. Peninsula of India. I first detected an adult male anda
kitten of this species in the Museum at Madras, and find that there
is an adult specimen also in the British Museum.
s
13. Fevis rusiernosa, Is. Geoffroy ; figured by Bélanger.
Hab. Peninsula of India, Coromandel side. (In the British Mu-
seum is a specimen labelled from Malacca, collected by Capt. Charlton;
but this I very strongly suspect to be a mistake.)
14. FELIS PLANICEPS, Vigors.
Hab. Malayan Peninsula; Sumatra; and Borneo.
15. Feuis aurata, Temminck.
F. temminckii, Vigors (young).
F. moormensis et murmensis, Hodgson.
** Fire Cat” of Burma? (Mason).
Hab. South-east Himalaya; Burma (?); Malayan Peninsula ;
Sumatra; and probably Borneo. A Nipalese specimen in the India
Museum is very distinctly and conspicuously spotted.
Lyncine series.
16. Feris rorquata, F. Cuvier; Sykes?.
F’. ornata, Gray (Hardwicke’s Il. Ind. Zool. ; very bad).
F. servalina, of Jardine (nec Ogilby, nec Chaus servalinus, Gray).
F. huttoni, Blyth.
F. ad oxam, Pallas (auct. Gray).
Leopardus inconspicuus, Gray.
Hab. The desert region of North-west India; Dukhun; Hazara
country.
The “Desert Cat” of West India (vide Journ. As. Soc. B. xxv.
p- 441). Colonel Sykes’s specimen has much the aspect of a Do-
mestic Cat, perhaps semiwild.
17. FeLis MANUL, Pallas.
F. nigripectus, Hodgson.
Hab. Tibet and East Asia (Amurland).
186 MR. 0. SALVIN ON THIRTEEN NEW SPECIES [May 26,
18. Feviis MeGALotis, Temminck.
Hab. Timor (non vidimus).
19. Frexis cuaus, Gildenstadt.
F.. catolynz, Pallas.
F. affinis, Gray.
F. dongolensis, Hemprich & Ehrenberg.
F. caligata (°), Bruce.
F. lybica, Olivier.
F. kutas, Pearson.
. rippellii, Brandt.
Lynchus erythrotis, Hodgson.
Hab. India; North Burma (Arakan) ; South-west Asia; North-
east Africa. South Africa, apud Layard (who gives Kuruman as
one locality), in addition to F. cafra.
N.B. The Egyptian specimen now living in the Society’s Gardens
is absolutely similar to the common animal of Bengal.
>|
20. Frets CARACAL, Schreber.
Hab. South Asia and Africa ; Central India.
21. Fexis saBELLina, Blyth.
The Lynx of Tibet. ais
Has the naked pads of the soles of the feet much more developed
than in F. lynx of Europe.
2. DescrieTIONS OF THIRTEEN New Species or Birps pis-
COVERED IN CENTRAL AMERICA BY FREDERICK GODMAN
AND OssBerT SALviIN. By Osspert Savin, M.A., F.Z.S.
(Plates XXIII., XXIV.)
A partial investigation of the collections made by myself and
Mr. F. Godman in Guatemala and the adjacent republics during the
latter part of 1861, 1862, and the early part of the present year
(1863) has led to the separation of the present thirteen species,
which I now propose to describe as new. There are no.marked
forms amongst them, the greater part being Central American re-
presentatives of North or South American species, the only truly
South Mexican and Central American genus being that of Cardellina,
of which I now describe a third species. The specimens were col-
lected at various points, the district of Peten producing the most
novelties ; no less than four out of the whole number were obtained
in that part. Our collection from there was small, and I think that
more remains to be discovered in that remote region than in any
other part of Guatemala. The alternations of savannas and forest
offer scope for variety not to be met with elsewhere. Where such
&N Hanhart Imy
)
ML
delet ith
PANYPTILA SANCTI-JEROMG
M.&N Hanhert Imp
et hth
1863. ] OF BIRDS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. 187
a bird as Meleagris ocellata exclusively exists, more may naturally
be looked for ; and I much regret my stay there was so limited. A
remarkably pleasant cruise down the west coast of Central America
in the ‘ Guatemala’ also bore fruits, as Capt. Dow and I took every
opportunity to go ashore with our guns; and Realejo and Punta
Arenas have added two species to our present list. The rest are
from the high lands, districts I had left unexplored in my previous
journeys. I must thank Dr. Sclater for his kind assistance in deter-
mining the species.
1. THRYOTHORUS PETENICUS, Sp. n.
Subtus brunneus, uropygio rubidiore ; superciliis et loris albis,
regione postoculart brunnea; lateribus capitis et colli albis
nigro minute striatis; alis fusco-brunneis vie nigro transvit-
tatis; cauda nigra, duabus externis rectricibus albo irregulari-
ter punctatis, duabus mediis fusco-bmunneis, his cum rectricibus
reliquis nigro fasciatis ; gula, pectore et ventre medio albis,
lateribus corporis brunneis; crisso albo fasciis nigris trans-
vittato. Rostro superiore corneo, inferiore albidiore ; pedibus
Suscis.
Long. tot. 5°1, alze 2°3, caudz 2; rost. a rictu 0°9 poll. Angl.
Hab. Peten.
Similis 7. modesto ex Guatemala et Costa Rica, sed rostro longiore
fasciisque caudee et crissi differt.
This species, though like, is apparently quite distinct from 7’.
modestus, its nearest ally, the more strongly impressed markings of
the ear-coverts, the less rufous colour of the under parts, and the
well-defined bars of the crissum pointing to its distinction. Iam
well aware that this latter feature would not alone justify specific
separation, some species of the genus Troglodytes presenting great
variety in this respect; but considered in conjunction with other
characters, it must not be altogether rejected.
2. DENDR@CA NIVEIVENTRIS, sp.n. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 2.)
D. chrysoparia, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 19, & Cat. p. 354.
3. Fronte, regione oculari et capitis lateribus flavis; pileo
nigro vittato; nucha pure nigra; dorso nigro griseo mixto,
uropygio fere omnino griseo; primariis et secundariis obscure
Suscis, in pogonio externo griseo marginatis ; tectricibus ala-
rum minoribus nigris, mediis albo terminatis, majoribus nigris,
in pogonio externo griseis, macula alba terminatis ; rectricibus
nigris, tribus utrinque lateralibus macula longa in pogonio in-
' terno alba; duabus externis in pogonio externo albis, deinde
nigris usque ad terminum, rectricibus interioribus griseo mar-
ginatis ; subtus gula et pectore superiore pure nigris, deinde
omnino albis, lateribus vix nigro striatis; tectricibus subalari-
bus albis; rostro nigro; pedibus fuscis.
© similis mari, gula nigra absente:
Long. tot. 4°85, alee 2°7, caudze 2°25.
188 MR. O. SALVIN ON THIRTEEN NEW SPECIES [May 26,
A speciebus similibus D. townsendi, D. virente et D. chrysoparia
corpore inferiore immaculato facile dignoscenda.
We obtained at different times three specimens of this species,
the first from the upper parts of the Volcan de Fuego, the second
from a pine-forest near 8. Gerdnimo, and the third near the silver-
mines of Alotepeque on the Honduras frontier. The species also
ranges into Mexico, it being this bird, not the true D. chrysoparia,
which Dr. Sclater obtained from M. Boucard’s collection.
3. CARDELLINA VERSICOLOR, sp. n. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.)
Rubra, dorso obscuriore, abdomine et uropygio clariore ; capite
toto cum collo et pectore argentescenti-rubris ; alis et cauda
Jusco-nigris, illarum secundariis internis et tectricibus majori-
bus in pogonio externo rubro marginatis ; tectricibus minoribus
macula rubra terminatis ; tectricibus subalaribus et margine
interno primariorum tlbis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot. 4°5, alee 2°5, caudze 2°25.
Hab. Guatemala, in regione alta (8000 ped.).
Found frequenting the edges of the forest, at an elevation of 8000 ft.
and upwards; Volcan de Fuego, amongst alders; Totonicapam, Chi-
lasco.
4, VIREO PALLENS, sp. n.
Supra obscure olivaceus, capitis lateribus concoloribus, regione
preoculari pallide flava ; subtus albus vix flavo tinctus ; alis
caudaque fuscis externe olivaceo marginatis, secundariis internis
in margine albidioribus; tectricibus alarum macula albida termi-
natis; rostro superiore brunneo, inferiore albido; pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot. 4°6, alee 2°3, caude 2, remigis spurii ‘93.
Hab. Realejo in Nicaragua et Punta Arenas in Costa Rica.
Shot by Capt. J. M. Dow and myself amongst the mangrove-
bushes at the back of the above towns.
5. VIREO OCHRACEUS, sp. n.
Stmilis precedenti, sed colore flavo-ochraceo, non albo, vir flavo
subtus lavato distinguendus ; supra etiam clarius olivaceus.
Long. tot. 4°5, alee 2°2, caudee 1°9, remigis spurii °85.
Hab. San José de Guatemala.
6. VIREO SEMIFLAVUS, Sp. n.
Similis precedentibus, sed flavo corporis inferioris differt ; remige
etiam spurio breviore.
Long. tot. 4°35, ale 2°1, caude 1:9, remigis spurii ‘65.
Hab. Peten, in regione campestri.
Hi Vireones Vireoni noveboracensi similes sunt, sed corporibus
inferioribus concoloribus facile dignoscendi.
There certainly appear to be three distinct species of Vireo here.
Their differences may be thus shortly compared :—
1863.] OF BIRDS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. 189
V. pallens. V. ochraceus. V. semiflavus. V. noveboracensis.
Longest spuri- Moderate spu- Shortest spu- Short spurious
ous primary, pale | rious primary, | rious primary, | primary; white
under surface. rounded; yellow- | yellow beneath; | throat and abdo-
ochre colouring | smaller than | men; yellow flanks.
/ below; smaller | either V. pallens
than V. pallens. | or V. ochraceus.
7. PETROCHELIDON LITTOREFA, Sp. 0.
Supra eneo-viridis ; subtus gula alba, corpore toto cum crisso et
uropygio albis, lineis angustis nigris striatis; macula alba
supra regionem preocularem ; remigibus et rectricibus virides-
centi-nigris, interne fuscis ; secundariis in pogonio externo albo
anguste marginatis ; rostro et pedibus nigerrimis.
Long. tot. 4°5, alee 3°75, caudz 1:8.
Similis P. aléiventri ex America meridionali, sed colore zneo-
viridi non czruleo facile dignoscenda.
Hab. Amer. cent., regione littorali.
This Swallow frequents all the low rivers and sea-coasts of both
oceans, from Belize to Colon on the Atlantic, and from Soconosco to
Panama on the Pacific; and it seems strange that it has hitherto
escaped observation, so common is it everywhere on the coast. It
breeds in old Woodpeckers’ holes in the snags in the rivers.
8. SPIZELLA PINETORUM, Sp. 0.
Similis S. pusillee ex Amer. sept. et Mexico, sed coloribus clario-
ribus et rostro robustiore differt.
Inhabits the pine-ridges and savannas of Peten, living amongst the
taller patches of grass.
9. AMMODROMUS PETENICUS, sp. n.
Supra niger fusco-brunneo mixtus ; alis caudaque brunneis, loris
griseo-albidis, stria postoculari brunnea ; gula et abdomine al-
bidis, illa stria utrinque laterali nigra, pectore et lateribus eum
erisso pallide brunneis, campterio pallide flavo ; rostro corneo,
mandibula inferiore albidiore ; pedibus pallide flavis. s
Long. tot. 5, alee 2°25, caudee 3°15.
Hab. Peten, in regione campestri.
Similis 4. manimbe ex Brasilia, sed loris albidis et gulee striis di-
gnoscendus.
10. JUNCO ALTICOLA, sp. n.
Cinereus, regione oculari, pileo et nucha obscurioribus ; ventre
medio fere albo ; lateribus, crisso et uropygio brunnescentiori-
bus ; primariis fusco-nigris, pogonio externo medialiter cinereo
marginato ; secundariis internis fusco-nigris, pogonio externo
et regione interscapulari brunneis, hac paulo obscuriore ; rec-
tricibus fusco-nigris, duabus externis macula alba interne ter-
minatis ; rostro nigro, mandibula inferiore albido terminata ;
pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot, 6°25, ale 3-1, caudee °3.
190 MR. O. SALVIN ON THIRTEEN NEW SrEcIES [May 26,
fab. Guatemala, in regione alta (8000 ped.).
Similis J. cinereo ex Mexico, sed coloribus obscurioribus rostroque
robustiore facile dignoscendus.
Evidently the Guatemalan representative of the Mexican J. cine-
reus.
11. CHRYSOMITRIS ATRICEPS, Sp. 0.
Olivacea ; capitis lateribus griseis ; abdomine medialiter cinereo ;
dorso postico et uropygio viridescenti-flavis ; pileo toto et gula
nigris, hac obscuriore ; remige externo omnino nigro, secundi
et tertii pogoniis externis medialiter flavo marginatis, quarti et
reliquorum pogoniis externis in parte basali flavis, in parte ter-
minali nigris flavo marginatis, pogoniis internis omnium flavo
marginatis ; secundariorum parte basali flava, parte terminal
nigra, macula olivacea externe terminata ; duabus rectricibus
internis nigro-fuscis, reliquis flavis nigro terminatis ; rostro
superiore fusco, inferiore pallidiore ; pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot. 4°85, alee 2°9, caude 2.
Hab. Quezaltenango, alt. 8000 ft.
The two specimens from which the above description is taken differ
considerably in coloration from one another, one being in old and
somewhat worn plumage, the other more freshly moulted and brighter
olivaceous. They are both males; and the former, from the greater
amount of yellow in the spots on the wings, I consider as the older
bird. This variation in the extent of yellow on the wings and tail
is seen in the allied species C. notata, the female having less than
the male. At first sight the present species might be taken for the
young of C. notata (in which the sexes are almost alike) ; but the
longer wings and more deeply forked tail point to its distinctness.
The two specimens were shot by Mr. R. Owen and myself amongst
a patch of thistles near Quezaltenango, in August last (1862).
12, ELAINEA ARENARUM, §p. n.
Fusco-olivacea ; pileo, alis caudaque obscurioribus ; gula et pec-
tore griseis, illa paulo dilutiore ; abdomine toto, crisso et tec-
tricibus subalaribus flavis ; secundariis internis fusco-albo ex-
terne marginatis ; tectricibus alarum macula fusco-alba termi-
natis ; rostro et pedibus nigerrimis.
Long. tota 5:6, ale 2°8, caude 2:7.
Hab. Costa Rica.
Shot by Capt. J. M. Dow and myself near Punta Arenas.
13. PANYPTILA SANCTI-HIERONYMI, sp. n. (Pl. XXIII.)
Purpureo-nigra; gula, pectore et torque postico pure albis, ma-
cula alba utrinque uropygt et frontis lateralibus ; primariis
tribus externis omnino nigris, reliquis in pogonio interno albo
marginatis, secundariis albo terminatis, deinde fusco subtermi-
natis; rostro nigro ; pedibus vestitis.
Long. tot. 7°5, alee 7°5, caudee 3°6.
1863.) OF BIRDS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. 191
Similis P. cayennensi, sed major.
Hab. San Geronimo in reipub. Guatemale.
Nest.—The nest of this species is composed entirely of the seeds
of a plant, secured together and hung from the under surface of an
overhanging rock by the saliva of the bird. The whole structure
measures 2 feet 2 inches in length, and is about 6 inches in diameter.
The entrance is at the end, and the hollow for the eggs at the top.
The first time we met with this beautiful Swift was near San Gerd-
nimo in Vera Paz, soon after our arrival in Guatemala in 1861. I
then recognized it as distinct from P. melanoleuca, but afterwards,
not having secured specimens, imagined we must have mistaken it
for that bird. , In July of last year (1862) I had the satisfaction of
having brought to me alive, by Mr. Carter of San Gerdnimo, two
birds which clearly showed that our first impression was correct.
They had been caught by an Indian under a rock near the village
192 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS STERNOTHERUS. [May 26,
of Matanzas, in the mountains. The birds, though apparently unin-
jured, were quite sleepy, not attempting to fly; the only energy
they exhibited was by making their powerful claws meet in my fin-
gers when I endeavoured to secure them. I afterwards, on several
occasions, observed them flying over the plain with amazing swiftness
during dull rainy evenings of July. Later on in the autumn Mr.
Hague, of San Gerdénimo, secured for me the nest which I now ex-
hibit. He found it, during a visit to some Indian ruins in the
neighbourhood, sticking to the under surface of an overhanging rock.
The bird was distinctly seen to enter several times; but Mr.
Hague was unable to shoot it, owing to its rapid flight. There were
no eggs in the nest. In this nest we see the saliva of the bird used
as an adhesive material in nest-building, as in the genus Collocalia
of the Old World, but differently applied. At first sight the saliva
appears to have been used merely to secure the foundation of the
nest (if the term may be applied inversely) to the overhanging pro-
jection of rock upon which the rest of the structure is woven, as in
the nests of the Icteridee ; but upon closer examination it will be
seen that the saliva has been applied to secure every one of the seeds
used in the construction of the nest, and in no other way could so
firm and durable a structure be attained. Another curious feature
will be noticed in this nest,—which is, the false entrance at the side.
Iremember to have seen a similar thing in other nests ; I think they
were Australian. They appear to be placed there to deceive some
enemy, such as a snake or lizard, to the attacks of which the parent
bird or its offspring would, during the time of incubation, be more
exposed. It would be interesting to know how the materials for
this nest were gathered, whether from the plant itself, or caught in
the air by the bird as the seeds were carried by the wind. <
3. ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS STERNOTHZERUS, WITH SOME
OBSERVATIONS ON Krinrxys. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ete.
The shell or thorax of the Sternotheri offer such different appear-
ances, according to the age or other special conditions under which
they have lived, that it is almost impossible to distinguish them ;
and the more specimens are received, the greater becomes the diffi-
culty. Under these circumstances, as the heads seem to present
some characters which, as far as I have been able to observe them
in the limited number of specimens which come under my exami-
nation, seem permanent, I have attempted to define the peculiari-
ties presented by the heads of the specimens in the Museum Col-
lection from different localities. The species were so difficult to
distinguish by means of the shell only, that, in my ‘ Catalogue of
Shield Reptiles in the British Museum,’ I stated that all the spe-
cies there noticed ‘‘ perhaps may prove only to be varieties of the
same species, or dependent on age”’ (p. 52).
A larger series of specimens from the same locality has shown
that such characters as the shape and thickness of the shields, and
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS STERNOTHERUS. 193
especially of the first vertebral shield, which have been hitherto to
some extent depended on for the separation of the species, are very
variable. Therefore the discovery of some other more permanent
characters seems important; and the form and disposition of the
shields on the head appear to furnish such characters.
Mr. Cope observes that S. derbianus differs from S. sinuatus of
Smith “ mainly in the form of the upper mandible, which is ob-
tusely hooked in the former, bidentate in the latter.” I suspect he
must have been misled in these observations by figures or descriptions ;
for the jaws of the typical specimens of the two species are very similar.
It will be necessary to separate the genus into three sections, ac-
cording to the form of the head, premising that I only know the
species belonging to the third section from the descriptions of MM.
Duméril and Bibron, as all the specimens that have come under my
observation belong to the first or second sections. These sections
may be thus characterized :—
I. Head short and broad; the upper jaw obscurely notched and
bidentate in front ; the crown shielded to a line even with the
back of the tympanum. Tanoa. ~
1. StERNOTHZRUS sINuATUuS, A, Smith, S. African Zool. t.
Head rather broad, depressed; jaws pale; the temporal plate
Head of S. sinuatus.
broad and short, only reaching to the front of the tympanum, and
with another rather smaller similar plate behind it over the ear ; the
hinder vertebral plate of the adult as wide as long, not tubercular ;
the fore legs with small scales, and with some very wide, slender,
band-like shields on the inner side of the upper surface; the ster-
num with a narrow deep notch behind.
Sternotherus castaneus, part.; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. B.M. p.52.
Hab. S. Africa: Natal (Dr. Krauss).
In other specimens the front marginal shields are rather wide,
the middle one as long as broad; the front vertebral shield is elon-
gate, with straight sides.
Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1863, No. XIII.
194. DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS STERNOTHERUS. [May 26,
I think it better to retain the name given by Dr. Andrew Smith
to the Natal specimen for this species; for it is very doubtful to
which of the specimens the mys castanea of Schweigger is refer-
able, and one of the specimens I described as S. castaneus is cer-
tainly S. derbianus.
2, STERNOTHZRUS DERBIANUS.
Pentonyx gaboonensis, A. Duméril, Arch. du Mus. x. p. 164, t. 23.
f. 2 (young).
The head very broad, depressed ; jaw dark, black-lined ; the tem-
poral plate single, broad and long, reaching to the back of the
tympanum ; the upper surface of the front leg with moderate-sized
scales, and with many larger, convex band scales on the inner side ;
the hinder edge of the fourth and the upper edge of the fifth verte-
bral plate tubercular ; the sternum with a deep rounded notch behind ;
the vertebral plate of the adult longer than broad.
Hab. W. Africa: Gaboon; Sierra Leone.
Our specimens offer several varieties, thus :—
1. Front marginal plates thick, convex, broader than long; the
front vertebral shield elongate urn-shaped.
2. Front marginal plates as long as broad, flat; the front verte-
bral shield elongate urn-shaped.
3. Front marginal plates as long as broad, flat; the front verte-
bral shields elongate, with straight sides.
In one specimen of the first variety the vertebral shields are much
narrower than in the other.
The shield on the crown of the head in the two specimens which
have heads is more or less perfectly divided into three shields, viz.
one frontal and two occipital, but together they cover the whole top
of the head to a line with the back of the ears, and there are only
a few small shields between the hinder side of the hinder part of it
and the back edge of the temporal shields.
I think there can be very little doubt that the specimen which
M. Aubrey Lecomte sent to the Paris Museum from the Gaboon,
and which M. Auguste Duméril, in his very hasty and very incom-
plete and inaccurate paper ‘‘ On the Reptiles of Western Africa,” in
the ‘Archives du Muséum’ (vol. x. p. 165), has described and figured
under the name of Pentonyx gaboonensis, is only the young state
of this species. One is surprised that a herpetologist who must
have unrivalled opportunities of study should not have been led
by the breadth of the lobes of the sternum to have doubted its being
a Pentonyx. However, it is well, as it gives their museum a re-
presentative of a species which they did not formerly possess. But,
what is more extraordinary still, M. A. Duméril, who is so ready with
and so bitter in his observations on the works of others, though this
figure shows that the horny plates consist almost entirely of the areole
of the large shields, with only two or three rings of deposit round
them, showing that the animal could not long have been hatched, yet
observes, ‘‘ L’aspect de la carapace et sa solidité comparée 4 celle de
la boite osseuse de jeunes Pentonyx du Cap semblent prouver que
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS STERNOTHERUS. 195
notre individu est adulte” (p. 164). The example figured must be
that on which this observation is founded; for he observes, “11 est
unique dans la collection.’
It is probable that Emys adansonii of Schweigger, the Pentonyz,
and more lately the Sternotherus adansonii of Duméril and Bibron,
described from a shell in the Paris Museum said to come from the
Cape de Verd, is probably only a half-grown specimen of this spe-
cies, which is the only Sternotherus I have seen from Western Africa.
The specimen in the British Museum from Sierra Leone, which
is described in the ‘ Catalogue of Shield Reptiles’ (p. 52) as Ster-
notherus castaneus, appears to belong to this species.
Il. The head rather short and broad ; the upper jaw truncated ; the
crown covered with an oblong shield (or three smaller shields),
with a number of smaller shields over the tympanum, between
the hinder outer edge of the crown-plate and the upper edge
of the large temporal shields. Notoa.
STERNOTHERUS SUBNIGER.
S. castaneus, Dum. et Bibr. Erp. Gén. ii. p. 401, t. 20. f. 1.
Head depressed ; jaws pale; the upper surface of the fore legs
with small scales, and a few rather larger ones on the inner sides.
Hab. Madagascar.
Head of S. subniger.
The specimen in the British Museum, which was received from
Paris under the above name, and as coming from Madagascar, agrees
well with Duméril and Bibron’s description and figure ; but they do
not describe the small shields on the head, and especially say that the
frontal plate is much developed, and that there are no occipital plates.
Now, in our specimen the sutures of the occipital plates are well seen,
and they are peculiar for being oblong and obliquely placed (so as to
leave the sides of the occiput to be covered with small shields), instead
of being large and trigonal (as they are in the two other species) and
covering all the space on the head to the margin of the temporal
shields.
A
nN
196 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS KINIXYS. W [May 26,
III. “ Head elongate; upper jaw with a recurved crown, with a
moderate beak, frontal, two long nasal, and two large pa-
rietal plates.’ Anota.
STERNOTHARUS NIGER, Dum. et Bibr. Erp. Gén. ii. p. 597 (not
t. 20. f. 1, as quoted).
Hab. Madagascar.
We have recently received from Western Africa several specimens
of the genus Kinixys, and they all tend to prove the distinctness of
the three species in the ‘ Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum,’ viz. 1. K. belliana; 2. K. erosa; and 3. K. homeana.
K. belliana is easily separated from K. erosa (as well as by other
characters) by the small size of the gular plates. It would appear
that this species is common both to West and Eastern Africa, as
Mr. Whitfield brought it from the Gambia, Dr. Peters found it in
Mozambique, and Dr. Riippell at Shoa: so also is K. homeana ; for
Lieut. Friend found it at Cape Coast in West Africa, and Mr.
Berthold on the east coast of Africa.
The K. erosa seems to be common in several parts of West Africa.
It is abundant at Gaboon, and seemingly not uncommon at the
Gambia. It is a very variable species, but always to be distinguished
by the reflexed and strongly dentated posterior margin, and the large
size of the gular plates. It varies mform. Some specimens are ob-
long-elongate, narrow, as wide before as behind (that is to say,
straight on the sides): these, as the older specimens have -the
sternum concave, which we generally consider the peculiarity of
the male sex, are probably male. Others are ovate, much broader
compared with their length, and broader behind than before, and the
sides of the back are more convex: these are probably the shells of
females. The specimens of both these shapes are varied with yel-
low on the upper side of the costal plates, and have short irregular
yellow rays at the outer angle of the costal and vertebral shields ;
but the distinctness of these coloured rays varies in the different
specimens. The form of the gular plates also varies ; they are always
rather large, and the front outer angles are rather produced forward,
leaving a deep angular notch; but in one specimen, which hasa concave
sternum, and is probably an old male, they are very much enlarged,
and produced beyond the upper edge of the thorax. They are longer
than broad, and truncated in front, so as to present a straight margin
without any notch, they are as long as the humeral plate at the inner
side, and the front margin of them is as broad as the length of the
outer side, which is coneavely curved out. There seems, from M.
Auguste Duméril’s figure, to be only a thorax, without any sternum,
of this species in the Paris Museum.
The most natural division of this genus is the following :—
A. The front lobe of the sternum narrowed and tapering in front,
with a small truncated pair of gular shields; the sides of the
margin even; nuchal shield distinct. Kinothoraz.
1. KinIxyS BELLIANA.
1863.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CETACEANS. 197
B. The front lobe of the sternum broad ; side curved outwards, with
a large pair of gular shields produced at the outer angles; the
sides and the margin strongly dentated. Kiniays.
1. Kinrxys rrosa. The fifth vertebral plate rounded; nuchal
none.
2. Kinixys HomEANA. The fifth vertebral plate produced, an-
gular; nuchal plate distinct.
4, On THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CETACEANS.
By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., erc.
In the part of the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ devoted to
the Cetacea I collected together all the materials within my reach, and
published an arrangement of the genera, and notes on all the species,
of these animals which were then known to me, either from the
examination of the specimens in different museums, or from the de-
scriptions and observations in various zoological and whaling works.
The first part of the ‘ Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalia in
the Collection of the British Museum,’ which is devoted to the
Cetacea (published in 1850), may be considered as a revision of the
former essay, with the additional material that I had been able to
collect since it had been penned. During the thirteen years that
have elapsed since the publication of the Catalogue I have not
allowed any opportunity to escape of examining and comparing the
different specimens which have come under my observation, and I
have read with care all the papers and works that I have been able
to meet with bearing in any way on Whales and their allies. I am
now induced to lay the results, as far as the general arrangement of
the order is concerned, before the Society.
Some zoologists pay little regard to such re-arrangements of genera
and the division of them into groups; but this arises from the points
of view from which they regard them. If they look on them as
only artificial keys to discover the name of a genus, and thus arrive
at the name of a species, and if that is the object of the person who
forms them, then they are perhaps estimated at their right value.
But I have laboured at these and other arrangements which I have
_ suggested with a very different view. If it is considered desirable
to place the species in natural groups called genera, it is certainly
equally desirable that the genera so formed should be disposed in
the larger and larger groups in such an order as appears to the writer
most distinctly to exhibit the natural relations which the genera bear
to each other. If they are so disposed, then the name that is given
to a group of species is of little importance, as to whether the group
is called a genus or subgenus, a genus or subfamily, or a family.
They may be so regarded at the caprice or theory of the student, as,
whatever may be their nominal value, they are intended to represent
a natural group of species, arranged together so as best to represent,
according to the writer’s view, the natural relation of the species
to each other.
198 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CETACEANS. [May, 26,
If the arrangement of the species into genera requires mature deli-
beration and the study of the value of the different characters ob-
served as to their permanence and variability in each group (and the
variations in different organs are often of very different value in this
respect in very nearly allied groups), then the arrangement of the
minor groups into larger and larger ones, according to my experi-
ence, and indeed as any one may @ priori suppose, demands a greater .
power of comparison and reasoning, since there are a greater number
of facts, of characters, and of resemblances or differences, and of varia-
tion or permanence, to be considered and reasoned on—that is to say, if
the constituents of the larger groups are conscientiously examined
and determined on, as they must be to render them of value for the
purposes above stated.
I am aware that this is not the feeling of many zoologists, but I
believe this arises from most zoologists restraining themselves to the
study of a limited number of species or genera. This is proved by
the fact that many zoologists pay great attention as to who was the
first person who gave the name to a genus, though the genus may
have been restricted, or even extended, and its characters completely
altered since the name was first applied, but pay little or no atten-
tion to the first person who formed a group, or to the synonymy or
history of the changes which have taken place in the characters or
arrangement of the group or genera themselves. This is not the
case with botanists, who are generally much better grounded in the
philosophy of science. They are careful in giving the synonyms
of the families and subfamilies, as may be seen in works of DeCan-
dolle and others: And it is very desirable that the same attention
should be paid to the subject in zoological essays.
The order Cetacea must be divided into two suborders, viz. CeTE
and Sirenra. I have nothing to add to the arrangement of the
second suborder.
Suborder I. Crere.
Skin smooth, bald. Teats two, inguinal. Limbs clawless; the
fore limbs fin-shaped; hinder united, forming a forked horizontal
tail. Nostrils enlarged into blowers. Carnivorous.
I. The nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging, covered with a
valve, one often larger and more developed.
Fam. 1. BAL@ZNID&.
Head very large, depressed. Nostrils separate, nuchal. Teeth
not developed in the adult. Palate furnished with transverse horny
fringed plates of baleen or whalebone.
a. Dorsal fin none ; belly smooth ; baleen elongate, slender ; vertebra
of neck united ; pectoral broad, truncate at end.
1. Batana. Pectoral fin moderate. Head one-third of the entire
length.
1863.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CETACEANS. 199
b. Dorsal fin distinct ; belly plaited ; baleen short and broad ;
vertebrae of neck more or less free ; pectoral lanceolate.
2. Mecaprera. Pectoral fin elongate. Dorsal fin low, truncate.
3. BALa&NoPTERA. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate,
two-thirds the entire length from nose. Vertebree 46 or 48.
4. Puysatus. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate, three-
fourths the entire length from nose. Vertebree 54-64.
Fam. 2. CATODONTID&.
Head large, subcylindrical, blunt. Lower jaw narrow. Teeth
large, in the lower jaw only, fitting into pits in the gums of the
upper one. Nostrils separate, one often abortive. The hinder edge
of the maxillary elevated, forming a concavity on the forehead of
the skull. Pectoral broad, truncated.
* Head subcylindrical, truncated ; nostril in front of the truncated
head ; dorsal hump rounded.
1. Caropon. Head very large, one-third of the entire length of
the animal.
** Head depressed, rounded in front ; nostrils in the forehead ;
dorsal fin falcate.
2. PuyseTer. Head very large, one-third of the entire length of
the animal, rounded, convex above. Teeth conical, compressed.
Skull elongate ?
3. Kocg1a = Euphyseter, Wall. Head short, very broad. Forehead
convex. Teeth conical, cylindrical. Skull very short and broad.
Fam. 3. PLATANISTID.
Head small, long-beaked, beak compressed. Teeth in both jaws,
at first cylindrical, becoming compressed. Blowers linear, parallel,
over the eyes. The sides of the maxilla elevated, forming a vaulted
cavity over the forehead. Pectoral broad, truncated.
1. PLATANIStrA.
II. Nostrils united into a single transverse or crescent-shaped blower.
Head moderate, more or less beaked. Teeth in both jaws, often
deciduous. The pectoral fin lanceolate, tapering.
Fam. 4. Inrapz&.
The head beaked, beak hairy. Teeth rugulose, crown with an
internal process. Back without any fin, keeled behind. Pectoral
fin large.
1, Intra.
Fam. 5. DELPHINID.
Head more or less beaked, smooth. Teeth simple, cylindrical,
conical, smooth. Back rounded. Dorsal fin distinct, falcate, rarely
wanting.
200 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CETACEANS. [May 26,
A. Head more or less beaked; beak of the skull as long, or longer,
6.
7.
*
than the brain-cavity. Bottlenoses.
. Pectoral fins moderate, lanceolate, far apart on the sides of the
chest ; teeth in both the jaws permanent. Delphinina.
. Pontroporia. Beak of skull rather compressed, high. Sym-
physis of the lower jaw very long. Dorsal medial.
. Sreno. Beak of the skull rather compressed, higher than broad.
Symphysis of the lower jaw rather elongate. Dorsal medial.
- Detrurinus. Beak of the skull rather depressed, convex above.
Dorsal medial.
. DeLpuinapTeRvus. Beak of the skull rather depressed, convex
above. Dorsal none.
. Lacenoruyncuus. Beak of the skull depressed, expanded.
Head shelving in front. Dorsal rather posterior.
. Pectoral fins small, low down, and rather close together on the
middle of the chest ; upper jaw toothless ; lower jaw with few
teeth, sometimes deciduous.
Maxillary bones elevated into a crest on the sides behind; teeth
two or four, anterior conical. Hyperodontina.
Hyperopon. The crest of the maxillary bone thin and wide
apart above. The beak of the skull descending downwards.
The hinder edge of the skull as high as the crest. Lower jaw
rather curved. Hyperodon rostratum.
Lacenocetvus. The crest of the maxillary bones very thick and
close together, especially above, where they are flat-topped.
The beak of the skull horizontal. The hinder edge of the skull
lower than the top of the crest. Lower jaw straight. Lage-
nocetus latifrons.
* Mazillary bones simple; teeth, on the sides of the lower jaw,
compressed. Ziphiina.
8. Berarpus. Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Teeth, two,
in the front of the jaw large conical. .
9. Zipurus. Lower jaw gradually tapering. Teeth on the sides of
the jaw large, compressed.
10. DELpHINORHYNCHUsS. Lower jaw gradually tapering. Teeth
on the sides of the jaw small, conical. (Perhaps the female of
the former.)
11. DiopLopon. Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly tapering in
front, Teeth on the sides of the jaw large, compressed. Di-
oplodon densirostris,
1863. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CETACEANS. 201
B. Head rounded in front, not beaked ; beak of the skull scarcely
as long as the brain-cavity.
a. Pectoral fins falcate, elongate, low down, near together on the
chest ; head very swollen; intermazillary bones very wide, co-
vering the maxilla above; teeth conical ; side of mazilla ex-
panded horizontally. Globiocephalina.
12. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.
b. Pectoral fins ovate, wide apart, lateral; intermazillary bones
moderate. Phocenina.
+ The lateral wing of the maxilla horizontally produced over the
orbit; dorsal distinct ; teeth conical.
13. Orca. Teeth large, acute, permanent. Intermaxillaries mo-
derately wide.
14. Grampus. Teeth early deciduous. Intermaxillaries broad.
+t The lateral wings of the mawilla shelving down over the orbit.
* Teeth permanent, compressed, sharp-edged.
15. Puocana. Dorsal triangular, central.
16. Neomeris. Dorsal fin none.
** Teeth early deciduous, conical ; dorsal none.
17. Betvea. Teeth in both jaws early deciduous.
18. Monoceros. Teeth very early deciduous. Male with a pro-
jecting spiral tusk in the upper jaw.
The greatest desideratum of zoology is the power of examining
some specimens of the genus Physeter, or Blackfish, as it is called
by the whalers. There is not a bone, nor even a fragment of a bone,
nor any part of an animal that can be proved to have belonged to a
specimen of this gigantic animal to be seen in any museum in Eu-
rope. This is the more remarkable as the animal grows to the
length of more than fifty feet, is mentioned under the name of the
Blackfish in almost all the Whaling Voyages ; and two specimens
of it were examined by Sibbald, having occurred on the coast of
Scotland. The only account which we have of the animal on which
zoologists can place any reliance is that furnished by Sibbald in his
‘ Little Tractate on Scotch Whales.’
Boyer, in the ‘ Nova Acta Naturze Curiosorum,’ describes a Whale
found at Nice which has been thought to be a Blackfish, on ac-
count of the position which he assigns to the blower; but the figure
which he gives is so much like a bad design of a Spermaceti Whale
(Catodon) in other respects, that it is doubtful to which genus it
properly belongs.
I am aware that in some catalogues of osteological specimens
202 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE EYES OF THE EMYDIDZ. [May 26,
some conical or small worn-down Whale’s teeth are named as if they
belonged to this genus, or to the “ High-finned Cachalot,” as it is
called ; but these teeth are not to be distinguished from the teeth
of the younger true Sperm Whales. Mr. Wall, in his account of
the Australian Sperm Whale, thinks the skeleton of the Whale at
Burton Constable is the skeleton of a Blackfish; but Anderson, in
his account of this animal, particularly says, ‘‘The nostrils were at
the end of the snout,’’ and the skeleton is that of a true Catodon, as
is proved by careful examination.
It is to be hoped that some whaler will preserve the skull, if not
some of the other bones, of the animal called the ‘ Blackfish,”
which, according to the account of Sibbald, must yield a good quan-
tity of spermaceti; for he mentions that four men were seen inside
the cavity of the cranium extracting the sperm, or, as he calls it,
‘the brain.” Yet Beale, in his ‘ History of the Sperm Whale,’ spe-
cially says, after well describing the difference between the Sperm
Whale and the Blackfish, that they do not produce spermaceti
(p- 11). But I may observe that, according to Bennett and Nunn,
in the Pacific the name of Blackfish is given also to the large Dol-
phin described by me as Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.
5. On THE Eves or EMyDID2 AND BaTRACHIA.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., Etc.
There is no character that an animal offers that is not worthy of
study ; and my attention has lately been called to the eyes of the
freshwater Tortoises, and they have afforded me some information
which I believe important. All the paludinal Terrapens which I
have been able to examine have a Jarge square dark spot on each
side of the iris. This spot, with the pupil, forms a dark band across
the eyes. I have observed this to be the case in the species of
Emys, Pseudemys, and Chrysemys; and on looking at Holbrook’s
‘North American Herpetology,’ where the animals are all figured
with care from life, we find that he represents and describes all
the North American species of Emydes as having this band across
the eye. I may observe that I have also seen it in a South American
Tortoise, which I have called Geoclemmys annulata ; and I think it
is also found in Testudo scabra, another tropical American Terrapen
with separate toes. These animals have been called Rhinoclemmys by
Fitzinger. They are probably a natural genus, characterized by this
peculiarity in the eyes. All the American species of Geoclemys,
the two species of Cistudo figured by Holbrook, the zstuarian Ter-
rapen Malaclemys, the aquatic Box-Tortoises Kinosternon and Aro-
mochelys, and the Lacertine Terrapens Chelydra and Macroclemys,
have an annular iris without any interruption. It will be interesting
to observe the eyes of the Asiatic and European species; but this
can only be relied upon in living specimens, as the spot on the
angle of the eye is not to be observed in the specimens preserved
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON ZOSTEROPS. 203
in spirits, where only the circular pupil is distinetly marked even in
the American Emydes.
P.S. When this paper was read, it was observed that the Tritons
and Toad had the same peculiar spot on the sides of the iris, and that
it was common to the Batrachia. This is a mistake; the European
and North American species of Bufo, Rana, Hyla, and Hylodes have
an oblong-transverse pupil, with an oblong ring-like iris, the upper
portion of which is often differently or more brightly coloured than
the lower; but this form of pupil is not universal in the tailless
Batrachia; for, according to Dr. Holbrook, the genus Scaphiopus
has a small circular pupil, and the iris divided into four equal parts
by black radiating lines. According to the figures of the same
author, who had all the species figured from life, the North Ame-
rican Salamanders and Tritons, the Amphiuma, Menopoma, Siren,
and Menobranchus, all have small circular pupils, with an annular
iris. The Triton cristatus of England, T. marmoratus of Spain, and
T.. alpestris of Germany, have a circular ring-like iris ; and the only
Batrachians which appear to have the spot on each side of the iris,
forming a band across the eyes, are the English Lophinus punctatus
and L. palmatus, the band on the eyes looking in these like a conti-
nuation of the dark streak on the side of the head. I may add that
the best character for the distinction of these two species, which are
often found in the same pond, is, that in L. punctatus the crest of
the male is scalloped on the edge, and high in front; while in L.
palmatus it is low in front, and higher behind, and has a smooth
straight upper edge. The tail of the latter is also always truncated,
and usually appendaged at the tip.
6. On THE Species oF ZOSTEROPS INHABITING CHINA AND
JAPAN, WITH THE DeEscCRIPTION OF A New Species. By
Rosert Swinuok, F.Z.S., etc.
The genus Zosterops is represented in China by two species, one
inhabiting South China and the island of Formosa, the other North
China, from Shanghai northwards into Amoorland. The species pecu-
liar to Japan has been described by MM. Temminck and Schlegel in
the ‘Fauna Japonica,’ and is allied to both the Chinese species, but
quite distinct from either. I proceed to characterize briefly the two
Chinese species.
ZOSTEKOPS SIMPLEX, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 294.
Similis Z. palpebrose ex India, sed major ; supra magis viridis ;
alis caudaque saturatioribus.
___ This species ranges in China from Canton to Foochow, and perhaps
a little higher ; but not to Shanghai, where it is replaced by the fol-
lowing. In Formosa it is also an abundant resident. On its nesting
and habits I have already written much in the ‘Ibis,’ and will not
therefore here repeat my remarks. It has its nearest ally in Z. pal-
pebrosa of India, being, like it, light grey on the under parts. An
204 MR. R. SWINHOE ON ZOSTEROPS. [May 26,
occasional specimen or two, however, may be picked out of my Amoy
series with a tinge of chestnut-brown on the under parts, showing
the tendency of the species towards the Japanese Z. japonica. Some
have the belly deeper grey than others. The yellow on the throat
and vent varies in intensity, as also does the green of the upper parts;
but these are chiefly distinctions of sex and age. I have one pale,
almost yellow variety, procured by Capt. Blakiston at Canton. All
the adults have the black lore- and eye-line peculiar to so many of
this group. I have specimens from Hong Kong, Macao, Canton,
Amoy, Foochow, and Formosa; and they all agree in essential cha-
racters.
ZOSTEROPS ERYTHROPLEURA, Di. sp.
Z. chloronotus, v. Schrenck. (nec Gould).
Lateribus utrinque saturate castaneo-rujis.
Long. ale 23 poll., caudz 1:7.
The distribution of this species extends from Shanghai into Amoor-
land. I had, until lately, confounded it with the Z. japonica of
Japan ; but while on a visit to M. Jules Verreaux at Paris, I had the
pleasure of examining for the first time a veritable Japanese specimen,
and of comparing it with North China skins. The difference in
the two birds is striking. Both have, like the preceding, black mark-
ings on the lore- and partly round the white eye-ring. The under
parts of Z. japonica are a dull light brownish chestnut, while the
flanks of this species are of a deep rusty chestnut. This bird is
larger and longer-winged than our South China species, but is ex-
ceeded in both by the Japanese. I here exhibit two specimens from
Shanghai, kindly lent me by M. Jules Verreaux, and one from Tien-
tsin. The two former are much brighter on the flanks than the
latter ; but as they are both males, and our Tientsin bird is a female,
the difference may be only a sexual one, and not one of locality.
What could have induced M. v. Schrenck, in his ‘ Amoorland,’ to
confuse this species with the Z. chloronota, Gould, of Australia, I
cannot understand. Iam enabled to produce a specimen of this last
from M. Verreaux’s collection, the shape of the bill and head of
which, as well as the dull sordid colour of the plumage, show at once
a marked difference from the Chinese bird. Indeed there are many
species from Asia and Africa far more closely allied to our species
than is the Z. chloronota. For comparison with the two Chinese
species, [ am enabled to bring before the Society the Z. palpebrosa,
Gray, of India, the Z. japonica, T. & S., and two Australian species,
Z. chloronota, Gould, and Z. cerulescens, Blyth. I think all prac-
tical ornithologists will agree with me in considering the three forms
of Eastern Asia as distinct inter se, and from all others of this nu-
merously represented group. As I have never met the North China
species alive, except as a cage-bird, I have nothing special to relate
regarding its habits.
1863.) DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW AFRICAN SWIFT. 205
7. On a New Spine-TAILED Swirr FROM WESTERN AFRICA.
By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., erc., SecRETARY
TO THE SOCIETY.
(Plate XIV. fig. 2.)
While examining the American Swifts of the genus Chetura in
the British Museum, Mr. G. R. Gray kindly called my attention to
two African species of the same genus, which have hitherto been
confounded together. These are the Chetura sabini, described by
Dr. Gray in Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ and
the species called Chetura sabini by Mr. Cassin in his ‘ List of the
Birds collected by M. Du Chaillu on the Rivers Camma and Ogobai.’
The latter bird is obviously distinct from the former, as will ap-
pear by the following characters, and may be called Chetura cas-
sini :—
(1.) CH2zTuRA SABINI.
Chetura sabini, Gray, Griff. An. K. il. p. 70; Hartl. Orn. W.
Afr. p. 25.
Chetura bicolor, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 7.
' Pallene leucopygia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 168.
Acanthylis bicolor, Strickl. P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 99.
Nigra: uropygio, caude tectricibus superioribus et inferioribus
et ventre cum crisso albis: tectricum caudalium sup. et inf.
plumarum rachidibus nigris.
Long. tota 4°0, alee 5:0, caudze 1°5 poll. et dec. Angl.
Hab. Sierra Leone (Sabine) ; Fernando Po (Fraser).
In this smaller species the tail is wholly black; and the whole of
the upper and under tail-coverts are pure white, with black shafts to
the feathers.
(2.) CuzrTuRa CAssINI, sp. nov. (PI. XIV. fig. 2.)
“‘ Chetura sabinei,” Cassin, Proc. Acad. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 33.
Nigra: uropygit fascia angusta et corpore subtus albis ; pectore
fuliginoso : pectoris et gule plumarum rachidibus nigris.
Long. tota 4°8, alee 6°3, caudz 1°2.
Hab. Gaboon (Du Chaillu).
In this species the upper tail-coverts are black, crossed by a nar-
row white bar, which extends through and is partially observable on
the rectrices. The size is much larger than in Chetura sabini, the
bird being represented in the accompanying plate two-thirds of its
natural dimensions.
206 DR. P, L, SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
8. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BirDs OF SOUTH-EASTERN BORNEO,
BY THE LATE JAMES Morttey, Esa., or BANJERMASSING ;
witn Nores sy P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S.,
SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
My friend Mr. L. L. Dillwyn having placed in my hands some
MS. notes written by the late Mr. James Mottley of Banjermassing
(who was killed in the Malay insurrection at that place in 1860),
together with the series of bird-skins to which the notes refer, I have,
with the kind assistance of Messrs. A. R. Wallace, J. H. Gurney,
and A. Newton, determined the species, and added some few remarks
on their synonymy and geographical distribution.
Mr. Mottley’s collection contains specimens of 134 species of Bor-
nean birds. As no connected list has ever been published of the
birds of Borneo, the present may be useful to a certain extent as a
contribution to geographical ornithology, although the series is in
many points obviously very imperfect.
It may be observed that the greater number of the birds of Borneo,
as shown by the present collection, are common to Sumatra and
Malacca. In some instances the Malaccan and Sumatran species are
replaced by representatives sufficiently different to render specific
separation possible. For example, we have in
Borneo. \a Sumatra and Malacca.
Megalema chrysopsis, = 3 Megalema chrysopogon.
Megalorhynchus sanguinolentus, | S.2 | Megalorhynchus hayi.
Meiglyptes badiosus, Ee Ey Meiglyptes badius.
Mizornis borneensis, ‘3 2 ) Mixornis sumatrana.
Copsychus suavis, 2 2 | Copsychus macrurus.
Edolius brachypterus, =e Edolius paradiseus.
. . . o . .
Crypsirrhina aterrima, o— | Crypsirrhina leucoptera.
But there are a few species (such as Munia fuscans) which, so
far as we know at present, are unrepresented in the latter countries.
The generic types peculiar to Borneo are very few in number.
Galgulus sive Pityriasis gymnocephalus is perhaps the only very
noticeable type peculiar to the island; but as the interior mountains
of Borneo are wholly unexplored, it is not improbable that future
explorers may yet find much that is interesting in the untraversed
central regions.
Fam. FALconIpD&.
1. Fauco pereGrinus, Linn. (Rajah wali.)
An exceedingly courageous bird. No prey is too large for him to
attack: he is even said to kill young deer. Rare.
2. Hrerax ca#RULESCENS (Linn.). (Alang lulalang—Grass-
hopper Hawk.)
Not uncommon here, perpetually on the wing, and living on large
insects and small birds. I have never seen so courageous a bird.
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 207
The largest birds (even those twenty times as large as itself) are
attacked by it without hesitation, and generally beaten off by the
activity and perseverance of their small enemy. The natives fre-
quently discover the nest of this Hawk by the parent birds swooping
at the heads of those who approach the tree where it is.
3. Haxtastur 1npus (Bodd.). (dAlang sapa.)
A very common but exceedingly wary bird, always to be seen sail-
ing about. It feeds on snakes, lizards, and offal, and appears to be
common all over the Kast.
4. PontraETus 1cHTHYAETUS (Horsf.). (Taryanng.)
Shot by my hunter.
5. Sprtornis Bipo (Horsf.). (Rajah wali-laut.)
Rare, and seen only on the coast. It feeds on fish.
6. AcciPITER virGATuS (Temm.), Pl. Col. 109.
This small Hawk was much damaged, having been kept long alive
with a broken foot. It was bought from a native.
7. AccIPITER soLoENsts (Horsf.).
Received from the Dyak River.
8. ExLanus HypoLeucus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 127; B. Asia,
pt. 12. (Rajah wali.)
Shot at Pulo-sari. I saw this bird for several days, while we were
there, regularly beating the padang ; but one day I got near him as
he sat, gorged, on a dead tree.
Fam. Srricip2.
9. Kerupa savantca (Horsf.). (Katatupi.)
Common, though rarely seen: its note is a melancholy sound,
often repeated, between a trip and a shrill whistle.
10. PHopiuus Baptus (Horsf.). (Punggu.)
This bird was brought to me alive, but refused to eat anything ; so
I killed and stuffed it. It uttered no sound while I had it.
11. Scops Lemprs1 (Horsf.), juv.
Caught by my servant. I do not know this Owl in the adult
state.
Fam. Psirracip®.
12. PaLzorNis Loneicaupus (Bodd.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 287.
(Betet.)
Much more common here than at Labuan, and flying in immense
208 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
flocks: they are caught with bird-lime, and sold by hundreds for
the table. Their habits are somewhat modified here by the nature of
their food, which is chiefly the fruit of various shrubby Myrtacee ;
but they always fly very high and swiftly, screaming loudly. I have
neglected to get a female. She wants the long tail-feathers, and the
colours are more dingy; the red patch under the eye is also very
small. This bird breeds in hollow trees.
13. Patwornis JAVANICUS (Osbeck). (Baian.)
My hunter procured these birds near Banjermassing : their habits,
he states to me, resemble those of the last species, and they fly in
equally large flocks.
14, Psrrrrnus Mataccensis (Lath.). (Chaling.)
This little Parrot is much more rare here than the other species.
My hunter says he has never procured it except in the neighbour-
hood of Banjoenan. It can be taught to speak.
15. LoricuLus Gaueuuus (Linn.). (Seringit.)
Very common here, frequenting open grassy places with small
scattered trees, in the holes of which it breeds. Almost every native
house here has its little round cage with one or two of these little
birds. They are easily caught with lime-sticks placed round a caged
bird, which is hung at the top of a long pole.
Fam. CucuLip.
16. RaInorTHA CHLOROPH#A (Raffles).
Often seen, but apparently of very wandering habits, as they are
rarely met with two days together in the same place. They fly in small
flocks, and seem generally to be employed searching for caterpillars
upon the leaves of trees. In all I have killed (a large number) the
stomachs were filled with these insects, and with the bodies of Le-
pidoptera. The only note I have heard from them is a quick chirp.
17. PH@NICOPHAUS ERYTHROGNATHUS, Temm.; Bp. Consp.
p- 98.
A rather common bird about Martapora in the dry gravelly thickets,
concealing itself among the bushwoods, and when disturbed taking
very short flights. Its note is a hoarse chatter, much like that of a
Magpie.
18. ZANCLOsTOMUS SUMATRANUS (Rafil.), Bp. Consp. p. 99.
(Talatak Bahohong.)
Procured by my hunter on the Rium-kiwa River. I know nothing
of its habits.
19. ZANcLostomus TRISTIS (Less.), Bp. Consp. p. 99.
Procured by my hunter in the marshes near Banjermassing : he says
it has a different note from the last species, and a different flight ; and
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, £8Q. 209
that the natives give it a different name, which, however, he does
not recollect. There appears to be a difference in the nostrils.
20. OxyLorpnus coromanpvus (Linn.), Bp. Consp. p. 102.
This species, from the Dyak River, was previously unknown to my
hunter.
21. CACOMANTIS SEPULCHRALIS (Miill.), Bp. Consp. p. 104.
Rare: they haunt open padangs, where they perch on very low
bushes.
22. Hierococcyx varius (Vahl), Moore, P. Z. 8.1859, p. 459.
H. fugax, Bp. Consp. p.104. (Rangang.)
A common bird, though rarely seen, from its habit of lying as it
were on the upper side of a large branch to utter its monotonous
cry. I have repeatedly tried in vain to discover it, when certainly a
dozen must have been crying at once all around me. Its note is a
loud but soft flute-like whistle, repeated three times, and then once
again, two notes lower, and is continued for several hours together
in the evening.
23. SurRNicuLus LuGusrRis (Horsf.), Bp. Consp. p. 105. (Jan-
darasst hitam.)
Shot near Martapora: they appear to have the habits of our Fly-
catchers.
24. Curysococcyx XANTHORHYNCHUS (Horsf.), Bp. Consp
p-106. (Behet.)
_ This bird is apparently rare. The present specimen was full of
ies.
25. Curysococcyx cHALCcITEs (Temm.), Temm. Pl. Col. 102;
Bp. Consp. p. 106.
Small bird, not known to my hunter.
[A young bird, probably referable to this species. —P. L. S.]
26. CeENTROPUS PHILIPPENSIS (Cuv.), Bp. Consp. p. 107.
Here exceedingly common. Its monotonous note ‘‘ 400-600,” re-
peated sometimes for hours together, may be almost constantly heard
in wet bushy places; hence the native name Booboot. It is said to
feed very much on the eggs of other birds. Its nest is large and
bottle-shaped, built of moss-leaves and rubbish, and though often
placed in conspicuous places, may be easily passed from its resem<
blance to a chance mass of leaves.
27. Centrorus arrinis (Horsf.). Cuculus afinis (3) et C.
lepidus (2), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 180.
This species, the note of which is almost exactly like that of the
last, is found very commonly in the “ padangs”’ or extensive grassy
‘Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1863, No. XIV.
210 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
clearings. In flying, it rises only just over the grass, and never
perches in sight, always diving suddenly into some thick tuft or bush.
It is often much mobbed by other small birds. Its nest is bottle-
shaped, and placed among grass, of which it is chiefly built, rarely
quite upon the ground. Its Malay name is “ Telutok.”
Fam. CAPITONIDZ.
28. MrGaLa/mMa vVERSICOLOR (Rafil.), Bp. Consp. p. 143.
(Tukang Kagu.)
Exceedingly common here; feeds chiefly on insects, but also on
the fruit of various species of Ficus. When these are ripe, several
dozen of the birds may often be seen on the trees together. They
breed in holes, which they excavate in the rotten wood of trees.
29. MecaLama curysopsis, Goffin, Mus. des Pays-Bas, Bue-
cones, p. 15. (Tokon Tokon mas.)
Rare: procured by my hunter far up the Riam-Kiwa River.
[Barely separable from Megalema chrysopogon, Temm.—P. L.8.]
30. MEGALHMA MYSTACOPHANES (Temm.), Pl. Col. 315.
(Tokon Tokon Kechel.)
Obtained by my hunter near Martapora.
31. MEGALORHYNCHUS SANGUINOLENTUS (Less.). (Tapeas.)
Rather uncommon. I shot both these specimens in a tall Fig-treé
(Ficus) covered with fruit ; but I doubt their feeding on it, as their
stomachs were full of insects.
[There seems no doubt that this Bornean bird—the Caloramphus
sanguinolentus, Less. (Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 139)—is distinct from the
Malaccan M. hayi, although these species have been repeatedly
united. The Malaccan bird never shows the red colour on the throat,
which seems constant in Bornean specimens.—P. L. S.]
Fam. Picip#.
32. MEIGLYPTES BRUNNEUS (Eyton), Bp. Consp. p: 113.
Tn fruit-orchards; not rare.
33. MricLypTEs BaDIosus (Temm.), Bp. Consp. p. 113.
(Balatak busuh—Stinking Woodpecker.)
A common bird, rather nocturnal in its habits. When newly
killed, it has an abominable smell of formic acid, doubtless from the
nature of its food.
[Mr. Wallace has specimens of this bird obtained at Sarawak.—
P. L. 8.]
34. Tiga TRIDACTYLA, Gray: Bp. Consp. p. 120.
Procured at Abulong, on the Banjermassing River. It appears to
be a species frequenting the tidal marshes.
iii. te at aie eal
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 211
35. VentLia MAvAccENsis (Lath.). Picus malaccensis, Lath.
Ind. Orn. i. p. 241; Venilia miniata, ex Malacca, auct.
Very common, frequenting small scattered trees in open places.
[These specimens agree with those of Sumatra and Malacca in
having the hinder part of the crest yellow, and the back greenish.
In the Javan representative species, Venilia miniata (Picus minia-
tus, Gm. ex Forst.), the whole crest and the greater part of the back
are red. Malherbe figures the present bird (Picide, ii. pl. 76), but
calls it wrongly miniata.—P. L. 8.]
36. Hemicercus coccometopus, Reichb.
Shot at Gunong Pamalong.
[Mr. Wallace’s collection contains three forms of this species :
Ist, that of Sumatra and Borneo, which has the rump reddish buff or
reddish white, the belly buffy brown, and the crest of the male tipped
with dusky ; 2nd, that from Malacca, in which the belly is deci-
dedly olivaceous, the rump yellowish, but the crest similar to the last ;
3rd, that of Java, in which the rump is nearly white, the crest very
ample and wholly red, and the bill shorter. Now Temminck’s Picus
concretus (Pl. Col. 90) is, as he himself states, the Javan species,
and we must therefore call the Javan form Hemicercus concretus.
The Malayan bird should bear the name Hemicercus sordidus, having
been described by Mr. Eyton in its immature stages as Dendrocopus
sordidus, his paper on the birds of Malacca in the ‘ Annals of
Natural History’ for 1845 (vol. xvi. p. 229). The Sumatran and
Bornean species seems to be Reichenbach’s Hemicercus coccometopus
(Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 401). M. Malherbe, in his work on the
Picide, appears to have only been acquainted with two forms; and
his name hartlaubii is certainly synonymous with sordidus, though
his figure (pl. 61. fig. 5) represents the whole crest as red.—P. L. 8. ]
37. HemiLopuus sAvensis (Horsf.), Moore, Cat. p.652. (Ba-
latak kigang.)
This Woodpecker, of which I think I sent the female only from
Labuan, is here also a very rare bird. My man prided himself very
much upon getting a pair of them.
38. HemiLoruus vaLipus (Temm.), Pl. Col. 378, 402; Bp.
Consp. p. 131.
Killed by my hunter on the Riam-Kiwa River.
39. Sasta aBNoRMIsS (Temm.), Bp. Consp. p. 140.
From the Dyak River ; said to frequent low bushes.
Fam. CAPRIMULGID&.
40. Barracnostromus JAvensis (Horsf.). Podargus javensis,
Horsf. Zool. Res. pl. 6; Bp. Consp. p. 57.
This strange-looking bird is quite nocturnal in its habits. Ihave
212 DR, P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
once or twice seen it, evidently asleep, on a low branch in the low dark
thickets about Martapora, and each time with the huge mouth wide
open.
Pinks: Mottley’s collection contains two pairs of this bird. The
sexes, as has been noted by Bonaparte, are very different in colour-
ing, the male being minutely freckled with brown and black, and the
female bright rufous. Horsfield’s figure represents the female.
Mr. Mottley’s female specimens agree with Dr. Horsfield’s type.
Batrachostomus stellatus (Podargus stellatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837,
p- 43) of Malacca is obviously a different species, as I have ascer-
tained by examining the typical examples in the British Museum.
B. auritus, Gould (Icon. Av. ii. pl. 7), is also easily known by its
larger size. B. crinifrons, Temm. (B. psilopterus, G. R. Gray), from
Batchian and Gilolo, is likewise a well-marked species. Whether
the other three species given by Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein. ii.
pp. 123-4) are good or not I cannot say. They have omitted to enu-
merate in their list Batrachostomus moniliger of Ceylon.—P. L. 8. ]
41. Caprimuxteus arrinis (Horsf.), Moore & Horsf. Cat.
p. 114. (Chabak.)
An exceedingly common bird on our bare and long hills, where it
breeds. It sits during the day among the stones, not rising until
nearly trodden upon. In the evening some hundreds may be seen
on the wing about my house, sweeping in wide circles, and constantly
repeating a shrill chirp, which may be heard, when there is moon-
light, through the night. At this time they cften perch on promi-
nent objects, such as the poles of the fences and the carved pieces of
wood with which the Malays ornament their roofs, but this I have
never seen them do in the daytime. The eggs are laid without nest
among the bare stones, and are, as well as the young, like those of
our English species ; the mother, too, employs the same arts to tempt
intruders away from her treasures.
42. Caprimuxeus, sp.? (Taktan.)
Appears to be rare: my hunter procured this specimen at Pen-
garon.
[This is a well-marked species of Caprimulgus, with the inner web
of the outer tail-feather in the male terminated by a square white
mark. It does not seem to be in the British Museum ; but I am
unwilling to add to the confusion already prevalent in this group by
describing isolated species.—P. L. S. ]
Fam. CypsELID,
43. Macrorreryx KLECHO (Horsf.). (Lanigan.)
Common in the dry season. I believe the Cypselide are all more
or less migratory here.
44. Cottocatia nipiFica, G. R, Gray: Moore, Cat. p. 98.
| ee ae eal
re >
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 213
Fam. ALCEDINID&.
45. Haucyon LevcocerHata (Gm.), Bp.Consp. p. 154. (Ba-
kaka.)
This is one of our commonest Kingfishers, and to be seen every-
where, both in fresh and brackish water, though I think rarely
where the water is truly salt. It perches usually on rather high, ex-
posed branches, and is wild and not easy to approach, flying off with
a loud chatter precisely resembling its name Bakaka. The Malay
races are particularly happy in onomatopeeias of this kind. It is
also called “ Rajah udong” (king of the shrimps)—a true King-
Stork, I should suppose.
46. Hatcyon tivacina, Bp. Consp. p. 156.
Procured by my hunter at Banjermassing : he says it is rare here.
47. Hatcyon couuaris (Scop.), Moore, Cat. p.127. (Bakaka
padang.)
Procured on the Dyak River by my hunter, who says that this
species particularly frequents the paddy-fields, and feeds on frogs.
48. Ceyx ruriporsa, Strickl.: Bp. Consp. p. 158. (Bintei.)
Not uncommon, frequenting the small streams in the woods, and
making its nest in holes in banks.
Fam. TROGONID.
49. Harpacres puvAvucetit (Temm.), Gould, Mon. Trog. ed. 2.
pt. 1. (Santalehai.)
Brought by my hunter from the Great Dyak River, where it is
said to be abundant: it is a favourite bird of omen with the Dyaks.
50. Harpacres KASuMBA (Raffles), Gould, B. Asia, pt. 8.
From Bangkank, on the Riam Kiwa; one of the principal birds of
omen of the Dyaks.
Fam. MERopID&.
51. Merops savanicus (Horsf.). (Pink-Pink.)
A very common bird in open places, sailing in circles to hunt the
larger Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. It also makes great havoc
among the Dragonflies with which the air is sometimes filled here.
When these birds have seized their prey, they return to their stand,
usually a bare high branch, and there kill it by beating it against
the twigs. Great numbers of them may sometimes be seen together
in the evening flying in one direction, uttering the cry which gives
their name.
52. Mrrops BApIvs, Gm.
Uncommon: my specimens were brought by my hunter from
Bangkank, on the Riam Kiwa River.
214 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
53. Nycrrornis amicta (Temm.).
This bird is rather common at Gunong Tabok, on the Riam Kanan
River, but I suppose rare elsewhere. My hunter says it is not known
far in the interior. Its note is something between the croak of a frog
and the “‘churr”’ of a Fern-Owl, often repeated, and sustained per-
haps half a minute.
Fam. CorAciip&.
54. EurysroMus oORIENTALIS (Linn.).
A rare bird here.
Fam. BucEROTIDz.
55. Hyprocissa GALERITA, Temm.
Rare on the coast, but acommon bird far in the interior. In both
Borneo and Sumatra it may be seen perched, in the early morning,
on the summits of the tallest trees ; and its loud hoarse ery, like a
coarse, rude laugh, makes the wood echo in every direction. This is
a sacred bird with the Dyaks, who ornament their war-dresses and
helmets with the beak and long tail-feathers; the large wide quills
are almost universally used for holding gold-dust and small diamonds.
Fam. EuRYLa&MIDz&.
56. CorypON SUMATRANUS (Raffl.). (Tiong Pujong.)
Shot by my hunter.
[These specimens have the concealed dorsal spot red. In Mr.
Wallace’s Malaccan examples it is orange.—P. L. S.]
57. CYMBIRHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS (Gm.). (Pandei-
Pandei.) PX ps
Here a common bird, almost always to be seen about fruit-orchards
and similar places, often in flocks of five or six: it feeds apparently
on insects. In fresh specimens the beak is bright blue.
58. CaLypromena viripis, Raffl. (Zantewy.)
Shot by my hunter on the Dyak River.
Fam. ALAUDIDE.
59. Mrrarra savanica (Horsf.).
This bird has much the habits of our common Sky-Lark.
Fam. MoraciLuip&.
60. BupyTes viripis (Scop.). (Pranjak.)
Very common among grass, associating in small flocks, and hunt-
ing insects with a short jumping flight.
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 215
Fam. TrMALrip&.
61. Trmatra macuxats, Temm. Pl. Col. 593. fig. 1.
Brought from the Dyak by my hunter.
62. TimaLia NiIGRICOLLIs, Temm. Pl. Col. 594. fig. 2.
Shot by my hunter at Banjermassing.
63. Timaui, sp.? (Sikotan gunong.)
Shot by the hunter on the Riam Kanan.
[Allied to T.. erythroptera, Blyth, of Malacca, but differs, accord-
ing to Mr. Wallace, who has kindly compared it, in having the back
rusty red, of the same colour as the wings, and a much darker head.
—P. L. 8.]
64. MrxorNis BORNEENSIS, Bp. Consp. p. 217.
Shot by my hunter at Banjermassing.
65. Macronvs prizosus, Jard. & Selb. (Burong chamara.)
Not uncommon, according to my hunter; but I have not seen it
alive.
66. TRICHOSTOMA UMBRATILE, Strickland, Contr. to Orn. 1849,
p- 126, pl. 35. (Kruang taush.)
My hunter says this bird is common, though I have never seen it;
he says it never flies above the grass.
[Mr. Wallace notes this species as being very close to 7’. abbottit,
Blyth, from which it only differs in more rufous wings and flanks,
and less greyish white on the lores.—P. L. S.]
Fam. Pirrip.
67. Pirra scHwANERI, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 256.
Rare, but generally distributed in dry woody places. Like P.
miilleri, it rarely perches upon trees.
68. Pirra MUELLERI, Bp. Consp. p. 256.
Rather rare: haunts bushy places.
[A young bird of this species in Mr. Mottley’s collection has the.
tips of the wing-covers white, as in Elliot’s Pitta leucoptera. I have
little doubt that the latter (described in Proc. Acad. Sc. Phil. 1861,
p- 153, and figured in the ‘Monograph,’ pl. 25) is the young of
Pitta philippensis.—P. L. S.]
Fam. MEGALURIDZ.
69. OnTHOTOMUs cINERACEUS, Blyth: Moore’s Cat. p. 315.
A very common bird among grass, over the tops of which it flies
with a quick jerking flight, often throwing up the tail.
. [Compared by Mr. Wallace with specimens in the E. I. M.—
Pu. S.]
216 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
70. Printa ? (Chunuk betul.)
A common little bird in the long grass; it flies with a peculiar
jerking flight, like a Grasshopper.
[A species not in the E. I. M.—P. L. S.]
Fam. PycNonoTip&.
71. Pycnonotus anauis (Horsf.). vos analis, Bp. Consp.
p. 265.
Shot by my hunter near Martapora.
[This bird is often called P. goiavier (Scop.). But Sonnini’s
figure, on which Scopoli’s name is based, represents a bird from
Manilla, which is probably of a different species. I therefore prefer
to use Horsfield’s name azalis for this bird.—P. L. 8.]
72. CRINIGER GUTTURALIS, Bp. Consp. p. 262.
Fam. Turp1p#.
73. CopsycHus AMENUS, Horsf.: Moore’s Cat. p.279. C. pluto,
Temm. (Tingon.)
An exceedingly common bird here, and apparently all over the
Archipelago. It frequents the neighbourhood of houses more than
most of the native birds ; and its song is very sweet, something like
part of that of a Blackbird. It is a very lively and active bird, and
very conspicuous as it sits on the top of a stump to sing, perpetually
jerking up its tail like a Magpie, to which in miniature it bears a con-
siderable resemblance. The nest is of grass, and is placed in a fork
or hole of a tree; the eggs are five or six, and resemble those of our
Yellowhammer (L’mberiza citrinella).
[Mr. Wallace tells me that Bornean and Javan specimens of this
bird agree; so that C. pluto, the fifth species in my list of this genus
Ca P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 186), must be united to the fourth.—
a ea
74. Copsycuus suavis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 185. (Tingon.)
. A much wilder species than the last, and more rarely seen, though
nearly as common.
Fam, Or1oLip&.
70. ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS, Horsf.
A rare bird, and oftener heard than seen, as it sits usually ina
thick dark tree, repeating at short intervals alow melancholy whistle.
I have several times tried in vain to see this bird, when perfectly sure,
from its constantly repeated cry, that it was in the tree I was examin-
ing, and have only’induced it to take flight by firmg at random
among the branches. One of the specimens sent was, oddly enough,
killed in this way, without being aimed at or seen.
i ee eee
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 217
Fam. ARTAMID.
76. ARTAMUS LEUCOGASTER, Val.: Bp. Consp. p. 343. (Alang-
kechil.)
This bird was sent in my former collection from Labuan, where it
was common ; here I have seen it only once.
Fam. HirunDINIDz.
77. Hirunpo pomicota, Jerdon, Madras Journ. xiii. p. 173.
Brought by my hunter from the Dyak.
78. Hirunvo rustica (Linn.). (4. gutturalis, Scop.)
[Mr. Blyth considers this Eastern variety of the Common Swal-
low hardly separable from the European bird, though many authors
have assigned it a different name. See Cat. Mus. As. Soc..Beng.
p- 197, and Jerdon, Birds of India, p. 157.—P. L. S.]
79. Rurprpura sAvanica (Sparm.), Horsf. & Moore, Cat.
p. 144.
Shot near Banjoenan.
80. TcniTrea arrints, A. Hay: Horsf. & Moore, Cat. p. 134.
(Tabulu.)
A rare bird here, but very conspicuous from its long tail and slow
flight. It associates in small parties of five or six, and frequents low
open woods. Its feathers are much valued by the Dyaks.
Fam. Lanup2.
81. TEPHRODORNIS HIRUNDINACEA, Temm.: Bp.Consp. p. 357.
Found here and there in the low woods, associating in pairs, but
not a common bird.
82. PACHYCEPHALA GRISOLA (Blyth). Tephrodornis grisola,
Blyth, J. A.S. B. xii. p. 180; Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 411.
Rather uncommon : has a sweet simple song, something like that
of the Redbreast (Erithacus rubecula).
[I suspect this is Hyloterpe philomela, Cab. (Mus. Hein. i. p. 64);
but, as far as I can make out, that bird has never been described.
A bird is mentioned as Hylocharis luscinia in S. Miiller’s article on
his Sumatran discoveries, in the Tijdschrift v. Nat. Geschied. 1835,
p- 331; but no description of it is given.—P. L. S.]
83. IRENA PUELLA (Lath.), Bp. Consp. p. 349. (Burong Birn
— Blue bird.)
The birds are common enough here, though not very often seen,
except when the wild fruit is ripe, when they collect in great num-
bers. Their favourite food appears to be a species of Syzygium:
when feeding on this, they are very fat, and are caught in great num-
bers, for eating, with bird-lime.
218 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
84. Epotius spracHypHorvus, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 351.
(Damak-Damak, from a fancied resemblance in the long tail-feathers
to the little arrows blown from the Sumpitan, which are so named.)
This bird is not uncommon here, and I have seen it also in the
north of Borneo, its peculiar jerking flight, like that of a Wood-
pecker, and its long tail-feathers making it very conspicuous. These
birds feed on insects, and, my hunter says, sometimes on small birds.
They are the bravest birds I have ever seen: one of them does not
hesitate to attack the largest Hawk that ventures near its stand, and
usually succeeds in driving off the intruder by repeated blows on the
head with his strong beak.
85. CHAPTIA MALAYENSIS, A. Hay: Bp. Consp. p. 350. (Tang-
kaschang.)
Apparently rare: one specimen that I shot was bemg mobbed by
smaller birds.
86. Graucatus FasciaTus, Vieill.: Bp. Consp. p. 354.
87. VoLvoctvorA FIMBRIATA, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 356.
Fam. Corvipz.
88. CryPsIRHINA ATERRIMA, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 369.
(Tiung hautu.)
Not uncommon in the deep woods, but rarely seen near houses.
These are very active and lively birds, but exceedingly wild and diffi-
cult to approach; their note is a kind of hoarse whistle often re-
peated.
89. Corvus vaLipus, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 385. (Kak.)
Exceedingly wild, and rarely seen near houses. These Crows fly
usually in flocks of from three to six individuals, and are very noisy *
on the wing. Their cry is exactly that of our Common Rook (C.
Srugilegus), and gives me a home-feeling every time I hear it; but
their flight more nearly resembles that of the Common Crow (Cc.
corone). 'The stomachs of those I have killed were full of insects
and fruit; but one, which had, as I afterwards found, a nest with
young ones close by, was carrying in its beak a piece of stinking fish.
The nest was in a tall tree built of sticks and grass, and contained
four young ones. When taken young from the nest, these birds be-
come very tame; but are most mischievous, tearing into small pieces
everything they can get hold of.
Fam. STURNID.
90. CALORNIS CANTOR, Gm.
I have nothing to add to my former remarks on this bird. It is
not so abundant here as at Labuan: it seems to frequent hollow trees
almost exclusively.
ee et ht a i
————————————ee
es
1863,] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 219
91. Gracuta savanensis (Osbeck), Bp. Consp. p. 422.
Very common here, as in Labuan.
Fam. FrinGiuuip&.
92. Munra oryztvora (Linn.).
Rather common here, and exceedingly destructive to the rice-
fields, feeding on them in vast flocks. These birds are taken in
thousands by the natives, and are a favourite article of food, being
exceedingly fat. In confinement they become very familiar, and
breed readily. I have a great number of them; and many which
have escaped do not leave the house, but are constantly on the out-
side of the cage which formerly held them.
93. Munta mawacca (Linn.).
94. Munia ruscans, Cassin.
Spermestes fuscans, Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil. vi. p. 85, et Journ.
Acad. Phil. iii. p. 69, pl. 8. fig. 3.
Common here, though less so than the last species. Its habits
are the same ; but its nest is commonly placed in hollow trees.
[Mr. Wallace has similarly-coloured specimens of both sexes of this
little Finch in his collection from Sarawak.—P. L. S.]
Fam. MELLIPHAGID#.
95. Paytuornis savensis (Horsf.), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. p.260.
Not very uncommon here, and almost always to be found where
any of the Loranthacee are in fruit.
96. Iona virrpisstma (Temm.).
Procured by my hunter (who said the note and flight attracted
his attention, and that the species was new to him) at the foot of the
Goenong Gurgaji Mountain.
97. ZosTEROPS » &p.?
Burong barat, ‘‘ west bird,” only seen here during the west mon-
soon; it frequents especially the flowers of the Lausat (Lausium
domesticum).
[This Zosterops is closely allied to Z. flava of Java, but is distin-
guishable by its brighter colouring above and below, the lores being
yellow instead of black, and the wing- and tail-feathers within being
brown and not black. It is of the same size as Z. flava, and there-
fore can hardly be Z. montana of Sumatra, which is stated by Bona-
parte to be “ similis Z. flavee, sed paullo major.”’—P. L. S.]
Fam. NECTARINIID2.
98. Diczum cruentatum (Linn.), Bp. Consp. p. 402.
Rather common in some localities. The nest of this very lively
220 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO [May 26,
and pugnacious little bird is a most beautiful fabric, made with an
opening in the side, and suspended from a twig, being built chiefly
of lichens and spiders’ webs.
99. DiczuM TRIGONOSTYGMA (Scop.), Bp. Consp. p. 403.
Shot by my hunter.
100. NEcTARINIA MACKLOTII, Bp. Consp. p. 408.
101. NecrarINniA HASSELTH, Temm.: Bp. Consp. p. 409.
My hunter says, this is the only specimen he has seen here of this
bird.
102. NecTARINIA sIPARAJA (Rafil.), Bp. Consp. p. 405.
Common among mangroves.
[Mr. Wallace says, ‘‘ perhaps distinct from N. siparaja, the tail
being rather more elongated.”’—P. L. 8.]
103. NEcCTARINIA PECTORALIS (Horsf.), Bp. Consp. p. 408.
Found also in Labuan ; here it frequents chiefly the flowers of the
Laban (Vitex tomentosa).
104. NeEcTARINIA PH@NICOTIS (Temm.), Bp. Consp. p. 408.
105. ANTHREPTES LEPIDA (Lath.), Bp. Consp. p. 409.
Apparently not rare. These little Nectarinie are all called by one
native name, have the same restless habits as the Labuan species,
and are always to be found where there are flowers. They feed,
however, also on small insects.
106. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS (Lath.), Bp.Consp. p.409.
(Chewit tandok.)
Common in a small wood near my house, amongst the bamboos :
I have rarely seen it elsewhere.
Fam. CoLUMBIDZ.
107. TRERON N1PALENSIS, Hodgs. (Punei dakan.)
A very common Pigeon; perhaps the most so of all our species.
It has the same habits as the other kinds.
108. TRERON VERNANS (Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p.12. (Punet
daduk.)
Very abundant : of the same solitary and fruit-eating habits as all
our Pigeons, but remarkable for frequently perching on the ground.
109. TRERON FULVICOLLIS (Wagl.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 14.
110. TrerRon ovax (Temm.), Pl. Col. 241; Gray, List of Co-
lumbe, p.11. (Punei kechil.)
In habits like the larger species, but far more rare.
: i ii
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 221
111. TreRon capetiit (Temm.), Pl. Col. 143. (Bakwak.)
Of the same habits as Carpophaga enea, but much more un-
common.
112. Prizonopus sAmBu (Gm.), Bp. Consp. p.17. (Punei
chitrah.) .
Here very plentiful ; but said to be rare, except just in this imme-
diate neighbourhood. My hunter, though in his business here for
twelve or fourteen years, had never seen it before. It feeds on fruit,
especially on that of the different species of Ficus.
113, CarporHaca =nea (Linn.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 32. (Pra-
gam.)
One of the commonest of our Pigeons, flying often in large flocks,
and very destructive to the fruit-orchards. Its note is something
between the ordinary coo of a tame Pigeon and the groan of a person
in pain. Its flight is exceedingly strong and rapid. It is the best
of all our wild birds for the table, and so falls a frequent victim to
my hunter, who tries by that means to stand high in Mrs. Mottley’s
good books. Though so large and strong a bird, it is easily brought
down with small shot.
114. Turrur tiertnus (Temm.). Columba tigrina, Temm.
Pig. pl. 43.
A very common bird here, frequenting padangs with scattered
trees, and not associating, like most of our Pigeons, in flocks. Its
note is exactly that of the European Turtledove. The natives are
very fond of keeping them in cages. The nest is a mere platform,
hardly concealed, and contains two white eggs.
Fam. TETRAONID.
115. Corurnix curnensts (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. p- 255. Syn-
@eus sinensis. (Pipitkan.)
An exceedingly common bird in grassy places, where its note (of
which its vernacular name is a perfect onomatopeeia) may be con-
stantly heard. In their habits these birds are perfect Partridges in
miniature, associating in coveys, and rising all at once with the same
kind of flight. They readily live and breed in confinement ; but it
is necessary to give them a very high cage, or to put a ceiling of
cloth ; otherwise, from their habit of constantly leaping up, they beat
their heads bare tothe bone. Their eggs are very large for the size
of the bird, and are marked like those of our waterhen: the young,
small as they are; run as soon as they are hatched. After having
been once flushed, these Quails fly a short distance and are difficult to
raise again, running with great rapidity among the grass. 1 have now
about twenty of them in a large cage with upwards of a hundred other
birds of various species ; and they have become very tame, running
among the fresh turf, with which they are supplied, like little mice.
222 DR. P, L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF BORNEO | May 26,
Fam. PHASIANID&.
116. Argus GiGANTEvs (Temm.).
The Argus Pheasant, called, from its note, “‘ Kuan” in most Malay
countries, is a bird of the most sequestered forest-country, and is
rarely seen, though often heard in the night. I had this specimen
alive, but it lived only a short time ; it was caught in a noose.
Fam. CHARADRIIDZ.
117. ASGIALITIS GEOFFROYII (Wagl.).
From Tabanio.
[This appears to be the larger of the two species distinguished by
Blyth, J. A.S. B. xii. p. 181.—P. L.8.]
118. ANGIALITIS PHILIPPINUS (Scop.).
Procured by my hunter on the sea-shore at Tabanio, a little to the
south.
119. CHARADRIUS LONGIPES, Temm. (Sintar.)
This Plover is a very common bird here, flying in large flocks,
and especially frequenting the bare muddy places where buffaloes
are in the habit of bathing. They are difficult to approach, except in
a high wind, when they are very tame, and a large number may be
shot at once as they rise. When disturbed, they usually perch on
some bare stony spot ; and by knowing this place, and walking to
and fro between it and their feeding-ground, whither they return
when again flushed, I have often made a good bag. They are excel-
lent eating, and form a great item in our game-lists here.
Fam. ScOLOPACID.
120. ToraNnuS HORSFIELDI, Sykes.
From the sea-shore at Tabanio.
[Determined by Mr. A. Newton, as were also the two following
species.—P. L. S.]
121. Toranus ArFints, Horsfield. (Junggit-batang.)
A truly freshwater species, frequenting rivers, and perching on the
“batangs”’ or large logs of drift timber, whence its name. © These
birds are frequently seen in small packs, probably families, and fly
close under the banks of the river, with a jerking, uneasy flight.
122. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS (Linn.). (Junggit-junggit.)
I cannot refer this precisely to any of the species which I sent
from Labuan.
Fam. ARDEIDZ.
123. ARDEA PURPUREA (Linn.). (Balakokan.)
Here a very common bird in marshy places; its habits when
1863.] COLLECTED BY THE LATE JAMES MOTTLEY, ESQ. 223
feeding, are exactly like those of our English 4. cinerea. When
gorged with food, it is very stupid, and allows a very near approach ;
and being very good to eat, as I can testify, great numbers are killed.
It usually perches on a low tree or tuft of reeds, or often on a tall
dead tree. In the evening they may often be seen flying at a great
height, and in a steady straight course, as if bound for a long journey.
The note is a deep harsh croak. The nests are either solitary or, at
most, two or three together, and are built a few feet from the surface
of the water, among tall reeds in almost inaccessible marshes. They
are mere flat platforms of sticks ; the eggs are light green, about the
size of those of a goose, and three in number.
124. Heroptias Grey, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pl. 61.
In fresh-water swamps near Martapora, generally seen perching on
the tops of the reeds.
125. Burorrpes savanicus (Horsf.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 130.
I suppose this bird derives its name, which means “ shell-bird,”’
from its food, as my hunter tells me the stomach is always full of
‘broken shells.
126. ArDETTA CINNAMOMEA(Gm.). (Bangan sambilan-kechil.)
Procured by my hunter in the marshes near Banjermassing.
127, Nycricorax GRiseus (Linn.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 140.
Shot by my hunter at Banjermassing.
Fam. RALLIpz&.
128. GaLuicrex cristata (Lath.), Blyth, Cat. p. 283.
Found here and there in marshy places: flies like a Land-Rail,
when flushed.
129. Ratxus curaris, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 196. (Burok-
Burok Peai.)
Peat is the name of the Acrostichum inequale, which grows in the
marshes which this bird haunts.
This bird is very common here : it rarely or ever flies more than
two or three yards at a time, and so is not often seen; but in the
evening its note, resembling the loud croak of a frog, is heard in all
directions in wet places.
130. Porzana pH@NicurA (Penn.), Blyth, Cat. p. 284. (Bu-
rok-burok. )
Not uncommon here, but difficult to procure. I have never seen
it fly.
131. Porzana ?
Sim. P. pheenicuree, sed minor, et fronte albo carens.
Long. tota 8°0, alse 5°0, tarsi 1°9 poll. Angl.
224 DR.P.L.SCLATER ON ANIMALS LIVING AT AMSTERDAM. [June 9,
Fam. ANATID&.
132. Denprocyena ARcuATA (Cuv.).
This small Duck is very common here on the marshes. They are
very wild and difficult to shoot, but excellent eating. Taken young,
they become very tame, and breed in confinement, freely associating
with other poultry ; but they are excessively pugnacious, and tyran-
nize even over the geese.
Fam. Larip#.
133. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICA (Mont.). (Stmbangan.)
Of course a sea-bird, though shot in a freshwater marsh, where I
had observed it some days flying over the water like a Swallow.
134. SrERNULA MINUTA (Linn.).
Procured in the same place.
June 9th, 1863.
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
Dr. Sclater made some observations on some of the interesting
species of animals he had seen during a visit he had just paid to the
Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp.
Amongst other species not yet received in this Society’s collection,
but of which examples were exhibited in the sister establishments,
he called particular attention to
1. Cervus equinus—the Bornean Deer of the Rusine type, of
which several specimens were in the Amsterdam Gardens, and which
appeared readily distinguishable from the Cervus rusa of Java by its
darker colour, shorter hair, and the stouter antlers of the male.
2. Cervus kuhlii—the smallest species of the same section of the
genus, from the Bavian Islands.
The Amsterdam Society now possessed both sexes of this little
Deer, which was breeding with them readily. It resembled in size
and general appearance Cervus porcinus of India, but was absolutely
without spots, even in its youngest stage, and easily distinguishable .
in other ways.
3. Cervus nemorivagus of Surinam, of which he had succeeded in
obtaining a pair from Mr. Westerman for the Society’s Menagerie.
4. Lagostomus trichodactylus, a well-known American Rodent from
the Pampas, of which he had seen a living example for the first time
in Amsterdam.
5. Catnartes urubitinga, Natt. MS. (v. Pelz. Sitz. Wien, Ak.
ee a
PE IO et
mp ie a Ae A i ea oe a cp area I ros
Apa pos CNN (sal, Nepali li, Caleaente li Canl , hy T
ti val Maks voll aD STIS | StH
P.Z. 5.1863 PL AAR
J. Jury bth
PLECTFRURUS CGUENTHERI.
1863.] CAPT. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW UROPELTID#. 225
1861, p. 7), a species very distinct from the Red-headed C. aura,
being smaller in size, and having the naked skin on the head yellow
—from Surinam, where the true C. aura was also found, specimens
of both these species from that country being exhibited side by side
in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam.
6. Leptoptilus capillatus (Temm.), a fine species of Adjutant
from Java in the Amsterdam Gardens.
7. Casuarius uniappendiculatus, Blyth.—The example of this
species, already spoken of at previous meetings of this Society*,
was still living in fine adult plumage in the Amsterdam Society’s
Gardens.
8. Felis aurata (Temm.).—A specimen of this scarce and beau-
tiful Sumatran Cat was in the Zoological Gardens at Rotterdam.
9. Cervus schomburgki, Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 155.—A Deer
lately received by Mr. P. Martin, Director of the Amsterdam Gardens,
from Siam, was perhaps the female of this new species of Mr. Blyth.
Mr. Martin was making efforts to obtain the male.
10. Tantalus ibis.—A bird of this scarce species had been living
for some years in the Antwerp Gardens. Dr. Sclater called atten-
tion to the fact that an individual of the same species in immature
plumage had just been added to the Society’s collection.
Mr. W. Williams of Tregullow communicated some observations
upon the growth of the young West Indian Tortoises hatched in
this country, as mentioned in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1862
(page 266). The larger of the two young Tortoises on the 21st of
May weighed nearly an ounce, and was about 432 inches in girth
round the middle. The smaller of the two weighed exactly 3 of an
ounce, and measured about 4 inches in girth. The heat of the pine-
pit in which they had been kept had varied from 65° to 70° Fahr.
during the winter; as the spring advanced, the heat had ranged
from 75° to 85°.
The following papers were read :—
1. Descriptions or New SPECIES OF THE FAMILY UROPELTID&
FROM SouTHERN INDIA, witH NOTES ON OTHER LITTLE-
KNOWN Species. By Caprain R. H. Beppome, Orrict-
ATING CoNSERVATOR OF Forests, Mapras.
(Plates XXV., XXVI., XXVIT.)
Genus SILYBURA.
1. Sirypura sHortit. (PI. XXV. fig. 1.)
Head-plates as in S. brevis, but vertical, 6-sided, and occipitals
‘pointed behind ; caudal disk very large and well-defined ; scales very
* See Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 359.
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1863, No. XV.
226 CAPT. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW UROPELTIDE. [June 9,
strongly 2-3-keeled ; terminal scale large, slightly bicuspid. Scales
of the body in 17 rows, on the neck in 19. Eye very large. Total
length 9 inches. Colour blackish, with large dull yellowish white
mottlings (the two colours nearly equally divided) ; tail beneath
black, with a yellowish band on each side. Abdominals 134 ; sub-
caudals 10.
Shevaroy Hills (4500 feet elevation). Forwarded to me by Dr.
Short.
2. SILYBURA OCELLATA.
Rostral pointed and much produced ; nasal scutella meeting be-
hind the rostral, and separating it from the frontals ; eye very small,
obscure, in front of ocular shield ; other shields and labials as in the
_ genus; scales round the neck in 18 rows, round the trunk in 17 ;
caudal disk not very clearly defined; scales 2-5-keeled ; terminal
shield entire, or slightly 2-3-pronged ; abdominals 199; subcaudals
8 or 10 pairs, some generally entire. Total lerigth 143 inches.
Colour of the body of the male yellowish, becoming gradually brown
near the head and tail, of the female dull brownish, of the young
dark purplish brown ; all banded with transverse rows of four or five
black-edged white or yellow spots (like eyes), generally rather irre-
gularly placed. Sides of the belly with transverse, very irregular-
shaped, yellow or white blotches, rarely meeting over the abdominals,
and forming a transverse band.
Walaghat, on the western slopes of the Nilgherries, at an eleva-
tion of 3500 feet, in the dense moist forests. I procured three
specimens—imale, female, and young.
3. SityBuRA BREVIS, Gunther.
The specimen here figured only differs from the one described by
Dr. Giinther in having sixteen rows of scales instead of seventeen,
and in the terminal scale of the tail being entire and not bicuspid.
I procured this specimen on the Nilgherries ; the one described
by Dr. Giinther was found on the Anamallays.
4, SILYBURA NILGHERRIENSIS. (PI. XXVI. fig. |.)
Scales in 17 rows; anal large, bifid; subcaudals 9 ; snout obtuse :
rostral far produced back between the nasals ; nasals just meeting
behind the rostral; vertical 6-sided, pointed in front and behind ;
eye rather large, in front of ocular shield ; caudal disk well defined :
scales very prominently 2—3-keeled ; terminal scale ending in two
points. Colour of the body of an indigo-hue, with small dull yellow
blotches ; belly dull yellowish. Length 17 inches ; circumference
3 inches.
Ootacamund, Nilgherries, 7000 feet elevation.
This is by far the largest Earth-snake we have in Southern India.
It is possible that S. drevis may be the young of this species : they
are, however, found at different elevations ; and without intermediate
forms I cannot venture to unite them, that being the smallest Earth-
snake in our presidency, and this the largest. There is, however,
1863.) CAPT. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW UROPELTID&. 227
searcely any difference in the shields of the head, though the head
of Stlybura brevis is broader.
5. SILYBURA BEDDOMII, Giinther.
I have lately procured numerous specimens of this Snake on the
Shevaroys, elevation 4500 feet. I have also found it in the Mudu-
mallay Forest, elevation 3000 feet. The spots on the scales are
yellow, turning white in spirits.
Note.—Silybure brevis, nilgherriensis, shortii, and macrolepis (a
Ceylonese species) have a well-defined head, with broad snout and a
large eye. Stlybure ellioti, beddomii, and ocellata have a pointed
snout and a small eye (as in the genus Rhinophis).
6. RHINOPHIS SANGUINEUS.
Scales of the body large, in 15 rows; of the anterior portion of
the trunk sometimes in 17; rostral much produced, very sharp,
conical, horny, produced back, and covering the conjunction of the
nasals ; nostril in front of nasal shield; eye very small and obscure,
in front of ocular shield ; four upper labials, 1st small, 2nd, 3rd, and
4th large; caudal disk nearly as long as tail, oblong, covered with
excrescences, a red streak down the centre and one on each side.
Colour of the body bluish black ; belly bright red, with blackish
mottlings ; anal bifid; subcaudals of the male 9 or 10 pairs, each
with 4 to 6 keels, and some of the approximated ventral plates and
a few of the two lowest rows of scales also keeled; female subcau-
dals6 or7. Total length of large male 13 inches, female 10 inches ;
circumference 1 inch ; abdominals 195.
The brilliant red colour of the abdomen fades in spirits.
I procured numerous specimens of this species at Cherambddy in
the Wynand (Malabar), elevation 3500 feet ; they were all dug up in
one spot. I have not met with it elsewhere.
7. Rurnopuis MiIcRoLepis. (PI. XXVI. fig. 2.)
Scales of the body small, in 15 rows; of the anterior portion of the
trunk in 17, of the neck in 19. Caudal disk oblong, orbicular, one-
half the length of the tail, covered with excrescences, which are con-
fluent into streaks ; subcaudals 10; anal bifid; head-plates as in R.
sanguineus, but rostral less sharp. Colour of the body greyish black,
with indistinct dull yellowish white mottlings ; belly yellowish white,
with dark mottlings; tail beneath yellowish, with a broad black
spot. Abdominals very small, 199. Total length 6 inches; cir-
cumference 63 lines.
I procured this (a solitary specimen) in the Wynand, elevation
3500 feet.
Genus PLecrrurus.
* Eye rather large, with a supraorbital shield.
8. PLecTRURUS PERROTTETI, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858,p. 265.
This is most abundant on the tops of the Nilgherries, 7000 to
228 CAPT. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW UROPELTIDE. [June 9,
8000 feet ; it is dug up in gardens, and found under the turf and
under stones. My largest specimen is 14 inches long; it rarely,
however, attains that size: the one figured is the usual size of the
adult.
9. PLECTRURUS GUENTHERI. (PI. XXVII.)
Scales of the neck in 17 rows; anterior portion of the trunk in 13
rows, of the rest of the body in 15 rows; head-shields as in P. per-
rotteti, only the rostral is not produced so far back. All the scales of
the tail 5—6-keeled, and some of the approximated scales of the body
also keeled; terminal scale of the tail with four sharp points, and
covered with small tubercles ; abdominals 172, and a bifid anal ; sub-
caudals 12. Total length 13 inches, circumference 13 inch. Colour
of the body of a bright reddish purple; belly yellow, the yellow
colour rising up on the sides of the trunk into regular pyramid-
shaped markings, and the purple colour descending in the same way
down to the abdominals.
I procured this very fine species in the moist forests at Walaghat,
on the western slopes of the Nilgherries (3500 feet elevation). I
have great pleasure in naming it after Dr. Giinther.
** Pye small, no supraorbital shield.
10. PLuecTRURUS WYNANDENSIS.
Scales round the body 15, round the neck 16 or 17; rostral
scarcely produced back between the nasals ; xo supraorbital ; muzzle
more obtuse than in P. perrotteti; eye small; subcaudals 11 pairs ;
anal large, bifid; tail compressed ; scales smooth, terminal spinose,
tail ending in a single horny point. Colour bluish black, with
broad white blotches on the belly, which become larger and more
numerous towards the tail; tail uniform bluish black.
Wynand, elevation 3500 feet.
11. Puecrrurus puLNevENSIS. (Pl. XXV. fig. 2.)
Rostral rather obtuse, produced back between the nasals, and
touching the frontals, nasals not meeting ; eye small, in front of the
ocular shield ; xo supraorbitals ; vertical 6-sided ; occipitals rounded
behind ; 4 upper labials. Scales round the neck 19, round the
body 17; subcaudals, male, about 12, female 6-8. Tail compressed,
ending in a small spinose keel, more or less bicuspid. Scales of the
tail all smooth. Colour uniform earthy brown ; a lateral bright yel-
low streak from the labials continued on each side of the trunk, about
1 inch or 14 inch in length; a few minute yellow specks on the
back ; belly with broad bright yellow transverse bands, very irregular
as to number and shape; yellow markings about the vent and tail.
Very abundant on the Pulney Hills, 7000 to 8000 feet, where it
takes the place of P. perrotteti of the Nilgherries; in habits, &e.
exactly the same as P. perrotteti.
The very brilliant yellow fades in spirits.
1863.] MR. E. D. COPE ON A NEW SPECIES OF VIPERA. 229
These last two species differ from the typical form of this genus
in their much smaller size and in the absence of a supraorbital
shield. As, however, they have the same compressed tail, I prefer
keeping them in this genus to making a new genus for them.
2. On a Species or VIPERA HITHERTO UNKNOWN.
By E. D. Corr.
VIPERA CONFLUENTA, Sp. nov.
Head much longer than broad, covered with small scales, which
are more or less keeled as far anterior as the postfrontal region.
Superciliaries little developed, once or many times divided. Scales
of the upper surface of the muzzle larger; a well-developed supra-
nasal. Prenasal large, erect, undivided; postnasal developed in
front of, and narrowly superior to, the nostril. Three rows of scales
between the orbits and the superior labials. The latter are eleven in
number, the fourth longest, the first in contact with the prenasal.
Rostral higher than broad. Inferior labials fourteen, fifth largest.
Scales of the body in 25 rows, all keeled, never spiniferous. Gastro-
steges 180; urosteges 48. Length from muzzle to rictus 14 inch,
from muzzle to vent 303 inches, from vent to end of tail 42 inches.
General ground-colour brownish yellow; belly paler. A broad
undulating brown band, resembling a confluence of alternate rounded
spots, extends from the nape to the end of the tail. A dark brown
lateral streak, which is interrupted at regular intervals, extends
throughout the greater part of the length. Labial regions yellowish;
a brown band from orbit to angle of mouth; a brown spot below
orbit.
230 DR.P.L. SCLATER ON THE GESTATION OF RUMINANTS. [June 9,
The habitat of this species is not known, but is probably Africa.
Its nearest ally is the V. libitina, with which it forms a section of
the genus characterized by a superciliary plate more or less subdi-
vided, and leading off to Echidna. In the writer’s opinion, the genus
Vipera is to be separated from Echidna by its large prenasal plate,
and postnasal slightly developed above the nostril, which is always
lateral: in Echidna the prenasal is replaced by scales, and the post-
nasal is much developed above the nostril, which is usually vertical ;
in Z. atropus the nostril is vertico-lateral.
One specimen of this Vipera belongs to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, and another is in the British Museum.
For an opportunity of examining and figuring the latter, my acknow-
ledgments are due to the distinguished officers of the institution,
Drs. Gray and Giinther.
3. REcorp oF THE PERIOD OF GESTATION OF CERTAIN RuMI-
NANTS WHICH BREED IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS. By P.
L. Scuatrer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., erc., SECRETARY TO THE
SOCIETY.
The period of gestation of certain animals of the class of Rumi-
nants which habitually breed in the Society’s Menagerie has been
ascertained with tolerable exactness. Of course the period is slightly
variable ; but the times given in the following list are, on the average,
very faithfully adhered to.
Fam. Cervip&.
Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis). . |
Persian Deer (C. wallichit) ......
Barasingha Deer (C. duvaucelit). .
Japanese Deer (C. stka) ........ eer,
Sambur Deer (C. aristotelis) .... ser
Rusa Deer (C.-1usd).s (a0.6 aie
Hog Deer (C. poreinus) ........
Axis Deer (C. ‘azts)’. Scie oes a!
Fam. CAMELID.
Lama (Auchenia glama) ........
Alpaca (A. pacos).......+..-.+ : tenets.
Fam. CAMELOPARDID.
Giraffe (Camelopardalis giraffa) .. 15 months.
Fam. Bovip.
Punjab Wild Sheep( Ovis cycloceros)
Moutfion Sheep (O. musimon).... BS
Leucoryx Antelope (Oryx leucoryx) 8 months.
Eland Antelope (Oreas canna) .. 9 months.
Nylghai Antelope (Portaz picta). Between 8 and 9 months.
P.Z.S.1863, Pl, AXV
M.&It He
GALAGO MONTHEIRI
oe ee
1863.) MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON A NEW GALAGO. 231
The Hippopotamus has never bred with us ; but I may state that
_ the period of gestation in this animal is known to be short. The
female in the Amsterdam Gardens, which has twice produced young
in that establishment, went only 7 months and 16 days on the first
of these occasions, and 7 months 20 days on the second.
4. Description or A New Srecies or GALaAGo.
By A. D. Barrurrr.
(Plate XXVIII.)
In the month of November last I had occasion to call at the house
of Mr. L. A. Monteiro, and that gentleman showed me the animal now
before you. I at once told him that the animal was new and un-
known to me. Since that time [ have taken every opportunity of
ascertaining if I was right in so saying ; and this morning I called
again upon Mr. Monteiro, who kindly lent me the animal, with per-
mission to exhibit and describe it this evening. Lat once proceeded
to the British Museum to compare this animal with the species in
that collection; but nothing like this specimen is to be found there.
I have also the opinion of Dr. Gray (who has for some time devoted
much attention to this group of animals), who kindly assisted me
in this examination, and stated that he believed the animal to be un-
known and undescribed. It differs from the known species in being
larger and lighter in colour and in having a much longer tail. Mr,
Monteiro informs me that it was sent to England by his son, Mr.
J.J. Monteiro, who obtained it at Cuio Bay, to the south of Loando,
in Angola, It is very gentle, and sleeps much during the day, feeds
on fruit, bread, milk, and other sweet things, particularly bananas.
The entire length of the animal is 28 inches, of which the tail
measures 16 inches,
The colour is light chinchilla grey all over the head, body, and
tail, nearly white on the throat ; the toes and feet dark brown, nearly
black ; nose black ; the eyes greyish brown; the cars nearly black,
2 inches long, 1} inch broad at the base. The animal has the
power of turning its ears back and folding them up when at rest.
When moving about or in search of food, they spread out and
stand upward and forward, reminding one of the Aye-Aye; but
when folded back and down, the animal’s face bears a strong resem-
blance to the Douroucouli. The pupils of the eyes are oval and ver-
tical.
This animal is considerably larger than the specimen in the British
Museum, known as Ofolicnus crassicaudatus; but as I am unable
to determine the exact structure of its teeth, in order to say posi-
tively that it belongs to that genus, I propose to name it Galago
monteiri, in order to identify it with the gentleman who has added
from time to time many rare specimens to our collection,
232 MR. J. GOULD ON BIRDS FROM CENTRALAUSTRALIA. [June9,
5. On A CoLLECTION oF BirDs FROM CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., erc.
The Board of Governors of the South Australian Institute having
liberally forwarded for my inspection a selection from the ornitholo-
gical collection made by Mr. Frederick G. Waterhouse during Mr.
Stuart’s late Exploratory Expedition into Central Australia, I have
thought the matter of sufficient interest to bring these birds under
the notice of the Society, the more so as it will enable me to make
known through our ‘ Proceedings’ a new and very beautiful species
of Parrakeet pertaining to the genus Polyteles, of which only two
have been hitherto known. Every ornithologist must be acquainted
with the elegant P. melanurus and P. barrabandi, and I feel assured
that the acquisition of an additional species of this lovely form will
be hailed with pleasure. The specific appellation I would propose
for this novelty is alecandre, in honour of that Princess who, we
may reasonably hope, is destined at some future time to be the queen
of these realms and their dependencies, of which Australia is by no
means the most inconspicuous.
POLYTELES ALEXANDRA, Sp. Nov.
Forehead delicate light blue; lower part of the cheeks, chin, and
throat rose-pink ; head, nape, mantle, back, and scapularies olive-
green; lower part of the back and rump blue, of a somewhat deeper
tint than that of the crown ; shoulders and wing-coverts pale yellowish
green; spurious wing bluish green; external webs of the principal
primaries dull blue, narrowly edged with greenish yellow, the re-
maining primaries olive-green, edged with greenish yellow; under
wing-coverts verditer-green ; breast and abdomen olive-grey, tinged
with vinous ; thighs rosy red ; upper tail-coverts olive, tinged with
blue; two centre tail-feathers bluish olive-green ; the two next on
each side olive-green on their outer webs and dark brown on the
inner ones ; the remaining tail-feathers tricoloured, the central por-
tion being black, the outer olive-grey, and the inner deep rosy red ;
under tail-coverts olive ; bill coral-red; feet mealy brown.
Total length 14 inches; bill 3; wing 7; tail 9; tarsi 4.
Habitat. Howell’s Ponds, Central Australia, 16° 54! 7 §.1.
Remark.—This is in every respect a typical Polyteles, having the
delicate bill and elegantly striped tail characteristic of that form. It
is of the same size as P. barrabandi, but differs from that species
in having the crown blue and the lower part of the cheeks rose-pink
instead of yellow.
The following is a list of the other species of birds comprised in
the collection :—
Trichoglossus rubritorquis. Rare.
Aprosmictus erythropterus.
Platycercus brownti. Rare.
Struthidea cinerea.
Climacteris melanura.
1863.] ON THE INCUBATION OF STRUTHIOUS BIRDS. 233
Pomatorhinus rubecula. Rare.
Cincloramphus cruralis.
Artamus leucopygialis.
cinereus. Rare.
Colluricincla brunnea.
Petroica bicolor.
Pardalotus rubricatus. Extremely rare; the second specimen seen.
Graucalus melanops.
Tropidorhynchus argenteiceps.
Geopelia cuneata.
humeralis.
Erythrogonys cinctus.
6. Notes on THE MetTuop oF INCUBATION AMONG THE BirpDs
IN THE OrpeER StrrutuHiones. By P. L. Scruatrer, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., SecreTary TO THE SOCIETY.
The phenomena of reproduction in the two families Struthionide
and Apterygide, which compose the order Struthiones, as far as we
are acquainted with them, appear to be very distinct. In the Stru-
thionide the females deposit numerous eggs. These are collected
together by the male, who takes the whole duty of incubation upon
himself, and likewise tends and looks after the young birds when
hatched. In the Apterygide it would appear that the female de-
posits but one single egg, and sits upon it herself. This I judge to
be the case from the following evidence, which is all I have been able
to collect upon the subject :—
1. The Ostrich (Struthio camelus).
Ishall not repeat the numerous stories that are universally current
respecting the reproduction of the Ostrich. It is generally supposed
to lay its eggs in the desert, and to leave them to be hatched by the
heat of the sun; and this belief appears to have been current ever
since the Book of Job (one of the earliest of the Holy Scriptures)
was written. But we know now with certainty, from the observa-
tions* of M. Noel Suchet, Director of the Zoological Gardens at
Marseilles, that the normal habits of the Ostrich on this point do not
differ materially from those of its allies of the same family. In
March 1861 a pair of Ostriches were placed in a quiet enclosure near
Marseilles for the purpose of inducing them to breed. Fifteen eggs
were deposited by the female, in an excavation made in the sand by
the two birds working alternately, at intervals of two days each, the
number being complete on April 20th. The male then took up his
position on the eggs, and the young birds were hatched on the 3rd
of June, being forty-five days after incubation had commenced.
This, however, would appear to have been before the expiration of
the usual period of incubation, which, according to the observations
of M. Hardy of Algiers, lasts usually from fifty-six to sixty days.
* See Rev. Zool. 1861, p. 467, and Bull. Soc. Accl. 1861, p. 142.
234 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [June 9,
2. The Rheas (Rhea americana and R. macrorhyncha).
The little male Rhea upon which I have founded my species R.
macrorhyncha has been associated in the Gardens for the last two
years with a female of the common species, R. americana. Last
year the pair bred in the Gardens for the first time—the male making
the nest, arranging the eggs, and performing the whole duties of in-
cubation. Two young birds were reared, which are still living in the
Gardens. This year the male bird commenced to sit on the 8th of
May, at which time there were only two eggs in the nest. The
female, however, continued to lay, and there are now twelve eggs.
The eggs of the Rheas hatched in the incubator required thirty-five
days, or five weeks, to hatch ; and, as far as we can make out, this
appears to be about the normal period of incubation. Other instances
have occurred of the Rhea americana breeding in this country, in
which the same course has been pursued.
3. The Cassowaries (Casuarius galeatus and C. bennettii).
The Common Cassowary of Ceram (Casuarius galeatus), though
it frequently deposits eggs in captivity, has never, I believe, been
known to breed. Birds of this species, even when of different sexes,
are usually very savage, and cannot safely be placed together. But
the pair of Mooruks (C. dennettii) which we received from Au-
stralia in 1858 have been successfully brought together, by the care
and skill of our excellent keeper, Michael Scott, and have last year
and again this year bred in our Gardens. The male in this bird,
again, performs the duties of incubation, the female not interfering in
the matter. Last year, after an incubation which lasted seven weeks,
a single young one was hatched on the 4th of September, which was
unfortunately destroyed by rats the same day. This year the male
commenced to sit on the 25th of April on six eggs, and we hope to be
more fortunate.
4. The Emeu (Dromeus nove hollandie).
The Emeu has bred several times in our Gardens, and at other
places in this country. It is well known that the male bird of this
species also performs all the incubatory duties. An interesting
account of the breeding of the Emeu has been published in the
*Zoologist’ for January last, by Mr. William Bennett, where full
particulars will be found relating to this subject. The period of in-
cubation in the Emeu appears to be eight weeks.
5. The Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli.
The Apteryz is so scarce a bird, even in New Zealand, that it can
hardly be expected that we should be well acquainted with its mode
of reproduction. H. E. Sir George Grey has lately sent me the
following extract from a letter addressed to him by F. E. Manning,
Esq., dated Hokianga, on the north-western coast of the Northern
Island, February 2nd, 1863 :—
** Several years ago an old native, who had been a great Kiwi-
hunter in the times when the Kiwi were plentiful, told me a strange
1863.] INCUBATION OF STRUTHIOUS BIRDS. 235
tale about the manner in which the Kiwi hatches its eggs. I, of
course, cannot vouch for the correctness of the story, but think it
worth mentioning ; he said that the Kiwi did not sit like other birds
upon the egg, but under it, first burying the egg in the ground to a
considerable depth, and then digging a cave or nest under it by
which about one-third of the lower end was exposed, and so lying
under the egg and in contact with the lower end which came, as it
were, through the roof of the nest or burrow. The appearance of
the ege which I propose to send corroborated this statement ; for
two-thirds of its length (the small end) was perfectly clean and white,
and about one-third (the large end) was very much discoloured and
very greasy, evidently from contact with the body of the bird. The
difference in the colour and condition of the ends of the egg was
quite remarkable, and well defined by a circular line passing round
the egg. Iam sorry now that I caused the egg to be washed, but
did not at the moment remember the story told me by the native.”
Mr. E. L. Layard, who has lately returned to the Cape from New
Zealand, has favoured me with the following information on the same
subject, forwarded to him by Mr. Webster, also resident at Hokianga,
which contains much more positive information.
Mr. Webster writes as follows, respecting the Kiwi :—‘“ A fortnight
ago a native, out shooting Pigeons, discovered a Kiwi’s egg pro-
truding out of a small hole at the root of a Kauri-tree ; removing
the egg, he put his arm, to the elbow, up the hole, and got hold of
the parent bird. The egg and the bird I have secured. Does it not
appear a strange position for the egg to be in?
“An old native, who professes to know something about them,
states that they lay but one egg at atime. The nest is merely a
hole scraped out by the bird, and generally about the roots of a tree,
where the ground is dry; the egg is covered with leaves and moss,
the decomposition of which evolves heat sufficient to bring forth the
young. The process takes six months. When hatched, the mother,
by instinct, is at hand to attend to her offspring.”
Fortunately we are able to test these statements to a certain ex-
tent by the observations of the habits of the female Apteryr man-
telli in our Gardens, which, although unmated, has for several years
produced eggs. ’
The Apteryz laid her first egg on the 9th of June 1859, as I have
already recorded in these ‘ Proceedings.’ Since then she bas laid
nine others, generally producing one early in the year, and the second
about three months after the first, altogether two eggs in each year.
She has more than once manifested a disposition to sit upon her
egg, having been discovered, after its deposition, placed above it, just
in such an attitude as would be assumed if this were the case, and
resisting all attempts to move her from her position. It would ap-
pear probable, therefore,
1. That the Apteryx lays one egg only at a time.
2. That this is deposited within a hollow tree, as recorded by
Mr. Webster, and that the female incubates thereon.
3. That the dpteryx breeds twice a year.
236 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW LIZARD. [June 9,
7. DescrIPTION OF A New LizarpD OBTAINED BY Mr. Henry
CARTER ON THE SOUTH-EAST Coast or ARABIA. By Dr.
J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ec.
(Plate XX.)
Mr. Carter, so well known for his researches on the Foraminifera,
Sponges, and Microscopic Vegetables of India, has lately sent us,
with a series of his different species of Spongilla of India, three dried
Lizards from the south-east coast of Arabia. One of these is a young
Uromastix ; the others belong to an aberrant form of Geckoid Lizards,
distantly allied to Phyllurus, which has not before occurred to me,
and which we certainly have not in the Museum Collection. It is
peculiar for having its tail flattened horizontally, and fringed on
each side with linear elongated spreading scales. The scales of the
body are minute and uniform in size. I propose to call this genus
SPATALURA.
Head short, high. Nostrils oblong, transverse, on the upper sur-
face of the nose, just above the labial shields. The eyes large, with
a slightly projecting scaly ridge above, separated from the orbit, and
forming a kind of shade. Ears open, deep. Labial shields distinct,
few, about eight on each side ; the rostral formed of a pair of shields ;
the chin-shield single, like the rostrals. Head, body, and limbs
covered with uniform small granular scales; femoral and preanal
pores none. Limbs elongate, slender. Foot elongate. Toes elon-
gate, compressed, very slender; the upper side with distinct cross
plates ; the sole with granular scales. Tail slender, oblong, depressed,
not so long as the body, covered above and below with scales similar
to, but rather larger and more keeled than, those of the body, and
with a fringe on each side of crowded, elongated, slender, linear
scales, with some smaller ones at their base.
This genus differs from all the other naked slender-toed Geckoid
Lizards in the form of the tail ; and it is also remarkable among these
animals for the uniform granular character of the scales, the height
of the head, and the slenderness of its legs and feet, which give it
much the external appearauce of some of the species of Anolis, which
are without any dorsal crest ; but it is easily known from them by
the large-sized open eyes, destitute of any eyelids.
SPATALURA CARTERI. (Pl. XX., fig. 2.)
Pale grey (dry from spirits) above, whitish beneath ; belly of one
(male?) orange ; central part of the back, forearm, and shanks varied
with square white spots ; sides with numerous narrow, black-edged,
yellow streaks, which are closer together and more visible on the
hinder part of the body.
Hab. Island of Massera, on the eastern coast of Arabia.
I have great pleasure in naming this beautiful species after Mr.
Carter, who has laboured so successfully in extending our knowledge
of many obscure Indian animals and plants.
1863.] DR. J. E, GRAY ON A NEW LIZARD. 237
Mr. Carter observes, “The two Lizards of a lavender or light lead-
colour, with nearly invisible brown spots or lines, were caught in the
island of Massera, which is about forty miles long, barren, and situated
close to the shore of the south-east coast of Arabia, towards its
easternmost end.
‘The tail of one has dropped off. To the best of my recollection,
it was not bushy or crested, like that of the one which remains on ;
and that at the time made me think the latter was the male, and the
other the female of the species.
“It is just possible they may be new; for Massera is little known,
and I think we (the surveying people) were the first white men who
were ever on the island.”
Most probably the tail of the second specimen, which was lost,
might have been reproduced, and thus without the lateral fringe.
‘©The channel on the inner side of the island swarms with the
Edible and Hawk’sbill or Turtle-shell Turtle; and the island is be-
strewn with the bones of the former: for the inhabitants are all mere
brutes (Anthropophagi and Ichthyophagi).”
This genus of Geckoide has many characters in common with
the Agamide. Like Eublepharis it has a large circular pupil to the
eye, and in this respect they form together an aberrant group of the
family. In both these genera the pupil is large as well as circular.
It is also peculiar, among the Geckoids, for the scales being all of a
uniform size and character ; but this is found in a few other species,
such as Boltanea sublevis, where the minute sublenticular scales
are often almost entirely wanting.
“The Prickly-tailed Lizard, of a light-brown colour, was caught
on or close to the town of Makulla, a port on the south-east coast of
Arabia.
“T regard it as the young of a species just like it, which grows
to a foot or more in length, on the coast mentioned.”’
This is very nearly allied to Uromastiz spinipes ; but unfortunately
the specimen is too young and not in a sufficiently good condition
to determine if it is absolutely the same.
June 23, 1863.
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
Prof. Huxley, F.R.S., read a communication* on the form of the
placenta in the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax capensis).
Prof. Rolleston read a communication * on the form of the placenta
in the Tenrec (Centetes ecaudatus).
Mr. R. Swinhoe exhibited a skin of a Royal Tiger (Felis tigris)
killed in the vicinity of Amoy, China.
* These papers will be printed in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
238 ON THE HABITS OF CYNOCEPHALUS ANUBIS. [June 23,
The Secretary read the following letter addressed to Dr. Gray by
Mr. L. A. Monteiro relating to the habits of Cynocephalus anubis :—
‘©29 Harewood Square, N.W.,
June 1863.
“ Dear Sir,—In fulfilment of my promise, I beg to hand you
the following notice, as the substance of what my son Joachim J.
Monteiro has written to me upon the two Apes, Cynocephalus anubis
male and female, presented by him to the British Museum.
“It seems that the aspect of their native place or habitat about
Cuio Bay, in Angola (a Portuguese possession on the western coast
of Africa), is very different from that in which other Monkeys on that
coast are placed, and, as he thinks, even different from the rest of
the world, the difference being in the great scarcity of vegetation
and the absence of water.
“The geological formation seems to be gneiss; the littoral region
a narrow belt of gypsum and limestone rocks. The whole distance of
fifty or sixty miles inland is hilly, and cut up in all directions by deep,
dry, and solitary gullies and grand rocky ravines.
“The vegetation is restricted to dry prickly shrubs, afew roots of
grass, and certain species of thick club-stemmed dwarf shrubs, all
bearing a few leaves only during the few months of the year in
which rain falls; the rest of the year nothing is seen but dry rock
and leafless firewood, scorched and burnt month after month by the
constant tropical sun. At distances far apart, brackish water is spa-
ringly obtained by Zebras, these Monkeys, and other animals, by
excavating holes in the sand at the bottom of the gullies.
“The principal food of these Apes is the root and stem of the
thick tuber-rooted shrubs [Welwitschia?] above mentioned. Part
of the root of these plants grows above the surface of the ground ;
and these Monkeys gnaw it off as a sheep does a turnip or mangel-
wurzel, their dog-like elongated jaws and perhaps dentition appear-
ing to him specially adapted to this manner of feeding.
“They are gregarious: he once counted fifteen together; and
a few days previously to his writing, not less than thirty to forty came
down to drink at a well he had opened at the copper-mines. He was
then engaged in exploring at about four miles inland from Cuio Bay.
Two were captured alive at Equemina, a place twelve miles south.
“‘They run very fast, on all fours, in a kind of sideway gallop, the
young ones holding on to the backs of the dams.
“It seems that he had not been able to ascertain exactly their
geographical distribution either in longitude or latitude from the bay,
though he believes it does not reach northward of the River Quanza.
“It perhaps deserves to be mentioned that in the vicinity of the
rivers in that part of the coast the vegetation assumes a more luxu-
riant character ; but these rivers being but few and far apart, this
does not alter the dry, bare character of the country where these
Monkeys abound.
«The natives and Portuguese about these parts affirm that a troop
of these Monkeys is always preceded by several scouts, which commu-
nicate by signals either danger or safety to the rest, and that these
P.ZS.1863. Pl XX1X
E WRotansan del WWest imp
: 1 Mechanitis isthmica. 2 Ithomia (Ceratinia) leucania 3Papilio xanticles.
: 4Dircenna callipero. 5 Ithoma phianassa var. panamensis
Ee
1863.] MR. H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. 239
scouts are set upon and punished if any mistake is committed by
them.
“The two sent by my son were hunted down by the blacks with
dogs, and killed with sticks.
«‘T remain, with consideration,
“© Dear Sir,
“‘ Your most obedient Servant,
«ZL. A. Monteiro.”
“Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS.”
The following papers were read :—
1. On a CoLueEcTION oF BUTTERFLIES BROUGHT BY Messrs.
SALVIN AND GODMAN FROM PANAMA, WITH REMARKS ON
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrisuTion. By H. W. Bartss.
(Plate XXIX.)
Besides the rich ornithological and herpetological booty obtained
by Messrs. Salvin and Godman during their recent tour in Central
America, a large collection of Butterflies was made in different parts,
chiefly, however, on the Atlantic and Pacific sides and in the central
valleys of Guatemala. Having always a philosophic aim, these gen-
tlemen were careful to keep the collections made in different districts
separate, and also to note the vertical and horizontal ranges of the
species: the gathered material, therefore, gives promise of furnishing
important data in illustration of various questions connected with
geographical distribution, such as the range of closely allied species
and varieties and its dependence or not on physical barriers, the re-
lations of the fauna to those of other neotropical regions, and so
forth—questions which insects, and especially Butterflies, seem well
adapted to illustrate. I hope to be able, with the permission of
Messrs. Salvin and Godman, to examine and report upon the results
of their entomological labours, devoting a paper to the collections of
each district. The present notice is confined to a separate small
collection obtained on the Isthmus of Panama, in the low forest-
country situated about ten miles from the railway terminus on the
Gulf of Mexico.
Although the Panama collection contains but thirty-one species
(seventy-six specimens), it is very interesting as showing the close
relation of the fauna to that of New Granada, and as adding to the
proof that this north-western part of South America constitutes quite
a distinct province as far as its land-fauna goes, having a considerable
proportion of species peculiar to itself and a general specific dissimi-
larity from the adjoining region of Guiana (or the Guiano-Amazonian
province), to which it has hitherto been united*. My own nearly
complete collection of the species inhabiting the plains of the Ama-
zons enables us to arrive at a tolerably accurate conclusion on this
point.
* Woodward’s ‘ Recent and Fossil Shells,’ map.
240 MR. H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. [June 23,
Thus, if we withdraw those species, twelve in number, which (being
found in open situations, generally in the suburbs of towns, and pos-
sessing large powers of dissemination) are widely distributed in Tro-
pical America, an analysis of the collection yields the following re-
sults :—
Species not found in the Guiano-Amazonian region (six of
whith dre new) SPs. Mao. vc oe sci cet matitle oe 15
Species found in the Guiano-Amazonian region, but not
extending their range further southward............ 4
Of the twelve generally distributed neotropical species, four present
themselves in the form of tolerably well-marked varieties which seem
to be peculiar to Panama and Central America. It may also be
added that one of the four species which extend to the Guiano-Ama-
zonian region reaches no further than the western part of the Ama-
zons plains. The six new species contained in the collection are all
more or less nearly related to New Granadian and Guianian forms,
except one (Papilio xanticles), the nearest relative of this Papzlio,
from which, however, it is well distinct, being a Mexican species.
It may perhaps be premature to draw any inferences from these
data bearing upon the former physical condition and changes of these
regions, seeing that a much more extensive basis of facts is required,
which can only be obtained by an analysis of the whole Columbian
fauna; but it may be useful to point some of them out as an incite-
ment to further research. For instance, as a large amount of pecu-
liarity in the existing fauna of any land-area must prove that. its
inhabitants have not, geologically speaking, recently migrated to it,
such area must be the site of a land of high geological antiquity.
Moreover, as the productions which furnish these data are species
belonging to genera and groups which inhabit only the low, warm,
and humid forests of Tropical America, this ancient land must have
always possessed districts supplying these same physical conditions.
It cannot at present be decided how far this land extended to the
south, as our knowledge of the productions of Kastern and Central
Peru and Bolivia is at present very limited; but towards the north,
the considerable change of species seen in Southern Mexico, which
possesses districts very similar in physical conditions to many in Co-
lumbia, would seem to show that there was formerly a separation
between the two regions, in the same way as the great dissimilarity
between the faunas of Columbia and Guiana would show this to have
been the case between these two now continuous lands. This latter
conclusion, however, must be drawn with great caution, as a diversity
of fauna between adjoining areas, even although their physical condi-
tions may appear to us almost identical, does not necessarily prove
the existence of a former physical barrier between them; for I found
in the alluvial forest-plains of the Amazons that different small areas
continuous with each other contained each their separate represen-
tative species, proving that some other cause besides physical barriers
operates to limit the ranges of species.
1863.] MR. H. W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. 241
1, Papinio XANTICLEs, n. sp. Pl. XXIX. fig. 3.
3. Wings above with a broad outer border brownish black ; the
rest of their surface pale ochreous, the ochreous portion crossed by
six, mostly very short, brownish-black stripes, namely, one near the
roots, broadish on the fore wings, but continued as a thin line on the
hind wings to the posterior border near the anal angle; a second
rather broader reaching only to the outer edge of the cell of the
hind wings; three short stripes extending from the costa to the me-
dian nervure of the fore wings, the last of which covers the end of
the cell; and lastly, a sixth similar but shorter one beyond the cell.
The black border is, besides, traversed in its whole length by a row
of ochreous lunules running nearly parallel to the outer margin, the
anal lunule of the hind wings being double ; there is also a short,
narrow, oblique, bright red line near the anal angle. Tails long and
linear, brownish black, narrowly margined throughout with ochreous.
Beneath, the same, except that the second black stripe on the
hind wings has in the middle a narrow bright red line, which, com-
mencing at the costa, is at first strongly flexuous, and then becoming
straight continues to the outer border of the wing, that there are
three grey lunules near the anal angle, and that the dark border has
an indistinct pale line besides the row of lunules,:
Body and antenne black; head, thorax, and abdomen with an
ochreous stripe on each side. Expanse 3" 10!’.
This species, of which there are five examples, belongs to the same
cosmopolitan section of the genus to which the European P. poda-
lirius appertains, and to the minor group of which the North Ame-
rican P. ajax may be considered the chief member—a group which
apparently does not extend to South America, the cluster of species
of which it consists inhabiting extratropical North America, Mexico,
and the West India Islands. P. xanticles is distinguished from the
North American and West Indian species by the strongly flexuous
red line of the under surface of the hind wings ; in this feature it
agrees with P. philolaus, a common Mexican and Guatemalan species,
and with P. arcesilaus*. It is, however, quite distinct from both
in the colours and pattern of the wings, and forms an interesting ad-
dition to the South American species of this fine genus.
2. PAPILIO PROTESILAUS, Linn. et auct.
Var. macrosilaus, Boisduval, MS.
P. protesilaus under its typical form ranges from the south of
Brazil to Guiana, and westward to the end of the Amazonian plains.
In the valley of the Magdalena a very large form of it occurs, which,
although differing in nothing except size from its type, has received
aseparate name. This fine variety seems quite to take the place ot
the true P. protesilaus at Panama, as all the specimens (four) contained
in the collection belong to it. They differ, however, from examples
* This species is known only from the figure and description given by Lucas
(Rev. et Mag. Zoologie, 1852, p. 131, pl. 10. f. 2. Its locality seems doubtful, as
Lucas gives simply the vague one of North America.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XVI.
242 MR. H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. [June 23>
from the valley of the Magdalena in having the inner row of pale
lunules of the border of the hind wings much enlarged, and of a rich
buff-colour, instead of the ground-colour of the wing, and also in
the sides of the head and prothorax being of the same hue.
3. PAPILIO POLYCAON, Cramer et auct.
. An example contained in the collection does not differ in the least
from specimens obtained in the Amazons region and at Bahia, South
Brazil.
4, Papixio 1Lvus, Fabricius.
Papilio ilus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 17, no. 51.
P. hostilius, Felder, Lepid. Nov. Columbiz, no. 5.
Two Panama examples agree precisely with the description given
by Fabricius seventy years ago. As the species is not found in
Guiana, Brazil, or the recently explored parts of Venezuela and New
Granada, it has not been seen by subsequent writers on the genus,
and two other quite distinct forms have been made to bear the name.
The insect recently described by Dr. Felder from specimens obtained
by Moritz in the province of Merida, Western Venezuela, is evidently
the same as our Panama species. P. dlus is distinguished from P.
ariarathes and P. evagoras(with which it has been confounded) by the
absence of the red streak from the base of the fore wings beneath, and
by the spots of the occiput and prothorax being red instead of white.
Its nearest relative is the Papilio branchus of Guatemala.
5. PAPILio ANCHISIADES, Esper.
Var. pandion, Boisduval, MS.
The true P. anchisiades is found abundantly in semicultivated
places throughout the Amazons region and in Guiana; but although
in most districts variable and tending to segregate local varieties, I
have not seen any variety approaching the present one which is known
as inhabiting Southern Mexico. It differs from the type in having,
on the fore wings, instead of a large cream-coloured rounded spot
near the hinder margin, a long oblique streak of the same colour ex-
tending from the costa across the cell towards the outer margin.
There is only one example in the collection.
6. Prer1s MonusTE, Linn. et auct.
Var. B. Boisduval, Spec. Gen. des Lepidop. p. 495.
Differs from the type in wanting the dusky streaks on the under
surface of the hind wings. The typical P. monuste occurs abun-
dantly throughout the whole of Tropical South America ; the var. B
appears to be peculiar to Central America.
7. CALLIDRYAS STATIRA, Cramer.
The three specimens of this species differ from South American
examples in the opake ochreous coloration of the under surface of
the hind wings. The species is one which performs extensive mi-
1863.] MR. H. W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. 243
grations, countless thousands being seen, on travelling along the
Amazons in the fine season, all moving in one direction. It isa
proof, however, that these migrations do not extend very far in a
limited time, that in the not very distant region of Panama a quite
distinct local form exists.
8. CALLIDRYAS TRITE, Linn. et auct.
The specimens of this and the following are precisely similar to
South American examples.
9. CALLIDRYAS ARGANTE, Fabricius.
10. DANAIS THERSIPPUS, N. sp.
¢. Wings, above (including the nervures), dull reddish brown,
with a distinct, rather broad, dark-brown outer border of nearly uni-
form breadth. The white spots of the fore wings are the same in
number and arrangement as those of D. eresimus, Cramer (Pap.
pl. 175. figs. G, H), except that the exterior row is continued to the
apex of the fore wings, instead of being interrupted. The dark border
of the hind wings is nearly spotless.
Beneath, the fore wings are the same as above; but the hind
wings have the nervures bordered with dark brown, which dark
borders are again accompanied by lines of white: the dark outer
borders of the wings have a double row of large white spots. Body
and antenne as in D. eresimus. Expanse 3! 4!",
This species seems to be midway between D. eresimus and D.
erippus, and resembles very closely D. berenice ; but the ground-
colour of the wings is of a duller and browner shade than in any of
those species.
11. TirHOREA TARRICINA, Hewitson.
Tithorea tarricina, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Helic. iv. f. 1.
This very fine and distinct species is at present known only from
New Granada, whence it has been received in the same way as the
rest of the large collections exported from that country, namely,
without further information about its locality and range. The Pa-
nama specimens (two) differ from the New Granada one figured by
Hewitson in the yellow stripe towards the apex of hind wings being
nearly obliterated.
12. DirceNNA CALLIPERO, n. sp. Pl. XXIX. fig. 4.
3. Fore wings above with the basal third reddish tawny, semi-
transparent, the costa being dusky, and the centre of the cell having
# small round dusky spot ; beyond this a broad semitransparent belt
of a yellowish hue crosses the wing from the subcostal nervure to
near the hind angle ; the rest of the wing is dusky, with a subapical
yellowish belt from the costa to near the middle of the outer margin,
Beneath, the same, except that there are three whitish spots near the
apex.
244 MR. H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. [June 23,
Hind wing, above, reddish tawny, semitransparent, with a well-
defined black outer border, broad near the apex, and gradually nar-
rowing to the anal angle. Beneath, the same, except that there is a
submarginal row of large silvery-white spots. Body brown ; wing-
lappets reddish tawny. Antennze black; club yellowish. Expanse
gt ott,
This species is of the same size and shape as Dircenna epidero of
the Amazons region; it has, however, no near relationship to that or
any other of the variable forms of this genus.
13. IrHOMIA VICTORINA, Guérin.
Heliconia victorina, Guérin, Iconogr. Régne Animal, texte, p. 470.
Ithomia victorina, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Ith. fig. 75.
This species is hitherto known only as inhabiting Venezuela and
Bolivia ; it is entirely absent from the intervening plains of the Ama-
zons, where no form at all nearly related to it is found. There is
one example in the present collection.
14, IrHOMIA NEPHELE, Bates.
Ithomia nephele, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 548.
This interesting form appears to be abundant on the isthmus,
there being twelve examples in the collection. It is very closely
allied to I. nero (Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Ithom. f. 37), differing only
in being smaller and in the lower discocellular nervule of the hind
wings lying at a much more acute angle with the median nervure.
It is found also at Tabatinga, on the upper part of the Amazons re-
gion (being quite absent from the lower part thence to the Atlantic);
its line of migration, therefore, like that of J. victorina, would seem
to lie along the eastern side of the Andes, the easternmost chain of
which it has crossed to reach the Isthmus of Panama.
15. IrHomta repranassa, Doubleday.
Ithomia iphianassa, Dbldy.in Dbldy. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 18. f. 3; Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ith. f. 91-93.
Local var. or race panamensis.
Ithomia iphianassa has been recorded as inhabiting Venezuela and
New Granada, in which latter region it appears to be very unstable.
It has lately been received also in some numbers from Canelos, on
the eastern slope of the Andes in Equador (sent by Spruce, the well-
known botanical traveller), but, if we may judge from the large
number of examples sent, all closely resembling each other, exists
there as a well-marked and constant local variety or race. The single
specimen contained in the present collection from Panama appears
to represent another equally well-marked race. Thus I. tphianassa
would seem to be one of those interesting forms whose present con-
dition throws great light on the formation of species, being very
variable towards the centre of its area of distribution, and showing
the segregation of distinct races or semispecies in different parts of
the confines of its area. It is to be remarked that whilst the Canelos
1863.] MR. H. W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA, 245
race approaches one extreme (fig. 93 of Hewitson, op. cit.) of the
New Granadian unstable form, the Panama one approximates the
opposite extreme (fig. 91, op. cit.), both the Canelos and the Panama
forms being further divergencies in the direction of these two ex-
treme varieties.
Ithomia iphianassa, var. panamensis. Pl. XXIX. fig. 5.
. Wings opake; fore wing above with the basal third orange-
tawny, which colour is prolonged a short distance along the costal
and hind margins, the costal edge being black, and the centre of the
cell ornamented with a large rounded black spot ; this is followed
by a broad, oblique yellow belt, commencing at the subcostal nervure,
and narrowing to its termination near the hind angle. Apical por-
tion of the wing beyond the cell black, crossed in the middle by a
row of three widely distant yellow spots; apex with three smaller
whitish submarginal spots. Beneath, the same, except that there is
a row of seven submarginal white spots.
Hind wing above with the basal half orange-tawny, the outer half
black, the black portion contracted near the apex, which has a row
of three minute whitish spots. Beneath, the same, except that there
is a yellow spot at the root of the wing, a black spot at the end of
the cell, and a row of white submarginal spots. Antenne orange,
basal portion blackish. Thorax yellowish, with two white dorsal
lines ; collar orange. Abdomen dark brown. Expanse 2! 2!,
16, IrHOMIA BALBOA, N. sp.
. Wings semitransparent ; fore wing above with the basal third
orange-tawny, and with a rounded black spot in the middle of the
cell, the costal edge being broadly black. To this succeeds a broad
oblique yellow belt, commencing near the costal edge, and extending
nearly to the hind angle ; rest of the wing sooty black, semitrans-
parent, the nervures darker, the black colour extending on the basal
side of the first median branch to the median nervure. This black
apical portion is crossed by a light yellow belt, extending from the
costa to near the middle of the outer margin. Beneath, the same,
except that there are three clear white spots in a row near the apex.
Hind wing, above, orange-tawny, with a broad black outer border
of uniform width. Beneath, the same, except that the black outer
border has a submarginal row of clear white spots. Antenne black ;
club orange-yellow. Body brown ; collar, wing-lappets, and thorax
spotted with light yellow. Expanse 2! 4',
This species is nearly related to J. iphianassa, having the same
disposition of the nervures on the hind wings, which approximates
this group to the subgenus Ceratinia. It is, however, quite distinct,
having a white-spotted, instead of orange, prothorax—a character
which distinguishes minor groups of species in this genus. It is
identical in colours with a species figured, since the present paper
was read, by Mr. Hewitson, under the name of I. agrippina (Exot.
Butt. Ithom. f. 152—New Granada), but differs in the neuration
of the hind wings, I. agrippina having the nervures so disposed that
246 MR. H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. [June 23,
the lower radial (or discoidal) is not visible across the wing—a cha-
racter which places it in the section Hymenitis.
17, IrHom1a (CERATINIA) LEUCANIA, n. sp. Pl. XXIX. fig. 2.
¢. Fore wing above with the basal third orange-tawny ; costal
edge dusky at the base ; on the outer edge of the basal tawny part
there are two large subtriangular black spots, namely, one in the
middle of the cell, and one between the median nervure and its first
branch ; to these spots succeeds a short discoidal white cross belt,
separated into two elongate spots; apical portion of the wing black,
crossed in the middle by a flexuous white belt, beginning on the
costal edge, and ending at a distance from the outer margin near the
middle; besides which there is a submarginal row of seven large
white spots. Beneath, the same.
Hind wing, above, orange-tawny, with a diseoidal indented stripe
and the outer border (narrowly) black; the border has a row of
white submarginal spots, which are partly indistinct. Beneath, the
same, except that the root of the wing has a yellow spot. Antennze
yellowish; base black. Collar and wing-lappets orange-tawny.
Thorax marked with yellow. Expanse 2! 4!"
This species might perhaps be more correctly treated as one of
the numerous local forms of Ithomia (Ceratinia) ninonia, in the
same way as I. panamensis is placed as a race of I. iphianassa ; but
the grouping of the different races of I. ninonia would lead to the
classing together of so many forms, graduating from the slight variety
to the well-segregated species, that the combined set would be almost
equivalent toa subgenus. Ihave described the way in which a great
part of Tropical America is peopled by these derived species and
semispecies in a former treatise (Linnean Trans. vol. xxii. p. 524) ;
to the list there given the present new local form may be added.
The general practice of descriptive naturalists, especially ornitholo-
gists, is to treat every local form, however slight may be its distin-
guishing characters from its nearest relatives, under a separate head,
in the same way as the more distinct species, leaving the impression
that all the successive forms numbered in order under a given genus
are neatly circumscribed species. This might be done to a certain
extent in the group of forms to which Ithomia ninonia belongs; for
many of the local races, notwithstanding their close alliance to the
type, seem to be tolerably constant. But in one part, at least, of its
area the species presents so finely graduated a series of varieties that
the separation into these distinct local forms or assumed species is
impossible ; the whole must be considered as one variable form. If,
however, it be considered so, the facts of variation exhibited are such
as to compel us to infer that all the other more distinct local races,
allied to it, have been derived from the same stock ; for the varieties
show in some districts a tendency to segregation, in one of them
being more abundant than the others. Protean species, like I. n7-
nonia, are not uncommon in entomology ; and the close study of their
varieties with reference to their geographical positions throws great
light on the formation of races and species. Did none such exist,
1863.] MR. H. W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. 247
and were the species in every genus so neatly arranged and circum-
scribed in nature as they are in the monographs of naturalists, the
conclusion arrived at by most students, namely that they were all
independently created, would be certainly the only one that could be
drawn. It would be desirable to know whether none of these in-
structive species occur in ornithology and in the other branches of
zoology.
18. MEcHANITIsS IsTHMI4, n. sp. Pl. XXIX. fig. 1.
Expanse 2" 7'". Fore wing, above, brownish black, a basal streak
over the median nervure and the hind margin being orange-tawny ;
a spot across the cell near its termination, an interrupted belt across
the wing from the costa to near the middle of the outer margin, and
an oblong subapical spot yellow. Beneath, the same, except that the
hind angle is also orange-tawny, and that there is a row of eight
submarginal white spots along the outer margin.
Hind wing, above, orange-tawny, with a spot near the apex and a
narrow outer border from the middle of the costa to the anal angle
brownish black. Beneath, the same, except that the root of the wing
has a yellow spot, and that there is a submarginal row of five white
spots.
‘ Body brownish; wing-lappets and thorax spotted with tawny-
orange; antennz yellow, with the base dusky.
This is one of the numerous local forms of Mechanitis polymnia,
a species which exhibits the process of variation, segregation of local
varieties, and formation of species in the same way as already de-
scribed under I. xinonia. But the proof of complete formation of a
species is more complete here than in the last, seeing that one at
least of the local forms—proved by the existing variability of the
species in other districts to have been derived from the same stock—
coexists with a sister form without interbreeding with it. The vari-
ous races and half-formed races of Mechanitis polymnia are distri-
buted each in its district over the whole of Tropical America; the
two sister races which coexist in the manner described are M. po-
lymnia, var. lysimnia and yar. nesea, in the neighbourhood of Bahia
in South Brazil.
19. Hxexrcontus HECALEsIA, Hewitson.
Heliconia hecalesia, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Hel. f. 6.
This most beautiful and distinct species, like Tithorea tarricina,
has hitherto been recorded only as inhabiting New Granada. Like
T. tarricina also, the Panama example differs in a slight degree from
the New Granada type, the yellow submarginal spots of the hind
wings being much smaller.
20. HELICONIUS DEMOPHOON, Ménétriés.
Heliconia demophoon, Ménétr. Cat. d. 1. Coll. Imp. Ac. des Sci.
St. Pétersbourg, p. 86, t. 2. f. 4.
This handsome species occurs also in Nicaragua and Mexico. It
248 MR: H.W. BATES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM PANAMA. [June 23,
is closely allied to H. amaryllis (Felder) of Eastern Peru ; and both
are so nearly related to H. phyllis, the common species of Southern
Brazil, that all three might be treated as local forms of one stock.
No species at all nearly related to these three is found in the Ama-
zons plains: this confirms what has already been remarked under
Ithomia nephele, namely, that the line of migration of species across
the equator has been along the eastern slopes of the Andes.
21. Hexiconivus ERATO, Linn. et auct.
This species is widely distributed over the northern part of South
America.
22. CoL@NIS VANILL2, Linnzeus.
A very common species in the tropical and subtropical zones of
the New World. I have noticed that the examples from Florida are
much more bright in colour and more sharply defined in markings
than those from Tropical America.
23. CoL@NIS PHAETHUSA, Cramer.
Also a widely distributed species ; it seems to remain constant in
all districts.
24. ANARTIA FATIMA, Fabricius.
This species is peculiar to Central America. It seems to be com-
mon on the Isthmus.
25. PyrrHoGyRa TIPHA, Linneus.
The Panama example does not differ from Para ones; the species
nevertheless is strongly modified in the much nearer region of the
Upper Amazons.
26. PrReponA AMPHITO:#, Goddart.
The single example does not differ from those taken by myself in
the Amazons region.
- 27. Pavonta asax, Doubleday.
Caligo ajax, Westwood, in Dbldy. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 56. f. 2.
This magnificent species has been hitherto recorded only as in-
habiting Venezuela and Guayaquil ; there is one example in this col-
lection.
28. PAVONIA OILEUS, Felder.
Caligo oileus, Felder, Lepid. Nov. Columbie, no. 106.
There are three examples of this species, which appears to be
peculiar to the regions bordering the south-western part of the Gulf
of Mexico, it having been received from New Granada and the pro-
vince of Caraccas in Venezuela,
1863.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON AUSTRALIAN TREE-FROGS. 249
29. PAVONIA ILIONEvS, Cramer.
This is a widely distributed species in Tropical America. I find
no difference worthy of note between Amazonian, Bogota, and Pa-
nama examples.
30. PAVONIA AUTOMEDON, Cramer.
Also a widely distributed species, reaching as far south as Bahia
in Brazil. The single Panama example does not differ from those
taken by myself in the Amazons region.
31. Euvprycuia ocyrruoik, Fabricius.
This small and weak-flying insect is also widely distributed, and
appears to remain constant in its specific characters.
2. OBSERVATIONS ON AUSTRALIAN 'TREE-FROGS LIVING IN THE
Society’s MenaGerie. By Dr. A. GUNTHER.
(Plate XXX.)
The only Australian Batrachian which, to my knowledge, has
until lately been exhibited in the Society’s menagerie is Pelodryas
ceruleus (Hyla cerulea, White), a specimen of which, almost
unobserved, lived there for two or three years. In the beginning of
the spring of this year, however, an opportunity was taken of pro-
curing eight specimens, which were imported by a collector from New
South Wales, and which belonged to four species, viz. to Pelodryas
ceruleus, Hyla peronii, Hyla krefftii, and to an apparently unde-
scribed form, which we shall name Hyla phyllochroa. Having had
opportunity of observing these for some time in the Gardens in the
Regent’s Park, as well as at my own house, I may make the following
remarks. In general, I was surprised to find a great similarity in their
habits with those of our common European Tree-frog. They sleep
during the day, squatting in a corner, generally selecting a place in
which they are hidden from view, but easily roused on the approach
of some insect, which they seize with their tongue. When the prey
is large, or when they have accidentally seized a small piece of wood,
&c., together with the insect, they use their fore foot to push the in-
sect into the mouth, or to remove the object which is unfit for food.
They never enter the water during the summer months, and tried
to escape from a tank when put into it. They leave their hiding-
places towards dusk, becoming very lively, apparently less with the
object of obtaining food (which they can only procure by quietly
remaining in wait for it) than with that of enjoying themselves ; and
Pelodryas ceruleus, which is endowed with a voice, indulged every
evening in a musical performance. They became more quiet after
midnight, and at sunrise they had settled down at some resting-
place, sometimes one individual choosing the same place for several
consecutive days. They preferred bluebottle flies to every other
insect, and never touched ants or black beetles. Pelodryas ceruleus
ee
ee
See
es
rors
a Alaa haan
q
250 DR. A. GUNTHER ON AUSTRALIAN TREE-FROGS. [June 23,
feeds freely on meal-worms when other food is scarce ; but they are
frequently vomited, and I doubt whether these frogs could be kept
in good health if restricted to this particular kind of food. In all
these points the Australian species mentioned agree with the Euro-
pean Tree-frog, and I need hardly say that they as easily climb
smooth surfaces, glass, &c., as the latter species.
Pelodryas ceruleus, White (Giiwth. Batr. Sal. pl. 9. fig. B).—
The natural colour of this species is alight grass-green, which, when
the animal is kept in the dark or in a very wet place, changes into
dark sap-green ; roundish yellowish-white spots are sometimes scat-
tered on the sides. I have mentioned above that it has a voice, which
is a kind of grunting, somewhat resembling that of Rana esculenta,
but lower. I must remark, however, that the two examples in the
menagerie, a male and female, are evidently not full-grown; and I
was rather surprised to hear a voice at all from the male, as in Hyla
viridis the vocal sac and the voice are not developed before the indi-
vidual has attained to maturity and to its full size. The hind limbs
are comparatively short, and therefore this species cannot make such
wide jumps as the true Hyle. I could not observe any secretion
from the parotoid glands, which are so much developed in full-sized
individuals, but which are scarcely perceptible in our specimens.
These Frogs soon became familiar, especially the male, which, when
I went to feed them, used to approach and to watch the opening
through which I introduced the flies into their cage.
Hyla peronii, Bibron (Plate XXX. figs. A, B, @).—This species
is very remarkable on account of the change of its colours. When
awake (see fig. A) it is brownish olive, covered all over with blackish-
brown spots, between which small green dots are scattered ; the an-
terior and posterior sides of the thigh and the loin are bright yellow,
with irregular reticulated blaék spots. The pupil is open, horizon-
tally elliptic, and crossed by a very distinct blackish vertical band.
We have given a second figure of the same individual (fig. B) when
asleep : the dark spots disappear entirely, the ground-colour becomes
lighter, sometimes even lighter than it is indicated in the figure ; the
green dots are very indistinct, and the numerous tubercles with which
the skin is covered are whitish at the top. The pupil is contracted
into a minute square opening, from which four black lines radiate.
This species is very nimble in its motions, making great leaps
when pursued, and darting after flies from 8 to 10 inches distant ;
but it frequently misses its aim in these attempts. I have heard
it emit a sound, but only when it was caught, and which I cannot
otherwise describe except by comparing it with that emitted by
Hyla arborea under similar circumstances.
Hyla krefftii (P|. XXX. fig. D).—A single specimen of this species,
lately described by myself *, being in the collection, I am enabled to
give a description of the natural colours. A broad brown band com-
mences between the eyes and extends to the vent, occupying the
back almost entirely ; it is lighter along the middle; another dark-
brown band descends obliquely from the eye to the humeral pit ;
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xi. p. 28, pl. 4. fig. C.
1863.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE EUROPEAN SEA-EAGLE. 251
the sides are light reddish olive, and covered with minute brown
dots, like the back. The hind part of the thigh is of a beautiful
purple colour. This species changes the colours but little; but they
appear darker and the markings more intense when the animal is
awake than when asleep. Our specimen is much less greedy and
less active than H. peronit, although it is not less slender, and makes
leaps as long as the other species; it selects its hiding-place on the
ground below some stones. I have not heard any voice from it ;
but I am not certain about its sex.
Hyla phyllochroa, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. figs. C, c).—Snout rather
short, broad, with the canthus rostralis angular. The vomerine
teeth form two very small groups, situated behind the level of the
hinder edge of the inner nostrils. Tympanum distinct, much smaller
than the eye. Tongue scarcely notched behind. Perfectly smooth
above ; belly granular; a fold across the chest. Fingers one-fourth
webbed ; the membrane between the toes does not extend to the ter-
minal disk. Uniform green above, white below; a very narrow,
slightly prominent black line, edged with yellow superiorly, runs
i the eye, above the tympanum, to the side of the body, where it
is lost.
Besides the living specimen in the Society’s menagerie, I have exa-
mined three others in the British Museum (two from Sydney, received
through Messrs. Cuming and Krefft, and one from Errumanga, New).
This species possesses the faculty of changing its colours only in a
slight degree; it is generally of a uniform light sap-green, which,
under certain circumstances, becomes darker. I have not heard a
voice from it. Those in the British Museum are females ; the largest
has the ovaria fully developed, and measures 17 lines from snout to
vent; the hind leg 29 lines.
3. Nore oN THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EUROPEAN SEA-EAGLE
tN Nortu America. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D.,
F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
It is well known that the European Sea-Eagle is found in Green-
land. Professor J. Reinhardt, in his article on the Ornithology of
- Greenland, published in the ‘Ibis’ for 1861*, states that it is ‘ very
common” in that country, occurring ‘‘in South Greenland all the
year round, in North Greenland only in summer.” But I am not
aware that any instance is hitherto known of this Eagle having been
met with on the continent of North America ; indeed Professor Baird,
in his ‘Birds of North America,’ states the contrary to be the
case. I have therefore thought that it would be desirable to place
on record a short statement of the facts which induce me to believe
that the Haliaétus albicillus is not merely an occasional visitant to
_ the northern shores of North America, but even resides and breeds
in that country.
In December 1861, Mr. A. W. Crichton deposited in the Society’s
* List of the Birds hitherto obseryed in Greenland,” Ibis, 186], p. 1.
252 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE EUROPEAN SEA-EAGLE. [June 23,
Gardens two young Eagles. Although it is not possible to be cer-
tain of the species of Haliaéti in their immature plumage, these two
birds seemed to be of the common European species. I was there-
fore much surprised when Mr. Crichton informed me that he had
obtained them in Nova Scotia. One of the two birds deposited by
Mr. Crichton died in our Gardens in June 1862. The companion
bird, which was presented by Mr. Crichton to Lord Lilford, still
lives in his lordship’s menagerie, and, as I am informed by its noble
owner, although two years old, shows no indication of being anything
else than Haliaétus albicillus. I subjoin Mr. Crichton’s kind reply
to my application for exact particulars as to the capture of these birds.
“11 Eaton Place, S.W.
“My pEAR ScLATeR,—It would give me the utmost pleasure
were I able to give you more satisfactory answers to your queries
concerning the American Eagle ; but I will tell you all I know about
them. One morning (August 12th, 1861) a rough-looking seafaring
Yankee appeared at the mess-room door of the barracks where I
was staying when at Halifax, Nova Scotia, with a young Eagle under
each arm, which he offered for sale. All I could learn from him was
that he had obtained them ‘‘somewhere up the coast”’ by cutting
down a tree. The exact spot (even had the man been aware of its
name, which I doubt) I am sorry I did not take the precaution to
register. I never felt perfectly certain myself as to what they were,
whether washingtonit, Jard., or leucocephalus, Savigny; but the
present state of plumage of the survivor must begin to speak for
itself. I have not yet seen Lord Lilford this season, and so know
nothing of the present state of the case. With my best regards,
** Believe me, yours very truly,
«ARTHUR WILLIAM CRICHTON.”
“ Saturday, June 20th.”
So far for one instance, which appears tolerably conclusive as to
the breeding of Haliaétus albicillus in Nova Scotia. But I have a
second case, which seems equally circumstantial in its details. On
the 25th of last month Mr. J. Rendall, of Old Palace, Croydon, pre-
sented to the Society a specimen of the European Sea-Eagle, taken
from the nest near St. John’s, Newfoundland, by his brother. In
answer to my application, Mr. Rendall informs me that he has
mislaid the letter that advised him of the shipment of the Eagle in
question, but that he is quite certain of its having been obtained by
his brother in Newfoundland in the manner stated.
I shall, of course, not neglect to get further information of the
exact spot where this latter bird was obtained, when Mr. Rendall’s
brother arrives in this country, which will shortly be the case. But
looking at the map, and observing the close proximity of the shores
of Southern Greenland (where Haliaétus albicillus is common) to
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, I am only surprised that this bird
has never before been noticed on the American continent.
P.S. Since this paper was read, I have received information from
Mr. Rendall that the Eagle in question was taken from a nest in
1863.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW BATAGUR. 253
Placentia Bay, about 100 miles from St. John’s, Newfoundland,
where this species breeds every year.
4, Notice or Aa New Species or Batracur From NortuH-
WESTERN [npr1A. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., evc.
Sir Andrew Smith, M.D., has lately sent to the British Museum,
with some other interesting reptiles, a young specimen of Batagur
from the River Chenab, which seemed different from any that I had
hitherto seen; but I was disinclined to describe a species on a single
specimen in a young condition.
Dr. Giinther, the other day, found in a collection that was offered
for sale at Chatham a specimen of a Batagur, which he thought was
different to any that we had in the Museum ; and I have little doubt
that this specimen is an older and probably nearly adult specimen of
the same species as that sent to the Museum by Sir Andrew Smith.
I therefore proceed to give a short notice of them.
The species is intermediate in character between the sections Ka-
chuga and Pangshura. It has the elongated rhombic fourth verte-
bral plate of Pungshura; but the feet are very broad, the toes long,
the claws elongate; the back is evenly rounded, and the second ver-
tebral plate broad and six-sided, as in Kachuga.
BaATAGUR SMITHII.
Shell oblong above, rather wider and very slightly dentated be-
hind; the back regularly rounded, interruptedly and subnodosely
keeled. The three first vertebral shields oblong; the first rather
urceolate ; the second subhexangular, rather broader than long ; the
third narrower, nearly twice as long as broad, with a prominent keel
on the hinder half; the fourth very long, tapering, and very narrow
in front, square, truncated, and keeled behind ; nuchal shield small ;
marginal shields broad, the sixth and tenth with the upper edge pro-
duced upwards ; the sternum flat, slightly keeled on the sides, white,
it and the underside of the marginal shields blotched with blackish ;
the gular plate triangular.
Hab. North-western India: Punjab; “River Chenab, 3rd De-
cember, 1848.”
The younger specimen is not so strongly keeled; the second and
third vertebral plate are rather broader compared with their length,
and the fourth is more nearly lozenge-shaped.
This species, which will be figured in Dr. Giinther’s ‘ Reptiles of
British India,’ which he is preparing for the Ray Society, may be
known from B. lineata, which it most resembles, by the shell being
more ovate, and by the form of the fourth vertebral plate, which is
so contracted in front that it is not wider than the keel of the third
_ vertebral shield.
I have named this species after my excellent friend Sir Andrew
Smith, the late Director-General of the Army Medical Board, an
encourager of science, and very accurate and industrious herpetolo-
gist and traveller.
254 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW GEOCLEMYS. [June 23,
5, DEscRIPTION OF A New GEOCLEMYS LATELY LIVING IN
THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. By Dr. J.
E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., Etc.
Some time ago the British Museum received a Geoclemys from
the Zoological Society that had been living in the Gardens, which
we have preserved in spirits. Having occasion to examine it the
other day, in connexion with some other Terrapens more lately re-
ceived, it appears to be distinct from any other that. we have, and
from any that I can find described. Unfortunately it was not ac-
companied by any account whence it came, so that I cannot give
its habitat.
GEOCLEMYS CALLOCEPHALUS.
Shell oblong, convex, bluntly keeled ; dark blackish brown ; shields
thin, slightly ringed, the margin nearly entire ; vertebral shields about
as long as broad, the second and third rather longer; nuchal shield
short ; the marginal shields broad, the ninth rather higher than the
rest ; underside of these yellow, not spotted or ringed; the sternum
convex, rather bent up in front, broadly truncated before, and behind
pale yellow, more or less blackish on each side of the central line.
The upper part and side of the neck pale; the upper part of the legs
closely speckled with minute black dots; the front of the fore legs
pale, with some black spots on the edge of the large flat scales which
cover this part; the front toes short, coalesced nearly to the claws,
with a few rather narrow angular shields on the upper surface; the
palms covered with moderate scales, and with a cross row of five
large, nearly uniform-sized, squarish shields on the hinder part of the
wrist ; the hind legs covered with small scales ; the hind foot broad,
the toes short, and coalesced like the front one, but with rather larger
shields above the soles, with moderate-sized scales, and with some large
triangular shields at the hinder part of the heel, in two or three
series ; the chin and throat white, spotless ; the head rather flattened ;
the eyes lateral; upper jaw slightly notched in front; the crown of
the head (in spirits) pale, with three black-edged white broad streaks
concentric one within the other, and diverging parallelly towards the
occiput, where they are lost among the black specks; cheek with
five or six narrow black horizontal lines, the lower bending up to the
tip of the ears; there is an obscure black streak from the nose to
the middle of the orbit, and a narrow streak near the upper edge of
1863.] MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON ANEW MACRUROUS DECAPOD, 255
the upper jaw, and some black oblong spots on the lower side of the
ear and temple, which may be more distinct in the living specimen.
Hab, Unknown; perhaps China.
This species in several respects agrees in form and appearance with
Emys chinensis, of which, as is shown by the specimen brought by
Mr. Swinhoe to this country, the Tortoise described by me as Emys
bennetti is only the adult. It is at once known from ZL. chinensis
by the minutely speckled body and the bands on the head, and by
the under surface of the marginal shield being destitute of any rings
or spots. The head and neck of ZL. chinensis are covered with uni-
form narrow black lines, which on the chin and throat form circles.
E. chinensis, like I’. bealei, is a true Emys, with slender, distinctly
developed toes and fingers, which are united by a web to the claw,—
E. chinensis having moderate-sized thick scales in the front of the
fore legs, with some larger and broader scales, or small shields, scat-
tered among them, and £. éealei small granular scales on the legs,
with three or four broad, thin, lunate, band-like shields across the
front of the fore legs.
In the black speck on the neck and body, and the ornamental
lines on the head, this species has some affinity to ZL. pulcherrima,
described and figured in my Catalogue from a very young specimen,
said to come from Mexico. But this habitat is doubtful, as some
other animals, procured from the same person and said to be from the
same habitat, have proved to be from other countries. This species
also, as far as can be judged from the dry state of the specimen, may
probably be a Geoclemys.
6. DrescrirTION or A New Species or Macrurovus Decarop
CRUSTACEAN BELONGING TO THE GENUS PENa&US, FROM
THE Coast or Portrugat. By James YATE JOHNSON,
Corr. Mem. Z.S.
PENZUS BOCAGEI, sp. n.
The subcylindrical carapace is less than half the length of the ab-
domen, including the caudal segment, and is excavated at the middle
of the posterior margin. A median crest commences near the poste-
rior margin, and projects in front as the rostrum, which is more than
half the length of the carapace. This rostrum extends much beyond
the eyes, but not quite so far as the distal extremity of the peduncle
of the superior antennee. It has a slight sigmoid flexure, is com-
pressed, and is marked at each side with two low crests and two
grooves. Its lower edge is simple ; but its upper edge carries eight
small teeth, the first of which is over its base, and the last some little
distance from its anterior extremity. There is a fringe of hair at
the lower edge posteriorly. The median crest of the carapace carries
a single tooth, which is distant from the anterior margin about one-
third of the length of the carapace. At each side of the carapace, a
little in front of this tooth, there is a large tooth or small spine, in
256 MR.J.¥.JOHNSON ON A NEW MACRUROUS DECAPOD. [June 23,
the neighbourhood of which there isa depression. Above the spine
a narrow and somewhat sinuous groove extends nearly the whole
length of the carapace. A little behind each anterior angle of the
carapace there is another spine smaller than the one last mentioned.
The anterior margin of the carapace is deeply excavated at the base
of the inferior antennze, and between this excavation and the base of
the ocular peduncle there is a strong sharp tooth or spine; whilst
over the base of the eye-stalk there is a minute angular projection,
hardly to be called a tooth. The eye is large, bemg both broader
and longer than its stalk.
The superior antenne have the basal joint of the peduncle broad
and much hollowed to receive the eye, and its inner border carries a
short lamellar appendage. Each has two filaments with thickened
bases, of which one is nearly twice as long as the other, and the
longer has a length nearly equal to that of the carapace exclusive of
the rostrum. ‘The basal joint of the inferior antennz is short and
thick, and it has a small emargination in front on the upper side.
Their palps are large, extending very nearly as far as the rostrum,
and they are shaped like the quarter of an elongated ellipse; but
the thick outer margin curves slightly inwards, and projects in front
as a short tooth. The inner margin is fringed with hair. The fila-
ment is longer than the total length of the Crustacean, including the
rostrum.
All the feet are slender, and the first three pairs are two-fingered,
with ovate hands, the rest being monodactyle: none are multiarticu-
late. The order of their length, commencing with the longest, is
5, 4=3, 2, 1; the third and fourth pairs reach beyond the eyes ;
the first pair has a fringe of hair at the under edges of all the joints,
and the second and third joints each carry a spine at the distal ex-
tremity of the underside. ‘The first pair of pedipalps is long, slender,
and pediform ; they extend beyond the eyes.
The abdomen is subcompressed in front, much compressed behind,
and the anterior five segments are furnished with large and promi-
nent false feet, each terminated by a pair of narrow flexible plates
fringed with hair, of which the outer one is longer; the basal joint
is shorter than either. All the segments have their inferior margins
fringed with hair. The fourth, fifth, and sixth segments possess a
median keel, which terminates posteriorly with a small sharp tooth ;
and the sixth segment has in addition a small tooth at each posterior
angle. The posterior margins of the fourth and fifth segments have
a small notch at the middle of each side. The seventh or caudal
segment is about as long as the sixth, which is longer than any of
the preceding segments ; it is narrow, terminates in a point, and is
armed with a small spine at each side near the posterior extremity.
The lateral plates are narrowly oval and fringed with hair; both
pairs extend beyond the seventh abdominal segment, but the outer
plates are larger than the inner, which latter have a longitudinal me-
dian groove on the upper surface between two low crests. There is
also a groove on the upper surface of the exterior plates; but it is
not in the median line, and it terminates at the outer margin not far
RP PE Or eae se sere
1863.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW SPONGE. 257
from the posterior extremity of the plate. At this place there is a
small sharp tooth, and here commences a low erest which crosses
the plate with a curve and divides it into two unequal portions. The
common basal joint of these plates has a small sharp tooth at its
postero-exterior angle.
Large quantities of this Peneus are taken at the mouth of the
Tagus during the spring and summer months; and it frequently
appears on the breakfast-tables of the hotels in Lisbon, where indeed
it first attracted my attention. It is known in the market under the
name of “ Camarao,” 7. e. Prawn. The living Crustacean has a pale
red colour, which deepens on being boiled into the pinky red of our
Prawn. It may be readily distinguished from Peneus caramote,
which has also been taken on the coast of Portugal, by the single
crest on the carapace, by the absence of teeth from the underside of
the rostrum, by the presence of a spine near the anterior lateral
angles of the carapace in addition to the spine between the bases of
the inferior antennze and the eye-stalks, by the much greater length
of the filaments of the superior antennz, which in P. caramote are
not more than a fourth of the length of the carapace minus the
rostrum, by the absence of spines from the two basal joiuts of the
second and third pairs of legs, and by the presence of a single spine,
in place of three, at each side of the caudal segment of the abdomen.
Examples having a total length, including the rostrum, of 53 inches,
and a carapace with a width of rather more than half an inch, are not
uncommon ; but the finest specimen I have seen was kindly pre-
sented to me by Dr. J. V. Barbosa de Bocage, Director of the Royal
Museum of Lisbon. This specimen, which is now in the British
Museum, has the following dimensions :—
inches.
Total length from tip of rostrum to end of caudal
Os nea eR Sea teed IN Rel eb A ey es 6,5
eS Ga Se pega ecg
Carapace, without rostrum, measured at the side, and
including the frontal spine ............ os 118
Carapace, width.... ..... aSyibte ma eit be ret ie 9 he io
Abdomen, length to the tip of the caudal segment.. 312
2 A a ig SS
Fifth legs, length ....... 2,5
Outer pedipalps, length............ aaa SMe 1°,
7. DescriIPTioNn oF A New SILIcEous SPONGE FROM THE Coast
or Maperra. By James YATE JoaNnson, Corr. Mem. Z.S.
Order SILICEA, Bowerbank.
DactTyLoca.yx, Bowerbank, Phil. Trans. 1862.
Skeleton siliceo-fibrous. Fibres solid, cylindrical. Reticulations
unsymmetrical,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XVII.
258 MR. J. Y¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW SPONGE. [June 23,
DacTyLocaLyx BOWERBANKII, Sp. nl.
The skeleton of this sponge is composed of an inelastic network
of silex of a dense and irregular structure. Under a power of sixty
diameters a slice of it resembles the crumb of bread, without any
trace of the structure resembling spoked wheels, such as is exhibited
by a siliceous sponge preserved in the Museum at Paris under the
name of Iphiteon—a similar structure being also seen in the pith of
some water-plants. The fibre is smooth, but somewhat nodulous.
The skeleton is covered with a rather thin crust, of a close texture,
without conspicuous orifices, and this crust abounds with large
spicula of the form denominated “ spiculated patento-ternate” by
Dr. Bowerbank in his memoir read before the Royal Society in 1857 ;
and some of them are developed into the dichotomo-patento-ternate
form, such as is represented in fig. 48 of plate 23 of the ‘ Philoso-
phical Transactions’ for that year. But in the sponge under de-
scription the shaft is not prolonged through the common base of the
triradiating branches, and the second division of these branches is
much longer than the first or third; the third division, or ultimate
branchlets, are pointed, and not in the same plane with each other
or with the preceding portion of the branch, just as in the case of
the spiculum represented in the figure already referred to. The
shafts of the spicula project into the reticulations of the skeleton.
In addition to the large spicula, the dermal membrane abounds with
minute elongo-stellate spicula having short stout cylindrical radii ;
and a very few of these are dispersed in the interstitial membranes
beneath the dermis. On the surface of the skeleton, immediately
beneath the dermis, there is an abundance of long acuate spicula, dis-
posed either singly or in fasciculi which are often parallel with each
other. These acuate spicula are not found in the deeper interstitial
portions of the sponge, but a few long, very slender, and flexuous
spicula are occasionally to be found there. No sexradiate spicula
could be detected, nor were any gemmules observed.
The single example of this sponge which has been obtained was
brought up from deep water off the coast of Madeira. It was at-
tached to a rock or stone by the middle portion of the underside.
Its colour is white; and although its texture even when fresh was
firm, the finger-nail easily made a permanent impression upon its
surface. The animal matter was in comparatively small quantity.
When a portion of the sponge was immersed in nitric acid it acquired
a yellow tinge. The shape is that of a concave disk or shallow cup,
with the border undulated into a few strong folds, some of which
rise two or three inches above the rest of the surface. In one instance
the opposite sides of a fold have grown together. The general ap-
pearance calls to mind a large fungus such as is sometimes seen
attached to the trunk of an old tree. It measures fourteen inches
across in one direction, in another twelve inches, and it has a thick-
ness varying from half an inch to nearly an inch.
Dr. Gray has had the kindness to let me examine the half of a
siliceous sponge which came into his possession from Mr. Stutchbury,
who obtained it, I understand, from Barbadoes, and described it in
as
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 259
the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1841, p. 86, under the
name of Dactylocalyx pumiceus, in these words :—‘“ Sponge fixed,
siliceous ; incurrent canals uniform in size; excurrent canals large,
forming deep sinuosities in the outer surface, radiating from the root
to the outer circumference.”” Comparing the sponge now described
with Dr. Gray’s, I find in mine no well-marked system of incurrent
and excurrent canals with large orifices, as in the Barbadian sponge,
which latter is of a much more open and porous texture, and besides
exhibits in its present state not the slightest trace of a skin.
Dedicated to Dr. J. S. Bowerbank, F.R.S., who has devoted his
attention for many years to the Spongiadz, and who is now giving
to the scientific world, through the medium of the ‘ Philosophical
Transactions,’ the results of his important investigations.
8. CATALOGUE OF THE Birps or CHINA, WITH REMARKS PRIN-
CIPALLY ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION. By
Rosert SwinuHor, F.Z.S.
PsITTACID&.
1. Patzornis rosa, Bodd.
P. bengalensis, Briss.
P. cyanocephalus, L.
P. flavicollaris, Frankl. ; Jerdon, Birds of India, i. p. 259.
Two pairs of this species were shot, out of a flock in autumn near
Canton, by Dr. Dod, two of which were kindly given me by that
gentleman for identification. This is the only well-authenticated
imstance of the occurrence of any of the Parrot-group in China.
The Chinese call all Parrots “ Ying-ko,” and import various species
from the Straits as cage-birds.
FAaLCONID2.
2. AquiLa HELIACA, Savigny.
A, imperialis, Cuv.
A, mogilnik, Gr.; Bp. Consp. Ay. p. 13.
An immature male of this species was shot at the close of 1861,
near Foochow, by Mr. A. Andrews. The specimen was identified
by Mr. J. H. Gurney. I have lately received a letter from Mr. An-
drews informing me that he had this last winter shot another Eagle,
a female, probably of the same species as the first, at Foochow.
3. HALiAETUS ALBICILLA, L.
Hab. Amoorland (v. Schrenck, Amurland, p. 223).
Captain Blakiston’s expedition-party shot one on the 23rd of
February at Chinkiang, on the Yangtsze, the head and leg of which
were brought home and identified by Mr. J. H. Gurney. I once
saw a large Sea-Kagle in the month of December at Amoy, which I
believe to be of this species; and I was assured of its occasional
260 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
occurrence during the same season at Hongkong by the late Dr.
Harland, a most diligent and accurate observer, whose collections in
the various branches of natural history at present enrich the Museum
of Scarborough, his native place.
4. Hautaiitus pevacicus, Pall.
Hab. Sea-coasts of the Amoorland, Mantchuria, and Japan.
Not hitherto observed in China.
5. PANDION HALIAETUS, L.
Hab. Amoorland (v. Schrenck) and Japan. Abundant on all the
rivers and bays of Formosa and China. The Chinese and Formosan
specimens are rather smaller than those from Europe.
6. PoLiorRNIS POLIOGENYS, Temm.
Buteo pyrrhogenys, Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Originally described from Japan; since procured at Tientsin by
Mr. Fleming, R.A. (see P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 315; and The Ibis, 1863,
p- 88).
7. Burro saponicus, Schleg. Faun. Jap. t. 6; Bp. Consp. Av.
p. 18.
Closely allied to the European Buzzard, but never acquires the
dark plumage of the adult of that bird. Its tarsi, moreover, as
Bonaparte remarks in his ‘ Conspectus Avium,’ are more feathered.
Found in Amoy, Hongkong, and Canton, in the winter only.
8. Mitvus metanotis, Schleg.
M. govinda, Sykes, of some of my lists of Chinese Birds in The Ibis.
M. niger, var. melanotis, von Schrenck, Amurland.
Found throughout China, from Canton to Talien Bay, in the
Amoorland, in Japan, and in Formosa.
9. Fatco sacer (Schleg.), Bp. Consp. Av. p. 24.
Procured by myself at Pekin (see The Ibis, 1863, p. 88).
10. Fauco perecrinus, L.
Occurs from Canton to the Amoor. Found also in Japan and
Formosa.
11. Fatco sussuTeo, L.
Found in Amoorland, according to v. Schrenck. I have seen speci-
mens from Tientsin, Hankow (Central China), Foochow, and Amoy.
12. Fatco vEsPERTINUS, L.
Found in Amoorland (v. Schrenck), in Talien Bay, and in the
neighbourhood of Pekin.
13. Fatco asaLon, L. Merlin.
I have seen specimens from Pekin, Amoy, and Foochow.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 261
14, TinnuNCULUs sApPontcus, Schleg. Faun. Jap. t.1, la; Bp.
Consp. Ay. p. 27. Japanese Kestrel.
Common in South China and Formosa; somewhat rare about
Pekin. The Kestrel mentioned by v. Schrenck as occurring some-
what scantily in Amoorland is probably the same. I have, however,
one specimen from Amoy, in which the colours are lighter and clearer,
and the back considerably less spotted, as in the 7’. alaudarius of
Europe.
15. AsturR PALUMBARIUS, L. Goshawk.
This bird is found in the neighbourhood of Pekin. I have there
seen it carried on the wrist by natives for the purposes of hawking.
It is noted by von Schrenck as found in Amoorland.
16. Accrp1reR Nisus, L. Sparrow-Hawk.
Occurs from Canton to the Amoor; also in Japan.
17. Micronisus soLtoEnsis, Horsf.
Falco cuculoides, Temm. Pl. Col. 110, 129 ; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 33.
I have seen specimens from Amoy, Foochow, and Tientsin. A
good mark of distinction in this species, as pointed out by Mr. J. H.
Gurney, is the clear unspotted cream-colour of the axillaries.
18. Micronisus cuiaris, Schleg.
I have seen skins from Amoy and Formosa. It inhabits also Japan,
whence originally described and figured in the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’
19. MicRONISUS STEVENSONI.
Aceipiter stevensoni, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 447, pl. 11.
A resident species at Hongkong, Canton, and Macao. One spe-
cimen received from Tientsin.
20. Crrcus cyAnevus, L.
From Canton to the Amoor.
21. Crrcus swarnsonil, A. Smith.
C. pallidus, Sykes.
A female specimen of this was procured by Captain Blakiston on
the Yangtsze, and identified by Mr. Gurney.
22. CrRCUS MELANOLEUCUS, Pennant.
Procured by Mr. Fleming, R.A., at Tientsin. Probably extends
throughout the interior of China, as it is common in the plains of
Hindostan.
23. Circus sPILONOTUS, Kaup; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 213, pl. 5.
Found in South China ; especially abundant in the neighbourhood
of Amoy. Has also been procured from Singapore and the Philip-
pines.
262 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
STRIGID.
24, ATHENE CucuULOIDES, Vigors; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 40.
From Canton to Ningpo.
25. Ninox JAPONICUS.
Strix hirsutajaponica, Schleg. Faun. Jap.t.9; Bp.Consp. Av.p.4l.
From Amoy to Tientsin; found also in Formosa. Originally de-
scribed from Japan.
26. KeTura CEYLONENSIS, Gmel. Crab-Owl.
Procured only from the hills of Hongkong. Abundant in Ceylon
and in many parts of India.
27. Scors semirorQuEs, Schleg. Faun. Jap.
S. lempiji, var. lettia, Hodgs., Blyth’s Catalogue.
South China ; as yet only traced from Canton to Foochow, thence
across to Formosa. Also in Japan, and throughout the hilly regions
of India. Is replaced in the Malayan peninsula by the allied S.
lempiji, Horsf.
28. Scors saponicus, Schleg.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 48.
S. bakkamena, Penn.
From Canton to Peking; also in Japan. Occurs in South China
in winter, and is found in Tientsin during summer. I procured it
at Amoy twice, and have seen it on several occasions in winter only,
and Captain Blakiston procured one at Canton on the 15th of No-
vember ; hence I infer it to be a bird of passage, spending the summer
in North China and Japan, and wintering in South China. Is pro-
bably the same as the bird of Hindostan, S. bakkamena, Penn. ; at
least it has been so identified by Mr. E. Blyth.
29. Buso MAximus, Sibbold. Great Horned Owl.
B. atheniensis (Aldrov.), Bp. Consp. Av. p. 48.
Strix bubo, L.; von Schrenck, Amurland, p. 249.
From Canton to Talien Bay, and thence on to the Amoor. In
many parts of China it is by no means rare throughout the year.
30. Orus vutearis, Flem. Long-eared Owl.
Otus vulgaris, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 50.
Strix (Aigolius) otus, L.; v. Schrenck, Amurland, p. 246,
Procured by Mr. Fleming at Tientsin. Found in Amoorland (v.
Schrenck), and more or less common in many parts of China proper.
31. Orus Bracuyotus (Gmel.). Short-eared Owl.
Brachyotus palustris, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 51.
Striz (Aigolius) brachyotus, v. Schrenck, Amurland, p. 246.
From Canton to the Amoor.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 263
32, SyRNIUM sINENSE, Lath.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 52.
Said to have been received from Canton. I have never come across
the bird.
CAPRIMULGID.
33. CapRIMULGUS JoTAKA, Schleg.
C. dytiscivorus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 130.
C. swinhoii, Blyth.
Tarsi feathered ; allied to C. europaeus, L.
Summers in North China and Japan; common in South China,
chiefly in spring and autumn; when in its migration it spends two
months in Amoy and Hongkong. Old birds very black, with much
- less buff markings. White spots on the primary quills of male very
variable in size. White band on tail also variable in breadth, and
at different distances from tip in different specimens. In the freshly
moulted males both are strongly tinged with buff.
The female has no band across the tail, and the spots on the under-
neck and wings are rust-coloured instead of white. Her whole
plumage is much more rufescent.
Both sexes in the very young plumage have no spots on the wings
or tail, the throat of the male alone showing whitish patches.
34. CaprimMuLGus sticTomus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 250.
Tarsi bare ; allied to C. monticola of India and C. affinis of Java.
Outer tail-feathers in male white. Spends the summer in the south
of China; found near Amoy in September and October. Amoy
Specimens very rufescent and clearly marked. Formosan variety
smaller and very pale.
CyPpsELID.
35. ACANTHYLIS CAUDACUTA, Lath.
Hirundo fusea, Shaw.
Chetura australis, Steph.
C. macroptera, Sw.
C. nudipes, Hodgs.
Cypselus leuconotus, Deless.
Hirundo ciris, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. p. 541.
Most naturalists are, I believe, now agreed that the Himalayan
and Australian birds are one and the same species, and identical with
the individual that was shot in England. In the south of China I
never saw but one pair; the male I secured. This specimen agrees
entirely with Australian skins. Von Schrenck observed this Swift in
Amoorland; and it is doubtless the bird described by Pallas as
Hirundo ciris. j
36. CypsELus viTratus, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. n. s. t. 39.
Closely allied to C. pacificus, Lath. (C. australis, Gould). Sexes
of similar plumage ; wings and tail of variable length in both, in the
former seldom more than 3 inch difference between two specimens.
264 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
Found as a summer visitant in China, from Amoy to Talien Bay ;
also in Formosa. Not noticed in von Schrenck’s ‘Amurland.’
37. CypsELUS suBFURCATUS, Blyth, J. A. S. xviii.
C. affinis, var., Strickland, P. Z. 8. 1846, p. 99.
Larger than C. afinis, J. Gr., and of a much blacker and glossier
colour, with much more white on the throat; tail longer and sub-
furcate. Approaches C. vittatus more nearly than C. affinis does.
Sexes alike. Wings vary somewhat in length in individuals. Re-
sident on the Chinese coast not much higher than Amoy, whence it
ranges southwards to Malacca. Found also in southern Formosa.
Ururpip2.
38. Upura repors, L.
U. vulgaris, Pall.
A resident bird throughout China, from Canton to Talien Bay.
Found also in Amoorland, according to von Schrenck. Chinese speci-
mens identical with the European bird. Some individuals are strongly
imbued with a rufous tinge. The young are at once distinguishable
by their much shorter bills. Builds in holes of walls and exposed
Chinese coffins. The younglings call for food with a hissing note.
The male during the breeding-season utters its song of love, ‘‘ Hoo-
hoo-hoo.”’ To produce these notes the bird draws the air into its
trachea, which puffs out on either side of the neck, and the end of
the bill is tapped perpendicularly against a stone or the trunk of a
tree, when the breath being forced down the tubular bill produces
the correct sound. I have watched a male crying on a rope, where,
instead of striking its bill, it merely jerked its head. The song then
given forth was quite different, sounding more like ‘ hoh-hoh-hoh.”
Feeds on worms, for which it stamps the ground with its feet, clutch-
ing them by the head with its bill. It bruises the worm by beating
it against the ground, and then, throwing up its head, jerks it down
to its small mouth, and finally swallows it.
CucuLip&.
39. EuDYNAMYS ORIENTALIS.
Cuculus orientalis, niger, mindanensis, et scolopaceus, L.
C. maculatus, Gmel.
A summer visitant to the extreme south of China; common about
Canton. I have a specimen from Swatow; but I do not think it
ranges much higher. I have never found it at Amoy. For an ac-
count of the bird as observed at Canton, see The Ibis, 1861, p. 46.
40. Cucutvus canorvus, L.
I have a series of each of two forms from Chima, both of which Mr.
Blyth refers to C. canorus. I have a skin from Tientsin, one from
Peking, and a third from Foochow—all undoubtedly true C. canorus,
with white underparts banded with narrow bars, and the axillaries
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 265
also similarly banded. On the Foochow hills I have heard the true
Cuckoo-note in June. Of the second series, I have one from Tientsin,
and four from Amoy. ‘These are of similar form, with fulvescent
under parts banded with much broader bars more widely set, with
the axillaries nearly barless. One has a somewhat large bill, and
two are almost entirely blackish brown in the parts which should
be grey. I have never heard the notes of the race that touches in
greatest abundance at Amoy in its migrations, and therefore will not
attempt at present to separate it. It may be found, on further
acquaintance, worthy of specific distinction. This variety is not
noted in Jerdon. The true Cuckoo is very variable in tints, length
of wing, and size of bill, and even in my small series leads away to the
following allied forms (which, however, differ from it in note) in
such a manner that I can hardly help thinking that the various races
interbreed, the offspring probably studying the note of that parent
to which its inherited form most assimilates, and to the society of
which it is on that account attracted. The straggler which I pro-
cured in south-west Formosa belongs to the second variety.
41. CucuLus HIMALAYANUS, Vigors (not of Gould’s ‘ Century,’
which=C. poliocephalus, Lath.).
C. saturatus, Hodgs.
I have an individual of this Cuckoo, shot at Amoy on its vernal
northward migration. It has been identified by Mr. Blyth, and
answers well to Jerdon’s description (Birds of India, i. p. 323). It
is of similar form to C. canorus, but is smaller and much more deeply
and brightly coloured. I have never observed it alive; but some
remarks on its habits and peculiar note are given in the work re-
ferred to.
42..Cucuuus mMicropTerus, Gould.
Of this I have also one shot at Amoy, in the neighbourhood of
which place it is frequently seen and heard in spring. It is a plain-
dressed species, with very broad and widely set bars on the under
parts ; smaller than C. canorus, with rather a large bill (see Jerdon,
Birds of India, i. p. 326, where an account ofits note and habits
are given).
43. CucuLUS HYPERYTHRUS, Gould.
I have only an immature bird, from Shanghai, the locality whence
Mr. Gould procured his typical specimen. This is a much more
powerful bird than C. canorus, with short wings and heavy bill.
The plumage of my bird is brown on the upper parts, with the yel-
lowish mottling of immaturity. The under parts are fulvous, barred
at long intervals with black, but there are deep-rust-colour indica-
tions of a change into what should be the plumage of the adult bird.
44. Hirrococcyx FUGAX.
Cuculus fugax, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii.
Cuculus sparvertoides, v. Schrenck, Amurland, i. p. 24, t. 10.
266 MR, R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
This abnormal form of Cuckoo, with peculiar bill and somewhat
graduated tail, is ably described by von Schrenck in the work above
noted, but wrongly referred to the much larger Himalayan type. It
is also noticed in Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of India,’ p. 331. I have seen it
in Hongkong in April; but have, unfortunately, ouly one individual
in hepatic or rufous plumage from Manilla, and must therefore direct
my readers to von Schrenck’s work, with the caution, however, that
the bird there figured is not in the plumage of the adult. This
species of Cuckoo is, curiously enough, spotted and streaked instead"
of being barred on the under parts. I have to thank Mr, Blyth for
drawing my attention to Dr. Horsfield’s type specimen in the E. I. C.
Museum, from the Straits, which appears identical with our bird.
45. PoLYPHASIA TENUIROSTRIS.
Cuculus tenuirostris, Gray.
A summer visitant to the south of China, though some few stay
very late. I have an adult male, shot at Amoy on the 9th of De-
cember 1857. Chinese specimens agree almost entirely with those
from India; but their tints are usually of a higher tone, the grey
runs lower down on the breast, the under parts are more brightly
rufescent, there is much more whitish on the edge of the carpus,
and much less white on the under wing. The bills and wings of my
specimens vary somewhat in length. Like the larger Cuckoos, this
bird in the adult plumage often exhibits bars of red on the upper
parts ; and frequent cases of the rufescent or hepatic plumage occur.
I have one adult male which is of a fine chestnut-red on the upper
parts barred with bronze-black, the under parts being rufous barred
with black and white. One specimen in the partial hepatic plumage
has an admixture of grey on the lower parts, showing a tendency to
the allied P. nigra of Hindostan. The notes of the Indian P. te-
nuirostris would appear, according to Jerdon, to differ from those of
our summer visitant.
46, CENTROPUS VIRIDIS, Scopoli.
C. bengalensis, Gmel.
C. lepidus, Horsf.
C. afinis, Horsf.
C. tolu, Raffles.
C. pumilus, Lesson, &c. (see Jerdon, Birds of India, i. p. 350).
This small Lark-heel is a resident species in South China, being
chiefly confined to islands. It is somewhat rare on the main, where
the large species abounds. In Formosa it is the only species. (See
The Ibis, 1861, p. 48.)
47, CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS, Illiger.
(For synonyms, see Jerdon, Birds of India, i. p. 348.)
C. sinensis, of my “Canton List,” Ibis, 1861, p. 49.
C. eurycercus, A. Hay.
The large Lark-heels from India, Malacca, and China have been
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 267
considered as three distinct species. The first I have received from
Mr. Blyth, the second from Siam through the kindness of Sir R.
Schomburgk, and I have a large series from Canton and Foochow.
In size, form of bill, and proportion of wings and tail-feathers, the bird
is as variable as in the distribution of black bars on its upper plu-
mage. I have skins showing quite as narrow tails as in C. rufipennis
of India, and others displaying even broader rectrices than in the
C. eurycercus from Siam. I have thus been compelled to unite them
together. The habits as well as the notes of the species observed
by myself tally closely with Jerdon’s remarks, with the exception
of what he states of the nest. I have never found the nest domed
as is that of C. viridis. It is shaped like a long narrow basket, made
almost entirely of fresh grass, suspended in the centre of a thick
hedge, and usually contains four pure-white eggs, ovate and not
roundish as those of its small ally. This Crow-pheasant is a resident
bird in South China, ranging a few hundred miles above Foochow,
—not quite so far north, I think, as Ningpo.
Picip&.
48. YuNx TORQUILLA, L.
Yunex japonica, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 112.
Summers in North China, the Amoor, Kamtschatka (v. Schrenck),
and Japan, and winters in South China, at which season it is very
common at Amoy. Lives almost entirely on ants. Specimens very
variable as to tints, spots, and markings. This Eastern form is
rather smaller, and offers a few peculiarities distinguishing it from
the European bird, but scarcely sufficient to cause it to be recognized
as anything more than a race of the European type.
49. MicrRoprerNvs FOKIENSIS, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 87.
Allied to M. phaioceps, Blyth, of India, and M. badius, Raffles,
of Java, which form Bonaparte and Malherbe’s genus Phaiopicus.
Procured at Foochow, where it is a resident species, and probably
extends throughout Southern China. I may here remark that a
Sumatran specimen received from Professor Schlegel, labelled P.
brachyurus, Vieill. (P. badius, Horsf.), is much larger than my Ma-
lacea specimens so named by Mr. Blyth, and has the throat strongly
mottled with blackish brown, as is the M. gularis, Jerdon, of South
India and Ceylon; but the various brown species with red spotted
cheeks in the male are so intimately connected by intermediate forms
from intermediate localities, that, like the Picus major group, they
cannot be regarded as more than local races. M. badiosus, Temm., of
Borneo, which I have also received from Professor Schlegel, seems
however to establish its own distinctness by the red markings of the
male extending in specks to the eyebrow and occiput.
50. Grecinus cANus, Gmelin.
Picus chloris, Pallas.
North China, about Pekin, where common; also Amoorland
(v. Schrenck).
268 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
51. Gecinus GUERINII, Malherbe.
Originally described from specimens from Shanghai. Procured
by Captain Blakiston on the Yangtsze, near Shanghai. Differs
chiefly from G. canus in its smaller size, in its deeper and more olive
plumage, in its larger frontal red patch, and in having a black-marked
occiput.
52. Gecinus TANCOLA, Gould, P. Z. S. 1863; Swinhoe, Ibis,
1863, p. 389.
Allied to G. occipitalis. The young in the nest are similar to
their parents in colour and markings, showing the usual sexual dis-
tinction; in this respect they differ from G. viridis, which has an
immature dress. I have a young pair (male and female) taken,
with the male parent, from a tree on the Pehling Mountains, near
Foochow. This species ranges over the higher hills of South China
and Formosa.
G. guerinii, from an intermediate locality, is quite intermediate
between this and the true G. canus. In G. canus the black on the
crown shows itself in faint streaks ; in G. guerinii it becomes marked,
and extends in a patch to the occiput ; in G. ¢ancola it is much more
extensive. In the same way the black moustache-streak, indistinct
and disconnected in the first, is more connected in the second, and
in the third a broad black line. In fact, part with part compared,
the entire plumage of G. guerinii takes an intermediate position be-
tween the two. Nevertheless specimens of G. canus from Pekin
are identical with European specimens, and show the barred imma-
ture plumage.
53. Picus MANDARINUS, Malherbe.
P. luciani,
P. gouldii, }+ Malherbe, Mon. Picidze.
P. cabanisi,
For remarks on this group of Chinese Woodpeckers, see P. Z. S.
1863, p. 88. Races of this variable bird are found throughout
China, from Canton to Pekin. The further north they extend the
whiter and more spotted they become, until the Amoorland is reached,
where von Schrenck reports the form identical with P. major of
Europe.
54. Picus scINTILLICEPS, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 96.
Belongs to the spark-headed group of small Pied Woodpeckers, of
which numerous species are recorded. Common about Pekin. A
smaller and browner species occurs in Japan (the P. kiswki of the
Faun. Jap.) ; and the form is represented in Formosa by a species
allied to the Chinese bird—my P. kaleénsis (see The Ibis, 1863,
p- 390).
55. Picus HYPERYTHRUS, Vigors, var. PoLIOPsISs, Swinhoe.
Abundant near Pekin. The Chinese bird is too close to that of
the Himalayas to be considered more than a variety of that bird (see
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 269
Ibis, 1863, p. 96). Its back is more barred with white, and it has
less rufous on the sides of the neck.
CAPITONID&.
56. MreGALAMA VIRENS, Bodd.
Bucco grandis, Gmel.
Inhabits wooded hills of Southern China, and the Himalayas. I
have received specimens from the neighbourhood of Foochow, and
Captain Blakiston shot it on the 16th of March near Canton.
ALCEDINID.
57. HALCYON SMYRNENSIS, L.
H. fuscus, Jerdon, Birds of India, i. p. 224.
A common resident species from Canton to the River Yangtsze.
58. HaLcyon ATRICAPILLA, Gmel.
H. pileata, Gray ex Bodd.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 155.
Also a resident species from Canton to the Yangtsze.
59. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS, Gmelin.
A. ispidioides, Lesson.
Found throughout Eastern Asia to the Amoor, in Japan, and in
Formosa. In the female the plumage is not so brilliant; but the
chief sexual distinction is her pale-yellowish-red under mandible,
which is always black, like the rest of the bill, in the male and young
bird. This I have found a constant character in the Chinese bird,
but I do not see it remarked in Jerdon’s account of this species, nor
yet in v. Schrenck’s ‘Amurland.’ The bill of the young bird is
tipped paler; its breast is washed with a dingy bluish grey, almost
black in some individuals ; the rufous has only a slight admixture
of yellow; and the upper plumage is paler and dingier. I suspect
that the mandibular distinction of the female will also be found to
hold good in the European Alcedo ispida, L., and I would call the
attention of British ornithologists to the fact.
60. CERYLE RUDIs, L.
Found about all rivers in South China from Canton to Foochow ;
does not extend so far north as Shanghai. The males carry two
bands across the breast. In very mature males the throat and under-
neck are spotted thickly with round black spots. In spots and par-
ticular markings my specimens vary a good deal.
CoraAciip&.
61. EurySTOMUS ORIENTALIS, L.
A summer visitant to Southern China; procured at Canton and
Foochow. At the latter port a male used to perch for the greater
part of the hot spring days on the top of a flagstaff, whence it
270 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
uttered its loud unmusical notes, springing at intervals into the air,
and after throwing a somerset returned to its post. This action
was not performed in the pursuit of insect food, but apparently in
play. Fora further account of its habits see The Ibis, 1861, p. 31.
CERTHIIDE.
62. T1cHODROMA MURARIA, L.
A specimen of a bird answering to this was shot by Mr. Consul
Gingell on the mountain-plateau near Foochow during winter. The
bird was accurately described to me by that gentleman, but I did
not see the specimen. I have never met the bird myself in China.
Certhia familiaris, L., is given from Amoorland and Japan. We
should therefore expect to meet with it in North China.
ParRIpD&.
63. Parus minor, Schleg. Faun. Japon. ; and
64, Parus cINEREUS, Vieill.
The first of these is the form found in Japan and from Chefoo
(Shantung promontory) down to Foochow. It is easily distinguished
from the second by its greenish-yellow back and its smaller bill. P.
cinereus is the form ranging over India and its archipelago, and has
a grey back. In Amoy we get the typical P. minor, and others with
grey backs, resembling the P. cinereus, but with the smaller bill of
P. minor, Between these two every stage of yellow and grey back
can be procured out of the same party of Tits. In Canton occasional
specimens of true P. cinereus occur, but the most ordinary form is
thevariety oscillating between the two species. Most Canton specimens
have, however, larger bills. I have never seen the typical P. minor
shot so far south as Canton ; and Mr. Blyth tells me that he has never
heard of the yellow- backed form being found in the Indian countries.
Hence it is but fair to consider the two extreme forms as good spe-
cies, and allow that they interbreed on the boundaries of their re-
spective localities, and blend into one another gradually and almost
imperceptibly. The large P. major, L., is said by Pallas to extend
throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka.
65. PARUS KAMTSCHATKENSIS, Bp.
P. borealis, Selys?.
P. palustris, var. borealis, von Schrenck, Amurland.
P. palustris, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 331.
This form of the Marsh-Tit prevails from Peking to Amoorland.
I have met no Marsh-Tit in South China. It has also been procured
from Hakodadi, Northern Japan.
66. MecisturA CAUDATA, L.
Mr. Gould remarks that Japanese specimens of the Long-tailed
Tit closely resemble British specimens, which offer variation from
those procured in continental Europe; while von Schrenck found
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 271
those from the Amoorland so similar to European birds that he has
set them down as identical. I have no specimens with me, but I
observed the form common about the plantations at Shanghai in
July 1857. Ihave never met them further south in China. Captain
Blakiston met them at Shanghai in January; hence we may infer
that in that neighbourhood at least they are a resident species, or
found both winter and summer.
67. SurHoRA WEBBIANA, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 70.
First procured by Mr. Webb near Shanghai. Captain Blakiston
met with it in large companies at Shanghai in January. He says
they hang about the twigs like Tits. I have never come across the
bird,
ALAUDID&.
68. MELANOCORYPHA MONGOLICA.
Alauda mongolica, Pall.
Frequents the Mongolian desert near Pekin, and is kept as a cage-
bird throughout China (see The Ibis, 1861, p. 333).
69. CALANDRELLA PISPOLETTA, Pall.
Alauda pispoletta, Pall.
Cultivated fields of Talien Bay, North China (see The Ibis, 1861,
p- 255). These have more conical bills and longer tails than the
European C. brachydactyla, and are doubtless referable to Pallas’s
species from Siberia.
70. ALAUDA ARVENSIs, L.
A, pekinensis, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 89.
A. japonica, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 333; 1863, p. 94.
A. arvensis, yon Schrenck, Amurland, &c., i. p. 2737.
The Skylark is abundant about Peking, and ranges into Amoor-
land, whence von Schrenck procured specimens. I have, since de-
scribing it as peculiar, seen specimens, shot in England, in Mr.
Tristram’s collection identical with my skins from Peking.
71. ALAUDA CANTARELLA, Bp.
A. intermedia, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 89.
This is the Lark that abounds in the valley of the Yangtsze and
Shanghai. It is intermediate between the above and the following.
This bird was first procured by Prince Bonaparte at Florence. Mr.
Tristram has one, shot by himself in Geneva, which is identical in
every way with the Shanghai bird. It is difficult to believe that
this form extends right across the vast continent, maintaining its
distinctness from 4. arvensis throughout ; but it seems rather that
the operation of similar causes in the extreme west and east has pro-
duced the same form.
272 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
72. ALaupa caivox, Swinhoe, Zoologist, 1860.
This is a small Lark common from Canton to Foochow, and in
Formosa. My specimens from the latter place are more largely
spotted on the back, and the streaks on the breast are much broader
and numerous, but they are otherwise so similar that they can only
be regarded as a race.
73. GALERIDA LEANTUNGENSIS.
Alauda leantungensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 256.
Common about the hills of cultivated valleys of Talien Bay, North
China. A species of crested Lark is noticed by Pallas as dlauda
galerita from Dauria.
74. Orocorys ALPESTRIS, L.
O. penicillata, Gould.
O. scriba, Bp.
O. albigula, Brandt.
A specimen was procured by Mr. Fleming at Tientsin (see The
Ibis, 1863, p. 95). Von Schrenck notes a bird of this genus as the
O. alpestris, L., from Amoorland. I haye compared mine, in com-
pany with Mr. Tristram, with a specimen of O. alpestris of Europe,
and we can find no difference. All the species of this genus appear
to get yellow faces in the breeding-season. art
75. CoRYDALLA RICHARDI, Vieill.
C. sinensis, Bp.
Anthus thermophilus, Hodgs., of my previous lists.
C. infuscata, Blyth.
I have a very large number of this species, shot at Amoy and else-
where in China, Siam, and India. It is in South China a winter
bird, but a few remain about the hills to breed. I found a few on
the Foochow hills in June; these were smaller, with larger bills and
legs, and darker and more distinctly marked plumage. I sent one
to Mr. Blyth, who, under the impression that it came from the
Philippines, christened it under the new name C. infuscata. But
between this and the ordinary winter race I have every gradation of
form and plumage. I also procured in spring at Amoy a few speci-
mens of a somewhat smaller Pipit, richly washed with ochreous ;
this is Bonaparte’s species C. sinensis, and, if correctly identified by
Mr. G. R. Gray, Anthus thermophilus, Hodgs. But here again in my
large series every step both in form and colour occurs between it and
the larger pale race. It is easy to conjecture how these different
climatic races of the same bird should turn up at one spot. For
the island of Amoy by its position affords a resting-place to vast
numbers of birds bound on widely different migrations; and the
different groups of the Richard’s Pipit, influenced in their forms and
tints by the greater or lesser heat of their birth-places and summer
resorts, and doubtless by other local causes, in passing to their winter
Pe ees
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 273
quarters rest for a few days on our island. The large pale variety
stays the cold season with us; the rich-tinted variety arrives early,
passes away, and returns late, thence showing that it has a long way
to travel southwards. The intermediate forms are less regular in
their movements. As the nesting-area is found to be more fixed
than their winter haunts, the same birds returning to breed year after
year to the same spot, it is not improbable that the extreme forms
of these races would be found to inhabit in summer areas widely
divided, the intermediate gaps being filled up with forms interme-
diate and approximating most nearly to those to which they were
nearest, until amalgamation would ensue.
76. Anraus (AGrRopRoMA) GusTAvi, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 90.
Touches at Amoy during the first fortnight of May, bound from
the south into the interior of Central China.
77. ANTHUS BLAKISTONI, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1663, p. 90.
Allied to A. obscurus, Gmel. Procured by Captain Blakiston on
the Yangtsze. A species referred to 4. aquaticus is noticed by von
Schrenck from Kamtschatka; and the same is also given by Schlegel
from Japan. These may be identical with our species.
78. ANTHUS CERVINUS, Pall.
A winter bird in South China and Formosa, which passes the
summer in Kamtschatka and the northern regions. Von Schrenck
does not notice it in Amoorland. Flocks pass over Amoy as late
as the first week in May; these are probably arrivals from the Indian
Archipelago, whence specimens in winter plumage have been received.
Before leaving us the bird undergoes an entire moult, when the eye-
brows, throat, and breast show a pale vinaceous mixed with more or
less ochreous, but unspotted. As the nuptial season comes on, the sil-
very tinge intensifies into a uniform dusty vinaceous, which encroaches
further on the lower parts. I have a fine series showing every gra-
dation between the pale-spotted winter and the fine nuptial dress.
79. ANTHUS JAPONICUS, Schleg.
This is said to occur in North China and the Amoor, but I have
never procured any specimens of it. I have a strong suspicion that
it is only the winter dress of 4. cervinus.
80. ANTHUs AGILIs, Sykes.
This Tree-Pipit stays the winter in the south of China, and sum-
mers in the north, Amoorland, and Japan. The birds from the two
last have generally been noted by writers as 4. arboreus; and Bo-
naparte, in his ‘ Conspectus,’ remarks on the Japanese form as “ vir
distinctus.’’ Our bird is the same as the Indian 4. agilis, and can
scarcely be regarded as more than a race of the European A, arboreus.
Proc, Zoot, Soc,—1863, No. XVIII.
274 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
81. Bupytes ruava, L.
B, cinereocapilla, Savi.
Our Amoy and South-China bird moults in summer into the true
European B. flava, with grey head and cheeks, white eyebrow and
chin. Those received from Tientsin (North China) in nuptial dress
have the entire head grey, and are almost undistinguishable from B.
cinereocapilla. .B. cinereocapilla was procured in October at Canton
by Captain Blakiston. The Formosan variety retains the head green,
with a yellow eye-streak, as the B. rayi of Great Britain, but differs
in having dark olive cheeks. According to von Schrenck, in Amoor-
land the true B. flava occurs, and not the grey-headed B. cinereo-
eapilla. In the Malayan Archipelago, I am told, the green-headed
variety occurs, but with dark, almost black cheeks; and I suspect
that the true British form, with yellow cheek-spot, will turn up at
Japan, at which most of the European birds that extend to East
Asia undergo a similar change in plumage to what takes place in
British forms as compared with those of Europe. I would draw
attention to the fact that the Japanese climate is affected by the
Pacific Gulf-stream in a manner corresponding to the influence
exercised over the British Islands by Maury’s “ River in the Ocean ;”
and doubtless the similarity of climate so caused is at the root of this
similarity of variation.
82. Moracitia (PALLENURA) BOARULA, L.
M. (Calobates) sulphurea, Bechst.
M. melanope, Pall. :
Found throughout China and Formosa, the Amoor, and Japan.
Is more a vagatory than a migratory species, and is found at all
seasons in the south of China.
83. MoraciLLA LUZONIENSIS, Scop.
M. alba, var. paradova, vou Schrenck.
M, leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 78.
M, alboides, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 190.
This white-faced Pied Wagtail is a common species throughout
China and Formosa, extending into Amoorland. It is also found
throughout India and its archipelago, as far as the Philippines. The
young are yellowish olive-grey on the upper parts and breast, and
have the white of the body more or less washed with ochreous. The
male in summer plumage has the occiput and upper parts glossy
black, the black of the breast extending nearly to the chin. In
winter large flocks of this species visit South China from the north,
but a fair number spend the entire year with us. Cognate to M.
alba, but smaller, and with much whiter wings.
84. Moracinyua tuGusBRis, Temm.
. 85. Moracinua JAPONICA, Swinhoe.
1863.] | MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA, 275
86. Moracriua ocutaris, Swinhoe.
Under the term M. lugens seu lugubris there has been a confu-
sion of the races of the Pied Wagtails with black eye-streaks, which
I have been at some pains to clear up. The difficulty began with
Temminck, who, in his ‘Manuel d’Ornithologie,’ p. 175, described
Pallas’s Russian species from Japanese examples. He there gives
the summer plumage as having the forehead white. At a later
date Professor Schlegel refused to acknowledge the existence of
Pallas’s species as a European bird. Pallas, however, procured
his typical specimens, as he tells us, from the shores of the Black
Sea; and it has since been brought by officers from the Crimea,
and by Mr. Tristram from Egypt. One of Mr. Tristram’s two spe-
cimens (both of which I have carefully examined) has been figured
in Mr. Bree’s work on the Birds of Europe. I have no hesitation,
therefore, in applying Pallas’s name to the race or species found in
Western Asia adjoining Europe. Middendorff (Sib. Reis.) applies
Pallas’s name to the Wagtail of Amoorland, which, from his descrip-
tion, is identical with the bird found throughout China, of which I
possess numerous examples in all plumages from Amoy, and one
adult summer male from Tientsin. This permanently grey-backed
race I have named M. ocularis. In Japan a race occurs similar to
' the Chinese bird, in having the broad white forehead, but resembling
the true M. luguéris in its summer black back. The following dia-
gnosis will, I think, serve to distinguish the three races or species.
. (1.) Moracrixa Lucusris, Temm.
. M. albeola, var. lugens, Pall.
From two specimenss hot by Mr. Tristram, 2nd February 1860,
in Egypt. The pectoral band incomplete, showing the birds to be
in winter plumage. Forehead black; upper parts blackish brown,
with no indications of bluish grey ; the primaries are white for only
one-third at their bases, and the lateral tail-feather is entirely
white.
Hab. Shores of Black Sea; Odessa; Turkey ; Egypt (in winter).
(2.) Moracriua sarontca, Swinhoe.
~ M. lugubris seu lugens, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
_ The adult summer plumage of this race has been correctly figured
in the ‘Fauna Japonica.’ The forehead is always white; greater
part of primaries pure white, but the white lateral tail-feathers with
a black inner edge. In winter its back becomes smoke-grey, but
always more or less patched with black, with a black shoulder.
_ Hab. Japan; straggles to the China coast in winter.
_ (3.) Moracitxa ocurarts, Swinhoe.
M., alba, var. lugens, von Schrenck & Midd.
M. albeola, var. kamschatica, Pall.
_ Back, scapulars, and shoulder-patch perennially light French
grey ; quills more or less broadly edged with white, never so entirely
white as in foregoing ; lateral white tail-feathers broadly edged in=
teriorly with black. In summer the breast blackens to the bill,
276 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
leaving however the cheek and side of neck white as before; the
plumage remains otherwise the same.
Hab. Eastern Siberia; China; Formosa; through Amoorland to
Kamtschatka. Some stay all the year in South China and Formosa.
From the appearance of Mr. Tristram’s specimens, it strikes me
that the true MM. lugubris in summer has the entire head and neck
black, leaving only the white eyebrow. If this be the case, it would
be more nearly affine to M. maderaspatana, Briss., of Hindostan, from
which, however, it differs in its smaller size and in the different dis-
tribution of white on its wings. I am strongly of opinion that its
affinities are, strictly speaking, rather with this South Asiatic form,
and not with the East Asiatic species, both of which have broad
white foreheads, and in full summer plumage the cheeks and sides
of neck white. In winter our two Eastern species can always be
distinguished from M. alba and cognate races by the black eye-line.
In that season M. lugubris and M. maderaspatana approach our
birds by retaining the black eye-line, but it isin them much broader,
and their backs vary from a pale to a dusky brown, and have none
of the blue-grey tint that is to a great extent acquired even by M.
japonica. Bree is certainly wrong in the blue coloration of the back
in his plate, for neither of Mr. Tristram’s birds shows any trace of it.
The rarity of the true M. lugubris in collections has doubtless led to .
all the confusion that exists; but whether we regard them as races
or good species, it is worth while, for the sake of scientific accuracy,
that these variations should be correctly identified and localized.
87. NrEMoRICOLA INDICA, Gmel.
Noticed by me near Pekin (Ibis, 1861, p. 333), and afterwards
brought home from same locality by Mr. Fleming (Ibis, 1863, p. 94).
CINCLID&.
88. HenicurRvus LESCHENAULTII.
Turdus leschenaultii, Vieill.
Motacilla speciosa, Horsf.; Ibis, 1861, p. 265.
Enicurus coronatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 113.
Never observed by me in China except on the hills round Foochow,
where I have procured it both in winter and summer. My speci-
mens from that locality correspond entirely with Javan skins.
89. Henicurvus scuisTaceus, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 190; Ibis,
1861, p. 409.
The only Chinese specimen I ever saw of this bird was procured
in February 1861 by M. De Grijs, Netherlands Consul at Amoy, in
the tea-hills some 150 miles inland of Amoy. The skin was, I be-
lieve, forwarded to the Leyden Museum. It was kindly lent to me,
and I took down the following note from it :—‘* Bill black ; legs and |
claws pale flesh-colour; upper parts slate-colour; a white streak —
crosses the forehead and runs over the upper half of the eyelid;
nostrils, throat, and cheeks black; under parts pure white; smoke-
grey on the flanks, and black under the shoulder; wings and tail
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 277
deep blackish brown; shoulder-edge, tips of greater coverts, spot on
base of primaries, and tips of secondaries white; rump, two outer
tail-feathers, and tips of the rest white.” M. De Grijs told me that
he saw these birds on the margins of pools on the hills, and that
they frequently uttered twittering notes not unlike those of the Sand-
piper (Tringordes hypoleucus), but louder. I compared the Chinese
skin at the time with one from Burmah, received from Mr. Blyth,
and could not find any noticeable difference between them.
90. CrncLus PALLASII, Temm.
This is noted from Amoorland, Japan, and Formosa. I have
therefore no hesitation in including it in my Chinese list, as it is
sure to occur in the interior mountain-ranges.
91. Pirra nympna, Schleg. Faun. Jap. Supp. pl. A.; Ibis, 1861,
p- 412.
I never procured but one specimen of this bird, and that was
in June 1861 at Amoy ; so that at present I cannot regard it as more
than a straggler, probably from the extreme south of China. My
specimen runs uncommonly close to P. cyanoptera, var. from Siam,
which has the black crown-line separate from the nuchal bar. Mine
has the black crown-line only indicated by a brown patch, and the
white on its wings more extended. At the best I presume it can
only be considered a race of the varying species P. cyanoptera.
The Malacca race has the black crown-line united to the nuchal bar.
92. MyropHonus cCaRULEUS, Scop.; Ibis, 1861, p. 36.
Common on all the retired rocky hills from Canton to Ningpo,
where it is ever a constant resident. The males are a good deal
larger than the females. It finds its nearest ally in the M. tem-
minckii, Vigors, of Assam and Arakan, which is always distinguish-
able from our black-billed bird by its partly yellow bill. The group
is represented in Formosa by a species of the subdivisional form
Arrenga, hitherto only known from Java and the Neilgherries,
PycNONOTIDZ.
93. Hyrsiretrs Hoxti1, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266.
Very closely allied to H. maclellandi, Horsf. First procured at
the Foochow hills. Has since been obtained on the Ningyang tea-
hills near Amoy( see The Ibis, 1861, p. 409). Resident on the hills.
94. Ixos socosus, L.
Gracula cristata, Scop.
Sitta chinensis, Osbeck.
_ In China not found north of Canton; about that city it is spe-
cially common (see The Ibis, 1861, p. 39). Our specimens appear
identical with those from Calcutta. The young birds have a brown
instead of a black crest, the lore and under the eye only being black,
and the upper plumage generally is much lighter and mixed with
278 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
light yellowish red. The vent is brownish buff, with only a tinge of
crimson, and the crimson eye-spot is entirely wanting.
95. Ixos cHrysoRRHOIDES, Lafresn.; Ibis, 1861, p. 39.
Crown of head black; under the eye, lore, and chin blackish
brown; vent crimson. This is a common resident species in the
south of China, from Canton to Foochow.
96. Ixos SINENSIS, Gm.
I. occipitalis, Temm.
A very common resident species from Canton to Foochow, and
also in Formosa. The young of this species have the head a uni-
form colour with the back, which is light brown instead of grey ;
the rest of the colours are much paler. Among my series from
Amoy I have one very curious variety, in which the white of the
occiput and throat is of a fine clear smoke-grey. My specimens
differ from one another chiefly in the development of the white occi-
pital patch; some have it very large, and occupying a good portion
of the head, while in others it gets encrvached upon by the black,
until in some specimens it almost entirely disappears. There is also
a great variation in size, and length of wing and tail; but in the
form and length of bill the difference is not so appreciable as I have
found it in many species of birds.
97. Serzixos SEMITORQUES, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266.
A resident species in the high plateau near Foochow. I have also
procured it from the mountain-ranges of Formosa. The male and
female are of similar form and colouring.
TIMALIID&.
98. LEUCODIOPTRON SINENSE, L.
LL. canorum, L., of my previous lists; Ibis, 1861, p. 38.
The Chinese Song-thrush, or Hwa-mei. A common bush-bird
about all the hills from Canton to Foochow. Is replaced in For-
mosa by a closely allied form wanting the white eyebrow. Is fre-
quently kept in confinement by the Chinese for its fine song and
pugnacious habits.
99. GARRULAX PERSPICILLATUS, Gmel.; Ibis, 1861, p- 38.
A resident bird from Canton to Foochow.
100. PoMAToRHINUS sTRIDULUS, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p- 265.
Only as yet procured from the hills near Foochow.
TuRDIDZ.
101. OrEocincLA AuREA, Hollandre.
Turdus whitet, auct. Brit. m
Two seen at Amoy in March 1859; a male procured. Feathers
1863.) MR, R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 279
of a specimen were found in a wood near Pekin (see The Ibis, 1861,
p- 333). I extract my note on the bird procured :—Length 114 in. ;
wing 5,%,;; tail 47; bill 1, to gape 14; tarsi 1545; mid toe 1,45;
hind toe 1; side toes equal. The second primary is 7 inch longer
than the fifth, whereas Bonaparte, in his ‘Conspectus Avium,’ says
that in the true O. aurea they are equal. Bill pale brown; legs
and claws pale brownish; irides deep hazel; feathers of the rump
spinous, as in the Cuckoos, Geocichle, Campephage, and Pericrocoti ;
testes dark purple ; stomach somewhat oval, compressed, rather mus-
cular, and about ;*; in widest diameter ; intestine 17 inches long, from
zy to 33; wide ; czeca + long, one slightly higher than the other, and
placed 13 inch distant from anus. Whether this be a distinct race
from the Siberian and rare British visitant I am not prepared to say ;
I have but one specimen of our bird. It was an extremely rare
visitant to Amoy, and, as far I could ascertain, only in spring, when
the banyan-berries were ripe. I presume it came from the wooded.
mountain-ranges of the interior. Formosa yields a race which is
larger and paler than the Amoy bird, with sensibly longer wings aud
tail. For this I have proposed the specific name O. hancii (see
The Ibis, 1863, p. 275). The Japanese race, which is declared to
have been shot in Britain, as well as the true O. aurea, is by some
considered a good species, and has been named O. heinei.
102. Turpvus siniricus, Gm.
T’. leucocillus, Pall.
A male in complete plumage shot at Amoy, 19th April, 1861,
was of a smoky black, with a pure white eyebrow, white on the
axillaries, a white bar across under wing, and drops of white on the
medial belly-line and crissum. Bill black ; inside of mouth orange-
ochre ; edge of rictus pale dusky yellow ; legs and claws ochre, with
saffron base to tarsi and soles of toes.
This is said to be acommon bird in Siberia. In Japan it probably
breeds, as Captain Blakiston brought young birds from Hakodadi.
In the south of China it is rare, occurring occasionally during its
migrations. It is said-to have been procured as far south as Java,
but is not noticed by von Schrenck from Amoorland. The females
are brown and Thrush-like; and the young plumage closely assimi-
lates the species to Oreocincla, which group it also approaches in
the somewhat spinous rigidity of the feathers of its rump, and in
the white bar across its wing. In addition to these two last cha-
racters, in the smoke-grey hue of its mature plumage it appears to
show a decided tendency towards the Campephagine group Volvo-
civora, which in the immature state has the white bar across the
wing, allying it to the usually red-tinted Pericrocoti, one of which
(the P. cinereus, Lafresn.) has, like it, a sober grey plumage and a
constant white under-wing bar. The Campephage, as most natu-
ralists are aware, also enjoy the peculiarity of having spinous rump-
feathers, which prick the hand when passed upwards over the rump.
All true Geocichle have this curious spinous character, as also the
white bar across the under wing.
280 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
103. Turpvus carpts, Temm. Pl. Col. 518.
This Thrush hails from Japan. It is noted from the Amoor by
von Schrenck. It is found in flocks every winter on the south coast
of China, as far as Canton. I do not know whether the young males
on leaving the nest resemble the female ; but when they reach Amoy,
they differ in being duskier, with larger spots, and with scarcely any
rufous except on the axillaries. The plumage continues to change
gradually, the olive-green upper parts at first becoming smoke-grey,
and the spots on the breast disappearing, until the entire bird is
black, except on the belly and vent, which remain white. I have a
series of five males showing the gradual transition. Like all Thrushes,
T. cardis varies much in size. The female retains her immature or
Turdine dress. I have four females of different ages. The older
birds are more richly coloured, with larger spots, and more rufous
on the under parts.
104. Turpus HorTULORUM, Sclater, Ibis, 1863, p. 196.
Found as a resident species in South China, about Canton and
Macao. Mr. Blyth once procured a similar bird at Calcutta (which
he named Geocichla dissimilis), but I have reason to believe it is not
the same as the South-China species; neither surely can it be 7’.
cardis, with which Jerdon, in his ‘ Birds of India,’ has confounded
it. Mr. Sclater has drawn the character of the species from the
oldest male I possessed, but it is not quite matured. It strikes me
that the adult will have the whole throat and breast cinereous, instead
of only a pectoral band of that colour.
105. Turpus cHRYSOLAUS, Temm. PI. Col. 537.
Summers in the Amoor and Japan. Visits the south of China
during winter in flocks, extending its migrations easterly to Formosa
and Manilla.
106. Turpvus pAvu.ias, Temm. Pl, Col. 515.
T. pallidus, Gm. ex Lath.
Common during winter in South China and Formosa. Spends
the summer in Amoorland and Japan. .
107. Turpus PALLENS, Pall.
T. obscurus, Gmel.
Found in Japan and the Amoorland; migrates southwards during
the winter.
108. Turpvus Fruscatus, Pall.
Found during winter in South China; noted from Amoorland.
109. Turpus NAUMANN], Temm.; Ibis, 1862, p. 319, pl. x.
Found in the Amoorland ; and specimens have been received from
China as far down as Shanghai. On the more southern coast it is
occasionally, though rarely, met with during winter.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 281
110. Turpvus rvuFIcoLiis, Pall.
This Fieldfare I found in flocks about Pekin in the commencement
of the cold season (see The Ibis, 1861, p. 332, and 1863, p. 93).
I have never met with it in Southern China, and it is not noted from
either Japan or the Amoor.
111. Turpus (Mervxa) manpArinus, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 275.
Both sexes of this Blackbird have lemon-coloured bills, that of
the female being tipped with black. The female is usually browner
than the male; but the male himself is a dull brownish black, and
sometimes the two are uncommonly hard to distinguish, especially
before the immature bill has changed to yellow. This is a common
resident species throughout Southern China, from Canton to
Shanghai. I did not meet with it in Pekin, nor has it been noted
from the Amoor. It builds a nest like that of the common Black-
bird, but its eggs more resemble those of the Missel Thrush (7.
viscivorus).
112. PETROCINCLA MANILENSTS, Bodd.
P. pandoo, Sykes.
P. affinis, Blyth.
The Rock-Thrush of Formosa and of all the exposed islands has,
as far as I have ascertained, invariably a red belly in the adult male,
and answers to the P. manilensis of authors. It is found on the
Chinese coast, from Canton to Tientsin. But on the Chinese main,
some distance inland, the bird is blue, and undistinguishable from P.
pandoo, Sykes. Nearer the coast we have the intermediate race, P.
afinis of Blyth, with partly red under parts and somewhat more
graduated tail. From Amoy I have procured all three forms, and
every intermediate gradation. The females of all three are, to my
eyes, identical. Now the only way I can account for these three
so-called species inhabiting the same locality is, that, being near the
sea, the island constantly receives fresh individuals from the channel
islands, which interbreeding with the blue race, P. pandoo, produce
the third, P. afinis, and the intermediate forms. In song, habits,
and nesting the two extreme forms observed at Amoy and in For-
mosa are not to be separated; and their females are so alike that it
strikes me that, to solve the difficulty, we must believe the two of one
common parentage, sequestrated by circumstances, and, owing to
climatal or other causes, to have undergone an amount of change in
their internal economy sufficient to alter the colour of their under
plumage, but that this change has not so far alienated the two races as
to prevent them interbreeding freely, and producing fertile offspring,
in places where they are thrown together. In my large series the
skins vary a good deal in size, proportions of bill, wings, tail, and legs.
P. pandoo is generally separated from the P. cyanea, but I do not
see on what sufficient grounds. Mr. Jerdon, in his ‘ Birds of India,’
has rightly enough connected them. It is easy to account for P.
afinis occurring in Burmah; for we know that the red-bellied P,
282 MR, R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
manilensis occurs on the coasts of Java and Siam, and, I suspect,
would be found on the Andamans and on the coast of Burmah itself,
where they would meet with the blue race from the interior, and
cross, as I know them to do in China; P. afinis would then be
produced. In Amoy the red-bellied race, the blue race, and the
affinis are found in about the proportion 4:2:1. This fact of red-
bellied and pale-bellied birds crossing and producing apparently fertile
hybrids appears to be repeated in the small Cuckoos Polyphasia
(see Jerdon, Birds of India, i. p. 335).
113. OracetTes GuLARIs, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 93, pl. iii,
and 1861, p. 332.
This forest-thrush has its nearest ally in O. cinelorhynchus,
Vigors. It has as yet only been procured from the neighbourhood
of Pekin.
114. Or1oLus cHINENSIs, L.
O. cochinchinensis, Briss.
O. indicus, Briss.
This is a summer visitant to the whole of China, and ranges as
far north as the Amoor, and eastwards to Formosa. Our birds wend
southwards in the winter. I have a specimen received from Siam,
kindly sent me by Sir R. Schomburgk, and others from Malacca
and Burmah in different stages of plumage, all identical with our
summer visitant. These Malayan countries are therefore doubtless
the winter resort of our bird; and I think it will be found that few,
if any, of this species spend the warm season in those regions, their
place being there supplied by an allied race, the O. tenuirostris,
which we do not get. The male Oriole carries a partially immature
plumage throughout the second year, the females to the third or
fourth year; but in fully adult dress the sexes are not to be distin-
guished. It is, however, much rarer to see mature females than
males. This similarity of adult sexes holds good in the allied Psa-
ropholus group, and, as I am told by reliable observers, in all the
Orioles.
CAMPEPHAGID.
115. Votvoctvora MELASCHISTOS, Hodgs.
?, Ibis, 1861, p. 42.
Campephaga
C. avensis, Blyth.
C. silens, Tickell.
C. culminatus, A. Hay?
I have five of this species from China, two from Burmah, and one
from Calcutta, of which the mature birds are identical in all respects,
except in the size and proportions of the bill. If we regard this as
a character in this bird, we should have to separate the adult speci-
men I procured at Canton from an adult from Amoy, the former
having a very much shorter bill than the latter. But on comparison
of specimens, the bill varies in each individual, and is therefore in-
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 283
sufficient as a character. V. fimbriata, as Jerdon remarks, does
appear smaller; but all skins that I have seen from the Malacca
collectors are shrunk in size, owing to their mode of preservation.
Like the Graucalus macei, which I fully expect to meet with some
day in China, this bird has a wide range over the greater part of
tropical Asia. In South China, from Canton to Amoy, it is only a
summer visitant, spending the season of nidification with us, and
returning southwards again in the autumn. I have a nice series of
the different stages of plumage it undergoes. I have a bird of the
year, collected by Captain Blakiston in Canton, which is of a black-
ish grey, each feather carrying a bar of black and a broad cream tip ;
the quills and tail are greyish brown glossed with green, the former
edged and tipped with cream-colour, and the latter broadly tipped
with white ; the under tail-coverts are cream-buff, irregularly barred
with light black ; many of the quill-feathers are edged inwardly with
white, forming an indistinct under-wing bar. In this stage the bird
appears to form a link between the young of Oreocincla and Dicrurus.
As it advances to maturity, the spots disappear, the plumage becomes
light smoky grey, with a wash of rusty buff and fait bars on many
of the under feathers; the white on the under wing increases and
forms a distinct bar. In this stage it more resembles the second
plumage of Pericrocotus cinereus, which in the young state also has
a mottled plumage, but carries a white under-wing bar through all
dresses. In the adult bird the white bar disappears entirely ; the
wings and tail become a glossy green-black, with broad white tips to
all but the two central rectrices; and the rest of the plumage deep-
ens into a bluish smoke-grey, much paler on the under tail-coverts.
The female is paler and less glossy than the male, but in other re-
spects similar. The adult bird, when viewed seated on the bough
of a tree, launching forth on wing after an insect and returning to
its post, brings forcibly to mind the habits of the Dicruri. But at
other times it may be seen hanging about the ends of branches,
searching the leaves, and taking short flits into the air. On these
latter occasions the younger birds, especially with their white wing-
bars, might be easily mistaken for large grey Pericrocoti with
stunted tails,
116. Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr.; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 42.
Found in summer throughout China as far north as the Amoor.
Procured originally from the Philippines, to which it probably
wanders in the winter. In autumn and spring, flocks are frequently
met with about Canton, Amoy, and Formosa. Its plumage is black,
grey, and white, with an occasional tinge of saffron on the flanks and
under-wing bar. Curiously enough, this yellow tinge is brighter
on the younger birds and females than on the males. The male is
distinguished from the female by its broad white forehead, by its
black occiput and hindneck, and by the rest of its plumage being
deeper and glossier. The youngest bird I have is from Pekin, in
which the under plumage is faintly barred, and the tertiaries barred
with black and tipped with white. In this the under wing-coverts
284 MR. R, SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
and upper wing-spot are primrose-yellow. At first glance this might
be taken for a Pied Wagtail. The spinous rigidity of its rump-
feathers is stronger in this than in any other species with which I
am acquainted.
117. PER1cROcOTUS CANTONENS!S, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 42.
This species, forming so happy a link between the preceding grey
and some of the crocus-tinted forms of this group, I have as yet only
seen from Canton, where it was pretty common. The tendency of
the female to develope the yellow tints is in this much more strongly
shown than in the last, so much so that Dr. Sclater declined to accept
my identification of the sexes. But apart from any special exami-
nation of the sexual organs, the skins carry in their plumage their
sexual stamp ; for, analogous to what obtains in the foregoing species,
the male of this has a white forehead and a dark head. I have no
young specimen; but, judging from the last, I should say that the
young would be as strongly tinged with saffron as the female.
¢. Bill and legs black; irides deep brown; forehead, throat,
sides of nape, and vent white; the rest of the under parts dingy ;
head, back, and scapulars deep brown, with a wash of grey, blacker
on the former ; rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish brown ;
wings and tail rich hair-brown, the former edged paler, the latter
with the stems brownish white, and more or less white on all except
the two central rectrices ; white of under wing and wing-bar with a
wash of pale saffron, the yellow being rather bright on some of the
axillaries ; wing-spot dingy yellow.
@. Rump more of a colour with the back than in the male ; upper
parts lighter and browner ; wing-spot bright yellow; quills edged with
yellow; the light part of rectrices rather bright yellow; axillaries
and wing-bar fine primrose-yellow ; forehead narrow, dingy white ;
in other respects like the male.
Length 72; wing 3}; expanse 92; tail 3§.
118, PERICROCOTUS SORDIDUS, 0. sp.
I have a bird, procured at Amoy on the 29th September, 1859,
which differs from the preceding two in many respects, but yet has
such intermediate characters that I have at one time felt inclined to
consider it a variety of the one, and at other times of the other.
After due deliberation, I have thought it best to separate it asa
distinct form. My only specimen is a male, not quite mature.
Upper parts greyish brown, paler on the forehead, and darker blue-
grey on the head and hind neck ; wings and tail hair-brown ; greater
wing-coverts tipped with white, but no wing-spot outwardly visible ;
two middle rectrices unicolorous, the rest more or less white ; throat
and yent white, the former tinged with brown; a black spot in front
of the eye; under plumage greyish brown; a dingy white bar runs
across the under wing, with a faint tinge of primrose-yellow.
Length 73 in.; wing 33; tail 3;4,. This may turn out to be only a
more northern race of the P. cantonensis; but, at all events, it is
extremely interesting as drawing the species closer still to P. cine-
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 285
reus. All these species have similar call-notes, and feed chiefly on
tree-bugs (Cimicide) and their eggs, in search of which they creep
and hang about among the leaves and branches of large trees, ran-
ging the country in flocks.
119. Pericrocotus sPeciosus, Lath.
Phenicornis princeps, Gould.
I have only one of this species, purchased alive from a boy who
was playing with it at Foochow. I have never met with it in my
rambles. Its plumage is of such a dazzling red that it quite burts
the eyes to look at it, affording a strong contrast to the sober hues
of the three above.
DIcRURIDZ.
120. Dicrurus LeEvucorH£us, Vieill.
General plumage light bluish grey ; the eye standing in a conspi-
cuous white cheek-patch; nasal feathers, edge of outer rectrices,
shafts of quills and tail, and greater part of most of primaries black ;
bill and legs black ; irides carmine-red. This species is, strangely
enough, not mentioned in Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of India.’ It has been
received from the Malayan peninsula, where it is probably only a
winter visitant, and is quite a distinct bird from D. cineraceus, Horsf.,
which is a Javan species. In China it is common in summer
about the Vale of Foochow, and probably extends into the interior
of Central China. My specimens agree precisely with a Malacca
skin in Mr. Gould’s collection. Captain Blakiston procured it at
Canton in September, on its southward migration, and I have pro-
cured it at Amoy on its spring return, but its summer habitat does
not appear to extend south of the latitude of Foochow. It will pro-
bably be found during that season to range as far north as Ningpo,
though at Shanghai it is not known.
121. Dicrurus MACROCERCUS, Vieillot.
Adult deep black, glossed with blue and green. Young birds
dark brown, without the gloss, and mottled on the axillaries and
lower parts with white. A summer visitant throughout China right
up into Amoorland. Exceedingly abundant in Formosa. I have a
specimen from Hankow, Central China. Appears to be the most
widely spread Dicrurus.
A third species of Dicrurus visited cur garden at Amoy one spring.
It was much smaller than either of the foregoing, and sang most
sweetly. It stayed a few days and then disappeared. Though this
was many years ago, I have never seen the form since.
122, CuisiA HOTTENTOTTA, L.
I have a pair shot at Amoy in the spring of 1861, and I have seen
another from Tientsin (North China). We must suppose, then, that
this species is asummer visitant to China, and at that season sparsely
scattered throughout that land. Ours is identical with the Indian
bird. The female is dingier than the male, and not so well marked.
286 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
Both carry the peculiar long bristles that, springing from the root
of the bill, pass over the crown down to the back and shoulders.
123. Lanrus scHacu (Gm.).
L. chinensis, Gray.
This Shrike throws off its young plumage at the first moult, when
the male and female are similar in dress. The young is light chest-
nut-brown on the upper parts, mottled and barred with black ;
throat white, rest of lower parts pale chestnut, mottled on the breast;
wings deep brown, the coverts being tipped and the tertiaries edged
and tipped with chestnut-red. The black eye-mark is strongly
marked, but lighter than in the adult. Of the variability of this
species, and the tendency it frequently shows towards allied forms, I
have before remarked in my paper on the birds of Formosa, in The
Ibis, 1863, p. 270. The small race from India and Borneo is di-
stinguished as Z. erythronotus, Vigors; and L. nigriceps and L.
tephronotus, both from India, are forms closely akin to ours.
124. Lanius pH@nicurus, Pall.
L. lucionensis, L.
L. superciliosus, L.
L. cristatus, L.
The first of these is found in China as a summer visitant, extend-
ing to Talien (North China) and perhaps to the Amoor. In autumn
large numbers pass southwards down the coast, some making for the
Philippines, touching on their way at south-west Formosa. How
far south of China these migrants go we do not know; but at Ma-
lacea we have another race, distinguished by its bright rufous instead
of ashy head and back. In Java, the Andamans, and Ceylon, our
bird again makes its appearance, but whether as a resident or a
migrant history telleth not. In Hindostan the L. cristatus occurs
in winter chiefly, being of a browner plumage, with indistinct eye-
mark ; this will probably be the typical L. phenieurus of Pallas,
finding its summer resort in Siberia. Now, can we suppose that the
large numbers of these small Butchers that leave China find their
way down to the southern islands, passing over the habitat of an
allied race, and after spending a few months speed back the same
long distance to their summer quarters? Pondering over the laws of
migration, I was much puzzled in procuring at Amoy a specimen
of L. superciliosus (the Malacca race), and shortly after a pair of
the Indian form. But when I collected a large series I found the
gradation from one to the other most complete. Is it possible that
in their migrations they occasionally induce others of allied forms to
return with them and interbreed? TI cannot help thinking it far
more probable that the browner Siberian bird is the typical race,
from which the others have sprung, and that the rufous colouring of
the ashy Z. ducionensis, making it in some cases almost identical
with Indian birds, shows merely a natural tendency to return to the
typical plumage. The characters of both these forms strongly com-
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA, 287
bined serve to produce the Malacca race. But, at any rate, some
other agent than that of climatal influence must have been at hand
to work the change, in alienating forms from their pristine type and
in assimilating the aliens situated under apparently such different
circumstances,
I have a fourth well-marked variety, with the ashy head, but with
no white on the forehead, and scarcely any eyebrow; its back is rufous-
brown, like the tail. This may yet turn out to be another race pe-
culiar to some particular area.
On its arrival in spring and autumn at Amoy, this Shrike an-
nounces itself very soon by its loud jarring note. It feeds occasion-
ally on insects, but I think more frequently on small birds. It arrives
with the majority of the Willow-Wrens, following closely at their
heels and preying daily upon them. While feeding it impales its
prey on thorns, as do most Shrikes. Ifa bird, it usually suspends
it by the neck, and commences operations on the brains. It some-
times, during its visit, entertains us with a song, which is the most
melodious of its kind that I have ever heard.
125. Lanrus sucerHatvs, Schleg. Faun. Japon.
T have one female, procured so far south as Amoy. It is found in
Japan and North China.
126. Arramus Fuscus, Vieill.
Reported by Cassin to have been procured by Commodore Perry’s
expedition at Macao. Ihave never met the bird. (See Report, &c.,
_ of Perry’s Japanese Expedition.)
HIRvuNDINID&.
127. HirunpDo GuTTURALIs, Scop.
Hi. rustica, var. rufa, von Schrenck.
A summer bird throughout China as far as the Amoor. Also visits
in the same season Japan and Formosa, Winters in Siam and Hin-
dostan. Is the eastern representative of H. rustica, L.
128. Htrunpo paurica, L.
H. alpestris, Pall.
Locally distributed throughout China as far as Peking. In North
China only a summer visitant. In South China vagrant during
winter. Represented in Japan and Formosa by larger varieties.
129. CHELIDON LAGoPopDaA, Pall.
Never procured in China, except at Tientsin. It thence ranges
into Amoorland. For comparison of this eastern race with the
European C. urbica and with C. blakistoni of Japan see The Ibis,
1863, p. 91.
130. CotyLe riparia, L.
Procured in North China (Tientsin), where it is a summer visitant.
It is noted by von Schrenck from Amoorland.
288 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
131. Coryie sinensis, J. E. Gray.
Distinguished from the foregoing by its much shorter tail. Re-
presents the form in South China and Formosa, repairing thither in
summer to breed. It visits the plains of Hindostan in winter, and is
said to breed there again in thatseason. Mr. Tristram tells me that
he found the C. riparia breeding in Egypt in winter; and as they all
disappear from that country in summer, it is not improbable that it
is the same bird that visits Europe, and breeds a second time on
arrival at its summer quarters.
MUuSCICAPID&.
132. HeEMICHELIDON SIBIRICA, Gmel.
Muscicapa fuscedula, Pall.
H. fuliginosa, Hodgson. oF
I have only one of this very interesting species procured at Amoy.
Ours is rather larger and has longer wings than the Himalayan bird,
but I think is the same. It is said to range to the Amoor, and
beyond to Kamtschatka. Its axillaries, under wings, and tips to
greater wing-coverts are strongly rufescent, and approximate it to
the following, from which it may be considered subgenerically to
differ in the shape of the wing, though the several members of this
group, as I have enumerated them, connect this in regular gradation
with the typical Butalis grisola.
133. BuraLis FERRUGINEA, Hodgs.
Butalis rufescens, Jerdon.
Hemichelidon rufilata, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 57.
This is a summer visitant to South China. It is not very com-
mon; but every spring a few make their appearance at Canton and
Amoy. It is identical with the Indian bird.
134. Burauis LATIROSTRIS, Raffles.
Muscicapa pondiceriana (Licht.), Midd. Sib. Reis.
M. cinereo-alba, Schleg. Faun. Japon.
Is a winter visitant to South China, from North China, the Amoor-
land, and Japan. It is identical with the Indian species, which is
there a winter visitant, probably from Siberia, whence it is recorded
as a summer bird.
135. Burauis Grisetsticta, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 330.
Muscicapa grisola, var. daurica, Pall.
This links the small half-Swallow group of Fly-catchers with the
spotted Butalis, and might with propriety be placed in either genus.
It is a summer visitant to China, at which season I have found it as
far north as Peking.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 289
136. XanrHoryG1a LEuCopHRYs, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. xvi.
p. 123.
The male of this may at once be distinguished from that of the
following species by its white eyebrow, which, in the other, is
bright golden, by its less flammeous tints, and by its smaller size
and more slender form. The female is widely different from the
female of the other, if my specimen from Tientsin be correctly
marked; but I suspect it is an immature male. This bird extends
its summer migration as far north as Tientsin, I procured a male
once at Amoy. It was originally described from the peninsula of
Malacca, where I suspect it hybernates. Its migrations must be
performed well inland, or we should see more of it on the coast.
137. XANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA.
Muscicapa narcissina, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Japon. (the male).
Muscicapa hylocharis, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Japon. (the
female).
Occurs at Amoy and Canton in large numbers in spring and
autumn, bound apparently to Japan, where they are found in
summer. The male and female are by mistake distinguished in the
‘Fauna Japonica’ as two distinct species. I found this to be the
case on looking over the plates, and proved my suspicions to be cor-
rect by an examination of the birds in the Leyden Museum.
138. TcHITREA PRINCIPALIS.
Muscicapa principalis, Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Passes Canton and Amoy, on its way to and from Japan. Is found
during winter in the Malacca peninsula, where it is noted as T. atri-
eaudata, A. Hay. Varies a good deal in size and length of wings
and tail.
139. TcHirrea 1ncEI, Gould, Birds of Asia.
Allied to 7. affnis, from which distinguished by its smaller bill,
by its green-black head and neck, and by the purpler tints of its
upper parts. Combines toa certain degree the characters of 7’. affinis
and T. paradisi with those of TY. principalis. Mr. Whiteley of
Woolwich procured several, through Mr, Fleming, from Tientsin,
and one in the white plumage. Is a summer visitant to North
China, from Shanghai to Tientsin. Mr. Gould’s type specimen was
from the former locality.
140. Myracra azure, Bodd.
Common in Formosa. A rare winter straggler to Amoy. Occurs
in various parts of India and Malayana (see Jerdon’s Birds of India).
Is said also to occur in the Philippines.
141, Eumyias metanops, Vigors.
Stoparola melanops of my Amoy list.
Of the distribution of this bird in China I know nothing. I
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1863, No. XIX.
290 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
never procured but one female, and that was at Amoy, in December
1857.
142. CyANOPTILA CYANOMELZNa (Temm.), Pl. Col. 470 (the
male).
Muscicapa gularis, Temm. Faun. Jap. (the female).
In spring and autumn these birds are very abundant about Canton
and Amoy, on their way to and from North China and Japan. Ido
not think many, if any, stay in the south. I have seen specimens
from Tientsin; and von Schrenck notes the female M. gularis from
the Amoor. I have one specimen with very short bill; but speci-
mens differ in the size of that organ, and in the tint of the blue on
the crown. For a further account of this species, see The Ibis, 1861,
p. 41.
143, ERYTHROSTERNA LEUCURA (Gm.).
Muscicapa albicilla, Pallas.
The eastern representative of HZ. parva, Bechst. It is common in
North China, and is found as far north as the Amoor. In winter it
migrates southwards, at which season we meet with it in Amoy and
Canton. It differs from #. parva in having only a red patch on the
throat, which does not extend down the breast. Both #. parva and
E. leucura occur, I am told, in Hindostan during winter.
144, ERYTHROSTERNA LUTEOLA.
Muscicapa luteola (Pall.), Midd. Sib. Reis. pl. 17. f. 1-3.
M. mugimaki, Schleg. Faun. Jap.
M. erythaca, Blyth.
Muscicapa hylocharis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1862, p. 305 (nee Schleg.).
The male of this species is figured in the ‘Fauna Japonica’ as
M. mugimaki, and I myself have long confounded it with the
preceding bird. The female, with its Robin-like plumage, and
absence of white on the lateral rectrices, is the M. erythaca of Blyth,
from Penang. I procured a female at Amoy in November 1861, and
unfortunately made the already existing confusion worse by deseri-
bing it in The Ibis as Muscicapa hylocharis of the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’
Von Schrenck figures a young bird from the Amoor in mottled plu-
mage, with the white base to tail. It is rather curious, then, that
our female should have no signs of it. This bird would appear to ex-
tend over the north of Eastern Asia and Japan, repairing southwards
in winter.
SYLVIIDZ.
145, IANTIHA CYANURA.
Lusciola cyanura, Faun. Jap.
Ianthia et Nemura rufilata of my former lists.
Male blue on upper parts, white-eyebrowed; white on hinder
parts, with orange-coloured sides ; distinguished from the Himalayan
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 291
race, I. rufilata, Hodgson, by the white eyebrow, which in the other
is wanting. Female greenish olive on upper parts, olive buff on
lower, with orange sides, blue tail-coverts, and blue-washed tail.
Summers in North China, the Amoor, and Japan, and visits Amoy
and South China in winter.
146. Ruticrtua FuLIGINosA, Vigors.
Inhabits high hill-ranges of South China, and is found in the
plains during winter. Is identical with the Himalayan bird. Occurs
also in Formosa.
147. Ruriciiua AUROREA, Pall.
Ruticilla leucoptera, Blyth.
Summer visitant to North China, the Amoor, and Japan; found
in Amoy and South China in winter. Easily recognized by its con-
spicuous white wing-spot.
148. Pratincoua FERREA, Hodg.
Intermediate between the Chats and the Redstarts. Roams about
in parties in South China during winter. Probably retires to the
mountains of the interior to breed. Specimens from the Himalayas
and Tenasserim are identical with ours.
149. PRATINCOLA RUBICOLA, var. INDICA, Blyth.
This is nothing more than an eastern race of P. rubicola of
Europe, chiefly distinguished by its black, instead of white, axillaries
in the adult male. My specimens vary a good deal in size and length
of wing. During winter it is abundant in the South of China, but
in spring betakes itself north, and in summer is found in North
China, the Amoor, and Japan.
150. CyANECULA CHRULECULA, Pall.
This is the red-spot Bluethroat. I have never seen it in China,
except from the neighbourhood of Tientsin, where it would appear to
bearare summer straggler. It is not noticed from the Amoor or Japan.
151. Corsycuus sauLaris, L.
The common resident Magpie-robin of South China up to Foo-
chow. It does not extend so far north as Shanghai. Our bird is
identical with the species prevalent in Hindostan.
152. Larvivora GRAcitis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 262, et P.Z.S.
1862, p. 316.
__ Male cyaneous on the upper parts, with black face and cheek,
_ pure white on under parts. Female greenish olive on the upper
_ parts, white on the lower, with buff markings on the face and sides.
_ Young birds like the female, but with the throat and breast buff.
_ Allied to LZ. cyanea, Hodgs., of the Himalayas.
These birds are locally distributed throughout China, from Canton
to Pekin. They roam about during winter, but I believe do not
292 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
regularly migrate. I found them not uncommon about Canton. I
have procured them at various seasons at Amoy, and have seen them
from Tientsin.
153. LARVIVORA SIBILANS, 0. sp.
Larvivora, sp.?, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 34.
My only specimen from Macao of this bird is a very wretched one.
It may be that of a female, but I have reason to believe it an adult
bird ; for I watched several, and they all appeared of similar plumage.
It is of a sober olive-brown, with the red tail of a Redstart, the feet
of Larvivora, and the bill of a Robin. It was not at all uncommon
about the copses and thickets near Macao in May, but extremely
difficult to get at. I trust I may make the bird’s better acquaintance
on some future day. I have thought it worth while now to allude
to it, as I consider it a good species.
154. CALLIOPE KAMTSCHATKENSIS, Gm.
Male with fine crimson throat. Females with throat whitish,
and without the white and black that ornaments the face of the male.
When passing our coast in spring, the young males are found re-
turning without having acquired the adult tints, usually only a few
reddish feathers appearing on the throat; but the change of hue
(not moult) goes on very rapidly, and probably would be perfected
by the time of their arrival at their northern destination. The
young males can be readily distinguished from the females by their
much whiter throats and darker lores. These birds touch at Amoy in
their northward migrations in April; I would hence infer that they
had been a long way south for their winter. Their summer range is
all through North China, Mantchuria, as far as Kamtschatka. I
found them at Pekin in October; but they were young birds, and
might have been late in their southward migrations. They occur
abundantly, I am told, during winter in Hindostan. These would
be birds from the Siberian region. Our northern migrants would
be expected to winter in Siam and the Malayan peninsula, whence,
I believe, specimens have been received. In form these birds are
intermediate between the Robins and the Reed-warblers.
155. TRiBURA SQUAMEICEPS, 0. sp.
Allied to Tribura luteiventris, Hodgs., from Nepal. I have only
one specimen, procured by Captain Blakiston at Canton. Upper
parts rich brown, with a tint of chestnut and olive, the former
strongest on the head and wings. A well-defined cream-coloured
eyebrow runs over the eye. The feathers of the head edged darker,
giving the appearance of scales; under parts white, with an occa-
sional tinge of buff; axillaries and flanks olive-brown; wing 2°1,
short and rounded, the fourth quill being the longest, the third and
fifth ,;th shorter, and nearly equal. The specimen is unfortu-
nately tailless, and I therefore cannot give a very detailed description
of it.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 293
156. LocusTeLLA HENDERSONII, Cassin, Proc. Phil. Acad.
Sciences, 1858, p. 194.
LL. macropus, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 93.
Allied to Sylvia locustella, L., of Europe, but with conspicuously
larger feet. I have only procured it in South China in summer. If
ours is the same as that spoken of by von Schrenck as occurring in
Amoorland in May, the summer resort of our bird will be of vast
extent, and it will probably be the same species found in Siberia,
and reported visiting the plains of Hindostan in winter. The bird
from Hakodadi (Japan), described by Cassin, would appear to be
identical with the Locustella from .Amoorland and this species.
157. Locuste.ta minut, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 93.
A diminutive species resident in South China, procured at Amoy
and Canton.
158. LocustELuA ocHOTENSIS, Middendorff, Sib. Reis.
With stronger legs and feet than most species of this genus.
Von Schrenck considers it the same as L. certhiola, Pall. ; but that is
a larger and distinct bird, with apparently a more western range
through Siberia. This is a summer visitant to North China, the
Amoor, and Japan. In South China it has occurred only in winter.
159. CALAMODYTA SORGHOPHILA, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 92.
The eastern representative of C. phragmitis of Europe. I procured
one specimen on the 20th of May at Amoy. It would appear to be
a summer visitant to the South of China. No Sedgewarbler is noted
from the Amoor.
160. CALAMOHERPE BISTRIGICEPS, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 51.
Calamodyta maackii, von Schrenck, Amurland.
I first procured this bird on the 25th of October 1856, and de-
scribed it in The Ibis for January 1860. The same species appears
to have been brought from Amoorland by M. Maack, and styled by von
Schrenck maackit, after its discoverer, also in 1860, but subsequently
to the publication of my name, which will hence have to be adopted.
I have three specimens, all from the neighbourhood of Amoy. It is
in South China a winter bird, returning to the north in summer.
161. CALAMOHERPE ORIENTALIS, Bp.
Salicaria turdina orientalis, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Acrocephalus magnirostris, Swinhoe, Ibis, ii. p. 51.
Ranges in China, from Canton to Shanghai, as a summer bird. In
the extreme south a few stay all the year. Found in summer also
in Formosa and Japan. Is the eastern representative of the European
C. turdoides.
162. CALAMOHERPE FuUMIGATA, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 91.
Lusciola caligata, Licht. (Motacilla salicaria, Pall.) ?
294 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
A summer visitant to South China. Abundant on the Island of
Amoy for a few days in the middle of May.
163. CALAMOHERPE AEDON.
Turdus aédon, Pallas.
Arundinaz olivaceus, Blyth.
I have a specimen from the Andamans presented to me by Mr.
Blyth, and another from Tientsm, both precisely identical. It is
figured by von Schrenck from the Amoor. -I have not yet met with
it in South China. It summers in Siberia, North China, and Amoor-
land, and winters in Hindostan, probably extending during that season
along the Malayan peninsula and into the Andamans.
164. CALAMOHERPE CANTILLANS.
Salicaria cantillans, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
One specimen procured by Mr. Fleming at Tientsin. It would
appear to replace in North China and Japan the following species of
the south.
165. CALAMOHERPE MINUTA.
Arundinax minutus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52.
This bird arrives from the south to spend the summer in South
China. A few, however, occur all the year. It is a curions dimi-
nutive of the following, though entirely distinct in manners and song.
166. CALAMOHERPE CANTURIANS.
Arundinax canturians, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52.
Abundant from Canton to Shanghai, and in Formosa. A south-
wardly migration takes place in winter, but numbers stay all through
the year. As the C. cantillans replaces the C. minuta north of
Shanghai, so I suspect the C. cantans of Japan replaces this species
in that region.
167. DrymM@ca ExTENSICAUDA, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 50.
Female smaller than male, with shorter tail. Winter plumage
more strongly tinted with buff than summer. Bill in winter light-
coloured, in summer black. For notes on the habits of this bird,
see my different lists in The Ibis. Found as a constant resident in
South China, from Amoy to Foochow; also in Formosa.
168. Prints sonirans, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 50.
A resident in South China, from Canton to Foochow; also in
Formosa.
169. ORTHOTOMUS PHYLLORRHAPHEUS, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860,
p. 49.
An abundant resident in South China, from Canton to Foochow.
The male acquires long central tail-feathers in spring.
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 295
170. CisTIcoLA SCH@NICOLA, Bp.
C. cursitans, Franklin.
C. brunneicephala, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
C. tintinnabulans, Swinhoe.
Common at Shanghai in summer, extending its range to Pekin.
The majority from the north wend southwards, and pass the winter
in South China, at which season only I have found it near Amoy. In
south-west Formosa it is resident. It has also been noted from
Japan, but not from the Amoor. I have, in company with Mr. Tris-
tram, compared Chinese, Formosan, and Indian examples with Euro-
pean specimens, and can note no tangible differences.
171. PHYLLOPNEUSTE FUSCATA.
Phylloscopus fuscatus, Blyth, J. A. S. xi. p. 1135 xii. p. 965.
Phyllopneuste sibirica, Middendorff, Sib. Reise, ii. tab. 16.
Summers in Siberia, North China, and Amoorland, and winters in
South China and the plains of Hindostan. A few, I suspect, stay all
the year in South China. It varies much in size and length of wing.
I have one very large specimen from Amoy, evidently only an indi-
vidual variety.
172. PHYLLOPNEUSTE TENELLIPES.
Phylloscopus tenellipes, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 53.
Found about Amoy and South China during winter; probably
winters in North China, but has not yet been noted thence, nor yet
from the Amoor. Ihave three specimens from Amoy. Length 4°4 ;
wing 2°3; tail 1°9. Bill brown, paler at edges, tip, and base of
gonys; inside of mouth light yellow. Legs and claws pale flesh-
colour. This is one of the most distinct species of this group, and
in colouring holds a place between the foregoing brown bird and the
greener forms.
173. PHYLLOPNEUSTE SYLVICULTRIX.
Phylloscopus sylvicultrix, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 53.
P. javanica (Horsf.), Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 69?
I have nearly 200 examples of this species from Amoy, which differ
in general size, in the length and bulk of the bill, in the length of the
wings and of the first primary, and in the tints of the tarse. Were
two of the extreme forms taken separately, some naturalists would
be inclined to set them down as distinct species; but with my large
series of every intermediate grade and form before one, the special
points of distinction disappear, and one cannot help avowing them all
to be the same. In this view Mr. Tristram, who has kindly exa-
mined them with me, entirely concurs. All the Chinese forms of
Phyllopneuste, with the exception of the P. fuscata, show more or
less yellowish spots on the wing—a distinction which does not appear
to be shared by any of the European forms. In this character the
wings of our birds show some affinity to the well-banded wing of
the Reguloides group, to which they further approximate in the
shape of their tails.
296 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
P. sylvicultriz visits Amoy in large numbers during its autumnal
and vernal migrations. It probably summers in the interior of China
and about Ningpo and Shanghai. I have procured it in autumn in
south-west Formosa, and I have reason to believe it winters in
the Philippines. Its great destroyer is the Lantus lucionensis,
Strickl., which migrates about the same time, passing Amoy in
immense numbers, and crossing over to the Philippines wi south-
west Formosa. Professor Schlegel showed me some Willow-wrens,
I think from Halmahein, which seemed identical with Chinese ex-
amples of this bird. These would doubtless be the same that Pro-
fessor Blasius refers to as P. javanica, Horsf. (see Ibis, 1862, p. 69).
The type specimen of Horsfield’s Sylvia javanica in the East India
Museum is, however, a Zosterops, as demonstrated by Mr. Blyth
and others years ago. It is not at all improbable that our P. sydui-
eultriz spreads in winter throughout the Malayan Islands. The
various Chinese species of Phyllopneuste, with the exception of P.
fuscata, Mr. Blyth and I have ascertained by actual comparison to
be quite distinct from those found in India.
174. PHyLLOPNEUSTE XANTHODRYAS, 0. Sp.
3, shot at Amoy on the 23rd of April 1861. Length 5:5; wing
2°9; tail 2:3. First primary pointed, ‘65; second *4, shorter than
the third, which is nearly of a length with the fourth and fifth. Bulk
blackish brown on the upper mandible; edge of ditto, tip, and lower
mandible yellow-ochre, rather dingy on the latter. Inside of mouth
light orange-yellow. Eyelid light black. Legs and claws pale brown,
with a tinge of yellow on the feet and claws.
2, shot on the 20th of May, at Amoy. Length 5-4; wing 2°7;
tail 2:2. Bill and gape less yellow than before, the former browner.
Legs light sienna-yellow, tinged with brown.
This is the largest Phyllopneuste I have met with m China. It
approaches P. coronata nearest in size of bill, but has no coronal
stripe, and the under parts are much yellower. From P. sylvi-
cultrix it is easily recognized by its much superior size, its yellow
under parts, its more robust claws, the larger size of the first primary,
and the greater difference between the second and third.
The gizzard of one dissected was round, compressed on the sides,
with a large circular tendon on each side. It was lined internally
with a thick rugous epithelium, and contained remains of flies.
This species may, I think, be considered as a summer visitant to
Central China from the south, passing Amoy en route.
175. PHYLLOPNEUSTE PLUMBEITARSA.
Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 330.
Phyllopneuste rufa, von Schrenck, Amurland.
P. borealis, Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 69?
I have only one specimen of this bird, procured near Pekin in
October, which I take to be an individual migrating southwards from
its summer quartersin Amoorland. From that region von Schrenck
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 297
gives P. rufa; and, from its approach to that species, the bird
mentioned by that authority would naturally be our species. But
from P. rufa ours is at once distinguishable by its short thicker bill,
and by the yellowish tips to its lesser and greater wing-coverts. In
the shape of its bill, ours has more affinity with P. eversmanni of
Siberia, figured in Middendorff, Sib. Reis., but differs also from that
in its yellowish wing-markings.
176. PHYLLOPNEUSTE CORONATA.
Ficedula coronata, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
This is a summer visitant to North China and Japan, repairing in
winter to South China, at which latter season it occurs at Amoy.
Reguloides trochiloides, Sundevall, is a closely allied species from
India, but is smaller, has a smaller bill, and brighter yellow tips to
wing-coverts. It is the representative race of our species in more
Western Asia, and ought perhaps, with ours, rather to be included in
this genus than among the pseudo-Goldcrests.
177. REGULOIDES SUPERCILIOSUS (Gm.).
Regulus modestus, Gould.
Summers in North China and Japan, and is abundant during the
cold season throughout Southern China and Formosa. It is then
also said to occur in the plains of Hindostan. The bird shot by Mr.
J. Hancock, of Newcastle, on the coast of Yorkshire I have lately
had the privilege of examining, and find to be identical with my
Chinese examples.
178. REGULOIDES PROREGULUS, Pall.
A summer visitant to North China, and a winter visitant to South
China. Recognized at once from the foregoing by its yellow rump-
band. I have procured this, as well as the last, near Pekin in Sep-
tember ; and I hence infer that this also ranges into the Amoor terri-
tory, and has been confounded by von Schrenck with the above.
ZOSTEROPID.
179. ZosTEROPS SIMPLEX, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 317, et
Ibis, 1863, p. 294.
This species ranges in China, from Canton to Foochow, and perhaps
a little higher, but not to Shanghai, where it is replaced by the fol-
lowing. In Formosa itis also an abundant resident. On its nesting
and habits I have already written much in The Ibis, and therefore
will not here repeat my remarks. It has its nearest ally in the Z. pal-
pebrosa of India, being, like it, light grey on the under parts. An
occasional specimen or two, however, may be picked out of my Amoy
series with a tinge of chestnut-brown on the under parts, showing the
tendency of the species towards the Japanese Z. japonica. Some
have the belly deeper grey than others. The yellow on the throat and
298 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
vent varies in intensity, as also does the green of the upper parts ; but
these are chiefly distinctions of sex or age. I have one pale (almost
yellow) variety, procured by Captain Blakiston at Canton. All the
adults have the black lore and eye-line, shown also in the following
and in many of this group. I have specimens from Hongkong,
Macao, Canton, Amoy, Foochow, and Formosa, and they all agree
in essential characters.
180. ZostEROPS EYTHROPLEURA, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8.1863, p. 204.
This species, which extends from Shanghai to Tientsin and the
Amoor, I had confounded with the Z. japonica of the ‘Fauna Japo-
nica,’ until lately, when, on a visit to M. Jules Verreaux at Paris, I
had the pleasure of examining for the first time a Japanese speci-
men, and of comparing it with North China skins. The difference
in the two birds is striking. The under parts of Z. japonica are a
dull light brownish chestnut, while the flanks of this species are a
deep rusty chestnut. This bird is larger and longer-winged than our
South-China species, but is exceeded in hoth by the Japanese. I
have examined two specimens from Shanghai from M. Jules Ver-
reaux’s collection, and one from Tientsin. The two former are much
brighter on the flanks than the latter; but as they are both males,
and our Tientsin bird is a female, the difference may be only a
sexual one, and not one of locality. What could have induced
von Schrenck to confuse this species with the Z. chloronota, Gould,
of Australia, I cannot understand. The shape of the bill and head
of this last, as well as the dull sordid colour of the plumage, show
at once a marked difference from the Chinese bird. Indeed there
are many species from Asia and Africa far more closely allied to
our species than is the Z. chloronota. As I have never met with
the North China species alive, except as a cage-bird, I have nothing
special to relate regarding its habits.
AMPELID&.
181. LiorHrix LUTEA.
Sylvia lutea, Scopoli.
Tanagra sinensis, Gmel.
Parus furcatus, Temm.
Often seen alive in cages at Canton. Is said to be brought from
the interior. I never met with it in a wild state.
182. AMPELIS GARRULA, L.
Occasionally met with in North China during winter.
FRINGILLIDZ.
183. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA, L.
Met with in North China during winter. Summers in Amoorland.
Captain Blakiston killed one out of a small party at Shanghai in
January.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHUE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 299
184. AGr1oTrHusS LINARIUS, L.
185. AuGiIoTHUS CANESCENS, Gould.
Both these species come down into North China from Amoorland
and the north during winter.
186. CurysomiTris sprnus, L.
Comes down from the north in winter, as far south as Foochow.
187. CuHtorosriza sinica, L.
Fringilla kawariba minor, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Common throughout China, from Canton to Pekin, at all seasons.
A larger race occurs in some parts of Japan, while in others its place
is said to be supplied by this bird.
188. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, Pall.
Procured at Tientsin. Is said to be taken occasionally near Can-
ton during winter.
189. CoccoTHRAUSTES MELANURUS, Gmel.
A common resident bird from Canton to Shanghai. I have not
traced it further north. Is replaced in Japan by a near species,
C. personatus.
190. CoccoTHRAUSTES VULGARIS, Ray.
Found in Amoorland, about Pekin, and at Japan. I have not
discovered it in the more southerly part of China.
191. Lox1a curvirostTRA, L.
A winter visitant to North China. Is found in Amoorland, where
L. leucoptera is said also to occur. Brought from Hakodadi, North
Japan.
192. Muna oryzivora, L.
Found about Canton, and occasionally near Amoy. A South-
China bird, extending to the Straits of Malacca and Java.
193. Munta toreza, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 90.
A common resident from Canton to Foochow, and in Formosa.
194, Munta acuticaupa, Hodgs. ;
An abundant resident from Canton to Shanghai, and in Formosa.
Is domesticated in Japan, where it also probably occurs in a wild
state, though it has not been noted from there. ;
195. Passer MONTANUS, L.
The common House-Sparrow throughout China, the Amoor, For-
mosa, and Japan.
196. Passer russatus, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
The Tree-Sparrow of China, Japan, and Formosa. The female
300 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
of this species presents a plumage like that of the female P. domes-
ticus, L.
197. Eusp1zA RUTILA (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 469.
Found in Siberia, Amoorland, and Japan. A few wend their way
southwards in winter. I have procured it at Amoy, where it is ex-
tremely scarce.
198. Evsp1zA AUREOLA (Pall.) ; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 468.
Summers in North China, Amoorland, and Japan, and winters in
South China, and plentifully in Burmah. Abundant about Canton
and Amoy during the cool season. Known to Europeans in China
as the “ Canton Ortolan.”’
199. EvspizA SULPHURATA.
Emberiza sulphurata, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Summers in Japan, and winters in South China. Numbers touch
Amoy on the northward migration in April. Has not been noted
either from North China or the Amoor. In Sir William Jardine’s
‘ Life and Memoirs of Mr. Hugh Strickland,’ a bird is described and
figured as Huspiza cinerea from Smyrna, which looks much like a
larger representative race of this species.
200. MEeLopuus MELANICTERUS(Gmel.); Bp. Consp. Av. p.470.
Abundant at all seasons about Canton, Macao, and Amoy, ex-
tending upwards to Foochow, but I do not think much further north.
. 201. Emperiza pityornis (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 466.
Siberia, North China, and the Amoor. I met with it at Pekin
in October.
202. EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA, Pall.
E. personata, Temm.
E. melanops, Blyth.
I have a large series of this bird, all shot at Amoy, in various
stages of plumage, answering to the three so-called species. The
entire grey head and neck, and black round the bill, are put on by the
male in full plumage; and the yellow tints of the under parts vary
in hue and intensity. Von Schrenck notices the two first from
Amoorland as distinct species; and Mr. Blyth has described the
third as an occasional straggler in North-eastern India. In winter
it visits the south of China in large numbers, returning on the ap-
proach of summer to North China, the Amoor, and Japan.
203. EmBeriza ciopsis, Bp.
E. cioides, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
This species is found in North China, Amoorland, and Japan, It
is a winter visitant to South China.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 301
204. Emsperiza rustica (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 466.
North China, the Amoor, and Japan. Not yet met with in South
China.
205. Emperriza rucata (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 464.
Winters in South China. Found in summer in North China and
Japan.
206. EmMBeriza sTRACHEYI (Moore); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 9.
Procured at Tientsin (Fleming), and at Kumaon (Strachey).
Nothing is known of its movements or distribution.
207. EmBEerizA CHRYSOPHRYS (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 464.
Siberia, and probably Western China. I procured a specimen near
Pekin in September.
208. EmBERIzA CANESCENS, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 62.
Occurs in South China in winter only ; probably retires to North
China to breed.
209. EMBERIZA PUSILLA (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. p. 464.
Abundant in North China near Pekin, some visiting South China
in winter. Found also in Amoorland.
210. ScH@NICOLA PASSERINA, var. (, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. Asiat.
ii. 48, 49.
Emberiza scheniclus, var. minor, Midd. Sib. Reise.
E. polaris, Midd.?
Amoorland and North Japan. It is doubtless also a North-Chinese
bird.
211. PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS, L.
Visits North China in the cold weather.
212. CeENTROPHANES LAPponIca, L.
Abundant near Pekin in winter.
STURNIDZ.
213. Srurnus vuuearis, L.
I include this bird in my Chinese list on the authority of a spe-
cimen in the British Museum, said to have been brought by Mr.
Reeves from Canton. I have never met with the bird.
214. Srurnus crineRAcevus, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Summers in Japan and North China to the Amoor. Visits South
China in large flocks during winter.
215. SruRNUS SERICEUS, Gmel.
A resident species from Canton to Shanghai, extending probably
302 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
further north. In winter assembles in large flocks and ranges about
the country, often associating with the foregoing.
216. HeTRORNIS SINENSIS.
Oriolus sinensis, Gmel.
O. buffonianus, Shaw.
Pastor turdiformis, Wag].
Sturnia cana, Blyth.
Arrives in large numbers in spring in South China, frequenting
houses, and building in the holes of their roofs. It stays the summer,
and then disappears. It is in that season very common from Canton
to a little above Amoy, not extending so far north as Foochow. Its
winter migration appears to extend into Pegu, whence identical spe-
cimens have been received. All the species of this genus become
strongly tinged in the breeding-season with a rusty buff, very bright
in parts. In the autumn the moult takes place, when the feathers
resume their natural colour. What is the cause of this tint I cannot
divine; but, to show how strong it is, Mr. Blyth named the species
from the Nicobars H. erythropygius, from its red rump. The next
specimen he procured was later in the season, and the red-tinged parts
had moulted into their natural white colours. This tinge is perhaps
analogous to that of the breast of Gypaétus barbatus, of the Teal,
and of several other birds. In our bird it is too generally diffused to
suppose that it has been rubbed on extraneously. It comes doubt-
less from the body of the bird, and must owe its origin to some con-
stitutional peculiarity.
217. HET#RORNIS DAURICUS.
Sturnus dauricus, Pall.
Turdus dominicanus, Gm.
Pastor malayensis, Eyton.
Found in North China and Amoorland in summer ; its southward
migration would appear to extend into Hindostan, the Malayan pe-
ninsula, and Java, whence specimens have been received. It does
not appear to travel down the Chinese coast to its winter destination,
or we should have met with it in South China, which we never have.
It probably takes an inland route through Daouria, whence Pallas
obtained and described his type specimens.
This species is replaced in Japan by the little H. pyrrhogenys,
Mill. (Lamprotornis pyrrhopogon, Schleg. Faun. Jap.), which is
there a summer visitant only, being found during the winter in the
Philippines, whence I have received skins. I naturally expected to
find it touching on its travels at Formosa, but did not; nor have I
ever come across it on the Chinese coast. I may here remark that a
specimen of this bird sent to Mr. Blyth was described by him as a
new species, under the name Calornis albifrons.
218. ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS, L.
Found in China as a resident species, from Canton to Shanghai.
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 303
Abundant also in Formosa. Is found also in the Philippines, whither
it is said to have been conveyed originally for the destruction of
locusts. The members of this genus are closely allied, but very local
in their distribution. Great confusion exists in their nomenclature ;
but the description of Linnzus doubtless refers to the Chinese Star-
ling so called, though he describes it as a bird from Bengal.
There is quite a peculiar species in Siam, which I have received
from Sir Robert Schomburgk, H. M. Consul at Bangkok. This in
coloration is a good deal similar to the Chinese bird, but has the
bill a bright yellow, instead of light lemon-colour ; its vent is pure
white, instead of black tipped with white; its nasal crest is much
smaller, and the pointed feathers on its crown much longer, than in
ours ; its rectrices are, moreover, much more largely tipped with
white. In size and other respects the two nearly agree. For this I
would now propose the name 4, stamensis.
219. GRACUPICA NIGRICOLLIS.
Gracula nigricollis, Paykull.
Pastor bicolor, Gr.
Pastor temporalis, Wag}.
Sturnus temporalis, Blyth.
Gracula melanoleuca, Sonnerat.
Gracupica melanoleuca, Less.
A resident species in South China, from Canton to Foochow; ex-
tends in its distribution as far south as Siam. Its bare cheeks, when
alive, are bright yellow, and not red as stated in Bp. Consp. Av.
p- 421. The immature bird has the head and neck light brown,
and its general colours are much lighter than in the adult.
Corvipz.
220. Pica caupata, Ray, var. media.
P. media, Blyth.
P. sericea, Gould.
The Magpie is an abundant resident throughout China, Amoor-
land, Kamtschatka, Japan, and Formosa. On specimens procured
from these different regions two additional species have been created,
founded on the variation of the length of wing and expansion of alar
white,—P. japonica, Bp., and P. media, Blyth. My specimen from
Pekin seems entirely to agree with British skins; but the majority
of those from Amoy differ in the tints of the tail, and in having much
less white on the quills. I have, however, from that locality one
which is identical with the Pekin bird. On examining nestlings
and young birds, I find that the alar white is again much less; and,
on carefully comparing my large series of Amoy skins, I find great
variation in length of wing, in the tints of the tail, and in the size of
the white band on the rump, this last, in some, being scarcely
visible. I therefore cannot help reducing the so-called species
again into the original one; for, as the Magpie is not a migratory
bird, one can scarcely suppose that the true Pekin race would oc-
304 MK. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
casionally find its way down to Amoy, a distance of over 1000 miles.
We might, perhaps, regard the South-China bird as a race of itself,
with a frequent tendency to revert to the typical form.
The tail of P. caudata from Holland and England is very much
bronzed, much more so than that of the Pekin bird, but in no greater
degree differing than does the Pekin bird and one from Amoy from
the majority of those from that locality. The tail of P. numidica is
similarly different from that of the English bird ; and, on analogy, it
is therefore not improbable that the Amoor bird would more nearly
approach the Dutch and English in brightness.
221. CyANOPICA CYANEA, Pall.
Pica melanocephalos, Wag.
Abundant from Shanghai to Pekin, thence into Amoorland and
Japan. A resident species. I have not been able to recognize two
distinct species in these, as is done by Bonaparte in his Conspectus,
p- 382.
222. Urocissa SINENSIS, L.
A resident species on all the wooded hills from Canton to Ningpo,
represented in Formosa by another species, the U. ce@rulea, Gould.
The male has a much larger bill than the female, of a uniform
orange-red, and not tipped, like hers, on the apical culmen with black.
The young bird has a brownish-yellow bill, brown legs and irides.
Crown of head pale grey; nasal feathers, cheeks, and sides of neck
light black, lighter on the under neck, and nearly grey on the throat.
The rest of the plumage paler and duskier than in the adult.
This species was procured by Captain Blakiston near Ichang,
1100 miles up the Yangtsze ; so that its range would appear to extend
throughout entire Southern China.
223. DENDROCITTA SINENSIS, Lath.
Said to inhabit the mountains of South China.
224. GARRULUS SINENSIS, Gould.
Very closely allied to G. bispecularis, Gould, of the Himalayas.
Ranges in China from Canton to Ningpo. Further north, it is repre-
sented by another species, of which I have no specimens, but which I
believe to be the G. brandtii, Eversm., a bird found also in Amoor-
land, and lately procured in Hakodadi, North Japan, by Capt. Bla-
kiston. South Japan produces an ally of G. glandarius, in G. japo-
nicus, Schleg., and Formosa a diminutive ally of G. sinensis, in G. in-
sularis, Gould.
225. Lycos DAURICUS.
Corvus dauricus (Pall.), Faun. Japon. t. 41.
Abundant about Pekin, thence ranging north into Amoorland.
and west into Siberia. Ihave not traced it further south into China,
It also occurs in Japan.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 305
226. Lycos NEGLECTUS.
Corvus (Monedula) neglectus, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Japon.
This has the same range as the above, and is much more closely
allied to the true L. monedula. I have unfortunately no specimens.
227. Corvus TorQuatTus, Less.
C. pectoralis, Gould.
A resident species in China, from Canton to Pekin. The only
species of Crow at Amoy. The male and female do not appear to
differ much in size of bill.
228. Corvus sinensis, Gould.
C. corone of Temm. & Schleg. and von Schrenck.
I have four specimens of this bird—a female from Pekin, an im-
mature male from Foochow, and a male and female from Swatow.
The northern birds are larger than the southern, but in essential
characters they are the same. The distinctness of the Chinese bird
from C. corone of Europe Mr. Tristram agrees with me in consider-
ing undoubted ; and it is hard to understand how, after a comparison,
they could ever have been united. C. sinensis has a bill more allied
to that of the Ravens than to the Jackdaw-like bill of C. corone.
The bill of the male C. sinensis is about one-third bulkier than that
of its female, which is about the same proportion larger than that of
the male C. corone; that organ is, moreover, well culminated, like
that of C. cudminatus of India. Apart from the bill, however, there
are numerous other satisfactory distinctions. The whole plumage of
C. sinensis, except the scapulars, coverts, and secondary-edges, is
washed with a green bronze, which in C. corone is purplish, and
the feathers of the throat and under neck are lanceolate; the latter
marked distinction will enable the most superficial observer to dis-
tinguish them, The Chinese is, besides, a good deal larger in size
and in length of wing. C. eulminatus has a very similar bill to the
Chinese bird. In size, it appears to more nearly equal the European
species, and in shades of plumage to be intermediate between it and
the Chinese, but it likewise wants the strongly acuminate throat-
feathers of C. sinensis. The specimens of C. culminatus that I have
had for comparison are from Calcutta and the Andaman Islands.
I have also C. macrorhynchus, Temm., and C. enca, Horsf., both from
Jaya, sent me by Prof. Schlegel. These are long-billed species, the
former being nearly double the size of the latter.
229. Corvus saPponensis, Bp.
C. macrorhynchus, Schleg.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 386.
North China, Amoorland, and Japan.
230. Corvus PASTINATOR, Gould.
C. frugilegus of Temm. & Schleg. and von Schrenck.
An abundant resident from Shanghai to Pekin; extends into
Amoorland and Japan. Mr. Tristram agrees with me in consider-
Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1863, No. XX.
306 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
ing Mr. Gould right in separating this bird from the European
Rook ; in size they are very similar. The Chinese bird is, however,
at once distinguishable by the whole of its head being glossed with
purple like the back, the European Rook having the head and face
glossed with blue-black. But the greatest distinction is in the pe-
culiar black-feathered throat and chin, these parts in C. frugilegus
being quite bare. My specimen was procured in October, at Pekin,
and, being in mature plumage, must be over a year old at the least.
More specimens are required to determine whether the throat ever
does get bare, like the base of the bill, with advancing age; but if
this character fail, the different tints of the head will be sufficient to
establish the Chinese bird as a distinct race of Rook.
231. NucrIFRAGA CARYOCATACTES, L.
Said to occur in North China. Reported from Amoorland and
Japan.
232. FREGILUs GRACULUS, L.
North China; procured near Tientsin. Not noted from Amoor-
land or Japan.
CoLuMBID..
233. CoLuMBA RUPESTRIS, Bp. Consp. Av. il. p. 48.
C. leucozonura, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 259.
Common about the rocky shores of China in the extreme north,
and rocky coast of Mantchuria.
234. Turrur rupicota (Pall.); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 60.
Found in North China, the Amoor, and Japan. A winter visitant
to South China and Formosa.
235. TurRTUR CHINENSIS (Scop.); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 63.
A resident species from Canton to Shanghai, and at Formosa.
236. TurTur HumILis (Temm); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 66.
A summer visitant to South China, ranging in that season as far
north as Shanghai and into Formosa.
GALLIN2.
237. SYRRHAPTES PARADOXUS, Pall.
Abundant about the plains of Pekin and Tientsin during winter.
Roams about the country in immense flocks, flying in figures, as do
Plovers and most sea-birds.
238. CROSSOPTILON MANTCHURICUM, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1862,
p- 287.
One specimen procured through Dr. Lamprey at Tientsin. Said
to have come from Mantchuria.
18653.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 307
239. PHAsIANUS TOoRQUATUS, Gmel.
Found throughout China, up into Amoorland.
240. PuHasiaAnus reEvesil, J. E. Gray.
Central China and borders of Mongolia.
241. THauMALtea picra, L.
China bordering on Thibet and Mongolia.
242. THAUMALEA AMHERSTIE (Leadb.).
China bordering ou Eastern Thibet.
243. EUPLOCAMUS NYCTHEMERUS, L.
Nycthemerus argentatus, Swainson.
Wooded mountain-country of Southern China.
244, PoLypLectRron cuinauis (Temm.); Blyth’s Cat. p. 241.
Specimens in the British Museum from Mr. Reeves, said to have
been procured in Southern China.
245, CERIORNIS TEMMINCKII.
Satyra temminckii, Gray.
In British Museum, from Reeves. China.
246. Ceritornis casort, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. x.
Said to have been procured in Southern China.
247. FRANCOLINUS SINENSIS.
Tetrao sinensis, Osbeck.
T. perlatus, Gmelin.
T. pintadeus, Scopoli.
T. madagascariensis, Gmel.
A non-perching Francolin, found on the hills of Southern China.
Usually met with single, and difficult to flush. Has been introduced
into the Mauritius. Male spurred; female with only a wart.
248. BAMBUSICOLA THORACICA.
Perdiz thoracica, Temm.
P. sphenura, J. E. Gray, Zool. Mise. no. 1, p. 2.
Male spurred ; female with only a wart. For remarks on this and
~ its allied Formosan representative, see The Ibis, 1863, p. 399.
249. Perprix BARBATA, J. Verreaux, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 62, Pl. IX.
Brought to the Tientsin market from the plains adjoining Kastern
Siberia. Mentioned by Pallas as a variety of P. cinerea inhabiting
Dauria. Procured by Middendorff in the Baraba Steppe, and noted
_ by him in his ‘Sib. Reise’ as P. cinerea.
i
%
a
‘4
4
np le
308 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
250. CoruRNIxX COMMUNIS, Bonnaterre.
Tetrao coturniz, L.
C. dactylisonans, Temm.
Found throughout China, in the north as a summer bird, in the
south chiefly as a winter visitant, though many stay to breed. I
have procured their eggs at Amoy. It is found also at Japan and in
Formosa, but is not noted from the Amoor.
251. ExCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS.
Tetrao chinensis, L.
Has a wide range throughout Southern Asia and its islands to
Australia. Found in Southern China and Formosa, and has been
introduced into the Mauritius.
252. Turnix macuxiosa, Temm. ;
Occurs sparsely throughout China from Canton to Pekin; and I
suspect also in Formosa, though I did not procure specimens. Mr.
Blyth considers the Chinese race the same as that from Burmah,
which he has lately described as 7’. blanfordi (Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
1863, p. 8). He says it holds the same relationship to 7. dussumieri,
Temm., of India, that the 7. sykesi of India holds to the 7. andalu-
sica of S. Europe and N. Africa.
253. TURNIX OCELLATA.
Oriolus ocellatus, Scop.
Tetrao luzoniensis, Gmel.
Hemipodius thoracicus, Temm.
Inhabits Southern Asia and its archipelago, to the Philippines.
Occurs also in Southern China and Formosa.
GRALL.
254. Oris TaRDA, L.
We frequently hear in China of Bustards, though I have never
met any. They are brought to the Tientsin market from the neigh-
bouring plains, and through the kindness of Dr. Lamprey I have been
enabled to procure a sternum. This agrees entirely with that of the
European Bustard, which is also noted from the Amoor. In South
China probably other species occur.
255. Grus CINEREA, L.
G. cinerea longirostris, Faun. Jap.
North China to Amoorland and Japan. Visits South China in
winter in large flocks, frequenting cultivated fields, and feeding on
sweet potatoes (Batatas edulis).
256. GRUS LEUCOGERANOS, Pall.
North China, Amoorland, and Japan.
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 309
257. Grus viripiRostRIs, Vieill.
Antigone montignesia, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 100.
North China and Japan. Frequently seen in captivity at Shanghai.
Emblem of longevity among the Chinese, and the subject of many
pictures and works of art.
258. Grus monacna, Temm.
North China and Japan.
259. GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS, Lath.
In all marshy plains throughout China, as far north as Pekin;
also abundant in Formosa. Not noted from the Amoor or Japan.
260. VANELLUS cRisTATuS, Meyer & Wolf.
North China from Shanghai to Pekin and Amoorland. Shot by
Captain Blakiston, at Shanghai, in January.
261. LoprvANELLUS CINEREUS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 587.
Chetusia wagleri, Bp.
Common on the banks of the Yangtsze, Central China, in summer,
whence it probably migrates southwards to the plains of Hindostan.
A specimen brought by Captain Blakiston agrees entirely with those
from India. The Lobivanellus inornatus of Japan is said to be
distinct. One shot at Amoy was referred by Mr. G. Schlegel to that
species, but it may have been the bird that migrates to India. It
is said to be extremely rare in Japan ; hence it is not unlikely thata
few only straggle there, as the bird we procured straggled to Amoy.
262. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, Gmel.
Winter visitant to the coasts of China and Formosa from the north.
263. CHARADRIUS LONGIPES, Temm.
C. virginicus of my previous lists.
Throughout China and Japan. Many stay to breed about South
China and Formosa. The females are smaller than the males, and
their eggs unusually small.
264, EuDROMIAS MORINELLUS, L.
Observed by Middendorff in North-eastern Asia in June and
August. Procured, according to Cassin, at Hakodadi (North Japan).
265. ANGIALITES LESCHENAULTII.
Charadrius leschenaultii, Less.
C. geoffroyii, Wagler.
O. asiaticus (caspius), Pall.
Hiaticula rufina, Blyth.
On all the coasts of Southern Asia. Somewhat rare on Chinese
coast. Common in Formosa, where it stays the whole year and
breeds. This appears to be the largest of this group, and has a
heavy black bill. gialites hiaticula, L., of Europe, is said by
310 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
Temminck to have been procured from Japan, but I should think it
extremely doubtful. Mr. Tristram has an undoubted specimen of
this species, shot by himself between Cairo and Suez in February.
This is the most westerly occurrence of this bird I have heard of.
266. ANSGIALITES MONGOLICUS.
Charadrius mongolicus, Pall.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
C. ruficollis, Cuv.
C. pyrrhothorax, Temm.
C. cirrhipedesmos, Wagler.
C. sanguineus, Less.
C. rufinellus, Blyth.
Inland plains of North China, Mongolia, and Amoorland. Com-
mon in winter in Lower Bengal. It appears rarely, if ever, to come
to the sea-coast, and is probably a Dotterel, though it has many affi-
nities with the Sand-plovers.
267. AIGIALITES CANTIANUS.
Charadrius cantianus, Lath. (alexandrinus, Pall.).
Though not noted by von Schrenck from the Amoor, I suspect the
summer resort of this bird extends as high up as Kamtschatka. I
found it at Talienwan, and in winter we receive large accessions to
our resident numbers from the north. It is, I think, entirely a bird
of the coast, never being met with inland. The birds that stay
to breed on the coasts and islands of South China and Formosa can
at once be recognized by their flesh-coloured legs, which in the arri-
vals from the north are leaden. Our southern birds are, moreover,
larger, very pale, in some cases almost white, and never, to my know-
ledge, attain aught but an indication of the bright rufous and black
that adorn the head of the northern form. A similar resident race
has been procured on the coast of California, and separated by Cassin
as a distinct species under the term Hiaticula nivosa. I do not
think we can regard this form other than as a climatal or incipient
species, or, if the term be preferred, conspecies.
268. AKGIALITES PHILLIPINUS.
Charadrius philippinus, Scopoli.
C. minor, Meyer, and of British authors.
C. curonicus, Beske.
Abundant on the coasts of China and Formosa, where many spend
the whole summer. Extends into Amoorland and Japan. Is some-
what an inland bird, and frequently found on the sandy banks of
rivers, and in winter on freshly ploughed fields, margins of pools,
marshy grounds, and wet rice-fields.
269. Hamatopus LonerrostRIs, Gray.
H. ostralegus, L., of my former lists.
Bill an inch and more longer than in H. ostralegus, and differently
shaped. It never has the white collar, even when immature, and
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 311
has more white on the tail, especially on the outer feathers. Winter
visitant to south coast of China, thence to the Indian Archipelago.
Found in summer at Talienwan. Extends up the coast of Mant-
churia to northern latitudes in summer, at which season it also occurs
in Japan.
270. Hamatopus NIGER, Pall.
Kurile Isles, Sagalien, and Sea of Ochotsk.
271. RecurvirosTRA AVOCcETTA, L.
Winter visitant to South China. Summers probably in North
China and Amoorland.
272. Toranus Gtortis, L.
T. glottoides, Vigors. —
Visits the coasts of China, Japan, and Formosa in winter.
273. ToTANUS STAGNATILIS, Bechst.
Rare on the Chinese coast. Seen occasionally during winter on
the coast in small flocks. A specimen procured in Formosa. It
also appears to be rare on the coasts of North-eastern Asia ; for Mid-
dendorff procured it only once on the shores of the Sea of Ochotsk.
274. Toranus Fuscus, L.
Winter visitant to south coast. Specimens procured at Macao and
Tientsin.
275. ToTaNus CALIpRIs, L.
Commoner than the last in winter, though both somewhat rare.
Specimen procured in Formosa.
276. ToTANUS GLAREOLA, Gmel.
Common in small flocks in marshy places in September and Octo-
ber in South China, just arrived from the north, and evidently bound
to more southerly latitudes. Disappears in winter, and returns late
in spring, bound north. Never seen on the coast.
277. Toranus Arrinis, Horsf.
I procured one of this species out of a small party in a rice-field near
Amoy, on the 12th of September 1859. The flight and note of the
bird struck me as peculiar at the time. It is most nearly allied to
T. glareola, from which it is at once distinguished by the deep olive-
tint of the upper parts, the head and back being destitute of spots,
by the few whitish spots of its wing-coverts and tertiaries, which are,
on the other hand, spotted with black, in these respects resembling
T. ochropus. The tail, however, is closer to that of 7. glareola;
but the central feathers are more olive, and with few white markings.
The breast is washed on the sides with olive-brown, and has no spots.
The tarsus is shorter than in either 7. glareola or T. ochropus, as
also the bill. Mr. Tristram agrees with me in considering it a good
species. It has also considerable affinity with 7. hypoleucus.
312 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
278. ToTANuUS ocHROPUS, L.
Seldom found on the coast. Rather solitary in habits. A few
stay all the year in South China.
279. ToTANUS BREVIPES, Vieill.
T. pulverulentus (Mill.), Faun. Jap.
T. glareola, Pall.
T. griseopygeus, Gould, Birds of Austr.
T. fuliginosus, G. R. Gray, G. of B. (winter).
Found on Chinese coast in winter, but much commoner during
the early part of that season in Formosa. Extends its winter migra-
tion to the Indian Archipelago and to Australia.. Procured also from
Japan, where it probably breeds. Not noted from Amoorland by
von Schrenck, but has been procured from Kamtsehatka and the
Sea of Ochotsk.
280. ToraANuUS HYPOLEUCUS, L.
T. empusa, Gould, Birds of Austr.
Tringoides hypoleuca of previous lists.
Everywhere a common resident species on the coast and on banks
of rivers. Associates in flocks and parties in winter, and in rigorous
weather shifts southwards.
281. MacueTtes puGnax, L.
From Kamtschatka and Siberia, where it summers, visiting India
and interior of China in winter.
282. TEREKIA CINEREA.
Scolopax cinerea, Gmel.
Limosa recurvirostra, Pall.
L. cinerea, apud von Schrenck.
Procured in summer plumage at Tientsin, and noticed as a summer
bird in Amoorland. I have never observed it on the South Chinese
coast, and it is not improbable that it migrates southwards through
the interior. Isa common winter bird in India and its archipelago,
and has been procured in that season in Australia.
283. Limosa uropyGiALis, Gould, Birds of Austr.
Procured only once at Amoy in early spring. Not noted before
from any part of East Asia. This is probably the species procured
in Java and Timor, and not the ZL. lapponica, as has been recorded.
Probably breeds in North-east Asia, and migrates south-easterly, a
few occasionally finding their way to the Chinese coast. No short-
legged Godwit is noted from Hindostan (see Blyth’s ‘ List’). My
specimen is identical with Australian specimens, and was procured
at Amoy. Middendorff gives L. rufa seu lapponica from North-east
Asia; but I strongly suspect it will be found to be this species, for
both forms could hardly be expected to occur together. L. rufa is
also recorded by Schlegel from Japan.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 313
284. Limosa zGocerHata, L. (L. melanura, Leisler).
L. melanuroides, Gould, Birds of Austr.
Never observed on the Chinese coast, and not noted from the
Amoor by von Schrenck. Middendorff found young birds on the
great Schantar Island on the 11th August. Said to be found on
lakes and inland marshes of China, whence it is brought to the
Tientsin and Shanghai markets in winter. It is probably from
Mantchuria that these birds come, spreading down to the Indian
Archipelago southwards, and eastwards to North Australia, to both
of which places they resurt in winter. Temminck and Schlegel note
it from Japan.
285. PsrEuDOSCOLOPAX SEMIPALMATUS, Jerdon, Blyth, J. A. S.
xvii. 252.
Micropalama tacsanowskia, J. Verreaux, Revue de Zoologie.
Summers in inland Northern China and Mongolia, migrating
overland in winter southwards, occasionally into the plains of Hin-
dostan. Messrs. Jerdon and Blyth have procured it near Calcutta
and on the Coromandel coast in the cool season. I have one in
partially moulted plumage, shot in autumn at Hankow, Central
China, and another in full summer plumage from the neighbour-
hood of Tientsin. In its bright rufous summer garb, and in almost
every particular, this bird is a perfect Godwit. You have only to
cut off the bill, and it is almost undistinguishable from Limosa uro-
pygialis. It forms the same connecting link between Limosa and
Scolopax that Macroramphus griseus appears to form between 7'o-
tanus and Scolopax.
286. ScoLopax rusTIcoLA, L.
Very common in North China and Japan during winter. Fre-
quent, but rarer, during the same season on the hills of Southern
China. Curiously enough, it is not noted from Amoorland. Spe-
cimens identical with the European bird.
287. GALLINAGO soLiTARIA, Hodgs.
- Scolopax hyemalis (Grismann), Midd. Sib. Reise.
I procured a specimen one winter on the hills of Amoy, which
was identified by Mr. Blyth as of this species. The specimen was
unfortunately never returned to me; so I have not been able to com-
pare it with skins in museums in England. It is said by Messrs.
Temminck and Schlegel (‘ Fauna Japonica’) to be also found in South
Japan. If so, we can easily account for its presence in Amoy. My
specimen haunted for several weeks a mountain stream, and did not
care apparently to mix with the Snipes of the rice-fields on the plains.
I may here remark that a large Snipe, brought by Captain Blakistow
from North Japan, was identical with G. australis, Gould, of Au-
stralia (see The Ibis, 1863, p. 416).
288. GaLLINAGO MEGALA, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 343.
Scolopax palustris, Pall,
314 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
This is the Great Snipe of China. I found it on the marshes near
Peking in September. At the close of the same month it passes
down the coast, being found at Shanghai, Amoy, and Canton for a
few days only, and apparently bound further southwards. At the
end of April and beginning of May it occurs in South China again
for a few days, and is then bound north. During the season of its
migrations, I procured it also in S.W. Formosa. It does not appear
to have been noted in Amoorland ; but Pallas’s Great Snipe from
Siberia will probably be the same as our bird. Pallas failed to
distinguish the Eastern from the Western Great Snipe. His name
therefure might with equal propriety be applied to either.
289. GALLINAGO STENURA, Temm.
G. horsfieldii, Gray.
Abundant from Canton to Pekin, It moves about in flocks in
winter, but seems to breed in many places throughout China, north
and south. Chinese specimens are identical with those from Hin-
dostan and Java.
290. GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINA, Bp.
Scolopax gallinago, L.
S. biclava, Hodgs.
' This Snipe appears to be of very general distribution throughout
Asia. It is the only one of this genus noted by von Schrenck from
Amoorland. In North China it probably breeds; but, as far as my
observations go, in South China and Formosa it is only a winter
bird.
291. GALLINAGO BURKA (Lath.).
G. brehmi, Kaup.
G. uniclava, Hodgs.
The same peculiarity of fourteen tail-feathers, with the long outer-
most one, occurs in the majority of my Snipes from Canton and
Pekin. This is the common Snipe of China, visiting the south in
large wisps during winter. Indian skins are identical with those
from China. It appears to be the Eastern representative of the fore-
going, which occurs more sparsely.
292. GALLINAGO GALLINULA, L.
Said by sportsmen to be abundant at Canton. I have never met
with it, and therefore know nothing of its movements. It may
retire northwards by an inland route ; but von Schrenck does not note
it from the Amoor, and it is not recorded as a Japanese bird.
293. RuYNCHEA BENGALENSIS, L.
Scolopax capensis, Gm.
R. orientalis, Horsf.
R. sinensis, Lath.
The Cape, the Indian, and the Chinese bird all appear to be the
a
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 315
same species, the female being much larger, and coloured in a more
brilliant and variegated manner. It is somewhat sparsely scattered
throughout the plains of China, from Canton to north of Foochow ;
but I do not think it ever occurs so far up as Shanghai. It is a re-
sident species, and generally found solitary or in very small parties.
294. CALIDRIS ARENARIA.
Charadrius calidris, L.
Tringa tridactyla, Pall.
This bird occurs at Amoy and on the South China coast only in
September, October, April, and May, its southward destination being
apparently in lower latitudes, and its northward much higher, though
it is not noted from Amoorland. A few are occasionally met with
the winter through. ;
295. STREPSILAS INTERPRES, L.
The same remarks may be applied to this as the last. I have pro-
cured both these birds in summer as well as winter dress at Amoy.
295. LoBIPES HYPERBOREUS, L.
Noted from Amoorland. Parties come down our coast as early
as October, and some do not return till very late. I have procured
them off the Amoy coast in May, in nearly complete summer
plumage.
. 297. PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS, L.
I have not yet observed this species in China, but it occurs in
winter in Hindostan. Middendorff found it breeding on the 17th
July in S.E. Siberia; and it thence doubtless visits the interior of
China, if not the coast. It has been procured from Kamtschatka
and the Kurile Islands.
298. TRINGA TENUIROSTRIS.
Totanus tenuirostris, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 192.
Scheniclus magnus, Gould, Birds of Austr.
7. crassirostris, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap. 1850.
Noted from Amoorland and Japan. A few occasionally come
down the China coast. I have one from Shanghai. Its migrations
from the Amoor are doubtless in a more easterly direction, towards
Australia, touching at Japan, from both which countries it has been
brought.
299. TrinGa cANuTUS, L.
Noted from Amoorland. Extremely rare in China. I have a
young specimen from Shanghai.
300. TrinGca MARITIMA, Brinn.
Three specimens procured out of a flock, on the 9th August, by
Middendorff in Amoorland, lat. 75°.
316 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. (June 23,
301. TrRINGA PLATYRHYNCHA, Temm.
Rare on the Chinese coast, but pretty common in early winter on
the mud-fiats of Formosa.
302. TRINGA RUFESCENS, Vieill.
A single specimen procured by Middendorff, on the 30th June, on
the south coast of Sea of Ochotsk.
303. TrineGa cIncLus, L.
T’. chinensis et T. subarcuata of my previous lists in The Ibis.
Very abundant on the China coast the winter through. They
retire northwards on the approach of summer, but return early, often
in nearly full summer plumage.
304. Trinca scuinzi1, Brehm.
Found by Middendorff amongst flocks of the foregoing, 11th
August, on south coast of Sea of Ochotsk.
305. TRINGA ACUMINATA.
Totanus acuminatus, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 192.
Scheniclus australis, Gould, Birds of Austr. vi. pl. 30.
Allied to 7. pectoralis of America, but quite distinct. Very com-
mon on marshes near Pekin in August. It occurs occasionally on
South Chinese coast. I procured a few at Amoy in April and May
in almost full summer dress. I suspect their migrations are usually
more easterly, to Australia.
306. TRINGA DAMACENSIS.
Totanus damacensis, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 192.
Tringa subminuta, Midd. Sib. Reise.
Allied to 7’. minuta, Leisl., but at once distinguished by its very
long toes, and by the brown instead of white shafts to its primaries.
Middendorff (Sib. Reis.) procured a pair in summer plumage in
Siberia. In that plumage they were similar to 7’. minuta, except in
the distinctions before stated. 1 have one in winter plumage from
Formosa, two in summer from Amoy, and several sent to me by
Mr. Blyth from Calcutta labelled 7’. minuta. I have compared
our specimens from China and India, in company with Mr. Tristram,
with examples of the European 7. minuta, and we are agreed in its
decided specific distinction. The true 7. minuta occurs only as a
straggler in Siberia, where it is replaced by this species, which doubt-
less thence ranges in winter into Hindostan in great abundance,
These birds occur every year in sparse numbers near Amoy, on inland
marshes, early in winter and late in spring, during their migrations.
T. pusilla, Wils., of America, has longer toes than 7. minuta, and
seems to form a link between it and this species.
307. TRINGA ALBESCENS, Temm.
Visits the South China coast in flocks in September, and again in
1863.) MR, R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 317
April and May. It has probably a long way to travel, for in winter
it is found throughout the Indian Archipelago and in Australia.
In summer its throat and neck become brick-red, and it then looks
much like a miniature of the Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). I
have in previous lists wrongly referred this species to 7’. subminuta,
Midd.
308. TrinGa susarcuaTA, L.
A specimen in full red summer plumage received from Tientsin.
It is also noted from Amoorland. Its migrations do not appear to
extend far south, for I have never met with it on the coast below
Shanghai.
309. TrinGA TEMMINCKII, Leisl.
Common during the winter in South China, on the banks of in-
land lakes and marshes.
310. EuRINORHYNCHUS PYGMZ£vs, Lath.
A large flock of these was observed by Middendorff on the south
coast of the Sea of Ochotsk in July.
311. NumeEntus minutus, Gould, Birds of Austr.
N. minor, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Smaller than N. dorealis of America, and quite distinct. It is
noted from Amoorland and Japan, whence probably it migrates to
winter in Australia. A few occur occasionally on the South China
coast. I have a pair shot at Amoy on the 29th of April.
312. NumeENIvus pHzoprpvs, L.
Is said to be common in India in winter, whither it probably comes
from Siberia, where it occurs in summer, according to Pallas and
Middendorff. Temminck notes having procured it from Japan.
Hence I include it in my list, though not as yet observed on the
Chinese coast.
313. NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS, Gould, Birds of Austr.
Procured by myself in South-west Formosa in October. Found
in Australia and the islands of the Indian Archipelago, in all of which
it probably breeds, as I have reason to suppose it does at Formosa.
My two specimens are identical with two from Halmaheira, sent me
by Professor Schlegel. It differs from the Whimbrel, N. pheopus,
in having a brown and white-barred rump, and forms the interme-
diate link between that species and the brown-and-black rumped
N. hudsonicus of America.
314. NuMENTIUS 2
A species smaller than NV. arcuatus, with long thin bill, allied to
N. tenuirostris of North Africa, is noted by Cassin (Proc. Acad. Sci.
Phil.) from Hakodadi, North Japan. This species has, unfortu-
318 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
nately, not been named. Nothing is known of it except from Cas-
sin’s short note.
315. NuMENTus TAHITIENSIS, Gmel.; Cassin in Perry’s Expe-
dition to Japan, ii. p. 228.
This species was procured by the members of the American Ex-
pedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. It was previously con-
sidered peculiar to Otaheite and the islands of the Pacific. Figures
and a good description of it are given in the work named. It may
have been only a straggler to the Japanese shores; but. I include it
in my list on the probability of its also occasionally occurring on the
shores of China. I strongly suspect, however, that it is identical
with the foregoing N. uropygialis.
316. Numentus arcuatus, L.
Visits the coasts of China, as far south as Canton, in large flocks in
winter, retiring northwards on approach of summer. Von Schrenck
does not note it from Amoorland.
317. Numentvus maAsor, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Distinguished from the last by its much longer and heavier bill
and by its longer legs. Visits the shores of South China and For-
mosa in winter, and probably retires to Japan to breed, whence it
was originally described.
318. NuMENIUS AUSTRALIS, Gould.
Easily distinguished from N. arcwatus and allied species by its
barred upper tail-coverts. It is the only Curlew reported from
Amoorland. I found it very abundant about the marshes near Pekin
in August, but have never observed it on the coasts of South China ;
hence I should infer that its migrations are in an easterly direction
towards Australia, in which country it is found in winter.
319. NumeEntus rurescens, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 286.
Appears to be a local race of the last, being, like it, barred on the
rump, but much more rufescent. I found it breeding in North
Formosa.
320. THRESKIORNIS MELANOCEPHALUS, L.?
This is the only known species to which I can liken the black-
headed white Ibises that I met in a flock at Talienwan in July 1860
(see The Ibis, 1861, p. 261). It is found in India, and, as is the
case with many other Indian species of birds, probably summers in
the interior of North China. It has not been recorded by others
from Eastern Asia.
321. Isis nrpron, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Breeds probably in Japan, and is found in small parties on the
coast near Shanghai and at North Formosa in winter. The imma-
ture plumage is grey; that of the adult pure white.
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 319
322. PuatraLea masor, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Breeds probably in Japan. A winter visitant to Formosa and the
South Chinese coast, as far south as Canton. I have procured it from
Swatow.
323. PLaTALEA MINOR, Temm. & Sciileg. Faun. Jap.
Described from Japan. I have never seen it from China, but it
probably occurs on the coast during winter.
324. Ciconi1a niGgRA, L.
Noted from Amoorland. Said to occur in North China.
325. C1iconta ALBA, L.
Noted from Amoorland. Said to occur in North China.
326. ARDEA CINEREA, L.
Throughout China to Amoorland, Japan, and in Formosa.
327. ARDEA PURPUREA, L.
Interior of Central China. I have specimens from Hankow. Has
also been procured from Japan (Temminck).
328. Hrroptas Ausa, L.
Ardea modesta, Gray.
A. syrmatophora, Gould.
Mr. Blyth agrees with me in considering the Great Egret of Eu-
rope, Asia, Africa, and Australia the same. It acquires a black bill
and long dorsal plumes in summer, in winter the plumes fall away,
and the bill of the bird becomes yellow. There is a considerable
difference in size between the male and female, the male being much
larger. Found throughout China into Amoorland, in Formosa, and
probably Japan, though not yet noted from the last place.
329. HrropiAs INTERMEDIA, Wagl.
Ardea egrettoides, Temm.
Hi. plumifera, Gould, Birds of Austr.
In size this is intermediate between the foregoing and the succeed-
ing. In winter it also has a yellow bill, but that organ is propor-
tionally very short. In summer the bill turns black; it acquires
long straight dorsal plumes, not curled upwards as in the next ; and
the pectoral plumes are like those of the back, not acuminate, thus
distinguishing it at once from its near allies. I have a specimen
from Hankow, Central China, and have seen it at Tientsin; so I
suspect it is widely distributed throughout China. It is also noted
from Japan and India, and is probably the same as H. plumifera of
Australia.
330. Heropias Garzerta, L.
A very lovely bird in full plumage. Very abundant throughout
320 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
Southern China, as far north as Shanghai, as also in Formosa. Not
noted from Northern China, Amoorland, or Japan.
331. Hrerop1as EULOPHOTES, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 64, et
1863, p. 418.
Sparsely distributed throughout Southern China, but commonest
in North Formosa. Allied to the foregoing, but has a yellow bill in
summer, the dorsal plumes straight, and the occipital plumes a bunch
instead of a few long feathers. In winter it is distinguishable by its
very short legs and by its thicker light greenish-yellow bill.
332. BupHus COROMANDELIANUS, Scop.
A common summer visitant to South China and Formosa, retiring
south on approach of winter. Has been procured, according to Tem-
minck, in Japan.
333. Buroriprs JAVANICA, Horsfield.
B. virescens, var. scapularis (Illig.); von Schrenck, Amurland,
p- 437.
A summer visitant to China and Amoorland.
334. ARDEOLA PRASINOSCELES, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 421.
A resident species in South China, as far north as Shanghai,
extending westwards to Hankow, and southwards probably to Siam.
Its nearest ally is the 4. speciosa, Horsf., of Java, which, however, in
mature plumage has the head and neck orange-buff, with long cream-
white crest-feathers, instead of having the whole a deep maroon
colour.
335. Nycricorax GRIsEvs, L.
A resident species, abundant throughout China from Canton to
Pekin, and in Formosa.
836. Nycricorax MELANOLOPHos, Raffles.
Ardea goisagi, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
From Japan and the Indian Archipelago. I observed a bird re-
sembling this near Tientsin (see The Ibis, 1861, p. 344).
337. BoTauRUs STELLARIS, L.
Somewhat sparsely scattered throughout China to Amoorland. I
have specimens from Canton and Swatow.
838. ARDETTA FLAVICOLLIs, Lath.
South China, from Canton to Shanghai and in Formosa. A few,
I think, stay all the year, though most are summer visitants.
339. ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA, Gmel.
A summer visitant to China, Amoorland, and Japan. A few stay
all the year in South China.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 321
340. ARDETTA sINENsIs, Gmel.
Found in summer, from Canton to Tientsin, and in Formosa. On
the approach of winter they retire south. I have an undoubted
hybrid between this and the last species, procured at Amoy. It
curiously combines the characters of both. M. J. Verreaux has
mentioned to me an analogous case of a hybrid between A. cinerea
and A. purpurea. Temminck refers the small Japanese Bittern to
A. minuta, L., of Europe, but I suspect he is wrong in this.
341. HypropHAsIANus sINENSIS, L.
Parra luzoniensis, Gmel.
Interior of Southern and Central China. I have fine specimens
in full summer plumage from Hankow.
342. Gatcicrex cristatus, Lath.
I consider this bird a summer visitant to South China, from Canton
to Shanghai, and also to Formosa. I have specimens in full summer
plumage from Hankow ; and it was shot by Captain Blakiston’s party
at Foochow in Szechuen, 1700 miles up the Yangtzse, in May, in a
wheat-field near no water.
343. GaLLINULA CHLOROPUS, L.
A resident species throughout China and Formosa. Specimens
from there are identically the same as European ones. The Ja-
panese form is said to vary somewhat.
344. GALLINULA PHaNIcURA, Penn.
This is I think a summer visitant to China. It is not uncommon
during that season from Canton to Tientsin, and in Formosa.
345. Porzana rusca, Shaw.
P. erythrothorax, Temm. & Schlegl. Faun. Jap.
Identical with Indian examples. Varies much in size. Found
throughout China, Japan, and Formosa.
346. Porzana minut4, Pall. (P. pusilla, Gmel.).
This species is given by Temminck from Japan.
347. Porzana pyemza, Naumann.
Gallinula bailloni, Vieill.
Procured from Tientsin, and is probably found throughout Central
China, as it is throughout Hindostan. Japan (Temminck).
348. OrtycometTra crex, L.
Said to have been procured from China. I have never met with the
bird there.
349. Rauuuvs striatus, L.
Procured in Formosa, identically the same with Indian and Malayan
specimens. It probably also ranges throughout Southern China.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXI.
322 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
850. Raxuus aquaticus, L.
Identical with British examples, except in its having a thicker bill.
Specimens received from Tientsin. It probably ranges throughout
Northern and Central China. It occurs also in Japan. The Indian
race has a thicker bill, and more distinct white striz on the upper
wing-coverts.
351. Furica atra, L.
Found throughout China, but commoner in the northern half, from
Shanghai to Pekin. From the last-named and from Hankow I have
specimens identical with the European bird. Occurs also in Japan.
ANSERES,
352. Popicers minor, Gmel.
P. philippensis, Gmel.
Found throughout China and Formosa. In cold, many leave the
ponds of the interior and take to the sea. In full plumage, identical
with European specimens.
353. PopicEPrs RUBRICOLLIS, Lath.
P. subcristatus (Jacq.), von Schrenck, Amurland, p. 493. _
P. rubricollis major, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Lakes of North China, up to Amoorland, and in Japan. I have
never met with it on the coast.
354. Popicxrs auritus, L.
Lakes of Central and Northern China, appearing on the southern
coast in severe winter seasons. Japan (von Schrenck). I have a
specimen from Amoy.
355. Popicrers cornutvus, Lath.
North China to Amoorland. Visits the south coast in winter. I
have a specimen from Amoy.
356. Popicers cristatus, L.
P. cornutus, Pall.
Very common. In winter large numbers appear on the southern
coast. Kamtschatka and Japan (Temminck).
357. CoLyMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, L.
Very common on the southern coast in winter.
358. Cotymsus exaciauis, L., var. adamsii, Gray.
Sea of Ochotsk (Midd.).
359. Cotymsus arcticus, L.
Amoorland (von Schrenck) ; said to visit the north coast of China.
- 360. Mereus ALBELLUS, L.
North China in winter. Abundant in the Tientsin market.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 323
361. Mereus serrator, L.
Common throughout China.
362. Mercus MERGANSER, L.
North China. Abundant in markets at Tientsin in winter. It is
probably also a summer bird in the large marshes of that neigh-
bourhood.
363. Cyenus musicus, Bechst.
Visits North China and Japan in winter (Temm.).
364. Cyenus minor, Pall.
C. bewickii, Yarr.
Commoner than the foregoing. Comes down in winter occasion-
ally as far south as Canton.
365. ANnsER cyenorpes, L.
A large wild Goose, answering to von Schrenck’s description of the
so-called stock of the Chinese domestic Goose, visits the shores of
North China in winter, and is frequently procurable in the market ;
but it has no distinct knob on the bill.
866. ANSER HYPERBOREUS, Pall.
Sea of Ochotsk (Midd.); Japan and Kamtschatka (Temm. & Sieb.).
367. ANSER GRANDIS,’ Gmel.
Shanghai in winter.
368. ANSER SEGETUM, Gmel.
Down to Canton in winter.
369. ANSER FERUS.
A. cinereus (Meyer & Wolf); von Schrenck.
To Canton in winter.
370. ANSER ALBIFRONS, Penn.
All these are procurable during winter in the Shanghai and Tien-
tsin markets.
371. ANSER eRyTHROPUS (Linn.) (4. minutus, Naumann) ; Midd.
Sib. Reise.
372. AnsER LEucopsis, Bechst.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
373. ANSER BERNICLA, Ill.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
374. ANSER RUFICOLLIS, Pall.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
375. ANSER BRENTA, Pall.
Sea of Ochotsk (Midd.).
324
376.
MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
Atrx GALERICULATA, L.
Found in the lakes of Central China and neighbourhood of Ningpo
in winter. Said to breed in Amoorland.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
395.
TADORNA VULPANSER, Linn.
Casarca ruTILA, Pallas.
Anas Boscuas, L.
ANAS P@CILORHYNCHA, Temm.
Anas GLocitTans, Pall.
ANAS FALCARIA, Pall.
Anas crecca, L.
ANAS QUERQUEDULA, L.
Anas sTREPERA, L.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
Anas acuta, L.
ANAS PENELOPE, L.
ANAS STELLERI, Pall. (Midd. Sib. Reise).
Anas cLYPEATA, L.
Anas spectasitis, L. (Midd. Sib. Reise).
Anas uistrionica, L, (von Schrenck ).
ANAS CLANGULA, L.
Fouricura Maria, L.
Fuicuxa cristata, Leach.
CEpemia niera, L. (A. atra, Pall.).
North and East Siberia (Pallas). Japan (Temminck).
396.
CEDEMIA AMERICANA, Swainson.
Shot by Captain Blakiston’s party at Chinkiang, on the Yangtsze,
in winter.
397.
(Epemia Fusca, L.
Amoorland (Midd.).
398.
HARELDA GLACIALIS, L.
Amoorland (Midd.).
899. PHALACROCORAX CARBO, L.
Graculus carbo, L.; Cassin, Perry’s Exped. ii. p. 239.
At Yeddo in April.
I can find no special points of difference between my Amoy spe-
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 325
cimens and the English bird. It only winters in South China,
returning to the north and Amoorland to breed.
400. Pwatacrocorax cAPiILLATus, Faun. Jap. pl. 83.
Carbo filamentosus, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 129.
This species from Japan is recognized as distinct by Temminck,
and well described and figured in the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’ I admit it
on the authority of that work, though I have never met with it in
China.
401. PHaLAcrocorax BICRISTATUS, Pall.
Sea of Ochotsk (Midd.). Also Japan, according to Temminck
and Schlegel, ‘ Fauna Japonica,’ where it is described and figured.
A straggler was procured one winter at Amoy, South China.
402. PELECANUS oNnocROTALUS, L.
Said by Temminck to have been procured in Japan. From East
Europe and Hindostan.
403. PELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS, Gmel.
This bird visits the south coast of China during winter in small
parties.
404. Suxa rusca, Shaw.
A bird from Shanghai is of this species. I have never met with it
on the Chinese coast. It is recorded in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ from
Japan. —
405. Larus nivevs, Pall.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 224.
L. cunus, var. major, Midd. Sib. Reise.
The Eastern representative of L. canus, with larger and stronger
bill; irides yellowish grey; eyelids red; bill unspotted, greenish
yellow ; legs yellowish green. Is found in Kamtschatka and North-
eastern Asia, visiting the south coast in winter. I have several from
Amoy in all plumages, and one without a hind claw. The immature
birds that reach us have always the back more or less grey, proving
the plumage completed in two years.
406. Larus TRIDACTYLUS, var. BRACHYRHYNCHUS.
Rissa brachyrhyncha, Gould.
Gavina citrirostris, Bruch.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 226.
The Eastern representative of Rissa tridactyla, L. Found in
Kamtschatka. Not yet procured in China. Thus distinguished by
Bonaparte :—‘‘ Minor: alba, pallio plumbeo-cano: remigibus pri-
mariis griseis, nec intus albis, extimis duabus apice late nigris ; tertia,
quarta et quinta fascia subapicali nigra; sexta macula tantum nigra
in pogonio externo: rostro brevi, robusto, incurvo, flavissimo: pe-
dibus rubro-flavis.
“Long. 14 poll. Rostr. 14. Al. 12 poll. Caud. 44. Tars. 1 poll.”
326 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
407. Larus crassirostris, Vieill.
L. melanurus, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Albus, dorso alisque fusco-cinereis ; remigibus primarits nigris, ce-
teris cum tectricium apicibus albis; cauda alba, fascia subter-
minali latissime nigra: rostro validiusculo, flavido, apice nigro
annulato : pedibus fusco-carneis.
Long. 17 poll.
This species breeds in Japan and Talienwan, ‘repairing in large
numbers to the South China coast. In full plumage it can always
be distinguished from L. niveus by its black tail-band, its much
darker mantle, and by its large bill, banded at the end with black
and crimson. The immature are very much browner than those of
the other bird. The different stages of its plumage have been well
figured in the ‘Fauna Japonica.’ I have numbers of specimens from
various parts of China,
408. Larus exaucescens, Licht.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 216.
L. glaucus, Brinn. ; Midd. Sib. Reise.
L. brachyrhynchus, Gould.
Ex Ocean. Pac., Arct. et Kamtschatka. Not yet met with on the
coasts of China or Japan. Simillimus L. glauco, sed minor (long.
2 ped.), et remigibus perlaceis, nec nigris nec albis, apice tantum
candidis: rostro flavo, angulo mandibule aurantiaco.
409. Larus LEucoprerus, Faber; Midd. Sib. Reise.
A small form of the preceding (length 20 inches), with compara-
tively longer wings, said by Middendorff to occur also in North-east
Asia.
410. Larus occipentatis, Aud. Synop. Birds of Am. p, 328.
“Bill robust, compressed, yellow, with an orange-red patch to-
ward the end of the lower mandible; iris light hazel; feet flesh-
coloured; head, neck, lower parts, rump, and tail pure white; back
and wings light greyish blue, of a deeper tint than in L. argentatus ;
edges of the wings and extremities of the quills white; first seven
quills greyish black toward the end, that colour including the outer
webs and the greater part of the inner of the two first, and on the
rest gradually diminishing, so as on the seventh merely to form a
subterminal bar; the first quill with a patch of white on both webs
near the end; the tips of all white.
“« This species, which is very intimately allied to Larus argentatus,
is remarkable for the great depth and comparative shortness of its
bill.” —Aud.
Length 27 inches; wing 183; tail 81; bill, along culmen, 22;
height at angle 5%.
The above description answers exactly to the large form of Gull,
allied to L. argentatus, that visits our southern coasts in winter. I
have frequently procured them at Amoy in that season in all stages,
but more frequently in the unmature. It is the West American re-
1863. ] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 327
presentative race, extending probably to Kamtschatka, whence,
doubtless with many other sea-birds, it wends southwards down our
line of coast. I have two in very complete plumage. From obser-
vation, I should say that these birds require full three years for
change into adult attire.
411. Larus cacuinnans, Pallas.
L. argentatus, var. major, von Schrenck.
Amoorland.
Length 223 inches; wing 163-18; tail 7; tarsi 24; bill, along
culmen, 2}; height at angle 54.
This smaller representative of L. argentatus bears to the preceding
species the same relation that L. leucopterus does to L. glaucus, its
wings being relatively longer. It is a commoner winter visitant than
the former to Amoy, whence I have procured several both adult and
immature. It has a darker more slaty back than L. argentatus, and
is considered by some an intermediate link between that species and
L. fuscus. It summers in N.E, Asia. Specimens vary a good deal
in size and proportions, but I have never procured any exactly in-
termediate between the largest of this and the smallest of L. occi-
dentalis.
412. CuRroicocEPHALUS ICHTHYAETOS, Pall.
This monster black-capped Gull is noted by Cassin as procured at
Hakodadi (see Perry’s ‘Expedition to Japan,’ vol. ii. p. 252). It is
said to be a bird of the Caspian and Red Seas, and to occur abun-
dantly in the Bay of Bengal. It is not stated to be found in Amoor-
land or Kamtschatka; but it possibly makes its way to Japan, fol-
lowing the course of the warm Gulf-stream.
413. CHRoIcocEPHALUS BRUNNEICEPHALUS, Jerdon.
L. ridibundus, var. major, Midd. Sib. Reise.
The Siberian and Japanese bird would appear, from descriptions,
to be the same as the Brown-hooded Gull of India. Its range ex-
tends to Kamtschatka. I have a specimen from India, forwarded
to me by Mr. Blyth.
414. CuHRoIcocEPHALUS CAPISTRATUS, Temm.
Larus brunneicephalus, Cassin, Perry’s ‘Expedition to Japan,’
vol. li. p. 232.
This comes to Amoy in the winter. I have one from Amoy, and
another from Macao; and Cassin notes the occurrence of a similar bird
from Hakodadi. It is smaller than the European C. ridibundus, and
has a more slender bill, and is doubtless its representative in the
East. It answers well to the description of C. capistratus, Temm.,
which has occurred in Great Britain, and which Mr. Tristram and
others are inclined to believe is only a variety of C. ridibundus. The
specimens, however, that have occurred in Europe might possibly
have been stragglers from the East.
28 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
415. CHroicocEPHALUS KITTLITZII, Licht.
Easily distinguished by its short, thick, black bill. It acquires a
deep-black hood in summer. I have it in both summer and winter
plumage from Amoy, where it occurs in large numbers the winter
through, ascending rivers at fall of tide in search of mollusks and
small crustaceans. It is said to summer in Kamtschatka and N.E.
Asia.
416. CuRoIcocEPHALUS SABINII, Leach.
417. CuroicocEPHALUS MINUTUS, Pall.
Both birds of the British lists. I introduce them from the fact of
Middendorff stating that they occur on the shores of the Sea of
Ochotsk.
418. Lusrris pomarina, Temm. ) Said by Middendorff to occur
on the shores of the Sea of
Ochotsk. None of them have
419. Lesrris parasiTa, Boie. -
| yet been obtained in China.
420. Lestris BuFFONII, Boie.
421. RuyncHors ALBICOLLIS, Swainson.
Southern Ocean. Said occasionally to occur on the coast of
Southern China.
422, SyYLOcHELIDON CASPIA,
Sterna caspia, Latham.
Sylochelidon strenuus, Gould, B. of Austr.
Visits the coasts of China in winter. I have specimens from Amoy,
423. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICA,
Sterna anglica, Montagu.
Said to wander occasionally to the coast of South China in winter.
424. HypRocHELIDON INDICA.
Viralva indica, Stephens.
Sterna hybrida, Pallas.
S. leucopareia, Natterer.
A common resident on the marshy plains of S.W. Formosa. I
have not observed it elsewhere in China.
425. HypDROCHELIDON NIGRA.
Sterna nigra, L.
S. fissipes, Pall.
S. leucoptera, Temm.
Found throughout China, into Amoorland. I have a specimen in
full summer plumage from Amoy, and several in a variety of plumages
from near Pekin.
1863.) MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 329
426. THALASSEUS CRISTATUS.
Sterna cristata, Stephens.
S. pelecanoides, King.
S. velox, Riippell.
Seas of Southern China. Numbers breed yearly on the rocks of
North Formosa.
427. Srerna macrura, Naum.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
Said to occur in N.E. Asia.
428. Srerna FuLicinosa, Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Japon.
Procured as yet only from Japan.
429, STERNA HIRUNDO, L.
S. fluviatilis, Naumann.
Central China; never yet observed on the coast. I have a spe-
cimen from Hankow.
430. SrerRNA LONGIPENNIS, Nordmann; von Schrenck, Amur-
land, Vogel, p. 512.
From Amoorland, probably descending into North China. I have
never met with it. Allied to the last, but with b/ack bill and longer
wings.
431. SternuLa MINuTA, L.
Visits the Chinese coast in winter. I have specimens from
Amoy.
432. SreRNULA sINENsIS, Gmel.; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 429.
S. sumatrana, Raffles.
A common summer species in Formosa, breeding in large numbers
on the precipitous rocky coast on the eastern side of the island. I
have also specimens in various stages of plumage from Hankow,
showing that it also breeds in Central China. I have never met
with it on the Chinese coast; but from its being found in the Ma-
layan archipelago, I should fancy that it migrates thither in winter.
433. ANous STOLIDUs.
Sterna stolida, L.
Found in South China Sea; breeds on the eastern rocks of For-
mosa, whence I have a pair.
434. DiomEDEA BRACHYURA, Temm, Seas of Southern China,
the former ranging as far
north as Japan. These
are the only two species of Albatros found north of the line. For
remarks on them, see Ibis, 1863, p. 431.
435. DromEDEA NIGRIPES, Audubon.
30 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. [June 23,
486. ProcELLARIA GLACIALIS.
Procellaria glacialis, L., var. pacifica, Aud.; Bp. Consp. Av. il.
p. 187.
Kurile Islands and Amoorland.
437. ProcELLARIA DESOLATA, Gm.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189.
Kamtschatka.
438. THavassipRoMA Leacui, Temm.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 195.
Amoorland,
439. Necrris Tenurrostris, Temm.; Bp. Consp. Av. il. p. 202.
Puffinus tenuirostris, Faun. Jap. pl. 86.
Corea and Japan.
440. Purrinus LEucoMELAS, Temm.; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205.
Procellaria equinoctialis, Pall.
Japan (Temm. Pl. Col. 587).
441. Urnia antiqua, Penn.
U. senicula, Pall.
Synthliboramphus antiquus, Brandt.
Amoorland (v. Schrenck), Japan (Faun. Jap.).
442, Uria umizusumgE, Temm. & Schl.
Synthliboramphus temmincki, Brandt.
Japan (Faun. Jap.).
443. Unita (Crrruus) carso, Pall.; von Schrenck, Amurland,
p. 496.
Amoorland.
444, Uria (Cerruus) corumsa, Pall.
Sea of Ochotsk.
445. Uria (Cerrnus) tomvia, Brunn.
Sea of Ochotsk.
446. Auca Torna, L.
Japan (Faun. Jap.).
447. CERATORHYNCHA MONOCERATA.
Alca monocerata, Pall.
Hakodadi, North Japan (Cassin, Perry’s Exped. ii. p. 233).
448. PHaLerRis CRISTATELLA, Pall.; von Schrenck, p. 500.
Amoorland.
1863.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 331
449. Puaueris mystacra, Pall.
Sea of Ochotsk, Japan (Cassin).
450. PHALERIS TETRACULA, Pall.; Midd. Sib. Reise.
N. E. Asia.
451. Ompria psirracu.a, Pall.; Midd. Sib: Reise.
South Sea of Ochotsk.
452. Mormon crrruAtum, Pall.; von Schrenck, p. 503.
Amoorland.
453. Mormon cornicuxatum, Kittlitz; Midd. Sib. Reise.
South coast and islands of Sea of Ochotsk.
454. Mormon GuaciA.z, Leach.
Kamtschatka, Kurile Islands, and Saghalien (Midd.),
In the above list, down to No. 254 (Otis tarda), I have restricted
myself to those birds that I know from personal observation, or be-
lieve on reliable evidence, to occur in China limited—that is, from
Canton to the borders of Mantchuria. Beyond that number, I have
included all the species that I have been able to find recorded from
North-eastern Asia and its islands. These are chiefly sea-birds,
which, as every naturalist knows, are of an erratic nature, and often
in severe winters turn up in very low latitudes on the same line of
coast. I have in every case quoted the authority for the localities
iven.
4 For the sake of comparison with the land-birds of China, I sub-
join comparative lists of the land-birds of Japan, Amoorland, and
Formosa. My authorities for the first of these have been the ‘ Fauna
Japonica,’ Cassin’s articles in Perry’s ‘ Expedition to Japan’ and
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia,’ and Captain Blakiston’s two papers in The Ibis*. For the
second I have resorted to Middendorff’s ‘Sibirische Reise’ and von
Schrenck’s ‘Amurland.’ The third I have added from my articles
on the Ornithology of Formosa in The Ibis, 1863, pp. 198, 250, 377.
The lists are as complete as I have been able, with these references,
to make them. In the Japanese list, those marked ‘(Temminck)”
are inserted from von Schrenck’s “‘ Schlussfolgerungen,”’ at the end of
his ‘ Birds of Amoorland ;’ and I am therefore not responsible for the
authority. There are some birds so given which I cannot believe to
be Japanese; these I have marked with notes of surprise. Thau-
malea picta is certainly not a Japanese bird. I have, however,
thought it best for the present to leave them as they stand for the
criticism of future explorers.
* See The Ibis, 1862, p. 309, and 1863, p. 97.
[June 23,
MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA.
332
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334
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MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE BIRDS OF CHINA. 335
1863.]
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1863.] DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 339
By a comparison of these three lists, it will be seen that China, so
far as it is yet explored, presents an advantage in land-birds of 115
species over Amoorland, and of 111 species over Japan. But much
remains yet to be done in all three countries. The ornithology
of China proper may perhaps with propriety be classed under two
regions, paleearctic and semitropical,—the former comprising the
country north of the Yangtsze, and the latter the land south of this
river. Of the European forms of land-birds that range the Chinese
coast, a few are identical with those of the West; but the majority
have sufficiently changed in characters to be classed in some cases as
varieties, in others as species. The Indian birds that occur in China
are, with a very few exceptions, summer visitants. The migrations
of many of the species deserve special notice. But large as my data
are, as compared with former investigations, I think they are scarcely
sufficient to enable me to draw statistical conclusions of any value.
As I am shortly about to return to China, and hope to have further
opportunities for verifying my observations, I will not now commit
myself by making any general remarks which future research may
compel me to retract. I therefore leave the scientific reader, after
the perusal of the lists and the notes given with each species, to
draw his own general inferences and come to his own conclusions.
9. Revirw or Pror. C. B. ApAms’s ‘ CATALOGUE OF THE SHELLS
or PANAMA’*, FROM THE TyPE SPECIMENS. By Puiuip P.
Carpenter, B.A., Pu.D.
A résumé of this important contribution to our knowledge of local
faunas, and a comparison with the British Museum ‘ Descriptive
Catalogue of the Reigen Collection of Mazatlan Mollusca,’ is given
in the ‘Report of the British Association’ for 1856, pp. 265-281.
Full series of the old species, and the first specimens of the new,
were deposited by Prof. Adams in the Museum of Amherst College,
which also contains similar series of the Professor’s Caribbean col-
lections. The second specimens of new species were sent to Mr.
Cuming, and through his kindness were freely used in preparing
the Mazatlan Catalogue, thus avoiding the necessity of many syno-
nyms. An iastructive lesson in candour and forbearance may be
learnt by comparing together the works of any two naturalists of
equal celebrity, or by comparing either of them with the types.
With the best desires for accuracy, and the greatest care, it is hardly
possible for an author to describe so that his readers shall see shells
as he sees them. If this be true of such full and precise diagnoses
as those of Adams and Gould, how much greater must be the diffi-
culty to foreigners of recognizing shells from the brief descriptions
of Broderip, Lamarck, and the older writers generally. The careful
* Catalogue of Shells collected at Panama; with Notes on their Synonymy,
_ Station, and Geographical Distribution: by C. B. Adams, Professor of Zoology,
&c., in Amherst College, Mass. Reprinted from the ‘Annals of Lyceum of Nat.
Hist. N. Y.,’ vol. v. New York, 1852. ; z
340 DR, P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
preservation of types therefore, and the interchange of specimens
named from types, is of the first importance to save the time and
ensure the accuracy of succeeding writers. The Smithsonian Insti-
tution has fully recognized this principle by directing that the first
available duplicate of all type species described from its collections
shall be deposited in some museum open to students on the other
side of the Atlantic.
As the authorities of Amherst College had not taken any steps
to figure their unique specimens, and as Prof. Adams’s determina-
tions of old species had not been verified, I made it my business
(when visiting America to deposit the first duplicate series of the
Mazatlan Shells in the New York State Museum at Albany) to com-
pare Prof. Adams’s collection, on the spot, with his published book,
in my copy of which I made my notes and sketches at the time.
Every facility was afforded me by the Curator. I was allowed freely
to handle the specimens in the presence of his assistant, and to draw
the minute species under my microscope*. I took with me for com-
parison the drawings of the minute Mazatlan shells in the British
Museum. The species being numbered in both the Panama and the
Mazatlan lists, it is easy now to institute a comparison between them.
They are here distinguished by the initials P. and M.
P. 1. Ovula avena. May be distinct from Radius variabilis,
M. 435, being much more stumpy, with a thicker lip; but the few
specimens are in poor condition, and the differences may be accidents
of station.
2. Ovula emarginata=Carinea e. Quite distinct from its Carib-
bean analogue C. gibbosa.
3. Ovula neglecta, C. B. Ad., is probably a small variety of Ra-
dius variabilis.
4. Ovula variabilis, C. B. Ad.= Radius v., M. 435.
5. Ovula, sp. ind., probably =variabilis, jun.
6. Cyprea arabicula=Aricia a., M. 438.
7. Cyprea cervinetta=C. exanthema, M. 436. Having now
examined a multitude of specimens from different stations on the
west coast, which differ from each other quite as much as they do
from the typical Caribbean forms, I am confirmed in the belief of
their identity.
8. Cyprea punctulata=Aricia p. Erroneously given, in M.
p- 374, as a probable synonym of A. arabicula. It is less thickened
at the sides, with smaller spots. Although specimens of arabicula
graduate into it at the back, it may always be known by the mouth,
which has its teeth much further apart.
9. Cyprea pustulata=Trivia p., M. 439.
* The week which this work occupied was spent with the widow of the late
Professor, who undertakes the duty of boarding students. Her two oldest sons
were, alas! among the early victims of the civil war.
1863.] DR. P.P.CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 341
10. Cyprea radians=Trivia r., M. 440.
11. Cyprea rubescens=dead sp. of Trivia sanguinea, M, 442.
12. Cyprea sanguinea=Trivia s., M. 442,
13. Erato scabriuscula. Stet.
14, Marginella minor. Stet, M. 587.
15. Marginella sapotilla. The Panama specimens collected by
Prof. Adams, and abundantly by others, more closely resemble M.
prunum than the type M. sapotilla of Hinds, which is a much smaller
shell. The Caribbean shells (which are found across the Isthmus
at Aspinwall) differ only in having a sharper angle in the labrum at
the posterior notch. Adanson’s habitat, doubted by Prof. Adams
(note, p. 41), is confirmed by specimens in the Bristol Institution
brought from Sierra Leone by Chief Justice Rankine. The Pacific
shells are probably conspecific, sufficient evidence being now in our
possession that the two oceans were united at least as late as the
Miocene epoch*,
16. Mitra funiculata. Stet.
17. Mitra lens, M. 585.
18. Mitra nucleola. Closely resembling young specimens of the
Caribbean M. granulosa.
19. Mitra solitaria, C.B. Ad.=Zierliana s. Other specimens
have since been found of this characteristic species. The “trans-
verse ribs”’ can scarcely be said to be “obsolete anteriorly.”
20. Mitra tristis =Strigatella t., M. 586.
21. Terebra elata=Myurella e.
22. Terebra larveformis=Myurella 1.
23, 24. Stent.
25. Terebra tuberculosa=Myurella t.
26. Terebra varicosa. This may possibly be a very young speci-
men of Suéula v.; but I think it distinct.
27-31. Sp. ind. A specimen of Luryta fulgurata, M. 455, is in
the museum, as from Panama, but not of Prof. Adams’s collecting.
32. Oliva angulata, M. 590.
* The specimens in the Cumingian Museum, named M. cerulescens at the time
of the British Association Report, are now labelled “ sapotilla, Hds., 5-13 fathoms
sandy mud, Panama, H.C.” Another set of Pacific shells (notch-angle rounded)
are given as “‘ Marginella n. s., Panama,” ‘‘San Domingo” having been erased.
The large West-Indian form (notch-angle sharp) is given as “‘ c@rulescens, var.,
Lam., 10 fathoms sandy mud, Panama.” Another set of large shells, with sharp
angle, and labrum tinted behind, is given as “‘ cerulescens, Lam., Panama,’’ but
without authority. The small West-Indian form (like the typical sapotilla) is
iven as “glans, Mke.”” Either in this, as in other instances, error has crept into
the locality-marks, or else even the distinction pointed out by Mr. Redfield (who
has given peculiar study to this genus) cannot be relied on for separating the spe-
cies geographically.
342 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. (June 23,
33. Oliva araneosa=O. melchersi, M. 591. Prof. Adams’s shanty
specimen can scarcely be distinguished from that which he marked
‘© Q. literata, Alabama.’ But the ordinary aspect of the shells O.
reticularis from the Caribbean Islands, O. :terata from the coast of
the Southern States, and O. melchersi from the Pacific, is sufficiently
distinct (for the genus).
34. Oliva inconspicua, C. B. Ad.=Olivella i., M. 599. Some of
the shells referred to this species from Panama, Mazatlan, and Cape
St. Lucas graduate into the Caribbean O. oryza; others into dwarf
forms of O. gracilis. The species either needs revision from fresh
specimens, or should be merged into. O. gracilis.
35. Oliva pellucida, C. B. Ad. Dead specimen; differs from
Olivella p., Rve.
36. Oliva porphyria. Stet.
37. Oliva semistriata=Olivella s. Closely resembles O. colu-
mellaris.
38. Oliva testacea=Agaronia t., M. 602.
39. Oliva undatella= Olivella u., M. 595.
40. Oliva venulata. This shanty specimen is O. angulata, jun.
The O. venulata, M. 593, is named by Prof. Adams O. julietta, as
also by Mke. (non Ducl.). The true O. julietta (Guacomayo, Mus.
Smiths.) is the Pacific “analogue”’ of O. fusiformis.
41. Oliva volutella=Olivella v. It is surprising that this species,
so immensely common at Panama and up the coast, should not reach
the Gulf, and that the equally common O. fergina of Mazatlan and
O. gracilis of Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco should be rare elsewhere,
while the larger Olives are found from Guaymas to the equator.
O. dama (=lineolata, Gray, C. B. Ad.), abundant at Mazatlan, was
bought, not collected, by the Professor at Panama. .
42. Planaxis planicostata. Stet. Also immensely common at
Panama, though absent from Mazatlan.
43. Nassa canescens, C.B. Ad. Having compared this unique
specimen with P. 50, q. v., I can speak to their complete identity.
The “pale grey” of the ‘interspaces” is due to the shell being
dead.
44, 45. Stent.
46. Nassa gemmulosa=M. 631, exactly.
47. Stet.
48. Nassa luteostoma=M., 623.
49. Nassa nodifera. Also found at Guaymas.
50. Nassa pagodus, C. B. Ad. (+N. canescens, P. 43)=N.
(? pagodus, var.) acuta, M. 625. It is certainly the NV. decussata
of Kien., but probably not of Lam. Whether it is the Triton pago-
dus of Rye. I am still unable to say, the type being apparently lost.
We are bound to suppose that Mr. Reeve could not mistake so de-.
1863.| DR. P,P.CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 343
cided a Nassa for a Triton; so that if Lamarck’s is a similar Eastern
species, the West American may stand as NV. acuta.
51, Nassa panamensis, C.B. Ad. The Professor rightly marked
his duplicates “‘ewilis, Pws.”’ This abundant shell, having a Pisa-
noid, not a Nassoid operculum, probably belongs to Phos, Northia,
or some genus not yet eliminated. N. obsoleta, Say, has a similar
operculum, and appears nearly related.
52. Nassa proxima. The unique specimen appears to be an ex-
treme form of NV. versicolor, P. 55.
53. Nassa ? scabriuscula, C. B. Ad. (non Pws.)=N. complanata,
Pws.: v. P. 56.
54. Nassa striata, C. B. Ad. The two type specimens, one young,
the other adult, both belong to a variety of versicolor. The phrase,
*Jast whorl spirally canaliculate on the left side,” simply expresses
the ordinary character of Nassa. The specimens in Mus. Cuming.,
however, from another source, differ somewhat in the nucleus from
the small form of N. versicolor. These=N. paupera, Gld., teste
Cuming, and should take that name.
55. Nassa versicolor, C. B. Ad., M. 632. The revolving strize
vary so greatly in this species, as well as the size, obesity, and colour,
that it is hard to assign its limits. The specimens marked versicolor
by the Professor vary much more among themselves than the ex-
treme ones do from his proxima and striata. The apex and early
whorls of each are exactly the same under the microscope. It is pos-
sible that the unique crebristriata, M. 633, is also an extreme variety.
56. Nassa wilsoni appears to be only a dwarf form of P. 53,
N. complanata.
57. Buccinum crassum=Phos c.
58. Buccinum distortum= Clavella d.
59. Buccinum insigne=Pisania i., M. 659.
60. Buccinum lugubre, C.B. Ad. The Professor marked this shell
on his card “ Murex??” ; then “ Fusus?”’; then “ Fusus nodu-
losus, Ad., n. s.”’; then “ Buccinum (°) lugubre, Ad., n.s.’’; so that
the old genera were sometimes as badly defined as the new ones. It
may rank with Pisania.
61. Buccinum pagodus=Pisania p.
62. Buccinum pristis=Northia serrata.
63. Buccinum ringens= Pisania r., M. 663.
64, Buccinum sanguinolentum=Pisania s., M. 662.
65. Buccinum stimpsonianum=Nassa st.
66. Dolium ringens=Malea r.
67. Monoceros brevidentatum. This species, very common at
Panama, has been transported over (not through) the Pacific, to San
Francisco and Monterey: v. P. page 75.
344 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, [June 23,
68. Monoceros cingulatum=Leucozonia c., M. 583.
69. Purpura carolensis=P. triangularis, M. 608.
70. Purpura foveolata= Cuma costata, M. 610, probably; but the
markings have been too much obliterated to decide with confidence.
71. Purpura kiosquiformis=Cuma k., M. 609. There are in
the collection three shells, labelled by the Professor ““P. purpuroides
(Fusus), Orb., Panama” = Pisania @ orbignyt, Rve. No authority
is given, and they probably came from Peru.
72. Purpura, sp.ind, This shell is not to be found. It has
probably been put with the last, of which it is no doubt a variety :
v. M. p. 482.
73. Purpura melo. Stet.
74. Purpura osculans appears to be the young of Rhizocheilus
nux, M. 611; of which R. distans, Cpr., and probably J. califor-
nicus, A. Ad., are only varieties.
75. Purpura tecta=Cuma t.
76. Purpura undata=P. biserialis, M. 606.
77. Columbella atramentaria=Anachis a.
78. Columbella bicanalifera=Strombina b.
79. Columbella boivinii. This species must rank with (dAnachis
or) Engina*, the operculum being Pisanoid.
80. Columbella conspicua=Anachis c.
81. Columbella costellata, C. B. Ad.=Anachis scalarina, Sby.,
M. 645; not A. costellata, Sby., M. 646,
82. Columbella diminuta=Anachis d.
83. Columbella dorsata=Strombina d.
84. Columbella fluctuata=Anachis fi.
85. Columbella fulva=Anachis f., M. 648.
Bei Columbella fuscata, M. 617. The small var. is C. festiva,
len.
87. Columbella gibberula=Strombina g.
88. Columbella gracilis=Anachis g.
89. Columbella guttata=Nitidella cribraria, M. 613.
90, 91, 92. Stent.
93. Columbella lyrata=Anachis 1.
94. Columbella major, M. 615.
95. Columbella modesta=Truncaria m. It might be convenient
to leave this genus as arranged by Messrs. H. and A. Ad. - Mr.
Henry Adams desires to restrict it to the type species, in which
* Of the shells called by French authors Semi-Ricinula, those with a Purpuroid
operculum may be retained as Sistrum, while those with Pisanoid operculum
should be removed as Engina, with Anachis, to the Muricide.
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 345
case this and similar species must be moved to Nitidella, if the oper-
culum be (as is presumed) Purpuroid; or to Amyela, if Nassoid.
96. Columbella mesta=Anachis m.
97. Columbella nigricans=Anachis n.
98. Columéella parva. This appears to be only a dead specimen
of C. pygmea, P. 100.
99. Columéella pulchrior is probably a Nitidella.
100. Columbella pygmea=Anachis p., M. 651.
101. Columbella rugosa=Anachis r. This appears to be the
commonest and most variable species of the genus. The typical
specimens are somewhat stumpy, with stout knobs. Then the knobs
pass into long, compressed ridges, and finally change into narrow
bars. ‘These are wide apart, or close, or nearly evanescent ou the
back. The shape passes from the stumpy to an acuminate form
like costellata. Some adults are more than twice the size of others;
but the same variations are found in both extremes. The colours
are generally laid on in patches on the knobby specimens; in fine
flames, on the smoother ones. In all varieties, it is known from
fluctuata’by the spiral strice over the whole surface ; and from varia
by the shoulder, more or less developed into a keel, on the whorls of
the spire. ;
102. Columbella strombiformis, M. 616.
103. Columbella tessellata, C. B. Ad. (non Gask.) =Anachos gua-
temalensis, Rye.
104. Columbella turrita=Strombina t.
105. Columbella varia= Anachis v.
106. Columbella sp. ind. is the young of a species in Mus.
Cuming., resembling harpeformis.
107. Ricinula carbonaria=Engina c.
108. Ricinula jugosa may be an Engina, but has more the aspect
of the Pacific group Peristernia.
109. Ricinula reeviana=Engina pulchra, Rve.
110, Cassis abbreviata=Bezoardica a. On comparing a large
series of specimens from Cape St. Lucas with a similar series of C.
inflata from Texas, I was unable to discover any specific differences.
It varies greatly, from each ocean, in painting, sculpture, height of
spire, &c,
111. Cassis coarctata=Levenia ec.
112, 113, 114(=M. 480), 115, 116 (=M. 481), 117, 118*(=M.
476), 119* (=M. 477), 120 (=M. 475), 121, 122 (=M. 381,
galeatus), 123 (=M. 449), 124 (=M. 448), 125. Stent.
* Having now examined a large number of specimens of these two forms, I
have no hesitation whatever in regarding Conus regalitatis as simply a variety of
C. purpurascens. Similar differences may be observed in comparing large series
of almost all Cones.
346 DR. P,P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23;
126. Triton chemnitzii=Argobuccinum nodosum, M. 580. These
shells are small and turreted. Those Prof. Adams marked “ 7’. cin-
gulatum, Lam., E. Indies,” are much more like the Mazatlan shells.
127. Triton constrictus=Distortio c. The specimens of this
group from the Pacific Coast, from the Gulf of Mexico, and from
the China Seas are very difficult to discriminate.
128. Triton fusoides. This unique and very elegant shell can
scarcely be called a Triton, even of the Hpidromus type. It may
perhaps rank with Euthria, but is peculiar in possessing a distinct
anterior sinus, near the canal, like Rostellaria.
129; 130; 131, 1327, 133, 134%; 135. Stent.
136. Murex dubius=Muricidea dubia, M. 673.
137. Murex erosus= Muricidea e.
138. Murex radizx=Phyllonotus r. The Professor’s specimens
of this species are remarkably fine, more nearly resembling the Gulf
nigritus than the heavy stumpy shells usually seen. His young
specimens are heavier, but more turreted, than the young zigritus,
The opercula appear to have fewer frills; but such differences may
be due only to station. The specimens he marked ambiguus (with-
out locality) belong to the typical nigritus. Phyllonotus radix and
nigritus graduate into each other almost as freely as the latter does
into ambiguus: v. M. 666.
139. Murew rectirostris. This and kindred species run into each
other too closely, when adult, to speak with any confidence on so
young a specimen in bad condition.
140. Murex recurvirostris. This specimen is also far too imper-
fect to affiliate: v. M, 665.
141. Murex regius=Phyllonotus r., M. 670.
142. Murex salebrosus=Vitularia s., M.612. The curious group
of Muricoid Purpurids culminates on the West American shores. It
is represented in the north temperate regions by Cerastoma, on the
warmer shores by Chorus, and in the tropical regions by Vitularia.
The Lower Californian Murex belcheri, Hds., belongs to the group.-
Dr. Alcock (who has succeeded the late Capt. Brown as Curator of
the Manchester Natural History Museum) has pointed out very well-
marked physiological distinctions between the two families, which
are coordinate with the differences in the opercula.
* Dr. Gray (Guide to Mollusca, pp. 39, 42) leaves the round-variced Ranellids,
as Apollon, in the Tritonide, “ operc. annular, nucleus subapical, within the
apex ;” but removes the sharp-variced species, as Ranella, to the Cassidide, and
figures the operculum like Bezoardica, “ half-ovate, nucleus central, lateral, in-
ternal.” The operculum of 2. c¢lata, No. 132, is almost identical with Murez,
and the shell accords with dpollon; but R. nitida, No. 134, which has very sharp
varices, has its operculum widely removed from Bezoardica. It is closely related
to that of Cerastoma, Rhizocheilus, and some of the @einebre; nucleus near the
anterior end of the labrum; labral portions of the annular layers eroded ; scar as
in Purpurids, with about three roughly angular ridgés of growth.
1863.] DR, P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, 347
143. Murex vibex. This Peruvian species also probably belongs
io the Purpurid group.
144, Murex vittatus=Muricidea v.
145, (=M. 638), 146 (=M. 579). Stent.
147. Fusus bellus, C.B. Ad. This is a pretty little shell, resem-
bling a young Metula, and is probably one of the species assigned
with doubt to that genus, M. 619-622, or to Fusus, M.642. Ishould
erase the words, “some of which are varicoid’’ (referring to the ra-
diating ribs), as my glass did not enable me to detect a single one.
148. Fasciolaria granosa. A minute specimen is of the size and
general appearance of the fry of Chrysodomus antiquus, with one and
a half irregular nuclear whorls. An adult has its operculum broken
and mended from a subcentral nucleus—a mode of proceeding which
I have now observed in such a multitude of species belonging to dif-
ferent families of Proboscidifers and Toxifers that I venture to assign
it as the original type of their opercula, from which the special
family forms are modifications of high development. Of the spiral
Rostrifers there is not yet sufficient evidence to speak*.
149. Turbinella cestus, M. 581.
150. Turbinella castanea=Latirus ec.
151. Turbinella cerata=Latirus c., M. 582.
_ 152. Turbinella rudis=Latirus r.
153. Turbinella spadicea=Latirus s.
154. Oancellaria affinis. Very closely allied to C. urceolata,
M. 445,
155, 156, 157 (=M. 446), 158, 159. Stent.
160. Caneellaria pygmea is simply a young specimen of C. go-
niostoma, no. 157.
161, 162. Stent.
163. Pleurotoma aterrima=Drillia a.
_ 164. Pleurotoma atrior. This is a fine specimen, not quite ma-
ture in the lip, of Drillia aterrima, var. melchersi, M. 461,
165. Pleurotoma bicanalifera=Clathurella b.
166. Pleurotoma collaris=Drillia e.
167. Pleurotoma concinna=Cithara ec.
168. Pleurotoma corrugata=Drillia e.
169. Pleurotoma discors=Drilliad. Probably a finely developed
variety of aterrima.
* When at Charleston, S. C., I had an opportunity of examining many very fine
specimens of the giant Fasciolaria, so seldom seen in this country, of which a
broken specimen in my collection measures 20 in. In sculpture, colour, and
general appearance some were so very like F. princeps, M. 584, that I was tempted
to consider the latter a degraded local variety, till I found the operculum, which
is destitute of the singular grooving of the Gulf species. -
348 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
170. Pleurotoma duplicata=Drillia d.
171. Pleurotoma excentrica=Drillia e. I cannot endorse this
and some other determinations of critical species of Pleurotomids,
not being able to remove the specimens for comparison with types.
Even the types in Mus. Cuming. do not always present satisfactory
diagnostic characters.
172. Pleurotoma exigua=Mangelia e. I could not discover ‘the
rest in pairs.”
173. Pleurotoma gemmulosa=Mangelia g.
174. Pleurotoma grandimaculata=Drillia g.
175. Pleurotoma incrassata=Drillia t., M. 459. The collection
contains D. luctuosa, M. 467, as from Panama, but not of the Pro-
fessor’s collecting.
176. Pleurotoma nigerrima=Drillia n.
177. Pleurotoma obeliscus=Drillia 0. Very worn and doubtful.
178. Pleurotoma olivacea. Closely resembles P. funiculata,
M. 457.
179. Pleurotoma pallida=Drillia p.
180. Pleurotoma rigida=Clathurella r.
181. Pleurotoma rudis. It is probable that this is not the true
Drillia rudis, being distinguished by white spots on the knobs:
v. M. 460.
182. Pleurotoma rustica=Drillia aterrima, var. melchersi, M.
461. These specimens being very worn, their specific identity with
P. 164 was not recognized by the Professor. One shell, marked
‘rustica, var.,” may be the true rustica—a species by no means
satisfactorily distinguished.
183. Pleurotoma striosa=Drillia s.
184. Pleurotoma zonulata=Drillia z., M. 463.
185. Pleurotoma, sp. a. A small, dark, purple-brown Mangelia,
of the leufroyi type.
186. Pleurotoma, sp. 6. A slender, pure-white, ribbed shell ;
probably a Cithara.
187. Mangelia, sp. c. A young Daphnella.
188. Mangelia, sp. d. A very worn, black shell; with white,
knobby ribs.
189. Mangelia, sp. e. A very small, white shell; resembling a
young Bela turricula.
190. Mangelia, sp. f. A very small, white Drillia, with distinct
posterior notch; spirally striated, with rather sharp ribs,
191. Mangelia neglecta. Of the “ elevated spiral line on the
middle of the whorls” I could discover no trace, except of colour.
It is therefore probable that it=M. acuticostata, M. 473.
1863.] DR. P,P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 349
192. Mangelia sulcosa is the true Columbella s. of Sby.
193. Cerithium adustum=C. maculosum, M. 381.
194. Cerithium assimilatum=Cerithiopsis a., M. 563.
195, Cerithium bimarginatum=Cerithiopsis 6. A good species ;
but I could not detect the ‘intermediate raised line.” The apical
whorls are almost smooth. The “prominent spiral fold”? on the
columella is simply that which bounds the recurved canal.
196. Cerithium famelicum. Confusion has arisen from the Pro-
fessor having sent to Mr. Cuming as his type a shell which does not
answer to the diagnosis, and which is described as (? var.) medioleve,
M. 382. Ten specimens are retained in the Amherst Museum, of
which eight are of the uncinatum type, =M. 383, and two of the
Cumingian. C. uncinatum, being an old species, is probably from
the Atlantic or E. Indies: if this should prove identical, the name
Samelicum must be dropped; if distinct, retained for the west coast
uncinoids, according to the diagnosis. After an examination of a
large series of specimens collected by Mr. Xantus at Cape St. Lucas,
I am confirmed in the belief that the Cumingian shell is a distinct
species, which must stand as C. medioleve.
197. Cerithium gemmatum=Rhinoclavis gemmatus, M. 389. So
much confusion has arisen from raising specific names to the generic
peerage, that whenever a good distinct name has been given, it ap-
pears best to retain it—the unbending rule of mere priority for work
which is sometimes slovenly, and therefore best forgotten, notwith-
standing.
198. Cerithium ? interruptum, C. B. Ad. (non Mke.=M. 388).
Great confusion has arisen from this erroneous determination, as
may be seen by comparing the Maz. Cat. in loco with the mono-
graph of Sowerby, jun., who has redescribed the southern, highly
sculptured forms of the true interruptum as C. galapaginis.
198. and 199 are regarded by Messrs. Cuming and Sowerby as
varieties of
200. Cerithium irroratum, C. B. Ad. (Gld. ipse et MSS., non
Gld. in Expl. Exp.) =C. stercusmuscarum, M. 387. The aspect of
the Panama shells is so different from that of the Mazatlan speci-
mens that I did not wonder at Dr. Gould’s opinion that they were
distinct. He was, however, misled in affiliating the former to his
C. irroratum, of which I fortunately discovered the figured type in
the Smithsonian Institution, and which proves to be (according to
Mr. Cuming) the C. obesum of Sby. sen., from the Philippines. It
is fortunate therefore that the name may be entirely dropped. Some
of the specimens of no. 198 graduate sufficiently closely to the Ma-
zatlan form; those of no. 199 are intermediate; while those of
no. 200 present a stronger -but smaller shell, well armed with small
nodules, which are not to be seen in the fine Gulf specimens.
201. Cerithium neglectum = Cerithiopsis n.
202. Cerithium pacificum. Stet.
350 DR. P. P, CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
203. Cerithium pauperculum is a good, new species of Chrysallida.
The Professor probably did not recognize the Chemnitzoid apex and
the Odostomoid plait. The following alterations may be made in
the diagnosis :—Shell pale orange [not horn], with six [not five]
keels on the spire; spiral ridges anteriorly fainter [not obsolete] ;
apex sinistral [not acute], of three Paludinoid whorls, the last large
in proportion; columella effuse [not canaliculated], with a long,
slender, slanting plait.
204. Cerithium pulchrum=Cerithidea p. A distinct and truly —
beautiful species, seldom obtained by collectors.
205. Cerithium reevianum=Cerithidea montagnei, M, 394.
206. Cerithium validum=Cerithidea varicosa, M. 395. The
Southern shells, in all their changes, present such a different aspect
from the Gulf specimens, that Iam inclined to regard the form Ma-
zatlanica as distinct, of which C. albonodosa may prove a variety.
207. Triphoris alternatus, M. 391.
208. Triphoris inconspicuus is scarcely even a variety of the last ;
and does not differ so much as the specimens described under the
same name, M. 392.
209. Triphoris infrequens is not the shell described, under the
same name, M. 393, but is the Cerithiopsis tuberculoides, M. 557.
It would have been strange if I had recognized the shell from the
diagnosis ; for both of the specimens are dextral. The apex is nearly
smooth. I forbear to redescribe nos. 392, 393 of the Maz. Cat.,
as they were separated principally in deference to Prof. Adams’s
authority, until more numerous specimens should have been examined.
210. Turritella banksii=T. goniostoma, jun., M. 379.
211. Caecum diminutum=Cecum firmatum, jun., with numerous
close rings. All the Professor’s specimens of this genus were dead ;
most of them pierced by Proboscidifers. They fully confirmed the
judgments I ventured to form of them in the Maz. Cat. and in the
“* Monograph of the Czecide,” P. Z.S. 1858, p. 413 et seq.
212. Caecum eburneum=C. firmatum. The rings vary from
twenty-six to thirty-three.
213. Caecum firmatum, M. 368. Add to the diagnosis in Maz.
Cat. p. 320, last line, “ operculo viv concavo, suturis minus definitis.”
214. Caecum leve. The two specimens are too worn for identifi-
cation, but will pass sufficiently for the species described under the
same name, M. 372.
215. Caecum laqueatum. A good species of the Elephantulum
group: v. Maz. Cat. p. 315, and P. Z.S. loc. cit. p. 420.
216. Caecum monstrosum=C. firmatum in the adolescent stage.
217. Caecum parvum turns out, as was expected, to be=C. unda-
tum, M. 371. The unique specimen is stunted and dead.
218. Caecum pygmeum is a small but nearly adult C. firmatum.
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 351
219. Chemnitzia aculeus, M. 521.
220. Chemnitzia acuminata is a true Ohemnitzia, and not a Chry-
sallida, as supposed in the Br. Assoc. Report, p. 334. The name
misleads, as it is a peculiarly broad species. The vertex consists of
three Paludinoid whorls, of which the apex is visible, projecting a
little beyond the spire. The ribs, instead of “‘ terminating abruptly
on the periphery of the last whorl,” become gradually evanescent
round the base *.
221. Ohemnitzia affinis. Comp. M. 523, which was identified
from Mr. Cuming’s specimen. The diagnosis needs the following
corrections from the type. The “‘ribs terminate” not very “ abruptly
at the periphery.” Anteriorly very finely striated [not “smooth’’]}.
“Last whorl”? not “angular at the periphery.” Base prolonged.
It is probably the adult form of my Chemnitzia undata, M. 531, the
characteristic fine, waved, spiral striee having escaped the Professor's
notice. The only difference is that the ribs evanesce more suddenly
in the Panama than in the Mazatlan shell, which may be due simply
to age.
222. Chemnitzia clathratula, part.=Chrysallida clathratula, M.
513, which was identified from the Cumingian specimen. The spe-
cimens preserved as types contain, along with this species, one of
Chrysallida communis, one (almost certainly) of Chrysallida effusa,
M. 510, and one of Dunkeria subangulata, M.537. Some parts of
the description appear taken from the latter species: e. g. the “ five
or six” spiral lines, of which there are only four in the Chrysallida;
and the angle on the “upper part”’ of the whorls, which in the
latter are well rounded.
223. Chemnitzia communis, M.507. This is the type of the
genus Chrysallida: v. M. pp. 416, 420. Prof. Adams’s tray con-
tains also one specimen of Chrysallida effusa, M. 510 ; one of Chrys.
telescopium, M. 508; one of Dunkeria subangulata, M. 537; and
one which may be a variety of the latter, or a distinct species.
224. Chemnitzia gracilior. The “ well-impressed spiral line” ig
only seen in some of the whorls.
225. Chemnitzia major belongs to the section Dunkeria. I counted
eighteen (not twenty-four) ribs.
226. Chemnitzia marginata is a good species of Chrysallida ; but
I could not find the “spiral, compressed ridge.”
227. Chemnitzia panamensis, M.518. I counted twenty-four
(not twenty-seven) ribs. The tray also contains one specimen of
* As several errors are here pointed out in the diagnoses of small shells, it is
right to state that Prof. Adams had not the advantage of a microscope during a
considerable portion of the work ; nor was the instrument a good one when ob-
tained. Moreover the incessant demands on his attention as Professor of Astro-
nomy and Mathematics, as well as of Natural History, and his duties as State
Geologist of Vermont, did not leave him much time for original research. What
he accomplished during his short life is marvellous. Had that life been spared to
revise his works, the necessity for this friendly criticism would not have arisen.
352 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, [June 23,
Ch. C-B-Adamsii, M. 519, with straight ribs; and one with spiral
sculpture, which may belong to Ch. gracillima, M. 530, but wants
the produced apex.
228. Chemnitzia similis. This species most nearly resembles
aculeus, but is broader, larger, and with more ribs, of which I counted
from twenty to twenty-two (not twenty-six). I should not call the
whorls “‘ convex.”’ They are, however, more rounded, and the base
is more produced, than in the shell called “ ? similis,” M. 520, which
is perhaps a variety of panamensis.
229. Chemnitzia striosa. The early whorls are very slender.
The spiral strize are on the tops of the ribs, of which I counted from
twenty-four to thirty-two (instead of ‘about forty”).
230. Chemnitzia turrita. This species includes the “ Rissoa,
sp. ind.” no. 251.
231. ? Littorina angiostoma is a Fossarus.
232. Littorina aspera, M.397. The Mazatlan periwinkles, being
in good condition, divide themselves very naturally into three
species. ‘The Panama specimens, being generally eroded, are not so
easily dealt with. Of Prof. Adams’s specimens here retained, the
majority belong to aspera, although several of the smaller ones are
philippii, M. 398. The young appear to be of both species mixed.
The “ variety” consists of the abnormal tall specimens of conspersa,
M. 396, with a few very large philippii intermixed.
233. Littorina atrata. This abundant little shell is a Fossarus,
of which the Professor’s ?Adeorbis abjecta, no. 257, is a more ad-
vanced form. It is possible that one of the Fossari described in
Maz. Cat., nos. 404, 405, may be conspecific ; but among the mul-
titude of specimens I could not find one with the nuclear whorls
sufficiently perfect to decide. The shells vary extremely in shape
and sculpture.
234. Littorina conspersa, M. 396. Smaller and generally more
stumpy than the Mazatlan shells, but containing a few specimens of
the same extreme forms.
235. ? Littorina excavata=Fossarus e.
236. Littorina fasciata, M. 400. The specimens of this species
and of Z. varia graduate rather closely towards each other.
237. ? Littorina foveata. A good species of Fossarus. Read,
‘¢ Last whorl angular”’ at the umbilicus [not “ below the middle’’].
238. ? Littorina megasoma. This is also a good species of Fos-
sarus. The Professor was doubtful whether to refer these forms to
Littorina or to Narica.
239. Littorina ? parvula, C.B.Ad. This is not Philippi’s Z.
parvula, but is a dwarf form of the L. philippii, M.398. The Pro-
fessor suggests the name L. dudiosa for this sufficiently well-marked
species ; but as he catalogued and distributed his specimens under
? parvula, and kept others under aspera, it may be best to retain
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, 353
the name philippii under which it has been very extensively circu-
lated.
240. Littorina pulchra. A very rare species, belonging (with
Jasciuta and varia) to the Melaraphe group.
241. Littorina puncticulata. This is the normal state of L. con-
spersa: vy. M. 396.
242. Littorina varia: v. note on P. 236.
243. Rissoa clandestina. Three specimens appear of this species
of Rissoina, closely resembling R. woodwardii, M. 410, but with
more ribs, and not displaying the intercostal striule.
244. Rissoa firmata. Another species of Rissoina, resembling
R. stricta, M. 408, but smaller. The Professor did not observe
the fine spiral sculpture, as described in no. 250 ; q. vy.
245. Rissoa fortis. A good species of Rissoina, differing from
R. janus in the absence of spiral punctures.
246. ? Rissoa inconspicua, C. B. Ad., non Alder. The name
being preoccupied, it is fortunate that the unique shell proves iden-
tical with Alvania tumida, M. 414. I found twenty (not “twelve
or fourteen ’’) ridges, which are not “ obsolete,’’ but become fainter
anteriorly. The two upper whorls are very finely cancellated.
247. Rissoa infrequens. The unique specimen of this Rissoina
is too much worn for description. It has more than the sixteen ribs ;
and the diagnostic marks must be received with caution.
248. Rissoa yanus. The description of this Réssoira is drawn
from a very small, dead, broken specimen, from which the sculpture
is almost entirely worn away. The “var. @’’ should be considered
as the type, being in perfect condition, and the diagnosis be altered
as follows :—The “‘fine crowded spiral striee”’ are seen all over, as
are also the “ribs,” which on each whorl “appear as striz,’’ and
are not “‘obsolete near the periphery.” The diagnostic character is
that the spiral strize are composed of rows of minute dots,
249, Rissoa notabilis. After drawing this unique shell carefully
under the microscope, and making copious notes on the diagnosis
from the specimen, an untoward cough lodged it among the meshes
of the Curator’s carpet, whence I endeavoured in vain to extricate it.
This unfortunate accident is, however, the less to be regretted, as I
can state with perfect confidence that it was exactly identical with
another shell in the collection, P. 255, q. v.; and with M. 498,
Parthenia quinquecincta. 'The “concave summits” of the ribs imply
that the ribs are sharp, with concave interstices ; and the “ upper
keel” is simply due to the angulation of the whorls. Though the
lip was broken, the columellar plait, as well as the sinistral apex,
escaped the Professor’s notice.
_ 250. Rissoa scalariformis. This unique specimen is simply the
young of Rissoina firmata, P. 244; and probably = Rissoina, sp.
ind., M. 409.
’ Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXIII.
334 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
251. Rissoa, sp.ind. This is a broken specimen of Chemnitzia
turrita, P. 230.
252. ? Oingula inconspicua. This unfortunate name, liable to be
confounded with Rissoa inconspicua, Alder, and ? Rissoa inconspicua,
C. B. Ad., will not be needed, as the type belongs to another sub-
order, and = Chrysallida ovulum, M. 512. The Professor did not
observe its close relationship with his Chemnitzia communis.
253. Cingula paupercula, C.B. Ad. A good species.
254. ? Cingula terebellum=Parthenia exarata, M. 501. Although
I took every pains, in preparing the Maz. Cat., to identify Prof.
Adams’s species, I was not prepared, in the writings of so careful a
naturalist who had devoted special attention to the minute species,
to find a Pyramidellid under Trochidz, especially with the mark
‘apex subacute.”’ The finding of a more perfect Mazatlan specimen
enables me to add to the diagnosis :—“ vertice nucleoso parvo, satis
extante, decliviter sito; interstitiis carinarum transversim rugulosis ;
labro solidiore. Long. *087, long. spir. °057, lat. -038.”
255. ? Cingula turrita (+P. 249, Rissoa notabilis)=Parthenia
quinquecincta, M. 498. When a shell is described under two genera
in the same sheet, the advocates of unbending priority will find it
difficult to decide. As each name belongs to a widely removed
family, that last given is at least the most correct and distinctive.
256. ? Litiopa saxicola. The Professor states that this ‘shell
has the appearance of a Litiopa;”’ but it wants both the peculiar
nucleus and the semitruncated columella; also that the “labium
has a distinct deposit,”’ of which I could not see any trace in either
of the specimens. It is probably a Cingula.
257. ? Adeorbis abjecta. This is the adult form of the shell, of
which P. 233, Littorina atrata, is the young. The striz are seen on
the lower as well as the ‘‘upper part of the whorls.” The umbili-
cus, though “small” for an Addeorbis, is rather large for a Fossarus,
to which genus the species undoubtedly belongs.
258. Vitrinella concinna. I could not find the “more or less
distinct ridge between the first two keels.”
259. Vitrinella exigua=M. 305. The omissions in the Pro-
fessor’s diagnoses of this and other species, being supplied in the
Maz. Cat., need not be repeated here: v. M. pp. 236-247.
260. Vitrinella janus. The Professor does not mention the fifth
keel, which bounds the umbilicus, and within which are the “ minute
spiral strize.” The ‘transverse striz”’ are strong between keels
2, 3, and 4; faint between 4 and 5, and between 1 and 2; and eva-
nescent near the suture.
261. Vitrinella minuta. The original type of this species accords
better with thalia than with Teinostoma, to which I had referred
the Cumingian type.
262. Vitrinella modesta. The “ modesty ” of this unique shell is
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, 355
coordinate with considerable attrition, and an umbilicus filled with
dirt. It appeared to me regularly rounded, without any keel. The
“few spiral striz ’’ are probably the remains of what once covered
the whole surface.
263. Vitrinella panamensis=M. 295.
264. Vitrinella parva=M. 296.
265. Vitrinella perparva=M. 304. The coronation of the upper
keel is seen (though not described) in the type specimen.
266. Vitrinella regularis. The unique shell can hardly be called
*subdiscoidal,” since the “spire is convex, moderately elevated.”
I could not find the “impressed spiral line.” It belongs to Hthalia.
267. Vitrinella seminuda. The unique type of this species also
is much worn. I could not discover the ‘‘ minute strize of growth.”
Beneath, there are five spiral liree, and a few spiral strize near the
mouth, The umbilical region and the base have fine radiating distant
strie. It comes nearest to VY. carinulata, M. 309, but is distinct.
268. Vitrinella tricarinata. This unique type is also worn.
The spiral keels are scarcely “ prominent,” that on the periphery
being decidedly faint. The “transverse strie” are between the
suture and the nearest rib. The umbilical striz are very faint.
269. Vitrinella valvatoides. This species probably belongs to
Ethalia. Beside the keels, there are three obsolete spiral liree—two
on the base, and one above the periphery. The umbilicus is bounded
by a long, thin callosity, which gives a character to the shell inter-
mediate between the two genera.
270. Solarium, sp. ind. a. Of the form represented by this
_ species and the next I have been able to examine a large number of
specimens collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and in the
Gulf of Mexico. I know of no mark by which to distinguish the
shells from the two oceans. From each locality they vary greatly
in the size of the umbilicus, and in the strength of sculpture, number
of knobs, &c. I should consider them all as varieties of S. granu-
latum, Lam. S. quadriceps, Hds., appears distinct, though it may
only be an extreme variety.
_ 271. Solarium, sp. ind. 5. This contains the specimens with
_ coarser sculpture than the last.
_ 272. Solarium, sp. ind. c. This is a distinct species of Torinia,
having the size and general aspect of Helix rotundata.
273. Trochus catenulatus= Modulus c., M. 401.
_ 274, Trochus coronulatus=Omphalius c. This species reappears
at Cape St. Lucas, and is closely allied to O. ligulatus, M. 293.
_ 275. Trochus leanus=Calliostoma 1. This distinctive generic
_ name is strongly to be preferred to the specific Ziziphinus.
4 276. Trochus lima. This shell exactly accords with Calliostoma
x mtonit, Koch, in Mus, Cuming.
356 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
277. Trochus lividus=Modulus disculus, M. 403.
278. Trochus panamensis=Omphalius p. A good species, though
apparently very rare; for I had the pleasure of adding it to the
Cumingian collection.
279. Trochus pellis-serpentis=Tegula p.
280. Trochus reticulatus=Omphalius viridulus, M. 292. This
is the common Trochid of the Panama region, as is ligulatus of the
Mazatlan.
281. Turbo buschii=Uvanilla inermis, M. 287. This shell ap-
pears to replace U. olivacea in the southern fauna. Besides the dif-
ferences indicated in Maz. Cat. p. 229, the operculum is quite
distinct.
282. ? Turbo phasianella=Collonia ph.: not (Melaraphe) pha-
sianella, Phil.
283. Turbo rutilus. The unique type is in miserable condition,
to which the “bright red with pale streaks” is owing. The shell
may possibly have been originally a Pomaulax undosus, which is
truly a Lower Californian species. It appears, however, to be a
favourite with sailors, as specimens are continually appearing, not
only high and low on the West Coast, but also from the Pacific
Islands. The specimens brought by Comm. Wilkes’s U.S. Expl. Exp.
were obtained in N. S. Wales! Prof. Adams’s fragments were pro-
bably due to ballast.
284. Turbo saxosus=Callopoma saxosum. This replaces the C.
fluctuosum of the Gulf, M. 282, and the C. tessellatum of Lower
California. The “var. depressum”’ of P. Z. 8., 1855, I believe to
be really a Senectus from the Pacific Islands.
285. Scalaria hexagona, C. B. Ad.: non Sby., M. 564. The
Professor’s shell is (I think) one of the species I described in P. Z. 8.
from Mr. Bridges’s collection ; but the distinctions in this genus are
too critical to decide without comparison of types. This shell is
broad; whorls very separate; varices long and sharp; spirally
finely striated.
286. Scalaria obtusa,C. B. Ad.; ?non Sby. This also appeared
to me one of Mr. Bridges’s species. It is a very pretty shell, with
close, sharp, coronated varices.
287. Scalaria, sp. ind. a. Like the next, but larger, and with
spiral striee between the extremely crowded, sharp varices.
288. Scalaria, sp.ind. 6. Of the Clathratula type, without spiral
sculpture. .
289. Scalaria, sp. ind. c, is probably the young of Cirsotrema
funiculatum, M. 569, which, with its congeners, may be removed to
Opalia.
290. Eulima iota. This shell, which is a Leiostraca (not “? Sty-
lifer”), is probably distinct from the Mazatlan form, M. 555, which
should stand as L. retexta.
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 357
291. Eulima recta. The type is a very good species of Leio-
straca ; but I doubt its identity with the Cumingian specimen, with
which the Mazatlan shell, M. 550, was compared. It most resembles
the L. linearis, M. 554, with which it agrees in divergence and
general shape ; but that is very much smaller, with the upper whorls
more tumid. In the Professor’s type of L. recta, I searched in vain
for traces of the “two brown spots.” They were probably thrown
by defective light. The ‘two opaque spiral bands ”’ are simply the
effect of the suture, and the previous whorl showing through. For
» the Mazatlan shell, M. 550, I propose the name of L. znvoluta.
292. Eulima solitaria. This also is a Leiostraca, not “? Sty-
lifer,’ and accords exactly with the Leiostraca, sp. ind. a, M. 552,
but not with the supposed L. solitaria, M. 551. The latter agrees
in shape with the unique Panama shell, whorl for whorl; but its
base and labrum are much more produced anteriorly. For this rea-
son, it may be known as L. producta.
293. Pyramidella, sp.ind. This is probably the Odeliscus de-
scribed in Maz. Cat. no. 486.
294. Pyramidella conica = Obeliscus conicus, C. B. Ad., not
M. 486.
295. Natica chemnitzii=N. maroccana, M. 570. The Professor
first labelled these shells “‘ NV. ? maroccana, Chem.,” but crossed it off
in pencil. Another tray appeared (without number) labelled “? uni-
fasciata, Lam.” They all belong to the large West Coast form of
maroccana. [N.B. The shells described in P. Z.S. as “var. cali-
fornica,”’ on the authority of the late Mr. Nuttall, are (with others
from the same source) undoubtedly from the Sandwich Islands.
The Pacific specimens (of which I have examined many thousands,
brought by Comm. Wilkes’s E. E.) present a very different type from
_ those of the west coasts of Africa and America; but are regarded
by Mr. Cuming as only a local variety. ]
296. Natica? lurida. These shells are simply a pale variety of
N. maroccana.
297. Natica otis, C. B. Ad. (not Brod. & Sby.). These shells
_ appear to be the young of Polinices “ salangonensis,” P. 298.
_ 298. Natica ? salangonensis. Lhad no opportunity of comparing
_ this Polinices with the species of Récluz.
- 299. Natica souleyetiana. The shells closely resemble N. ma-
_-roccana, but with a larger umbilicus.
300. Natica ? virginea, C. B. Ad. (not Récl.) = Polinices uber,
_ number, which was probably intended for the N. maroccana, var.
“unifasciata.”
_ 302. Natica, sp. ind. 4. The shells are marked e, and are the
_ young of Polinices uber, P. 300, M. 576.
‘
_M. 576.
_ 3801. Natica, sp. ind. a. There is no ticket answering to this
.
:
358 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
303. Natica, sp. ind. c. The shell is marked f, and is probably
=N. haneti.
304. Nerita scabricosta=M. 326. After examining a multitude
of specimens from different parts of the coast, I have not the slightest
doubt of the identity of the forms called ornata and deshayesit.
305. Nerita, sp. ind. a=N. bernhardi, M. 327.
306. Neritina guayaquilensis. Stet. N. intermedia, Sby,
307. Neritina picta=M. 329.
308-316. Stent. The shells described as ‘‘ duricula” belong to
Melampus.
317. Truncatella bairdiana. A good species.
318. 2? Truncatella dubiosa. This belongs to Hydrobia or some
similar Rissoid.
319. Bulla (Tornatina) infrequens=Tornatina i., M, 222.
320. Bulla (Cylichna) luticola=Cylichna l., M. 221, The Ma-
zatlan shell is much more constricted than most of Prof. Adams’s
specimens.
321. Bulla punctulata=B. adamsi, M. 224. The B. punetata,
A. Ad.=B. punctulata, A. Ad., but is not the B. punctulata,
C. B. Ad.=B. puncticulata, C. B. Ad., MS. on ticket.
322. Bulla, sp. ind.=Tornatina carinata, M. 223.
323. Vermetus ? glomeratus, C. B. Ad. (not Bivonia glomerata,
Lam.)=V. eburneus, M. 354. The shells sometimes assume a ru-
fous tint in the later whorls, in which state (if the Turritelloid apex
be concealed) it is liable to be confounded with Aletes centiquadrus.
Some of the Professor’s shells belong to the latter species.
324. Vermetus panamensis, C. B. Ad. (2 Rouss.)= Aletes centi-
quadrus, M. 352.
325. Stomatella inflata is a Lamellaria with broken lip and very
much curved columella: v. M. 577. [A Sigaretus, with somewhat
sharper columella than the ordinary W. Indian form, was found
among the Professor’s duplicate Panama shells; but as it does not
occur either in the catalogue or the collection, it was probably dropped
in from the Jamaica series. |
326. Hipponyz, sp. ind, Of the Professor’s “two small speci-
mens”’ marked “ subrufa, jun.,” one is H. grayanus, jun., M. 350.
The other may be the same, but is probably the young of H. bar-
batus. Neither are sufficiently perfect to determine with confidence,
327. Hipponyx ?barbata. Part of these specimens belong to H,
barbatus, M. 349; part to H. grayanus; part are too much worn
to determine; and one is a valve of Discina cumingit.
328. Hipponyx panamensis=H. antiquatus, M.347. The species
is very widely diffused, and varies greatly in each locality.
329. Hipponye radiata=H. grayanus, M. 350, The collection
1863.] DR. P.P, CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA, 359
also contains a tray labelled “ Panama: C. B. Ad. don.,” in which
are Hipponyx serratus, M. 346, H. barbatus, and Gadinia pentage-
niostoma, M. 270. ‘This last name should be dropped, except as a
variety of G, stellata, Sby., which is the normal state: y. B. A. Rep.
1857, pl. 7. f. 3, a-g.
330. Calyptrea aberrans. The Professor candidly allows that
‘*in texture this shell much resembles a valve of an Anomia,’’ which
it undoubtedly is, the supposed “probably imperfect cup’’ being
the ligamental pit. The large muscular scar is very clearly de-
veloped ; but the others are faint, as is customary in young shells,
and might stand for either Anomia or Placunanomia. The valve is
thin and glossy inside. The outside is smooth, excepting the lines
of growth, and is encrusted with beautiful zoophytes. A tiny Ser-
pula, which has coiled itself close to the umbo, carries out the idea
of a Calyptreeid spiral apex ; but a careful microscopic examination
displayed the true Anomoid nucleus, at a little distance from the
margin, as is common in the Mazatlan specimens of A. lampe,
M. 219.
331. Calyptrea (Syphopatella) aspersa=Galerus conicus, very
worn and young, with the lamina broken away. One of the speci-
mens may perhaps be mamillaris.
332. Calyptrea cepacea=M. 345.
333. Calyptrea conica. These are dead specimens, of which a
few may be the true Galerus conicus, M. 332. But most of them
belong to the brown-tinted variety of (the Professor’s G. regularis=)
mamillaris: v. no. 340.
334. Calyptrea dentata=Crucibulum imbricatum, M. 343.
335. Calyptrea hispida=Crucibulum spinosum, M, 344.
336. Calyptrea imbricata. The two specimens are too much
worn to affiliate with confidence, the cups being broken out. The
outside is ribbed, with arrow-headed strize between the ribs. They
probably =Crucibulum i., var.
337. Calyptrea maculata=Crucibulum spinosum, M. 344. See
the attempt to unravel the confusion in the synonymy of this family
in Maz. Cat. pp. 264-295. Three specimens marked by the Pro-
fessor “‘ C’. maculata, var.,” are young, dead radiata, no. 339.
338. Calyptrea planulata. This unique shell is simply a young,
flat C. cepacea, with the cup prominent, and the outside sculpture
faintly developed, from living in a hollow place. The strize are not
*‘ obsolete around the apex,”
339. Calyptrea radiata=Crucibulum r. This rare and beautiful
species is quite distinct, even in the early stages, from all varieties
of C. spinosum.
340. Calyptrea (Syphopatella) regularis=Galerus mamillaris,
M. 333.
341. Calyptrea wnbrella=Crucibulum u. (=C. rudis, Brod.).
360 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THY SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
342. Calyptrea Tlunguis, C. B. Ad.=Crucibulum spinosum, jun.
(not Galerus unguis, Brod.).
343. Crepidula cerithiicola. Most of the specimens are the young
of C. onyx, M. 340; but a few are of C. incurva, M. 339.
344. Crepidula echinus=C. aculeata, M. 334.
345. Crepidula excavata, M. 337.
346. Orepidula ? hepatica=C. onyx, M. 340.
347. Crepidula incurva, M. 339. A very interesting series of
specimens; of which two or three are probably the twisted form of
C. onyx. One tray contains specimens adhering to other shells.
One, fixed diagonally on a Calliostoma, takes exactly the arrow-
headed sculpture of the var. Cal. imbricata, Brod. Another, grown
diagonally on Pisania gemmata, has the general aspect of a Chiton.
One, fixed on the back of its neighbour which has grown on a Cal-
liostoma, has the granular interruptions of the ribs transmitted
through the first specimen. The same is true of one which has
grown on another which was planted on a Pisania. One specimen,
which had established itself on a Calliostoma, and began with normal
ribs, is losing these at the margin, adopting the sculpture of the
Trochid. An extremely twisted specimen in the tray of separate
shells has a bifid deck. A young one had edged itself into the apical
part of the deck, as into a maternal pouch ; so the old one made a
fresh deck over it.
348. Crepidula lessonii. Most of the specimens are of C. nivea,
var., M. 341. Two shells, which have the apex perfect, display the
characteristic nuclear riblets. One dark-coloured specimen may be
a hybrid, and another (though too much worn for confident aftilia-
tion) appears to be C. unguiformis. Among the duplicates, all the
specimens which were perfect at the apex presented the niveoid
nucleus, though white ; but generally the riblets were more or less
worn off.
349. Crepidula squama. ‘These are the flat form (mostly dead
and worn) of C. nivea, M. 341. Some of them pass into lessonii.
Some are highly coloured, and may be the young of C. onyx; one
even of C.incurva. One of the young shells in phial appears to be
C. onyx ; but whenever the apex is perfect, it presents the typical
riblets: v. Maz. Cat. in loco.
350. Crepidula unguiformis. The apex being hidden in dead
shells, which I was not at liberty to break away, I could only exa-
mine one specimen, which appeared to be a C. nivea, var., as sup-
posed in Maz, Cat. p. 285. Of the loose specimens, scarcely any
are sufficiently perfect at the apex to speak with confidence. Most
of them, however, have the characteristic painting of the variety
squama ; and all may belong to the common species (C. nivea), ex-
cept one which is a true C. unguiformis, M. 342, on the back of
another shell, and a few which are probably C. onyz, var. Of the
duplicates, which I was at liberty to extract from the dead shells,
1863.] DR. P.P.CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 361
some are undoubtedly C. nivea; others truly C. unguiformis; and
others probably C. nivea, but with the riblets worn away by the
crabs.
351. Crepidula nivea, M. 341. The specimens are small and
poor; mostly rough, of the variety striolata passing into lessonii.
Wherever the apex is perfect, it presents the characteristic riblets,
but is generally white, not brown as in most of the finely grown
Mazatlan shells.
352. Crepidula osculans. This is a perfect and extremely beau-
tiful specimen of Scutellina navicelloides, M. 269. The Professor
did not observe the non-spiral patelloid apex, and regarded the
*‘navicelloid’’ columellaas an extremely narrow deck. To the diag-
nosis in the Maz. Cat. may now be added “ apice obtuso, sublevi ;
vertice haud spirali, vix conspicuo.”
353. Crepidula rostrata=C. adunca, M. 338, *non Sby. The
examination of a large series of specimens from the temperate fauna
has led me unexpectedly to confirm Mr. Reeve’s opinion that they
are distinct. The northern shell is C. adunca, Sby. (=Garnotia
[Gray] solida, Hds.=C. rostriformis, Gld.) ; and the tropical shell
must take the prior name, C. wncata, Mke. (=C. rostrata, C. B. Ad.,
Rve.=C. adunca, Maz. Cat., non Sby.).
354. Fissurella equalis= Fissurellidea e@.
355. Fissurella alta=Glyphis alta, M. 280.
356. Fissurella macrotrema. Stet.
357. Fissurella microtrema. These are dead specimens, of which
some are F’, rugosa, var., M. 273.
358. Fissurella mus=Glyphis inequalis, var., M. 279. These
shells are intermediate between the typical form and pica.
359, 360. Stent.
361. Fissurella virescens. tis doubtful whether any of the spe-
cimens are of the true virescens, M. 271, as they run into nigro-
punctata by insensible gradations. Perhaps both species may prove
identical.
362. Siphonaria characteristica=S. gigas, var.
363, 364, 365. Stent.
366. Siphonaria 7 pica. These are young dead limpets (not
Siphonaria).
367. Lottia ? patina, C.B. Ad. (non Esch.). These shells differ
from Acmea mesoleuca, M. 263, in being black instead of green, and
are prettily striped.
368, 369, 370. Lottia, sp.ind. There may be two or even more
species of Acmea, but it is not impossible that there is only one
among the Professor's Lottie, some of the specimens being the
young of ? Patella, no. 371.
362 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23;
371. ? Patella, sp. ind. This has the general appearance of P.
vulgata, but may be an Acmea.
372, Chiton clathratus. (Genus indet.)
373. Chiton dispar, C. B. Ad.; not Lophyrus dispar, Sby. I
doubt whether any of the Professor’s specimens belong to Sowerby’s
species, which is black mixed with grey; area-sculpture very faint ;
and sides imbricated, not rugulose. Among the duplicates were two
(if not three) species:—the principal one with side-sculpture in lobated
knobs, which may be named Lophyrus adamsii; a ‘variety with
simple knobs; and a well-marked species without distinct side areas,
which may be called Lophyrus tenuisculptus.
374. Chiton Tluridus. Probably correct.
375. Chiton pulchellus= Callochiton p.+ C. elenensis.
376. Chiton stokesii=Lophyrus s.
377. Anomia lampe, C.B. Ad. It is doubtful whether this is
identical with the northern species, M. 219,
378. Anomia tenuis. This is probably the young of the last
species, and may give it a name, if new. It is doubtful how the
diagnosis of the scars was made out; as they were not visible in
either of the specimens retained, being encrusted with dead animal
matter. They were not distinct even after its removal.
379. Anomia, sp. ind. a. Probably the same species as the two
last, although far too dead, worn, and young to decide. See notes
on the variations of 4. lampe, Maz. Cat. p. 168.
380. Ostrea, sp. ind. a. The hinge notches of the upper valve
fit between corresponding teeth in the lower. Inside rather flesh-
coloured ; white, round margin. Scar kidney-shaped, dark in one
valve, light in the other. A young valve is white, and as pearly as
O. iridescens, M. 211. The species is best known by its tendency
to make a very broad limb in the exterior coloured part, spreading
out into palmations. A very young specimen, though covered above
with Membranipore, shows the characteristic corrugations through,
It may stand provisionally as O. panamensis.
381. Ostrea, sp. ind. 6. This is probably a variety of O. pana-
mensis, but more coarsely grown, so that there is a smaller limb,
without palmations. Wherever the sculpture appears, there are evi-
dent traces of the peculiar corrugations. The inside has the same
characters, both of hinge, colour, iridescence, and scar.
382. Ostrea, sp.ind. c. Rather square hinge, without plications ;
one shell with an umbonal cavity. Pearly white. One specimen is
tinted on the scar, which may become coloured in the adult. It is
by no means “ pentangular,” and is more probably =O. rufa, Gld.,
than O. columbiensis, M. 213.
383. Ostrea, sp.ind.d. The shells are broader than the Mazatlan
specimens of O. virginica, M. 212, probably from not growing on
twigs. The younger shells are very like O. edulis; the older ones
1863.) DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 363
have hollow umbos. One long shell, first marked e, but altered to d,
is the adult form; several of the younger shells are doubtful.
384. Ostrea, sp.ind. e.=Ostrea, M.215. Being a good species,
I propose the name of O. amara. The Professor’s “ small var.” is
not plicated, and appears to belong to O. conchaphila, M. 214.
[N.B. Additional specimens confirm me in the belief that O, pal-
mula, M. 214 4, is a distinct species. ]
385. Spondylus lamarckii, C. B. Ad.=S. calcifer, M. 208.
386. Spondylus, sp. ind. a=Plicatula penicillata, M, 210.
387. Pecten inca=P. ventricosus, Sby., as in errata.
388. Pecten tumbezensis=P. aspersus, Sby., Hanl. (? Lam.).
389. Lima angulata. Shells inflated, not gaping.
390. Lima pacifica (=L. arcuata, Sby., Hanl.). Young shells,
species uncertain.
391. Avicula ?margaritifera=Margaritiphora fimbriata, Dkr.,
M. 204=M. mazatlanica, Hanl.=M. barbata, Rve.
392. Avicula sterna, M. 203. A. libella, Rve., appears to me
the young of this species.
393. Perna, sp. ind. a=Isognomon chemnitziana, M. 205.
394. Perna, sp. ind. b=I. chemnitziana, var. Rather more
finely grown, and with less colour, but certainly the same species.
The Professor's Jamaica specimens are labelled “ bicolor, Ad.”
395. Pinna maura, M. 200.
396. Pinna tuberculosa. Three of the specimens appear to me
=P. maura, jun.. The other may be the same, but is worn nearly
smooth.
397. Mytilus, sp. ind. a. _Resembles the young of Modiola bra-
siliensis, but with a few hinge-teeth, as in M. edulis.
398. Lithodomus, sp. ind. a. Most of these specimens are of
Lithophagus aristatus, M. 176; one (perhaps two) are L. attenua-
tus, M. 173 (which is found from Lower California to Chili) ; and
one appears to be L. plumula, M. 175; but they are too young to
decide with confidence.
399. Modiola ? semifusca. These specimens all belong to the M,
brasiliensis, M. 171, but are much more like the ordinary Brazilian
specimens than are those from Mazatlan. As compared with the
latter, the Panama shells are more rounded, with stronger posterior
grooving, and with the angular ridge less marked. A similar shell,
undoubtedly from New Zealand, is considered by Mr. Cuming con-
specific.
400-404. Modiola, sp. ind. a, 6, ¢, d, e. I could find no a or e
in the collection; but there were two trays marked f. Tray 6=M.
capax, M.170. e contains several specimens of Mytilus multiformis,
M. 168, strongly ribbed variety, perhaps intended for 6, no. 401,
364 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
d contains parts of six specimens, and perhaps should be a, no. 400.
They appear to be a variety of Lithophagus cinnamomeus, M. 177,
but with broken shells, &c., agglutinized on the posterior side. (1)
contains four specimens of M. multiformis, the semigreenish variety
(Maz. Cat. p. 119), and are probably intended for ce. / (2) contains
two specimens of the same variety of M. multiformis, in the burrow
of a Lithophagus, and may stand for d or e.
405. Chama buddiana=C. (? frondosa, var.) fornicata, M. 121, 6.
Additional specimens confirm me in regarding this species as distinct
from all varieties of frondosa. The Professor’s shells not being very
characteristic, the diagnoses do not exactly accord. The shell stands
as C. buddiana.
406. Chama? corrugata. The large valve appears a dead reversed
C. (frondosa) mexicana, M. 121, with the teeth perforated by Li-
thophagi. The other may be corrugata, very dead, of sienna-tint,
very pointed dorsally.
407. Chama echinata. These appear to me to be the young, partly
of C. buddiana, but principally of C. mexicana.
408. Nucula elenensis=Leda e., M. 199.
409. Nucula exigua, M. 198.
410. Nucula polita=Leda p. With semidiagonal lines.
411. Pectunculus assimilis+ P. inequalis, M. 196.
- 412. Pectunculus *maculatus. Stet.
413. Arca alternata=Barbatia a., M. 188.
414. Arca ?aviculoides appears a young Scapharca.
415. Arca emarginata=Scapharca e., M. 187.
416. Arca gradata= Barbatia g., M. 194.
417. Arca grandis, M. 180.
418. Arca mutabilis= Byssoarca m., M. 190.
419. Arca (Byssoarca) pholadiformis. This is simply an elon-
gated form of Barbatia gradata, probably from growing in the hole
of a Lithophagus. ‘The umbos are “ flattened”’ by erosion; teeth
not “obsolete’’ under the glass; “ligament concealed”’ simply by
the compressed and elongated growth.
420. Arca reeviana= Barbatia r.
421. Arca reversa=WNoetia r., M. 185.
422. Arca similis. This is scarcely a variety of A. tuberculosa,
M. 184. The specimens are dead and oiled, with most of the epi-
dermis abraded.
423. Arca solida=Barbatia s., M. 195.
424. Arca (Byssoarca) tobagensis= Barbatia illota, M. 193.
425. Arca tuberculosa, M. 184.
426. Arca, sp. ind. a. These little shells approach the Noetia
1863.] DR. P.P.CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 365
type. Ribs fine, tuberculous, coarse on the angular side. Ligament
very narrow, truncated.
427. Cardita affinis. (Lazaria.)
428. Cardita laticostata=Venericardia lI.
429. Cardita radiata. (Lazaria.)
430. Cardium graniferum, M. 134.
431. Cardium obovale=Hemicardia o.
- 432. Cardium planicostatum, C.B. Ad., not Sby. This looks like
a dead ballast-valve of Hemicardia media ; but it may be H. bian-
gulata.
433. Cardium procerum, M. 125.
434. Cardium senticosum, M. 126.
435. Venus amathusia= Anomalocardia subimbricata, M. 113.
436. Venus discors= : Tapes gratus, Say, M.110. The Professor’s
specimens of this species and 7’. histrionicus are somewhat inter-
mixed.
437. Venus gnidia, M.101. Dead specimens ; of which one may
possibly be Chione amathusia, M. 102.
438. Venus multicostata. Closely resembling the West Indian
form.
439. Venus pectunculoides=Tapes histrionicus, M. 109.
440. Venus subrugosa= Anomalocardia s., M. 112.
441. Venus, sp.ind. a. A small species with concentric lamine,
armed with one posterior row of blunt spines. Interstices with mi-
nute concentric striz.
442. Venus, sp. ind. b=Chione crenifera, M. 105=F. sugillata,
Rve. C. I. no. 43.
443. Cytherea afinis. Probably=Callista concinna, var., M.99.
444, Cytherea aurantiaca= Callista aurantia, M. 92.
445. Cytherea consanguinea=Callista c. Messrs. H. and A.
Adams have not made a subgenus to include this group of thin, in-
flated, almost colourless species.
446. Cytherea radiata=Trigona r., M. 83,
447. Cytherea squalida= Callista chionea, M. 93.
448. Artemis dunkeri= Dosinia d., M. 90.
449. Artemis saccata=Cyclina subquadrata, M. 91.
450. Gouldia pacifica, M. 116.
451. Cyrena maritima. Stet. The collection also contains two
tubes, containing a very young “1 Cyclas” and another “ Cyrena,
jun.,” marked “ Panama, C. B. Ad.”
452. Lucina tellinoides=Felania ¢. Differs from F. sericata,
366 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23,
M. 152, in having a yellow, not silky, epidermis. The specimens
vary considerably in thickness. The genus scareely differs from
Miltha.
453. Capsa altior=Iphigenia a., M. 69.
454, Donaz assimilis, M. 74.
455. Donaz gracilis. Stet.
456. Donazx navicula, M. 77.
457. Donax rostratus. This single valve proves to be the true
D. carinatus, M. 71, and not the shell which I called D. culminatus,
M. 72 (=carinatus, var., Hanl. in Mus. Cum.), which I subse-
quently affiliated to the supposed rostratus, Maz. Cat. p. 548, on the
authority of Dr. Gould’s specimen. We were probably both misled
by the “‘ very sharp angle,” which (as compared with the other form)
I should call sounded, and the “concave’’ surface, which I should
translate into flat, The names have been altered in the Cumingian
collection since the Mazatlan shells were identified ; but Mr. Hanley
informs me that they are now correct; that the D. culminatus, M.
72, is his own original carinatus ; and that the D. carinatus, M. 71
(olim Mus. Cum.), which is certainly D. rostratus, P. 457, must
stand under Prof. Adams’s name.
458. Tellina aurora. Stet.
459. Tellina cognata, C. B. Ad.=Psammobia casta, Rve., teste
Cuming. The sculpture consists of semidiagonal striee passing over
the lines of growth. In other specimens examined from Panama
these are sometimes crowded, sometimes distant, occasionally flex-
uous, sometimes almost evanescent.
460. Tellina columbiensis. (Peronea.)
461. Tellina concinna=Macomac. The “slight tinge of pink”
I could not discover.
462. Tellina crystallina=Tellidora c.
463. Tellina cumingii, M. 55.
464. Tellina dombeyi=Macoma d., M. 50.
465. Tellina feliz, M. 51. (Angulus.)
466. Tellina laceridens. (Peroneoderma.)
467. Tellina prora., (Peroneoderma.)
468. Tellina puella. Not unlike 7. feliz, and distinct from M. 59.
469. Tellina rubescens. (Peroneoderma.)
470. Tellina siliqua. The two odd valves belong probably to a
Macoma, in shape resembling Thracia phaseolina.
471. Tellina simulans=T. (Peroneoderma) punicea, M. 54. The
Species was described, for geographical reasons, from a young, pale,
and undeveloped valve. On comparing it with the Professor's own
West Indian specimens, I could detect no difference.
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 367
472. Tellina sincera=Strigilla s.
473. Tellina vicina=Heterodonax vicinus. The shells are la-
belled 7. versicolor by the Professor. They are larger than the ge-
neral run of West Indian specimens; but the form is probably a
local variety of the old Heterodonax bimaculatus.
474. Tellina, sp. ind. a. The doubt concerning “concave” and
‘‘convex’”’ probably arises from an error in description.
475. Tellina, sp. ind. 6. Looks exactly like the young of No. 474,
but with lateral teeth.
476. Tellina, sp. ind. c. Dead valves of T. feliz, No. 465.
477. Petricola cognata. More characteristic specimens from the
same coast are affiliated by Mr. Cuming to P. pholadiformis, from
which this would probably not have been separated had it appeared
on the Atlantic coast.
478. Sawicava ?tenuis. The Panama shell is more like Petricola
than Sazicava, having two teeth in each valve, one of which is bifid.
Sowerby’s species is called by Messrs. H. & A. Adams “ Saxicava
tenuis” (ii. p. 349) and “ Petricola tenuis” (ii. p. 441). Shell with
very fine radiating striz, crossed by irregular striz of growth,
479. Cumingia coarctata=C. lamellosa, var., M. 42.
480. Cumingia trigonularis, M. 43.
481. Cumingia, sp. ind. a=C. trigonularis, No. 480.
482. Cumingia, sp. ind. 6=C. var. coarctata, No. 479.
483. Cumingia, sp. ind. c=M. 45. This appears a distinct spe-
cies, and may be quoted as C. adamsii, in remembrance of the labours
of Messrs. H., A. and C. B. Adams.
484, Cumingia, sp. ind. d= Maz. Cat. tablet 107, p. 31; well
rounded, with close strie. Probably distinct.
485. Amphidesma bicolor=Semele ?venusta, M. 41 (non A. Ad.).
The ‘‘species’’ in this genus are often separated by very variable
characters.
486. Amphidesma ‘ellipticum=Semele e.
487. Amphidesma proximum. The type is not quite so elliptical
as the last species; but as this is a very variable character (v. Maz.
Cat. p. 28), I should regard it as the same. It is not the Semele
proxima, M. 40 (=S. flavescens, v. Maz. Cat. p. 548).
488. Amphidesma pulchrum= Semele p.
489. Amphidesma striosum= Semele s. I should describe the
shell as smooth, with very fine diagonal striz crossing the lines of
growth. It has the general aspect of S. pulchra. The teeth in one
valve are long and sharp.
490. Amphidesma tortuosum=Semele t. Teeth short and faint.
491. Amphidesma ventricosum=Semele v. The “ zones” are very
368 DR. P. P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. [June 23;
“ill-defined.” Teeth scarcely visible. It looks outside like a dead
valve of Macoma solidula.
492. Crassatella gibbosa. Also found at Cape St. Lucas.
493. Mulinia donaciformis=M. angulata, M. 80.
494. Mulinia ventricosa= Mactrella exoleta, M. 78.
495. Lutraria elegans=Harvella elegans; ascribed by Messrs.
H. & A. Adams to Florida (ii. p. 378), from which I have never
seen it. It is arare, but (under different names) somewhat widely
diffused west-tropical shell. Its “analogue” from Florida and Ca-
rolina is Raéta canaliculata.
496. Mactra velata=Standella v. Vide M. 79. The “small
variety” is conspecific.
497. Anatina alta. This valve of Periploma may prove identical
with one of the four Gulf species. The spoon is supported under-
neath by a linear plate.
498. Pandora cornuta. It is singular that neither Prof. Adams
nor Dr. Gould observed that the peculiar characters of this species
are due to a fracture, producing a beak and sinus which are not seen
on the lines of growth. The sentences about the “rostriform pro-
jection,” the ‘sinus,’’ and the ‘prominent angle,” should therefore
be erased from the diagnosis. ‘The hinge-teeth consist of a long
sharp tooth, very pointed, in one valve, fitting against a less prominent
one in the other; a slight ligamental tooth in the first valve only ;
and a very long, sharp, clavicular tooth in each valve, running near
the posterior margin, against the inside umbonal portion of which
the ligament is attached. Should it prove identical with P. clavicu-
lata, the earliest name (as being given in error) may advantageously
be dropped. It is surprising that Messrs. H. & A. Adams have not
divided the old Lamarckian genus even into subgenera.
499. Potamomya @qualis. 500. P. inflata. 501. P. trigonalis.
These three forms of Azara differ in outline, but not more than do
some other species of Corbulids and such shells as Trigona radiata.
The teeth, pallial lines, and general characters are the same in each.
The first two I should consider certainly identical; and a large series
of specimens would probably graduate to the third.
502. Corbula bicarinata, M. 30.
503. Corbula biradiata, M. 31.
504. Corbula obesa. Stet.
505. Corbula ovulata, M. 33.
506. Corbula rubra. A young orange-tinted specimen of C. b7-
radiata, No. 503. The ‘broad flexure” is an accidental growth,
not shown in the lines of growth of an earlier stage.
507. Corbula tenuis. Stet.
508. Oorbula, sp. ind..a. A very small angular valve, with sharp
concentric ridges. It may belong to C. pustulosa, M. 32.
1863.] DR. P.P. CARPENTER ON THE SHELLS OF PANAMA. 369
509. Corbula, sp. ind. 6. Dead valves of C. biradiata, No. 503.
To the same species may be referred C. polychroma. We were mis-
led by the different appearance of the dead shell, and by the locality-
mark in Col. Jewett’s collection. His specimens were probably from
Panama or Acapulco.
510. Solecurtus afinis, M. 37. It is probable that this species
is identical with S. (? Novaculina) caribbeus. The Ariquibo speci-
mens of the latter in Mus. Amherst. are more like the Mazatlan shells
than those are to the Panama type. Shells from Cape Palmas were
affiliated to the Caribbzean species by Mr. Cuming.
511. Solen rudis=Ensatella r. This interesting form passes
towards Pharella. It is called ‘‘ Solena obliqua, Spengl., var.’’ in
Mus. Cuming.
512. Pholas crucigerg. With the general aspect of Barnea candida.
513. Pholas tubifera=Pholadidea t. Of the melanura type, with
a solid tube fitting on to the ends of the cups.
514. Pholas xylophaga. Of the Martesia type, without cups.
Dorsal and ventral plates long; umbonal plates moderate; wave of
the adolescent gape rather suddenly arched.
515. Pholas , Sp. ind. a. Col. Jewett’s specimens of the
same shell are named Jagueata by Mr. Cuming. It is of the non-
waved concameroid type; without radiating sculpture; concentric
lamellee beautifully frilled.
516. Pholas, sp. ind. 6. So like P. dactylus that it might be
taken for a worn valve from ballast. The sculpture-ridges are, how-
ever, further apart ; hinge-chambers larger and more numerous, with
a little twisted lamina beyond; gape less conspicuous.
517. Orbicula cumingii= Discina c., M. 14.
The shells unfortunately are all loose, in trays, with the autograph
names on tickets. Prof. Adams’s West Indian collections are in the
same condition ; and both series are arranged together, in zoological
order, in the midst of the general collection. There is no evidence,
however, that they have been handled since the Professor left them,
none of the leading conchological writers in the New World having
thought it needful to go out of their way to complete a review of the
Professor’s work. Amherst is situated on a branch railway, and is
within an easy walk of Northampton, Mount Holyoak, and the deli-
cious scenery of the Connecticut River. In the College buildings
are also deposited the most complete series of the Fossil Footprints
of the Connecticut River, and the mineralogical collection (including
the meteorolites) belonging to Prof. Shepherd. 1
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1863, No. XXIV.
370 EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM MR. w. DUNN. [Nov. 10,
November 10, 1863.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., in the Chair.
The Secretary informed the Meeting that the Council of the So-
ciety had determined to send out Mr. James Thompson, the Society’s
Head Keeper, to Calcutta by the next steamer round the Cape, to
take charge of a young Rhinoceros, a young Gibbon, and other va-
luable animals offered to the Menagerie by Mr. Arthur Grote, Corr.
Memb.
From Calcutta Mr. Thompson would proceed to Akyab to receive
another collection offered to the Society by Mr. William Dunn, Corr.
Memb., and return to England by the steamer from Calcutta in
March or April next.
The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed
to Mr. E. Blyth by Mr. Dunn, enumerating the specimens living in
his possession on the 10th of August last, stating that Mr. Blyth
had made over to the Society his interest in these animals, which had
been offered to him personally with the wish expressed in some
cases that they should find their way into the Society’s Gardens.
“‘ At present I possess specimens of the following [animals], which
are undergoing probation ; for it would be useless to ship off crea-
tures fresh from the jungles, and hence it is a great expense keeping
them at present.
‘* Hylobates lar. 'Tawny-white.
“HH. hoolock. {1 have no doubt that light and dark varieties of
H. hoolock are here intended.—E. B.]
* Tnuus nemestrinus. [Individual seen by me at Akyab; cap-
tured in the immediate vicinity.—E. B.]
“T. leoninus. Female; very quiet, and full-grown.
“ Galeopithecus volans. Obtained about 100 miles up the Ka-
ladyna river [which flows into Akyab Harbour from the north]. I
thought it was never seen so far north. There is no doubt of the
identity of the animal. I shall be extremely loath to part with it,
unless to some person who will take careful charge of it.
‘‘ Arctonyx collaris. A young specimen.
“Viverricula malaccensis.
“ Felis bengalensis. Male and female.
p TEs Young. [F. viverrina is probably here intended.
—E. B.]
“ Hystrix bengalensis. Very large.
“Ursus malayanus. Young.
* Sus sp.? Young boar, striped.
* Rusa hippelaphus. Young male [Indian Sambur].
** Panolia acuticauda [Cervus frontalis, M‘Cl. &c.]. Male, in
very good condition, and young female. An agent of the Amster-
dam Society wishes to purchase them; but if I could get them to
the London Society, I should be delighted.
1863.] EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM M. J. VERREAUX. 371
_* As regards young Gayals (Bos frontalis), I will endeavour to
procure a pair ; but there will be some difficulty in getting them down
to Akyab, and the cost even there would be from £12 to £15.
Then you would have to incur the cost of freight and charges to
England ; for I could not possibly get them taken for nothing.
** Of birds I have the following, also undergoing probation :—
“Aquila nevia. Now very quiet and resigned.
“ Otogyps calvus. 'Two specimens.
“Vultur indicus. One bird; at present not looking healthy.
** Ninow scutulata. Rather a noisy fellow in the evening.
‘* Surnia dumeticola | Ketupa ceylonensis}.
** Buceros pusaran. ‘Three specimens.
‘* All my specimens of the B. cavatus I have sent to the London
Society, also the B. tichelli from the Kaladyna range.
“Trogon erythrocephalus. Very difficult to procure alive.
** Sturnida, various species, inclusive of Ampeliceps coronatus.
“* Pycnonotus, five species.
** Treron phenicoptera.
“*T.. bicincta, a pair.
** Columba intermedia.
°C. punicea (Rangoon).
** Argus giganteus. Male. This you may have; but I should like
to procure a female, if possible.
* Black, White, and King Curlews [i. e. Fa/cinellus igneus, Thres-
kiornis melanocephalus, and Geronticus papillosus.—E. B.]
“ Grus antigone.
* Adjutants. Two.
“ Of Reptiles—
* Flying Lizard [Draco].
“ Sand-Lizard [Leiolepis reevesii].
** Dilophyrus grandis.
“Green Lizard [Calotes?].
* Bungarus fasciatus (9 feet 54 inches), B. ceruleus (15 feet !),
Hamadryas vittata (11 feet), and sundry other Snakes, venomous
and non-venomous.”’
The following extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by
M. Jules Verreaux, Corr. Memb., describing the female of Perdizx
barbata (see P. Z. S. 1863, p. 62), was read :—
* PERDIX BARBATA, foem.
“ Capite, barba, gutture maculaque pectorali cervinis ; pectore,
ventre et scapularibus fulvo-albidis: tergo et alis cervinis,
brunneo maculatis et albo variegatis.
“La téte comme chez le male avec moins de brun, et plus de
blond-roux en-dessus. Le gris remplacé par un fauve-blanchitre.
La grande tache noire abdominale remplacée A peine par deux ou trois
plumes d’un brun-noiratre. Tout le dessus du corps harmonieuse-
ment nuancé de brun et de blond.
372 DR. G. BENNETT ON DIDUNCULUS. [Nov. 10,
“Au total, Poiseau tout en étant bien la femelle authentique de
l’espéce, puisque trois exemplaires sont semblables, revéte plutot, dans’
Yensemble de son plumage, l’apparence d’une variété que de son
état normal.”
Mr. Fraser exhibited a remarkably large specimen of the skull of
the Gorilla.
The Secretary read several communications addressed to him by
Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., respecting the arrival of specimens of
Didunculus strigirostris in Sydney. The first of these, dated June
18th, 1863, contained the following notes on this subject :—
“Tn the early part of June 1863 a living Didunculus was brought
to Sydney by Mr. J. Williams from Apia, Upolu, one of the group
of the Navigator Islands ; and on the 15th of June and the following
days I had several opportunities of examining the bird. At first it
seemed rather shy and wild, but afterwards it became more tame,
and I could examine it without its manifesting any fear. It is about
the size of a Nicobar Pigeon (Calenus nicobarica), but rather bulkier
and rounder in form. Its plumage was not in good condition, owing
to its having been recently confined in a cage on board ship, but it
appeared healthy. This specimen, I should say, was a young bird
with immature plumage, and the tooth of the lower mandible not
yet developed. When I first examined it, the bird showed its fear
by occasionally uttering some rapid ‘coos’ and by fluttering in its
cage, but it subsequently became quite tame. It was captured, on
the Island of Upolu, after being wounded in the wing, and was sold
by a native to Mr. Williams. It has now been in captivity about
nine months, and is kept in a cage, which is merely a box with rails
in front, like a hen-coop. Here it can run on the floor, or sit on a
low perch, or conceal itself in the corners, as it is particularly fond
of doing, where, with its dark-coloured plumage, it cannot readil
be distinguished. When disturbed, it would move gently and timidly
across the cage, affording an excellent opportunity to the observer
of examining it. It is a stupid-looking bird, and has no particular
attraction, except the anomalous and extraordinary form of the beak,
which cannot fail to excite the attention of the most ordinary spec-
tator. The only sound it utters is the quick ‘ Coo-coo-coo,’ to which
I have already alluded, the beak being always a little open when the
notes were emitted. The whole of its plumage is of a chocolate-red
colour, deeper in tint on the back, tail, and the primaries and secon-
daries of the wings, the throat, breast, and wing-coverts being barred
with light brown. The upper part of the head was rather bare,
from the feathers having been rubbed off ; but what remained were
of a dark slate-colour. The base of the beak is orange-red, and the
rest of the mandibles of a yellowish hue. The tarsi are not fea-
thered ; and the legs and feet are of a bright orange-red, similar in
colour to those of the Kagu. The irides are dark reddish brown,
and the cave round the eyes is flesh-colour. The bird is fed upon
boiled rice, yams, and potatoes.”
1863. ] DR. G. BENNETT ON DIDUNCULUS. 373
Dr. Bennett’s second letter, dated July 18th, contained the fol-
lowing additional particulars :—
«T have to add to my account of the bird sent last mail that this
bird was captured within five miles of Apia, Island of Upolu; so
that the bird is not yet quite extinct in that island, as has been
supposed even by the resident missionaries. It is very fond of the
mountain-plantain, upon which it has often been found feeding in
its wild state.”
A third letter from Dr. Bennett (dated August 19th) contained
the gratifying intelligence that a second specimen of the Didunculus
had reached Sydney, and that Dr. Bennett, with his usual liberality,
had purchased the pair of birds, and was intending to send them
home to the Society the first convenient opportunity. The follow-
ing extracts were read from this last communication :—
* Since my last letter another living specimen of the Didunculus
has been brought to Sydney, by the Rev. Mr. Rigg, who procured it
from a native on the Island of Savaii. This I have reason to believe
is the identical bird that Mr. Trail, at the instigation of Mr. O’ Hea,
endeavoured to procure for me, as, in reply to Mr. Trail’s inquiries
respecting the bird, the native informed him it had just been sold to
a European on the other side of the island. On the day after the
arrival of the vessel, I went on board and saw the bird, which is a
much finer specimen than the one in the possession of Mr. Williams.
It appears to be fullgrown and in adult plumage, the head, neck,
breast, and upper parts of the back being of a glossy greenish black ;
back, wings, tail, and under tail-coverts a deep chocolate-red colour ;
but I consider that the bird has only recently been changing its
plumage, and that the present dark-green feathers will become more
brilliant, and the chocolate-red colour of a still brighter hue. The
legs and feet are of a bright red colour, and the claws yellowish white.
The mandibles are of an orange-red colour, shading off near the tips
to a light yellow. The cere round the eyes is also of a bright orange-
red colour; eyes brownish black. It is agreed by every one with
whom I have conversed, who have resided at the Navigators’ Islands,
that the Didunculus is nearly extinct, both from being eaten by the
natives as well as from the cats, rats, and other vermin, and that
most of the other Ground-Pigeons are following its fate from the
same causes. The possessor of the last bird says he has never ob-
served the bird to drink water since it has been in his possession.
Its food at that time consisted of boiled yams, but it will eat bana-
nas, apples, bread, and boiled potatoes. The lower mandible has the
tooth well developed. This bird was very tame, and was eating some
boiled yam very voraciously during the time I was inspecting it,
bolting down very large pieces.
«This morning I examined both birds. They are evidently
moulting, and the younger bird has grown very much since I last
saw it, and is becoming now a much larger bird than the last arrival ;
from this I am inclined to think they may prove male and female.
I this afternoon purchased these birds, after some difficulty. It is
my intention to send them by Mr. Broughton of the ‘ La Hogue,’
OO ae ee eee a ee ee ae ee)
374 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AND INTERESTING ([Nov. 10,
unless some very good opportunity occurs in the mean time, which
is not probable. Our Acclimatization Society of New South Wales
are desirous of purchasing one or both, and. to send them to your
Gardens in their name; and I have, at all events, secured them for
myself at present, but will let you know how they are progressing
every mail. I hope these valuable birds will reach you alive; but
should they die, 1 shall arrange to have them preserved in spirits, as
the bodies, from their rarity, are also, I am aware, very valuable.
“‘We purchased last month a fine specimen of the ‘ Lyre-bird’
(Menura superba), intending to send it to the Zoological Society.
It was captured in the Dlawarra district, and was a male; and the
beautiful ‘lyre’-shaped: tail was fully developed, and the whole of
the plumage in excellent condition. It only survived a few days,
showing how difficult it is to keep these birds in captivity.”
The following papers were read :—
1. ON some New AND INTERESTING ANIMALS RECENTLY AC-
QUIRED FOR THE SociETy’s MenacGerie. By P. L. Scuater,
M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secrerary TO THE Society.
(Plates XXXI.-XXXIV.)
During the course of the past summer several new or otherwise
interesting Vertebrates have been obtained for the Society’s Mena-
gerie. Mr. Wolf’s ready pencil has transferred to the stone some
spirited drawings of some of these species, which I now exhibit, and
at the same time beg to offer some few remarks on these and other
species now or recently living in the Society’s collection.
MAMMALIA.
1, LagorHRIx HUMBOLDTIT. (Pl. XXXI_)
(Simia lagotricha, Humb. Lagothrix humboldtii auct.)
Two fine examples of this rather rare American Monkey were
purchased from a Liverpool dealer on the 2nd of October last. I
am not aware that the species, though frequently kept tame on the
Amazons, has been brought alive to this country since 1850, when
the Society had a specimen for a short time. These Monkeys seem
dull and quiet in confinement, and have certainly none of the liveli-
ness that distinguishes the Spider Monkeys (4¢eles).
The true habitat of this Monkey, as we are informed by Mr.
Wallace, is ‘“ the district south-west of the Rio Negro, towards the
Andes” *. Humboldt, its original discoverer, obtained it on the
Guaviaré, a branch of the Orinoco, where it is called ‘‘ Caparro”’ +.
2. MyceTes senicutus (Linn.).
We are indebted to the persevering efforts of our Corresponding
* See P.Z.S. 1852, p. 108.
+ Obs. de Zool. i. p. 321.
J Wo Fidelet hth M.&N.Hanhart yanp
| LAGOTHRIX HUMB
aU iit
VolF delet ji
1
n
GALAC
17)
we
M&N.Hanhart , kno
Mf. delet ith
. BUBO FASCIOLATUS .
{
U
"Tine hs a el “SOE
ABIL TS C991 Oe Zid .
——
1863.] ANIMALS RECENTLY ACQUIRED FOR THE MENAGERIE. 375
Member Mr. Edward Greey for the first two Monkeys of the genus
Mycetes that, as far as I am aware, have ever been brought alive to
Europe; and though these animals did not live long with us, they
sufficed to give us some idea as to the external appearance of this
very distinct form of Platyrrhine Monkey, and to furnish fresh spe-
cimens for the anatomical examination of the brain of the genus,
which were greatly needed.
Mr. Greey obtained these Monkeys from the forests on the Dekke
River, near Cartagena, a district which Humboldt (Obs. de Zool. i.
p- 342) also gives as a locality for this species.
3. GALAGO ALLENI. (PI. XXXII.)
In June last a fine living specimen of this beautiful Galago was
presented to us by our Corresponding Member, Mr. Ashmall, having
been obtained by that gentleman’s agents in the Cameroons River,
West Africa.
The Galago alleni was described by Mr. Waterhouse before this
Society in 1837*, from an example obtained by Lieut. Allen in Fer-
nando Po. As it has never been figured, and does not appear to be
well known on the continent, Mr. Wolf’s lively sketch of this specics
will be acceptable.
4. NyCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS (Linn.).
Although specimens of the slow Loris have been frequently exhi-
bited in the Society’s Gardens, and the species is one figured by Mr.
Bennett in his work on the Society’s Menagerie, Iam not aware that
specimens of this Lemur have been previously received from China.
Yet two examples, which appear to be of this species and have lately
been presented to the Menagerie by Dr. Coghlan, are stated to have
been obtained at Canton. It is very possible, however, that they
may have been imported animals.
Dr. Coghlan sends me the following notes on these animals :—
“The male and female Loris were brought to England by me in
the ‘Sphinx,’ Commander F. M. Jones. They had been procured
in the south of China (where they abound), and given to Dr. Dods,
of Canton, who presented them to me.
“These curious little animals lived in confinement without any
apparent ill effects ; and during the voyage, which occupied over four
months, required but little attendance or watching, their principal
want (with the exception of food) being shelter from the cold, to
which they were very sensitive, and from which their beautiful thick
soft brown fur did not seem to protect them sufficiently.
“They ate plantains and bananas with avidity, rice but with little
relish, and small birds with great voracity. They never drank water
when presented to them, but left it unheeded or merely lapped at it
once or twice. ‘They devoured rice abundantly at night, but would
eat also in the daytime. They generally slept throughout the day,
* See P. Z. S. 1837, p. 87.
376 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AND INTERESTING [Nov. 10,
coiled up in a sitting posture, with the head between the forearms,
and the nose against the chest; they always seemed to sleep close
to each other. When roused up, they appeared for a time to dislike
the light of day, but would after a time either lick each other’s fur
or walk and play about. Their large round beautiful eyes, with their
gentle and mild expression, seemed to shun the light. Their affection,
though undemonstrative, was apparently sincere, and they seldom if
ever appeared to quarrel, except slightly when eating the same bird ;
they never played with one another, unless the licking the fur be
considered play. They madea peculiar chattering noise when angry ;
and when pleased at night they uttered a sharp though tuneful
whistle of one unvaried note; this whistle is thought by Chinese
sailors, who take them to sea, to denote the coming of wind. They
remained awake, as a rule, during the whole night, moving about the
cage, and throwing themselves into different attitudes, hanging to
the bars by one, two, or three hands, or holding on by the two
hinder hands, seesawing themselves to and fro and rubbing the head
along the bars, somewhat in the manner of a bear. Their intelligence
seemed to be much below that of the Monkey (a fact which the ex-
pression of their eyes seemed to deny); they merely recognized my
calling them by the words ‘old boy,’ and by my uttering a whistle
something like their own. During a gale of wind in April, off the
south-east coast of Africa, a young Loris was born (an event which
was quite unexpected by me); the little thing was about 4 inches
long, and was covered with fur ; it held on by its four hands to the
mother’s fur, and in that attitude sucked the milk from its parent’s
breast. On looking at the cage next morning, I found it dead, with
part of the head and one leg eaten. In this manner they more re-
semble tame rabbits, who sometimes eat their young when watched.
For a long time afterwards I suspected the male sucked the breast
of his partner, and I am almost certain that he did so. I would re-
commend that they be fed with one or two small birds (sparrows and
such like) a day, some rice at night, and if possible some fruit allied
to the plantain or banana. They require some place where they can
climb and use their limbs freely. I need enter into no description
of their anatomical structure. Their movements are very slothful.”
AVES.
1. Buso rascroxtatus. (Pl. XXXIII.)
We obtained a specimen of this very distinctly marked African
Horned Owl by purchase from a dealer on the 12th of August last.
The species has not, so far as I know, been previously brought alive
to Europe. The bird is not quite adult; but as far as one can tell,
without bringing the specimens side by side (which is at present
hardly practicable), it seems to agree sufficiently with the typical
specimen of Bubo poensis of Fraser in the British Museum.
Dr. Hartlaub identifies Bubo poensis with B. fasciolatus, Tem-
minck, MS. (described in Cabanis’s Journal fiir Orn. 1835, p. 354).
1863.] ANIMALS RECENTLY ACQUIRED FOR THE MENAGERIE. 377
2. PHLOG@NAS BARTLETTI, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXIV.)
Of this very fine new species of Ground-Dove the Society possess
four living specimens, which were purchased by Mr. Bartlett of a
dealer at Liverpool in August last. As they are placed in the same
compartment of the Western Aviary as a pair of the better-known
Ph. cruenta, the differences which distinguish these closely allied
species are very evident on comparison.
The pectoral mark in the present bird is much larger, and of a
maroon colour or chocolate-red instead of a blood-red. The head
and neck of the present species are of a metallic green, instead of
lead-colour as in Ph. cruenta. The back and shoulders are of a rich
brown instead of a slate-colour. Other differences are apparent on
an accurate examination of the species; and these I propose to give
in a specific diagnosis of the new bird, as soon as I can examine a
dead specimen. In the meantime Mr. Wolf’s drawing (Pl. XXXIV.)
will render it easily recognizable.
I propose to confer upon this species the name of Mr. E. B. Bart-
lett, the able Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens, whose discri-
minating eye recognized the novelty and the value of these birds as
soon as he perceived them, and whose merits are too well known to
the present Meeting to render necessary any apology for my so doing.
These Pigeons were stated to have been brought from an unin-
habited island near the Philippines. Their close alliance to the
Phlogeenas cruenta (which is, I believe, from the island of Lucon)
renders it almost certain that they belong to a representative species
found in some other island of the Philippine group.
3. CHAUNA CHAVARIA (Linn.).
A fine young example of this species of Screamer was received on
the 27th of July last, from the Dekke River, near Cartagena, New
Granada, where it was obtained by Mr. E. Greey, our Corresponding
Member, and liberally presented to the Society’s collection.
Not being aware that the Chauna chavaria was found so far north,
and fancying there was some difference in the plumage of this bird
from specimens I had previously seen, I was at first inclined to think
the bird might belong to the scarce species Chauna derbiana.
I am now satisfied that this is not the case, and that the bird is
not specifically different from the Chauna chavaria. Yet it is of
much interest, being from a locality new for this species, and not
having been exhibited in the Society’s Gardens for several years.
Mr. Greey has subsequently sent us three more examples of this
same species, only one of which reached us alive, and that, unfortu-
nately, in so reduced a state as not to survive long. At the same
time Mr. Greey furnished me with the following note concerning this
bird :—
“The following is all the information I can collect about the
Chauna :—It lives in the swampy lagoons of New Granada, is not a
common bird; builds its nest on the waters, and incubates by stri-
ding the nest. It utters three peculiar sounds—a trumpet-like
378 DR. D. WALKER’S NATURAL-HISTORY NOTES. [Noy. 10,
scream, a gobbling Turkey-like noise accompanied by a peculiar bow-
ing of the head, a hollow rumbling noise in its inside when enraged.
Another peculiarity of the species is the cellular membrane between
the skin and the flesh being capable of distention, this accounting
doubtless for the rumbling sound emanating from its inside. It has
two spurs on each wing; when attacked, it throws back its head, brings
forward its wings, and stands on the principle of ‘ defence, not de-
fiance.’ It will kill snakes, and, though very wild in its natural
element, becomes very docile when associated with other fowl.”
ReEpriyia.
1. TRoPIDONOTUS FEROX, Ginther, Ann. N.H. ser. 3. xii. p.355.
This species of Snake has lately been described by Dr. Giinther
from a specimen in the British Museum, said to have been obtained
from Fernando Po.
On the 16th of July last I purchased for the Society a fine living
example of the same species from Mr. Jamrach, said to have been
brought home by the West-African mail, and probably also from
Fernando Po. Dr. Giinther, speaking of this Snake, says :—
“It is very fierce, and when driven into a corner of its cage will
raise the anterior portion of its body and open its mouth, ready to
strike. It is very nimble, and I never succeeded in catching it with-
out being bitten.”
This Snake is of much interest, as the genus Tvopidonotus was
not previously known to extend into Western Africa. Our specimen,
having died, has been deposited in the British Museum.
2. Naruraut-History Notes MADE DURING A PASSAGE FROM
Liverroot to Vancouver Isxtanp (Dec. 1862 To JuNE
1863). By Dr. D. Waker, Corr. Mem.
During the passage to the equator the towing-net was as frequently
used as the weather would permit. Among the captures were speci-
mens of Ianthina communis and Aiquorea cyanea in the latitude of
the Straits of Gibraltar; off Madeira Physalia pelagica was very
abundant, and some specimens of Cymba sagittata and Pyramis te-
tragona, also Hyalea tridentata ; near Palma some Pteropods, inclu-
ding species of Creseis, Cuvieria, and Cleodora, were obtained. A few
Bonito (Thynnus pelamys) and Albicore were occasionally met with
during the north-east trade ; and on the line, quantities of Coryphena
surrounded the ship, and one species of Centrolophus was noticed.
No birds of particular interest were seen until we were off the coast
of Patagonia, when a flock of Martins (Hirundo purpurea) came off
from the land, and, alighting on the ship, were caught ; two species
of Albatros (Diomedea chlororhyncha and D. fuliginosa, Gm.) were
very common. In the Straits of Le Maire we had visits from Procel-
laria gigantea and P. equinoctialis ; and P. glacialis was abundant,
1863.] DR. D. WALKER’S NATURAL-HISTORY NOTES. 379
also Daption capensis. Thalassidroma wilsonii replaced the T. pela-
gica, which had been so plentiful in the Bay of Biscay. Off the
north end of the Straits I dredged in 65 fathoms, sand and stones,
and obtained two specimens of a Galathea, several of an Ophiocoma,
and a Palemon ; these I have not minutely examined as yet. There
came up also a very good specimen of Serolis fabricii; this I closely
examined :—‘‘ Only one specimen, marbled and beautifully sculp-
tured, Anterior anteunz of four joints ; first and second joints of
equal size; third wider at base than apex; fourth narrower and
shghtly longer than third ; flagellum long and narrow, twice the size
of third joint; sete at the termination of fourth joint. Inferior
antenna has three joints; its peduncle is equal in length to three
joints of anterior antenna; flagellum same length as second joint of
inferior antenna ; both antennee are fringed with cilia, and have second
and third joints of peduncle somewhat flattened. First four joints
of pereion and the cephalon have the carina prolonged backwards
into a tooth. First four pereiopods long and slightly curved; ex-
tremity of each joint furnished with a tuft of stiff hairs. First gna-
thopod pectinated on inner side of hand with a long finger. Telson
short and bluntly pointed. Between the eyes there are five protu-
berances, two of them horizontal between the anterior cornua, two
lying anteriorly and posteriorly between the posterior cornua, and a
large one intermediate between the latter.’’ The two before-mentioned
species of Albatros accompanied the ship as far north as 30° S.
From 28° S. to 5° S., each day we were visited by flocks of Tropic-
birds ; several were shot, but only one obtained, as fortunately it fell
on the deck. I made some notes at the time before preserving the
skin :—“ Phaethon phenicurus. From tip of beak to tip of longest
ordinary tail-feather 183 inches; one red tail-feather 9 inches; from
tip of beak to extremity of commissure 3°6, 2°3 to extremity of nasal
opening. Bill red, with dark brown streak extending for 4 an inch
before and behind the nasal opening ; eye dark brown, with a narrow
dark fringe round the eyelid, and for 3 an inch above and behind it ;
outside of wing- and tail-feathers with black shafts, white towards
their ends, some of the tertiaries blackish; red tail-feathers same
width throughout, with a black shaft; feathers close to the vent
blackish ; ten tail-feathers ; a few dark spots scattered over the body.
Colour satin-white, with rosy tint. Legs white, shading to blue,
with dark webs; claws strongly curved. 18° 30! S. lat., 102° W.
long.—April 20, 1863.”
Only one specimen of the Frigate-bird (Fregata aquila) was here
seen. On the equator again the Dolphins swarmed akout the ship
as before, accompanied by Bonito and Albicore, the flying fish being
abundant. Some specimens of Xanthichthys were obtained. Two
Sharks were caught, one blue, the other grey ; they had numerous
Remore attached, and were piloted by Naucrates ductor. Quanti-
ties of Porpita glandifera, lying on the top of the water, floated by
us; they had also been noticed on the line, in the Atlantic. Strong
breezes prevented the use of the towing-net in the Pacific. From
5° N. to 34° N. we again had Tropic-birds, some of which appeared
380 DR. W. PETERS ON GALAGO DEMIDOFFII. —__[Nov. 10,
different species from Phaethon phenicurus, the under plumage being
of a duller tint : none could be obtained, although many were shot. In
34° N. lat. and 140° W. lon. the sea, for two days in a calm, swarmed
with a species of Vitella: no square foot of the ocean within sight
was without four or five of them. I have never seen life so abundant.
North of the line we had always some Albatroses accompanying the
ship; some were caught; they belonged to Diomedea nigripes of
Audubon. Two solitary specimens of D. brachyura, Temm., were
seen near the Straits of Fuca. I cannot agree with Mr. Cassin* when
he says that “D. nigripes is only the young of D. brachyura.”
These species were never seen together, although thirty or forty of
the Black Albatros were seen each day. Among the latter, occa-
sionally specimens were noticed having a ring of white around the
base of the tail. ‘‘ Diomedea nigripes(Aud.) :—Alar extent 843 inches,
length 314 inches, bill 3°3 inches, tarsus 4°6 inches, wing 37-2 inches.
Bill and entire body brownish black ; legs black ; base of bill whitish;
white patches beneath the eye, and extending posteriorly for a short
distance. Under wing-coverts lighter than rest of body ; primaries
with white shafts, shading towards tips into black, one dark brown.”
I am sorry that the voyage has been so meagre of natural-history
results, but hope to be able to make up for it by researches in British
Columbia and the Sandwich Islands.
3. Nore ON THE GALAGO DEMIDOFFII OF FiscHER.
By Dr. Wixtui1AM Peters, For. Mems.
(Plate XXXV.)
G. Fischer+ published, in 1806, a paper on a small Galago, which
he named, in honour of the Chevalier de Demidoff, Galago demidoffi.
Besides a plate representing the animal of the natural size, he gave -
the following very short description :—
“Elle a la grosseur d’une souris, des oreilles nues et une longue
queue trés-touffue. Son poil est roussatre, son dessous grisatre, et
le cou noiratre. Des poils trés-longs, en forme de moustache, cou-
vrent les coins de la bouche, les joues et le coin de l’ceil.”
Total length 2" 2!", tail 3!" 1!", head 1! 1!", arms 1" 5!’ legs 2" 6!’
thigh 8'", tibia 10!"', foot and tarsus 1".
The specimen noticed by Fischer has not been examined by any
later writer ; and as in its size it more resembles the smaller species
of Madagascar Lemurs (Microcebus, Chirogaleus, &c.) than the
known species of Galago, it has ever been doubted whether it really
belonged to the latter genus.
M. Temminckf, describing in 1853 his Otolienus peli, could not .
* ITllust. B. Calif. p. 210.
t Mémoires de la Société des Naturalistes de l’ Université Impériale de Moscou,
1806, i. p. 24.
£ Esquisses Zoologiques sur la Cote de Guinée. Leyde, 1853, lére partie, Mam-
miféres, p. 42,
wn
a
(71
ATAGO DEMIDOFFII
|
;
1863.] DR. W. PETERS ON GALAGO DEMIDOFFII. 381
avoid perceiving the great resemblance between the young of his
species and Fischer’s Galago demidoffi from Senegal ; and the only
remarks he made against the identity of the two species are that
Fischer had not mentioned the white stripe on the nose, and that he
(Temminck) could not find on his species, “des poils trés-longs,
en forme de moustache, couvrant les coins de la bouche, les joues ét
le coin de l’ceil,”’ as noticed by Fischer.
That Fischer’s Galago demidoffi really belongs to the genus Ga-
lago (Otolicnus), and not to Microcebus (the only genus that might
be mistaken for it), there appears to be no doubt. For the figure
given by Fischer shows a much more pointed, narrow snout, and a
much longer tarsus, than is to be found in the genus from Mada-
gascar.
The Berlin Museum has two stuffed specimens of Galago peli, an
adult male and a very young one of the size of a mouse. The latter
was determined and given by Temminck himself. They have the
same long bristles in the face, not as described by Fischer, but as
shown in his figure, on the side of the snout, above, in front, and
behind the eyes; and the white, shady, defined streak on the nose of
the adult male is more yellowish and much less defined in the young
one. Besides this, all the species of Galago and Microcebus have
the upper part of the nose white or paler than the surrounding
parts. It appears to me therefore without doubt that Fischer’s
Galago demidoffii is only a young specimen of the Otolicnus peli, so
well described by Temminck.
A third specimen, a young male, of this interesting and rare little
animal, well preserved in spirits, which died in this Society’s Gardens,
has given me an opportunity of examining also its internal parts.
Mr. Wolf has made an excellent drawing of the living animal of
the natural size (Pl. XXXV.), which, together with the two accom-
panying figures, will give an exact idea of its peculiar external form.
382 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE GENUS COLLOCALIA. [Nov. 10,
The number of teeth is, as I have also observed in immature speci-
mens of other species, complete, which shows that also in this re-
spect the Prosimii have much affinity with the Insectivora. The
formula of teeth is ee “= + a3 The upper incisors are not
lobated, and the true molars have no third internal series of tubercles,
developed from the lingulum, as is observed in Lemur and Micro-
cebus. The tongue has its point rounded, not entirely flattened,
and sharp-edged as in Lemur and Microcebus. The viscera do not
differ in any way from those of other species, as described at large in
my work on the Mammalia of Mozambique, where I have also noted
the remarkable difference that exists between the Lemurine animals
from Madagascar and the other Prosimii, in the peculiar position of
the vesica follis, which in the former has its basis turned towards
the back.
4. ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIRUNDO ESCULENTA OF
LINN2ZUS, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF
Coxttocatia. By Autrrep R. Watuace, F.Z.S.
The small eastern Swifts which construct the edible nests have
been separated by Mr. G. R. Gray as the genus Collocalia. For
more than two hundred years they have attracted the attention of
naturalists and travellers ; yet up to the present time the species first
described by Rumphius in 1750, and to which Linnzus gave the
name of Hirundo esculenta, has remained quite unknown. Four or
five other species of the genus have since been described, and speci-
mens of all of these are more or less common; but though some of
them have at various times been misnamed esculenta, it is I believe
the general opinion of ornithologists that no specimen of the true
Linnzean species is known to exist in European collections.
It is, therefore, with great pleasure that I bring before the Zoolo-
gical Society specimens of this long-lost bird ; for the description of
Rumphius and the character of Linneeus are so clear and precise,
that there can be no doubt whatever about the identification of the
species. The whole bibliography of the subject has been so well
worked out in Messrs. Horsfield and Moore’s ‘ Catalogue of the East
India Company’s Museum’ (Birds, i. pp. 99, 100) that I need do
no more now than quote what is essential to prove my point. The
oldest description of the bird, quoted by Linneus, is that of Rum-
phius (Herb. Amb. vi. p. 183), who says, “ Ipsarum color plerumque
niger est cum ceruleo fulgore, sique caude plume separentur, in
quavis penna alba conspicitur macula.” Linneeus says only, “ rec-
tricibus omnibus macula alba notatis,’’ which short character is,
however, sufficient to distinguish the bird even now from the other
species of the genus, all of which have the tail immaculate. My
specimens all have these white spots on the tail; and they were ob-
tained in various localities in and around the Moluccas, north, south,
1863.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE GENUS COLLOCALIA. 383
east, and west of Amboyna, where Rumphius obtained his specimens.
It is to be observed that these white spots are quite concealed, both
on the upper and under view, by the overlapping of the feathers and
the tail-coverts ; so that, as Rumphius accurately describes it, ‘ only
when the feathers are separated, the white spots become visible.”
This circumstance, and the close general resemblance of the bird to
the allied Collocalia linchi, Moore, which has no tail-spots, has led
to this striking character being overlooked. It would appear that
these two species are restricted to the Australian and Indian regions
of the archipelago respectively, C. linchi extending from Java west-
ward to the Nicobar Islands, while C. esculenta is found in Celebes
and through the Moluccas to Timor and the shores of New
Guinea.
It seems extraordinary that a bird which ranges over nearly half
of the Malay Archipelago, and is by no means uncommon there,
should not have been hitherto identified with the Linnzan species,
as it is almost certain that specimens of it must exist in the museums
of Leyden and other Continental cities. The fact may, however,
probably be accounted for by the circumstance of one of the autho-
rities most relied upon having been himself deceived in what he sup-
posed to be the constructor of the edible nest of Java. M. Poivre
furnished Buffon with a figure and description of a bird obtained at
the place where nests were found on an island in the Straits of Sunda.
This figure and description have been copied by Brisson, and have
been mixed up with the description of the true esculenta by Gmelin
and other naturalists. The locality, however, from which M. Poivre
obtained his nests would show that they must have belonged to C.
linchi or C. fuciphaga, and not to C. esculenta; while his figure
proves that the bird he obtained was not a Collocalia at all—not
even a Swift or a Swallow, but a short-winged, long-legged, straight-
billed bird, agreeing in dusky colouring with Collocalia fuciphaga,
but having the tail-feathers white-tipped. These extraordinary dis-
crepancies, however, seem to have been generally overlooked ; and the
character given by Brisson, “‘rectricibus nigricantibus, apice albis,”
has been taken as agreeing with that of Linnzeus, “ rectricibus om-
nibus macula alba notatis ;’’ whereas Rumphius (who is quoted by
Linneeus) says that the feathers must be separated in order to see
the white spots, clearly proving that they were situated towards the
base, and not at the tip of the tail*.
In the British Museum collection there is a very beautiful species
from the New Hebrides, having the white tail-spots as in C. esculenta,
but with a narrow band of pure white across the rump.
I add a synopsis of what appear to me to be the well-authenticated
species of this genus hitherto described.
* Since reading this paper, I have found that the late Prince Bonaparte had
made the discovery of Hirundo esculenta, L. (Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 977), in
1855, from a Timor specimen in the Paris Museum, collected by Maugé in 1820.
He notices the white spots towards the base of the tail. With this independent
confirmation of my opinion, there can remain no doubt that the species is now
satisfactorily determined.
384 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE GENUS COLLOCALIA. [Nov. 10,
1. CoLLocaLia ESCULENTA (L.), Rumph. Herb. Amb. vi. p.183:+
C. hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 170.
Nigro-cerulea, subtus grisea et alba; rectricibus, mediis exceptis,
macula alba basalt notatis.
Long. al. 3} poll.
Hab. Celebes; Timor; Moluccas; Aru Islands.
2. CoLLOCALIA LEUCOPYGIA.
““C. linchi, Horsf., et C. troglodytes, G. R. Gray,” MM. Verreaux
et Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1862, p. 129.
“Supra nigra, subtus albo-argentea, capite nigerrimo eneo mi-
cante, uropygio niveo.”
“ Long. al. 9°5 cent.=3% poll.”
Hab. New Caledonia.
Remark.—As this bird cannot possibly be either C. linchi or C.
troglodytes, 1 am obliged to give it a new name. It may be the
same as the species already mentioned, from the New Hebrides, in the
British Museum.
38. CoLLocaLia LINcHI, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Mus. E. I. Comp.
i. p. 100.
Similis C. esculente, L., sed paullo obscurior et cauda immaculata.
Hab. Java; Malacca; Nicobar Islands.
4. CoLLoca.ia spopiopyGta, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. i. p. 176.
“Tota fuliginosa, supra saturatior ; uropygio tenia transversa
lata cinerascenti-alba.”
Long. al. 4} poll.; caudze 27 poll.
Hab. Samoan and Fiji Islands.
5. CoLLocaLia TROGLODYTES, G. R. Gray, Gen. of Birds, t. 19
(sine deser.).
Fusco-nigra, subtus fuliginosa, crisso albescente; tectricibus
caude@ inferioribus et superioribus fusco-nigris ; fascia uropy-
giali albida, rectricibus basi pallidis.
Long. al. 33 poll.; caude 13 poll.
Hab. Malacca? ; Philippine Islands? B.M.
6. CotLtocaia FucIPHAGA, Thunb. Act. Holm. xxxiii. p. 151.
be be
C. fuciphaga et C. nidifica, G. R. Gray, Gen. of Birds, i. p. 55.
C. esculenta, Horsf.
C. brevirostris, M‘Clell.
C. unicolor, Jerd.
C. concolor, Blyth.
C. cinerea, Gm.; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 178.
C. francica, Gm. 8.N. p. 1017.
‘* Supra atra, subtus cinerea, tota immaculata.’’—Thunb.
Hab. Bourbon and Mauritius (var. francica, Gm.) ; India and
1863.] DR. G. BENNETT ON THE KAGU. 385
Ceylon; the whole of the Malay Islands ; Louisiade Archipelago ;
New Caledonia; Tahiti (var. /ewcophea, Peale; cinerea, Gm.) ;
Marianne Islands.
Remarks.—This species has a very wide range, and varies much in
size and a little in coloration. The females have a whitish band on
the rump, which in old and worn specimens becomes more conspi-
cuous. If that character exists in both sexes of C. francica, it may
be considered a distinct species; but a specimen collected by Mr.
E. Newton in Mauritius does not perceptibly differ from one of my
females from the archipelago. The sexes differ in size, the females
being the largest. I have both sexes from Macassar: wing of 3
4,1, inches, of 9 4} inches. The Indian specimens seem a little
larger than this; those from Java smaller; while the Pacific
Islands specimens, collected by the United States Exploring Expe-
dition, are the largest of all, the wing being given as 54 inches. But
as some Indian specimens which I have seen measure 5 inches, there
is such a regular gradation that this character will not serve to divide
the specimens. In accordance with the views of Bonaparte, I retain
the original name of fuciphaga for this species, since, like that of
Paradisea apoda, it is rather useful than otherwise, as indicating the
erroneous opinions which were so long held as to the origin of the
celebrated edible nests.
5. Notes on THE Kacu. By Dr. Georce Bennett, F.Z.S.
On the 13th of June 1863, I received from New Caledonia, by
H. I. M. Schooner ‘ La Calédonienne,’ a pair of Kagus (Rhinochetus
jubatus), male and female—one presented to me by Dr. Segol, th
surgeon of the vessel, and the other obtained and sent to me by the
kind exertions of M. Ferdinand Joubert, now residing in New Cale.
donia. Both these gentlemen have been indefatigable in endeavour-
ing to procure living specimens, the value of which is much raised
by the increased scarcity of Kagus on the island. The day following
their arrival I placed them in the aviary in the Botanical Gardens.
The female is a fine bird, and the largest specimen of the Kagu I
have yet seen. It is graceful and elegant in appearance, active and
_ lively in its habits, and its plumage in excellent condition. It is
distinguishable from the male bird by its much larger size, and by
the light colour of its plumage, also of its bill, feet, and legs. She
has besides a peculiar habit of crouching on the ground and covering
herself with her wings, by throwing them over together in a concave
form, completely concealing the head and body. The male bird, on
the contrary, throws up his wings alternately, as if using them as
shields, and displays much pugnacity. The latter differs in colour
from the female, his plumage being dark brown, with bars of a lighter
shade; the primaries and secondaries of the wings are very dark
brown, barred with black; the crest is also of a much darker shade
of grey than in the female; the bill and legs are of a bright orange-
red colour. When seen together, the male appears small compared
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1863, No. XXY.
386 MR.G.KREFFT ON THE BATRACHIANS OF SYDNEY. [ Nov. 10,
with the female. The latter utters a growling kind of scream ; while
the male makes a noise between a bark and a laugh, which is difficult to
express in words, terminating in the oft-repeated note of 00, 66, 00, 60.
The male bird is very lively, and readily attacks its aggressors. I
reerct to say that the male bird died on the 16th instant ; but I have
preserved its skeleton, and will forward it by an early opportunity
to our friend Mr. Parker, as we have no skeletons of birds at pre-
sent in our Museum at Sydney by which its affinities could be
ascertained.
The Kagu is becoming very scarce in New Caledonia,—one cause
of its rarity being that numbers have been shot for the table,
these birds being excellent eating. It is now difficult to procure
them dead, and still more so to take them alive. They are only
found in one part of the island, about ten miles distant from the set-
tlement of Port de France, where a gentleman told me he offered a
large reward to the natives to procure one to take with him to France,
but without success. The birds sent to me had been in the posses-
sion of private individuals for some time. The Kagus are easily
domesticated, and, when captured, are placed in the poultry-yard
with the fowls, where they soon become tame ; but, as a matter of
precaution, one of their wings is usually clipped. These birds are
only met with about smail marshes or ponds, feeding on worms,
slugs, &c. The nest and eggs have not yet been discovered, although
every exertion has been and is still being made by some of wy resi-
dent friends in New Caledonia for that purpose.
6. On THE BATRACHIANS OCCURRING IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF SYDNEY, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DistrisuTion. By Gerarp Krerrr.
It must be interesting to every naturalist, and highly gratifying
to Dr. Albert Giinther, to learn that his estimate of the Batrachio-
fauna of the Australian region has not been exaggerated, and that
the more we know of this fauna, the closer it appears to be allied to
that of South America, as the learned Doctor first pointed out in his
famous paper ‘‘ On the Geographical Distribution of Batrachians.”
Dr. Giinther, in summing up, places the Australian region, with re-
gard to its richness of forms, at the head of his list,—namely, one
species to every 33,000 square miles. This ratio will soon be real-
ized, if not surpassed, as the following figures will show.
When Dr. Ginther published his ‘ Catalogue of the Batrachia
Salientia’ in 1858, he enumerated twenty-six Australian species,
seventeen of which have been observed by me in the neighbourhood
of Sydney. My collection at the International Exhibition contained
five new species (two new genera). Five other species, as yet un-
described, I have forwarded to Dr. Giinther; and seven more are in
my hands. If we go on discovering at this rate, we shall soon surpass
in richness the South American, or rather the “ Neotropical Region”’
of Dr. Sclater.
1863.] MR.G.KREFFT ON THE BATRACHIANS OF SYDNEY. 387
The following species occur in the neighbourhood of Sydney :—
LIMNODYNASTES DORSALIS.
Very rare. Found under stones in damp rocky ground during
the cold season only. Occurs at Port Macquarie, Clarence River,
and on the Lower Murray (Swan Hill), amongst the reed-beds, ge-
nerally in old cattle-tracks or hoof-marks where moisture has accu-
mulated. Nocturnal. .
LIMNODYNASTES TASMANIENSIS.
Common near Sydney, on the borders of lagoons in summer;
under logs and stones, often upon rocky ground, during the cold
season. Deserted sandstone-quarries appear to be a favourite resort
of this species. Young subjects vary in colour a good deal; they
are often marked with a dorsal stripe, which probably disappears as
they approach the adult age.
LIMNODYNASTES KREFFTII, Gthr.
Common. Of larger size than L. tasmaniensis, without black
throat, but similar in habits and economy. A single specimen from
Waroo, Port Curtis, is in my possession, showing an extensive geo-
graphical range. Nocturnal.
UpEROLEIA MARMORATA.
Common during the cold season, under stones; rare in summer.
Nocturnal. The spots, which appear white in spirit specimens, are
bright orange or yellow in the live subject. Feeds on small species
of Blatta. Found on the Clarence River also.
PsEUDOPHRYNE AUSTRALIS.
Common on rocky ground only, in moist places, under stones, in
particular in deserted sandstone-quarries. The male has a peculiar,
sharp voice, which may be heard from 20 to 30 yards off. Females
full of ova are taken as late as April, and many places abound now
(May 22) with the tiny larva of this species. Seldom found in
company with other Frogs. The beautiful red spots on the back
and head in the live animal turn white in spirits. Nocturnal.
PsEUDOPHRYNE BIBRONII.
Common, representing the former species in the level and flat
country. Similar in habits to P. australis; under logs and stones.
Nocturnal.
LiroriA NASUTA.
LiroriA PUNCTATA.
LirorRia MARMORATA.
These three species occur near Sydney, but are perhaps varieties
388 MR.G. KREFFT ON THE BATRACHIANS OF SYDNEY. [Nov. 10,
of L. nusuta only. Specimens in different stages of growth, and
differing considerably in coloration, &c., have been forwarded to Dr.
Giinther for examination. In all the specimens, the first finger is op-
posed to the others. The members of this genus are true Jumping
Frogs, often bounding as high as one’s head—the Kangaroos amongst
the Batrachians. They inhabit grassy moors and swamps, seldom,
if ever, rocky ridges, and when chased are apt to entice their pursuer
into quagmires. They are diurnal in their habits—often basking on
the leaves of Banksias, in a burning sun, watching for insects. I
observed large numbers of young ones, in the beginning of March,
which had just emerged from the larva state, and were almost as
plentiful as grasshoppers, on the sandy flats towards Botany Bay.
I noticed not a single half-grown or adult specimen.
HYLa AUREA.
All the species of Hyla which Dr. Giinther enumerated in his
Catalogue in 1858 are found near Sydney, Hyla rubella excepted.
Hyla aurea is the most common of all the Australian Frogs, being
found in every lagoon or stream of water, and furnishing food to
the Black Snakes, which swallow this Hy/a as a gourmand does an
oyster. I have watched a Pseudechis taking in fifteen frogs one
after the other, after which the aggressor was conveyed into my
collecting-bag. Of a hot summer’s evening their loud, rolling,
quacking noise may be heard for miles; now (May) it has entirely
ceased. During the cold season this frog retreats to the high ground,
seeking shelter under rocks and stones ; but many bury themselves
in the mud.
This species is very voracious, feeding upon almost any Batra-
chian, no matter what, as long as it can be swallowed. I have seen
them devour Lizards and large Blatte; in fact, nothing appears to
come amiss to them, if hungry. The natives eat this species: re-
turning unsuccessful from the chase at night, they light some boughs
and catch frogs. Hundreds may be gathered by the light of a fire,
—a fact of which poor Burke and Wills do not appear to have been
aware when starving on Vardoo at Cooper’s Creek. This species
has an extensive geographical distribution, and is found in almost
every part of the Australian continent and Tasmania. But west-
coast specimens differ from those in this neighbourhood in having
a tubercular back, and almost always a rather broad vertebral line
from the top of the snout to the vent.
HYLA CITROPUS.
This rare species has been observed in winter-time only, when I
have found it under stones in creek-beds, always upon elevated rocky
ground, never in the plains. It grows to a considerable size, and, I
believe, frequents the high branches of the Eucalypti during the
summer. A fly often deposits its eggs close to the tympanum of
H. citropus, and the larva lives there until ready for transformation
into the chrysalis state, when it drops out, looking similar to a large
yellow maggot. It then forms a black covering, attaches itself to the
———
1863.] MR.G.KREFFT ON THE BATRACHIANS OF SYDNEY. 389
under side of a rock or stone, and emerges in course of time as a per-
fect insect. Whenever I have squeezed the larva out, it has invariably
caused the death of the Frog. I know nothing of the geographical
distribution of this species, not having received specimens from other
parts of the country.
HyYLaA PERONII.
Tolerably common. Frequently found under the loose, moist,
paper-like bark of the Tea-tree (Melaleuca’?). The bright yellow
covering of the legs is soon lost in spirits. Like most Frogs, H.
peroni has the power of changing colour ; and on a hot sunny day,
basking on some broad-leaved plant, it looks almost white.
The present species appears to be distributed over almost every
part of the continent, from Tasmania to Port Essington. Speci-
mens from Port Macquarie, the Clarence River, Brisbane, Port Cur-
tis, and Port Denison are in the collection of the Australian Museum
at Sydney.
HyYLa EWINGII.
This pretty little Hy/a is rather a rare species, and I do not think
that I ever found more than six or eight specimens of it, generally
under stones during the cold season. Dr. Giinther mentions it as
occurring in Tasmania and North-eastern Australia.
HyYLa SERVESIENSIS.
Common near Sydney, in deep rocky places between ferns; in
fact almost all my specimens were taken from between fern-clusters.
A constant visitor in “ hothouses” at the Botanical Gardens, and
a great expert in the art of catching flies. I am unable to give an
account of the geographical range of this species.
HyLa VERREAUXII.
A rather rare Frog, which I have occasionally taken from under
the bark of the Tea-tree, and from under rocks in moist localities ;
never taken during the summer. No specimens from other parts of
Australia have as yet come under my notice.
Hywa Krerrri, Gthr.
A very common species all over the eastern part of Australia.
Well known to every colonist on account of its shrill singing noise,
which almost resembles that of a Grasshopper ; and yet very few
persons have seen this Frog, as it frequents the high trees at night,
and sleeps under the bark during the daytime. Before and during
rain, thousands of these little creatures begin to whistle, producing a
most deafening noise, and puzzling every ‘‘ new chum”’ who listens
to such a concert for the first time. During protracted dry weather
little or nothing is seen of this Frog; but after the ground has be-
come thoroughly saturated, and pools have been formed under the
high trees, this species may be observed in thousands, in company
390 DR. W. O. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
with Hyla aurea and Pelodryas cerulea. The specimens I have
kept for observation are constantly changing colour, being dark
during the daytime, and almost white at night.
PELODRYAS CHRULEA.
This Giant Tree-Frog is widely distributed over almost every part
of Australia, and, on account of its frequenting waterspouts and
taking up its quarters under the shingles of roofs, may be considered
quite a domestic animal. I have seen young ladies nearly go into
hysterics when on a sultry summer’s night the deep croak of this
large Batrachian sounded from various corners of the roof—particu-
larly when, after an unsuccessful attempt at catching some moth, it
has fallen with an uncomfortably dull noise upon the floor of the ve-
randah. PP. ceruleais a most voracious feeder, and, like Hyla aurea,
devours all the other Frogs and its own immature kindred. In its
habits it is also nocturnal, though now and then a stray specimen
may be seen during the daytime.
There are several species of Batrachians of the genus Hyla and
Cystignathus as yet undescribed ; so that the number of Frogs found
in this neighbourhood may be fairly estimated as twenty distinct
Species.
7. NoTES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES OCCURRING ON THE COAST
oF Cauirornis, U.S.A. By Wm. O. Ayres, M.D., C.M.Z.S.
A remarkable feature in the ichthyic fauna of the coast of Cali-
fornia is the occurrence of a large number of species belonging to the
old genus Sebastes. They are taken in great quantities, and, being
all of excellent quality for the table, they furnish a large proportion
of the fresh fish sold in the markets of San Francisco. The different
forms are readily distinguished by the fishmongers, though they sell
them all under the absurd name of ‘ Rock Cod.” Their ichthyo-
logical history may be thus recorded.
In August 1854, Sebastes auriculatus, Gir., S. rosaceus, Girard,
and S. fasciatus, Gir., were published in the ‘ Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.’ A few weeks later (in
September), before the Philadelphia publication reached California,
S. nebulosus, Ayres, S. paucispinis, Ayres, S. ruber, Ayres, and 8.
ruber, var. parvus, Ayres, were named in the ‘ Proceedings of the
California Academy of Natural Sciences ;? and in the same paper I
indicated another species as perhaps S. variabilis, Cuv. Of these,
S. nebulosus is identical with S. fasciatus, Gir. (but as the name fas-
ciatus had been preoccupied by Dr. Storer for a species of Massa-
chusetts Bay, nebulosus must be retained for the Californian species) ;
S. ruber, var. parvus, is S. auriculatus, Gir. In November 1854, S.
nebulosus, S. paucispinis, S. ruber, and S. variabilis were mentioned
again by me in the ‘ Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 391
History.” In 1856 the species referred to by me under Cuvier’s
name variabilis was described by Girard as S. melanops (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. viii. p. 135). In 1858, in the tenth volume of the
‘Pacific Railroad Reports,’ Girard described all the species as he
then understood them, giving my S. ruber as a synonym of his 8S.
rosaceus,—an error on his part, since the two species are entirely
distinct. In October 1859, S. nigrocinctus, S. helvomaculatus, and
S. elongatus were described by me in the ‘ Proceedings of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Natural Sciences.’ Of these, S. helvomaculatus
is considered by Mr. Theodore Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.,
June 1862) as merely a synonym of S. ocellatus, Cuv. In 1861, Mr.
Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., July 1861) proposed to separate
Sebastes paucispinis from the other species, under a new generic
name, Sebastodes. In 1862 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., June 1562)
the same author proposed to include all the other Californian species
in a new genus, to he designated Sebastichthys. In January 1863
(Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 209) I described two new species,
Sebastodes flavidus and S. ovalis. At the same date (op. cit. p. 211)
I gave a brief sketch of what I believed to be the correct synonymy
of the species now known on the coast of California.
Such has been, in brief, the series of notices and publications re-
lating to these fishes. We have thus eleven species, all of which
were (or would have been) until recently designated as Sebastes. A
careful investigation of them all, with examination of very numerous
specimens, has, however, convinced me that they must be arranged
in two generic groups; and inasmuch as two generic names have, as
above stated, been proposed for them by Mr. Gill, it is well to con-
sider whether these names truly represent the two groups as seen in
nature.
Of Sebastodes he gives the following diagnosis :—‘ This genus is
framed for the Sebastes paucispinis of Ayres. It has a very different
facies from Sebastes, and is readily distinguished by the longer body,
the very protuberant lower jaw (which has a symphysial swelling
beneath), the minute scales, the form and armature of the head, the
deep emargination of the dorsal fin, and the emarginated caudal.”
Such a grouping of characters as this belongs only to the single spe-
cies, S. paucispinis. In the ratio of depth to length we have every
step, from the “longer body” of S. paucispinis and S. elongatus
(which two are of about equal slenderness, though in other respects
they differ widely) to S. ovalis and S. nigrocinctus. And I may here
take occasion to remark that the practice, in describing fishes, of giving
the ratio of depth to length with such minuteness as is the custom of
some writers, has no warrant in nature, since different individuals of
the same species vary widely in their relative depth; and not only
so, but the same individual varies widely at different times, accord-
ing to the abundance or scarcity of food, and from other causes.
The “emargination of the dorsal fin” is most decided in S. flavidus,
while the least emargination of all occurs in S. elongatus, and the next
to that is in S. ovalis, which latter, however, is most closely allied to
S. flavidus. The “emarginated caudal”’ is a feature so slightly marked
392 DR. W. O. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
at the best, and disappears so gradually from one species to another,
as to be of very little value. It is greatest in S. paucispinis and S.
elongatus, and becomes less through S. ovalis, 8. flavidus, S. mela-
nops, S. rosaceus, and S. helvomaculatus; in S. ruber and S. auri-
culatus the fin is about even, and in S. nebulosus and S. nigrocinctus
it is slightly rounded. The “ protuberant lower jaw” and its ‘‘ sym-
physial swelling beneath” are of greater value as generic features;
they are common to five of our species. These five have the lower
jaw (which is knobbed at its extremity) continuing nearly the line
of extension of the top of the head; in these five the top of the
head is smooth and unarmed. In the remaining six species the two
jaws are but little unequal, and the lower is blunt and does not con-
tinue the line of extension of the top of the head; in these six the
top of the head is strongly ridged and spinous. But when we look
at the species of other waters, we find that the relative development
of the jaws can scarcely hold such rank as our groups here would
seem to indicate. Sebastes viviparus, for instance, with the surface
of the head very rough and spinous, has the knobbed projection of
the lower jaw strikingly developed. The ‘minute scales’? belong
only to S. paucispinis. It does not seem possible, therefore, that
Sebastodes can be retained with such limits as were assigned to it
by Mr. Gill.
Let us now turn to his definition of Sebastichthys. He assigns
as its characters ‘eleven to twelve (XI.+1.—XII.+I1.) spines in
the first dorsal fin, palatine teeth, and the physiognomy of Sebastes
(norvegicus).’’ But all of our species, S. paucispinis included, have
the same number of spines in the first dorsal fin—thirteen, or, if a
division is preferred, XII.+I.; and all are furnished with teeth
on the palatines. Neither can the ‘‘ physiognomy”’ be deemed of
value, inasmuch as forms so very unlike are here gathered into one
group: the rough, blunt-headed S. nigrocinctus has little kindred in
features to the smooth, sharp-nosed S.melanops. Andas S.norvegicus
itself is provided with palatine teeth, the only character remaining
to separate Sebastichthys is the number of first dorsal spines. This
unsupported, does not appear sufficient.
The divisions of our Californian species, therefore, which have
been proposed by Mr. Gill I cannot adopt, though one of his names
may be retained with a different limitation.
Of the two groups which, as before stated, I find to exist in our
waters, one has the top of the head rough, the other has it smooth.
The former I refer without hesitation to the genus of which the
common species of Massachusetts Bay, S. wiviparus, is a member ;
and, since Cuvier in his origina] diagnosis separates Sebastes from
Scorpena in consequence of the absence of fleshy filaments on the
head, it seems most natural in making a division of his genus that the
name Sebastes should be retained for those which, like Scorpena,
have the top of the head rough with ridges; and I propose thus to
restrict it. For the other group (those with the head smooth) a
distinct generic name is needed ; and since the appellation Sebastodes
has been proposed for one of the well-marked species, it seems better
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 393
to apply that to the entire group than to introduce a new term. I
suggest, therefore, the following arrangement :—
Gen. Sepastes.—With the characters of Sebastes as given by
Cuvier, except that the top of the head is always marked by spinous
ridges, the orbits being commonly crested, so as to leave a depression
between them.
Gen. Sepastopres.— With the characters of the typical Sebastes,
except that the top of the head is always smooth, the spinous ridges
being so little developed as to be barely discernible, the orbits not
elevated.
In what manner the species of other waters should be distributed
under this division I do not purpose at present to specify. The
means of reference to original authorities are here, unfortunately, so
small as to make the attempt useless. The Californian species,
however, hitherto discovered may be arranged and designated thus: —
1. SeBasTEs niGRocriNcTUus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.
li, p. 25, and p. 217, fig. 67.
Sebastichthys nigrocinctus, Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862,
p- 278.
This is more strongly marked in the generic features than any
other of our species. The spines of the top of the head are very
prominent; the nasal spines strong, while nearly continuous from
them are a pair of slender interorbital ridges ; the supraorbital crest
sometimes a single ridge, and sometimes a series of spines or tuber-
cles ; posterior to these a row of blunt tubercles, extending across
the top of the head, varying in number from two to five or six;
posterior to these the occipital ridges, very high, and commonly not
terminating in a spine. The posterior suborbital terminates in a
distinct spme. The preopercular spines are less prominent than in
most of the species, consisting of two, or at most three, on the pos-
terior border, with one or two rounded but not spinous projections
beneath. The humeral suprascapular and two opercular spines are
394 DR. W. 0. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
of moderate development. The spinous and soft dorsals are about
equal in height, the spinous rays quite stout. The second anal spine
is higher and stronger than the third.
The colours in this species are entirely characteristic, and very
strongly marked. ‘The fish is of a plain reddish yellow, crossed by
five to six very distinct, nearly vertical, broad, dark bands, with
commonly two or three similar bands from the eye, one upward and
backward, and the others downward and backward. These bands
in my original description were said to be black, and the specific
name was given with that understanding. But I have since that
time seen specimens in which the bands were of a dark reddish
brown when fresh from the water, and became black only on the
drying of the surface or on immersion in alcohol.
S. nigrocinctus is not at all common in our waters, many months
often passing without a specimen being taken. It seldom exceeds
two pounds in weight.
2. SEBASTES NEBULOSUS, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.i. p.5.
S. fasciatus, Gir. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, p. 146, and
P. R. Rep. x. p. 79, pl. 22 (non S. fasciatus, Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. v. p. 31).
Sebastichthys nebulosus, Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862,
p- 278.
In this species the spines of the top of the head are less prominent
than in S.xzgrocinctus. The nasal and anterior supraorbital are sharp,
rather strong; the posterior supraorbital a smooth prominent ridge,
ending in a strong spine; the intraorbital space smooth, not ridged
as in S. xigrocinctus; postorbital spine sharp and strong ; occipital
spine a long smooth ridge, prominent, but not near so high as in S.
nigrocinctus, and ending in a sharp spine; no spines on the subor-
bitals ; humeral, scapular, and opercular spines flat, and not promi-
nent ; preopercular five, well developed, rather sharp, the two on
the lower border more blunted. Spinous dorsal much higher than
the soft; second anal spine higher and stouter than the third.
The colours are sufficiently well stated by Girard (Joc. cit.). 8.
nebulosus is by no means rare, and is found in the markets of San
Francisco at all seasons, seldom exceeding two pounds in weight.
3. SEBASTES AURICULATUS, Gir. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854,
and P. R. Rep. x. p. 80.
S. ruber, var. parvus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, i.
pv.
Sebastichthys auriculatus, Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862,
p-. 278.
Sebastes auriculatus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 218,
fig. 68.
All the spines of the top of the head regular, smooth, strongly
marked, but not very prominent. Nasal stout and sharp; anterior
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 395
and posterior supraorbitals strong and sharp, but not so elevated as
to make much depth to the intraorbital fossa; intraorbital ridges
just discernible; postorbital spine slender, very sharp; occipital
ridge smooth, somewhat prominent, not spined. Upper two pre-
opercular spines sharp, next two flattened and serrated or edged,
anterior one blunt. Humeral, scapular, and two opercular spines
flat, not prominent; lower angle of operculum serrated. Spinous
dorsal a little higher than the soft portion, or sometimes only equal.
Second anal spine as high as the third, and stouter.
The colours are stated with sufficient accuracy by Girard (Joc. cit.).
S. auriculatus is perhaps the most common species we have, and is
almost the only one taken about the wharves of the city. The exam-
ples for the most part small, seldom exceeding half to three-quarters
of a pound in weight, though those brought in by the fishermen
from the deep water are much larger; the heaviest I have seen was
20 inches long, with a weight of six pounds. In the large specimens
the black spot of the operculum becomes almost obsolete.
The typical specimens of S. nebulosus and S. auriculatus are quite
widely distinct ; but so many intermediate forms occur, that not un-
frequently it is actually very difficult to decide to which of the two
certain individuals should be referred. The spines and ridges of the
head I have found more reliable as means of diagnosis than any other
features.
4. SEBASTES RUBER, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. p. 7,
and ii. p. 208, fig. 63 (non S. rosaceus, Gir. P. R. Rep. x. p. 78).
Top of the head quite rough, the ridges being thinner and more
irregular on their edge than in the other species. Nasal spine sharp
and rather strong; supraorbital crest consisting of an anterior spine
which is distinct and regular, and then an elongated irregularly ser-
rated ridge, not ending in any very distinct spine; postorbital spine
not large, but quite sharp, distinct, and regular ; intraorbital pair of
396 DR. W. 0. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
ridges low and not much crested, but quite discernible; occipital
ridge long, about as high as in S. nebulosus, irregularly serrated, and
not ending in any very distinct spine; the upper two preopercular
spines rather sharp, the next two flattened and serrated on the end,
the anterior one blunt; opercular spines flat ; humeral and scapular
small. Second and third anal spines about equal in height and size.
Spinous dorsal higher than the soft portion. Posterior margin of
the caudal nearly even. Colour nearly uniform light crimson, lighter
beneath.
This is the species described by me in 1854 (oe. cit.), but is not
the one to which the name is referred by Girard (P. R. Rep. x.
p: 78) as a synonym of S. rosaceus. The two have little close re-
semblance, except in colour. The points of difference will be given
when speaking of Sebastodes rosaceus.
S. ruber is not at all rare. It grows to decidedly a greater size
than any of the other species, reaching occasionally a weight of
twenty-five pounds, and, as the fishermen assert, even greater still,
while those of from ten to twelve pounds are quite common.
5. SEBASTES HELVOMACULATUS, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat.
Sci. 1859, ii. p. 26, fig. 8.
S. ocellatus’, Cuv. (fide Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862,
p- 278).
Sebastichthys ocellatus, Gill (loc. cit.).
Upper surface of the head quite strongly ridged. Nasal and an-
terior supraorbital spines sharp, quite prominent; posterior supra-
orbital forming a crest, which ends in commonly two prominent
sharp spines ; intraorbital fossa well marked, with two intraorbital
ridges ; postorbital spine appearing like a continuation of the poste-
rior supraorbital, prominent, very sharp; occipital ridge somewhat
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 397
elevated, ending in a free spine; of the preopercular spines, the
upper two are well developed, not very sharp, the lower three form-
ing blunt projections; two opercular spines sharp, not very long.
Humeral and scapular somewhat prominent. Spinous dorsal a little
higher than the soft portion. Second anal spine higher than the
third, and much stouter.
Colour pale red, becoming lighter beneath, with several light-pink
spots on the upper parts of the sides. These spots are commonly
three, though occasionally one or two additional irregular ones are
seen. Sometimes in the largest specimens the light red of the
ground-colour is variegated with numerous minute whitish specks.
The outline figure (given above) represents the projection of the
lower jaw a little more strongly marked than it should be ; and shows
also but the lower of the two opercular spines, giving instead one too
many on the preoperculum. Otherwise, though rough, it is tole-
rably characteristic.
S. helvomaculatus is not by any means rare, being brought to the
markets of San Francisco in some numbers. They are commonly
small, not exceeding a pound in weight, though specimens weighing
three to four pounds are sometimes seen. This species has been
referred by Mr. Gill (/oc. cit.) to the South American form described
by Cuvier, S. ocellatus. The identification may perhaps be correct,
for the two doubtless approach each other closely ; but the differ-
ence in proportions, in the spines of the head, and in the colouring of
the fins, and the wide separation in localities, together with the fact
that no specimens have been brought to me among numerous col-
lections made on this coast south of Point Conception, have induced
me to retain, at least for the present, the name given to our north-
ern species.
398 DR. W. 0. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
6. SeBAsTEs ELONGATUS, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii.
p. 26, fig. 9.
Nasal spine sharp, quite prominent; anterior supraorbital well
marked, sharp ; posterior supraorbital forming a crest quite sufficient
to leave an intraorbital fossa, and terminating in a sharp spine;
postorbital just discernible ; occipital ridge smooth, low, with a free
point. Opercular, preopercular, humeral, and scapular spines pro-
minent and sharp. Inferior angle of operculum and posterior angle
of suboperculum spinous. Second anal spine higher and much
stouter than the third. Spinous dorsal about equal in height with
the soft portion.
S. elongatus is readily distinguished from all the other species of
true Sebastes by its extreme slenderness, in which respect it closely
resembles Sebastodes paucispinis, sometimes even surpassing it. The
proportion of depth to length varies from about one-fifth to nearly
one-fourth. The figure (given herewith) represents the first speci-
men found, which was as slender as any I have seen. In the figure
a spine is inadvertently shown on the lower part of the operculum,
while the scapular is omitted ; the knobbed projection of the lower
Jaw is not sufficiently indicated. The colours are well stated in the
original description.
The species appears to be not at all common, few being brought
to the markets. They seldom exceed a pound in weight.
SEBASTODES.
In the species of this division no diagnostic characters can be
drawn from the spines of the head, as so little difference is found in
them. In all, the nasal, supraorbital, and occipital spines are barely
discernible, or cannot be traced at all; the five preopercular are
quite strongly developed, smooth, and sharp (except that in S. pauci-
spinis the lower one is a blunt projection, with one, and sometimes
two sharp points) ; the opercular two are long and sharp; the hu-
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 399
meral and scapular are almost concealed. The specific distinctions,
therefore must be drawn from other features. The species may be
arranged and defined as follows :—
1. SEBASTODES PAUCISPINIS.
Sebastes paucispinis, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. p. 6;
Gir. P. R. Rep. x. p. 83, pl. 22 a.
Sebastodes paucispinis, Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861,
p- 165.
This species is quite elongated in form, its depth being about one-
fourth of its length. The spinous dorsal is arched in outline, the
emargination between it and the soft portion being very distinct,
though less strongly marked than in S. flavidus or S. melanops.
The head is longer than in most species, constituting fully one-third
of the entire length. But the feature by which S. paucispinis is at
once recognized is the ‘‘ small scales.” They are relatively less than
in any other known species, and are accompanied by a general soft-
ness of flesh, which causes the fish to be less esteemed for the table
than any other of the group found in our waters. The description
and figure given by Girard are tolerably accurate.
S. paucispinis is not by any means common in this vicinity. It
is taken in company with the other species; but no more than a
single specimen at long intervals is seen in the markets. It attains
a length of 25 to 28 inches.
2. SeBastopes ovauis, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii.
p- 209, fig. 65.
This species is much stouter than S. paucispinis, its depth being
nearly one-third of its length. Its closest alliances are with S
ie ant NAAN
SS WA
flavidus, Ayres, and S. melanops, Gir. The spinous dorsal decreases
but little in height posteriorly, leaving of course but a slight emargi-
nation between it and the soft portion, which latter is low, its height
400 DR. W. 0. AYRES ON THE SEBASTOID FISHES [Nov. 10,
being less than half its length. The pectoral fins are large, their
height being about one-fourth the length of the fish. Of the three
spines of the anal fin, the second is the highest and stoutest, equalling
the height of the soft portion of the fin. In colour the fish is of a
dark greenish brown above, becoming yellowish green on the sides,
and still lighter beneath. In regard to the softness of the scales it
comes nearer than any other species to S. paucispinis, though they
are relatively much larger than in the latter.
S. ovalis appears to be quite rare, only a few specimens having
been seen. None have exceeded three pounds in weight.
3. SEBASTODES FLAviIDUS, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii.
p. 209, fig. 64.
This species is so closely allied to S. melanops, Gir., as scarcely to
be distinguished from it, except by its colours. S. melanops is nearly
black above, lighter on the sides and beneath ; while S. flavidus is
like S. ovalis, “dark greenish brown above, becoming yellowish green
on the sides, and still lighter beneath.’
S. flavidus is by no means uncommon, being brought to the mar-
kets in abundance. It seldom exceeds two pounds in weight.
4. SEBASTODES MELANOPS, Gir.
Sebastes melanops, Gir. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. viii. p. 135 ;
and P. R. Rep. x. p. 81.
Sebastes variabilis, Ayres (non Cuvier), Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.
1854, i. p. 7.
Sebastodes melanops, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 211,
fig. 66.
This species is sufficiently well described by Girard (Joc. cit.) ; but
inasmuch as no figure is given by him, reference may be made to the
outline illustration given herewith (p. 401), which is accurately
reliable.
1863.] OF THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 401
S. melanops is quite common here, and is brought to the markets
in large numbers. It is generally small, not exceeding a pound in
i
.
weight, though it occasionally attains a weight of three or four
pounds.
5. SEBASTODES ROSACEUS, Gir.
; Sebastes rosaceus, Gir. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. viii. p. 146;
and P. R. Rep. x. p. 78, pl. 21 (non Sebastes ruber, Ayres, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. p. 7).
Sebastodes rosaceus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 206,
fig. 62.
7 ay
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXVI.
402 DR. W. 0. AYRES ON SEBASTOID FISHES. _[Nov. 10,
This is the species originally described by Girard (Joc. cif.) under
the name rosaceus, and again quite correctly in the tenth volume of
the ‘Pacific Railroad Reports.’ In this latter publication he incor-
rectly refers my Sebastes ruber to it asasynonym. The two are
widely distinct : S. ruber has the top of the head strongly ridged and
spinous, as already stated in this present communication ; S. rosaceus,
as its generic affinities indicate, has the same region almost entirely
smooth, the nasal and occipital spines being barely discernible: in 8.
ruber the preopercular spines are blunt, almost truncated ; in S. rosa-
ceus the same spines are long and very sharp : in S. rwder the anal fin
is small and rounded, its height being only about one-eighth of the
length of the fish, while the second and third spines of the fin are
nearly as high as the soft portion ; in S. rosaceus the same fin is much
larger and pointed, its height being more than one-sixth of the length
of the fish, while the third anal spine (which is higher than the
second) is only about half as high as the soft portion. Many other
points might be noticed, but these are sufficient. The outline figures
show very clearly the relations of the two species.
Sebastodes rosaceus is quite common. It is a smaller fish than
Sebastes ruber, seldom exceeding five or six pounds in weight.
In the preceding notices, of course no attempt has been made to
give a full description of each or any of the species; nor has any
comparison between our species and those of other waters been insti-
tuted; for the means necessary for such a comparison are not at
hand. But sufficient points have been noted to identify, as it is
hoped, the forms to which the names here adopted are applied.
The eleven species thus indicated are brought to the markets of
San Francisco at all times of the year, the fishery being little affected
by the seasons. They are taken with the hook, in the open sea, near
the Bay of San Francisco, wherever rocky bottom is found. One
species only, Sebastes auriculatus, is caught about the wharves of the
city. The spawning-season is from March to June; and in all the
species the development of the young takes place within the body of
the mother, but to what degree I have not yet the means of stating
with absolute accuracy. I have traced them to such a stage of ad-
vancement that the mouth, the intestinal canal, the vertebral divi-
sions, and the vertical fins were all plainly discernible, and of course
the eyes strongly marked and prominent, the embryo on being re-
moved from the egg being fully half an inch in length.
deny! 4aeyry N PIL
1863.) MR. J. Y¥. JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES. 403
8. Descriptions or Tuoree New GENERA OF MARINE FisHEs
OBTAINED AT MapeErrA. By James YATE JOHNSON, Corr.
Mem. Z.S.
(Plate XXXVI.)
Order ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Fam. CaRANGID#, Ginther.
DIRETMUS, gen. nov.
Body much compressed and elevated, covered with small spinous
scales. Abdomen prominent and keeled. Mouth large, non-pro-
tractile ; minute pointed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate ; a pair
of large tooth-like bony processes projecting from the anterior ends
of the maxillaries, and entering the mouth between the vomer and
the premaxillaries. Head, opercular pieces, and mandibular bones
bearing numerous thin bony crests. Eyes large. A single dorsal
fin commencing about the middle of the body over against the anal
fin, both being continuous. Perfect thoracic ventral fins, with a free
bony appendage at the upper angle of their roots. Pseudobranchia
present. Branchiostegal membrane with seven rays. No lateral line.
The small but highly interesting fish upon which this new genus
has been established appears to be allied to fishes belonging to genera
some of which have been placed by Dr. Giinther amongst the Scom-
bride, others amongst the Carangide—families distinguished by him
on account of differences in the number of the vertebrae. I have
been unwilling to open the single specimen obtained with a view to
the determination of this point, but place the genus provisionally
amongst the Carangide on account of its many resemblances to An-
tigonia. It may be entered in the synopsis of the genera of that
family (Cat. Brit. Mus. Coll. p. 418), in sect. 6 of the first group,
Carangina, thus :— ,
Ventrals with a free bony appendage. i
These appendages, the tooth-like processes of the maxillaries, and i
the crests about the head present an assemblage of characters quite
sufficient to separate this form distinctly from all other known }
Acanthopterygian genera, ‘
DIRETMUS ARGENTEUS, sp. n. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 1.) Ff
Boh. Vhs 22... P-A8.- Vet, ©..19.° M. B. 7:
The body is much compressed, and so elevated that without the
tail and its fin it is subcircular. The height to the total length is
about 1 to 12. The abdomen is prominent and keeled, and the nape }
is trenchant. It is of a silvery-grey colour, with darker grey near -
the dorsal and anal fins. The skin, when the scales are removed, ; :
is fuscous. The whole body is clothed with small, somewhat deci- i
duous scales, having four or five broad teeth at the edge and some ;
minute spines on the exposed surface. Lach scale is constricted at
the middle.; the posterior portion is rather larger than the anterior,
404 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA OF __[Nov. 10,
and marked with curved transverse strie. The head is large, bemg
contained in the total length only about 22 times. It is remarkable
for the numerous crests of thin bone, many of which are minutely
denticulated. The cheeks are scaly ; but the opercle and maxillary
are without scales. The eye is round and large, its diameter com-
pared with the length of the head being as 1 to 23. It is placed
high up, a diameter and a half above the throat, but does not quite
reach to the profile, and a space equal to less than half the diameter
intervenes between it and the muzzle. A thin bony crest is placed
behind it, and another in front of it, the latter forming a funnel-
shaped cavity below the rather large nostril. Between the eyes there
are three low crests without serratures, the middle one of which di-
vides behind. The muzzle is short and obliquely truncate; the
lower jaw remarkably deep, and projecting beyond the upper, with
an acute boss at the symphysis. The upper border of the mouth,
which is strongly oblique, is formed entirely of the slender premaxil-
lary, carrying a double series of minute teeth which are sharp and
slightly curved, and reduced in front to a single series. Similar
teeth are placed in a single row in the lower jaw. The small tongue,
the palatines, and prominent vomer are toothless; but from the
upper ends of the maxillaries there projects into the mouth a pair of
large tooth-like bones that are compressed, somewhat falcate, and
blunt at the tips. The tongue, pharynx, and inner sides of the gill-
covers are deep black. The maxillary is extremely broad below, and
reaches within a quarter of the diameter to the vertical from the
posterior border of the eye. The dilated portion has numerous
radiating crests, which are minutely denticulated. The mandibular
bones also carry denticulated crests. The seven-rayed branchio-
stegal membrane is completely concealed by the gill-covers. There
are no toothed processes on the cesophagus, nor any folds of skin on
the palate. The opercle is high, the width, from back to front,
being less than one-third of its vertical length. There is an elevated
crest at its anterior margin, which is minutely toothed; and the rest
of its surface is furnished with numerous simple crests that radiate
from a point high up near the anterior margin. The free edge of
the opercle is even. The preopercle is narrow, and its lower margin
is denticulated ; some of its crests are also denticulated. The inter-
opercle is large, and projects beyond the throat ; it bears numerous
crests, that are denticulated and form small sharp teeth at the mar-
gin. The gill-openings are wide; pseudobranchiee are present ; the
first free pair of gills carries a series of spiny rakers of moderate
length.
The single dorsal fin is moderately long, and commences over the
vent, somewhat in front of the middle of the back. It appears to be
higher in front, and to be destitute of scales. All the rays, except
perhaps the last two or three, seem to be simple spines. They are
stout, closely set ; and the first five are compressed, with minute teeth
at their edges; the remaining spines of the fin have also teeth at
their edges. It terminates at the end of the curve of the back,
where the parallel-edged tail abruptly commences. The anal fin is
1863.]: MARINE FISHES OBTAINED AT MADEIRA. 405
rather shorter than the dorsal fin ; their terminations are in the same
vertical. The rays seem to be of the same structure, with spinous
edges, but it seems not to have been higher in front. The pectoral fin
is rather long (about one-third of the total length), rounded at the tip,
and inserted below the middle of the height on a level with the bot-
tom of the opercle. The first ray is less than one-third of the second ;
the fourth ray is slightly the longest; the rays. begin to shorten
rapidly with the seventh. All except the first two are branched, and
these are denticulate on their anterior edges. Several of the others
are also denticulate at the sides. The thoracic ventral fins are placed
slightly behind the root of the pectoral fins. They reach back at
least as far as the commencement of the anal fin, but are apparently
not elongate. Some of the rays have denticulate edges. At the
upper base of each fin there is a free white ovate appendage of bone,
nearly seven times as long as wide, resembling in shape the wings
of some insects. The surface is obliquely striate, and the sharp
edge of the anterior margin is set with a few distant minute teeth.
At its base there is a small process directed backwards. The vent
is in front of the middle of the total length, and the anal fin begins
immediately behind it. The ¢az/ is compressed, and a little longer
than high. The caudal fin is forked.
There is no lateral line. A series of about sixty scales may be
counted between the opercle and the caudal fin, and about fifty in
the height.
The individual was obtained in the month of January. The ver-
tical fins appeared to have suffered damage, and nothing can be
positively asserted in regard to certain points which it is desirable
to know, such as the height and outline, and the structure of the
rays. Neither could it be ascertained whether they had been covered
with scales; but it may perhaps be inferred from the spinous sides
of the rays that this had not been the case. The rays of the ventral
fins seemed to be ten; but whether these were really only five rays
split to their bases I could not make out with any degree of certainty.
No connecting membrane was to be seen between the first five spines
of the dorsal fin, but it may have been removed by accident. The
fish had fed on animal food.
The following table shows the dimensions of the principal parts
of the specimen which has been sent to the British Museum :—
inches.
Total length (caudal fin somewhat mutilated) .... 3555
Length to commencement of tail .............. 2555
Mah jasc Alies “ce 525 41 09 aE bee ehe,3 fot aretee apt 2335
Mihiekness at shoulder. ...). .</s.2, «j0,0.0 sie: ie saves os yb
Pe CMR ORI erase sionie oulnaiiaiesisiei sg ate abe i 8en) Lady
Meoneh-Cloity epthics: 6 oF gamijadorab vsli ds a tsies zo
gp WHER HALL Y) «lou 215) ard. iar 0 6 > feta iors zo
Peeciaxallany, Length yin tse gissic)-\ «, s9s12hel a.5:4 <leuss pia
Maxillary, width of lower end..... ..........-- To
WMG MIRINALGE sus weld Sx AERA Sd hela Hae as th
minercle, haicht i jsyi6% tse. oa etees)s = Ne: sabe i? cla ena 1
406 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA OF [Nov. 10,
inch.
Dorsal, distance from muzzle .............-.- ra ae
, length oftbase:. 2.21 weal sant eh eeeeried 1yo
Pectorals, lengthi's 1s i:hide i Sneath ane Oeis oiehe 12
-, distance from muzzle ................ 13
Ventrals, distance of their roots from roots of pec-
torals=ad «xigtit.ad3 9;. en es 3. Se ele a5
Appendage of vertical fins, length .............. aa
——____ — —, width, rather more than 75
Anal, length of baseigisds o)i/2. ..2eheiai Wile kes hts ly
Pail dengthtk's aes. Snoring Sis dey ceo eee sy
—,, height ........ Sal2ite Wiese ee Saati ay
Gaudal fin (mutilated). Jzos' sont «PIR sales 16
Order MALACOPTERYGII.
HALOSAURUS, gen. nov.
Body elongated, clothed with cycloid scales; belly rounded ; tail
compressed and tapering toa point. Snout projecting much beyond
the mouth, which is non-protractile and of moderate size, with the
upper border formed by the premaxillary and maxillary bones, the
former small, the latter of moderate size and not reaching beyond
the eye, both dentiferous. Teeth in villiform bands, in the jaws and
on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. A short dorsal over the space
between the abdominal ventrals and the long anal, which is coales-
cent with the caudal, the latter consisting of very few rays. Large
gill-openings. Branchiostegal membrane with numerous rays. Sto-
mach cecal; pyloric ceeca in moderate number ; a large air-bladder.
No pseudobranchie, no barbel nor adipose dorsal.
Haosaurus OveNr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 2.)
D.11. P.1l. V.10. A.191! C.2. M.B.14. Scales of
lateral line about 170.
Body elongated, compressed, attenuating in both directions from
the neighbourhood of the dorsal fin, the tail becoming filiform ; the
belly rounded, except in the neighbourhood of the ventral fins, where
it is flattened. Clothed with cycloid scales of a moderate size. The
height compared with the total length is as 1 to 14}. The back and
sides. are brown, the middle of each scale being bluish grey with mi-
nute black dots. The belly is grey.
The head has something of the aspect of a Macrourus or a Coilia,
the mouth being on the under side. Compared with the total length
it is as 1 to 7}. Itis unarmed, scaly, slender and depressed, with a
projecting snout. At the back there is a transverse narrow scaleless
groove, which curves forwards slightly. The lateral eye is oval, with
an angle before and behind. Compared with the length of the head
itisas1to5. It reaches to the profile, and is distant from the snout
nearly two of its longer diameters; and the space between the eyes
is less than one of such diameters. The snout is curiously formed ;
ts oe
1863.] MARINE FISHES OBTAINED AT MADEIRA. 407
it is much depressed and narrows forwards, but the extremity is
rounded. There is an undulating crest near each edge above, and
another at each side below, with a mesial keel underneath. It is
scaleless, and covered with a soft gelatinous skin. There is a crest
across the cheek below the eye, and a groove extends forwards from
the inferior margin of the orbit at each side of the snout.
The moderate-sized mouth does not reach nearly to the tip of
the snout. Neither jaw is in the least protractile. The anterior
portion of the upper border is formed by the premaxillary, the re-
mainder by the maxillary, and both bones are set with a band of
minute sharp villiform teeth. There is a crest along each border of
the maxillary ; and that at the posterior margin projects as a tooth,
which reaches to the orbit. The maxillary is simple, not composed
of three pieces as in the Clupeide. The mandible is set with teeth
similar to those before described. There are no teeth on the vomer;
but the short palatines (which come into contact in front) bear minute
teeth, and in a line with them behind are the entopterygoids or
pterygoids with narrow bands of minute teeth. The rakers of all the
branchial arches carry similar teeth. On the hinder part of the
tongue, which is black and free at the tip, there is an ovate patch of
minute teeth. The mouth is black, as well as the inside of the gill-
covers. The gill-openings are large, and the gills consist of four
pairs. The subopercle is thin, scaleless, and striate; it projects
backwards considerably beyond the opercle, which is scaly, with a
rounded even edge. The margin of the preopercle is concealed in
the scaly skin. The two orifices of each nostril are small and near
together, There is a small cuticular tag at the margin of each ori-
fice.
The triangular dorsal fin is placed over the space between the
ventral fins and the vent. There are scales on the membrane be-
tween the rays. The second and third rays are the longest, and are
about twice as long as the base of the fin. The first ray is unbranched,
and is only half as long as the two next. The pectoral fins are
sealeless, pointed, and longer than the ventral fins. They are in-
serted in the upper half of the height, and have narrow bases. The
abdominal ventral fins are distinct, but inserted close together ; they
are scaly, truncate, and the first two rays are unbranched. At the
outer angle of the base there is a thin pointed scale. The vent is
placed in the anterior half of the total length of the fish, and has no
papilla near it. The anal fin is high throughout, but is higher in
front than behind. The first three rays are unbranched ; the base
is scaly, and the fin extends with numerous rays up to the caudal,
which is represented by two hair-like rays.
The lateral line is very low down, and commences at the lower
angle of the subopercle. It follows a straight course until it reaches
the lower edge of the body, where it is lost. About 170 scales may
be counted in the length of the body between the opercle and the
tip of the tail. In the height of the body there are twenty-two
scales, of which five are below the lateral line.
The single individual obtained was caught in the month of Feb-
408 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA OF __ [Nov. 10,
ruary. It was a female with eggs, which lay in two masses side by
side, 54 inches long, uncovered ‘with asac. The cecal stomach was
small, and contained nothing but a little much-digested matter.
There were twelve small pyloric czeca, which increased in length
backwards. The air-bladder had a delicate silvery coat, and was
5 inches long. he liver had a length of 1, inch. The intestine
was straight. The peritoneum was black anteriorly ; posteriorly
there were patches of black lines on a pale ground.
The following are the dimensions of the specimen, which is now
in the British Museum :—
inches
Total length......... ME AE TER 18°:
Height between dorsal and ventral.............. ie
Head. . : inr's <iligdse cad al hee ie ee 24/6
Eye, longer eet nearly RR NE? ee HE cafe =
\ distance from tip of snout......... REE Bee EEE
Byes, distance AMAT, «tp: aint - ciate «lke santana 35
Dersal, Jene thiol DARC «os woe 20, ofye eel yeaa elas 1
(REUAD cc aan © hie cis ual a centric ene ipekoniga® Beles
=, GIStance, {LOM SOU sj. <0 «= :4>ioy)p che lee ees 52
Pettorals; Tene th: j.. crigieis,2' «bin, sient ghar eae 12
= WAGED GE PASC nse iain 5. ancy <n papel shag uta aera 4
—, distance from snout.. ..............-- 24
Veen ttgls, denmet li icra: 5 ninlasat{86-cla oie seg tilejotieraenae 1
5 CISC’ STOMA SHOUE i coe ode SES ee eee ae 4.8,
Vent, distance from snout ............s+.. + 7
Anal, height of fourth and the neighbouring rays. =
Caudal, EM MAYS 0:5) siai hs ots’ sd aise hetae doom ee ca
This species is dedicated to Professor Richard Owen, Superin-
tendent of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum,
whose investigations in regard to the skeleton of fishes are not the
least valuable part of his many contributions to zoological science.
CHIASMODON, gen. nov.
Body naked, elongate, with two perfect dorsal fins, one anal fin,
simple thoracic ventral fins, and distinct caudal fin. Head unarmed
and exappendiculate. Snout short, truncate. Cleft of the mouth
very long, extending much beyond the eyes. Acute teeth in two
series in the premaxillary and the mandible, those of the inner series
being moveable. Hooked teeth, and teeth that cross each other
from opposite sides of the mouth in the upper jaw. Teeth on the
palatines, but not on the vomer. Eyes lateral. Gill-openings large;
four pairs of gills. Seven branchiostegal rays. No pseudobranchie:
no anal papilla. An air-bladder.
CHIASMODON NIGER, Sp. 0.
Ist D.11. 2nd D.13 A.17. P.12. V.6. C.14. M.B.7.
Body black, naked, moderately elongate, compressed, and slender.
Head unarmed, thick, subcubical, depressed, with a wide groove
1863.] MARINE FISHES OBTAINED AT MADEIRA. 409
between the eyes, and two low ridges which meet in front of them.
Cheeks flat ; opercle rounded behind, with a notch at the junction
of the subopercle and interopercle. Eyes lateral, nearly round,
placed about a diameter from the muzzle (in front of the middle of
the upper jaw) and about the same distance apart, with the orbit
taking part in the profile. The hinder nostril, which is the larger,
is placed very near the orbit. Muzzle short, truncate, subemarginate;
the under jaw somewhat longer. Mouth-cleft slightly oblique, long,
extending much beyond the eyes; the upper border formed entirely
of the slender premaxillary, the toothless maxillary being a little di-
lated at the ends. Two series of subulate teeth in each jaw, those of
the inner series being longer, but fewerin number. At the fore-end
of the upper jaw are two long immoveable hooked teeth, which are
inclined towards each other and nearly meet. At the base of each
is a minute sharp tooth. Next to the hooked pair is a pair of cur-
ving teeth, which cross one another from opposite sides of the mouth;
these are moveable, and are the longest teeth in the upper jaw. At
the fore-end of the lower jaw there is a pair of very small teeth in
front of a larger pair of immoveable teeth, which curve outwards.
Next to these are two pairs of still longer moveable teeth, the hinder
pair being the longest in the mouth. The other jaw-teeth are much
smaller. On the palatines there is a series of small pointed teeth,
and the middle line of the tongue is serrate. The vomer is promi-
nent, but toothless. The tongue is grey, narrow, and free near the
tip. There is no barbel, nor are there any pseudobranchie.
The anterior dorsal fin has eleven weak unbranched rays. It
commences over the posterior edge of the opercle; and its base is
rather less than half the length of the head, its height being about
the same. The second dorsal fin is separated from the first by a
space equal to about one-third the length of the head. It hasa
trapezoidal shape, and a longer base than the first dorsal. Its height
in front is rather more than half the length of the head. The fourth
and fifth rays are rather longer than their neighbours.
The pointed pectoral fins are inserted in a line with the eyes, and
reach back to the commencement of the second dorsal fin.
The thoracic ventral fins are only about half as long as the pec-
toral fins ; their apices are truncate, the first ray being the shortest.
All the rays are weak, and none are detached.
The anal fin commences about the middle of the total length of
the fish, under the fifth or sixth ray of the second dorsal fin. The
length of its base is equal to about two-thirds of the length of the
head. It becomes low behind. The first ray is short; the second
only half as long as the third; the sixth and seventh are the longest.
The caudal fin is furcate, and equal in length to two-thirds of the
length of the head. There are about fourteen principal rays, with
a few small ones at each side.
The lateral line is oblique in the pectoral region, but for the
greater part of its length is straight along the middle of the body.
An air-bladder of moderate size is present. No anal papilla was
observed.
410 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES. [Noy. 10,
A single example of this new genus of Malacopterygian Fishes
was taken in the month of March, and has been deposited in the
British Museum. Its stomach contained the doubled-up body of
an entire fish nearly twice its own length. The latter proved to be
a specimen of Gonostoma denudata, Bp. (Faun. Ital. iii. 138), as
stated in one of my papers on rare Madeiran Fishes, printed in the
‘Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1862. The stomach of the fish now
described was so much injured that some points of its structure
could not be made out. ‘The greatest height of the fish could not
be accurately determined, nor could the precise situation of the vent
be ascertained. The stomach appeared to be capable of great ex-
tension. The rays of the first dorsal fin were unconnected by any
membrane, which, however, may have disappeared through rough
treatment. The teeth forming the outer series in the upper jaw
were about twenty-four on each side, exclusive of the longer teeth
in front; of the inner series only two or three could be counted,
others had probably been present. The outer row in the lower jaw
consisted of about sixteen teeth on each side, without counting the
long ones in front.
The following are the dimensions of the specimen :—
inches.
Totablensth.) = O22: =. Foes PT eee
Height over middle of anal, rather more than .... 3p
Picnaseneuar cs. age + sr een ed one priser ae ro
MEISE FY ee. s vad we vio ott tke tae aan 7
Mivemdmumeters toss. 122). po UY eee ene 4
Masillnry <0 205.4 32..P tae. ee Leaeab a
Teeth, length of fourth pair under jaw .......... oD
First dorsal, height and length of base .......... 10
, distance from muzzle ........ a +
Second dorsal, distance from muzzle ....,....... 145
— —, distance from first dorsal.......... ao
—. s length of baseets 2502. Ye eS FoR? Sa6
Herne MATE. UE Bk Pee 0
Pectoral, leet 205.538 22:5. 0 Les ee OR ee ty
, width ofibaseyt.s 2-50. PU eee ae zo
, distance from muzzle............-+40.- 1
Ventrals, length ‘is. l Pees Sec Ie
Anal, distance from muzzle.................65 «2 Ty
, length of base ....... SFE, ed Ee 15
, height in front . RAS) JGR, eee
Caudal flensthy) "20.2.4. ae as iy
Air-bladdér,-lenpth S85 O24 PE a ee a
1863.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 411
9. SupPpLEMENTAL CATALOGUE OF TERRESTRIAL AND FLuvia-
TILE MOLLUSKS COLLECTED IN GUATEMALA By O. SaLyin,
Esa., M.A., F.Z.S. By roe Rev. H. B. Tristram, Corr.
Meo.
In a communication made to this Society on May 28, 1861, I re-
ported that Mr. Salvin’s collection of Guatemalan shells, made during
his first visit, comprised forty-nine species, then enumerated. Mr.
Salvin has since kindly entrusted to my care the produce of his
second visit, which enables me to make considerable additions to the
former list. Of the forty-nine species already enumerated, and which
were chiefly collected in the immediate neighbourhood of Dueiias,
thirty reappear in Mr. Salvin’s later and much smaller collection,
formed chiefly in the district of Vera Paz and the Lake Peten. This
region has supplied all the novelties of the present catalogue. The
numbers are in continuation of the former paper.
Former Species.
4, Heirx ruryomPuHALaA, Pfr. Very large and fine specimens,
in the second collection from the mountain-forests of Vera Paz.
11. Succrnza (putTRis ?) is S. salleana, Pfr.
14, ACHATINA (species doubtful). Has been identified by
Dr. Pfeiffer as A. trypanoides, Pfr.
Additional Species.
50. HELrx virRINoiDEs, nov. spec.
T. peranguste umbilicata, depressa, apice subinfosso, pellucida,
aspera, tenuissima, vix setosa ; spira plana, immersa ; anfrac-
tus 45; sutura profunda ; anfract. ultimus rotundatus, rapide
crescens, et dimidium teste occupans, antice descendens ; aper-
tura rotunda, expansa ; peristomium rectum, simplex.
Diam. maj. 13 mill., min. 11 mill., alt. 7.
Hab. Forests of Vera Paz.
51, HELrx ALMONTE, nov. spec.
T. profunde umbilicata, depressa, semiglobosa, tenuis, cornea, de-
licatissime striata ; spira paullulum elevata ; sutura profunda ;
anfract. 54, leviter accrescentes, turgidi ; apertura parum ob-
liqua, subcircularis; peristomium rectum, margine columellari ad
perforationem reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 11 mill., min. 93 mill., alt. 6 mill.
Hab. Vera Paz.
52. HEeLrx SALVINI, nov. spec.
T. profunde umbilicata, conica, trochiformis, rufo-cornea, acute
carinata ; spira conica, vertice nitido ; sutura profunda; an-
fract. 7, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, liris transversis
acutis et forte conspicuis nec continuis regulariter superne
412 REV. BH. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS, [Nov. 10,
ornati ; anfract. ultimus subtus delicate striatus ; peristomium
subrufum, politum, reflecum ; apertura semilunaris.
Diam. maj. 3 mill., min. vix 3 mill., alt. 25 mill.
Hab. Mountain-forests of Vera Paz.
53. Butimvus unpatvus, Brug.
Hab. Dueiias.
54. BuLImus vIRGULATUS, Fer.
Hab. Vera Paz.
55. ACHATINA ?
Hab. Vera Paz.
56. ACHATINA 2
These two species, allied to 4. frypanoides and A. octona, have
been sent to Dr. Pfeiffer for description.
57. GLANDINA BINNEYANA, Pfr.
Hab. Vera Paz.
58. GLANDINA MONILIFERA, Pfr.
Hab. Forests of Vera Paz.
59. SPIRAXIS NIGRICANS, Pfr.
Hab. Near Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
60. Puysa AURANTIA, Lam.
Hab. Vera Paz.
61. Puysa ELLipPTica, Say.
Variety. Scarcely sufficiently distinct to be specifically described,
but rather more elongated.
Hab, Duenas.
62. CYLINDRELLA ARCTISPIRA, Pir.
Hab. Vera Paz.
63. CHONDROPOMA OTTONIS, Pfr.
Hab. Duenas and Vera Paz.
64. CisTULA TROCHLEARIS, Pfr.
Variety. Larger and more richly coloured than the specimen
from Duehas.
Hab. Vera Paz.
65. SCHASICHEILA ALATA, Menke.
Hab. Vera Paz.
66. ScHasIcHEILA ——, sp. indeter.
Specimens imperfect.
Hab. Vera Paz.
1863.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 413
67. Heicrna trrata, Pfr.
Hab. Mountain-forests of Vera Paz.
68. MELANOIDES GLAPHYRA, Morelet.
Hab. Rio de la Pagion.
69. MELANOiDES OBELISCUS, Reeve.
Hab. Lake Peten.
70. MELANOIDES TUMIDA, nov. spec.
T. oblongo-pyramidata, solida, ponderosa, nigricans, apice ple-
rumque sed non semper eroso; anfract. 7-8, planulati, ultimus
2 longitudinis teste equans; sutura inconspicua ; apertura
cerulea, oblonga, margine columellarit paullulum effuso ; peri-
stomium infra productum. Operculum corneum, nigrescens,
hemicyclium.
Long. 65, lat. 32; apert. long. 23, lat. 15 mill.
Haé. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
This species may be distinguished from the following by its more
obtuse form and larger mouth, and by the greater size and convexity
of the last whorl.
71. MELANOIiDES GODMANNI, nov. spec.
T. elongato-pyramidata, solida, nigricans vel fusco-nigricans, apice
sepe eroso ; anfract. 8-9, planulati, crassiusculi, ultimus 2 lon-
gitudinis totius equans; sutura minime profunda; apertura
ceruleo-albescens, oblonga, infra rotundata, margine columel-
lari paullulum effuso. Operculum corneum, nigrescens, ob-
longo-ellipticum.
Long. 70, lat. 26; apert. long. 20, lat. 14 mill.
Hab. Another part of Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
72. MELANOIDES SALVINI, nov. spec.
T. elongato-turrita, solidiuscula, nigrescens vel olivacea ; anfract.
10-11, convexiusculi, leviter accrescentes; sutura satis pro-
funda ; anfractus ultimus lineis elevatis longitudinaliter subtus
striatus ; apertura ovato-oblonga, intus cornea ; peristomium
arcuatum et subtus productum. Operculum nigrum, oblongum.
Long. 63, lat. 19; apert. long. 13, lat. 8 mill.
Hab. Rio de la Pacion, Vera Paz.
73. PACHYCHEILUS LZVISSIMUS, Sow.
Hab. Rio de la Pacion, Vera Paz.
74. PACHYCHEILUS GRACILIS, nov. spec.
T. turrita, fusca vel olivacea, nitida, apice decollato; anfract.
5-6, superstites subconvexi, regulariter accrescentes ; sutura
mediocris ; apertura rotundata, effusa, brunnea ; perist. valde
productum, infra paullulum arcuatum.
Long. tot. superstit. 26, lat. 10; apert. long. 9, lat. 73 mill.
Hab. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
414 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS [Nov. 10,
75. MELANIA PETENENSIS, nov. spec.
T. elongato-pyramidalis, solidiuscula, olivacea vel nigrescens, striis
brunneis ornata, plerumque apice eroso; anfract. 6—7, superst.
sulcis confertis longitudinalibus et continuis regulariter ornati,
planiusculi; sutura mediocris ; apertura elongato-ovata, albida;
columella paullulum producta nec effusa ; peristomium tenue,
arcuatum ; operculum ovatum.
Long. tot. 29, lat. 10; apert. long. 10, lat. 5 mill.
Hab. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
76. Pomus COLUMBIENSIS, Sow.
Hab. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
77. POMUS GIGANTEUS, nov. spec.
T. globosa, solida, profunde et anguste umbilicata, pallidissime
olivacea, sed apice viridi; spira exserta ; anfract. 7, rapide ac-
erescentes, ad suturam acute angulati, ultimus turgide effiatus,
duo ultimi fortiter et irregulariter reticulati lirts innumerabili-
bus longitudinalibus et latitutinalibus intersectantibus (super
ult. anfr. plus quam 40 suleos enumeravimus) ; apertura semilu-
naris, nitida, splendide purpurea, lineis intensioribus ad partem
superiorem ornata ; labrum tenue, subreflecum, acutum, mar-
gine columellari luteo.
Diam. maj. 90, min. 85, alt. 95; apert. alt. 66, lat. 39 mill.
Hab. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
78. AMPULLARIA LATTREI, Reeve.
Hab. Lake Peten, Vera Paz.
79. UNIO VER PACTS, nov. spec.
T. oblonga, tenuis, compressa, postice valde compressa et expansa,
antice obtuse rotundata ; umbones parvi, rotundatati, ligamento
exserto et conspicuo; epidermis olivacea, radiis obscurioribus
ornata; margo ventralis extremitate posteriore compressa et
incisa ; dentes cardinales tenues, compressi, crenati; impres-
siones musculares fortissime et scaberrime, testa intus nacreo
purpureo micans.
Long. 45, lat. 25, alt. 16 mill.
10. Descriptions or New Species or FresHwaTER SHELLS
COLLECTED BY Mr. F. G. WATERHOUSE, DURING J. M°Do-
NALL STuART’S OVERLAND JOURNEY FROM ADELAIDE TO
tHE Nortu-west Coast or AvusTRALIA. By ArTHUR
Apvams, F.L.S., anp G. Frencu AneGas, Corr. Mems. Z.S.
]. Vivrpara waTERHOUSI, Ad. & Ang.
V. testa turbinata, yloboso-conica, late umbilicata, spira elatius-
cula, epidermide tenui fusco-viridi obtecta ; anfractibus con-
vewis, ad suturas subplanatis, fasciis tribus vel quatuor angustis
1863.) ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 415
olivaceo-viridibus transversis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo inflato,
lineis duabus impressis ad peripheriam instructo ; apertura
ovata, postice subangulata ; labio simplici ; labro acuto.
Long. 2 inches, lat. 1 inch 8 lines.
Hab. Newcastle Waters, Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
This fine species most nearly resembles V. ussuriensis, Gerst. ;
but the last whorl is more inflated, and the surface of the shell is
not malleated or lirate. It is the largest species yet discovered on
the Australian continent. We have great pleasure in dedicating it
to F. G. Waterhouse, Esq., who, under great difficulties during the
expedition, succeeded in making many valuable additions to science.
2. Vivipara knelt, Ad. & Ang.
V. testa turbinata, globoso-conica, umbilicata, spira mediocri
erosa nodulosa, epidermide tenui pallide fusco-viridi obtecta,
ad apicem purpurascente ; anfractibus convexis, lineolis trans-
versis et longitudinalibus elevatis decussatis, anfractu ultimo
ad basin sulcis impressis spiralibus instructo ; apertura ovata,
antice subeffusa ; labio vir reflexo.
Long. | inch, lat. 8 lines.
Hab. King’s Ponds, Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
This is a neat, finely decussated, concolorous species, with the
upper whorls nodulous from erosion, as in V. prerosa, Gerst. It
is named after Mr. Stephen King, one of the gentlemen who accom-
panied the expedition.
3. Meant (Metasma) onca, Ad. & Ang.
M. testa fusiformi-turrita ; spira elata, conica ; epidermide pal-
lide olivaceo induta, rufo-fusca, pulcherrime maculata, maculis
sepe in lineis undulatis longitudinalibus dispositis ; anfractibus
planis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis equalibus regularibus
subdistantibus, ad suturas nodulosis; apertura oblongo-ovata,
antice effusa ; labio subincrassato ; labro simplici, acuto.
Long. | inch, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. Tributary of Adelaide River, Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
A species remarkable both for the elegance of its form and the
beauty of its painting. The whorls are plicate, with a necklace-like
series of nodules at the sutures; and the shell is covered with dark
red-brown spots, suggestive of its specific name.
4. AMPHIPEPLEA vinosa, Ad. & Ang.
A. testa ovata; spira mediocri, tenui, semipellucida, vinosa ; an-
fractu ultimo magno, ventricoso, postice ad suturas gibboso ;
apertura ovata ; labio callo tenui mediocri obtecto, columella
spiraliter tortuosa; labro convexo, margine acuto.
‘Long. 9 lines, lat. 5 lines.
Hab. Tributary of Adelaide River, Arnheim's Land (Coll. Angas.).
This species may readily be distinguished on account of its pecu-
liar vinous colour. The whorls are posteriorly gibbose or tumid at
the sutures, and the callus is less spreading than in others of the
genus.
416 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS’ [Nov. 10,
5. AMPHIPEPLEA PHILLIPs!I, Ad. & Ang.
A. testa ovata; spira elata, acuta, tenui, cornea; anfractu ultimo
magno, non ventricoso, transversim creberrime striato ; aper-
tura oblongo-ovali ; labio callo tenui expanso obtecto; labro
simplici, acuto.
Long. 9 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
A neat, horn-coloured, finely transversely striated species, with an
acute elevated spire. We have named it after Mr. T. Phillips, who
has assiduously collected many new Australian shells.
6. Paysa Newcomst, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa ovata, umbilicata; spira mediocri, acuta, ad apicem in-
fegra, cornea, viridescente aut pallide fulva; anfractibus quin-
que, convexis, sepe plus minusve transversim subliratis ; aper-
tura ovata; labio reflexo, umbilicum partim tegente; labro
viz incrassato, peristomate nigrescente.
Long. 10 lines, lat. 7 lines.
Hab. Ponds at Mount Margaret (Coll. Angas.).
We have much pleasure in naming this noble Physa after Dr.
Newcomb, the distinguished American conchologist, who has con-
tributed so much, by his researches in the Sandwich Islands, to our
knowledge of the genus Helicter or Achatinella. The species is
widely umbilicated, and the peristome is usually dark-coloured.
7. Puysa FERRUGINEA, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa ovata, rimata, ferruginea ; spira mediocri, apice eroso ;
anfractibus tribus, convexis, simplicibus, transversim crebre
erenato-striatis ; apertura ovata, intus purpurascente ; labio
tenui, late refleco ; labro acuto.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. Arnheim’s Land, N.W. Australia (Coll. Angas.).
This is a small ferruginous species, with the whorls finely trans-
versely striated.
8. Puysa papi, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa elongato-ovata, imperforata, solida, badia; spira elata,
apice obtuso eroso; anfractibus quinque, convexiusculis, longi-
tudinaliter strigillatis ; apertura elongato-ovata ; labio albo,
excavato, lirula antica subspirali instructo ; labro arcuato, in
medio producto, intus fusco tincto.
Long. 1 inch, lat. 6 lines.
Had. Tributaries of Adelaide River, Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
A fine, solid, brown species, generally more or less eroded, and
with a peculiarly strongly plicate columella.
9. Puysa orrvaceA, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa elongato-ovata, imperforata, solidiuscula, olivacea ; spira
elata, attenuata, apice eroso; anfractibus quinque, convexius-
1863.] | ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FRESHWATER SHELLS. 417
culis ; apertura ovato-acuta ; labio incrassato, flecuoso ; labro
acuto, margine arcuato.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
A neat olive-coloured species, somewhat resembling in form the
British Aplera hypnorum, but without the polished exterior of the
latter.
10. Paysa concinna, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa ovata, imperforata, solidiuscula, cornea; spira brevi,
acuta, apice interdum papilloso; anfractibus quinque, convextus-
ceulis, transversim striatis ; apertura acuto-ovata ; labio incras-
sato, spiraliter valde tortuoso ; labro intus incrassato et fusco
tincto, margine acuto, arcuato.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
A pale horn-coloured, somewhat solid species, with a moderately
elevated spire, acute (not eroded) at the apex, and with the terminal
whorls sometimes papillary.
11. Puysa (AmertA) rEEviI, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa ovali, postice abrupte truncata, imperforata, cornea; spira
plana, tenui; anfractibus quatuor, planis, ultimo permagno,
postice acute angulato, transversim obsolete striato ; apertura
oblongo-truncata ; labio antice valde tortuoso ; labro postice
angulato.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab, Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
We have much pleasure in dedicating this singular species to Mr.
Lovell Reeve, who has evinced much interest in the shells of this
group. The last whorl is acutely angulate posteriorly, and the spire
is tabulated, giving to the shell a peculiar truncate appearance.
12, Puysa (AMERIA) BoNUS-HENRICUS, Ad. & Ang.
P. testa ovata, rimata, tenui, cornea; spira vix elata, plana;
anfractibus tribus, planis, postice angulatis, ultimo magno, in-
flato, ventricoso, postice subangulato, longitudinaliter plus mi-
nusve plicato ; apertura ovata; labio tenui, subtortuoso ; labro
simplici, margine arcuato.
Long. 4 lines, lat. 23 lines.
Hab. Arnheim’s Land (Coll. Angas.).
This is a small inflated species, with a short truncate spire. We
have dedicated it to the founder of the section Ameria, a gentleman
well known for his deep researches in conchology.
53. 13. Unio (Auasmopon) sruarti, Ad. & Ang.
U. testa transversim elongato-ovata, tenui, compressa, epidermide
olivaceo-fusca induta, postice corrugato-plicata, latere antico
breviore rotundato, postico longiore oblique subtruncato, mar-
gine ventrali regulariter arcuato; umbonibus parvis, erosis, den-
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXVII.
418 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS [Nov. 10,
tibus cardinalibus elongatis valde divergentibus, postico bifido,
antico prominulo ; intus iridescente.
Alt. 14 inch, lat. 3 inches 2 lines.
Hab. Lagoon, Mount Margaret, Central Australia (Coll. Angas.).
This species, which we have named after Mr. J. M°D. Stuart, the
leader of the expedition, is the only Naiad, besides A/asmodon anga-
sana of Lea, yet discovered in the regions traversed by the explorers.
11. Descriptions oF New Species oF SHELLS FROM THE Avs-
TRALIAN SEAS, IN THE COLLECTION OF GEORGE FRENCH
Aneas. By Artour Apams, F.L.S., anp G. F. Angas,
Corr. Mem. Z.S.
(Plate XXXVII.)
I. GASTEROPODA TOXIFERA.
The southern shores of the Australian continent, compared
with those extending into the Tropics, are by no means prolific in
species of the genus Conus; C. nove-hollandie and C. anemone
(species frequently confounded) are the most abundant. The Turris
or Pleurotoma family are better represented ; and we have selected for
description some interesting new forms. To the limited genus Zuryta
(a peculiar group of Terebride) we have added two new species.
1, Euryra rritingeata, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 13.)
E. testa turrito-fusiformi, gracili ; spira quam apertura longiore;
albida, fasciis longitudinalibus undulatis fuscis, et serie macu-
larum fuscarum ad suturas ornata, lineisque tribus transversis
filiformibus ad anfractum ultimum succincta; anfractibus 9,
planiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis in medio anfractuum
subnodulosis, in anfractu ultimo obsoletis, transversim sulcatis,
sulcis subdistantibus ; apertura angusta; labio antice violas-
cente tincto.
Long. 7 lines, lat. 1} line.
Hab. Port Jackson (Coll. Angas.).
This species of Huryta (a group separated from Terebra on ac-
count of the spirally rolled axis and Mitriform aspect) differs from
the others described in being more slender, and in the whorls being
encircled with thread-like lines.
2. EuRyTA PuLCHELLA, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 14.)
E. testa oliveformi ; spira quam apertura breviore ; alba, nitida,
lineis longitudinalibus undulatis confertis pallide fulvis ornata ;
anfractu ultimo fasciis tribus albis transversis instructo, an
fractibus longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis parvis confertis, in
anfractu ultimo obsoletis, suturis crenatis ; apertura angusta ;
labio subflexuoso ; labro simplici, acuto.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 14 line.
I Tusmarumsis. 2 Adams Addada. 3. Okvella pardalis. 4. Gihura angela
SC compa: 6 C bellar 7. Mangelw prot: 8 Minsculptac 9,10. Fossarina paula
y 12 Moors Angasv. dams. 73. Haryta trdineata: 14.£ pulcdeller 15. Gassatellay auraru
ad
C Banks. 17 Narduo rabiginosw 78 Surata Alice. 19. Lacuna concentrvcw. 20.L. Gumangu.
1 a, b, Poctery Iasmanucus. LeParpira Fiundersv. 23. Olevella lewcozon.
, All but 11,12, of Adams & Angas. -
.
=.= ee
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE SHELLS. 419
Hab. Rapid Bay, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
An oliviform glabrous species, delicately painted with pale fulvous
zigzag markings.
3. Cirmara ANGELA, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 4.)
C. testa ovato-fusiformi ; spira elata, acuta, quam apertura bre-
viore ; lactea, ad basin rufo tincta ; anfractibus planis, postice
. excavatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis validis costiformibus
angulatis, in medio subacute nodosis, transversim crebre stria-
tis ; apertura angusta ; labio transversim tenuiter lirato ; labro
extus varicoso, intus lirato-dentato, margine acuto postice
sinuato, fusco tincto, intus antice violascente.
Long. 7} lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Woodlark Island; Com. Loring, H.M.S. ‘Iris’ (Coll. Angas.).
A lovely species of the typical Cithare. It is pure white, tinged
at the base with red-brown, and with the fore part of the aperture
stained violet within.
4, Crrnara compra, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 5.)
C. testa ovato-fusiformi ; spira conica, quam apertura breviore ;
pallide fulva, ad suturas fusco maculata; anfractibus convexius-
culis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis parvis distantibus, ad sutu-
ras productis et nodulosis, transversim valde striatis ; apertura
angusta ; labio levi, in medio subflexuoso ; labro extus varicoso,
margine tenut arcuato postice late sinuato.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 2 lines.
Hab. New South Wales (Coll. Angas.).
A neatly sculptured, pale fulvous species, most nearly allied to C,
lyrata, Reeve.
5. CirHara BELLA, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 6.)
C. testa ovato-fusiformi ; spira elata, aperturam equante, apice
purpurascente papilloso ; alba, antice plumbeo tincta, ad basin
Susca, postice seriebus duabus transversis macularum fulvarum
ornata; anfractibus convewiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis,
plicis validis subconfertis flexuosis ; apertura elongata, latius-
cula; labio liris transversis instructo ; labro extus varicoso,
intus levi, margine acuto postice subsinuato, antice rufo tincto.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 12 line.
Hab. Rapid Bay, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
A delicately tinted species, with the fore part of the aperture
tinged with rufous, and with the whorls adorned with two rows of
pale fulvous.
6. Maneenia ricta, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 7.)
M. testa turrito-fusiformi ; spira producta, quam apertura lon-
giore; pallide fulva, fascia lata fusco-purpurascente in medio
anfractuum ornata, zonula transversa postica alba opaca in-
structa; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis,
plicis costiformibus distantibus flexuosis, transversim crebre
420 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS’_ [Nov. 10,
sulcatis ; apertura elongata; labio simplici; labro extus vari-
coso, intus levi, margine acuto postice late sinuoso.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 2 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson (Coll. Angas.).
A very prettily painted species, the upper part of the whorls
being pale fulvous, and the lower purplish brown, with an interme-
diate opake white band with fuscous edges.
7. Maneeuia 1nscutpta, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 8.)
M. testa turrito-fusiformi ; spira quam apertura longiore, nucleo
violaceo ; sordide alba, antice fusco tincta ; anfractibus.planis,
longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis costiformibus postice subangu-
latis, regularibus, transversim liratis, interstitiis fusco tinctis ;
apertura elongata, angusta; labio simplici, subarcuato ; labre
extus varicoso, postice vix angulato, margine acuto, sinu postico
obsoleto.
Long. 3 lines, lat. 1 line.
Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
A small plicate species, very strongly transversely grooved, the
grooves stained with fuscous, and with the nucleus deep violet.
8. Bexa mitratis, Ad. & Ang.
B. testa ovato-.fusiformi, turrita, pallide fulva, ad suturas macu-
lis rufo-fuscis ornata ; anfractibus 7, postice subangulatis, ad
suturas subexcavatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, interstitis trans-
versim striatis, plicis in anfractu ultimo obsoletis; apertura
elongata, angusta ; labio levi, simplici ; labro tenui, regulariter
arcuato.
Long. 8 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson (Coll. Angas.).
An elegant pale-yellow mitriform species, ornamented with a series
of red-brown blotches at the suture of the last whorl.
9. Bexa ausrrauis, Ad. & Ang.
B. testa ovato-fusiformi, sordide alba ; spira aperturam equante ;
anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis
costiformibus angustis, ad suturas arcuatis, interstitiis trans-
versim valde sulcatis ; labro tenui simplici.
Long. 7 lines, lat. 23 lines.
Hab. Aldinga Bay, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
This southern Bela combines the form of B. nebula with the
sculpture of B. turricula.
10. CLATHURELLA RETICOSA, Ad. & Ang.
C. testa ovato-fusiformi, fusca, anfractu ultimo fascia pallida
transversa ornato; anfractibus 6, planiusculis, ad suturas viz
angulatis, liris validis longitudinalibus et transversis reticu-
latis; apertura elongato-ovata; labio simplici; labro intus
nodoso-lirato, sinu mediocri.
Long. } inch, lat. 23 lines.
1863. ] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE SHELLS. 421
Hab. Middle Harbour, Port Jackson (Coll. Angas.).
A species very similar in its general character to C. purpurea, Bl.,
from the Mediterranean.
II. GASTEROPODA PROBOSCIDIFERA.
The genus ddamsia, Dunker, appears to be an Australian form,
resembling a sculptured Cominella without the sutural constriction
of the whorls. To the type (ddamsia typica, Dunk.) we have
added a second species from Port Adelaide. We have further aug-
mented the genus Olivella by the addition of three very pretty spe-
cies from the coast of New South Wales. Our Amauropsis moerchi
is a southern representative of an arctic group of Naticide.
1. Purpura ruinpersi, Ad. & Ang. (PI. XXXVII. fig. 22.)
P. testa ovata, viridescenti-alba ; spira elata, conica ; anfractibus
5, postice angulatis, liris elevatis transversis et longitudinali-
bus late cancellatis, liris squamulis lamellosis longitudinalibus
imbricatis instructis ; anfractu ultimo antice coarctato ; aper-
tura trigonali-ovata, intus cinerea; labio subplano, fusco-vio-
lascente tincto ; labro intus fusco-violaceo, liris pallidis trans-
versis instructo, margine albo crenato.
Long. 14 inch, lat. 9 lines.
Hab. York’s Peninsula, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
A cancellated Trophon-like species, with the interior of the aper-
ture stained with rich violet-brown, and with the edge of the outer
lip white.
2. ApamstA ADELAIDH&, Ad. & Ang. (PI. XXXVII. fig. 2.)
A. testa ovato-fusiformi, carneo-fusca ; spira elata, quam apertura
longiore ; anfractibus 7, convexis, lamellis longitudinalibus
confertis imbricatis et liris validis transversis nodulosis (in
anfractu ultimo 6) instructis; apertura ovata, antice sub-
rostrata ; labio simplici ; labro arcuato, margine subincrassato
via reflexo.
Long. 8 lines, lat. 33 lines.
Hab. Port Adelaide (Coll. Angas.).
This is a second species of a peculiar Australian form separated
by Dr. Dunker under the above name. It differs from A. typica,
Dkr., in its more elevated spire, and in the whorls being longitudi-
nally lamellose and not granular.
3. Fusus Tasmaniensis, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 1.)
F. testa ventricoso-fusiformi ; spira aperturam equante ; luteo-
aurantiaca, plus minusve rufo fasciata (fasciis tribus in an-
Sractu ultimo) ; anfractibus 7, in medio nodoso-plicatis, trans-
versim liratis, liris majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus ;
apertura trigonali-ovata, intus luteo-alba ; labio simplici, ar-
cuato, rostro brevi ad sinistram inclinato ; labro intus suleato,
margine postice angulato.
422 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS_ [Nov. 10,
Long. 23 inches, lat. 13 inch.
Hab. Spencer’s Gulf, South Australia (Angas); Tasmania
(Cuming) (Coll. Angas.).
A showy species, most nearly allied to F. raphanus, Quoy & Gaim. ;
characterized by its ventricose whorls, its short beak, and its pale
yellowish orange-colour banded with chestnut. Mr. Cuming pos-
esses a specimen of this species much larger than those from Spen-
cer’s Gulf.
4, Cyuuene xactea, Ad. & Ang.
ra
C. testa fusiformi-ovata; spira elata, conica, apice decollato ;
lactea, epidermide tenui nitida pallide fusca induta; anfrac-
tibus superioribus longitudinaliter plus minusve plicatis, plicis
in anfractu ultimo obsoletis, transversim liratis, liris antice
validioribus ; apertura oblonga, columella antice liris subspi-
ralibus obliquis elevatis instructa; labro intus sulcato.
Long. 6 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Port Stephens, New South Wales (Coll. Angas.).
A milk-white species, covered with a very thin brownish epidermis ;
upper whorls longitudinally plicate, and the apex of the spire decol-
lated.
5. OLiveLLA PARDALIs, Ad. & Ang. (PI. XXXVII. fig. 3.)
O. testa turrito-fusiformi, spira elata, pallide cinerea, maculis
rufo-fuscis in fasciis transversis dispositis ornata (in anfractu
ultimo tribus), suturis canaliculatis ; apertura angusta ; colu-
mella alba, antice uniplicata.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 14 line.
Hab. Port Jackson, 5 fathoms (Coll. Angas.).
A small species, remarkable both for the elegance of its form and
the beauty of its markings.
6. OxiveLtta LEvcozona, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 23.)
O. testa turrito-fusiformi, spira elata, cinerea, lineis rufo-fuscis
angulatis longitudinalibus reticulata, maculis albis rufisque al-
ternantibus ad suturas ornata, suturis profunde canaliculatis ;
anfractu ultimo fascia transversa ceruleo-alba antice succincto,
ad basin castaneo tincto ; apertura angusta, intus fulva ; colu-
mella fusca, antice uniplicata.
Long. 7 lines, lat. 2 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson, 6 fathoms (Coll. Angas.).
Most nearly resembling in form O. fulgida, Rve., but very pret-
tily reticulated with red-brown zigzag lines, and with a transverse
bluish-white zone at the fore part of the last whorl.
7. OLIVELLA NympHA, Ad. & Ang.
O. testa fusiformi-turrita, gracili, spira elata, suturis profunde
canaliculatis, alba, semipellucida, zonula alba opaca ad suturas
ornata ; apertura angusta, antice effusa ; columella alba, opaca,
antice uniplicata.
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE SHELLS. 423
Long. 5 lines, lat. 14 line.
Hab. Port Stephens, New South Wales, 5 fathoms (Coll. Angas.).
A delicate semiopake-white slender species, with the aperture
peculiarly effuse anteriorly.
8. Ruma ruopocueita, Ad. & Ang.
R. testa late ovata, rimata; spira parva, acuta; violascente tincta,
alba, epidermide tenui pallide straminea induta, transversim
tenuissime striata; apertura ovata, patula; labio reflexo, um-
bilicum obtegente, rufo-violascente tincto; labro simplici, ar-
cuato, acuto.
Long. | inch 7 lines, lat. 1 inch 3 lines.
Hab. New Caledonia (Coll. Angas.).
A pallid ovate species, with a patulous aperture, and with the
inner lip stained with reddish violet.
9. Amavropsis MorrRcuHI, Ad. & Ang.
A. testa ovata, spira elata, apice peracuto imperforato, epider-
mide olivacea obtecta; anfractibus 7, convewiusculis, ad sutu-
ras obtuse angulatis; apertura ovata; labio callo tenui albo
induto, columella antice subreflexa; labro postice vix angu-
lato, margine acuto.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Operculum tenue, corneum, subspirale.
Hab. Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson, under stones, low water (Coll.
Angas). ;
A dark brown Vivipara-like shell, with a very acute spire, and
with the whorls obtusely angulate at the. sutures.
III. GAsTEROPODA ROSTRIFERA.
It is our intention in a future paper to examine critically the Ros-
triferous Gasteropods of Australia; meanwhile we have to describe
a new genus allied to Fossar, and an Adeorbis of larger size than
usual, and of great beauty. -
Genus Fossarina, Ad. & Ang.
Testa turbinata, depressa, variegata, late umbilicata ; anfractibus
spiraliter costatis ; apertura circulari, magna, intus non mar-
garitacea ; labio arcuato, simplici.
Operculum corneum, subspirale.
This genus constitutes a peculiar littoral form allied to Fossar, from
which it differs in the curvature of the inner lip and circular aper-
ture. It may be known from Conradia by its Stomatelliform cha-
racter, and from Jsapis in the inner lip not being furnished with a
tooth. In general appearance it reminds one of Vanicoro; but the
shell is variegated, and the texture is entirely different. Fossar va-
riegatus, A. Ad., is a second species.
424 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS___ [Nov. 10;
1. Fossarina paTua, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 9, 10.)
F. testa turbinata, depressa, late umbilicata, spira parva, sor-
dide alba, nigro-fusco sparsim maculata ; anfractibus 3, con-
vexis, ultimo magno transversim valde lirato, liris granulosis
majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus, ad basin simplicibus ;
umbilico margine acute carinato ; apertura orbiculari, ampla ;
labio arcuato, margine convexo, simplici ; labro margine acuto,
postice dilatato, ascendente.
Long. 3 lines, lat. 23 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson, under stones, low water (Coll. Angas.).
Two specimens only of this peculiar form were obtained during an
unusually low tide, adhering to the under surface of stones, at Wat-
son’s Bay, Port Jackson.
2. Apgorzis ANGASI, A. Ad. (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 11, 12.).
A. testa valde depresso-conica, late umbilicata, alba, tenui, semi-
pellucida; anfractibus rapide accrescentibus, ultimo magno, con-
vexo, concentrice striato, radiatim obsolete plicato, ad suturam
crenulato, ad peripheriam acute angulato et concinne crenato,
ad basin radiatim corrugato-plicato; apertura semiovata ; labio
rectiusculo, acuto; labro postice ascendente.
Long. 3 lines, lat. 24 lines.
Hab. Coodgee Bay, outside Port Jackson Heads (Coll. Angas.).
[I have dedicated this unique and lovely species to my friend and
coadjutor, who has laboured so assiduously and so successfully in ex-
tending our knowledge of the Australian Molluscan fauna.—A. A. ]
3. VANICORO RECLUZIANA, Ad. & Ang.
V. testa turbinata, late umbilicata, alba, spira parva; anfrac-
tibus 33, longitudinaliter obsolete plicatis, transversim crebre
liratis ; umbilico profundo, perspectivo, periomphalo valde an-
gulato ; apertura semiovata, patula.
Long. 5 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson, under stones, low water (Coll. Angas.).
A species with the whorls finely lirate, and with the margin of the
umbilicus strongly angulate.
IV. Mouuvusca CONCHIFERA.
To the known Bivalves of Australia we have been fortunate in add-
ing a fine ventricose Dosinia, a lovely Sunettéa, allied to S. ercavata,
Hanl., from Japan, an interesting thin inflated species of Naranio,
two large and showy Lucine, a splendid Pecten from Tasmania, two
large Nucule, and two Crassatelle of great beauty.
1. Dosrnza pana, Ad. & Ang.
D. testa orbiculato-cordata, gibba, subequilaterali, nivea, lunula
lata profunde impressa, area cardinali postica marginibus ro-
tundatis, umbonibus perlevibus, superficie valvarum concinne
erebre concentrice lirata, margine ventrali regulariter arcuato.
1863.} ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE SHELLS. 425
Alt. 12 inch, lat. 1 inch 10 lines.
Hab. Hardwick Bay, Spencer’s Gulf, South Australia (Coll.
Angas.).
A pure-white gibbous species, very smooth towards the beaks, and
most nearly resembling D. japonica, but with the edges of the poste-
rior hinge-area rounded, and not angulate and lamellar.
2. Sunerra aticrz, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 18.)
S. testa ovato-cordata, vix equilaterali, latere postico latiore et
rotundato, antico angustiore ; albida, lineis roseis undulatis et
angulatis reticulata et pallide purpurascenti-rosaceo radiata,
intus carneola et pallide luteo tincta, margine intus crebre cre-
nulato.
Alt. 1 inch, lat. 13 lines.
Hab. Encounter Bay, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
In some examples the colour is almost entirely purplish, and
painted with darker rays of the same colour. This lovely species is
named after the wife of one of the authors, who has rendered valuable
assistance to her husband in his conchological researches in the Au-
stralian continent.
3. Naranio RuspiciINnosa, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 17.)
N. testa transversim ovata, subobliqua, tenui, ventricosa, rubigi-
nosa, fusco-purpurascente obsolete radiata, ad latera et mar-
ginem ventralem pallida ; umbonibus parvis, acutis, incurvatis ;
superficie vulvarum lineis elevatis divaricatis radiantibus con-
fertis corrugatis irregularibus tota insculpta; latere antico bre-
viore, rotundato ; margine postico declivi, ventrali regulariter
arcuato.
Alt. 8 lines, lat. 10 lines.
Hab. Port Jackson, 4 fathoms, enclosed in a nodule of clay (Coll.
Angas.).
An interesting addition to the limited genus Naranio of Gray,
having the characteristic divaricate sculpture of that group. It isa
thin delicate ventricose shell, of a reddish colour, faintly rayed with
brownish purple.
4. HiaTuLa montrovziert, Ad. & Ang.
H. testa transversim ovata, inequilaterali, utrinque hiante, latere
antico breviore vix producto, postico longiore subrostrato,
flexuoso, ad extremitatem rotundato ; superficie valvarum epi-
dermide olivacea induta, concentrice rugoso-plicata, porca ob-
tusa ab umbonibus ad marginem ventralem extendente ; margine
ventrali arcuato, postice subsinuato.
Alt. 1 inch 3 lines, lat. 2 inches.
Hab. New Caledonia (Coll. Angas.).
We have much pleasure in naming this species in compliment to
M. Montrouzier, so well known for his investigations into the con-
chology of New Caledonia.
426 MESSRS. A. ADAMS AND G. FRENCH ANGAS_ [Noy. 10,
5. Semeve crenata, Ad. & Ang.
Ss.
testa transversim ovata, subdistorta, gibba, sordide alba, con-
centrice lamellosa, marginibus lamellarum incrassatis et cre-
natis, interstitiis cancellatis, latere antico rotundato, postico
subsinuato, margine ventrali flexuoso.
Alt. 7 lines, lat. 9 lines.
Hab. Moreton Bay (Coll. Angas.).
A species most resembling in form S. rupium, Sow., but with the
edges of the concentric lamellee thickened and very beautifully cre-
nate.
6. Seme ve apa, Ad. & Ang.
S. testa transversim ovata, subequilaterali, compressa, umbonibus
acutis, area cardinali antica excavata, latere antico rotundato,
postico obtuse angulato ; albida, epidermide fusca fugacea tenut
obtecta, concentrice rugoso-plicata, margine ventrali arcuato.
Alt. 4% lines, lat. 6 lines.
Hab. Port Adelaide Creek, 3 fathoms (Coll. Angas.).
A small compressed plicate species, with the anterior hinge-area
excavated.
7. Lucrna concentrica, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 19.)
L. testa orbiculari, subequilaterali, gibbosa, solida, alba, concen-
trice lamellosa ; lamellis costiformibus, vix elatis, equalibus,
subdistantibus, interstitiis obsolete radiatim liratis; lunula
parva, angusta ; margine ventrali erenulato.
Alt. 11 lines, lat. 11 lines.
Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
This species appears to combine the characters of Cyclas of Klein
and Lucina proper, having the equilateral orbicular shape of the
former and the concentric sculpture of the latter. It is a solid, white,
gibbous species, with the edges of the valves finely crenate.
Bhi. 8. Lucrna (Cycias) cumine1, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII.
fig. 20.)
L. testa orbiculari, equilaterali, solida, gibbosa, alba, lateribus
subdilatatis ; superficie valvarum divaricatim valde tnsculpta ;
liris divaricatis, acutis, imbricatis, subdistantibus, antice ab-
rupte desinentibus ; margine ventrali integro.
Alt. 14 inch, lat. 1 inch 7 lines.
Hab. St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia (Coll. Angas.).
A large, handsome species, with traces of a thin light-brown epi-
dermis on the lateral margins of the valves. The divaricating ridges
are acute and imbricate upwards, and are wider apart than im most
other species of this group, which has been named Cye/as by Klein.
The Cyclas of Lamarck is the Spherium of Scopoli.
9. CrassaTeLya AuRorA, Ad.& Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 15.)
C. testa transversim ovata, compressa, subequilaterali, utrinque
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MARINE SHELLS. 427
rotundata, pallide luteo-fusco seu carneo tincta et fasciis duabus
castaneis interruptis ornata, areis cardinis anticis et posticis
maculis sanguineis tinctis ; superficie valvarum concentrice pli-
cata, plicis parvis confertis ; margine ventrali regulariter ar-
cuato.
Alt. 8 lines, lat. 11 lines.
Hab. Banks’s Straits, Tasmania; Commodore Loring, H. M.S.
‘Tris’ (Coll. Angas.).
This charming species is of a compressed ovate form, and of a pale
fulvous colour, delicately marked with chestnut and crimson.
10. CrassaTELLA BANKsII, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 16.)
C. testa trigonali-ovata, compressa, subequilaterali, latere antico
rotundato, postico subangulato, carnea, ad umbones albida, fasciis
duabus fulvis radiantibus ornata ; superficie valvarum concentrice
plicata, plicis ad latus posticum angulatis; margine ventrali
arcuato.
Alt. 5 lines, lat. 8 lines.
Hab. Banks’s Straits, Tasmania (Coll. Angas.).
This species is of a pale flesh-colour, fading into white towards
the beaks, and with two yellowish-brown bands radiating from the
beaks to the ventral margin.
11. Nucuza consosrina, Ad. & Ang.
N. testa cuneato-ovata, obliqua, solida ; latere antico breviore, area
cardinali postica in medio elata; latere postico longiore, rotundato ;
margine postico declivo; superficie valvarum liris concentricis
subcrenulatis obsoletis interdum validis et crenatis ornata, epider-
mide pallide fusco-olivacea induta; margine ventrali concinne cre-
nulato.
Alt. 3 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. New South Wales (Coll. Angas.).
This species is most nearly allied to N. pisum, Sow., from Chili,
but is less oblique. The style of sculpture varies, the concentric
ridges being sometimes very conspicuously crenate.
12. Nucuxa Loriner, Ad. & Ang.
N. testa transversa, ovata, inequilaterali, subcompressa ; latere antico
breviore, producto in medio, area cardinali antica excavata ; latere
postico longiore, rotundato, superne vix producto, area cardinali
postica elata ; pallide olivaceo-viridi, ad umbonibus margaritacea;
margine ventrali arcuato, intus simplici.
Alt. 5 lines, lat. 74 lines,
Hab. Keppel Bay ; Commodore Loring, H. M.S. ‘Iris’ (Coll.
Angas.).
This species somewhat resembles N. cumingii, but the sides of the
valves are more produced. We have dedicated it to Commodore
Loring, whose exertions in the cause of science have added many
new species to the Molluscan fauna of Australia.
428 MESSRS. H. AND A. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS, [Noy. 10,
py a 13. Pgecren TAsMANIcus, Ad. & Ang. (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 21.)
P. testa trigonali-orbiculari, subequivalva ; valva dextra convexiore,
auribus equalibus ; valva sinistra roseo-violascente tincta, costis 8
radiantibus validis plus minusve longitudinaliter sulcatis et cos-
tellis parvioribus intermediis inequalibus instructa, superficie tota
minute granulata ; valva dextra pallida, radiatim costata, costis in
7-8 fasciculis dispositis, interstitiis costis minoribus instructis.
Alt. 2 inches 2 lines, lat. 2 inches 1 line.
Hab. Oyster Bay, Tasmania (Coll. Angas.).
A fine species, with the ribs of the right valve disposed in seven
or eight bundles, and with the entire surface of the shell shagreened
as in P. bifrons.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII.
Fig. 1. Fusus tasmaniensis, p. 421. Fig. 14. Euryta pulchella, p. 418.
2. Adamsia adelaide, p. 421. 15. Crassatella aurora, p. 426.
3. Olivella pardalis, p. 422. 16. C. banksii, p. 427.
4. Cithara angela, p. 419. 17. Naranio rubiginosa, p. 425.
5. C. compta, p. 419. 18. Sunetta alicia, p. 425.
6. C. bella, p. 419. 19. Lucina concentrica, p. 426.
7. Mangelia picta, p. 419. 20. L. eumingi, p. 426.
8. M. insculpta, p. 420. 21 a,b. Pecten tasmanicus, p.428.
9,10. Fossarina patula, p. 424. 22. Purpura flindersi, p. 421.
11, 12. Adeorbis angasi, p. 424. 23. Olivella leucozona, p. 422.
13. Euryta trilineata, p. 418.
12. Descriptions Or New SPECIES OF SHELLS, CHIEFLY FROM
THE CumINGIAN CoLLEcTION. By Hrenry anp ARTHUR
ADAMS.
1. Rrmewua speciosa, H. & A. Ad.
R. testa ovato-fusiformi, fulvicante ; anfractibus convevis, supremis
utrinque varicosis, longitudinaliter concinne plicatis, plicis con-
fertis regularibus, interstitiis transversim sulcatis ; apertura an-
gusta, rostro brevi truncato, postice canali usque ad anfractum
penultimum extendente et deorsum inclinato; labio levi, tenut ;
labro margine reflexo, intus creno-plicato, antice simplici.
Long. 12 lines, lat. 5 lines.
Hab. ? (Coll. Tyler.).
An elegant. reticulated shell, more lanceolate than R. cancellata,
not ending anteriorly in a recurved beak, with the varix of the outer
lip plain externally, and with the posterior canal of the aperture
faintly developed, and only extending as far as the penultimate whorl.
2. Rimewua TYLERI, H. & A. Ad.
R. testa ovato-fusiformi, lutescente, fasciis transversis quatuor rufo-
Jfuscis ornata; anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter plicatis ;
plicis validis subdistantibus, interstitiis transversim valde sulcatis ;
apertura angusta, rostro acuto subproducto, postice canali usque ad
anfractum tertium extendente et deorsum valde curvato ; labio levi,
1863.] CHIEFLY FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION. 429
valde incrassato ; labro margine varicoso, intus corrugato-plicato,
antice dente valido acuto instructo.
Long. 10 lines, lat. 4 lines.
Hab. China Sea (Coll. Tyler.).
A very pretty species, with four transverse red-brown bands on
the last whorl, and with a conspicuous sharp tooth at the fore part
of the outer lip.
3. Tunica (Tupicuta) spinosa, H. & A. Ad.
T. testa turbinata, alba, solida ; spira brevi, depresso-conica, apice
papilloso ; anfractibus 5, planis, transversim liratis, liris non-
nullis validioribus longitudinaliter oblique striatis, ad suturas un-
dulatis et spinulosis ; anfractu ultimo plicis longitudinalibus et ad
peripheriam squamulis spiniformibus instructo, transversim valde
lirato, lirulis intermediis ornato ; apertura ovata ; labio antice
plicis tribus validis instructo, canali recto valde producto; labro
intus valde sulcato.
Hab. Port Curtis (Coll. Cuming.).
This species and T. armigera, A. Ad., have spiny varices and three
transverse plaits on the columella. They forma peculiar group near
Turbinella, for which we propose the name of Tudicula.
4. PERISTERNIA LUCULENTA, H. & A. Ad. = 3: phena
P. testa ovato-fusiformi, solida, umbilicata, alba, fascia lata trans-
versa pallide carnea in medio anfractuum ornata ; anfractibus 8,
postice excavatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis convewis, distan-
tibus, postice acute nodulosis, suturis maculis rufescentibus obli-
quis linearibus ornatis, transversim liratis, liris elatiusculis dis-
tantibus filosis, antice sex validioribus valde punctatis, rufo-fuscis,
interstitiis regulariter transversim striatis; apertura acuminato-
ovata ; labio levi, plica antica obliqua instructo, canali mediocri,
valde recurvo ; labro intus levi, margine postice subangulato.
Hab. Gulf of Mexico (Coll. Cuming.).
A very handsome species, white, with a broad flesh-coloured band
in the middle of the nodosely-plicate whorls, and with a series of
rufous-dotted spiral lire at the fore part of the last whorl.
5. TrRopHon sprratum, H. & A. Ad.
T. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenuicula, cinerea, spira elata; anfractibus
postice angulatis, varicibus tenuibus longitudinalibus permultis et
liris transversis validis subconfertis cancellatis ; apertura ovata,
in canalem mediocrem apertum vix recurvatum desinente ; labio
subcalloso ; labro tenui, intus sulcato, margine postice angulato.
Long. 46 m., lat. 23 m.
Hab. New Zealand (Coll. Cuming.).
- A cancellate species, with spirate whorls, and with the aperture
ending in a short open canal.
6. TropHon coronatum, H. & A. Ad.
T. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, cretacea, alba, spira mediocri; an-
430. MESSRS. H. AND A. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS, [Nov. 10,
fractibus postice angulatis, varicibus laciniatis distantibus postice
ad angulos in seriem spinarum squamiformium productis, interstitiis
levibus, anfractu ultimo ventricoso, in rostrum elongatum rectum
desinente, rostro ad extremitatem recurvo ; apertura ovata, quam
spira longiore ; labio levi, simplici, canali aperto.
Long. 45 m., lat. 17 m.
Hab. New Zealand (Coll. Cuming.).
An elegant species, with coronate whorls and a very long straight
beak.
7, Psevpotiva (Macron) commona, H. & A. Ad.
P. testa ovato-fusiformi, epidermide fusca velutina incrassata ob-
tecta ; spira aperturam @quante ; anfractibus 5, conveciusculis,
transversim obsolete liratis, ultimo elongato antice sulco profundo
spirali in dentem brevem desinente instructo, sulcis tribus spiralibus
ad basin ornato, regione umbilicali impresso, lira valida spirali
circumcincto ; apertura ovata, intus fusca; labio albo, crasso,
convexo, superne callo instructo, inferne subtortuoso ; labro intus
lirato, margine acuto, intus albo.
Hab. ? (Coll. Tyler.).
This curious shell belongs to the same group to which P. kellettii,
A. Ad., belongs, and to which the name Macron has been given by
the authors. J
8. CanrHarus Porcatus, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa ovato-fusiformi, epidermide fusco-olivacea obtecta ; anfrac-
tibus sex, convexis, transversim valde porcatis, porcis elatis con-
vexis distantibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura
ovata, intus alba ; labio arcuato, superne callo parvo instructo, an-
tice subtruncato, canali elongato subreflexo ad sinistram inclinato.
Long. 2 in.
Hab. New Hebrides (Coll. Tyler.).
A very peculiar and well-marked species, covered with a thick
dark olivaceous epidermis, and belonging to the group of Cantharus
proper.
9. ViruLarRtaA CANDIDA, H. & A. Ad.
V. testa ovata, solida, candida, spira elata; anfractibus convezis,
postice subangulatis, varicibus tenuibus ad angulos productis (in
anfractu ultimo sepe obsoletis) instructis, interstitiis transversim
liratis ; apertura ovata, postice vix canaliculata, antice in canalem
recurvatum viz clausum desinente; labio crasso, calloso ; labro
intus sulcato, margine denticulato.
Long. 35 m., lat. 18 m.
Hab. New Zealand (Coll. Cuming.).
A fine pure-white species, very variable in its characters, the va-
rices being often obsolete.
10. Camputotus cuminei, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa turbinata, anfractu ultimo in tubum elongatum porrecto,
1863,] CHIEFLY FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION. 431
alba, solida, transversim lirata, liris equalibus distantibus validis
imbricato-lamellosis, interstitits lamellis transversis imbricatis
confertis undulosis instructis ; regione umbilicali, vel interna, trans-
versim valde corrugato-plicata ; apertura trigonali-ovata.
ab. ? California (Coll. Cuming.).
This species differs from C. antiquus in being conspicuously trans-
versely lirate. On account of the last whorl being so greatly pro-
duced, the ridges appear to be longitudinal, but in reality they cross
the last whorl transversely.
11. Latraxis Tortiuis, H. & A, Ad.
L. testa ovato-fusiformi, umbilicata, alba, spira aperturam equante ;
anfractibus 6, postice angulatis spiratis, longitudinaliter plicatis,
- plicis undulatis distantibus, transversim liratis, liris pulcherrime
squamulosis @qualibus, carina prominula squamulosa undulata
rotundata in medio anfractuum ; apertura trigonali-ovata ; labio
levi, convexo ; labro intus valde lirato, in medio angulato, canali
elongato ad dextram inclinato ; umbilico mediocri, peritomphalo
squamoso.
Hab. China.
A beautiful species, very similar to L. pagodus, Jonas; but the
whorls are longitudinally plicate, and the conspicuous squamulose
carina is undulated. The colour also is pure white, instead of ful-
vous, and the aperture is violet.
Hab.
A species most nearly resembling C. scalariformis, Lam. The
12. CoRALLIOPHILA ASPERRIMA, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa ovato-fusiformi, umbilicata, alba, spira aperturam e@quante ;
anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis ob-
liquis rotundis, transversim liratis, liris lamellatis serrulatis, in-
terstitiis lirulis interpositis duabus instructis ; apertura acuminato-
ovata ; labio levi, convexo ; labro intus lirato.
4
transverse lamellze are serrulate, giving the entire surface of the shell
a very hispid appearance.
13. CoRALLIOPHILA SALEBROSA, H. & A. Ad.
_ C. testa acuminato-ovata, subumbilicata, alba ; anfractibus 5, planis,
in medio angulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rotundatis di-
stantibus, transversim liratis, liris squamulosis duabus in medio
anfractuum elatioribus, anfractu ultimo antice liris (circa 6)
transversis validis squamutosis ornato ; apertura trigonali-ovata ;
labio levi, recto, convexo, canali recto mediocri lato ; labro intus
levi.
- Hab. Guadeloupe (Mus. Cuming.).
A handsome species, having somewhat the form of a Vitularia.
14. CorRALLIoPHILA NovuLosa, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa ovato-pyriformi, umbilicata, alba, spira quam apertura bre-
viore; anfractibus 5, spiratis, postice obtuse angulatis, longitudi-
.
N
432 MESSRS. H. AND A. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS, [Nov. 10,
naliter plicatis, transversim liratis, anfractu ultimo liris duabus
validis nodulosis ad plicas instructo, plicis brevibus lamellosis ad
margines subserrulatis ; apertura trigonali-ovata ; labio levi, sim-
plici, canali mediocri antice acuminato ; labro intus lirato, mar-
gine postice rotundato-angulato.
Hab. Guadeloupe (Mus. Cuming.).
A beautiful, small, nodulose species, with an elaborate style of
sculpture.
15. CORALLIOPHILA SENTICOSA, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa acuminato-ovata, umbilicata, spira acuta elata, alba, antice
rufo tincta; anfractibus 8, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rotun-
datis confertis, transversim liratis, liris late lamellosis, margini-
bus lobatis et acute laciniatis ; apertura ovata, antice producta,
canali recto, subelongato, refleco ; umbilico parvi, carina squa-
mulosa rufa circumeincto ; labro margine aculeato-crenato.
Hab. Bombay (Mus. Cuming.).
A singular species, with elevated acute spire and transverse broadly
lamellar lirze, which are acutely laciniated at their free margins.
16. CoRALLIOPHILA uNDosa, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa ovato-conoidali, solida, umbilicata, alba, spira aperturam
equante ; anfractibus 5, planis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis ro-
tundatis undulatis obliquis, in medio incrassatis, antice attenuatis,
transversim liratis, liris lamellosis, ad margines aculeato-cre-
natis, majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus ; apertura trigonali-
ovata ; labio levi, convexo ; labro intus valde sulcato, postice ob-
tuse angulato; umbilico mediocri, carina squamosa circumcincto.
Hab. Sandwich Islands (Coll. Cuming.).
A pure white species, with undulate plicze and lamellar lire, finely
aculeately crenate at the margins.
17. CoRALLIOPHILA ConrrRAGosa, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa elongato-ovata, solida, umbilicata, spira quam apertura
breviore, alba; anfractibus 5, planis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis
crassis equalibus duabus validioribus in medio anfractuum, acu-
leato-squamosis, interstitiis cavernose excavatis ; apertura elon-
gato-ovata ; labio levi, antice subdilatato, porcis quatuor trans-
versis elatis instructo, canali recto subproducto ; labro intus tuber-
culatim lirato; umbilico parvo, carina squamosa circumcincto.
Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming.).
A white rugose shell, having somewhat the aspect of a Vitularia.
18. CoRALLIOPHILA RETUSA, H. & A. Ad.
C. testa globoso-ovata, solida, umbilicata, pallide carnea, spira re-
tusa ; anfractibus 5, planis, longitudinaliter oblique plicatis, plicis
rotundatis regularibus, transversim valde liratis, liris rugulosis
confertis ; apertura ovata ; labio convezo, antice transversim ru-
goso-plicato ; labro intus valde sulcato, margine crenulato.
Hab. ——?* (Mus. Cuming.).
1863.] CHIEFLY FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION. 433
This is a very solid species, of a pale flesh-colour, and with a very
obtuse spire. It has somewhat the appearance of a monstrosity, but
we are unable to refer it to any known species.
19. CoRALLIOPHILA ELABORATA, H. & A. Ad. iq
C. testa ovato-conica, solida, umbilicata, alba, rufo subtincta; an-
Sractibus 6, planis, oblique longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis con-
vevis obtusis latis confertis, transversim liratis, liris undulatis
validis regularibus lamellatis squamulis imbricatis margine biser-
rato ornatis ; apertura ovata; labio levi, intus lirato; umbilico
latiusculo, carina squamosa valida circumcincto.
Hab. Sandwich Islands (Coll. Cuming.).
A solid white Buccinoid shell, with very elaborate sculpture ; the
scales of the transverse liree are produced and aculeate on each side,
making the lire biserrate, and giving the entire shell an extremely
beautiful appearance.
20. Mrnoxia TIGRINA, H. & A. Ad.
M. testa globoso-conica, perspective umbilicata; anfractibus 55,
levibus, supremis bicingulatis, ultimo multicingulato, cingulis
superioribus validioribus, ad basin confertis minoribus, umbilico
intus liris concentricis crenulatis instructo ; apertura subquadrato-
orbiculari ; labio rectiusculo ; labro margine postice subangulato ;
alba, strigis fuscis latis undulatis longitudinalibus concinne picta.
Hab. ? (Coll. Tyler.).
This is a very charming species, belonging to the Solariform Mar-
garite—a southern group which has been named Minolia.
21. StoMATELLA DELICATA, H. & A. Ad.
S. testa orbiculato-conica, imperforata, spira elatiuscula, niveo et
pallido viridi variegata, sanguineo sparsim guttata, transversim
lirata, liris prominentibus distantibus ; anfractibus superioribus
unicarinatis ; apertura ovata, obliqua, intus alba.
Hab. St. Thomas (Coll. Cuming.).
A delicate species, varied with snow-white and pale green, with a
few blood-red spots.
22. SroMATELLA MopEsTA, H. & A. Ad.
S. testa subcirculari, imperforata, depressa, spira parva; anfrac-
tibus convevis, transversim liratis, liris inequalibus griseo articu-
latis, nonnullis validioribus ; apertura ovata, obliqua, intus vivide
iridescenti-albida, griseo nebulosa.
Hab. . ? Red Sea (Coll. Cuming.).
A neat lirate species, clouded with pale grey, and a few darker
blotches at the sutures.
23. SroMATELLA ELATA, H. & A. Ad.
NS. testa orbiculato-conica, imperforata, spira elata, albida, ad suturas
fusco radiatim picta, ad peripheriam maculis fuscis subquadratis
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No, XXVIII.
434 MESSRS, H. AND A. ADAMS ON NEW SHELLS. [Noyv, 10,
ornata, transversim lirata, liris inequalibus fusco articulatis ;
apertura subcirculari ; labio subcalloso, reflexo.
Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming.).
A prettily marked species, with an elevated conical spire, and with
the inner lip reflexed and callous.
24. SromaTELLA CALicrnosA, H. & A. Ad.
S. testa auriformi, imperforata, oblonga, nigricante, spira parva,
transversim lirata, liris majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus,
obsolete albido articulatis ; apertura oblonga, perobliqua, intus
viridescenti-alba, margine nigro crenulata ; labio planiusculo, rima
umbilicalt anguste lunari.
Operculum tenue, orbiculare, multispirale.
Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming.).
A brownish-black lirate auriform species, more resembling a Gena,
but with the operculum of Stomatella.
25. Diaua uirata, H. & A. Ad.
D. testa turrita, rimata, semipellucida, alba ; anfractibus 6, con-
vexis, postice subangulatis, lineis longitudinalibus et liris validiori-
bus transversis obsolete cancellatis; apertura rotundato-ovata,
antice vic effusa.
Hab. ? (Coll. Tyler.).
A neatly fashioned, white, semipellucid species, with the whorls ob-
securely cancellated. This and the species described below belong to
the section of Alaba in which the whorls are not variced.
26. Draua nopicineTa, H. & A. Ad.
D. testa ovato-conica, rimato-umbilicata, alba, subdiaphana ; anfrac-
tibus 43, postice angulatis, carina nodulosa concinne ornatis, an-
fractu ultimo vir sejuncto ; apertura rotundato-ovata ; peritremate
acuto, continuo.
Hab. ? (Coll. Tyler.).
A very pretty species, with the whorls posteriorly angulate, and
encircled with a row of nodules.
27. PompHotyx LEANA, H. & A. Ad.
P. testa helicoidea, depressa, tenui, epidermide viridi obtecta, spira
parva; anfractibus 24, convexis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo per-
magno ; apertura patula; labio planiusculo, arcuato ; labro sim-
plicit, acuto.
Alt. 1} line, lat. 23 lines.
Hab. West Columbia (Coll. H. Adams.).
This is a second species of Pompholyz, and differs from P. effusa,
Lea, in being thinner and smaller, in the spire being more elevated,
and in the aperture not being so produced anteriorly.
28. AssIMINEA LATERICEA, H. & A. Ad.
A. testa ovato-conoidali, solidiuscula, latericea; anfractibus 54,
1863. ] MR. A. NEWTON ON ALCA IMPENNIS. 435
planiusculis, iufra suturas pallidioribus, anfractu ultimo magno ;
apertura ovata, antice producta, regione umbilicali impressa ; labio
effuso, subcalloso.
Hab. Banks of the Yang-tsze-kiang and Peiho.
A large brickdust-red species, very like A. bridgesi, Pfr., from
South America, but more ovate and less conoidal in form.
29. Moprovarca ExiLis, H. & A. Ad.
M. testa parva, ovato-trigonali, vix compressa, rubra, nitida, sepe
atro-purpurea, latere antico breviore subangulato, postico longiore
rotundato ; margine ventrali arcuato, postice subsinuoso.
Alt. 14 line, lat. 2 lines.
Hab. Found floating, attached to Fucus, near the Falkland Islands
(Coll. H. Adams.).
A shining red or purple, ovately triangular species, and with the
ventral margin sinuated at the hind part.
30. Monroxtarca pusio, H. & A. Ad.
M. testa parva, ovato-trapezoidali, sordide alba, epidermide concen-
trice lamellosa obtecta, latere antico brevissimo subtruncato, po-
stice producto rotundato ; margine ventrali subrecto.
Alt. 1 line, lat. 24 lines.
Hab. Found floating, with the preceding, off the Falkland Islands
(Ooll. H. Adams.).
Modiolarca pusilla, Gould, Exp. Shells, pl. 44. fig. 585, is oblong
in form, the greatest diameter being from beak to ventral margin.
13. REMARKS ON THE EXHIBITION or A NatuRAL Mummy oF
Atca impENNIsS. By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
For the last twenty-one years, since the appearance of the part of
Mr. Yarrell’s ‘History of British Birds’ containing his account of
Alea impennis, wherein was cited Mr. Audubon’s statement that that
species bred on an island in the neighbourhood of Newfoundland,
the attention of ornithologists in this country has been more or less
directed to that colony, in the hope of obtaining thence specimens
of this rare and curious bird. Mr. John Wolley, with his usual
sagacity, applying the knowledge he had culled from his extensive
researches among the works of our older naturalists, not only soon
made out the truth of Willughby’s supposition, “ Penguin nautis
nostratibus dicta, que Goifugel Hoieri esse videtur’’ (Ornithologia,
Lond. 1676, p. 242), but found that the name was still persistent
among those who were yet engaged in the Cod-fishery in the New-
foundland seas. Among his various memoranda I find one, appa-
rently written about the year 1850, to this effect :—
“In Newfoundland, Funk or Penguin Isle is 170 miles north of
St. John’s, and about thirty-six miles north-east by east from Cape
Freels, the north headland of Bonavista Bay. There are also Pen-
436 MR. A. NEWTON ON ALCA IMPENNIS. [Nov. 10,
guin Isles two or three miles from shore; Penguin Islands, too, in
the middle of the south coast of Newfoundland.”
This note was evidently written after making a careful examination
of the map; and I well remember, in February 1856, going over a
chart of the North Atlantic with him, in which he had previously
marked the various places known as ‘‘ Penguin Island,’”’ “ Bird Rock,”
and the like. To the best of my recollection, he also told me, either
at the same or some former period, that in the course of his reading
he had come across various notices of ‘‘ Penguins,”’ contained in the
narratives of ancient voyages to that part of the world. All this
time, however, I had not been altogether idle in the way of collecting
(or at least seeking for) information on the subject. In the summer
of 1853, as I have elsewhere stated*, a boatman at Torquay, then
about seventy years of age, and by name William Stabb, told my
brother Edward and myself that in former days he used to follow
the Newfoundland Cod-fishery, and that he had seen Penguins off
that coast. He added that they used to resort by hundreds to some
islands there to breed, but were destroyed for their feathers, being
driven up in a corner by people in boats. This practice, however,
must have nearly or altogether ceased in his time; for he stated
that he had never seen but two or three birds himself, and never a
dead one. I mention these facts merely to show that Mr. Wolley’s
determination to work out the history of the Gare-Fowl, or Northern
Penguin, was formed prior to his acquaintance with Professor Steen-
strup’s valuable discoveries, and to their publication in the elaborate
and excellent article (Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1855, pp. 33-116) on
this bird to which it always gives me so much pleasure to refer.
When Mr. Wolley, later (in 1856), became aware of what that illus-
trious naturalist had ascertained, he was more than ever bent upon
prosecuting his researches; and, acting upon the information I received
from him, I at once set about doing what I could to further them +.
Believing at the time that no example of the bird’s skeleton existed in
any of the European museums, and having great confidence in the
trustworthiness of Herr Stuvitz’s statements, as given by Professor
Steenstrup (oc. cit.), that there were still many of its bones to be
found on Funk Island, I began to address letters of inquiry respect-
ing them to almost every one I could hear of in Newfoundland who
seemed likely to be able to give assistance. I need not here go into
details. For a long time I could get no response from any of those
to whom I wrote; some of my epistles were returned to me through
the dead-letter office ; and occasionally I almost despaired of calling
attention to the subject in that colony. At last I had the great
pleasure of receiving from the clergyman of the Island of Fogo, the
Rev. Reginald M. Johnson, a reply which in the most obliging terms
promised me his valuable help in the matter. Still the chances of
procuring specimens of bones that would really be serviceable towards
determining the osteology of Alea impennis were not good. Though
* ¢ Zoology of Ancient Europe,’ London and Cambridge, 1862, p, 30,
t Cf. ‘The This,’ 1861, p. 397.
1863.] MR. A. NEWTON ON ALCA IMPENNIS. 437
when Stuyitz, in 1841, visited Funk Island the bones were in quan-
tities (i Mengde), many causes during the time that had since elapsed
might have scattered or destroyed them. The locality, as I have
before shown, was a distant one and, like all resorts of the Gare-Fowl
as far as I know them, not easy of access. Stuvitz stated there were
but two landing-places, and these only to be attained by a hazardous
leap (Aun ved et voveligt Spring). These latter particulars were
confirmed by Mr. Johnson; and in the last letter which I had from
that gentleman (only a few weeks ago) he told me he had come to
the gallant determination to make the expedition himself, as without
him he was sure all endeavours to obtain the bones would fail.
Meanwhile the Bishop of Newfoundland, in the course of one of his
visitations, had been shown by Mr. Johnson my letters, enclosing
sketches of the principal bones and other papers relating to the
subject, and most kindly volunteered to give me all the aid in the
matter which his high position afforded. When the members of
this Society know the result, I think they will congratulate me on
my good fortune in having excited his lordship’s interest. After
several other friendly letters, I had three days ago the great plea-
sure of receiving one in which the Bishop informed me his success
had surpassed anything I could have anticipated ; for his lordship
had done no less than secure me what may be not inaptly called
the “mummy” of an Alcea impennis, which, having come into
my hands yesterday, I have now the honour of exhibiting to the
Society.
It appears that the Colonial Government have recently conceded
to a Mr. Glindon the privilege of removing the soil from Funk
Island ; for this soil, being highly charged with organic matter, is
consequently valuable as manure when imported to Boston and other
places in North America. The Bishop, through Mr. N. R. Vail, a
gentleman of the United States, well informed on scientific subjects,
and therefore aware of the interesting nature of the research, made
application to the lessee of Funk Island, who ordered his men em-
ployed there to use their best endeavours to obtain for me bones of
the Penguin. They appear to have done their work very effectually ;
for I hear that they ‘‘ brought away many puncheons of bones and
other remains” —of course not all necessarily ‘‘ Penguins ’»—which
I believe are now on their way to New England, where they will
doubtless be readily bought up by the farmers, though I trust some
may be rescued from ignoble uses by the American naturalists.
This mummy, however, the Bishop tells me, was ‘ found four feet
below the surface, and under two feet of ice.” I need scarcely point
out to the Society what an advantage it is to have obtained so man
bones undeniably belonging to one individual bird. Though the
skeleton is not perfect, it is plain that we have here at least one side
of the entire vertebral column. The extremities of the limbs are
altogether wanting on either side; and though this is greatly to be
regretted, it is some consolation to think that a knowledge of what
these parts are like in d/ca impennis may be, with a little trouble,
supplied from almost every one of the sixty-three or sixty-four
438 LETTER FROM DR. J. SHORTT. [Nov. 24,
stuffed skins at present known to exist*. I do not, however, mean
to prolong these remarks by making any observations on the osteo-
logical structure of this bird. That I have reason to hope may be
fully described by a far more able pen; for it is my intention to place
the specimen I now exhibit in the hands of Professor Owen, trusting
that he will make it the subject of one of those monographs which
have so materially enriched our series of ‘Transactions.’ I have
but to say in conclusion that, so far as I know, my “mummy” is,
with one exception, the only approach to a complete skeleton existing
in Europe. That exception is the specimen, nearly perfect, in the
Osteological Gallery of the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes at
Paris; for the remains of the two Gare-Fowls killed on Eldey in 1844,
which were sent to Copenhagen, and are still preserved in the Phy-
siological Museum of the University there, have been dissected with
a view to show the different systems of organs; they are therefore
even less available to determine the general osteology of the bird
than are the various loose bones which, through Stuvitz’s labours,
exist in the Museums at Christiania and Copenhagen, that of our
Royal College of Surgeons, and in my own collection.
November 24, 1863.
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.
The Secretary exhibited a specimen of variegated wool from Ohio,
forwarded by Mr. J. P. Hazard, of Philadelphia, through Mr. C. R.
Weid, which seemed to show that the animal must have changed its
colour some seven or eight times in the course of the year prior to
its being clipped.
Professor Tennant exhibited a very perfect fossil egg of the Aipy-
ornis maxima, lent to him for exhibition by M. J. F. Brunet. This
egg, which measured 35 inches in larger by 29 in smaller diameter,
was stated to have been obtained in Madagascar, “‘at a depth of
50 feet, in digging a mine of iron.”
The Secretary read the following letter from Dr. J. Shortt, F.Z.8.,
relating to the fishing-propensities of the Péeropus of India:—
“‘Sir,—At about 6 p.m. on the 30th of April last, when at Con-
* Mr. Blyth, just six and twenty years ago, exhibited to this Society some
bones which had been left in a preserved skin of this bird (P. Z. S. 1837, p. 122;
and Ibis, 1861, p. 396, note). Within the last year, Mr. John Hancock extracted
from his own beautiful specimen, and from the very ancient and interesting ex-
ample in the Newcastle Museum, every bone they contained, without doing the
slightest damage to the skins, as might be seen at the late Meeting of the British
Association (Cat. of Haxhibition, nos. 180, 185).
1863.] EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM DR. J. BENNETT. 439
leeveram, my attention was attracted to a tank next the Dispensary,
which, owing to a light shower of rain that had just fallen, literally
seemed alive with small fish gambolling and jumping about in the
water. There was nothing new in this; but my attention was drawn
to a number of large birds with a somewhat heavy flight, hovering
over the water and seizing with their feet the fish, with which they
then made off to some tamarind-trees on the bund of the tank, to
devour them at their leisure, I suppose.
«On a closer examination, I discovered that what I had imagined
mere birds were none other than Flying Foxes, the Pteropus edulis.
After watching them fishing for some time, I had to leave, owing to
the darkness of the evening. I returned to the tank the next evening
half an hour earlier, and again witnessed the same occurrence.
“‘T then got my assistant, Mr. Watson, to bring his gun and shoot
some, so that I might satisfy myself as to the identity of these ani-
mals. Mr. Watson shot some two or three whilst in the act of
seizing their fishy prey, and on examination I found them to be
actually Flying Foxes. During a second visit, on the 5th and 6th
of June, I observed the same thing occur again.
“Tam not aware of the fishing-propensities of this animal ever
having been noticed, for I find no account of them in any work on na-
tural history that I have had opportunities of consulting on the sub-
ject. This habit of the Flying Fox appearing new to me, I send
you this communication, as there may be others who have witnessed
the same thing ; and if made known, this would, I am sure, prove of
interest to the naturalist.
“ Chingleput, June 12th, 1863.”
The Secretary regretted to have to state that one of the two Di-
dunculi mentioned by him at the last Meeting as having been pur-
chased at Sydney by Dr. G. Bennett for the Society was dead; but
Dr. Bennett had promised to send home the dead specimen, as well
as the remaining living bird, at the first suitable opportunity.
The Secretary also read the following extract from Dr. Bennett’s
latest letter (dated Sydney, Sept. 19th), respecting the Kagu of New
Caledonia (Rhinochetus jubatus) :—
“* My young friend Mr. Ferdinand Joubert thus writes to me from
‘ Kai,’ in the interior of New Caledonia, August 2nd, 1863 :—
*«T see in the ‘ Sydney Herald’ your article on the Kagu. I will
send you some of the birds as soon as I can procure them, and also
some nests and eggs, if pipes and tobacco can induce the natives to
bring me some. The Kagus are rather plentiful here, on the side of
the “Boh” Mountains, and the natives catch them to eat. Their
way of doing this is by making a slipknot on a strong string; and
having discovered a place frequented by these birds, they fasten the
string in such a way that the birds when running along pass their
heads or legs through the noose and are thereby captured. There
are two kinds of Kagus, one very different from the other. The
largest Kagu you last received from Dr. Segol is a female of the
440 DR. J. Ss BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. [Nov. 24,
‘«‘ Bush-Kaeu,” and, as you have remarked, much handsomer than
its fierce friend the smaller Kagu, which is the one with the dark
stripes on the wings and tail (and generally of darker plumage).
This is the “‘ Grass-Kagu.”’ These two kinds of Kagu do not asso-
ciate together on good terms; and during the time I had them they
were always fighting one with the other, the “ Grass-Kagu” invari-
ably getting the worst of the battle.
‘<«J will endeavour to procure a male and female of each species,
and send them to you as soon as I can.’
“This fighting-propensity may in some degree account for the
death of the little pugnacious Grass-Kagu soon after its arrival. It
was found in a miserable half-starved condition when dissected; whilst
the larger, elegant, and more peaceful ‘ Bush-Kagu’ was in fine plu-
mage, plump, and altogether in a healthy state, which continues to
the present day.
‘*T have since written to Mr. F. Joubert, requesting him to send
me as soon as possible a pair of skins of each species, male and female,
properly labelled, and living specimens in pairs, as soon after as they
can be procured, when I will transmit them to you immediately, so
as to decide this interesting doubt on the subject of the existence of
two species of this singular bird.’
Mr. F. Buckland gave an account of his recent experiments in
conveying a Porpoise (Phocena communis) from the seaside to the
Society’s Gardens.
The following papers were read :—
1, A MonoGrapH OF THE SPONGILLIDZ. By J.S. Bowersank,
LL.D., F.B.S., L.S., Z.S., erc.
(Plate XXXVIITI.)
Much uncertainty appears to have existed among our early writers
on natural history regarding the number of our native species of
Spongilla. Ray (Syn. Stirp. 30) notices two species under the de-
signation of “‘ Spongia ramosa fluviatilis”? and “‘ Spongia fluviatilis
ramosa fragilis.’ Charles Stewart, of Edinburgh, in his ‘ Elements
of Natural History’ (vol. ii. p.420, published in 1802), describes one
species in the following terms :—‘“‘ Spongia lacustris. Creeping on
other bodies and taking their figure, brittle, with erect, round, ob-
tuse branches. Inhabits England, Sweden, &c. This species is
found in lakes and rivers; it has a strong peculiar smell; when
young, flat; when old, putting forth branches. In autumn it contains
little globules, like seeds, which explode when put into the flame of
a candle.”
Fleming, in his ‘ History of British Animals’ (p. 524, published
in 1828), describes two species under the generic designation of Ha-
lichondria :—* H. fluviatilis. Soft, brittle, and slenderly fibrous
when dry ; spicula linear and doubly pointed. HH. lacustris, Hard,
P.Z.5.1863. PL XXXVIIT.
Sema lpeMmelly.
oS ja wv. \N1. 3. Brown.
j x 660
ellata. 149 S Dawsona.
x 660 x 660
¢ x 660 x 660 x108
— Spongille _
1863.] DR. J. 8S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID. 441
brittle, and coarsely fibrous ; spicula linear and doubly pointed.”
Dr. Johnston, in his ‘ History of British Sponges and Lithophytes ’
(published in 1842), adopts the two species established in Fleming’s
work, but restores them to Lamarck’s genus Spongilla.
Dr. Fleming was perfectly right in referring the British Spongillas
to the genus Halichondria as then constituted, as in the anatomical
structure of their skeletons they do not differ in any respect from a
very considerable number of British Sponges which were then in-
cluded in that genus, but which I have now found it necessary to
arrange separately in the genus Isodictya, with which genus, as
far as regards the peculiarities of the structure of the skeleton,
they are still identical; but they differ from it materially in their
reproductive organs. In Isodictya the mode of reproduction is by
internal gemmulation, while in Spongilla the same vital function is
always exercised through the medium of ovaria ; and in these organs
a peculiar structure and class of spicula prevail, which are never
found in the reproductive organs of any of the species of the marine
genus Isodictya. Their marked difference from that genus in so
important a function, and the striking and constant peculiarities of
the organs appropriated to that purpose, fully warrant their being
retained as a distinct genus under Lamarck’s designation of Spon-
gilla, in accordance with the opinions expressed by that author, as
published in the second edition of his ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Ani-
maux sans Vertébres’ (vol. ii. p. 111). But_the description of the
genus, as there given, does not appear to me to be sufficiently defi-
nite, and I have therefore endeavoured to amend it in the third part
of my paper on the ‘‘ Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiade,”’
published in the second part of the ‘ Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society ’ for 1862, p. 1115, as follows :—
** SPoNGILLA, Linneus, Lamarck, and Johnston.
Halichondria, Fleming.
‘* Skeleton without fibre, composed of a symmetrical network of
spicula ; the primary lines of the skeleton passing from the base or
centre to the surface, and the secondary lines disposed at about right
angles to the primary ones. Reproductive organs ovaries, coria-
ceous, abundantly spiculous.”’
Although Dr. Johnston adopted the two British species as de-
scribed by Dr. Fleming, he still retained doubts as to their being in
reality more than one; and it was not until I had made careful mi-
croscopical examinations of the ovaria of each that their distinctive
specific characters were determined to my own satisfaction.
If we partially dissolve these organs in hot nitric acid, we find the
spicula of the walls of the ovaries of S. fluviatilis consisting of biro-
tulate forms, having their axes disposed at right angles to the sur-
face ; while the spicula of the ovaries of S. /acustris are simple and
elongate, and are disposed parallel to the surfaces of those organs,
thus affording occult but certain distinctive characters, without which,
from the great similarity in their habits and skeleton-structures,
442 DR. J. 8. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. [Nov. 24,
it has hitherto been very difficult to distinguish one species from the
other.
These peculiarities in the structure of the ovaria of the two species
have a more extended value than that of merely serving to establish
a specific difference, inasmuch as the subsequent examination of the
different species of Spongilla that have come into my possession has
convinced me that 8. fuviatilis and 8. lacustris may through their
aid be considered as the types of two well-defined groups, which are
distinguished by modifications of these peculiarities in the structure
of each of their ovaria.
The two British Spongillas appear to have long since been found,
and described under various names, in several parts of the continent
of Europe; but no other species were known to naturalists until, in
1849, Mr. Carter named and described five new ones in his “ De-
scriptive Account of Freshwater Sponges in the Island of Bombay,”
published in the ‘Transactions of the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society’ (No. 12, 1849); and one other species I received
from my friend Mr. Dean, of Clapham; it was brought by Dr.
Bradley from the freshwater tanks near Aurungabad, in the domi-
nions of the Nizam, thus making six from the East Indies. The
whole of these agree, in their general habits and in the fragility and
delicacy of their structure when dried, with our British species 8S.
Juviatilis and S. lacustris. Iam much indebted to Mr. Carter for
his kindness and liberality in presenting me with specimens of the
species he has so ably investigated and described, by which I have
been enabled to compare them carefully with our European ones ;
and to one or the other of the two groups represented by these spe-
cies the whole of the East Indian ones may be referred.
During the course of my examinations of the East Indian species,
I received two consignments of Spongillas from the River Amazon,
collected by Mr. Bates, the indefatigable and talented investigator
of the natural history of those interesting regions. In these two
collections I have been able to distinguish as many as six new spe-
cies ; to which may be added a seventh from the River Winguay, a
tributary to the Amazon, presented to the Royal College of Surgeons
by W. Bragge, Esq. The greater portion of these species differ
widely in their general habits from the European and East Indian
ones, being exceedingly strong and rigid in their dried condition, and
the reticulations of their skeletons are very much stouter and
stronger ; but although thus differing, the whole of them may be
referred to the group represented by our British species S. fluvia-
tilis, having the ovaria furnished with birotulate or scutulate spicula.
Tn the seven species which I have described from the River Ama-
zon there is an amount of variation in the forms and proportions of
the birotulate spicula that renders these organs peculiarly valuable
as distinctive characters. Thus, in S. Meyeni the birotulate forms
do not differ very much from those of S. fluviatilis, but their pro-
portions are three or four times as great as in that species. In S.
plumosa the size of the rotule very little exceed those of S. fluvia-
tilis, but the length of the spicula are at least five times that of the
1863.] DR. J. 8S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. 443
British type of the group. In S. paulula there is a tendency in the
proximal rotule of the spicula of the ovaries to become obsolete,
few of them exceeding half the diameter of the distal rotule. In
§. reticulata the proximal rotulee are still less in their proportions ;
and in S. recurvata this part of the spiculum is represented by a
slight spherical head, like that of acommon pin. In S. Brownii and
S. Batesi the shaft as well as the proximal end of the birotulate spi-
culum becomes entirely obsolete, and we have one rotula only left ;
the birotulate spiculum being thus represented by the scutulate forms
of those species.
I have received five species from North America, including one
from Vancouver's Island. The whole of these resemble, in their
habits and in the fragility of their structures, the East Indian and
British species. Two of them belong to the rotulate group, and
three to the elongo-spiculate one. These five, | apprehend, are but
a small portion of the number of species that we may expect to find
in the lakes and rivers of North America.
In a letter from the late Professor Bailey, of West Point, New
York, in reply to my inquiries regarding the Spongillide of America,
he writes, “I have been greatly disappointed by not finding any
specimens of American Spongilla. I felt quite sure that I hada
large piece, which I gathered in Lake Monroe, Florida, having
abundance of gemmules; but the most careful search among my
Florida gatherings fails to bring it to light. It must have been a
portion of this which I sent to Mr. Marshall; perhaps I sent him
the whole, although that is not my usual custom. I send a speci-
men of the mud of a creek in Florida, containing spicules and
Amphidisci from the same species as that above referred to. The
Florida Spongilla grew abundantly on the submerged roots of the
deciduous Cypress. I ought to have collected fine specimens of
Spongilla in Maine two years ago. The river in which I looked
daily, when there, abounded in Spongilla, which covered logs, roots,
stems, &c., with masses often of several feet in extent. It generally
was in a layer of from about a quarter to half an inch in thickness,
of a fine Oscillatoria-green colour, and occasionally rising into finger-
like processes of several inches in length.
“The Spongilla of the small lakes in this vicinity rarely forms
very large masses. I have found it in layers on the undersides of
stones in moderately deep water, and have also seen finger-like masses
in shallow water.”
In the dust from the box containing the fragments of Spongilla
from the water-pipes of Boston, sent to me by Dr. Asa Gray, there
were spicula which indicate the existence of two or three other spe-
cies in the waters that supply the inhabitants of Boston. One is an
acerate spiculum, as large as a full-grown one, from the skeleton of
the Spongilla from the water-pipes, S. paupercula, but not smooth
like that spiculum ; on the contrary, it is abundantly furnished with
incipient spines, which cover all parts of the shaft, excepting near
the apices, where it is smooth for the space of about twice the
largest diameter of the shaft. Spongilla cinerea, Carter, from
444 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ. [Nov. 24,
Bombay, has the skeleton-spicula incipiently spinous, but I have not
hitherto found the same character in any of the North American
species. These spinous spicula apparently represent a species at
present unknown to us. Beside the spinous spiculum described
above, there are two other forms, neither of which are above one-
fifth or one-sixth the length of the skeleton-spiculum of S. pauper-
cula; and both have every character of being tension-spicula, or those
belonging to the interstitial and dermal membranes of some species
of Spongilla. One of these is cylindrical, straight, short, and stout,
with hemispherical apices, and is covered all over with incipient
spines, which requires a linear power of about 300 to define them
well. The other is of about the same length as the one last de-
scribed, but of a fusiformi-acerate shape, is very slender, and requires
a power of about 700 linear to define it well. It is entirely covered
with well-produced conical spines, with a few truncated ones near
the middle of the shaft. This spiculum is very like that which
abounds in the dermal membrane of Spongilla lacustris; but it is
most probable that it may be an incompletely developed one of S.
baileyi.
ene oe lacustris the tension-spicula of the membranes and
the dermal spicula of the ovaria differ in form. The former are
fusiformi-acerate, covered with spines; the latter cylindrical and
very much curved; so that, judging from these circumstances, it
may ultimately prove that the two small forms of spicula from the
dust accompanying S. paupercula may belong to the same sponge,
or it may be that they indicate the existence of two distinct species.
In the latter case, there are evidently three distinct species of Spon-
gilla in the sources of the Boston water beside the one prevailing in
the water-pipes.
At the time I received the specimen of Spongilla from Professor
Bailey to which I subsequently attached his name, he very kindly
sent me a small packet of infusorial earth, very rich in the spicula
of the Spongillide, ‘from Duval’s Creek, near Lake Monroe, St.
John’s River, Florida.” I have examined this material carefully,
with the view of forming an approximate estimate of the number of
species of Spongilla existing in the waters whence it came; and the
following are the results. I found the birotulate spicula of the
ovaria of S. Batleyi in moderate abundance, but I did not recognize
those of the membranes. A second form of birotulate spiculum,
with a strongly spiculated shaft, occurred in abundance. ‘This spi-
culum is very like those of the ovaries of S. Meyeni, Carter, from
the water-tanks of Bombay, and could not by its form alone be
separated from those of that species. Beside these there are a con-
siderable variety in size and form of smooth spicula, whieh have
every appearance of being skeleton-ones ; so that the number and
variety of these justify the idea, eliminated by the number and va-
riety of tension-spicula of unknown species, that there are at least
five or six North American species of Spongilla beside those with
which I am already acquainted.
The Australian species S. Capewelli is an interesting addition to
1863.] | DR. J. S, BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. 445
our knowledge, and indicates a very extensive range for the genus.
And not the least remarkable point in its history is its very close
approximation in habit and structure to our British species S. flu-
viatilis. During my examination of the Australian specimen, I met
with two spicula of the same form, entirely spined, cylindrical, which
do not belong to S. Capewelli, and which are probably tension-spi-
cula, or spicula of the ovaria, of a second species existing in Lake
Hindmarsh.
SPONGILLA FLUVIATILIS, Johnston.
Sponge massive, sessile; surface uneven, often lobular, hispid.
Oscula simple, large, scattered. Pores conspicuous. Dermal mem-
brane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton-spicula acerate. Ovaria sub-
globose ; spicula birotulate, short, rarely spinous ; disposed in lines
radiating from the centre of the ovarium; rotulz equal in size, flat,
deeply and irregularly dentate, diameter equal to the length of the
shaft of the spiculum.
Colour, alive, yellow or green.
Hab. Rivers and lakes of Europe.
Examined alive.
Dr. Johnston, in his ‘ History of British Sponges,’ has ‘given so
able a digest of all that has been written regarding this species and
its numerous changes of name, both generic and specific, as to render
any observations on that part of my subject a work of supererogation.
The normal form of this species is certainly massive and sessile ;
and the arborescent form that it is said to occasionally assume is due
to its having originally been parasitical on stems of plants, and per-
haps also not unfrequently to S. acustris having been mistaken for
this species. When developed under favourable circumstances, I have
seen large rounded lobes projected from its surface ; but I have never
seen it assume an arborescent form like that of S. lacustris.
The absence of spicula in the dermal membrane of this species
readily distinguishes it from S. /acustris ; but the most striking dif-
ferential character exists in the birotulate spicula of the ovaria, the
correct form and position of which were, I believe, first pointed out
by Meyen in Valentin’s ‘ Repertorium,’ 1840.
The shaft of the spiculum is usually smallest at the middle, and it
increases more or less as it approaches the rotulz ; and occasionally,
but rarely, we find a single large spine projecting at right angles
from near its middle. The rotule are flat and deeply and irregularly
divided, the divisions frequently extending from the circumference to
very near the centre. ‘They are disposed very closely together in
the walls of the ovaria, the outer rotula supporting the external
membrane, and the inner one performing the same office for the in-
ternal membrane; but they are so completely covered by the re-
spective membranes, that without the application of nitric acid they
would be extremely likely to escape observation.
SponciLua Leip11, Bowerbank.
Sponge sessile, coating thin ; surface tuberculated, minutely hispid,
446 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. ([Nov. 24,
Oscula numerous, small, congregated, elevated, and marginated.
Pores conspicuous. Skeleton-spicula acerate, small, short, and
stout, rather obtusely terminated. Dermal and interstitial mem-
branes pellucid, aspiculous. Ovaria spherical, small ; dermal ‘spi-
cula birotulate, minute, short; shaft cylindrical; rotule, margms
entire, that of the outer one sometimes exflected, and rarely spicu-
lated.
Colour yellow, with a tint of green.
Hab. Schuylkill River, United States (Dr. J. Leidy).
Examined in the dried state.
I am indebted to my friend Prof. Leidy of Philadelphia for a spe-
cimen of this species, 33 inches long, 22 inches wide, and 4th of an
inch in thickness. The whole of the upper surface is thickly and
rather uniformly studded with variously shaped elevations, none of
which exceed about a line in height ; and each one has on its summit
one or more oscula, and frequently as many as five or six, the whole
being enclosed within a slightly raised, thin margin. The oscula are
exceedingly numerous, but very minute. The pores are readily to be
distinguished by the aid of a lens of 2 inches focus. The whole sur-
face of the sponge is minutely hispid from the projection of the ter-
minal spicula of the primary lines of the skeleton-tissue.
The spicula of the skeleton are short and stout; an average-sized
one measured +1, inch in length, and had a diameter of 5455 mech.
I could not detect any tension-spicula in either the dermal or inter-
stitial membranes.
The ovaria are rather abundant at the basal surface of the sponge;
they are very small, and are scarcely visible to the unassisted eye.
In the dried state they are nearly all of them more or less hemisphe-
rical by contraction, but their normal form is spherical. In the
adult state they are furnished with a closely packed stratum of biro-
tulate spicula. They are very minute, an adult one measuring
air inch in length, the diameter of the rotule being 74,5 inch,
and the diameter of the shaft ~), inch. They are not visible, ex-
cepting by previous preparation in boiling nitric acid. The margins
of the rotulee are very entire, and in fully developed spicula that of
the outer one is frequently exflected ; but I did not observe this cha-
racter to occur in any of the proximal ones. In avery few instances
the shaft of the spiculum was continued through the centre of the
distal rotula, forming an acutely terminated central spike.
When a section at right angles to the dermal surface of the sponge
was examined, two distinct layers of growth were visible, the first
dermal membrane remaining in the midst of the sponge. From this
circumstance it appears probable that the species is perennial, and,
from the last stratum being in perfect accordance with the first, that
its natural character is that of a thin coating sponge, never rising in
the form of tuberous masses like the closely allied European species,
S. fluviatilis. ;
The specific names friabilis and fragilis have been applied so
loosely and indefinitely to the European species that I do not think
it advisable to adopt the latter, which was appended to the specimen
1863,] DR, J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDA, 447
sent to me; and as I am not aware that the species has been de-
seribed and published before, I beg to dedicate it to my friend Dr.
J. Leidy, who has worked so well and worthily for the advancement
of science, and to whom I am indebted for my knowledge of the
species.
Spone1Lia CaPpEweE wi, Bowerbank.
Sponge massive, sessile ; surface uneven, often lobular, smooth.
Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton-spicula acerate, rather
short and stout. Ovaria subglobose ; spicula birotulate, rather long,
disposed in lines radiating from the centre of the ovary ; rotule flat,
margins slightly and irregularly crenulate ; shafts slender, incipiently
spinous, varying in length from one to one and half diameter of a
rotula.
Colour dull green, with a tint of yellow.
Hab, Lake Hindmarsh, Victoria, Australia ; lat. 35° 30' S., long.
141° 40! E. (LZ. P. Capewell, Esq.).
Examined in the dried state.
We are indebted to the energy and enterprise of Mr. Capewell for
the knowledge of the existence of Spongilla in the freshwater lakes
of Australia. The specimen, the type of the above description, is
7+ inches long and 3 inches in its greatest diameter, surrounding in
a very irregular manner a small twig of wood, not + of an inch in
diameter, and from which it projects in large tuberiform masses.
Mr. Capewell states in his letter to me that ‘‘ the manner in which
it is found is, lying upon the shores. In the winter season, about
June, the weather being very tempestuous, the lake becomes greatly
agitated, and the roll and swell is so great that at times a small boat
could scarcely live upon the surface. It is after one of these storms
that, by searching along the shores, you may obtain specimens, I
have searched well for it among the reeds and upon the branches of
trees pendant in the water, but did not succeed in finding them in
those situations, and my impression has always been that it coated
dead branches of trees that have fallen some depth in the water.
‘The colour and appearance of the specimens when found is
exactly the same as the dried specimen would have if dipped in
water.”
The description of the habit of this Spongilla would do equally
well for that of our British species S. fluviatilis, with which it assi-
milates in anatomical structure in a very remarkable manner.
The oscula appear to be less in size, but more numerous, than in
the British species, and the skeleton less fragile. The skeleton-spi-
cula are shorter and stouter than those of S. fluviatilis, their length
being in comparison about as 3 to4. The ovaria are numerous ; they
are situated on the basal membrane in a single, closely packed stra-
tum, and do not appear dispersed in the substance of the deeply
seated portions of the sponge as in S. fuviatilis. In their size and
general appearance they very closely resemble those of the British
species. Externally they are supplied with numerous short, curved,
448 DR, J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Nov. 24,
acerate spicula, which are irregularly dispersed on their surfaces.
The birotulate spicula of the ovaria, compared with those of S. flu-
viatilis, present the most decided differential characters. The rotule,
instead of being deeply incised at their margins, are only slightly
crenulate; and their shafts, although longer in proportion than those
of the British species, are scarcely half their diameter, and nearly all
of them are incipiently spinous. Thus, notwithstanding their general
similarity in form, these differences in structure at once establish the
distinct specific character of this sponge.
SponGiLtua Meyent, Carter.
Sponge massive, sessile; surface tuberculous, hispid. Oscula
scattered, mostly intertuberculous. Pores conspicuous. Dermal
membrane aspiculous, thin, and translucent. Skeleton-spicula ace-
rate, stout, incipiently spinous. Ovaria subglobular ; spicula biro-
tulate, disposed in lines radiating from the centre of the gemmule ;
rotule flat, irregularly but deeply dentate, divisions frequently ex-
tending to near the axis ; shaft from once to twice the length of the
diameter of the rotule, cylindrical, without spines or with from one
to three or four near its middle.
Colour yellow.
Hab. Freshwater tanks, Bombay (Caréer).
Examined in the dried state.
I have received four specimens of this species from Mr. Carter.
The surface of all of them is profusely furnished with large tubercu-
lous projections ; on two of them these masses are rounded evenly,
and terminate nearly hemispherically ; while in the other two they
are more attenuated, furrowed longitudinally, and are rather sharply
terminated. These varieties of form are evidently the effect of dif-
ferences in locality only, as in all their organic characters they are
in perfect accordance.
There is a remarkable coincidence in the organic characters of this
species and our European 8. fluviatilis. The indistinct mode of the
arrangement of the skeleton, the form of the spicula of which it is
composed, the form of the ovaria and of their spicula are as nearly
as possible the same; and it is only when we examine not only the
forms but the proportions of these organs, that we perceive that there
are really sufficient organic differences to constitute them distinct
species.
The variation in the spicula of the skeleton is not very great, those
of S. Meyeni being 2; inch in length, while those of S. fluviatilis
are but -; inch long. In the characteristic spicula of the ovaries
it is that the greatest discrepancy exists. In S. fluviatilis they are
remarkably constant in their proportions, being +3/z inch im length;
and the rotulz are as near as possible equal in diameter to the length
of the spiculum : the rule is, that the shaft should be without spines ;
and the occurrence of a single spine near its centre is the exception,
and this occurs in about the proportion of one to twenty or thirty
smooth spines; while, on the contrary, in S. Meyeni the rule is the
presence of from one to four or five spines on the shaft, and the ex-
1863.] DR. J.S, BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. 449
ception their absence, one in every three or four being without
them ; and the size of the spicula is exceedingly variable, ranging
from <1, inch long and broad to <4, inch long by +) inch broad.
Tn other respects the spicula in both species are remarkably similar
in their characters. If we have recourse to the less constant but (in
this case) valuable characters of form and colour, we can scarcely
mistake the species, as the dissimilarity in those respects are stri-
kingly marked.
The measurements given by Mr. Carter of those organs, in his
valuable paper, are as nearly in accordance with those I have made
as they can be expected to be in such a case.
I have been unable to find any “‘amorphous siliceous deposit ”’
cementing the spicula of the gemmules together, and a few minutes’
boiling in nitric acid effects a complete separation of them from the
animal tissues in which they are imbedded.
I do not think it probable that the species examined by Meyen
was the one that has been named after him, but rather that it was
our European species Spongilla fluviatilis, with the structure of
which Mr. Carter (from his residence in India at the time of writing
his paper) was not acquainted.
SPONGILLA PLUMOSA, Carter.
Sponge sessile, massive or subramose; surface hispid. Oscula
dispersed, numerous. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal and interstitial
membranes aspiculous. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, stout.
Ovaries semiovoid; spicula birotulate, disposed in lines radiating
from the centre of the ovary; shaft three to four diameters of the
rotulze in length, cylindrical, abundantly spinous; rotule externally
convex, internally concave, margins irregularly dentate. Sarcode :
spicula subsphero-stellate, multiradiate ; radii spinous ; apices pileate
or capitulate.
Colour yellow or green.
Hab. Freshwater tanks, Bombay (Carter).
Examined in the dried state.
I have received three specimens from Mr. Carter of this distinct
and well-characterized species: two of them are portions of larger
Sponges, they are both yellow and massive, having the upper surface
of each with very slightly elevated portions, but exhibiting no ramose
projections; while the third specimen, rather exceeding 4 inches in
diameter, is entirely composed of short branches of a bright-green
colour, ramifying from a common base. It is therefore apparent
that there is a considerable latitude in form and colour in this species ;
and in truth the difference in these respects is so great between the
last and the first two specimens that a superficial examiner would
undoubtedly designate them as distinct species ; while in their organic
structures there is no preceptible difference.
An average-sized spiculum of the skeleton measured J; inch long
and +1, inch greatest diameter.
The greater portion of the ovaries are semioyoid in form; a few
Proc, Zoon, Soc,—1863, No, XXIX,
450 DR. J, S: BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Noy. 24,
of them are subglobose; but the most striking specific character
exists in the birotulate spicula of these organs, which vary remark-
ably in form and proportion from those of any known Indian species
of Spongilla. While those of S. Meyeni rarely exceed two diameters
of the rotule in length, in S. plumosa they nearly all range from
three to three and a half diameters long. The shaft is equably
cylindrical throughout its whole length, and is abundantly furnished
with stout spines, frequently exceeding the diameter of the shaft in
length. The rotule also are essentially different from those of either
S. fluviatilis or S. Meyeni: in those species they are thin, flat on
both sides, and irregularly and deeply dentate, the divisions reaching
very nearly to the centre of the rotulz ; while in this species the ro-
tulze are internally concave and considerably and regularly convex on
the outer surface, having the circumference only slightly dentate in
comparison with the species above named, and, whether in st¢u after
preparation in nitric acid, or in a state of separation, they are per-
haps the most beautiful form of sponge-spiculum with which we are
acquainted.
The occurrence of subsphero-stellate spicula in the sarcode of this
species is a remarkable fact, as they have not hitherto been found in
any species of the genus; nor are they frequently found among the
marine Spongiade. They occur in the sarcode of Tethea lyncurium,
but the radii are acutely terminated and are without spines. In
Pachymatisma Johnstonia they abound in the sarcode, with very short
incipient spines on the radii; and in Geodia carinata, from the South
Pacific Ocean, Bowerbank MS., I obtained one spiculum in which
the rays are profusely spined. In Dactylocalyx pumicea, Stutch-
bury, multiradiate spicula are found, the radii of which have either
acute or depressed capitulate terminations, but without spines ; and
it is only from Spongilla plumosa that I have observed them to have
pileate or capitulate terminations and have the radii at the same
time strongly spined. The subsphero-stellate spicula are exceedingly
variable in the mode of their development: sometimes there is one
comparatively large straight fusiform spiculum, pileate at one or both
ends, and one or more slightly developed rays dispersed near the
middle of it, also more or less pileated ; but the general form is a
series of rays of nearly equal length radiating from an irregularly
formed common centre, having a few recurved spines on the shaft,
and a closely packed cluster of recurved spines at the apex, which
take the shape of a little cap closely resembling a young mushroom
in form ; but when not fully developed, they assume the appearance
of an irregular capitulum. Occasionally, but not very frequently,
they terminate acutely. The extreme diameter of a well-developed
cluster of radii is about =4, inch.
These beautiful spicula are not mentioned in the specific descrip-
tion of this Sponge by Mr. Carter; but he subsequently observed
them and mentioned them in a letter to me in the latter part of 1854.
That author in his paper observes, “I have only found three or
four specimens of it (S. plumosa), and these only m two tanks. I
have never seen it fixed on any body, but always floating on the sur-
1863.] ‘DR. J. 8S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ: 451
face of the water about a month after the first heavy rains of the
S.W. monsoon have fallen.”
SponGiLia Bariteyi, Bowerbank.
Sponge coating; surface smooth? Oscula and pores inconspicu-
ous. Dermal membrane spiculous; spicula fusiformi-acerate, en-
tirely spined; spines of the middle cylindrical, truncated, very long
and large. Skeleton-spicula subfusiformi-acerate, rather slender.
Interstitial membranes spiculous; spicula same as those of the der-
mal membrane. Ovaria globular, smooth, abundantly spiculous ;
spicula arranged in lines radiating from the centre to the circum-
ference of the ovary, birotulate ; rotule irregularly and deeply cleft
at the margins, incurvate; shaft very long, cylindrical, entirely
spined ; spines conical.
Colour, in the dried state, dark green.
Hab. A stream on Canterbury Road, West Point, New York
(Prof. J. W. Bailey).
Examined in the dried state.
_ Tam indebted to the late Prof. Bailey, of West Point, New York,
for my knowledge of this interesting species. In a letter to me,
dated 30th Noy. 1856, he writes, “‘The only bit of Spongilla I have
been able to find in my collection is from a small mountain-stream
near West Point. It was picked from a small pebble in a pool
which the stream formed as it crossed the road. It attracted my
attention, I believe, as being of very small size to have gemmules.
I send it just as it was gathered.”
The specimen was in an oblong packet less than an inch in length ;
it contained a few fragments of Spongilla, the largest of which was
about two lines in diameter. It was full of gemmules, and in fine
condition for examination.
The structural peculiarities of this Sponge are very remarkable ;
it belongs to the tribe of which all have birotulate spicula imbedded
in the coat of the ovarium and disposed in lines radiating from the
centre to its circumference. It has the birotulate spicula four or five
times as long in their proportions as those of the ovaria of S. fluvia-
tilis. Its nearest congener is the East Indian species Spongilla
plumosa, Carter ; but it differs in structure from that Sponge, both
as regards the tension-spicula and those of the ovaria, the rotulze in
Spongilla Bailey? being cleft or dentated to very near the centre, while
those of S. plumosa are entire, excepting a slight marginal crenation,
and the shaft also is considerably shorter than in those of S. baileyi
when fully developed.
I observed these beautiful spicula in every stage of development,
from the slender smooth shaft with only slightly clubbed termina-
tions to the abundantly spinous shaft and fully produced rotule, just
as those of S. plumosa are represented in pl. 26. figs. 18-20, in the
Phil. Trans.’ of the Royal Society of London for 1858.
The tension-spicula of the dermal and interstitial membranes are
remarkably characteristic. They are very small, and require a power
of about 700 linear to define them well. They are very similar to
452 DR, J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Noyv. 24,
the corresponding spicula in Spongilla alba, Carter, from the water-
tanks of Bombay; but the truncated cylindrical spines are longer
than in that species. In S. Batley?, near the middle of the spiculum,
they often equal and sometimes exceed in length its greatest diameter.
Fig. 22, pl. 24, ‘Phil. Trans. London’ as above quoted, serves well
to represent the general character of these spicula.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to the
memory of one who has done so much, and in so able a manner, to
develope the microscopical natural history of his country, and who
was ever ready to assist his brother naturalists in any quarter of the
globe, either with material for examination or with information
from his rich stores of knowledge.
SPONGILLA GREGARIA, Bowerbank.
Skeleton-spicula cylindrical, stout, and rather short. Ovaria
furnished with an envelope; spicula of the envelope few and scat-
tered, cylindrical, short and stout, entirely spined. Ovaria, surface
even, furnished abundantly with very short birotulate spicula; ro-
tulee flat, margins entire, outer surface umbonate ; umbo very short,
slightly convex. Shaft of spiculum cylindrical, short, and stout.
Colour, dried state, dark lurid green.
Hab. River Amazon, on branches of trees periodically pendent in
the water, near Villa Nova.
Examined in the dried state.
All that I have yet seen of this species consists of small patches
of ovaria, varying from ith to ;%,ths of an inch in diameter, of a
single layer of ovaries partially surrounding the small branches of
trees pendent in the water of the River Amazon at certain seasons
of the year. These little patches of ovaria look very like groups of
the eggs of flies the larvee of which are aquatic, and which are so
frequently to be seen on the small stems and branches at the margin
of ponds and rivers. On examining them with a Lieberkuhn, and
power of one hundred linear, it was at once apparent that they were
not ovaria of the Spongilla that occupied the greater part of the
stem on which they were seated—S. reticulata. I therefore pro-
ceeded to a regular examination of them, and soon satisfied myself
that they belonged to an entirely new species, with the mass of the
Sponge of which I am still unacquainted ; but from the well-marked
characters to be derived from their structure and the small portion
of the skeleton connecting them together, I have been enabled to
give a provisional description that will serve to give a standing to
the species until a better acquaintance with the entire Sponge
allows us to complete the characters.
The spicula of the skeleton are cylindrical and smooth, and very
little larger than those of the envelope of the ovaries. They vary
somewhat in size, and occasionally the rudiment of a spine or two
may be detected upon them; but this may perhaps be induced by
their being so closely connected with the envelope of the gemmule,
and occurring only in the short cylindrical portions of skeleton con-
necting the gemmules together; and I am the more inclined to this
1863.] DR. J. 8. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. 453
opinion as I observed a few of the profusely spiniferous spicula of
the envelope intermixed with the proper smooth spicula in the short
lengths of skeleton separating the ovaria. The spicula of the enve-
lope of the ovary are also cylindrical in form; but they are rather
shorter and stouter in their proportions than those of the skeleton,
and occasionally evince a slight inclination to be subfusiform, and
they vary considerably in size. They are slightly curved, and abun-
dantly spiniferous, more especially on the outer curved surface and
towards the middle of the shaft of the spiculum. They are dispersed
very irregularly over the envelope; and many of them are nearly
completely immersed in its strong, coriaceous, cream-coloured sub-
stance; but none of them are visible on its inner surface, which ap-
peared quite smooth. The wall of the ovary is much thinner than
that of the envelope, and is apparently very little thicker than the
length of the short birotulate spicula, which are closely packed in a
single layer in all parts of its substance. The spicula of the wall of
the ovary are very beautiful objects. The rotule consist of two
thin flat plates of equal size, with entire margins, connected by a
very short, thick, smooth, cylindrical shaft, a slight protrusion of
each end of which through the centre of each rotula forms a very
short convex umbo on the centre of each outer surface. They are
very small; an average-sized one measured, length of spiculum
a0ov inch, diameter of rotula ==; inch, length of the shaft within
the rotula =,4,; inch.
The gregarious habit of these curious ovaries is very interesting,
and the manner in which they are based on the surface of the bark
of the plant is very suggestive of the habit. They are not closely
adherent by the surface of the envelope, but are supported by a
single series of skeleton-spicula, disposed at various angles like a
crowd of small props, one end of each spiculum being based on the
epidermis of the plant, while the other impinges on the surface of
the envelope, the whole being strongly bound together by the horny
structure of the skeleton; and short lengths of skeleton-fibre are
thrown out laterally, by which the ovaria are connected with each
other. It would therefore appear that, as soon as the locality has
been selected, the adherent envelope of each ovary generates a single
series of spicula to support it above the surface of the plant, so as
to allow of a free circulation of water around it during the period of
its immersion, and that afterwards they remain dormant in this con-
dition until the next season of immersion in the water, as all these
little groups were in precisely the same stage of development ; and
they were by no means few in number. On one small twig which
passed through a specimen of S. reticulata 5 inches in length, and
extended 4 inches beyond its termination, there were no less than
six of these small colonies, varying from three to twenty-six in
number, although the branch did not exceed one-eighth of an inch
in diameter at any part.
SPONGILLA PAULULA, Bowerbank.
Sponge sessile, coating surface rugged, spinous. Oscula simple,
454 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Nov. 24,
minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane obso-
lete. Skeleton-spicula subfusiformi-acerate. Ovaria globose; sur-
face even, slightly pitted; enveloping spicula few, scattered, fusiformi-
acerate, entirely spmed ; spines minute, conical; spicula of the walls
inequi-birotulate ; rotule radially lineated, margins entire, shaft cy-
lindrical.
Colour, dried state, light brown.
Hab. River Amazon, on leaves or branches of trees, occasionally
pendent in the water. Near Villa Nova.
Examined in the dried state.
This singularly insignificant little species, as it appears from the
only specimen I have yet seen, forms a light-brown incrustation, about
three-fourths of an inch long, a quarter of an inch wide, and not ex-
ceeding half a line in thickness, on a small leaf from one of the stems
on which a Spongilla reticulata from the River Amazon was seated.
It is firmly attached to the leaf by a comparatively stout pellucid
basal membrane. It is very irregular and rugged in its structure,
throwing up from its base short, stout, conical masses of spicula
terminating acutely and giving a strongly spinous and uneven ap-
pearance to the distal surface. I examined the Sponge through this
surface, both as an opake and a transparent object, with a power of
160 linear, in search of ovaria, but in vain; but on reversing one of
the fragments removed from the leaf, I succeeded in detecting a few
very minute immature ovaries closely seated on the inner surface of
the basal membrane, and completely buried beneath the reticulations
of the skeleton. On examining these by nitric acid, I found that
none of the spicula of the walls of the ovarium that might be ex-
pected to be present were developed; but a renewed investigation
of the whole of the fragments I possessed produced one adult ovary,
gy of an inch in diameter, which I succeeded in isolating and pre-
paring successfully for observation. On immersion in water, and
when fully expanded, it appeared of a light cream-colour, with an
even but slightly pitted surface, to which a few fusiformi-acerate
spicula, very much less than those of the skeleton, and very variable
in size, were adherent. After careful preparation of the gemmule in
nitric acid, these spicula were found to be entirely spined, but the
spines are so minute as to require a power of 660 linear to exhibit
them in a satisfactory manner. An average-sized spiculum of this
description measured, length =}, inch, greatest diameter =4, inch.
The walls of the ovary were filled with stout inequi-birotulate spi-
cula 74; inch in length; the larger rotula measured =;4, inch in
diameter, and the smaller one ;5; inch in diameter. The shaft is
cylindrical, expanding slightly towards each end ; the diameter at
the middle was ;45 inch. The central canal in the shaft is un-
usually and strikingly visible ; and at its terminations in the rotule
it throws off numerous minute radiating branches, extending from
the centre to the circumference of those parts of the spiculum, giving
to them, when viewed with a linear power of 660, a radially lineated
appearance. In one of the large rotule I counted nineteen of these
minute canals.
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDA. — 455
~ An average-sized spiculum of the skeleton measured, length
+hy inch, greatest diameter >,1;5 inch.
SPONGILLA RETICULATA, Bowerbank.
Sponge massive, sessile; surface spiniferous, interspaces closed by
a coarse reticulation of spicula. Oscula, pores, and dermal mem-
brane obsolete. Skeleton-spicula subfusiformi-cylindrical, short,
and stout. Ovaria spiculous, encased in an oval, irregular, and
coarse reticulate envelope of spicula; surface of envelope even.
Spicula of envelope cylindrical, slightly curved, entirely spined,
short, and stout. Ovaria oviform, thin ; surface smooth; foramen
tubular: spicula boletiform; large internal extremity, externally
convex, internally concave, margin entire; small external extre-
mity, clavate, sometimes stellate ; shaft more or less attenuating
from each end towards the middle, furnished irregularly with a few
conical spines.
Colour, dry state, dark green, with a brown tint.
- Hab. River Amazon, on pendent branches of trees.
Examined in the dried state.
I received nine fine specimens of this interesting species from Mr.
Bates. The label accompanying them states that they were from
“Dark Ygapos in virgin forest, margins of Amazon, Villa Nova
(when the waters have receded, found clinging to the trees), Nov.
20, 1854.” The largest specimen surrounds a curved branch of a
quarter of an inch thick. The Sponge is fusiform, 9 inches in length,
and 2 inches at the greatest diameter in thickness; the surface is
irregularly tubercular. The other specimens vary considerably in
form, following the direction of the branches, which they surround
completely, although frequently not more than the eighth of an inch
in thickness ; and of the very young specimens, four of which occur
on different branches of the same stem, one, although not more than
half an inch long, has already succeeded in entirely embracing the
stem.
The superficial interspaces are closed by a coarse rigid network of
spicula. Through this the terminations of the primary fibres of the
skeleton are projected a line or more in length, forming stout conical
spines all over the surface. The internal interspaces are also more
or less filled with a similar network to that which closes the super-
ficial ones.
' The spicula of the skeleton are short, stout, and cylindrical, with’
a slight inclination to be fusiform, especially when large and fully
developed ; the terminations are hemispherical.
- The ovaria are abundant in all parts of the Sponge. The envelope
is composed of a coarse, irregular network of spicula, the interstices
being filled in by membranes thickly coated with sarcode. The spi-
eula are cylindrical, with hemispherical terminations, and they are
furnished in all parts with short conical spines. The envelope is’
sometimes observed attached, by one side, to a large fibre ; at other.
times it is supported in an interspace by two or three short pedicels
of spicula. The ovarium fills the interior of the envelope ; it is ovi-’
456 DR. J. 8. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Nov. 24,
form, terminating at the small end in a short, cylindrical, tubular
foramen, the length of the tube beyond the outer surface of the ova-
rium being about equal to its diameter. The foramen appears to be
most frequently at the distal end of the envelope as regards its at-
tachment to the skeleton. The thickness of the wall of the ovarium
appears to be determined by the length of the boletiform spicula,
the outer convex surface of which forms the inner surface of the
ovary, while the small clavate or stellate end is seen either imme-
diately beneath the outer surface of the ovary or slightly projecting
beyond it. In the living condition it is probable the former would
be its natural position.
There are several singular points in the structure of this. species.
I have never found before among the Spongillide either the ovary
oval or the foramen distinctly projected above its surface; and it is
the first occurrence of the singular and beautiful boletiform spicula.
SPONGILLA RECURVATA, Bowerbank.
Sponge sessile, coating surface even, smooth. Oscula inconspi-
cuous, numerous, simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane thin, translucent, aspiculous. Skeleton-spicula cylindrical,
short, and stout. Ovaries globose ; surface even, pitted, furnished
with spicula: external spicula multihamate-birotulate ; hami of the
rotulze stout, attenuating, much recurved ; shaft cylindrical: internal
spicula boletiform ; proximal or large extremity irregularly circular,
flat, or very slightly convex outwardly, thin, margin entire; small
or distal extremity lentiform; shaft attenuating from the larger to
the smaller extremity.
Colour, dried state, light brown.
Hab. Villa Nova, River Amazon.
Examined in the dried state.
This little species was found closely embracing about half of one
of the small stems of a tree, which a full-sized specimen of Spongilla
reticulata covered for about 6 inches in length ; the stem rather ex-
ceeded one-eighth of an inch in diameter ; and the large Sponge in its
growth has evidently partially grown over the smaller one, which is
not more than one-third of a line in thickness. The best specimen
I possess was detached, and was found loose in the paper in which
the whole of the specimens I received from Mr. Bates were packed ;
it is about three-fourths of an inch in length; and the Sponge when
whole, judging from the length of the detached portions, may have
been about 3 inches in length. In the largest detached piece there
were more than forty ovaria imbedded in one stratum at the base of
the Sponge, with the foramen of the greater part of them downwards.
The diameter of an average-sized one was 7; inch. We may there-
fore fairly infer, although the Sponge is so thin, that it is in an adult
condition. Notwithstanding its length, it does not appear to be in
the habit of entirely surrounding the stem on which it is seated, as
it had done so in one small spot only.
The oscula are not visible without the aid of a lens; they are vari-
ous in size, and rather numerous. The dermal membrane is thin and
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. 457
translucent, and is supported on a network of spicula; this network
of the dermal surface is thick and abounding with spicula; but that
of the internal skeleton seldom exceeds two or three spicula in sub-
stance, and the size of the interstices are usually determined by the
length of the spicula, which vary considerably in size. A fully de-
veloped one measured, length ;+, inch, greatest diameter ;=., inch.
In the dried condition the ovaries are nearly hemispherical, but
when expanded in water they become globose; in this state, when
viewed with a power of one hundred linear by the aid of a Lieber-
kuhn, they are cream-coloured, and present an irregular and deeply
pitted surface ; and from these indents or pits the multiradiate-
birotulate spicula of the outer surface of the ovary are projected at
right angles to the surface, very often for nearly the whole of their
length. If the ovaries be acted on by boiling nitric acid so as to
render it transparent without entirely disintegrating it, we then see
the delicate and beautiful boletiform spicula, the large rotule of
which are placed at the inner surface of the ovarium; while the
slender shaft with its small lentiform distal termination is projected,
at right angles to the inner surface, through the substance of the wall
of the ovary to very nearly its outer surface. This spiculum cer-
tainly presents one of the most graceful and elegant forms I have
ever seen among sponge-spicula.
The external surfaces of the rotule of the birotulate spicula are
smooth, very convex, and in many cases almost hemispherical ; so
that the points of the curved spines are in the direction of planes
parallel to the shaft of the spiculum, and the rotula is cleft almost
to the point of union with the shaft. The number of spines vary :
in one rotula there were as many as ten; but the usual number is
about five or six.
The contrast between the two sorts of spicula in the ovary is very
great; one is all lightness and delicacy of structure, the other the
type of strength and solidity. The latter, the multiradiate-birotulate
form, is ;;';g ich in length, the diameter of the rotulz ;.,, inch,
andthe diameter of the shaft =. inch. The former or boletiform
spicula have the following dimensions :—length ~1, inch, diameter of
large discal end ;;4,, inch, and diameter of the middle of the shaft of
the spiculum 5-4, inch. Lentiform termination 4, in diameter.
SponGiLLA Brownil, Bowerbank.
Sponge massive, sessile; surface spiniferous; superficial inter-
spaces open. Oscula, pores, and dermal membrane obsolete. Ske-
leton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, very stout. Ovaries spherical, spi-
culous, encased in a globose, irregularly but closely reticulate enve-
lope of spicula; surface of envelope even ; spicula of envelope ace-
rate, short, and stout, slightly curved. Ovary-surface tuberculate ;
tubercles long and narrow ; spicula of the ovary umbonato-scutulate,
minute.
Colour, dried state, pallid green.
Hab, River Amazon, on branches of trees pendent in the water
(Mr. R. Brown).
458 DR. J. S: BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDH. [Nov. 24,
Examined in the dried state.
I am indebted to Mr. Robert Brown for my knowledge of this
interesting species, which he informed me he believed was collected
from the River Amazon; and from the similarity of its structure to
other species of Spongilla which I have received from Mr. Bates,
who collected them from that river, I am induced to believe the
locality is correct.
The specimen is considerably mutilated, so that the natural size
and form cannot be determined with precision; in its condition
when I first saw it in Mr. Brown’s possession, it was about 3 inches
in length by 14 inch in breadth and thickness. The stem of wood
to which the Sponge is fixed, and which passes in a diagonal di-
rection through the portion which was kindly given to me by Mr.
Brown, does not much exceed a line in diameter ; and the attachment
is by an open network of flattened fibre, which embraces it closely in
all parts.
The primary fibres of the Sponge are stout and nearly parallel to
each other, and do not, as is usually the case, radiate from the stem
of wood at right angles to its long axis. The secondary fibres uni-
ting the primary ones are irregular in their direction. The surface
is strongly spiniferous from the projection of the terminations of the
primary fibres, and the spaces between the spinous terminations are
open and entirely destitute of either membrane or reticular structure.
The skeleton-spicula are ;J, inch in length, and their greatest dia-
meter is <4, inch.
The ovaries are situated immediately beneath and for a short
distance within the outer surface of the Sponge, and none were ob-
served more deeply seated. The attachment of the ovary-case or
envelope is not by an especial pedicel or a single point ; occasionally
it has two or three points of adhesion to the same fibre by short pe-
dicels, and it is often thus attached to two or more separate fibres,
or it has one broad sessile attachment toa single fibre. The surface
of the envelope is even, and there is no foramen on it, nor any indica-
tion of the position of that of the ovary within it. The ovary is
closely embraced by the strong spicular envelope, and small elongate
masses of its outer surface are projected, here and there, through the
interstices of the envelope, causing the latter to be more or less
tuberculous ; and from the smallness of the interstices the tubercles
are much greater in length than in thickness ; while in the nearly
allied species, S. Batesii, the tubercles of the ovarium-case are much
thicker than they are high, and the spicula of the envelope are nearly
twice as long as those of S. Brownii. The spicula of the envelope
are more regularly acerate than those of the skeleton: they vary
somewhat in size and degree of curvature; the dimensions of two
that I measured were 51; inch long by 7,4; inch diameter, and
+}; inch long by +5; inch diameter. They are disposed in a close
but irregular network, seldom exceeding two spicula in thickness.
The scutulate spicula of the ovary are seated on the outer surface
of the inner membrane of that organ, with the umbo of the. scu-
tulum outward ; but in their natural condition they do not appear to.
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ. 459
penetrate the outer membrane; and until the ovary has been ren-
dered transparent by the aid of boiling for a few seconds in nitric
acid, they are completely immersed in the tissues. They are disposed
in a single layer, but are so closely packed together that their mar-
gins frequently overlap to a considerable extent. The form of the
scutulum is truly that of a little shield, the lower surface being con-
eave, while the upper one has a corresponding degree of convexity,
and the umbo projects from its centre in the form of a small cone.
The diameter of an average-sized one was + 4,; inch, and the height
very nearly equalled the diameter.
- Sponeitta Baresu, Bowerbank.
Sponge massive, sessile; surface spiniferous ; superficial inter-
spaces open. Oscula, pores, and dermal membrane obsolete. Ske-
leton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, large, and stout. Ovaries spherical,
spiculous, encased in an irregular but very open reticulate envelope ;
spicula of envelope acerate, stout, slightly curved. Ovary-surface
tuberculate ; tubercles short and very broad. Spicula of the ovaries,
of exterior surface fusiformi-acerate, entirely spined, minute; spines
of the middle portion large, cylindrical, terminations obtuse. Spicula
of the interior surface umbonato-scutulate, minute.
Colour, dried state, pallid green.
Hab. River Tapajos, tributary to the Amazon, on the pendent
branches of trees (Mr. Bates).
Examined in the dried state.
I received three fine specimens of this species from Mr. Bates.
He describes them as being “found attached to stems and branches
of trees which are submerged for three months in the wet season,”
and that ‘‘ they are plentiful in the deep gloomy ygapos.”’ The three
specimens are very similar in form and dimensions, being of the size
and shape of a common fowl’s egg. Two of them only partially
embrace the stems on which they are seated ; the third entirely sur-
rounds it. One of the specimens is evidently young ; it is of a lighter
green colour than the others, uniform in its structure, and has but
few gemmules ; and several of these are small and not fully deve-
loped. In the other two the greater part of the skeleton of each is
brown, and has a dead appearance ; and this portion is totally desti-
tute of gemmules. United organically to the dead portions of the
two Sponges, there are in each one or two patches of the skeleton
which were evidently in a living state when collected. They are of
a fresh dark green colour, and abound with mature ovaries ; so that
it would appear that the species is so far an annual that when the
portion produced at one period has fulfilled the important offices of
reproduction, and has shed its ovaries, its existence is then termi-
nated.
The surface of the Sponge is strongly and rigidly spiniferous, and
the superficial interspaces large and open, without the slightest
vestige of either investing membrane or reticular structure to close
the apertures.
~The ovaries are not immediately at the surface, but a slight distance
460 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. [Noy. 24,
below it. In the dried condition they are semiglobose, much smaller
than the envelope in which they are contained, and are strongly
tuberculated. When expanded by immersion for a short period in
water, they assume a globose form and fill the envelope completely,
the large coarse tubercles passing through the interstices of the net-
work, and projecting considerably beyond it ; and it is evident that
the tuberculation is due to the powerful constriction of the surround-
ing network of the envelope, and there are no depressions on the
inner surface of the ovary corresponding to the elevations on its ex-
terior.
The manner in which the ovary is encased is very remarkable.
There is a single large basal ring of spicula surrounding the foramen,
at a distance from it of twelve or fifteen degrees, the whole circum-
ference of the ring being composed of seven or eight spicula cemented
together by their points, and rarely being more than two spicula
thick. From this basal ring other spicula are projected, usually from
the apical junctions, and a coarse net or basket-work is thus formed
around the ovary—the size and form of the interstices being deter-
mined by the length and direction of the spicula. The ovaries are
not sessile on the skeleton, but are elevated from the fibre on two or
three short slender pedicels of spicula, and groups of six or eight of
them are often clustered together in the large interspaces of the
Sponge, mutually supporting each other by a number of these short
pedicels, the greater part of the group having no connexion with
the fibres of the skeleton.
The minute, entirely spined, fusiformi-acerate spicula of the ex-
terior of the ovary are disposed without order in the substance of
its walls, immediately beneath its surface, and appear to abound
more especially in the large tubercles; and they are not visible
under any circumstances until after preparation of the ovary by the
aid of a slight boiling in nitric acid. At each end of the spiculum
the spines are not very strongly produced, but towards the middle
they are frequently as long as its greatest diameter ; they are cylin-
drical in form, and terminated very obtusely. The spicula are very
minute, and vary considerably in size ; a large one measured 4, inch
in length, and one of the smallest was <1, inch long.
The scutulate spicula are imbedded immediately within the inner
surface of the ovary. They are closely packed together, and there
appear to be two or three layers—the concave surface of the scu-
tulum being towards the inner surface of the ovary. The diameter of
an average-sized scutulum measured 7}, inch. The umbo is conical
and acutely terminated.
SPONGILLA CORALLIOIDES, Bowerbank.
Sponge somewhat fan-shaped, sessile, branching and anastomosing;
surface smooth and even. Oscula numerous, small, arranged in
linear series on the outer sides of the branches, nearly equidistant,
very slightly elevated. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane
thin and translucent, aspiculous. Spicula of the skeleton farcimulo-
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. 461
cylindrical, very short and stout. Ovaria, form unknown, furnished
with numerous scutulate spicula.
Colour, in the dried state, light ash-grey.
Hab, River Winguay, near Salto Grande, South America (W.
Bragge, Esq.).
‘Examined in the dried state.
This interesting species was brought from the interior of South
- America by Mr. W. Bragge, who presented it to the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons. Ina letter to Prof. Quekett he states
that it was “from the River Winguay, a branch of the Penk, from
near Salto Grande, above Paysandu ; it had a mass of red sandstone
for its base when found.” Salto Grande is on the River Japura,
lat. 0° 28' S., lon. 72°37! W. This river is discharged into the
Amazon near Alvarens.
The Sponge is 9 inches high, 7 inches broad, and varies from 2 to
3 inches in thickness. It has a nearly square outline ; and, in the
dried state, both in rigidity and general appearance it very closely
simulates a mass of finely branched coral. It is composed of a series
of anastomosing branches, two or three lines in diameter, forming
together a thick, somewhat fan-shaped mass. The surface of the
branches is smooth and even, or slightly undulating; and they fre-
quently assume an oval form from the influence of the opposite linear
series of oscula, which are usually from two to three lines distant
from each other.
The oscula rarely exceed half a line in diameter, and have usually
a slightly thickened and elevated margin. I could not detect pores
in the few pieces of dermal membrane that I found remaining on the
Sponge ; and both the dermal and interstitial membranes are thin and
very delicate in texture. The skeleton-spicula are curved, and are
remarkably short and stout: an average-sized adult one measured,
length =1, inch, greatest diameter =}, inch; so that they are less
than six times their own diameter in length. Among the large cy-
lindrical spicula there were a few comparatively slender acerate ones ;
the dimensions of one of them was, length 5}; inch, diameter 5,5
inch. These spicula, although differing in form from the adult ske-
leton-ones, are only an early stage of their development, and they
may be traced through all stages of their growth, from the acutely
acerate to the hemispherically terminated adult spicula. The young
as well as the old spicula are remarkably solid, and it is only by the
aid of incineration that a very small central cavity can be detected in
them. In one of the small pieces of the Sponge, mounted in Canada
balsam, I found a fragment of an ovarium imbedded amidst the
spicula of the skeleton. In this fragment the foramen was well pre-
served ; and immediately around this orifice were numerous minute
mammillze at nearly equal distances from each other. A few of these
elevations exhibited a tolerably distinct circular line around them,
indicating, in a manner that admitted of little doubt, that they were
scutulate spicula, very similar in size and structure to those of the
ovaria of S. Brownii and S. Baéesii, with the spicula of which spe-
cies they appeared to coincide as nearly as possible in size. No other
462 DR. J. S: BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. [Nov. 24,
form of spiculum was associated with them in this fragment of an
ovarium ; nor could I by the most careful examination of the frag-
ments of the Sponge in my possession detect any other remains of
the ovaria. Among the spicula separated by incineration, I found a
single acuate spiculum of the following dimensions :—length z4, inch,
diameter 5,55 inch. These proportions are very nearly in accord-
ance with those of the skeleton-spicula, and it is very probable that
it has belonged to the case of one of the gemmules of this Sponge,
especially as it is different from the spicula belonging to any of the
known species of Spongilla from the River Amazon.
A portion of the sarcode still remains in the Sponge ; and when
expanded in water, it has a golden-yellow colour, and has a dense ge-
latinoid appearance.
SPONGILLA LACUSTRIS, Johnston.
Ephydatia canalium, Fleming.
Halichondria lacustris, Fleming.
Sponge sessile, branching ; surface more or less hispid. Oscula
simple, dispersed, small, and numerous. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal and interstitial membranes pellucid, spiculous; spicula nu-
merous, fusiformi-acerate, entirely spined; spines abundant, conical,
acute. Skeleton-spicula subfusiformi-acerate. Ovaria subglobose ;
spicula acerate, much and variably curved, disposed at right angles
to lines radiating from the centre of the ovaries, entirely spined ;
spines conical, acute.
Colour dark green.
Hab. Lakes and rivers of England and Scotland.
Much uncertainty has existed regarding the specific distinctions
belonging to the two well-known European species of Spongilla ; and
I can only attribute this indecision on the part of naturalists to their
having hitherto appealed to the characters of external form and sub-
stance as a means of discrimination, to the almost total exclusion of
those of internal structure, in which may be found striking and un-
failing specific differences which never vary under any circumstances
of locality or modification of external form.
Dr. Fleming has justly characterized this species as being ‘“‘massive,
rising into short rounded branches; the fibres are coarser and the
substance denser than those of 8. fluviatilis ; the spicula, too, though
similar in form, are thicker and about one-fourth shorter.’? This de-
scription, when both species are attainable, is good as regards the
differential characters ; but fortunately there are essential characters
of much higher value, which exist in the spicula of the dermal mem-
brane and in those of the ovaria, neither of which have, I believe,
been noticed by previous writers on these subjects. Those of the
dermal membrane are, under ordinary circumstances, very indistinct.
If we examine the membrane in water between glasses, the spicula,
as they lie immersed in the sarcode, are scarcely to be detected ; but
if previously mounted in Canada balsam, they become at once dis
stinetly visible; they are very numerous, and are disposed over the
1863.) DR. J. 8S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID&. 463
membrane without any approximation to order, and have an average
length of 54, inch, and are z,/;5 inch in greatest diameter. They
vary to some extent in their dimensions; but their form is always
fusiformi-acerate, the spines are abundant, conical, and acutely ter-
minated at all parts of the spiculum, but are not very strongly
produced. The interstitial membranes are also plentifully supplied
with the same description of tension-spicula as those of the dermal
membrane. The dermal membrane of S. fluviatilis is aspiculous,
and in this character therefore we possess an organic difference in
the structure of the parts which leads us at once to a definite and
correct mode of determining the species, however closely they may
simulate each other in form.
The skeleton-spicula also differ in form from those of S. fluviatilis:
in the latter they are purely acerate—that is, having the same dia-
meter throughout the greater portion of the shaft of the spiculum,
and attenuating only towards the terminations ; while in the former
the spicula are stouter and shorter in their proportions, and the at-
tenuations commence at or very near the middle of the shaft of the
spiculum, and are therefore fusiformi-acerate in shape.
But the greatest organic difference between this species and S.
Juviatilis exists in the spicula of the ovaries. In the latter the case
of that organ is strengthened aud supported by a number of birotu-
late spicula, the rotule supporting the inner and outer surfaces of
the case of the ovary, the shafts of the spicula being disposed at
right angles to the surfaces; while in S. /acustris the walls of the
ovary are totally destitute of birotulate spicula, but in their place
we find a considerable number of curved, acerate, spinous spicula,
not disposed at right angles to the surface of the gemmule, but im-
bedded in and lying parallel to the surface of that organ, thus afford-
ing a specific distinction so strikingly different from the correspond-
ing structures in S. fluviatilis as to render the discrimination of the
species easy and certain whenever the ovaries are present.
This species occurs plentifully at the bottom of the West Country
Timber-dock, on the south side of the Thames, near Rotherhithe.
It may frequently be found attached to the lower part of the large
mooring-posts near the central parts of the docks, about 8 or 10 feet
deep. I have never found it in this locality in shallow water or
near the surface like S. fluviatilis, which is also abundant in the
same dock attached to the floating timber. On the contrary, at
Cookham, a few miles beyond Maidenhead, this species is abundant
on the posts and sides of the wharfing-boards ; and here it is always
found near the surface of the water, and has a very fine emerald-
green colour.
SpPoNnGILLA ALBA, Carter.
Sponge sessile, encrusting, massive or subramose ; surface rugged.
Oscula simple, large, congregated in groups, confluent. Pores in-
conspicuous. Dermal membrane thin, pellucid, furnished with an
irregular network of minute, slender, curved, entirely spined, acerate
spicula ; spines obtuse. Interstitial membranes abundantly furnished
464 DR. J. S: BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. [Nov. 24,
with the same spicula as those of the dermal membrane. Skeleton-
spicula fusiformi-acerate, large, and stout. Ovary-spicula disposed
at right angles to lines radiating from its centre, cylindrical, stout,
curved, entirely spined; spines acute, those at the ends of the spi-
cula recurved.
Colour, alive, yellow, occasionally green (Carter).
Hab. Tanks, Bombay (Carter).
Examined in the dried state.
Mr. Carter, in his excellent paper on the ‘ Freshwater Sponges in
the Island of Bombay,”’ describes this species as having a “flat or
elevated surface, slightly convex, presenting gentle eminences or de-
pressions or irregularly formed projections.”” The whole of these
characters of form, there is no doubt, are correct as regards particular
specimens. ‘The mass for which I am indebted to Mr. Carter is a
complete specimen about 3 inches in diameter, and exceeding 2 inches
in height, having several short, stout, ramifying branches thrown out
fron) its surface precisely as described by him, in the observations
following his specific descriptions, as occurring when the species is
found in circumscribed portions.
The oscula are large, and, in the specimen under consideration,
they are not scattered, but are congregated in distinct groups in
consequence of the convergence of the excurrent canals on particular
parts of the surface of the Sponge ; in the specimen under consider-
ation there are four such groups, in which the oscula are all more or
less confluent, forming in three out of the four cases a common ori-
fice exceeding half an inch in diameter. This character is exceed-
ingly striking, and does not appear to occur in any other species
described as being found at Bombay.
The disposition of the spicula in the dermal membrane is very
variable: sometimes they form a well-defined uniserial or biserial net-
work ; while at others they are dispersed in great profusion and with-
out any approach to arrangement. They are long and slender in
their proportions, and vary considerably in the amount of curvature
they assume ; and the obtuse spines with which the whole of the shaft
is furnished are most abundant. They are small towards the apices
of the spiculum, and increase in size as they approach the centre of
the shaft, where they often attain an altitude equal to the largest
diameter of the spiculum on which they are based, and they are
nearly of the same diameter from base to apex. The same descrip-
tion of spicula are abundantly dispersed in the interstitial mem-
branes, but do not appear to approach in any degree a reticulated
arrangement.
The spicula of the ovaria are imbedded irregularly in the surface
of its coriaceous coat; they slightly exceed in length those of the
dermal and interstitial membranes, but they are two or three times
their greatest diameter. They vary considerably in the degree of
their curvature, and attenuate slightly from the centre of the shaft
towards each end of the spiculum. The spines with which they are
furnished are most abundant at their terminations, where they are
thickly clustered, and are very much curved in the direction of the
1863.] | DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ. 465
central portion of the shaft, towards which part they are also fewer
in number and less both in height and curvature: unlike those of
the dermal membrane, the spines on these spicula are always acutely
terminated.
To obtain a satisfactory definition of the spines of both these spi-
cula, a power of about 600 linear should be used. The acerate spi-
cula of the skeleton are about three times the length of those of the
ovaria, and are also three or four times their diameter.
SPONGILLA CEREBELLATA, Bowerbank.
Sponge massive, sessile ; surface furnished abundantly with short
compressed branches, finely hispid. Oscula large, numerous, dis-
persed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane thin, translucent,
spiculous ; spicula slightly curved, cylindrical, entirely spined ; spines
of the middle of the shaft cylindrical ; terminations obtuse, expanded
or branched ; spines towards the ends of the shaft conical, acute,
recurved. Ovaria globose, smooth ; spicula disposed more or less
at right angles to lines radiating from the centre of the ovarium, of
the same form as those of the dermal membrane.
- Colour, dried state, light grey.
Hab. Freshwater tanks near Aurungabad, dominions of the Ni-
zam, Kast Indies (Dr. Bradley).
Examined in the dried state.
I received this Spongilla from my friend Mr. Henry Deane, of
Clapham, who informed me that it was sent to him from the East
Indies by Dr. Bradley, who was in the service of the Nizam, and who
had it sent to him from some water-tauks about 100 miles from Au-
rungabad, in the Nizam’s dominions. Its dimensions are 6 inches
in length, 4 inches in width, and 23 inches in height. The general
surface is very irregular and cavernous, and has much resemblance
to the surface of the brain of an animal ; towards one end these irre-
gularities are developed into short compressed branches, the surfaces
of which are even and minutely hispid. The general texture of the
Sponge is exceedingly friable, and the short branches afford nearly
the only parts of the surface which has the dermal membrane re-
maining upon it. The dermal membrane is very thin and translu-
cent, and is furnished with slightly curved, cylindrical, entirely spined
spicula, the spines of which at the middle of the shaft are stout and
cylindrical, with obtuse or expanded and sometimes slightly branched
terminations, while those towards the ends of the shaft are acutely
conical and are curved backwards towards the middle of the shaft.
The ovaria are imbedded in every part of the Sponge in remarkable
profusion ; when expanded by immersion in water, they are perfectly
globular, and have a smooth surface ; when viewed by the aid of a
Leiberkuhn and a power 100 linear, the spicula are so far imbedded
as to be scarcely visible. They are of the same size and form as
those of the dermal membrane. The imbedment of the spicula in
the wall of the ovary is rarely parallel to the outer surface, nor are
they confined to that part of the wall as in some closely allied species,
but are dispersed throughout the whole of its substance, at various
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXX.
466 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. ([Nov. 24,
angles to the surface of the ovary, without any arrangement ; but in
no case do they appear to be projected in lines radiating from the
centre of that organ.
The only Spongilla with which this species might be confounded
is S. alba, from the tanks of Bombay; but the oscula are not con-
gregated in groups as in that species ; and the spicula of the ovaries,
although of the same form as those of S. alba, differ from them in
being profusely furnished with numerous stout, cylindrical, more or
less obtuse spines near the middle of the shaft ; while the spines
near the middle of the shaft of those of S. aléa are fewer in number,
not so strongly produced, and are conical and acutely terminated.
SponGiLutA Lorpi, Bowerbank, MS.
Sponge sessile, coating; surface even, smooth. Oscula simple,
dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, aspi-
culous. Skeleton-spicula acerate. Ovaria congregated on the basal
membrane, very numerous; spicula entirely spined, fusiformi-cylin-
drical, dispersed on the surface. Basal membrane abundantly spi-
culous ; spicula dispersed, same as those of the ovaries.
Colour ochreous yellow to green.
SS /Hab. Lake Osogoos, and other lakes and rivers tributaries to the -
Columbia River ; on the east slopes of the Cascade Mountains, about
6000 feet above the level of the sea (Mr. J. H. Lord).
Examined in the dried state.
The Sponge embraces the stems of a large species of reed for 8 or
10 inches of its length, and is about 6 or 9 lines in greatest thick-
ness. In its general habit and the structure of its skeleton it closely
resembles our British S. fluviatilis; but it differs from that species
in the mode of disposition and structural peculiarities of the ovaries,
which more closely resemble those of our British S. lacustris, from
which, however, it differs in having the spicula of the ovaries nearly
straight, while those of the last-named species are usually arcuate.
The dermal membrane of S. lacustris also abounds in entirely spined
tension-spicula, while that of S. Lordi is aspiculous.
There is a peculiarity in many of the spicula of the ovaria that I
have never before seen in those of any other known Spongilla; and
that is, the radiation of secondary canals from the central one of the
spiculum to the outer surface. These secondary canals sometimes
terminate in spinous projections; but this is not always the case.
I observed fragments of similar spicula in the infusorial earth from
Duval’s Creek, near Lake Munroe, St. John’s River, Florida, sent to
me by the late Prof. Bailey, of New York. It is therefore probable
that S. Lordii will be found in the lakes and rivers of that district as
well as at Vancouver’s Island. This species is interesting from its
close alliance in structure to the European type species of the genus,
and from the very slight structural resemblance it has to the nume-
rous species of the Amazon River, the principal characters by which
it is connected with the latter series of species being the mode of the
congregation and disposition on its basal membrane of its very nume-
Tous ovaries.
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID. 467
I have dedicated this species to Mr. Lord as a slight acknowledg-
ment of the good services he has rendered to science by the collection
of this and numerous other valuable specimens of natural history
from unfrequented regions which he has explored.
Sponeinia Dawsont, Bowerbank.
Sponge sessile’, branching; surface smooth. Oscula and pores
inconspicuous. Dermal and interstitial membranes abundantly spi-
culous ; spicula fusiformi-acerate, entirely spined ; spines numerous,
short, and conical. Skeleton-spicula acerate or subfusiformi-acerate.
Ovaria spherical ; dermal spicula numerous, disposed in flat fasciculi,
or groups of spicula parallel to each other; groups irregularly di-
spersed ; spicula acerate or subcylindrical, entirely spined ; spines
numerous, obtuse, and ill-defined. Sarcode aspiculous.
Colour, in the dried state, emerald-green.
Hab. River St. Lawrence, Montreal, Canada (Dr. Dawson, Mr.
Fowler, and Rev. A. Kemp) ; a lake near Brockville (Rev. 4. Kemp).
Examined in the dried state.
About two years ago I received a small fragment of this species
from Dr. Dawson, who stated that it was found in the River St.
Lawrence, at Montreal; but, as the fragment was destitute of gem-
mules and very small, there were not sufficient characters to warrant
a specific description of it. In October 1859 I received from the
same gentleman a further supply of fragments of this species, con-
taining ovaria, and giving a better idea of its form than those first
sent to me. The largest of the pieces sent was 13 inch in length
and 24 lines in diameter, evidently a portion of a longer branch.
At the proximal end there is a short branch, 3 lines in length and
1 line in diameter ; and the distal end divides into two small branches
of similar dimensions to the first, thus satisfactorily indicating the
branching habit of the species. In several parts of this piece there
are ovaries imbedded in the Sponge, and there were many others in
the fragments of the same species that accompanied it. The general
external characters appear very like those of the European species
S. lacustris ; and, from this similarity, I have very little doubt of its
surface in the living state having been smooth and even, as in that
species. In the European species the branches spring from a broad
spreading base, about half an inch in thickness ; and I think it highly
probable that the American species will be found to possess the same
habit. I could not detect oscula on any of the fragments in my
possession.
The dermal and interstitial membranes abound with tension-spi-
cula, and especially the dermal one, in which they seem to attain
their fullest degree of development. Their xformal form is fusiformi-
acerate ; but, from the abundant production of the spines at their
terminations, they frequently appear to be cylindrical rather than
acerate. They are dispersed on these tissues rather unevenly, abound-
ing in some spots, while they are comparatively scarce in others.
The spicula of the skeleton are of about the same proportions as
468 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ. [Noyv. 24,
those of the European species. They are usually of the regular
acerate form, but occasionally become subfusiform.
The spicula and their mode of arrangement in the dermis of the
ovarium cannot be readily seen without the aid of treatment with hot
nitric acid, in which they should be immersed for a few seconds, and
the acid should then be immediately diluted with water, after which
they should be dried on the glass on which they are to be mounted
in Canada balsam. The spicula in the dermis of adult ovaries are
very abundant. They are similar in form and proportions to those
of the dermal membrane; but, generally speaking, they are more
fully produced, and the greater portion of them are subcylindrical
from the profusion of spines at their apices. Their form and mode
of arrangement in the ovary render them exceedingly valuable as
specific characters. In some of the young and incompletely deve-
loped ovaries I could not detect a single specimen of these spicula.
The only difference I could find between these spicula and those of
the dermal membrane was, that the spines on those of the latter
were more sharply and fully produced, while on those of the ovary
they were frequently ill-defined and often only in an incipient state,
but very abundant.
In the preparation of the spicula for examination I found a few
birotulate ones having the rotule very deeply divided. These spicula
were no part of the Sponge in course of description, but were un-
doubtedly from the gemmules of another species inhabiting the St.
Lawrence.
SPONGILLA CINEREA, Carter.
Sponge sessile, massive; surface even. Oscula numerous, dispersed,
large, more or less depressed. Pores conspicuous. Dermal and
interstitial membranes spiculous; spicula fusiformi-acerate, small,
entirely spined. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, incipiently spi-
nous. Ovaries globose; spicula acerate, slightly curved, entirely
spined ; spines conical, acute, at right angles to the shaft ; spicula
disposed at right angles to lines radiating from the centre of the
gemmule.
Colour dark purple or rusty copper (Carter).
Hab. Freshwater tanks, Bombay.
Examined in the dried state.
Mr. Carter says of this Sponge, ‘‘ While the investing membrane
of this species remains intact, its surface presents a dark rusty copper-
colour, purplish under water. It never appears to throw up any
processes, and extends over surfaces of 2 and 3 feet in circumference,
or accumulates on small objects to the thickness mentioned. It is
distinguished from the other species by its colour, the fineness of its
texture, and the smallness of its seed-like bodies and spicula.”’
I have received three specimens of this species from Mr. Carter ;
in all of them the oscula are large and considerably depressed, and
the spaces between them generally abound with, comparatively, large
and very conspicuous pores, which are not depressed like the oscula,
1863.) DR. J. 8. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDZ. 469
but present a sharp membranous margin level with the adjoining
surface. /
The spicula of the dermal membrane are not very numerous ; they
are slightly curved, and are entirely and abundantly spinous ; and the
spines are not in an incipient state, as on those of the skeleton, but
are fully and distinctly produced ; their spinous character is not
usually distinctly apparent while zm séfw, in consequence of the den-
sity and colour of the sarcode and the abundance of the molecules
imbedded in it; but when separated, there can be no mistake re-
garding them. These spicula are also found imbedded in the inter-
stitial membranes, but they are comparatively rare in those tissues.
The incipient spines of the spicula of the skeleton are few and mi-
nute, and require a power of about 400 linear to render them di-
stinct to the eye, and, unless it be on large and fully developed
spicula, they are frequently indicated only by a slight elevation of
the profile lines of the spicula.
Although in some points of organization this species is the repre-
sentative in India of our European S. lacustris, there is no simi-
larity whatever in external form: while S. lacustris is always arbo-
rescent, the Indian one is always sessile and coating, rarely attaining
an altitude exceeding aninch. In S. lacustris the skeleton-spicula
are acerate, of nearly the same diameter for the greater portion of
their length; while in S. cinerea they are distinctly fusiformi-acerate,
gradually attenuating from the middle of the shaft towards each end;
they are also larger and have a greater length than those of S. Ja-
eustris, measuring =) inch long, while the latter is but 4; inch long,
and are entirely destitute of incipient spines.
In the size of the ovaries of the two species the proportional dia-
meters are the reverse of the measurements of the skeleton-spicula.
The largest ovary is that of S. lacustris, 1; inch in diameter, while
that of S. cinerea is but =), inch in diameter.
The mode of disposition and the form of the dermal spicula of the
gemmules of the two species is very similar: they are each abundantly
spinous and variable in size; but those of S. cinerea are all only
slightly curved, while those of S. lacustris are frequently curved to
so great an extent as to forma semicircle. In length they are as
nearly as possible equal ; but in S. dacustris they have a diameter
twice as great as those of S. cinerea, the average diameter of the
latter being -1,, inch, while that of the former is 4-5 inch.
Sponeriia Carter, Bowerbank.
S. friabilis, Carter.
Sponge sessile, massive; surface even. Oscula numerous, di-
spersed. Pores conspicuous. Dermal and interstitial membranes
thin, pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, stout.
Ovaries subglobose; spicula fusiformi-acerate, disposed at right angles
to lines radiating from the centre,of the ovary, short, and stout.
Colour bright green.
Hab. Freshwater tanks, Bombay (Carter).
Examined in the dried state.
470 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLIDE. ([Noyv. 24,
This species is not S. friabilis, Lamarck, the ovaries of which are
furnished with birotulate spicula, while those of the like organs in
the Sponge under consideration are fusiformi-acerate. I have there-
fore named it after the author who first described it, in commemora-
tion of the valuable services he has rendered to science in this and
other departments of natural history.
In the absence of specimens of the European species S. friabilis,
Lamarck, or S. fluviatilis of Johnston, and with the vague and
meagre description only of that Sponge before his eyes, it is by no
means a matter of surprise that Mr. Carter should have believed the
Bombay Sponge to be the same species as the European one. The
skeleton-spicula of the two species do not differ very materially from
each other: those of S. friadilis, Lam., are longer and more purely
acerate in form, having a length of 4, inch, and being +z inch at
their greatest diameter ; while those of S. Cartert are 7 inch long,
the greatest diameter being ;/;~ inch, and in consequence of their
greater proportionate diameter they are distinctly fusiformi-acerate.
The spicula of the ovaries are, in comparison with those of the
ovaries of other species of Spongilla, very large and stout ; an average-
sized one measured gave the following dimensions :—length +1, inch,
greatest diameter 5-4; inch.
The above-named author, in his paper, states that this Sponge
‘seldom throws up projections much beyond its surface, does not
appear to be inclined to spread much, and is matted and confused in
its structure towards its base and round its seed-like bodies.”’
SPONGILLA PAUPERCULA, Bowerbank.
Sponge coating and branching; surface smooth. Oscula and
pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton-spi-
cula fusiformi-acerate, stout, and rather short. Interstitial membranes
aspiculous. Sarcode aspiculous. Ovaries globular, smooth ; spicula
acerate, small, few in number.
Colour, in the dried state, light brown.
Hab, In the water-pipes of Boston, United States (Prof. J. W.
Bailey, New York; Dr. dsa Gray, Cambridge, near Boston, U.S.).
Examined in the dried state. :
I am indebted to Dr. Asa Gray for specimens of this species. —
They consist of a number of fragments of branches, the longest of |
which rather exceeds an inch in length, and are of about the diameter
of a goose-quill. The general character of the Sponge appears to
be very similar to that of our European species S. lacustris; but it
is not so strongly constructed: and this may perhaps arise from
the peculiarity of its place of growth; in a more genial locality it
would probably be much more robust in its general habit, and the
ovaria, it is probable, would be more fully and completely developed
and more abundantly supplied with their proper spicula, which are of |
the same form as those of the skeleton, but not more than about
half their size: these appear to be very few in number, and to be
irregularly dispersed on their surface.
In a letter from the late Prof. J. W. Bailey, dated November 30,
1863.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGILLID. 471
1856, he writes, “I forgot to mention that Spongilla grows abun-
dantly in the water-pipes by which the city of Boston is supplied
with water from a small lake. I think it must materially diminish
the water-way in the pipes, and probably be connected with the bad
taste which the water has in seasons of great drought.’ With the
latter part of these observations especially I am strongly inclined to
concur, as I have always observed that a small portion of either of
our European species rapidly deteriorated a comparatively large body
of water to such an extent as to render it unfit to sustain either its
own life or that of any other animals of higher organization. The
encouragement of Conferve in tanks supplied with such water would
probably help to correct the deleterious effects of the Spongilla.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXYVIII.
Fig. 1. Spongilla flwwiatilis—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x 108 linear.
6. A birotulate spiculum of the ovaria, <660 linear. ec. A view of
the external surface of a rotula, x 660 linear.
2. S. Leidii.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 4%. A birotulate spi-
culum of the ovaria, x 660.
3. S. Capewellii—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x108. 6. A birotulate
spiculum of the ovaria, X660. c. A view of the external surface of a
rotula, x 660.
4, S. Meyeni.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x108. 8, A birotulate spi-
culum of the ovaria, x 660.
5. 8. plumosa.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. A birotulate spi-
culum of the ovaria, X660. c. A view of the internal surface of a
rotula, x660. d. An elongate pileated spiculum, an early condition
of the subsphero-stellate form, 400. e. A fully developed multi-
radiate, subsphero-stellate, pileated spiculum of the sarcode, x 400.
6. S. Baileyi.—a, A spiculum of the skeleton, 108. 6. A birotulate spi-
culum of the ovyaria, X660. c. One of the tension-spicula of the mem-
branes, < 660.
7. 8. gregaria.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. One of the spi-
cula of the case of an ovarium, without spines, X108. c. A spiculum
of the case of an ovarium, abundantly spinous, x108. d. A side view
of one of the birotulate spicula of an ovary, X1100. e. A view of the
external surface of a rotula, X1100.
8. S. paulula.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 0. One of the inequi-
birotulate spicula of the ovaria, x 660.
9. S. reticulata.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. A boletiform
spiculum of the ovaria, x 660.
10. S. reeurvata.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. A slender bo-
letiform spiculum of the ovaria, X660. ec. A multihamate, birotulate
spiculum from the ovaria of the same Sponge, X 660.
11. S. Brownii.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x108. 6. One of the spi-
cula of the reticular case of an ovarium, X108. ce. An umbonato-scu-
tulate spiculum of the ovaria, showing the external surface, x 660.
d. A side view of one of the same form of spiculum represented by
fig. c, X 660.
12. S. Batesii—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x108. 6. An entirely spined
fusiformi-acerate spiculum from the outer surface of an ovarium,
660. c¢. One of the umbonato-scutulate spicula from the inner por-
tion of the wall of an ovarium, x 660.
18. S. corallioides.—A spiculum of the skeleton, x 108.
14. 8S. lacustris.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, x108. 6, A fusiformi-
472 MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Noy. 24,
acerate, entirely spined tension-spiculum from the dermal membrane,
660. c. A subarcuate, acerate, entirely spined spiculum from the
outer surface of an ovarium, 660.
15. S.alba.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, 108. 6. A fusiformi-acerate,
truncately spined tension-spiculum from the dermal membrane, X 660.
ec. An entirely and recurvately spinous cylindrical spiculum from the
surface of an ovarium, X 400.
16. S. cerebellata.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. An entirely
spined cylindrical spiculum from the surface of one of the ovaria, x 400.
17, S. Lordii.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. Anentirely spined
fusiformi-cylindrical spiculum from the surface of one of the ovaria,
x 660.
18. S. Dawsoni.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 4. A subcylindrical,
entirely spined spiculum from the surface of an ovary, X400.
19. S.cinerea.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. An entirely spined
acerate spiculum from the surface of an ovary, < 660.
20. S. Carteri.—a. A spiculum of theskeleton, X108. 6. A small fusiformi-
acerate spiculum from the surface of an ovary, X 108.
21. S. paupercula.—a. A spiculum of the skeleton, X108. 6. An acerate
spiculum from the surface of an ovary, x 108.
2. ON soME INSECTS COLLECTED IN MADAGASCAR BY
Mr. Caupwe.u. By H. W. Bares, Esa.
A small collection of insects made in Madagascar by Mr. Caldwell
(the second remitted by that gentleman) having been placed in my
hands for examination by Dr. Sclater, I now communicate the results
to the Society. Unfortunately the specimens arrived in a very dila-
pidated condition, owing to their not having been securely pinned in
the box; so that many are not now in a state to be identified, thus
reducing the number of species in our already scanty list. Twenty-
seven only are here passed in review, which, added to the twenty-one
named from the former collection by Messrs. Hewitson and Walker,
make the small total of forty-eight. A rather large number of in-
sects, however, chiefly of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, have
now been described from Madagascar, sufficient, perhaps, to give us
a pretty fair idea of the entomological fauna of the island. It has
occurred to me, therefore, that it would be worth while to analyze
the whole list, so as to ascertain how far this department confirms
what has been advanced by the cultivators of other branches of zoo-
logy, especially ornithologists, as to the very high degree of pecu-
liarity of the fauna.
The literature of the entomology of Madagascar dates from towards
the end of the last century, when Olivier in his ‘ Entomologie ’
figured and described a small number of Coleoptera from the island,
which had been deposited by Commerson in the Museum of the
Jardin des Plantes. In 1830 an ardent entomological collector,
Justin Goudot, visited the island and reaped a rich harvest ; in fact,
nearly all that is known in Europe even now of the insects of Ma-
dagascar is the result of the researches of this practised hand.
Goudot’s expedition gave rise only to two special works, and these
unfortunately were very limited: one was Klug’s ‘ Insekten von Ma-
1863.] MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. 473
dagascar,’ a treatise read before the Kénigliche Akademie der Wis-
senschaften of Berlin in 1832; and the other, Boisduval’s ‘ Faune
Entomologique de Madagascar,’ &c., published in 1833. The former
described little more than 200 Coleoptera; and the latter is confined
to a portion of the Lepidoptera. The bulk of Goudot’s collections,
including all the striking and peculiar forms, seems to have been dis-
tributed chiefly amongst amateurs, who described the species irre-
gularly in different French periodicals; many, however, have been
systematically described in general monographs of families by various
French authors. Since Goudot’s time a few small collections made
by Coquerel and others have arrived in France. The reopening of
the island to Europeans has not yet produced results satisfactory to
entomologists, as scarcely any of the rarer and more striking species
collected by Goudot have been rediscovered.
The peculiarities of the Mammal fauna of Madagascar are so well
known to zoologists that it is almost superfluous to mention them
here. Such are the absence of Pithecoide Monkeys, Pachyderms
(with the exception of one species at least of Wild Hog), Solidungula,
Ruminants, and Felide, groups so richly represented in the adjoining
continent,—and on the other hand, the presence of numerous genera
and species of Lemurs unknown in every other part of the world,
with two or more peculiar genera of Viverrida, constituting, as far
as is known, the small stock of Carnivora which the island possesses.
The fauna, however, has been systematically treated only as far as
birds are concerned, Dr. Hartlaub having contributed a special work
on the subject. According to this learned ornithologist, the bird-
population of Madagascar is in the highest degree peculiar. Dr.
Hartlaub even goes so far as to deny any close relationship between
it and continental Africa, hinting that its connexion lies rather with
South-eastern Asia. The statistics given are certainly very striking:
thus out of the total number of 202 birds no less than 96 species and
29 genera are peculiar to the island, 42 species only being common
to it and continental Africa. The number of characteristic African
groups wanting in Madagascar supplies almost a parallel to the case
of the Mammalia. The facts which have suggested to him an Indian
alliance are the existence in Madagascar and Mauritius of four Indian
genera and three or four species, besides six other genera which,
although peculiar to Madagascar, bear the stamp of Indian and Au-
stralian rather than of African origin.
An analysis of the Insect fauna, at least of eleven of the better-
worked families or tribes in the orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera,
has yielded me the following results :—Out of 282 species (being all
that have been described from the island, of the 11 groups), 221
species and 26 genera are peculiar to Madagascar ; whilst 48 species
only are common to the island and the continent. Thus there is a
much larger proportion of species of insects than of birds peculiar to
the island, and a somewhat smaller proportion common to it and Africa
—a result which may perhaps be due to the more limited powers of
locomotion of insects than of birds. The generic peculiarity of the
island is perhaps not quite so strikingly exhibited in insects as in
474 MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Nov. 24,
birds—26 out of 90 genera of insects being peculiar, whilst in birds
there are 29 genera out of 141—ornithological genera seeming to
form groups of a lower rank than those usual in entomology. An
examination of the Madagascar genera which are not African brings
to light the Indian element, but not in so prominent a way as that
claimed by Dr. Hartlaub as a result of his analysis of the bird fauna.
For out of the 64 genera not peculiar to the island, no less than 61
are also represented in Africa—two only of the remaining three being
Indian or South-east Asian forms, and the third Indian and Ame-
rican, but not African. Lastly, of the 26 exclusively Madagascar
genera, all have their nearest relatives in African forms except two,
and these are very remarkable ; for one, the Cetoniade genus Chro-
moptila, claims for its next relative Bombodes, a Himalayan genus;
and the second, the Cicindelide Pogonostoma, is closely allied to a
purely Tropical American form, Ctenostoma,—the two genera indeed
forming an isolated subfamily thoroughly distinct from any other
oup.
I think it will be admitted, notwithstanding these discrepancies,
that there is a great general similarity in the results arrived at by
Dr. Hartlaub’s analysis of the birds and the present examination of
a portion of the insects. The differences with regard to the relation-
ship of the fauna, I think, tend to show that Dr. Hartlaub has
rather overestimated the importance of the Indian element, and that
Dr. Sclater’s view, namely, that in Madagascar the African organic
type is pushed to its extreme development, lies much nearer the
truth. Why should Indian rather than African relationship be
claimed for the Madagascar fauna, when, according to his own show-
ing, only three or four Indian species with four genera are contained
in it, whilst it has 42 African species and 23 African genera?
If the existence of a small number of Indian or Archipelagic genera
in Madagascar and Mauritius, unknown in continental Africa, be a
fact which must influence our views of the Madagascar fauna, so
must also the occurrence of a genus having a near relationship only
to a Tropical American form, especially as this latter is not a solitary
fact—another Madagascar insect (belonging to a family which I have
not included in this examination), namely Urania ripheus, belonging
(or having been considered until very lately to belong) to a purely
Tropical American genus. The presence of these anti-African ele-
ments, the absence of so many families and orders of Mammalia
common on the neighbouring continent, and, lastly, the existence of
numerous genera and species quite peculiar to the island constitute,
doubtless, the main features of the fauna of Madagascar. The pecu-
liarity of the endemic genera and species, however, must not be over-
rated through dwelling too much on the great singularity of a few of
them. There are extremely few entire families or subfamilies wholly
peculiar to this island; indeed in the portion of the insect fauna
which I have examined there are none, and in the birds there are
only two small families of this kind, each of which is represented by
a single genus. Were Madagascar a distinct zoological province, as
some naturalists have seemed inclined to maintain, there ought to
1863.] MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. 475
be, as in the South American, Australian, and Indian provinces,
many such groups with clusters of peculiar genera and species. It
might be said that, with the exception of the absence of so many
groups of continental Mammals, Birds, and other classes, the pecu-
liarities of Madagascar are not very much greater than those of some
areas of similar dimensions forming parts of a continuous continent.
There are areas of this size in Tropical America which contain num-
bers of genera and species in various classes, some of them highly
peculiar, found nowhere else on the same continent. Regarding the
existence of anti-African types, it must not be forgotten that many
countries contain one or more isolated forms which are more nearly
related to others of distant regions than to those of their own. Africa
itself contains, in the midst of a fauna completely distinct, a few
scattered Tropical American genera—that is, genera found in these
two lands, and nowhere else on the globe. Lepidosiren is one of
these, and Hiletus, an equally anomalous genus of Coleopterous in-
sects, another.
The view taken by Dr. Hartlaub, were it pushed to an explanation,
would naturally lead to the hypothesis that Madagascar with its
islands was once more isolated from Africa than from lands since
submerged in the Indian Ocean, containing a fauna of an Indian
character ; for on such a supposition only could the predominance of
Indian over African features be explained, if it were true. But if the
independence and peculiarity of its fauna be more insisted on, we
should have to suppose that the island is the site of an ancient tract
of land in the Indian Ocean, which had throughout long ages main-
tained an independent fauna. It seems to me, however, that the
peculiar organic features of Madagascar would be better explained
by supposing that the island (whether previouly stocked with anti-
African forms, or not) was at one time much more closely connected
with Africa than it now is, and that the time of connexion was
anterior to the date when the continent became peopled by Simiude
and the bulk of its present Mammalia, but posterior to the intro-
duction of Lemurs. Subsequently to this epoch we may suppose
it to have become isolated as we now find it ; the lapse of time since
the severance having been sufficient to cause the present divergence
of the faunas—a divergence caused, however, as much by the extinc-
tion of old forms on the continent, once common to both lands, through
the immigration or introduction of so many new ones, as by the ori-
gination of new species and genera in Madagascar allied to proto-
types once common to island and continent. The changes in the
Madagascar fauna have not been carried on in all the groups, a family
here and there only having shown this multiplication of genera and
species. As proof of this, I may mention that out of the 26 genera
of insects peculiar to Madagascar, no less than 17 belong to one (the
Cetoniade) out of our 11 groups; the Lemurs may possibly be a
similar case.
It must be confessed, however, that our knowledge of the faunas
of these lands is not yet sufficient to enable us to come to sound
conclusions on these interesting subjects. These remarks must be
476 MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Noy. 24,
taken merely as a sketch of an hypothesis under which labourers
in the field of Madagascarene and African zoology may, if they
choose, collect and apply their facts.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
1]. Paprz1o PHORBANTA, Linn.
This species, of which there is one example only in the collection,
is stated by Dr. Boisduval, our chief authority on the Lepidoptera
of this part of the world, to be peculiar to Mauritius, and to be the
only one of its group found in this island. If it be really a native of
Madagascar, it will make the third species of this most beautiful
and distinct section of the genus Papilio occurring there. The dis-
tribution of the group, which may be called the “ ndreus-group,”’
after the best-known species belonging to it, shows how close is the
relationship of the Madagascar fauna to those of the neighbouring
islands and continental Africa—no near relative of any of the forms
being found in other parts of the world. We are now acquainted
with seven species comprised in it; these are—
(1) P. charopus (Westwood). Known only from the Gold Coast,
Western Africa.
(2) P. oribazus (Boisd.). A near relative of P. charopus, pecu-
liar to Madagascar.
(3) P. nireus (Linn.). Found commonly from Tropical Western
Africa to Plettenberg Bay, near the Cape of Good Hope.
(4) P. bromius (Doubleday). Closely allied to P. nireus, and
found only in Ashantee.
(5) P. phorbanta (Linn.). Known hitherto only from Mauritius.
(6) P. epiphorbas (Boisd,). Intermediate in many points between
P. phorbanta and P. disparilis, and peculiar to Madagascar.
(7) P. disparilis (Boisd.). Distinguished by the great disparity
in colour of the sexes, and known only from the Island of Bourbon.
It must be remarked that these species do not constitute a series
of compact and independent forms; for they are very unequally re-
lated in their specific characters, and the chief member of the group,
P. nireus, is subject to great local modification, so much so that four
species have been made of it by different authors*.
2. Ter1as DESJARDINSII (¢), Boisd. Faun. Entom. de Mada-
gascar, p. 22, pl. 2. f. 6.
Boisduval states that the female of this species is unknown. An
example of this sex occurs in the present collection. It differs from
the male in being a little larger and of a paler hue, with a broad
dark-brown apical border to the fore wing, and the hind wing without
border. Beneath, the only difference from the male is the presence
of a reddish spot near the apex of the fore wing.
* The different forms of P. nireus constitute two species in G. R. Gray’s ‘ List of
Papilionide of the British Museum’ (1856). The whole are reunited under one
by the latest authority, Trimen, in his ‘ Rhopalocera Africz Australis,’ Cape Town,
1862.
1863.] MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. 477
3. DANAIS CHRYsIPPUS, Linn.
A common and widely distributed insect, being found as far north
as South-eastern Europe, and also over a great part of Tropical Asia.
4. DANAIS PHADONE, Fabricius.
This has hitherto been recorded only as inhabiting the Island of
Mauritius. There is one example in the collection.
5. Evpta@a rurHons, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 36, pl. 3.
tl.
Inhabits also Mauritius.
6. Acr#A LyciA, Godart.
An apparently common African insect, ranging from Sierra Leone
to Natal.
7. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury.
This species, which appears to be common in Madagascar, is one
of the most widely distributed of insects, being found in all the
warmer parts of Africa, as well as in Southern and Eastern Asia and
the western islands of the Indian archipelago.
8. Hypanis ANVATARA, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 56,
pl. 7. £..5.
This can scarcely be considered anything more than a local variety
of H. polynice of Tropical Africa, its difference from that species
being very slight. As a local variety or race, however, it is peculiar
to Madagascar.
9. JuNoNIA RHADAMA, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 44,
ply. f. 2.
One of the most beautiful of the Madagascar Diurnal Lepidoptera,
and formerly thought to be peculiar to the island; but it has since
been found by Dr. Peters in Mozambique. The genus occurs in all
quarters of the world except Europe, and is richly represented in
Eastern and Southern Africa.
10. Diapema BoLINA, Linn.
There is one example of this common and widely distributed tro-
pical insect in the collection. The species is said to occur at Cay-
enne, although the genus is otherwise unknown in the New World.
If it really has been found there, it must have been accidentally in-
troduced ; for during my travels in the adjoining region of the Ama-
zons I saw no trace of it; and it has never been found in the nume-
rous collections received from other countries of Tropical America.
11. Nepris KIKIDELI, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 50.
A species peculiar, as far as at present recorded, to Madagascar.
The genus occurs, in numerous species, in all the warmer parts of
the old continent.
478 MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Nov. 24,
12. CuHaraxes cacuTuis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt., Char. f. 12, 13.
This fine species has only recently been discovered in Madagascar,
by Mr. F. Plant. There is a mutilated example in the collection.
Its nearest relative, according to Mr. Hewitson, is C. etheta of
Western Tropical Africa.
13. Myca.esis NARCissus, Fabr.
A well-known South-African Butterfly. Found also in the island
of Mauritius.
14. EresiA TAMATAV#, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p, 60.
pl. 8. f. 6, 7.
This, with Hrebia cassius, and several other allied species inhabit-
ing Southern Africa and the neighbouring islands differ considerably
from the typical Zrebie which are so abundant in the alpine di-
stricts of Europe and in high northern latitudes up to the Arctic
circle. They will eventually, no doubt, be formed into a genus apart*.
Erebia tamatave seems to be peculiar to Madagascar.
15. Lyca#na BATIKELI, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. p. 24,
ples. fo.
There is one mutilated example of this species in the collection.
16. IsmMENE FORESTAN, Cramer.
Found also in Eastern Africa. The genus is widely distributed in
the tropical parts of the Old World.
Order HOMOPTERA.
17. PLATYPLEURA, sp.
There are two examples of a Cicada of this genus, which have
much resemblance to the common Platypleura capensis (Linn.) of
the Cape of Good Hope.
Order COLEOPTERA.
18. GuycipHANA LucTUosA, Gory & Percheron, Mon. des Cét.
t; Panhard:
A Cetoniade, found also in Mauritius. The genus is common to
all the warmer parts of the Old World.
19. OrycTEs pyRRHUS, Burmeister, Handbuch der Entom. y.
p- 197.
There is a pair, male and female, of this insect in the collection.
The species belongs to a section of the genus which has representa-
tives in Mauritius, Java, Australia, and Europe.
* This has recently been done by Wallengren (Fregatten Eugenies Resa), who
has proposed the name of Pseudonympha for the group.
1863.] MR. H.W. BATES ON INSECTS FROM MADAGASCAR. 479
20. PotysoTuRis couiiciaTa, Guérin-Méneville, Magasin de
Zoologie, pl. 27.
A second species of this group, P. auropicta, was contained in the
former collection sent by Mr. Caldwell. The group, formerly con-
sidered a genus, comprises fourteen species, all peculiar to Mada-
gascar; it has been reunited by Lacordaire, the latest authority on
the subject, to Psiloptera, a widely distributed genus, in consequence
of the want of absolute structural characters to distinguish it; the
species, however, may be considered as forming a good subgenus.
21. Lacon vestitus, Klug, Ins. von Madag. p. 64.
Peculiar to Madagascar. The genus, however, is a cosmopolitan
one.
22. Macrotoma corticina, Schonh. Syn. Ins. iii. p. 345, n. 54.
This species is also peculiar to Madagascar; but many closely
allied species are known to inhabit the warmer parts of the Old
World.
23. STELLOGNATHA MACULATA, Oliy. Entom. t. iv. p. 68, n. 87,
pl. 7. f. 49 a, 6, and f. 174 a, 6.
Both species and genus of this large and striking Longicorn are
peculiar to Madagascar. It belongs to the Sternotomine group,
which is peculiarly African.
Order ORTHOPTERA.
24. Mantis marcinata, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 191. (M. pus-
tulata, Stoll, f. 73; Serv. Hist. Nat. des Orthop. p. 186).
This is a common African insect, and is found also in Mauritius.
25. MANTIS CALDWELLII, 0. sp.
2. Modice elongata, pallide viridis. Caput robustum, denticulo
parvo utringue inter basin antenne et oculum. Prothorax la-
tiusculus (long. 73 lin.), supra coxas anticas paulo ampliatus,
lateribus leviter denticulatis. Abdomen grossum, prothoraci
longitudine equale, supra rubro maculatum. LElytra abdomine
paulo longiora, apice modice attenuata, costa arcuata, area
costali tertiam partem latitudinis constituente ; viridi-opaca,
stigmate concolore ; utrinque marginem posticam versus hyalina.
Ale hyaline, venis roseo tinctis, apicibus viridibus. Pedes sim-
plices, modice elongati: coxis anticis supra multi-denticulatis,
intus cum femoribus immaculatis.
Long. 1! 7/"i_j!" gi,
This species, of which there are two female examples, has no very
close relative at present known—the nearest approximation being the
group of species allied to M. unimaculata of Stoll, natives of Eastern
Africa.
480 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Nov. 24,
26. Popa unpAtTA, Fabricius, Entom. Syst. ii. p. 19.
Theoclytes undata, Serville, Hist. Nat. des Orthop. p. 152.
Mantis undata, Charpentier, Orthop. Descr. et Dep. ¢ 2, pl. 38.
Popa spurea, Stal, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens
Forhandlingar, 1856, p. 169.
This remarkable Mantis, which, when its wings are closed, has a
striking resemblance to a withered fragment of a tree-branch, is
hitherto known only as an inhabitant of Southern Africa. The Ma-
dagascar specimen (a female) is about one-third larger than Natal
examples; but the only difference, besides size, which I find is the
greater breadth of the hyaline streaks accompanying the transverse
veins of the wings.
27. ACRIDIUM RUFICORNE, Olivier, Encycl. Méthod. ix. p. 221.
n. 25.
Found also at the Cape of Good Hope.
3. A List oF THE BIRDS INHABITING THE ISLANDS OF TIMOR,
FLores, AND Lomsock, with DescRIPTIONS OF THE NEW
Species. By Atrrep R. WALLACE.
(Plate XXXIX.)
The chain of islands situated to the east of Java, and ending in
Timor, forms a natural subdivision of the Malayan archipelago, being
distinguished »y peculiarities of physical geography as well as by a
characteristic tauna. These islands all contain active volcanoes, and
are for the most part of volcanic origin. Timor, however, which
lies somewhat obliquely to the rest, consists in a great measure of
ancient sedimentary rocks, which seem to have been exposed for long
periods tu volcanic convulsions, since they are everywhere shattered
and distorted in a remarkable manner. All of these islands have a
climate which differs from that of the rest of the archipelago in
being remarkably dry ; and this has produced a characteristic vege-
tation, in which spiny and prickly shrubs abound, while the dense
luxuriant forests of the regions nearer the equator are quite unknown.
The forest-trees of Timor are chiefly Eucalypti and Acacias, thinly
scattered over bare and gravelly slopes ; while it is only in the damper
and more sheltered spots that patches of bush and thickets occur.
I visited Timor twice, and collected for nearly five months in both
the eastern and western districts, obtaining 112 species of birds. Ill
health and wars between the Portuguese and the natives prevented
me from going far into the interior, where, especially on the south
coast, I have reason to believe many additional species might have
been obtained. Six other birds are said to be from Timor, mostly
collected by the naturalists of the Dutch Government expeditions,
making a total of 118 species from this island. My assistant, Mr.
Allen, collected for nearly four monthis in the large island of Flores,
and obtained eighty-six species of birds; and I am not aware that a
t imp
anhar
n
Ln
Wolf del,et
b tla
fi Pati,
*
Si ‘
alae 1
Yon —
1 ht
ie
‘
;
\
4
—
;
.
"
,
|
«
+
’
\ ‘
ef :
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 481
single species was previously known from this locality. From the
next island, Sumbawa, I have obtained no collections. A few are
indicated by Bonaparte as existing in the Leyden Museum, the whole
of which, with one exception only (Trichoglossus forsteni), are found
in the adjacent islands. In the next island, Lombock, I collected
myself for two and a half months, obtaining sixty-three species of
birds. The island of Bali commences the Indian region of zoology,
which we have not now to consider; but I may mention that, ac-
cording to the Dutch naturalist Zollinger, its fauna is absolutely
identical with that of Java. The total number of species known to
inhabit this group of islands is 186. Taking into consideration the
comparative sizes of the islands, the above numbers may be supposed
to represent with tolerable fairness their respective bird populations,
and will therefore furnish us with materials for some interesting
comparisons.
The Timorese subfauna, as we may conveniently name it, differs
strikingly from the Moluccan in the absence of such genera as Lorius,
Eos, Eelectus, and Lycocorax, and also of Tanysiptera, Alcyone,
Criniger, and the subgenera Jotreron and Cyanotreron, all of which,
though not peculiar to the Moluccas, are very characteristic of that
group of islands. On the other hand, it shows a closer connexion
with Australia than any other part of the archipelago, as evidenced
by five genera, Sphecothera, Gerygone, Pardalotus, Glycyphila,
and Amadina, which are found in this chain of islands, but do not
pass into the Moluccas or Celebes. The number of species which
appear to be restricted to the Timorese subfauna is eighty-one, many
of which, however, are very slight modifications of Australian species.
On the other hand, there is nota single genus confined to the group,
or which can be said to have its metropolis in it—indicating that
the fauna is strictly derivative, and of not very ancient date. In en-
deavouring to determine the origin of this fauna, we must eliminate
those species and genera which, having a wide distribution and roam-
ing habits, can give us little definite information. These are chiefly
raptorial and aquatic birds, with a portion of the Passeres ; and I find
that fifty-seven species of this nature are identical with those of sur-
rounding countries, while thirty-five more are representative species
which cannot be referred to any one island rather than another for
their probable origin. Deducting these ninety-two species, we have
left a rather larger number of birds which we can trace directly either
to Australia on the one side or to Java on the other.
The species which appear to be confined to each island may be
classed as follows—
Lombock 4, of which | genus is Australian, 1 genus Indian,
Flores 12, 3 5 genera are ,, 2 genera ,,
Timor 42, ” 16 ” 3° 33 4 3 ”
showing that while there is a great preponderance of the forms of
the Australian region in Timor, they decrease going westward, till in
Lombock they are equalled by the Indian forms. ‘The species which
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1863, No. XXXI.
482 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Noy. 24,
are identical with those of Java or Australia show the proportionate
influence of the two countries in a yet more striking manner.
JAVAN.
Lombock. Flores. Timor.
Species ..... bo eee 22 10
Representatives.... 1 3 5
oo 25 15
AUSTRALIAN.
Species ...... see Bi 5 10
Representatives.... 3 9 26
7 14 36
This table shows how two streams of immigration have entered
the islands, the one from Java diminishing in intensity as it flowed
on to Timor, the other from Australia diminishing in about the same
degree towards Lombock. The total number of species which have
entered on the two sides seems nearly equal, with only a slight pre-
ponderance in favour of Australia; but there is this remarkable dif-
ference, that whereas the great majority of the species derived from
Java are identical with the present inhabitants of that island, those
derived from Australia are for the most part representative species,
less than half of them being identical with birds still living in that
country. We shall see this perhaps more clearly by treating the
islands as a whole, and dividing that portion of their birds which
have exclusive relations to Java or Australia in a similar manner ;
thus the Timorese avifauna contains
Javan species........ 35 Australian species........ 13
Javan representatives.. 11 Australian representatives... 35
46 48
showing that, though the total number of species derived from the
two districts is nearly the same, the identical species and representa-
tives are divided in exactly reverse proportions. This fact is one of
the most important that we can draw from a consideration of these
lists of species, since it gives us a clue to the manner in which this
little group of islands was first stocked with animal life, and, in con-
nexion with geological considerations, will enable us to form a general
idea of their early history.
Change of species is a slow process. On that we are all agreed,
though we may differ about how it has taken place. The fact that
the Australian species in these islands have mostly changed, while
the Javan species have almost all remained unchanged, would there-
fore indicate that the district was first peopled from Australia. But,
for this to have been the case, the physical conditions must have
been very different from what they are now. Nearly 300 miles of
open sea now separates Australia from Timor, which island is con-
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 483
nected with Java by a chain of broken land divided by straits which
are nowhere more than about twenty miles wide. Evidently there
are now great facilities for the natural productions of Java to spread
over and occupy the whole of these islands, while those of Australia
would find very great difficulty in getting across. To account for
the present state of things, we should naturally suppose that Aus-
tralia was once much more closely connected with Timor than it is
at present ; and that this was the case is rendered highly probable by
the fact of a submarine bank extending along all the north and west
coast of Australia, and at one place approaching within twenty miles
of the coast of Timor. This indicates a recent subsidence of North
Australia, which probably once extended as far as the edge of this
bank. I do not think Timor was ever absolutely connected with
Australia, because the representation of the forms of that country
is not sufficiently perfect. There are no Kangaroos in Timor, nor
indeed any Marsupials whatever, except a Cuscus, which is a Moluc-
can and not an Australian genus. Many highly characteristic genera
of birds are also absent which we should certainly expect to find
had the countries ever been connected, such as Calyptorhynchus,
Malurus, Cracticus, Anthochera, Poéphila, Falcunculus, Colluri-
eincla, &e. Nor do any of the characteristic Australian groups of
insects occur in Timor. Everything indicates therefore that a strait
of the sea has always separated it from Australia—a supposition
which is confirmed by the deep gulf that still runs between its rocky
southern coast and the edge of the before-mentioned submarine bank.
But at the time when this narrowing of the sea took place in one
direction, there must have been a greater separation at the other end
of the chain, or we should find more equality in the numbers of
identical and representative species derived from each extremity. It
is true that the widening of the strait at the Australian end by sub-
sidence would, by putting a stop to immigration and intercrossing
of individuals from the mother country, have allowed the full action
of the causes which have led to the modification of the species ;
while the continued stream of immigrants from Java would by con-
tinual intercrossing check such modification. This view will not,
however, explain all the facts; for the character of the fauna of the
Timorese group is indicated as well by the forms which are absent
from it as by those which it contains, and is by this kind of evidence
shown to be much more Australian than Indian. No less than
twenty-nine genera, all more or less abundant in Java, and most of
which range over a wide area, are quite absent ; while of the equally
diffused Australian genera only about fourteen are wanting. This
would clearly indicate that there has been till recently a wide sepa-
ration from Java; and the fact that the islands of Baly and Lom-
bock are small and are almost wholly volcanic, and contain a smaller
number of modified forms than the other islands, would point them
out as of comparatively recent origin. Here probably existed a wide
arm of the sea at the time when Timor was in the closest proximity
to Australia; and as the subterranean fires were slowly piling up
the’now fertile islands of Bali and Lombock, the northern shores of
484
Australia would be sinking beneath the ocean.
as these will enable us to understand how it happens that, though
the birds of these islands are on the whole almost as much Indian as
Australian, yet the apparently endemic species have such a prepon-
derating Australian character, and why such a very large number of
characteristic Indian forms, which are common in Java and are known
in most instances to extend into Bali, have yet never transmitted a
MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE
single representative to the islands further east.
The following is a list of all the birds known to inhabit this group,
with their distribution in the several islands.
an * are not known from any other localities.
twenty-eight new species are afterwards given.
1. Baza reinwardtii, Sch/. & Mull.
2. Haliastur ponticerianus, Gm. .
8. Nisus virgatus, Cur. ....se seer eeee
4, Accipiter cruentus, Gould ........
5. —— approximans, Vig. § Horsf.....
6x. sylvestris, Wall. ........++4-
Tx, —— nu. sp. (Gurney), immature ....
8. Milvus affinis, Gould .........005
9. Hypotriorchis frontatus, Gowld ....
10. Tinnunculus moluccensis, H. gf J. ..
11x. Athene guteruhi, Miill......0...++-
12. florensis, Wall. ........00000s
13. Scops menadensis, var., Q.& G.....
14x sylvicola, Wall... .....e0e000-
15. Strix javanica, Horsf. ........+4..
16x. Geoffroyus jukesii, G..R.G.? ......
17x. Loriculus flosculus, Wall...........
18x. Aprosmictus vulneratus, Wag/.
19x. Trichoglossus hematodus, L. ..
20x euteles, Temm. .... 00.00.2000
Dix, —— iris, Femm. 2.00 +0ceeasece
22 forsteni, Bp. (Sumbawa).
23. Cacatua sulphurea, Gm. .......+.-
24. Halcyon collaris, Sw. .........+..
25. -coronatus, Miill. ..........5.
26. sanctus, Vig. & Horsf. ........
27. leucocephalus, Gm. ......-+..
28x. fulgidus, Gould .........5.-
29. Alcedo moluccensis, Blyth ...
30. meningting, Horsf. ...... 2.06
3l. =—— bina Horaf 8 i ascakigter os 2s 5
32. Ceyx rufidorsa, Strick..........++.
33. Caprimulgus macrourus, Horsf. ....
34, Collocalia esculenta, Z. ..........
35. fuciphaga, Thunb. ..........
36. Merops javanicus, Horsf. ..........
37. ornatus, Lath. ........00. ate
38. Eurystomus pacificus, Gm. ........
39. Cuculus canoroides, Mili. ........
40x. —— lepidus, Miill. ..............
41. Cacomantis tymbonomus, Mill. ....
42. Chrysococcyx chalcites, Zi, ........
Lompock.
ee en eens
sere tease
ee ee wees
ee me acne
were ewes
ae ee esos
C. sulphurea ....|C. sulphurea ....| CO. sulphur
H. collaris ...... H. collaris H. collaris.
f..covonatus: +f) ate tisteelenmte H. coronatu
Fisamotus:, | (54012 vets cine an ee teteire
H. leucocephalus. .
H. fulgidus .....
A. meningting.
A. biru,
C, rufidorsa ....,.
C. macrourus ....
oe ee eane
eee mew ee
ee ee ewer
M. ornatus
E. pacificus
weet eee
C. chalcites ......
ee ee ewe
.| A. approximans.
A. sylvestris.
H. frontatus,
T. moluccensis....
A. florensis, a
S. menadensis.
8. sylvicola.
G. jukesii
Pe
se ee ewes
eee een ae
eee eens
H. leucocephalus,
.| H. fulgidus.
A. moluccensis.
weet ewes
ae te eeee
ee ee eww
M. javanicus
M. ornatus.
E. pacificus ......
C. canoroides .
[Nov. 24,
Some such changes
Those marked with
The descriptions of
B. reinwardt;
.| H. ponticeri
...| C. canoroide|
Timor.
N. virgatus.
A. cruentus.
ween eee
rr
sere eee
se ee eae
coer eee
sete eee
weet eee
ae eeee
E. pacificus.
C. lepidus.
C. tymbono:
C. chalcites.
1863.]
4 Lompock.
Budynamis australis, Sw...........| E. australis
Centropus affinis, Horsf. .......... C. affinis
Scythrops nove-hollandix, Reinw...| .... 4...
Picus moluccensis, Gm. .......... P. moluccensis. .
os OO GAISE . concinna
we eee
se eee
ce ee a oy
ee eee
a ey
se ee eee
ee eee
Sse 6ciopse set © \ eres sd rive
wotetpre wins eels a es e«
Olas viPlele sielf) of wie vials ne «6
se eee eee
Ce a ry
se ee eee
ee ee eee
er
Acrocephalus orientalis, Bp. ......
Megalurus timoriensis, Wall. ......
Cisticola fuscicapilla, Wall. ........
se ee eee
se ee ewes
eee eee
ee ewes
- lineocapilla,
ee ey
erygone sulphurea, Wall. ........
Inornata, Wall... .......0008- AC eee:
Pratincola caprata, Z. ............ P. caprata ......
Saxicola dumetoria, Wall........... S. dumetoria.
a ee ey
ee ew een
—— rufigula, Wall. ..............
Microeca superciliosa, Wall.........
Rhipidura diluta, Wall.
ochrogastra, Miill. ..........
semicollaris, Mili. ..........
Monarcha cinerascens, Zemm.......
trivirgata, Temm...........-.
carinata, Vig. & Horsf.
Cyornis hyacinthina, Temm. ......
irundo javanica, Sparrm. ........
striolata, Temm. .......6....
er a iy
sere eens
seem ew wee
se ee eee
ee ee tease
sete eee
ee eens
ee eee eee
ee ee ene
Dicrourus bimaénsis, Wall. ........
PRO AINEMUCIIIIA, 8 \sca'c's, oisvsle ei,6 |: | , ~axasizvcvarhys)
—— cineraceus, Horsf............. D. cineraceus.
ee
— nychthemera, Bp.........
Pericrocotus exul, Wall. ........
i)
...| A. leucogaster ..
BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK,
Fores.
E. australis
Gaathnis Ss jet.
S. nove-hollandiz,
.| P. moluccensis,
P. concinna.
ween ewes
.| P. cinereus.
M. javanica.
M. flavescens ..
Te ee eee
C. fuscicapilla ..
C. ruficeps
P, caprata ......
se ee eens
eee sece
ee ry
se ee enn
H striolata.
H. nigricans......
we ee eee
i?
seen nee
er
485
Timor.
E. australis.
C. affinis.
se ee ee oe
se ee eee
se eee wee
sete eee
G. rubiginosa.
T. schlegelii.
M. timoriensis.
..| C. fuscicapilla.
C. ruficeps.
a ar
ee ee cece
8. luctuosa.
8. pyrrhonota.
S. melanoleuca.
R. ochrogastra.
R. semicollaris.
M. cinerascens,
M. trivirgata.
M. carinata.
C. hyacinthina.
H. javanica.
H. nigricans.
.| A. leucogaster, var,
A. perspicillatus,
seme ewe
seen eee
.| G. personatus.
G. melanogenys.
C. plumbea.
L. leucophza,
L. nychthemera.
. —— quinticolor, Viezil.
486
MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE
LomBocg.
[Nov. 24,
Forges.
Pachycephala grisola, B/., var.
orpheus, Jard. ......1.+0050:
calliope, Miill. ......++++-0-.
fulvotincta, Wall.............
. Pardalotus obsoletus, Miil/.........
Lanius schah, L.
Corvus macrorhynchus, Wagl.......
ee ey
. Dropidorhynchus timoriensis, Mill. .
cineraceus, Zemm.
> <PEilotis limbatn, Mee lyTs Abs...
. —— virescens, Wail.
seem weet eees
maculata, Mill.
reticulata, Mill. ......+++4--
Glycyphila ocularis, Gould
ae ee eres
. Myzomela vulnerata, Mii. ........
Zosterops intermedia, Wall. ......
aureifrons, Wall. .......+000:
citrinella, Mii/.
ee ry
. Dieeum macklotti, Mill. ..........
igniferum, Wall. ............
Nectarinia pectoralis, Horsf.
solaris, Zemmi a celse ts oe oe ae
eeeeee
Anthreptes lepida, Lath. ..........
. Calornis minor, By. ..........++8s
. Gracula venerata, Bp. ........-..-
Munia oryzivora, L
pallida, Wall.
i
eS HUSCALE, VCEULL. veicls Havles vie’ » ls
ferruginea, Sparrm...........
—— punctularia, Z.............4.
wolees.| D.- ars\srotece’ siete o'ee die Sie
. Amadina insularis, Wall...........
. Estrelda flavidiventris, Wall, ......
. Erythrura tricolor, Vied//.
. Treron floris, Wall. ..........000.
a
psittacea, Temm. ............
Carpophaga zenea, L. eetale
rosacea, TemmM.......eeeeeees
. —— cineracea, Temm. .......ee00e
Ptilonopus melanocephalus, L.
flavicollis, Gray
ee
- ——einctus, Temm. oovcvesececees
. — albocinctus, Wall.............
....| P. melanocephalus.
...| P. grisola.
se ce eens
eect eens
ee ee ee ae
ee
L. schah
seen eeee
C. macrorhynchus .
T. timoriensis .
se eeee
ee ee ee ae
seer een
er
M. oryzivora.
M. pallida ......
M. quinticolor....
seen eeee
ee ee eeee
re
eee enee
ee a
ee tere ee
145x. Ianthcenas metallica, Temm. ...... Se eh oe
146. Turtur tigrina, Temm. ............ T. tigrina........
147. bitorquata, Temm. ........-- T. bitorquata ...
148. Macropygia emiliana, Bp. ........ M. emiliana.
149%. WIAGTIA, WIV AH. ct. wurete! e's \e) shel May cine
150x. Turaccena modesta, Temm. ......-. rere
151. Geopelia striata, Z. .............. G. striata.
152. MAUPECL, LEM nst ortstors siealehaet vo) eh ase ec
153. Chalcophaps javanica, Gm. ........ C. javanica ......
154%. Chalcophaps timoriensis, Bp. ......) 0 ss eseeee
155. Gallus bankiva, Temm........0.++- G. bankiva ......
156. fureatus, Temm. .......ee00- G. furcatus ......
157. Coturnix raaltenii, Mill. ..........) se eaeeee
158x. Hemipodius rufescens, Wall. ......) we ee eens
ee ewww ee
. fulvotincta.
. obsoletus
P. calliope.
. macrorhynchus .
. timoriensis ....
wees re sf) ere Se eam
N
ignifer.
. pectoralis.
se ee eee
Cr a
QOP 425
pallida.
quinticolor....
eee e eee
ferruginea.
punctularia
molucca.
insularis ......
flavidiventris ..
ee ee eee
BS BPEES 5S
ee eeee
er a
aa
seen ewes
er
ee eee
seer eens
ee ee ee
ween eeee
se eeee
ee ew eeee
ea
G. maugei
C. javanica.
eee eee
ee ee ew ee
ae eee
7a
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 487
Lomsocr. Fores. Trvor.
Megapodius reinwardti, Wagl.......|M. reinwardti ....)M. reinwardti. | ........
adrius longipes, Temm.........) sa eeeeee C. longipes ...... C. longipes.
— leschenaultii, Pall. .......... parcetee rel C. leschenaultii. | ........
Totanus hypoleucus, Zemm.........| se eeeeee T. hypoleucus ....|T. hypoleucus.
EIA clalcrty rojae saisi| eaeipa'sticg ))) | es acteeves «« T. glareola.
Numenius uropygialis, Gould ......| se seeees Ne tropypialis§ --|6. 4... awe
PMMA NI DOP AGI) GTO 0,2 0210 ain a0l te ppuieisteaseasefac 1.) nesmiatices 8. horsfie'di.
Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould...) =» ......02 | en we eee H. leucocephalus.
Mrdeatyphon, Lem... s.cecvsece| sacesene Zing) Oe eee (AP Ross Sec
Egretta immaculata, Gould ........| eeseaeee HE. immaculata, | «.......
maeyrmintopnora, Gould ...ciecct aswasecc, Peele sees K. syrmatophora.
eee STORES! G70)... ws siascincsll . es 'seiacee eb oceed: E. nigri_ostris.
Herodias pcrade, ROG Cate etstetere tan maurtatciagee cent = TATA eee Eten, 8 H. coromanda,
SEE MIOREI EID OULD a teinccialoie cia sisi = Vsatlaele-s-cim LIS Mela\palate ee H. jugularis.
— eee hollasitise, LAU La wn ae saree Natta dete ee Ihe ekioa ee ee H. alae ollandie.
Butorides javanica, Horsf. .......6| ee eeeece B. javanica ...... B. javanica.
Ardeola sinensis, Gm. ........2.0-| eu eeees A. sinensis. aie. a, anette
Rallina pheenicura, Temm. ........| see eeee spose R. phenicura.
RE ENUD HONIG, vcr eee rece cf deen eccse PO oes R. philippensis.
Porzana quadristrigata, Horsf....... Picraharc. cee eee te Gessintaeac P. quadristrigata.
Gallinula orientalis, Horsf. ........| G. orientalis. SS ses araidiiud Aaland bars canavaces
ee MPOTGROA FY Gills vic w esi cecaice sift stmoee de G. frontata ns ibs lavie pais en. ceyeis
Horphyrio smaragdinus, Temm. ....) secccece | ca aecace P. smaragdinus.
Mmaspibbiirons, Mill. .......0.00-| — eveveccte A. gibbifrons ....| A. gibbifrons.
—— superciliosa, Gould ..........| seen cece Se nie lalalts A. superciliosa,
Dendrocygna vagans, Hyton........ Rtn or. hai dieldleves D. vagans.
Podiceps tricolor, G. R. G. ........ Severe sate P. tricolor ...... P. tricolor.
Graculus melanoleucus, Vzei/l.......) ......2. | we ee ee G. melanoleucus.
63 species. 86 species. 118 species.
ACCIPITER SYLVESTRIS.
Cinereus, capite pallidiore, gula pallide rufescente, pectore et
abdomine rufis anguste albo fasciatis, alis subtus et tectricibus
caude inferioribus albescentibus, rectricibus ad basin albis plus
minusve nigro fasciatis.
Ashy above, rufous beneath, narrowly banded with whitish ; wings
white on the under surface, except the ends of the quills ; tail white
at the base, and the feathers towards the centre with eight or nine
blackish bands. This bird resembles 4. iogaster in wanting the
rufous collar, but is much smaller and paler-coloured ; it is also like
A. eruentus in its banded under surface, but, though smaller, has a
larger bill than that species. Bill black ; cere and legs yellow.
6. Total length 124 inches; wings 7 inches; tail 52 inches.
Q. Total length 132 inches; wing 8 inches; tail 63 inches.
Hab. Flores.
Scops SILVICOLA.
Rufo-fuscus, plumis nigro lineatis et maculatis ; tectricibus ala-
rum albo marginatis ; remigibus fuscis, fasciis plurimis externe
pallide rufis, interne obsoletis ; cauda obscura, rufo irrorata,
fasciis decem rufis ; tarsis dense vestitis, digitis nudis.
488 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Noy. 24,
Pale dusky rufous, the feathers irrorated with dusky and with a
median dark line; greater and middle wing-coverts white-tipped ;
quills dusky, with obsolete paler bands, on the outer web with pale
tufous bands; tail with about ten narrow rufous bands, which are
dusky-margined ; facial sete very long; tarsi densely feathered ;
toes naked.
Total length 12 inches ; wing 84 inches; tail 4} inches; bill, from
gape, 1,), inch.
Hab. Flores. :
Remark.—The only specimen obtained was immature; but it seems
very distinct from all other Malayan species.
ATHENE FLORENSIS.
Fusco-brunnea, subtus alba, brunneo maculato-striata ; fronte
gulaque albescentibus; cauda fasciis quinque obscurioribus,
rectricibus albo terminatis.
Darker and much larger than the other Malayan forms of Athene
hirsuta.
Total length 122 inches ; wing 91 inches; tail 51 inches; tarsus
and mid toe, without claw, 24} inches; bill, from gape, 1 inch.
Hab. Flores.
LORICULUS FLOSCULUS.
Viridis, dorso obseuriore ; macula gulari, uropygio tectricibusque
_ caude superioribus coccineis ; macula nuchali fulvescente ; alis
caudaque subtus glauco-viridibus, rectricibus flavo terminatis.
Green, above darker ; middle of the body beneath with a yellowish
tinge ; nape fulvous orange; elongate spot on throat red, rump and
upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail above dark green tipped with yellow
and red; quills and tail-feathers beneath margined with verditer-
blue ; bill red; feet orange-red.
Total length 43 inches ; wing 3 inches.
Hab. Flores.
Remarks.—This pretty little bird is allied to the L. pusillus of
Java and L. indicus of Ceylon; but also approaches in coloration to
L. galgulus and others of the black-billed group. A single speci-
men only was obtained.
ANTHUS MEDIUS.
A. australi similis, sed minor, ungue postico magis curvato : similis
A. malayano, sed rostro breviore, pectoris striis majoribus, ungue
postico breviore et magis curvato.
Dusky or blackish above ; the feathers margined with ochreish
yellow or ashy, beneath white or yellowish ; the breast and a line
from each angle of the mouth dusky-spotted ; a yellowish line above
the eye; tail dusky, outer feather white, except the base, the next
dusky on the inner margin ; bill blackish horn, beneath yellowish ;
feet very pale ; iris dark.
1863.} BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 489
Total length 62 inches; wing 34 inches ; tail 2} inches; bill, to
front, +/; inch.
Hab. Timor and Lombock.
DRYMOCATAPHUS BIviTTATus, Bp. (Consp. Gen. Av. p. 359),
Olivaceo-brunneus, subtus pallide rufescens, capite saturatiore,
uropygio caudaque rufo-castaneis, vitta supra oculos pallide
rufa, alis ventre et lateribus fuscis, tectricibus caude inferio-
ribus rufis.
Above olive-brown, on head chestnut-tinged, on rump and tail
deep chestnut-brown, a stripe over the eye widening to the nape pale
rufous ; beneath rufescent ; wings and flanks dusky; belly paler ;
under tail-coverts rufous ; bill dark olive, pale beneath ; iris dark ;
feet pale olive.
Total length 71 inches ; wing 24 inches ; tail 31 inches ; bill, to
gape, + inch.
Hab. Timor.
Remarks.—The sexes are alike. This bird is closely allied to the
Myjiothera capistrata, Temm.; but differs in its coloration, and in
having a much longer tail. I had described it as a new species, but
have now little doubt that it is the bird briefly characterized by Bo-
naparte as Napothera bivittata.
MEGALURUS TIMORIENSIS.
Similis M. galactodi (Temm.), sed major et cauda immaculata.
Above rusty rufous; the feathers of the back, tertiaries, and
greater wing-coverts having dark centres and dusky yellowish mar-
gins; beneath whitish; throat pure white; sides of the neck and
breast of an ashy tinge, which becomes a pale brown on the flanks
and under tail-coverts; a pale streak from the nostrils above the
eye; under wing-coverts rufous-tinged; bill bluish, pale below, and
blackish on the culmen ; feet pale olive.
Total length 9 inches; wing 1,5, inch; bill, to front, 3 inch;
tarsus 1 inch; mid toe and claw 1 inch.
Hab. Timor.
Remarks.—The sexes are alike. This bird carries its tail much
elevated. It seems to be a large and slightly modified race of the
Australian M. galactodes.
CIsTICOLA FUSCICAPILLA.
Supra rufo-brunnea, subtus alba dilute fulvo tincta ; dorso alis-
que fuscis, plumis pallide marginatis; uropygio rufescente ;
rectricibus fuscis medialiter rufo maculatis, versus apicem nigro
fasciatis, et albo terminatis.
Above dusky brown; back and wings dusky, with the feathers
brown-margined ; wing-coverts and quills margined with light brown;
beneath white, very faintly buff-tinged ; rump and flanks buffy ; tail
dusky, all the lateral feathers with a rufous band beyond the middle,
490 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Nov. 24,
more distinct on the inner web, beyond this a subterminal black band
and white apex; under wing-coverts white; bill pale yellowish,
dusky above ; feet pale reddish.
Total length 4 inches; wing 2 inches; bill, to gape, 4 inch.
Hab. Timor; Flores.
Rcemark.—This species is near C. ruficeps, Gould, but differs in
the dark head and peculiar markings of the tail.
Saxicoua (?) DUMETORIA.
Nigra ; gula et pectore rufis ; abdomine et tectricibus caude infe-
rioribus albis ; fascia longitudinali alarum et linea elongata
supra-oculari albis; rectricibus dimidio basali albo, duabus
mediis exceptis nigris.
Shining black; throat and breast light rufous, remaining under
parts white; chin whitish, a line from above the nostrils over the
eye to the back of the head white; tips of the middle wing-coverts
and the outer web of the third tertiary white, forming a white lon-
gitudinal band across the wing ; two middle tail-feathers all black,
the next two black-edged at the base, and the rest with the basal
half entirely white ; bill black; feet pale.
Total length 51 inches; wing 2; inches ; tail 1,9 inch; bill, from
gape, ;°; inch.
Hab. Lombock.
Remark.—The genus to which this bird belongs is doubtful. It
is, however, congeneric with Sazxicola pyrrhonota, Mill., from Timor.
GERYGONE INORNATA.
Supra pallide fusca, subtus alba; alis fuscis, remigibus albo
lituratis; cauda fusca, basi albescente, versus apicem nigra, rec-
tricibus albo terminatis, duabus externis macula apicali fusca.
Above pale earthy brown; beneath white ; quills dusky, white-
edged ; tail dusky, whitish at the base, toward the end black, each
feather terminated with a white spot, which on the two outer ones
is larger and bears a dusky spot at the apex ; bill and feet black ;
iris red. The sexes are alike.
Total length 4 inches ; wing 2 inches ; tail 12 inch; bill, to front,
4 inch.
. Hab. Timor.
GERYGONE SULPHUREA.
Supra dilute olivaceo-cinerea, subtus sulphurea ; remigibus Suscis
pallide marginatis ; rectricibus fascia subterminali nigra, in
pogonio interno albo terminata.
Pale ashy, with a faint olive tinge ; beneath pure sulphur-yellow,
becoming whitish on the under tail-coverts; quills dusky, with an
outer pale edge and whitish inner margin; tail with a subterminal
blackish band, beyond which is a white spot on the inner web; bill
broad, black ; feet dusky plumbeous.
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 491
Total length 32 inches; wing 14 inch; tail 1;4;; bill, to front,
inch.
Hab. Solor Island.
GERYGONE SUPERCILIOSA.
Olivaceo-viridis, subtus albo-flavescens ; capite obscuriore, genis
et linea superciliari albescentibus ; cauda fusca, viridi margi-
nata, rectricibus utrinque tribus pogonio interno albo.
Olivaceous ; head dusky; beneath yellow-white ; throat whitish,
yellow-dashed ; a whitish line over the eye from the nostrils to the
nape; quills dusky, olive-margined ; tail dusky, the middle feathers
olive-margined, the outer three on each side white, narrowly mar-
gined with dusky and an olive edge; bill dusky, beneath yellowish ;
feet lead-colour.
Total length 41 inches; wing 2} inches; tail 12inch; bill, to
front, qs inch.
Hab. Timor.
MYIAGRA RUFIGULA.
Cyaneo-plumbea ; capite cyaneo-chalybeo ; gula et pectore intense
rufo-castaneis, abdomine albo; cauda fusco-nigra, rectricibus
duabus extimis externe albo marginatis.
Lead-blue ; head steel-blue ; throat and breast vivid chestnut-red;
belly and under tail-coverts white ; quills blackish, very narrowly
bluish-margined towards the base ; under wing-coverts white, and
quills white-margined towards the base beneath ; tail blackish, the
outer margin of the two outer feathers and the extreme tips of the
next pair whitish ; bill lead-blue, tip and culmen black ; iris dark ;
feet black.
Total length 6 inches ; wing 22 inches; bill, from front, 4 inch,
width 53; inch.
Hab. Timor.
Remark.—This species differs from M. latirostris, Gould, in its
smaller size, more deeply coloured throat, and the white margin to
the outer tail-feathers.
RHIPIDURA DILUTA.
Fusca; fronte caudaque fusco-nigra; gula et macula utrinque
ante oculos albis, pectore rufo-fusco ; abdomine tectricibusque
caude inferioribus dilute rufis, rectricibus duabus utrinque et
apice tertie albo-ochraceis.
Dusky brown; forehead and tail blackish ; throat and a small
frontal eye-mark white; breast rufous ashy, rest beneath pale ru-
fous ; two outer tail-feathers and the outer and apical portion of the
third ochreish white ; quills dusky, narrowly margined with bright
rufous; bill black, base of lower mandible and basal half of its
vibrissee pale ; iris dark ; feet dusky.
Total length 64 inches; wing 3 inches; tail 33 inches.
Hab. Flores.
492 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Nov. 24,
Remark.—Near to R. assimilis, G. R. Gray, but may be at once
distinguished from all the other species of the genus by the uniform
pale colour of the outer tail-feathers.
PACHYCEPHALA FULVOTINCTA.
Supra flavo-olivacea, subtus cum cervice lutea, pectore fulvo tincta;
capite et torque lato gulari nigris, gula alba, cauda cum tectri-
cibus supertoribus nigris.
Above olive-yellow ; beneath yellow; head and a band across the
throat black ; chin and throat white ; upper part of breast rich ful-
vous yellow ; a yellow collar round the nape, brightest on the sides
of the neck; quills dusky, olive-margined ; upper tail-coverts and
tail black, feathers narrowly tipped with olive.
@. Above dusky olivaceous ; crown ashy; rump and tail yel-
lowish ; quills dusky, margined with brown, the tertiaries with ru-
fous; beneath, cheeks and breast rufescent; chin whitish ; lower
breast and belly nearly pure white ; under tail-coverts pale yellow ;
bill black ; feet dusky.
Total length 6 inches; wing 3 inches; tail 23 inches.
Hab. Flores.
DiIcROURUS BIMAENSIS.
Edolius bimaénsis, Temm. MSS. (Bp. Consp. p. 352).
Nigro-ceruleus ; alis caudaque eneo-viridibus, metallicis ; pectore
maculis elongatis metallicis ; caude rectricibus externis valde
recurvatis.
Blue-black ; wings and tail brilliant metallic brassy green ; elon-
gate spots on the breast and the tips of the feathers of the crown of
the same colour; the outer tail-feathers strongly curved upwards ;
frontal feathers much elongated and depressed ; bill and feet black ;
iris red.
Total length 11 inches; wing 5+ inches; tail 5 inches ; bill, from
gape, 1°4 inch.
Hab. Lombock, Sumbawa (Temm.), and Flores.
Remark.—The name above quoted has no description attached to
it in Bonaparte’s ‘Conspectus ;’ but I have adopted it for this bird,
which is no doubt the same species.
PERICROCOTUS EXUL.
Nigro-ceruleus ; pectore, ventre, uropygio, fascia alarum et rec-
tricibus lateralibus vivide aurantiacis, rectricibus duabus mediis
nigris, duabus sequentibus dimidio apicali aurantiaco.
2. Coloribus cinereis et flavis similiter dispositis, et fronte fla-
vescente.
Blue-black ; breast, belly, rump, upper and under tail-coverts,
margin of shoulder, wing-band, and outer tail-feathers rich orange ;
the wing has a band from the fourth primary, narrowing on the se-
condaries, and suddenly broader on the tertiaries, and two of the
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 493
tertiaries have an orange spot near the tip; the tail has the two
middle feathers entirely black, the next two with half the outer and
one-third the inner web orange, the rest orange with a decreasing
quantity of black at their bases. The female is dusky ash; the
wings and tail blackish, with a bright yellow taking the place of the
orange in the male; the forehead is yellow-tinged, and the quills are
more or less margined and tipped with yellow; bill and feet black ;
iris dark.
Total length 73 inches; wing 31 inches; tail 52 inches; bill, to
front, } inch.
Hab. Lombock.
Remark.—This elegant species differs from P. flammeus, Temm.,
in its larger size, orange colour, and rather different markings of
the wings and tail.
ZOSTEROPS INTERMEDIA.
Flavo-virescens, subtus flava ; fronte flavescente, tenia nigra sub
oculis ; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, flavo-viridi marginatis.
Very near Z. flava, but a little larger, more yellow on the forehead
and less on the upper tail-coverts, and the black subocular streak
not extending so far forward; iris olive-brown; feet dusky lead;
upper mandible dark, lower pale.
Total length 44 to 42 inches; wing 2+ inches; bill, to gape,
inch.
Vo rab. Macassar and Lombock.
Remark.—Mr. G. R. Gray attached the MS. name of intermedius
to my Macassar specimen.
ZOSTEROPS AUREIFRONS,
Flavo-virescens, subtus alba, lateribus albo-cinereis ; facie, gula,
uropygio et crisso vivide flavis ; frontis plumis densis, suberectis,
aureo-fulvis.
Greenish yellow; head yellower; forehead golden orange; face,
throat, rump, and under tail-coverts pure yellow; beneath the
body white, with the sides ashy; wings and tail dusky, feathers
margined with olive-yellow; iris dark; bill dusky lead; feet pale
lead-colour.
Total length 47 inches; wing 24 inches.
Hab. Flores.
I give here descriptions of two other species of Zosterops which
appear new :—
' ZOSTEROPS ATRIFRONS,
Flavo-virescens, capite obscuriore, fronte nigra, pectore cinereo-
albo, abdomine albo, tectricibus caude inferioribus flavis, cauda
Susco-nigra.
Greenish yellow; top of head dusky, shading into deep black on
the forehead and the space in front of the eye; breast ashy white ;
494 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Nov. 24,
belly white; under tail-coverts yellow; tail dusky black; quills
dusky, yellow-margined ; bill black, base beneath lead-colour; feet
pale bluish olive; iris olive-brown.
Total length 4} inches ; wing 2+), inches; bill, to front, 2 inch.
Hab. Menado (North Celebes).
ZOSTEROPS GRAYI.
« Z. citrinella, Mill.,’ G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 175.
Flavo-viridis, subtus albescens ; capite fuscescente ; fronte, gula,
uropygto et crisso fiavis ; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, flavo-
marginatis.
Much larger than Z. citrinella from Timor. Crown of head
darker; wings and rump yellower; bill black; pale at base of lower
mandible; feet pale lead-colour. The comparative dimensions of
the two species are as follows :—
Total length. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus.
Z. grayt...... Sin. 2} in. 2in. To in. To in.
Z. citrinella .. 4+in. 24 in. 1,8, in. zy in. ify in.
Hab. Ké Island.
Remark.—I have named this bird after Mr. George Robert Gray,
from whose writings and personal information I have derived much
assistance.
DiczuM IGNIFERUM.
Supra nigro-cyaneum ; capite, collo, dorso medio et uropygio ru-
bris; facie, colli lateribus et pectoris linea mediana fusco-
. . 4 . . . .
nigris ; mento, pectore inferiore et abdomine albis ; gula rubra.
Above blue-black; top of the head and the middle line of the
back to the upper tail-coverts blood-red ; sides of the neck and
upper part of the breast dusky black ; chin white; throat red, in a
broad longitudinal stripe; rest of the underside white, the black of
the breast being continued in a stripe down to the belly ; bill and
feet black.
The females or young males are more dusky above, with the red
on the head and rump, but less distinct on the back ; beneath white,
with the face and breast dusky ash.
Total length 33 inches; wing 2 inches.
Hab. Flores.
Remark.—This species resembles D. cruentatum above, and D.
macklotti beneath.
PTILOTIS VIRESCENS.
Flavo-virescens, subtus pallidior ; gula cinerea, abdomine crisso-
que albescentibus.
Yellowish green ; feathers of crown dusky, greenish-margined ;
throat ashy; breast pale yellowish green; belly and vent whitish ;
1863.] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. 495
quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with olive-green; under
wing-coverts and inner margins of quills white ; iris dark ; bill black ;
feet lead-colour.
Total length 5? inches ; wing 22 inches; bill, from front, + inch.
Hab. Lombock.
MunlIaA PALLIDA.
Rufo-cinerea, subtus pallide rufa; capite colloque albis, pectore
albescente, crisso caudaque rufo-castaneis, uropygio et caude
tectricibus superioribus intense sericeo-castaneis.
Above rufous ash ; beneath pale rufous; head and neck white ;
breast tinged with rosy ash ; tail and under tail-coverts dark rufous ;
rump and upper tail-coverts glossy chestnut-brown; bill and feet
blue-lead ; iris dark.
Total length 4} inches ; wing 23 inches.
Hab. Lombock and Flores.
Remarks.—Very near Munia maja, L., but differs in the much
paler colouring of both upper and under surface.
AMADINA INSULARIS.
Fusco-cinerea, subtus albida ; gula et pectoris lateribus cinereis,
macula pectorali nigra undulata; macula magna auriculari,
antice nigro marginata, rufa ; lateribus castaneis albo guttatis;
crisso albo et nigro variegato; tectricibus caude superioribus
valde elongatis, nigris, albo maculatis, subfasciatis.
Very near Amadina castanotis, Gould, from Australia, from which
it differs principally in the chin and throat not being banded. The
female wants the rufous and black markings on the ear-coverts,
flanks, and breast ; iris reddish brown; bill coral-red; feet reddish
white.
Total length 4 inches ; wing 2 inches.
Hab. Timor and Flores.
EstTRELDA FLAVIDIVENTRIS.
Similis E. puniceee ex Java, sed ventre dilute rubro-flavescente,
tectricibus caude inferioribus nigris albo et rubido maculatis,
rectricibus albo terminatis.
Ashy brown ; head and back red-tinged ; face, throat, breast,
and rump deep red; lower breast, belly, and vent yellow, washed
with red ; wing-coverts, tertiaries, sides of breast, and flanks with
numerous round white spots; under tail-coverts black, with more
or less white at the base and apex of each feather, and sometimes
tinged with red; the four outer tail-feathers on each side rather
broadly white-tipped; bill blood-red; feet very pale reddish ; iris
red.
Total length 4 inches ; wing 1? inch; tail 12 inch; bill, to front,
2 inch.
Hab. Timor and Flores.
Remarks.—In some specimens the white spots spread over the
496 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE [Nov. 24,
whole neck and breast. The species is most readily distinguished
from E. punicea by the reddish-yellow belly. It is rather abundant
in the grassy valleys of Timor.
TRERON FLORIS.
Flavo-viridis ; dorso fusco, interscapilio cinereo tincto; pileo
plumbeo, fronte albescente ; alis nigris, remigibus secundariis
et tectricibusque alarum pallide flavo marginatis ; rectricibus
lateralibus cinereis medialiter nigro fasciatis ; femoribus tec-
tricibusque caude inferioribus albo et viridi maculatis.
2. Dorso fusco-virescente, minime cinereo.
Beneath pale yellow-green; top of head lead-colour; forehead,
chin, and gape whitish ; upper part of back ashy green; the rest,
upper wing-coverts, and tertiaries dusky green; rump and upper
tail-coverts bright yellow-green, as well as the four middle tail-fea-
thers ; lateral tail-feathers with the basal half dusky ash, a median
black spot or band, and the apical portion whitish ash ; tail beneath
black, broadly tipped with ashy white; under tail-coverts green,
broadly margined and tipped with white, as are also the thighs and
lower part of the belly ; quills black, the primaries finely white-
edged, the secondaries and greater and middle coverts rather narrowly
bordered with pale yellow; bend of wing ashy purple; underside of
wing entirely slate-colour; bill with the tip yellowish; orbits bare ;
feet red, as in Treron griseicauda.
Total length 113 inches; wing 6 inches.
Hah. Flores and Solor Islands.
Remarks.—The sexes are alike, the female only differing in the
rather duskier back and more green-spotted under tail-coverts. In
the form of the bill and frontal feathers this species agrees with 7.
nepalensis and T’. griseicauda, and in coloration can hardly be distin-
guished from the female of the latter species. It is singular that in the
Island of Timor an allied species (7'. psittacea, Temm.) should be
found which also wants the chestnut-coloured back in the male, the
habitats of both agreeing closely in their peculiar climate and vege-
tation.
PrILONOPUS ALBocINCTUS. (Pl. XXXIX.)
4Eneo-niger ; collo latissime pectoreque cesiis ; capite albescente;
gula, torque pectorali et tenia dorsali albis ; ventre et femori-
bus flavo-olivaceis, tibiis cinereis ; tectricibus caude inferioribus
cinereis late flavo marginatis, cauda fascia terminali cinerea.
Bronzy black ; crown and forehead ashy white ; throat and cheeks
white ; neck and breast bluish ash, with a narrow edging above
and a broad band beneath white; below this a broad blue-black
band on the lower breast ; belly and thighs olive-yellow; legs ashy ;
under tail-coverts ashy with broad margins to the feathers bright
yellow ; tail with a terminal ash-coloured band, which on the un-
derside is nearly white; bill greenish at base, yellow at tip ; feet
bright red.
1863. ] BIRDS OF TIMOR, FLORES, AND LOMBOCK. A97
Total length 12} inches ; wing 6 inches (the first quill moderately
attenuated at the tip); tail 4$ inches.
Hab. Flores (in the interior only).
Remarks.—This fine new species is closely allied to Columba
cincta, Temm., of the adjacent island of Timor, differing princi-
pally in the delicate bluish colour of the neck and breast, and struc-
turally in the form of the first primary, which in P. cinctus is much
more abruptly acuminated. A single specimen only was obtained.
TURNIX RUFESCENS.
Supra fuscus, subtus rufescens ; plumis dorsi nigro maculatis et
luteo-rufo marginatis, tectricibus alarum fulvo terminatis et
nigro maculatis aut lunulatis ; pectore rufo, lateribus nigro lu-
nulatis ; pectore et abdomine medio albescentibus; alis fusco
cinereis, prima remigum fulvo marginata,
Above dusky; feathers irregularly black-marked, on the back
margined with pale rufous ; beneath rufescent ; throat and middle of
the belly whitish ; breast bright rufous, towards the side with black
lunules ; flanks with broad blackish bands; wing-coverts with ful-
vous tips, with rounded black spots and lunules; quills dusky, the
first yellow-margined; the tertiaries mottled on the margins with
rufous and black ; bill dusky, yellow at base; feet pale yellow; iris
dark.
Total length 5 inches; wing 3 inches ; bill, to gape, 36; inch ; mid
toe and claw ;'; inch.
Hab. Samao Island (Timor).
MACROPYGIA MAGNA.
Fusco-brunnea, nigro et rufo undulata; cauda pallidiore, unico-
lore ; pileo rufo ; subtus dilute brunnea, fusco et albo undulata,
tectricibus alarum inferioribus et remigum marginibus rufo-
castaneis ; tectricibus caude inferioribus rufis, ad basin fusco
undulatis ; rectricibus duabus exterioribus utrinque in margine
interiore macula elongata schistacea.
Dusky brown, banded with blackish and rufous ; tail uniform pale
earthy brown; top of head rufous: beneath light ochre-brown,
banded with whitish and dusky at the end of each feather; quills
blackish, with a narrow white edge ; entire base of the wings beneath
chestnut-brown, which extends on to the inner margins of the pri-
maries ; under tail-coverts rufous, slightly banded at the base ;_ tail-
feathers rufescent towards the base, the two outer feathers on each
side with an elongate slate-coloured_spot on the inner margin; bill
blackish ; feet pale pink-red.
Total length 17 inches; wing 73 inches; tail 8} inches; bill, to
front, = inch.
' Hab. Timor,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXXII.
{
Oe Te ae ee ee ee
498 MR. C. SPENCE BATE [Nov. 24,
4, ON soME NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA.
By C. Spence Bartz, F.R,S., F.L.S., ere.
(Plates XL. and XLI.)
The following species of Crustacea were collected and sent to the
British Museum by Mr. Angas, who obtained them during his so-
journ in Australia. Angasia pavonina is figured from a coloured
drawing taken of the animal, while living, by Mr. Angas; the others
are from preserved specimens by the author.
AnaeastA, White.
Hippolyte similis, sed rostrum sine carina dorsali, et sine ap-
pendice ad mandibulam.
Like Hippolyte, except that the dorsal surface of the carapace is
horizontally continuous on the rostrum, and gradually converges
laterally to a point, and the mandibles are without any secondary
appendage.
This genus was founded by Mr. Adam White, and orally described
by him at a Meeting of the Zoological Society, for the purpose of
receiving a very pretty species that was brought from Australia by
Mr. Angas.
The arrangement in this memoir differs from that of Mr. White in
making the form a genus instead of a subgenus. This I do, first,
because a subgenus appears to be both an inconvenient and an unna-
tural arrangement ; and second, because whenever there is any struc-
tural distinction, however unimportant it may appear to be to our
cognizance, yet it is impossible to classify such a species together in
a genus with others not possessing the same structure. For quick
detection, no doubt variation in form may be more appreciable for
observation than an alteration of structure; but it stands to reason
that the latter, however small, must be far more important in the
economy of the animal’s life than the former. 1t must also be taken
into consideration that we seldom find any structural alteration, how-
ever small, without perceiving a more or less important variation in
the condition of some other part of the same animal.
This genus is closely allied to Hippolyte, from which the most
palpable distinction exists in the absence of the carinated ridge that
traverses the rostrum and the dorsal surface of the carapace, and in
the more important feature of the absence of the apparently insigni-
ficant appendages attached to the mandible.
ANGASIA PAVONINA. (Pl. XL. fig. 1.)
A. vostro tam longo quam carapax, et antenna inferiore tam
longa quam pars dimidia pleontis sui.
Length 23 inches.
This, the only species that has been found, has the rostrum quite
as far projecting in advance of the eye as the carapace extends pos-
teriorly to it, with a deep carina upon the inferior surface, having the
margin furnished with four small teeth. The eye is elevated upon a
1. +
Ay TOO hr went
Fig |
mith th ad nai . MA&N.Hanhart Imp
NEW AUSTRALIAN CRUSTACEANS.
P.4.8.1863 Pl, Xu.
M&N.Hanhart Imp
NEW AUSTRALIAN CRUSTACEANS.
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN CRUSTACEA. 499
long peduncle. The superior antenna is short, the extremity of the
flagella reaching scarcely more than half the length of the rostrum,
and scarcely longer than the peduncle, the first joint of which is
armed with a tooth as long as the joint. The inferior antenna has
the squamiform appendage reaching nearly to the extremity of the
rostrum, and the flagellum reaching more than the length of the
rostrum beyond it. The mandible differs from that of Hippolyte
in the absence of the small secondary appendages, and in having the
molar surface more denticulated and less furnished with hairs. The
second pair of gnathopoda are flat or spatuliform, fringed at the apex
with eight or nine robust teeth. The first pair of pereiopoda are
short, robust, and chelate, having the propodos longer than the carpus.
The second pair are long, slender, and chelate, having the propodos
shorter than the carpus. The remaining three pairs of pereiopoda
are shorter than the second, and slightly more robust, and terminate
in simple unguiculate dactyli; the inner surface of the carpi and
propodi are armed with spines, those on the carpi being all equally
long and strong, while those on the propodi gradually increase in
length towards the distal extremity. The pleon has the lateral walls
of the first five segments deeply produced, those of the fifth being
quite as deep again as the body. The posterior pair of pleopoda are
rather longer than the telson, and fringed with cilia, except upon the
outer margin of the outer ramus. Telson longer than the last seg-
ment of the pleon, terminating in an obtuse point, and armed near
the central and terminal margins with two pairs of short spines.
Mr. Angas, who took this very beautifully coloured species, de-
scribes it as of a “rich green, between apple and malachite, darker
on the back, chrome-yellow and gamboge nose and lines along the
back, then cobalt-blue, the rostrum being tipped with crimson,
The eye-like spots upon the sides and back rivalled in brilliancy
those of the peacock’s tail; the centre was filled with intense pea-
cock-blue and green, surrounded by a black ring, then one of crim-
son-searlet, the side of each segment being coloured with exquisite
purple that shades into a more or less rosy violet, the telson and
posterior pair of pleopoda being crimson.”’ Unfortunately it is diffi-
cult to retain colour in Crustacea; consequently all this brilliancy of
tinting disappeared in about twelve hours. Three specimens of this
species were dredged by Mr. Angas in St. Vincent’s Gulf, in April
1861, four miles from the shore, on a weedy bottom, in 43 fathoms
of water.
The description is taken from the largest specimen. The other
two differ from the type, not only in size, being smaller, but also in
the depth of the lateral walls of the fifth segment of the pleon.
Genus Carapina, Edwards.
Division A. Without second appendage or process to the mandible.
CaRADINA TRUNCIFRONS. (Pl. XL. fig. 2.)
C. rostro tam alto quam cephalon, margine anteriore truncato et
serrato, margine dorsali uno dente instructo,
Length 3ths of an inch,
500 MR. C. SPENCE BATE [Noy. 24,
Rostrum deeper than the cephalon, the extremity being the deepest
part; the anterior margin slightly excavate, and armed with nine
small teeth. The rostrum is also furnished with a tooth upon the
dorsal surface, immediately above the eyes. The pleon is robust, and
but slightly curved. The eyes are small, and planted upon a short
peduncle. The superior antenne reach beyond the extremity of the
rostrum. The inferior antenne are impertect, but are at least more
than one-third the length of the animal; the squamiform appendage
is acuminate, subapically tipped with a tooth, and reaches to the ex-
tremity of the rostrum. The first pair of gnathopoda are short,
spatuliform, the distal extremity being fringed on the inner margin
with small but strong spines. The first pair of pereiopoda are much
shorter than the second, and by their peculiar formation afford the
distinctive character that distinguishes this genus from Hippolyte:
the propodos is long, ovate, and attached to the inferior process of a
hollow or widely crescent-shaped carpus ; this is ovate, slightly taper-
ing to the dactylos, which is internally concave, and impinges against
a similarly formed process of the propodos. The second pair of pereio-
poda are longer than the second gnathopoda, slender and chelate, the
propodos being stoutest at the carpal extremity, from which it nar-
rows to the dactylos, which is internally hollow or spoon-shaped, and
antagonizes with a similarly shaped process at the extremity of the
propodos. The three posterior pairs of pereiopoda are longer and
rather more slender than the preceding, are armed upon the posterior
margin with five or six equidistant solitary spines, and terminate
in an unguiculate dactylos ; the posterior pair of pleopoda are about
the same length as the telson. Telson terminating obtusely, armed
with two strong spines at the apex, and subapically furnished with
a short cilium.
The colour of this species when alive was not recorded by Mr.
Angas; but since death it has assumed an orange tint, deepening
to a red along the line of the prime vie.
This description is taken from a female loaded with ova, amongst
which were found two specimens of the larva of a Bopyroid Crustacean.
This animal, like the preceding, was captured in about 43 fathoms
of aes in St. Vincent’s Gulf, on weedy ground, about four miles off
the land,
Division B. Having a fized denticulated second process on the
mandible,
— Caravina cincinnuut. (PI. XL. fig. 3.)
C. rostri margine dorsali levi et cincinno parvo supra extremita-
tem tertiu segmenti posteriorem regionis dorsalis. Pleontis an-
tenna superiore quam rostrum longiore, antenna inferiore quam
corpus breviore.
’ Length #ths of an inch.
The back of the carapace is smooth, projecting anteriorly into a
rostrum that is only carinated below and armed with six teeth. The
pleon is likewise smooth; but the third segment is slightly gibbose,
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN CRUSTACEA, 501
and furnished upon each side of the central line with a small tuft of
hair, from which circumstance the specific name is derived. The
eyes are large and prominent. The superior antennze have the pri-
mary appendage but half the length of the secondary, The inferior
antenne have the squamiform appendage reaching quite to the ex-
tremity of the rostrum, rounded at the apex, and furnished with a
sharp tooth one-third from the extremity, and have the flagellum
more than half the length of the animal. The mandible is furnished
with a short, fixed, small, anteriorly directed process. The first pair
of pereiopoda are short, robust, and have the propodos long ovate,
narrowing slightly towards the dactylos, and articulating upon the
inferior process of the deeply concave anterior margin of the carpus.
The second pair of pereiopoda are longer and more slender than the
preceding, and have the propodos not larger than the carpus. Pos-
terior pair of pleopoda rather longer than the telson. Telson termi-
nating in two or three small spines.
This species was taken with the preceding, with which it generally
agrees in structure, except in the formation of the mandible, which
in this specimen has a small anteriorly directed process. This addi-
tion, being one of structure, I consider to be sufficiently important to
distinguish the present species generically from that of the preceding;
but since Milne-Edwards, in his character of the genus Caradina,
has not described the form of the mandible, it is difficult, until an
opportunity offers of examining a specimen of the original species of
the genus, to determine which of the two forms of mandible belongs
to the type. I have therefore thought it desirable to classify them
under Divisions A and B, rather than make a new genus, which must,
under the circumstances, be equivocal. Division B approximates in
the character of the mandible more nearly to that of the genus Hip-
polyte than Division A.
_ This description is taken from a female specimen loaded with ova;
and if we may judge from the majority of specimens in the small
collection being so furnished, we should imagine the month of April,
in which they were taken, to be a favourable period for their pro-
duction.
The colour of this species has not been recorded from the living
‘animal. In its preserved state it is yellowish, blushed with red
along the dorsal surface and prime vie, It was taken, with the pre-
vious specimen, in Gulf St. Vincent.
CARADINA TENUIROSTRIS. (Pl. XL. fig. 4.)
C. rostro supra dentibus tribus apud basim et infra uno dente
apud apicem armato.
In this species the rostrum is long, slender, and armed with three
teeth upon the upper surface near the base, and one upon the under
surface near the apex. The pleon is gibbous at the third segment,
being slightly produced posteriorly, and dorsally compressed. The
eyes are large and prominent, having the peduncle quite half the
length of the rostrum. The superior antennz are one-third longer
502 MR. C. SPENCE BATE [Nov. 24,
than the rostrum, and have the secondary ramus rather shorter
than the primary. The inferior antennz have the squamiform ap-
pendage reaching to the extremity of the rostrum, the lateral den-
ticle one-fourth distant from the apex, the flagellum being as long
as the animal. The mandibles are furnished with an anteriorly di-
rected or rudimentary incisive process, slightly curved, tapering to
the apex, and armed with five small denticles. The first pair of
pereiopoda are short, robust, and have the excavation at the anterior
margin of the carpus deeply lunate, and the anterior process and
dactylos fringed at the margin with several broad and flat teeth and
a few hairs. The second pair of pereiopoda are scarcely longer than
the first, and are more robust than in the preceding species. The
remaining pairs are rather longer than the two preceding, and more
slender. The posterior pair of pleopoda are rather longer than the
telson, which last differs but little from that of the preceding species.
This description is taken from a female specimen, which is shorter
and more robust and gibbous than either of the other species of the
genus. The colour of the living animal has not been recorded ; but
in a preserved state it is yellowish, blushing into red, mostly so upon
the dorsal surface and the posterior segments of the pleon.
It was captured, with the other specimens in this collection, by
Mr. Angas, in Gulf St. Vincent, under the conditions previously de-
scribed.
Genus AncuisT1A4, Dana.
ANncHISTIA msopia. (PI. XLI. fig. 5.)
“A. rostro supra novem dentibus et duobus infra apud apicem
armato. Pleontis tertio segmento in dentem ingentem dorsaliter
et posterius producto.
Having the rostrum nearly straight, armed above with nine teeth,
the posterior standing near the centre of the carapace, and with two
below near the apex. There is also an infraorbital, as well as a post-
orbital, and an anterior branchial tooth. The pleon has the third
segment postero-dorsally carinated and elevated into a hump-like
tooth, being posteriorly produced to a point. The eyes are half as
long as the rostrum. The superior antennee have the peduncle as”
long as the rostrum ; the first joint, being longer than the other two,
is broad, squamiformly developed, and armed with two teeth, a large
one near the base, and a smaller one near the distal extremity ; near
the base, in the position of the auditory organ, unlike that of its
near ally Palemon, there is a distinct otolithe ; the next two joints
are short ; the flagella are three, the primary and secondary being
fused together for about two-thirds the length of the primary, the
secondary being half as long again, and the tertiary being only one-
third the length of the primary. The inferior pair of antennze have
the squamiform appendage round at the point, furnished with a
tooth one-third from the apex, and reaching quite to the extremity of
the rostrum—the flagellum being as long as the animal. The man-
dibles are of the same form asin Palemon. The second pair of gna-
1863.] ON NEW AUSTRALIAN CRUSTACEA. 503
thopoda are pediform. The first pair of pereiopoda are chelate,
slender, the propodos being slightly enlarged, and the dactylos straight
and nearly as long as the propodos. The second pair of pereiopoda
are longer than the first, and also larger; the dactylos is slightly
longer than the antagonizing process of the propodos, but not longer
than the propodos independently of the dactyloid process. The
posterior three pairs of pereiopoda are about the same length as the
first, but more slender, and have the propodi armed with a few short
spines. The posterior pair of pleopoda are slightly longer than the
telson. Telson obtuse at the apex, and furnished with two long and
four short spines.
This species has not had the colour observed when alive ; but in
a preserved condition it is yellowish, mottled with red, especially upon
the pereiopoda, antenne, and rostrum. It was taken, with the pre-
ceding species, in Gulf St. Vincent.
In this species there are two remarkable and interesting peculiari-
ties existing in the superior antenne. The one is, that at the base
of each appears an appendage very like a true otolithe. In Dana’s
figure of 4. ensifrons, the organ that he has drawn in the same po-
sition, I have little doubt, demonstrates the presence of the same.
This is so unusual that I know of no other species with such a struc-
ture, except it be a Stomapod spoken of by Huxley. This organ
bears a near resemblance to that which Van Beneden considers to be
an otolithe, and which was found by him in the inner ramus of the
posterior pair of pleopoda in some species of Stomapoda. The second
peculiarity in the condition of the superior antennze is the fusion of
the primary with the secondary appendage through nearly the entire
length of the former—and this not by an absorption of the one into
the other, but by an apparent union of the two along their margins.
This condition exists occasionally more or less in other genera.
CRANGON.
CRANGON INTERMEDIvS. (Pl. XLI. fig. 6.)
C. tres dentes supra regionem branchialem anteriorem et ordinem
parvulorum dentium post externum dentem orbite habens.
Having the carapace armed with three teeth on the antero-bran-
chial surface on each side, and a row of minute denticles extending
from the extraorbital tooth posteriorly between the cardiac and
branchial regions. The rostrum is nearly as long as the eye. The
superior antennze are three times‘as long as the eye, having the rami
subequal and as long as the peduncle. The inferior antennz have the
squamiform appendage reaching nearly to the extremity of the supe-
rior antenne. ‘The first pair of pereiopoda are subchelate, strong,
- having the palm oblique, marginate, and armed with alternating long
and short hairs. The second pair of pereiopoda are chelate, slender,
and do not reach beyond the carpus of the first. The third pair of pe-
reiopoda are slender and longer than the first; the remaining two
airs are shorter, being but a little longer than the second. The pleon
1s short, being scarcely longer than the carapace, and suddenly narrow-
504 MR. (. SPENCE BATE ON NEW CRUSTACEA. [Noy. 24,
ing at the fifth segment. The posterior pair of pleopoda are not longer
than the telson, which is narrow and tipped with two long hairs.
This species was taken at the same time and place as the preceding.
The following species is sufficiently distinct in its organization from
Idotia to induce the construction of a separate genus for its reception.
CRABYZOS, nov. gen.*
Cephalon et pereion eque angusta, segmento primo perewi cum
cephalo conjuncto. Antenne superiores non longiores quam ce-
phalon. Antenne inferiores admodum longiores quam supe-
riores. Pereiopoda simplicia, dactylis in duos dentes terminan-
tibus ; omnia pereiopoda post primum par tenuia et brevia.
The animal is long and slender, the pereion not being broader than
the cephalon. The first joint of the pereion is fused with the ce-
phalon ; the superior antennee are not longer than the cephalon ; the
inferior are much longer than the superior. The first pair of pereio-
poda are tolerably robust and long, the rest are short and feeble, and
all terminate in a double-toothed apex to the dactylos. The pleon
is slightly narrower than the pereion, and has all the somites formed
into a single joint ; the pleopoda are protected by opercula.
CRABYZOS LONGICAUDATUS, (PI. XLI. fig. 7.)
Pleon in cuspidem longam terminans, segmento primo et cephalo
a@quis ; antenne superiores breviores quam cephalon ; antenne
inferiores tam longa quam pereit segmentum secundum.
The cephalon and first joint of the pereion are of equal length ;
the others gradually decrease in length posteriorly ; the dorsal sur-
faces are nearly flat, while the margins with the coxze stand nearly
perpendicular to them. The pleon gradually narrows posteriorly,
where it terminates in a long cusp or poiut. The eyes are round and
prominent, and placed near the latero-anterior margins. The supe-
rior antennee are shorter than the cephalon. The inferior antennze
are about four times as long as the superior, and reach to the extre-
mity of the second somite of the pereion. ‘The first pair of pereio-
poda are tolerably robust and long; all the others are shorter and
more feeble; all terminate in double-pointed dactyli, which form
with the propodi prehensile organs. The pleopoda are enclosed
within two laterally attached opercula.
The animal is described as being of an apple-green colour, darker
along the line of the prime vice, and covered with numerous minute
spots over the surface generally.
Three specimens were taken, one of which is 14 inch long, the
other two being scarcely more than 1 inch—a circumstance probably
dependent upon sexual distinction.
These were taken at the same time with those previously described.
* Deriv. rpaBuZos, a little shellfish.
1863.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW CORAL. 505
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XL. & XLI.
Fig. 1. Angasia pavonina (White). Fig. 1. d. Mandible.
Rostrum. k. First pair of pereiopoda.
P. Pleon. k’. Dactylos of ditto.
é. Superior antenne. 1. Second pair of pereiopoda.
6”. Otolithe of ditto. u. Posterior pair of pleopoda.
ce. Inferior antenne. z. Telson.
N.B. These letters refer homologically to cach animal alike.
Fig. 2. Caradina truncifrons. Fig. 5. Anchistia esopia.
Fig. 3. cincinnuli. Fig. 6. Crangon intermedius.
Fig. 4. —— tenuirostris. Fig. 7. Crabyzos longicaudatus.
5. Description oF A New Species or Fuexiste Cora BrE-
LONGING TO THE GENUS JUNCELLA, OBTAINED AT MADEIRA.
By James YATE JouHnson, Corr. Mem. Z.S.
Fam. GoRGONID.
Sect. GORGONELLACES, Val.
JUNCELLA FLAGELLUM, Sp. nov.
Simple, elongated, slender, flexible, slightly twisted on its own
axis, and tapering upwards. Bark calcareous, white, smooth, and
impuncturate, enveloping a hard grey axis, which has a somewhat
polished surface marked with straight strie. This axis is so highly
charged with carbonate of lime that it effervesces in muriatic acid.
The coral is quadrangular in section, and has on each of the two
narrower sides two series of closely set papilla, having the eight
lobed orifices of polype-cells at their apices. These papillze are ob-
pyriform or ovate ; and in dried specimens they are turned upwards
and adpressed to the stem. Near the base of large specimens the
papillee are in three somewhat irregular rows. The other two sides
of the stem are free from papillze, but there is a slightly elevated line
along the middle. The base spreads out to a moderate extent upon
the object to which it is attached. The spicula, of which the bark
is composed, are tuberculated staves two or three times as long as
broad, the tubercles having a tendency to collect at the extremities.
The longest example of this coral which I have seen, measured
about 7 feet in length; and it was without its basal portion. The
greatest thickness was three eighths of an inch ; the largest papillee
were the tenth of an inch in length, and about the same across. In
another example, 5 feet in length, the base spread out to the size of
ashilling; and the papillae commenced about 3 inches above this basal
expansion. The smallest specimen that has occurred was 31 inches
long; and this has been sent to the British Museum. In the col-
lection of that establishment there is a large stone with numerous
specimens of this coral upon it, alongside examples of Callogorgia
verticillaris, Gray (Primnoa verticillaris, M.-Edw.). These were
brought from St. Michael’s, one of the Azores, and presented to the
Museum by Mr. M°Andrew.
I have ventured to assign this coral to the genus Juncella, Val.,
506 MR. A, ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSCA. [Noy. 24,
although a naturalist for whom I entertain the highest respect con-
siders it to be the Scirpearia mirabilis of Cuvier. There is, how-
ever, so much doubt as to what the coral so named by the illustrious
Frenchman really is, that I hesitate to ascribe mine to that species,
the more especially as it clearly falls within the definition of the
genus Juncella (as it appears in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Coral-
liaires ’ of Milne-Edwards, vol. i. p. 186), forming a member of the
section of Gorgonellacee which is made up of Gorgoniad corals
having a smooth bark and a sublithoid axis containing so much car-
bonate of lime as to effervesce in muriatic acid. From Juncella
juncea, Esper, and J. vimea, Val. (species found at the island of
Bourbon), it would seem to be distinguished by the large size of the
cup-bearing papille ; from J. elongata, a Mediterranean species, by
its being simple, not branched. J. hystrix, J. surculus, and J. ca-
liculata appear to be names without descriptions.
As to the difficulty of identifying Scipearia, the following passage
from M. Milne-Edwards’s work, already referred to, may be quoted :—
«The Aleyonarian described and figured by Linnzeus under the
name of Pennatula mirabilis seems to be very little connected with
Virgularia mirabilis as some have suggested. It has a slender stem,
attenuated at the two extremities, and bearing at each side a simple
series of widely separated polypes. Cuvier formed of it the genus
Scirpearia, which has been adopted by Ehrenberg. Lamarck placed
it in his genus Funiculina, near Pavonaria, under the name of F.
cylindrica. Fleming thought that the species was not distinct from
Virgularia ; and Blainville affirmed that it was nothing but a Gor-
gonia. None of these opinions seem to me admissible. It is too
imperfectly known to have a place assigned to it in a scientific clas-
sification of corals.’’—Hist. Nat. Corall. i. p. 214.
6. Description or A New Genus AND OF TweLvE NEw
Species or Motuvsca. By Artuur ApAms, F.L.S., ete.
Genus Eurrocuvs, A. Ad.
Testa trochiformis, tenuis, perspective umbilicata ; anfractibus
planis, transversim liratis. Apertura subquadrata, intus mar-
garitacea, labio rectiusculo, margine acuto, subreflexo, antice
in dentem obtusum desinente.
A form of Trochide most nearly resembling a Ziziphinus with a
perspective umbilicus similar to that of Architectonica.
1. Eurrocuvs Perspectivus, A. Ad.
E. testa depresso-conoidea, late et profunde umbilicata, pallide
carnicolore, fulvo sparsim maculata et flammulis fulvicantibus
picta; anfractibus 7, planis, transversim valde liratis, lidis in-
equalibus subdistantibus, ad suturas angulatis, anfractu ultimo
ad periomphalum granuloso ; apertura intus sulcata. ~
Alt. 1 inch, lat. 13 in.
Hab. Tasmania (Coll. Cuming.).
1863.] MR. A, ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 507
The shell is broader than high, rather thin, and of a pale yellowish
flesh-colour, with fulvous blotches and flammules. The whorls are
transversely ridged and angulate at the sutures, and the interior of
the umbilicus is white. Mr. Cuming possesses but a single speci-
men from Tasmania.
2. Mopetia GuTTata, A. Ad,
M. testa turbinato-conica, umbilico callo obtecto, spira elata,
carnicolore, aureo tincta, guttulis rubidis conspersim depicta ;
suturis canaliculatis, profundis ; anfractibus convexis, cingulis
granorum moniliformibus subdistantibus instructis, granis dis-
junctis, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis, ad suturas
serie tuberculorum squamiformium ornatis : apertura circulari,
intus sulcata; labio excavato, callo tenui lato umbilicum te-
gente.
Hab. Tatiyama. p
The necklace-like rows of granules are separate from each other ;
the whole shell is adorned with reddish points, and has a golden
aspect like some species of Turcica and Ziziphinus.
, 3. Leropyrea crncuata, A. Ad.
L. testa pyramidato-turbinata, anguste perforata, tenui, nitida,
purpurascente, ad basin albida, serie macularum rufescentium
ornata ; anfractibus 4, planis, cingulis elevatis distantibus (3
in anfractu ultimo) instructis ; basi concentrice valde lirata ;
regione umbilicali cingulo elato circumcincta.
Hab. Port Essington (Coll. Cuming.).
This is a second and very distinct species of a genus proposed by
my brother and myself under the name of Letopyrga. The present
species has the whorls encircled with three transverse ridges, and
there is a conspicuous ridge round the region of the umbilicus.
, 4. Turcica iMpERIALIS, A. Ad.
T. testa conoidea, spira acuminata, basi obliqua producta ; solida,
imperforata, fulvicanti-rufo variegata, cingulis transversis cas-
taneo articulatis ornata; anfractibus convewiusculis, lirulis
moniliformibus, lineis elevatis transversis alternantibus et cin-
gulo valido noduloso ad peripheriam ornatis, interstitiis oblique
striatis, suturis canaliculatis, superne serie granulorum in-
structis ; anfractu ultimo cingulo granorum in serie duplici
dispositorum munito ; basi convewa, cingulis granulosis concen-
tricis instructa: apertura obliqua, subcirculari ; labio tortuoso,
antice in dentem desinente ; labro margine integro, subexpanso,
intus levi.
Hab. Tsusaki, 37 fathoms, west coast of Japan.
This fine species is more elevated than 7’. monilifera; the base is
more oblique, the aperture much more produced, and the golden
nacreous appearance is absent.
508 MR. A. ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSCA, [Nov. 24,
5. Turcica concinna, A. Ad.
T. testa parva, ovato-conica, imperforata, albida, solida ; anfrac-
tibus convexiusculis, subimbricatis, sutura profunda canaliformi
sejunctis, infra suturam concinne crenulatis, liris transversis
ubique cinctis, interstitiis concinne clathratis ; basi convexa:
apertura obliqua semicirculari ; labio tortuoso, in dentem ter-
minante; labro subincrassato, intus obsolete sulcato.
Hab. Uraga.
This species most nearly resembles 7’. instricta of Gould, but is
less elevated, and the last whorl larger and more rounded.
~ 6. Turctca sTELLATA, A. Ad.
T. testa parva, elata, ovato-conica, imperforata, alba; anfractibus
54, planis, imbricatis, sutura canaliculata squnetis, infra sutu-
ram concinne crenatis et liris transversis, interstitiis valde
punctatis, inferne ad peripheriam serie nodulorum acutorum
compressorum apertorum stellatis ; basi convexa, liris concen-
tricis validis interstitiis valde ciathratis ornata : apertura ob-
lique semicirculari ; labio recto, in dentem terminante ; labro
margine valde crenato, intus sulcato.
Hab. China Seas.
This is a very pretty species, with the whorls stellate at the peri-
phery. It is more acutely conical than the other species.
7. Murex scaLaArinus, A. Ad.
M. testa ovata, rimato-umbilicata, pallide fulva, rufo sparsim
tincta, tenui ; spira elata, acuta, aperturam aquante ; anfrac-
tibus 5, convexiusculis, spiratis, varicibus quinque vix elevatis
aquidistantibus (in anfractu ultimo 6) instructis, costis lamel-
losis transversis, marginibus rotundatis crenulatis et liris inter-
mediis minoribus crenulatis ornatis, suturis profundis : aper-
tura ovata, subpatula; labio levi, arcuato ; labro extus vari-
coso, canali mediocri aperto ad sinistram inclinato.
Long. 1 inch, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming.).
An exquisitely sculptured species, with rib-like varices and spirate
whorls, and partaking somewhat of the characters of a Trophon.
Py. . 8. Murex ALABAsTRUM, A. Ad. = a0 ee? . Keb ult
M. testa ovato-fusiformi, alba ; spira elata, quam apertura lon-
giore; anfractibus convexis, varicibus validis rotundatis squa-
mosis, squamulis incrassatis imbricatis postice productis et spi-
niformibus instructis, interspatiis nodoso-plicatis, sguama lo-
biformi erecta ad suturas ornatis, transversim in toto striatis
et lirulis transversis ad plicas nodulosis instructis: apertura
parva, ovata ; labio levi, arcuato, canali mediocri angusto re-
curvato ; labro extus late varicoso.
Long. 14 lines, lat. 3 lines.
Hab. Martinique (Coll. Cuming.). .
1863.] =. MR. A. ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 509
There is a large, rounded, ascending scale on the whorls between
the solid buttress-like varices, which latter are spiny at the hinder
part.
9. MARrGINELLA pEBURGHI, A. Ad.
M. testa elongato-ovoidea, polita ; spira obtusa, callo castaneo
obtecta ; pallide carnicolore, maculis sanguineis rotundatis in
seriebus transversis dispositis, majoribus cum minoribus alter-
nantibus, pulcherrime picta : apertura angusta, antice subdila-
tata ; columella nuda, plicis 5 obliquis ; labro intus sulcato,
margine incrassato.
Long. 54 lines, lat. 24 lines.
Hab. Swan River (Coll. Cuming. et De Burgh.).
A very charming species, painted with red spots disposed in re-
gular cross rows, and with intermediate dotted lines of the same
colour. It is named in compliment to Mrs. De Burgh, a lady well
known for her knowledge of shells, and the possessor of a very
splendid collection.
10. Limatua sapontca, A. Ad.
L. testa oblonga, equilaterali, ventricosa, tenui, alba; area car-
dinali transversa, recta; auribus mediocribus, acutis ; longitu-
dinaliter radiatim tota costata, costis equalibus acutis ; con-
centrice striata, striis sublamellosis imbricatis ; margine ven-
trali crenato.
Hab. Japan (Coll. Cuming.).
A broader and more ovate species than ZL. dudlata, Chemn., with a
straight hinge-margin, small acute auricles, and conspicuous sharp
radiating ribs.
11. Limatuna FALKLANDICA, A. Ad.
L. testa ovata, ventricosa, equilaterali, alba; area cardinali vix
arcuata ; auribus parvis, acutis; longitudinaliter radiatim
tota costata, costis confertis equalibus subacutis ad latera
ohsoletis ; concentrice striata, striis undulatis validis ; margine
ventrali crenato.
Hab. Falkland Islands (Coll. Cuming.).
A broader species than ZL. japonica, with numerous close-set ra-
diating ribs, which are obsolete or wanting at the sides,
12. LimatTuLa cEyLAntica, A. Ad.
L. testa ovata, ventricosa, vix obliqua, equilaterali, alba, radia-
tim costata, costis equalibus acutis crenulatis ; concentrice
striata, striis confertis imbricatis sublamellosis; auribus acutis,
parvis ; area cardinali angusta, recta ; margine ventrali cre-
— nulato.
Hab. Point de Galle (Coll, Cuming.).
A species about the same size as the European L. subauriculata,
but more ventricose and less elongated, and with the ribs acute and
finely crenulated,
510 LETTER FROM MR. W. H. PEASE. [Dec. 8,
December 8th, 1863.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., in the Chair.
Mr. A. E. Knox made some remarks on the supposed date of ex-
tinction of the Mole (Talpa vulgaris) and the Weasel (Mustela
vulgaris) in Ireland.
Mr. Fraser exhibited the skin of a Leopard from Japan, which he
identified as being the Felis (Leopardus) japonensis of Dr. Gray,
described and figured in the Society’s Proceedings for 1862, p. 262,
pl. 33. This, being the second specimen only which had come under
the notice of the scientific world, tended to confirm the views of Dr.
Gray as to the distinctness of the species.
The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Mr. W. H.
Pease, Corr. Member, and dated Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, Oct. 1,
1863, was read to the Meeting :-—
“‘ Srr,—I have received lately the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological
Society’ issued during the past three years. On looking over them,
I discover a few errors and omissions in the papers contributed by
me, which are of sufficient importance to be corrected, viz. :—
«P. Z. S. 1860, p. 32.—The genus ‘ Doriprismatica’ is so divided
in printing, that the species described would appear to belong to the
genus Doris. They should stand as ‘ Doriprismatica imperialis’ and
* Doriprismatica lineata.’
«P, Z. S. 1861, p. 245.—It appears that I omitted the specific
name of the Pleurobranchus here described. It should read ‘ P.
tessellatus’ ; and on the following page (246), the Lodiger there
described is L. viridis.
«P. Z. S, 1860.—In the Table of Contents I am credited as being
the author of a new genus of Planariide, bearing my own name !—
‘ Peasia,’ and several species. The mistake will be explained by
referring to the footnote, page 37. I should not consider this of suf-
ficient importance to notice, had not one of the editors of the ‘ Ame-
rican Journal of Science and Arts’ fallen into the same error, and
taken occasion to publish a very harsh and severe criticism on that
paper.
“Yours &c.,
“W. H. Pease.”
**T also notice that several of the names of the species described
in my papers in 1860, have been preoccupied by Dr. Kelaart. I
therefore propose to change them as follows :—
“‘ Doris excavata, Pease, into D. oreosoma.
“* Doris papillosa, Pease, into D. tincta.
** Pleurobranchus reticulatus, Pease, into P. violaceus.”
1863.) MR, W. K, PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. 511
The Secretary read the following note on the breeding of an exotic
Tortoise at Tregullow, in Cornwall, the seat of Mr. William Williams,
F.Z.S., in continuation of a former communication on the same sub-
ject * :—
‘The head gardener found a single egg this year, on the 7th
July, and immediately removed it to a pine-pit, the temperature of
which has been about 70° at night and from 85° to 90° by day. On
the 28th of September a fine male specimen was hatched, stronger
than those produced last year. After the egg had been deposited
in ahole similar to that mentioned in a former account, the Tortoise
proceeded to make it stand upright ; having accomplished this, she
at once covered it with earth.
The young one burst the shell on the side, and walked away,
leaving the other half entire.
“ Tregullow, 30th September, 1863.”
The following papers were read :—
1. On THE Systematic PosiTION oF THE CRESTED SCREAMER
(PALAMEDEA CHAVARIA). By W. K. Parker.
Many years ago, at a time when the only collection of foreign
living creatures seen by me was contained in Wombwell’s travelling
menagerie, my observations on the structure of birds were necessa-
rily confined, for the most part, to our native species. I am glad of
this now, as they are nearly all of pure types; and from childhood
their life and conversation yielded me a pleasure nearly equal to that
derived from communion with bipeds of the plumeless kind.
If the structure of the pure or unmixed types had not been stu-
died by me first in such a way as to make the most definite mind-
images, there would have been for me no good firm ground to stand
upon whilst contemplating the structure and relationships of such
birds as the Trumpeter (Psophia), the Cariama (Dicholophus), and
the Palamedea. Any study, however, of the Birdclass which should
go no further than its own border-line would be fruitful in bringing
to light difficulties and even paradoxes: a physiologist might as
well study the functions of one class of organs to the total neglect of
the rest of the body, the beautiful whole. I have for some time
past held to the belief that the birds should not be termed a class,
as though they formed a group equal to that of the Mammalia; I
find that Professor Huxley holds the same views.
If that is the case, we have some explanation of the great unifor-
mity of the feathered tribes ; for it is a fact that the remotest forms
in the group are really not far apart in nature, and the smaller groups
are closely intertwined one amongst another.
There are two principal conditions of nearness to the Reptilia in
the great Birdgroup: first the combination of mammalian and of
reptilian characters with what is truly ornithic, as in the Ostriches ;
* See P. Z. S. 1862, p. 266.
512 MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. [Dec. 8,
and the second is when the aberrant characters are only reptilian,
and for the most part lacertian*.
Now it is with Jacertian characters, rather than with what we find
in the Crocodile and the Chelonian, that we have to deal in such birds
as the Palamedea and other mixed forms which are not far from it in
actual nature, but are striving, as it were, to attain to the full typical-
ness of other groups than that to which the Palamedea really belongs.
The discovery of such a marvellous creature as Von Meyer’s Ar-
cheopteryx must of necessity give the scientific mind a thirsty long-
ing to know more of the relations, and of the true causes of the rela-
tions, of these mid vertebrates, the reptiles and birds,—cold-blooded,
scaly, slow, and often loathsome on one hand; on the other warm,
intensely active, and endued with the highest locomotive powers, and
beautiful beyond the power of words to express.
There are two very beautiful groups of birds, rich in species, with
very clearly defined characters, both standing at about the same
‘‘ornithic”’ height above the Ostriches, and in a very similar contiguity
to the Lizards: these are the true “ Galline” and the true “ Ana-
tine.’ In the latter family we have all the birds from the Spur-
winged Goose (Plectropterus) to the Goosander, inclusive; in the
former, the “ Phasianinz’’ and the ‘‘ Tetraonine”’—the typical and
subtypical Fowls. The Flamingo is truly lamellirostral; but its
anatine characters are confused and mixed up with those that are
derived from the Ibis and the Crane. Again, in the Fowls, we have
carefully to keep the ‘‘ Cracinz,”’ the ‘‘ Hemipodiine,”’ the ‘ Mega-
podiime,”’ and the ‘‘ Pteroclinee’’ in separate circles, because the
woof of their nature is one thing, and the warp another; they are not
zoologically pure, not wholly Gallinaceous. The parts first formed
in the embryonic skull—those which are most central, and least and
most slowly affected by the causes that fit each creature for its place
and work in nature—these are strangely alike in both the “ Sifters ”
and the ‘Scrapers’; and for a long while this fact has been a
mystery and almost a paradox to me. I care very little for the webs
between the toes; their absence or presence may suffice to separate
between genus and genus, but not between family and family, still
less between order and order.
The water-birds may, however, be divided very easily into two
groups by the presence or absence of two very curious membranous
Spaces appearing in the occipital plane. These fontanelles separate
the auditory from the superoccipital cartilage,—and are scarcely open
at all in the true “ Ardeinz,” the “ Ralline,” the “ Podicipine,’’
and the ‘‘ Pelecanine”’; nor do they appear in the Land and Tree
groups of birds.
In the ‘ Ibidinze,”’ the ‘‘ Lamellirostres,” the Gruine, Pluvialine,
and Tringine groups, they are large and persistent ; in the ‘ Larinze”’
they soon fill up with bone, and so they do in @dicnemus, and ap-
parently in the Bustards. Now the great embryological distinctions
* The skull of every bird known conforms, on the whole, not so much to the
crocodilian as to the lacertian type; their horny jaw-sheaths, large symmetrical
sternum, and almost fixed ribs are chelonian in their nature.
1863.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. 513
between the skull and face of the Geese and Fowls are, first, that in
the latter the space between the periotic mass and the superoccipital
cartilage is a mere chink, in the latter a persistent oval space; and
secondly that the anterior parts of the face, viz. the premaxillz, pre-
vomers, and dentaries are small and compressed in the Fowls, large
and outspread in the sifting birds. The body of the tongue par-
takes of the general expansion of the face in the Geese; the descend-
ing part of the lachrymal suffers from the general contraction of the
parts in the face of the Fowl. Moreover the true Fowls (‘* Phasia~
nine ’”’ and “ Tetraoninze’’) have the head of the os quadratum less
bifid at its joint with the skull, and therefore nearer the Ostriches
and reptiles in its structure than the same bone in the Goose-tribe.
It is highly worthy of remark, however, that the Sand-Grouse, He-
mipodii, Megapodes, and Curassows all agree with the Geese and
their allies in having a subornithic condition of this famous bone;
and its upper articular crura begin to be quite distinct representatives
of the legs of the mammalian ‘“‘incus.”’ This, be it noticed, makes
the four groups of mixed ‘‘ Gallinze”’ correspond, not only with the
Lamellirostres, but also with all those puzzling border-birds which
must be studied in connexion ; such as Psophia, Parra, Cariama,
and Palamedea.
Now the Rail-tribe, to which Palamedea has been supposed to
belong, has been for a long time burdened (on paper) with a very
false army-list. Everything alive that has had the misfortune to be
possessed of large unwieldy feet has been added to this feeble-
minded, cowardly group, until it has become a mixed multitude, with
discordant voices, and with manners and customs having no conso-
nance or relation. In a former paper I had the assurance to disband
the Cassowaries and Megapodes ; in the present I shall permit all
birds having much of the nature of the Plover (such as Parra), and
all those which have in them the nature of a Goose, to depart from
the Rail-tribe: [ shall retain the Psophia as an outpost, notwith-
standing that it is more than half a Crane.
A very large number of the genera of birds partake of a structure
and nature which may very appropriately be called Passerine ; and
another very large group, both of genera and families, may also be
called Pluvialine,—the common Golden, Grey, and Dotterel Plovers
being typical of these groups, which run up through the Sandpipers
and Curlews to the Ibises in one direction, through the Lapwing and
Stone-Plover to the Bustards and Cranes in another, and through
Chionis and the Pratincole to the Petrels and Gulls. Still this does
not exhaust the pluvialine birds; for the Geese and their allies are
related on one hand to the Ibises through the Flamingo, and on the
other to the Cranes, although the proper connecting link in this case
is doubtful, Palamedea lying obliquely, not directly, between them.
The Megapodes, Hemipodes, Sand-Grouse, and Tinamous also
have no little proportion of the Plover in their nature. The Jacanas
(Parra) are essentially Plovers, although they have something of the
Rail in them, especially in their skull ; and they are united to the typi-
Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1863, No. XXXIII.
514 MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. [Dee. 8,
cal forms by other Spur-winged Plovers (Pluvianus spinosus, Gould).
Now, looking at the anatine birds as a great division of specialized
forms parallel with, and intimately related to, the pluvialine birds, we
begin to see how they can be related to the mixed “ Gallinacez,”
which have so much of the Plover in their essence. But we had much,
at starting, in common between the typical and pure Fowls and the
Duck and Goose tribe; add to this the fact that the Mound-makers
and Curassows come much nearer to the “Anatine,”’ and then sup-
pose an anatine bird in which the horny denticles are feeble, but abun-
dant, and the jaws compressed, stout, and trenchant, the same bird
having the occipital region in harmony, not with the Geese, but with
the Fowls,—put all these things together, and we shall be supposing
what really exists in the Palamedea. Then we can calmly look at
the fact that those Geese which have spurs in their wings, like those
of the Palamedea (viz. Chenalopex and Plectropterus), have their
legs longer, more grallatorial, and better under them than the typical
forms, and that the Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus) has a pelvis
exactly intermediate between that of a typical Goose and that of a
Palamedea. It is worth while to notice the thick down that covers
the Palamedea, the height of the bare tract on the tibia, and the reti-
culated tarsi, like those of the Goose, and not like those of the Cranes
and Rails, which have them scutellate in front. Whilst removing
the viscera, I saw that the trachea and inferior larynx were truly an-
serine ; for there are no inferior laryngeal muscles, the contractors
of the trachea ending one-third of an inch above the bifurcation, and
only a delicate fan-shaped fascia going to the half-rings. Moreover
the trachea itself, from being flat and cartilaginous, becomes round
and then compressed and osseous an inch above the bronchi, so that
it cannot be mistaken for the trachea of any other than an anatine
bird. There is nothing whatever in the digestive organs, which are
extremely voluminous, to separate the bird trom the Geese; yet the
gizzard is not so strong as in the types, and the czea coli are shorter
and wider. I have at present only hinted at the osteology of the
Palamedea. It diverges from the Goose in all this part of its com-
position, just as much as it converges towards the Curassow and the
Talegalla; but it is not only more galline than the true Geese (we
have seen that both Geese and Fowls have much in common), it is
also plainly more Jacertine. It will require a goodly memoir to do
it justice ; but in this short notice I must mention one or two things.
Its large soft tongue, which has not the papillze horny, has in it the
cerato-hyals, ossified from separate points as in the Goose and Hen,
much nearer the former than the latter; but the free thyro-hyals are
flattened from above downwards, and cannot be mistaken for those of
any other but an anserine or anatine bird. All the skull and face,
except at its two ends, conforms to the lamellirostral type. Point by
point, process by process, lamina for lamina, all else is truly and
distinctly that which belongs to the Sifter, and to no other bird.
It may be said indeed that this bird is not a Sifter ; it is, however,
a browzer and a grazer; and being of Lincolnshire descent, and
1863.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. 515
familiar with the fens, I am well acquainted with the grazing habits
of the typical Goose*. There is a little of the Crane in the sternum ;
but, on the whole, the skeleton may be said to belong to a very lacer-
tian Goose. This is cautiously said ; for have we not four fore claws
in the wing, extremely long sprawling toes, and the ribs perfectly
. destitute of the nearly universal tie-bones or appendages? This
deficiency is unique amongst birds; and the Crocodiles possess these
appendages: I consider this a /acertian character, as their occasional
presence in Lizards is as exceptional as their absence in birds. Now
amongst the rib-like bones in the fossil skeleton of the Archeopteryx
I see nothing like an appendage starting from any one of them; nor
has Professor Owen figured anything of the kind in his beautiful
memoir in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ Let it be added that,
although several genera of birds have spurs to their wings, these
birds all lie nearly on the same ornithic plane as the Palamedea,
—the Syrian Blackbird (Merula dactyloptera) (see Professor Owen
on Archeopteryx, p. 39) being the only exception. The Megapode
is also mentioned by Professor Owen (iéid.) ; but that is a great
help to me, and comes in well.
So we see that the birds with nails in their wings are (with one
or two exceptions) all aquatic types, the more unspecialized forms of
which are for the most part possessed of dorsal vertebrae conjoined
by a cup-and-ball (opisthoccelian) articulation, and are very far below
the typical tree-birds in their structure and in their habits.
But the digit-claws appear in other birds which have not out-
standing spurs. Professor Owen (2bzd. p. 39) mentions the Apteryx
has having the mid digit terminating in a joint, which supports a
curved claw ; the Emeu and the Cassowary have the same structure ;
and the Rhea has an ungual phalanx covered with a claw added to
the index-finger, which is generally composed of one joint in birds.
The Swan, as well as the Chaja (Palamedea), have the same, and they
both have the mid-finger series complete, the last joit being most
perfect in the Swan (Cygnus olor). The furculum of the Palamedea
is more like that of that great pluvialine the Bustard (Otis tarda)
than that of a Goose; but it is very much more solid: its only coun-
terpart for relative size is that of the Archeopteryx. ‘The coracoids
are strong bony tubes, open below by a large scooped hollow. The
sternum of this bird differs from that of the Goose or Swan by just
so much as the sternum of the Short-winged Rails, especially Bra-
chypteryx, differs from that of the ordinary types. It is narrower
behind, and the episternum is gone from the front: yet it is tho-
roughly anserine in character, for the keel does not reach the end ;
and, indeed, it is in this respect intermediate between what we see in
the Geese and what occurs in the “ Totipalmate.”’ Eight ribs reach
the sternum by hemapophyses, as in the Swan; there are seven in
the Goose, Psophia, and Serass Crane. On the right side there are
* 46
the cackling goose,
Close-grazer —- Me
Philips’s Cyder.
516 MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. [Dec. 8,
- a pair of floating haeemapophyses (reptilian ), and these answer to the
fourth and fifth so-called sacral vertebrae. Inthe Swan these heema-
pophyses are better developed, and the penultimate has a long rib
reaching it from the sacrum on both sides. And this brings me to
say that the sacrum in birds, although actually of great length, has
superadded to it a number of dorso-lumbar vertebree in front, and
often several true caudals behind.
Professor Owen (iézd. pl. 3. fig. 5) makes the first postfemoral
joint in the young Ostrich to be the first true caudal. I cannot
agree with him here; for I think that the sacrum in birds is long
as a prolepsis of that of the mammal, but that it is an exaggeration
of the mammalian sacrum. In the Archeopteryx there are four
vertebree behind the acetabula before we come to those marked caudal
by Professor Owen (ibid. pl. 4. fig. 1 ¢,d). This has led me to
run over the birds’ pelves in my own collection and drawings; and
the following table, which gives the number of vertebra, closely
embraced and tied together by the extension backwards of the iliac
bones behind the acetabula, in different birds, is the result of my
observations. I shall remark upon the bearings of these facts after-
wards.
TABLE.
Corvus frugilegus........ 4 Falco peregrinus ......++
[Gyn {LDICEN). ss » sie 4 PLSALON rela eslel alee /r oe
Turdus merula.......... 4 tinnunculus........
S | Estrelda phaéton ........ 3 Accipiter nisus .......+.-
& | Pyrrhula vulgaris........ 4 Buteo vulgaris ..........
@ | Emberiza citrinella ...... 4 Accipitres |} Milvus regalis .........-
‘a | Linaria chloris.......... 4 diurne. | Cireus cyaneus..........
aa) | SPYANPa TDA! oi aiplec!e 0.010 4 cineraceus a ovetal
é Loxia cardinalis 4 Elanus melanopterus ....
o ) Muscicapa grisola ae Aquila chrysaétos........+
= Budytes raii .......+054- + Haliaétus albicilla ......
g | Pratincola rubetra ...... 4 | Dicholophus cristatus ....
+ | Motacilla yarrellii 4 Vulturine, Neophron perenopterus ..
"3 | Sylvia cinerea .......... 4 Ulula alluogi oe
2 | Phyllopneuste trochilus .. 4 Accipitres | Strix flammea ..........
3g Parupiatetyycrtr cise san © 4 nocturne. | Asio otus ............
4 | Hirundo urbica ........ 4 Athene noctua .........-
PE IINC Ty nm On MO mOIIGor 4s Pi Columba livia ..........
Sitta europea ........6. 4 PONS eon palumbus..........
\ Lanius collurio.......... 4 Goats Oreophasis derbyanus ....
Cypselus apus .......... 4 Sakae {One globicera ..........
Caprimulgine, ; Podargus humeralis...... 4 rn Dendrortyx —_....... ..
E i Capeintlans europeus .. 3 Phasianine. Gallus domesticus ......
Alcedo ispida .......... 5 Tetraonine. Lagopus scoticus ........
Alcedinidee. Upupaepops .......... 4 | Hemipodiinse. Hemipodius varius ......
Dacelo giganteus ......,. 4 Pteroclins. Syrrhaptes paradoxus ....
Trochilide. Trochilus colibris........ 3 Megapods. Talegalla lathami........
Bucerine. Buceros ruficollis........ 6 Crex pratensis ..........
Cuculus canorus ........ 3 Ralli Ocydromus australis ....
Picus viridis............ 4 ame.) Gallinula chloropus.... ..
Corythaix buffoni........ 4 Hulica atta tec cj)asler +»
Zygodactyles. « Ramphastos toco ........ 6 Botaurus minutus .....,
Agapornis pullaria ...... 4 : Ardea cinerea ......0+0+
Peephotia Pikoslas sina Ardeine, purpurea ...... Ae |
Psittacus erythacus ...... - Herodias garzetta....... :
1863.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON PALAMEDEA. 517
Nycticorax ardeola ...... + Hematopus ostralegus.... 4
Tigrisoma leucolophum .. 4 Long-billed | Himantopus melanopterus 4
Ardeinz. { Eurypyga helias ........ 3 Plovers. ) Numenius arquata ...... 5
Cancroma cochlearia 5 Totanus fuscus ......... ;
Baleniceps rex.......... 5 : Scolopax gallinago ......
Leptoptilus argala ...... 4 Gripen.) os 2 ee 3 Ualegiratire sfkieioie) ot 3
Thidine, J Scopus umbretta ........ 4 Jacanas. Parra jacana............ 4
*) Threskiornis ethiopicus .. 5 Dromaius ater .......... 11
Platalea leucorodia ...... Giacack: Struthio camelus ........ 9
Pheenicopterus antiquorum 5 eases, Apteryx australis ........ 4
Palamedea chavaria...... 4 Tinamus robustus.......+ 8
Plectropterus gambensis* . 7 Glareola torquata........ 4
Anatine, J Anser palustris.......... 9 Gulls. ; Gavia ridibunda ........ 4
MRL VPNUS OLOT) i500. «sere «me 11 LSE ENS Gee Sehun Be 4
Dafila caudacuta ........ a Petrels, Puffinus brevicauda...... 5
Anas boschas............ 8 aie { Diomedea exulans ......
Mergus albellus Sate) Grebes. Podiceps rubricollis...... 9
Gruinz. Psophia crepitans........ 4 Totipalmate. Phalacrocorax carbo...... 9
Ofirims Otis tarda... 2.000.000. 5 Colymbus septentrionalis . 11
Qidicnemus crepitans .... 5 Divers. Uria troile..........00 + 5
Plovers. Vanellus cristatus........ 4 PAL CANTOR OA ctskalc lacs 6 Hoty ples 4
Charadrius hiaticula 3 Penguins. Spheniscus demersus .... 4
This table is large enough for all reasonable purposes ; and its re-
sults are very striking, and cannot have had their extreme uniformity
caused by chance. If we leave out all those birds which, for swim-
ming and especially diving purposes, have the sacrum extremely long
and much anchylosed, such as the Sifters, Grebes, Loons, Cor-
morants, and also the Ostriches (excluding the Apteryx), we shall
have four post-acetabular joints as the medium number. A large
proportion of all birds have exactly four vertebree in rear of the
thigh-bones ; many have only three, and about as many more have
five. Asarule, the small birds of a group have the tendency to drop
a joint occasionally ; thus the little Hstre/da has one less than the
other Finches, the Dotterel one less than the other Plovers, and the
Crake one less than the other Rails. The medium-sized rapacious
birds, both nocturnal and diurnal, have only three. Now, if we con-
sider that all the vertebrae above four in the posterior part of the
Duck’s pelvis really belong to the tail, then, as I long ago found, the
ploughshare-bone is composed of ten segments, as four of the ap-
parently sacral bones are really caudal; and as there are eight inter-
mediate vertebrae, the large number of twenty-two is obtained—one
more than the Archeopteryx possesses according to Professor Owen’s
method of enumeration.
Also in the Palamedea two of the anchylosed bones belong to the
tail; there are six free bones, the last having had a rather late ad-
dition in the penultimate joint, so that it may be considered as
eleven : this gives us nineteen caudal vertebre for the subject of this
paper—only two less than in the Archeopteryx. The same method
gives us twenty-four for the Swan, sixteen for the Emeu, and twenty-
two for the Cormorant.
That five of the so-called sacral vertebra of the Palamedea belong
to the dorso-lumbar region is evident, because the first three have
hemapophyses reaching the sternum, and on the right side there
* Anseranas melanopterus, a very Gruine Goose, has only 6.
518 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BENNETT'S CASSOWARY. ([Dec. 8,
are two more sternal ribs in a rudimentary condition. There are
seventeen vertebrae fused together, five of which must be supposed
removed from the front part and two from behind, thus leaving ten
proper sacral vertebree. .
In small birds and in birds of the higher types with short pelves,
the number of true sacral vertebree will be only about seven on an
average—a common number amongst the large herbivorous Mam-
malia.
As I have only touched upon the points of interest in this skeleton,
when I have acquired a fuller knowledge of it and of its congeners,
and of the bearings and relations of the feathered tribes generally,
I hope to take it up again. Certainly amongst living birds there
is not one possessing characters of higher interest; none that I am
acquainted with come nearer, in certain important points, to the
Lizard; and there are parts of its organization which make it very
probable that it is one of the nearest living relatives of the marvel-
lous Archeopteryx*.
2. Note ON THE BREEDING OF BENNETT'S CASSOWARY IN THE
Sociery’s Garpens. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D.,
F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
(Plate XLII.)
In some notes on the method of incubation of the Struthious
birds read before the Society in June last+, I mentioned the fact of
our pair of the Mooruk or Bennett’s Cassowary (Casuarius bennettit),
received from Dr. Bennett in 1858, having again commenced breed-
ing in the previous month. The female began to lay in the middle
of the month of March, and deposited eggs at intervals of about
eight days. The male bird commenced the duty of incubation on
the 25th of the month, at which time five eggs had been deposited.
One other egg was subsequently laid by the female. On the 17th
of June, after an incubation of fifty-two days, a single young bird
was produced, which, however, was in a very weak state, and only
lived about twelve hours.
The accompanying drawing by Mr. Wolf will serve to record the
external appearance of this interesting chick, which is, I believe, the
only existing example of a young bird of any species of Cassowary
bred in Europe.
I may remark that this is the fourth year in which our female
Mooruk has attempted to breed. In April 1860 three eggs were
laid without intercourse with the male bird, and of course unftruitful.
In 1861 four unproductive eggs were likewise deposited, although
frequent copulation had taken place between her and a male Common
* The cup-and-ball joints in the dorsal region of many water-birds and of the
Parrots must be looked upon as“a general reptilian character; so also the single
head of the “ os quadratum”’ in the Ostriches. The very simple palatines of the
latter birds and of the Palamedea, the very long free toes and the simple ribs of
the Screamer, all these are more properly /acerdian.
+ See anted, p. 233 et seg.
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1863.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. 519
Cassowary. In 1862, out of six eggs deposited, which we had every
reason to believe were duly impregnated, frequent copulation having
taken place with the male Mooruk, a single young one, apparently
a fine and healthy bird, was hatched on September 4th, after seven
weeks’ incubation by the male bird. Unfortunately, however, the
young bird was destroyed by rats the night after its birth.
3. On THE LAND-SHELLS or SouTH AUSTRALIA.
By Greorce Frencu Anecas, Corr. Mem.
Until very recently the terrestrial Molluscan fauna of the province
of South Australia was almost unknown to science, two species of
Helix, a Succinea, and a Blanfordia constituting all the described
species ; and of these, both the Helices occur also in other parts of
Australia, and the Blanfordia in Tasmania. The absence from the
colony of collectors or persons interested in natural history, and the
rarity and local distribution of the species, may account for our
hitherto limited acquaintance with the subject.
The dryness of the climate during a greater portion of the year,
together with the absence of underwood or luxuriant vegetation, are
inimical to the development of the Pulmonifera in South Australia ;
whilst the rich belts of tropical forest called ‘‘ brushes,”’ that extend
along the east coast of Australia between the Cordillera and the
Pacific Ocean, are the abode of numerous fine species, including
those large Helices H. falconeri and H. macconnelli, and that pecu-
liar flattened group of which H. cunninghami may be regarded as
the type. As these primeval belts of forest fall before the axe of the
settler the larger species will probably disappear at no very distant
period, or be found only in a semifossil state, like the Pachyotis of
St. Helena. With the exception of asmall Succinea (S. arborea, Ad.
& Ang.), none of the South Australian Pulmonifera appear to be
arboreal in their habits. The vast tracts of fertile park-like country,
studded with gigantic Hucalypti, are as destitute of Snails as are the
arid sandy regions of the Mallee scrub. The few localities through-
out the colony favourable to molluscan existence are those where
patches of small bushes occur amongst rocks and in deep glens and
ravines of hills, which afford shelter’ from the sun and the hot
northerly winds. Several species are also met with beneath the tufts
of “salt-bush”’ that are scattered over the vast plains of the interior
towards Lake Torrens, and in the crevices of sandstone rocks, and
under stones and decayed logs.
During a residence of three years in South Australia my researches
were rewarded by the discovery of twelve new species of Helix, two
of Bulimus, a Succinea, and a Vertigo, many of which have been
lately described by Dr. Pfeiffer, &c., either in these ‘ Proceedings’
or in the French ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie.’ ; ]
Subjoined is a list of all the species of South Australian Pulmoni-
fera that have been described, to which are added descriptions of
several other species by Arthur Adams and myself.
520 MR.G.F.ANGAS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. [Dec. 8,
1, Hevix (XANTHOMELAN) PERINFLATA, Pfr.
An interesting species belonging to a North Australian group, of
which H. pachystyla is the type. The single specimen in my col-
lection was obtained at the McDonnell Ranges, in the far north of
the colony, by my friend Mr. Waterhouse, who accompanied Stuart’s
expedition.
2. Hexrx (Hapra) Lorroxiana, Crosse.
This is the largest South Australian species yet discovered. It is
an elegant shell, with a somewhat effuse aperture, of a yellowish
horn-colour, banded with orange-brown.
From the ravines of the western slopes of Flinders Range, near
the head of Spencer’s Gulf.
3. Hextix (Hapra) aneasrana, Pfr.
In form more globular than H. lorioliana, deeply umbilicated, and
with the aperture smaller, and the outer lip thickened and reflexed.
The style of colouring is very similar to the preceding.
Found under “ salt-bushes”’ on the plains at Arrowie, near Lake
Torrens.
4. Hexix (Hapra) cassanpra, Pfr.
A delicate pale-brown and whitish-banded species, somewhat de-
pressed in form, with the outer lip but slightly reflexed.
From bushy patches amongst the sandstone-cliffs on the banks of
the Lower Murray River.
5. Hexix (Habra) LIncoLniEnsis, Pfr.
A rich-purplish, vinous-brown, somewhat depressed species, with
the outer lip rather thin.
From under logs and bushes at Port Lincoln.
6. Hexrx (Hapra) EVANDALEANA, Pfr,
An interesting species, with the whorls keeled at the periphery, of
a rugose character, with a large umbilicus, and of a peculiar snuff-
brown colour.
Found under dead logs at Evandale.
7. Hexix (Hapra) sturcusuryy, Pfr.
A somewhat thin, pale straw-coloured shell with a faint band;
intermediate between H. cassandra and H. giiberti of New South
Wales.
From the scrubs near Port Elliott.
8. Hexix (Hapra) patrue.is, Ad. & Ang., n. s.
H. testa depresso-conoidali, late et profunde umbilicata, rufa,
fascia pallida transversa prope suturas ornata; spira valde
depressa ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, rugoso-granulosis, ad
suturas corrugatis, anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam subangu-
1863.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS, 521
lato; apertura lunato-ovata, margine columellari subrefleco
umbilicum partim tegente.
Long. 52 lin., lat. 10 lin.
Hab. Port Lincoln, under dead logs (Coll. Angas.).
This handsome species is of a rich rufous brown, adorned with a
pale band near the sutures. It seems to combine the characters of
I, lincolnensis and H. cassandra.
9. Hexrx (Hapra) ruinperst, Ad. & Ang., n.s.
H. testa globoso-conoidali, tenuicula, mediocriter umbilicata,
Susco-albida; anfractibus 43, convexiusculis, rugoso-strigil-
latis, ultimo magno inflato ; apertura lunato-ovata, labio callo
umbilicum partim tegente.
Long. 7 lin., lat. 7 lin.
Hab. Tillowie, near western slopes of Flinders Range (Coll.
Angas.).
This remarkably compact and globose species, of which only two
specimens have hitherto been found, is characterized by the rugose
strize of the whorls and by its conoidal spire.
10. Hexix (ANGASELLA) CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr.
This strongly plicate, flattened, and widely umbilicated species
belongs to a group of which it appears to be the only hitherto known
representative. It somewhat resembles H. plicaria of Teneriffe in
the character of its sculpture ; but the outer lip is narrower and less
expanded, and the umbilicus deep and wide.
Mr. Arthur Adams has separated this species as belonging to a
peculiar group, for which he has proposed the name of Angasella.
From the plains near Lake Torrens.
11. Hexrx (CHARopA) suLIoDEA, Forbes.
This beautiful radiately sculptured and delicate species occurs also
in New South Wales, where it is pretty generally distributed.
Found at Rapid Bay, near Cape Jervis, in the ravines of the high
hills bordering on the coast.
12. Hexix (CHAROPA) MURRAYANA, Pfr.
A small, flattened, finely plicate species, with a large umbilicus.
From under stones and amongst grass in the ledges of the sand-
stone-cliffs of the Murray.
13. Heurx (THauassia) rustica, Pfr.
A small, vitreous, reddish horn-coloured species, with a very small
deep umbilicus. This species is also found in other parts of Au-
stralia.
From Rapid Bay, in the same localities as H. juliodea,
14. Hexurx (Tuatassra) supaneutata, Ad. & Ang., n. s.
H. testa orbiculato-conoidali, pertenui, pellucida, vitrea, pallide
522 MR.G.F.ANGAS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. [ Dec. 8,
straminea, anguste umbilicata; anfractibus planis, tenuissime
concentrice striatis, ultimo ad peripheriam subangulato ; aper-
tura perobliqua, lunato-ovali, latiore quam longa ; labio acuto,
breviter reflexo, umbilicum viz tegente.
Long. 3 lin., lat. 3 lin.
Hab. South Australia, under stones and logs (Coll. Angas.).
A small species, somewhat resembling H. rustica, Pfr., but with
the last whorl subangular at the periphery, and with a narrow um-
bilicus, which is nearly concealed by a short reflexion of the colu-
mellar margin.
15. Buximus (Liearus) aANGAsIANus, Pfr.
This fine Bulimus, which is rather more than an inch in height,
having the body-whorls handsomely banded with white and brown,
belongs to the Western Australian group Liparus, which is repre-
sented there by B. melo, B. trilineatus, B. physoides, and others.
My specimens were obtained from an open heath at Port Lincoln.
I possess two dead specimens of B. physoides from Western Au-
stralia, and one of B. meridionalis, an East African species, which I
obtained on the sea-beach near Port Adelaide. These must probably
have been carried thither by the strong westerly winds and currents
which prevail dur‘ng the winter months.
16. Butiminus (CHoNDRULA) ADELAID#, Ad. & Ang., n. 8.’
B. testa turrita, pupiformi, in medio dilatata, umbilicata, albido-
badia ; anfractibus 6, convexis, longitudinaliter strigillatis ;
apertura rotundato-ovata; peritremate interrupto, albo, late
reflexo ; labio superne callo tuberculiformi albo munito.
Long. 3 lin., lat. 1 lin.
Hab. South Australia, rocky places (Coll. Angas.).
A small pupa-like species having all the characters of Chondrula,
which it appears to represent in South Australia, where it is gene-
rally distributed. In Western Australia there is an allied species,
which we have elsewhere described as Chondrula lepidula.
17. Vertico ausTrRALis, Ad. & Ang., n. 8.
V. testa sinistrorsa, apice obtuso, rimato-umbilicata, pallide
fusca ; anfractibus 7, convexis, oblique valde striatis ; apertura
semiovata, peritremate incrassato et late dilatato, plica unica
parietali et plica unica columellart munita.
Long. 2 lin., lat. 2 lin.
Hab. Rapid Bay, in crevices of rocks (Coll. Angas.).
A cylindrical and, for the genus, a large species, with the aperture
furnished with but two plice.
18. SucciINEA sTRIGATA, Pfr.
A strongly plicate species with a papillary spire ; pretty generally
distributed throughout the country, in barren sandstone places,
1863.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 523
19. SuccineA arporna, Ad. & Ang., n.s.
S. testa oblongo-ovata, spira quam apertura breviore, apice pa-
pilloso, alba, aureo-cornea, pellucida; anfractibus 3, valde
convexis, longitudinaliter strigosis; apertura oblongo-ovata,
labio callo tenui instructo ; labro arcuato, simplici.
Long. 4 lin., lat. 2 lin.
Hab. Burnside ; hills near Adelaide ; beneath bark of gum-trees
(Coll. Angas.).
The habits of this species differ from those of S. strigata, Pfr.,
which are strictly terrestrial, the animals making their appearance
after rain, and spreading over the hills in considerable numbers.
Our species, on the contrary, shelters itself beneath the loose bark
of the Lucalypti.
20. BLANFORDIA STRIATULA, Menke.
This species of Blanfordia is the only example of an operculate
land-shell that I have met with in South Australia. The same spe-
cies is found in Tasmania.
From the hills near Adelaide.
4. Descriptions or Firrren New Srecirs or LAnn-SHELLs,
FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr.
Louis Prerrrer.
1. Hewrx tanvanensts, Pfr. 7. imperforata, conoideo-depressa,
tenuis, carinata, striatula et liris minutis elevatis prope suturam
distinctioribus cincta, cornea; spira concaviusculo-concidea, apice
acutiuscula; sutura marginata; anfr. 7, subplani, lente accre-
scentes, ultimus non descendens, acutissime carinatus, basi parum
convexus ; apertura obliqua, depresse securiformis ; perist. sim-
plex, rectum, margine supero brevi, antrorsum arcuato, basali a
carina recedente, leviter arcuato, ad insertionem subcalloso.
Diam. maj. 164, min. 15, alt. 6 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. Hugh Low).
2. Hetrx nvuconis, Pfr. (182 a). T. sinistrorsa, clause per-
forata, turbinata, solida, undique conferte et subargute granulato-
striata, superne fuscula ; spira conoidea, vertice obtusulo ; anfr. 8,
lente accrescentes, convexiusculi, supra suturam flavescentes, ulti-
mus compresse carinatus, infra carinam inflatus, castaneus ; aper-
tura obliqua, irregulariter angulato-lunaris, intus margaritacea ;
perist. subsimplex, margine supero brevi, basali perarcuato, versus
perforationem subincrassato et leviter dilatato.
Diam. maj. 38, min. 35, alt. 21-22 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. H. Low).
3. Hetix ceroconus, Pfr. (194 a). TT. subperforata, conica,
tenuiuscula, striatula, cerea; spira convexiusculo-conica, vertice
obtusulo ; sutura filomarginata ; anfr. 6-65, convexiusculi, lente
524 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Dee. 8,
accrescentes, ultimus convexior, non descendens, peripheria sub-
acute carinatus ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-lunaris ; perist.
simplex, rectum, marginibus distantibus, supero brevi, basali leviter
arcuato, versus insertionem sensim dilatato, reflexiusculo.
Diam. maj. 83, min. 8, alt. 53 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. H. Low).
4. Hexix sucunna, Pfr. (263a). TT. subclause perforata, co-
noideo-depressa, tenuis, sub lente conferte striata, nitida, fusco-
cornea; spira breviter conoideo-elevata, vertice subtili; anfr. 63,
convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, peripheria
rotundatus, basi medio impressus ; apertura vix obliqua, irregu-
lariter lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum,
marginibus distantibus, dextro regulariter arcuato, columellari
declivi, parum arcuato, ad insertionem breviter reflexo.
Diam. maj. 17, min. 153, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. H. Low).
5. Hextix pura, Pfr. (387 a). T. perforata, depressa, solida,
carinata, ‘superne subconferte plicato-striata, nitidula, fusco-
isabellina ; spira brevissime conoidea, vertice minuto obtusulo ;
sutura linearis, anguste marginata; anfr. 5}, viv convexiusculi,
lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, peripheria compresse et
acute carinatus, subtus modice convexus, leviter radiato-striatus ;
apertura obliqua, depresse subrhombeo-lunaris ; perist. rectum,
margine supero tenui, basali a carina subito recedente, quasi ros-
tram formante, tum usque ad perforationem leviter incrassato.
Diam. maj. 34, min. 30, alt. 11 mill.
Hab. Waigiou Island (Mr. Wallace).
6. Hetix nicrorasciaTa, Pfr. (1655 a). TT. anguste umbilicata,
globoso-trochiformis, solidula, oblique regulariter striata, lineisque
impressis antrorsum descendentibus dense decussata, lutea, fasciis
2 latis nigris et interdum cinnamomea infra illas cincta; spira
turbinata, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 4, convexi, ultimus inflatus,
antice vir descendens, subtus spiraliter leviter striatus ; apertura
obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus alba, nigro fasciata; perist.
album, marginibus convergentibus, dextro anguste expanso et re-
flexiusculo, columellari late reflexo, supra umbilicum fornicatim
dilatato.
Diam. maj. 19, min. 17, alt. 13 mill.
Hab. Admiralty Islands.
7. Hewrx watizona, Pfr. (1912a). T. mediocriter umbilicata,
depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula, vix nitidula, fusca, zona latiuscula
alba ad suturam notata; spira subplana; anfr. 43, superi vie
convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, superne antice subsulcatus, de-
flecus, subtus constrictus; apertura obliqua, rotundato-ovalis ;
perist. undique sublate éxpansum, marginibus convergentibus, co-
lumeilari tuberculo oblongo-nodiformi intus munito.
Diam. maj. 263, min. 21, alt. 11 mill.
Hab. In insula Ceram (Mr. Wallace).
1553.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 525
8. Butimus ponent, Pfr. (1334). 7. imperforata, oblongo-
conica, solida, levigata, sulphurea ; spira elongata, subregulariter
conica, varicibus nigro-castaneis 1-2 notata, apice obtusulo ;
anfr. 7, viv convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis paulo superans,
basi rotundatus, infra medium fascia lata livida vel virescente no-
tatus ; apertura parum obliqua, parvula, subrhombeo-ovalis ; co-
lumella brevis, superne subplicata ; perist. vix expansum, crassum,
lacteum, striga castanea cinctum, marginibus callo crasso albo
intrante junctis.
Long. 45, diam. 21 mill. Ap. 16 mill. longa, 93 lata.
Hab. Cochin-China.
9. Butimus RECEDENS, Pfr. (2524). TT. compresse umbilicata,
ovato-subfusiformis, tenuis, levigata, pallide flavida, strigis un-
dulatis subinterruptis fuscis picta; spira subexacte conica, apice
acuta ; anfr. 6, planiusculi, ultimus spiram superans, basi recedens,
vie attenuatus ; columella inflata, torta; apertura vir obliqua,
oblongo-ovalis, superne angulata; perist. tenue, albidum, margine
dextro latiuscule expanso, columellari reflexo, superne dilatato.
Long. 27, diam. 12 mill.
Hab. Mozobamba.
10. Pura souuta, Pfr. 7. profunde rimata, elongato-conica,
tenuis, levissime striatula, pellucida, fusco-cornea; spira ovato-
conica, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 9, convexiusculi, ultimus antice
solutus, horizontaliter productus, basi compressus ; apertura basi
axin excedens, truncato-ovalis, lamellis 6 elongatis Jere clausa,
1 parietali et suprema palatali validioribus, marginem attingentibus,
secunda palatali, 1 basali et 2 columellaribus profundioribus ;
perist. continuum, tenue, breviter expansum, margine supero libero,
strictiusculo.
Long. 8, diam. anfr. penultimi 3 mill.
Locality unknown ; perhaps of a new genus, allied to Tomigeres.
1]. Succtnea cocuincuiNneEnsis, Pfr. (14a). T. depresse
ovata, tenuis, ruguloso-striata, pellucida, albido-cornea ; spira
parvula, subpapillata ; anfr. 24, ultimus magnus, obliquus, basi
subcompressus ; columella filaris, callosa, subtorta ; apertura ob-
liqua, angulato-ovalis, intus submargaritacea, antice non incum-
bens ; perist. simplex, margine dextro subflexuoso.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 62, alt. 43 mill. Apertura 10 mill. longa.
Hab. Cochin-China.
12. PrerocycLos LABUANENSIS, Pfr. (1 a). T. late umbilicata,
subdiscoidea, solida, subtilissime striatula, sordide flavida unicolor
vel in anfract. superioribus castaneo distanter flammulata ; spira
vir elevata, vertice corneo submucronato ; anfr. 4}, convexiusculi,
rapide accrescentes, ultimus subdepresse rotundatus, non descen-
dens ; apertura fere diagonalis, circularis ; perist. duplex ; inter-
num porrectum, superne leviter incisum, externum latere sinistro
526 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Dec. 8,
reflecum, dextro sublate patens, superne cucullatim dilatatum et
subdeflecum. Operc. planiusculum, calcareum, marginibus an-
fractuum infundibuliformiter elevatis.
Diam. maj. 18, min. 14, alt. 5 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. H. Low).
13. PrerocycLos Low1anus, Pfr. (10). T. late umbilicata,
subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, subtiliter striatula, sericina, fulva,
flammis saturate castaneis amene picta ; spira planiuscula, vertice
submucronato ; anfr. 44, convevi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
teres, antice paululum descendens ; apertura diagonalis, circularis ;
perist. duplex ; internum brevissime porrectum, juxta anfr. conti-
guum viv sinuatum; externum latere sinistro angustissimum, dextro
breviter patens, superne dilatatum et protractum, vie concavum.
Operc. precedentis.
Diam. maj. 153, min. 125, alt. 53 mill.
Hab. In insula Labuan (Mr. H. Low).
ey 14, PupINA MERIDIONALIS, Pfr. (4a). T. oblonga, tenuiuscula,
am, . levissime striatula, subpellucida, succineo-cornea ; spira sensim in
d conum acutiusculum attenuata; sutura levis, simplex; anfr. 7,
summi convexiusculi, sequentes planiores, penultimus longus, ulti-
mus antice subascendens, basi axin excedens ; apertura obliqua,
circularis, bicanaliculata ; callus parietalis arcuatus, latere dextro
in linguam triangularem, sinistro in linguam latam transverse
truncatam abiens ; perist. subincrassatum, breviter expansum, cum
lingua sinistra directione parallela recedens.
Long. 13, diam. 6 mill.
Hab, North Australia.
15. Pupina PLANILABRIS, Pfr. (4 6). T. subrimata, oblongo-
conica, tenuiuscula, sub lente striatula, subsericea, carneo-fuscula ;
spira conica, apice acutiuscula; sutura simplex; anfr. 7, con-
vexiusculi, penultimus longus, latere aperture subplanulatus, ulti-
mus brevis, descendens ; apertura subverticalis, circularis, lineariter
bicanaliculata ; callus parietalis planus, subsolutus, latere dextro
breviter ligulatus, sinistro infra medium oblique resectus ; perist.
plane expansum, utringue extus cum linguis junctum et infra rimam
umbilicalem cristulam e canali punctiformi exeuntem formans.
Long. 123, diam. 52 mill.
Hab. North Australia.
5, Descriptions or Ten New Species oF LAND-SHELLS, FROM
THE COLLECTION oF GrorGe FreNcH ANGAsS, Ese. By
Dr. Louis PFEeIrrer.
1. Hexix rncurnata, Pfr. (3876). T. subclause perforata, co-
noideo-depressa, solida, carinata, superne conferte rugoso-striata,
1863. ] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 527
nitidula, pallide fusca ; spira regulariter conoidea, vertice minuto
obtusulo ; sutura marginata, carina subprominula ; anfr. 6, vir
convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, acute
carinatus, bast convexus, substriatus, nitidior, medio pallidior,
impressus ; apertura fere diagonalis, angulato-lunaris, intus mar-
garitacea ; perist. rectum, madrgine supero simplici, basali regu-
lariter arcuato, versus perforationem subincrassato, eam lamina
triangulari claudente.
Diam. maj. 30, min. 263, alt. 14 mill.
Hab. Louisiade Group, New Gatedonia. |W. 0 9
2. Hetix tincoxtniensis, Pfr. (564 a). TT. umbilicata, subco-
noideo-depressa, tenuis, superne conferte rugoso-striata et subtilis-
sime granulata, pellucida, unicolor castanea; spira subconoideo-
elevata, vertice obtusulo; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, ultimus subde-
presso-rotundatus, antice non descendens, subtus circa umbilicum
angustum leviter radiato-striatus ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-
lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, co-
lumellari superne in laminam reflexam fuscam dilatato.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 12 mill.
Hab. Port Lincoln.
3. Herrx murrayana, Pfr. (654). T. umbilicata, depressa,
tenuiuscula, confertissime filoso-plicata, vix nitidula, fusca ; spira
plana; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
rotundatus, non descendens ; umbilicus 4 diametri subequans ;
apertura parum obliqua, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rec-
tum, marginibus conniventibus, columellari juxta umbilicum vir
dilatato.
Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 3 mill.
Hab. Murray Cliffs, South Australia.
4. Hexix cassanpra, Pfr. (10805). T. mediocriter umbilicata,
globoso-depressa, tenuis, striatula et minutissime granulata, parum
nitens, superne pallide isabellina, fasciis nonnullis saturatioribus
obsolete notata, subtus albida; spira breviter conoideo-elevata,
vertice minuto; anfr. 5, regulariter accrescentes, superi vir con-
veviusculi, ultimus inflatus, antice vix deflecus ; apertura parum
obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex,
tenue, margine dextro recto, basali refleriusculo, juxta umbilicum
in laminam triangularem fornicatam dilataio.
Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 15 mill.
Hab. Murray Cliffs, South Australia.
5. Hevrx zenosia, Pfr. (1131 a). T. sublate umbilicata, conoi-
deo-lenticularis, solida, superne ruditer et conferte plicata, acute
carinata, rufa; spira breviter conoidea, apice obtusa; sutura
submarginata ; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus
non descendens, supra carinam convexior, basi leviter radiato-
striatus, sensim in umbilicum transiens; apertura perobliqua,
528 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Dec. 8,
subrhombeo-lunaris ; perist. rectum, marginibus subconvergentibus,
supero antrorsum arcuato, basali incrassata.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. New Georgia.
6. Hexix EVANDALEANA, Pfr. (11670). T. subanguste umbili-
cata, depressa, solidula, carinata, superne rugoso-striata et gra-
nulata, pilis brevibus obsita, subpellucida, fusca ; spira parum
elevata, vertice obtuso; sutura profunda, carina magis minusve
prominente marginata; anfr. 4, convext, ultimus supra medium
carina funiformi et interdum angulo secundo obsoletiore circum-
datus, basi levius striatus, plano-convexus ; apertura obliqua, late
lunaris ; perist. simplex, marginibus vix convergentibus, dextro
recto, basali reflexiusculo, juxta umbilicum subdilatato,
Diam. maj. 173, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. Evandale, South Australia.
7. Hevrx perinryata, Pfr. (1601 a). T. umbilicata, globosa,
solida, striis incrementi rugosis et lineis impressis antrorsum
descendentibus ae isabellino-albida ; spira convexo-conoidea,
apice obtusa; anfr. 44, ultimus magnus, ventrosus, subtus perin-
flatus, striis spiralibus obsolete sculptus, antice deflexus ; apertura
diagonalis, lunari-rotundata ; perist. breviter expansum, margine
columellari supre umbilicum angustum fornicatim dilatato.
Diam. maj. 233, min. 20, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. McDonnell Ranges, Central Australia; found by Mr. Wa-
terhouse on Stuart’s Expedition.
8. Hexrx carcHartas, Pfr. (1606 a). T. subobtecte perforata,
conoideo-globosa, solidula, sub lente minutissime granulata, car-
nea; spira conoidea, vertice leviguto obtusulo; anfr. 5, convex-
iusculi, superi irregulariter tuberculato-plicati, ultimus ventrosus,
superne levius plicatus, subtus radiato-striatus, albidus, antice
profunde deflexus; apertura diagonalis, subcircularis; perist.
simplex, tenue, angusie expansum, marginibus approximatis, colu-
melons Jarnscuse supra umbilicum late ew
Diam. maj. 17-193, min. 133-16, alt. 103-14 mill.
Hab. Sharks’ Bay, N. W. Australia.
|
9. Hexix curtisiana, Pfr. (1681 a). T. anguste umbilicata,
conoideo-semiglobosa, solida, striata, castanea; spira conoideo-
convexa, superne albida, vertice obtusulo ; sutura alto filosa ; anfr.
6, lente accrescentes, ultimus magnus, converus, supra medium
subangulatus, basi planiusculus, antice descendens ; apertura fere
diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. vix incrassatum, anguste
expansum, margine columellari superne triangulatim dilatato.
Diam. maj. 29, min. 25, alt. 17 mill.
Hab. Port Curtis, N. E. Australia.
10. Butimus AanGasianus, Pfr. (773 a). T. imperforata, ovato-
conica, tenuis, plicis longitudinalibus confertis, sulcis spiralibus
1863.] ON THE BREEDING OF THE GREEN SANDPIPER. 529
interruptis sculpta, castanea, fasciis 2 albis ornata; spira con-
vexo-conica, apice obtusulo alba; anfr. 5, modice convexi, ultimus
spiram superans, infra medium leviter striatus, basi rotundatus ;
apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus margaritacea, albo
fasciata ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine dextro antrorsum sub-
curvato, columellari albo-calloso, arcuato, intrante.
Long. 251, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. Port Lincoln, South Australia.
6. On tHE Breepine or THE GREEN SanpprPeR (HELopRo-
MAS OCHROPUS). By ALrrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Ornithologists are aware of the very different positions often chosen
for their nests by birds of the same species. Thus Eagles may be
found sometimes building their eyries upon trees, at others on cliffs,
and again sometimes absolutely upon the flat ground. The same
may be said of some species of Falcons and of some Herons. Cer-
tain Crows also and the Stock-Dove (Columba cenas) exhibit a like
disparity of habit. Even among the members of the Gallinaceous
order a similar diversity is occasionally, though rarely, to be observed.
I have been told, on authority I cannot question, of accommon Phea-
sant (Phasianus colchicus) and of a Capercally (V'etrao urogallus)
each choosing a est in a tree wherein to lay its eggs. Instances of
the common Wild Duck (dnas boschas) breeding in hollow stumps
of trees are very frequent ; and with the Ducks of the genus diz
this seems to be the normal mode of nidification. But, excepting in
the last case, this peculiarity in the selection of a site for the nest
seems to result from the particular fancy (or instinct, it may be) of
the individual; and in that exceptional case the general habits of
the birds are so essentially arboreal that we need not wonder at the
fact of their using trees for their nurseries as well as for their usual
places of lodging. The only instances parallel to the one I am going
to adduce are, so far as I can call to mind, those of the Golden-eye
(Clangula glaucion), the Goosander (Mergus serrator), and the
Smew (Mergus albellus). Each of these three birds departs from
the manner of nidification which obtains among its brethren, just as
I shall show that the Green Sandpiper (Helodromas ochropus*)
does.
Though I do not pretend to lay before you any novel facts this
evening, yet it will be, I think, admitted that hitherto we have had
in England but little positive information on the mode of breeding
of the Green Sandpiper; such as it is, however, I will proceed to
notice it. First, I must say that I think the story of the nest of
this bird ‘“ by the side of a clay-pit” in Norfolk, as told in Mr.
Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds’ (vol. ii. p. 529) and in Mr. Lubbock’s
* The osteology of the Tringa ochropus, Linn., presents such a marked deyia-
tion from that of the other 7otfani which I have examined, that I do not hesitate
in this case to follow Dr. Kaup in considering it the type of a distinct genus.
Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1863, No. XXXIV.
530 MR. ALFRED NEWTON [Dee. 8,
‘ Fauna of Norfolk’ (p. 75), can hardly be relied on—not, of course,
that there is the slightest reason to doubt the implicit good faith of
Sir Thomas Beevor, on whose authority it appears to rest. Next
there is the statement contributed to the last edition of Mr. Hewit-
son’s ‘Eges of British Birds’ (ed. 3. vol. ii. p. 334*) by Mr.
Tristram, to the effect that he found the species breeding near slug-
gish streams or mountain tarns between Bodé and Quickjock in
Lapland. Now this particular district has since been visited by three
other excellent observers, to no one of whom did the Green Sandpiper
reveal itself. I therefore hope I may be pardoned for suggesting
the possibility of a mistake in my friend’s assertion.
In the ‘ Naumannia’ for 1851 (vol. i. part 2, p. 50), Herr Passler
mentions that he had, through his friend the Oberforster Wiese,
obtained an egg of Totanus glareola, with the remark that this spe-
cies of Sandpiper always “nests upon a tree;” but in the same
periodical for 1852 (vol. ii. part 1, p. 95) he states that Baron von
Homeyer had informed him that the egg in question was not that of
T. glareola, but of T. ochropus, and adds that during his stay at
Haff he had seen many nesting-places of this latter species; they
were on the borders of ‘‘Elsenbriiche’’ [quere, swamps of the Ser-
vice-tree (Pyrus domestica)? }, in the middle of the forest, where the
trees stand upon hillocks. In the ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie’ for
1855 (vol. iii. p. 514), the above-mentioned Herr Wiese, writing on
the Ornithology of Pomerania, especially in the district of Céslin,
says that he had first heard from an old sportsman, who knew the
peculiarities of all the forest-animals, that the Totanus ochropus
nested in old Thrushes’ nests, which information, he remarks, “I
naturally did not believe ;”’ but he states that some years after, in
1845, he obtained from the same man four fine eggs of a bird of this
species, which for many years had been wont to nestle in an old
beech tree. Still doubtful on the subject, the following spring he
himself found a nest of the bird on a pine which had a fork about
five-and-twenty or thirty feet high. ‘‘ Joyfully,” he says, ‘ I climbed
the tree, and found in that fork four eggs on a simple bed of old
moss.” He goes on to say that in the spring of 1853 he again ob-
tained four eggs of the same species; and in the spring of 1854 (the
year he was writing) he found a nest placed in the old nest of a
Song-Thrush, out of which the shed buds of the beech had not so
much as been removed. There were four eggs, which were hard sat
upon on the 25th of May.
In the ‘ Naumannia’ for 1856 (vol. vi. p. 34), in an account of
an excursion in Western Pomerania (“Vorpommern”), Dr. Altum
states that Totanus ochropus returns annually to its old nesting-
places, these being Misseltoe-Thrushes’ nests, whose remains were
still to be seen, often some hundred yards distant from the nearest
pool, and their height fifteen feet or more from the ground. The
same journal for 1857 contains a valuable series of observations on
the birds of the same district by Herr W. Hintz, in which the
author says (vol. vii. part 1, p. 14) that on the 6th of May, 1855,
he found three eggs of this bird on an “ Else” [queere, Pyrus do-
1863.] ON THE BREEDING OF THE GREEN SANDPIPER. 531
mestica?] in an old Dove’s nest, as he thinks, though he states it
might have been that of a Jay. Formerly, he proceeds to remark,
he had only observed this Sandpiper to use old nests of Turdus mu-
sicus, excepting once, when he found some young ones, only a few
days old, hard by a river-bank on a layer of pine-needles on an
“ Else”’-stub.
’ Soon after the publication of this last piece of intelligence, appeared
that part of Herr Badeker’s ‘ Kier der Europaischen Vogel,’ wherein
(fol. xxx. no. 5) Helodromas ochropus was treated of, and a concise
summary of the foregoing accounts was given. This was remarked
upon by the writer of an article in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1859 (vol. i. p. 405),
and thus the curious facts which I have above detailed were made
generally known, for the first time I believe, to English readers. In
1860 a short recapitulation of them was also published by my friend
Dr. Baldamus, in the continuation of Naumann’s celebrated ‘ Vogel
Deutschlands’ (vol. xiii. p. 241). Towards the close of the same
year also that excellent observer who veils his name under the sig-
nature of “An Old Bushman” contributed a series of articles to
‘The Field’ newspaper, in which he described his own experience of
the Green Sandpiper’s way of nesting in Sweden. The natural-
history editor of that paper, not knowing what had been already
written, exhibited some signs of scepticism on the subject, whereupon
his correspondent reiterated his statement, saying (Field, No. 411,
Noy. 10, 1860, p. 393) that “ there is no doubt about the matter,”
and adding that he “ never took the nest on the ground.”
I have now only to read to you a portion of a letter, dated Novem-
ber 27, 1861, which I received from my friend Pastor Theobald, of
Copenhagen. He says as follows :—
“The nidification of Totanus ochropus is so remarkable that I do
not fear to trouble you with the history the Forester Hintz [whom
I have mentioned above] has given me. He writes:—‘ This year I
succeeded in finding the nest of Totanus ochropus. On the 9th of
May I took four eggs of this bird; they were found in an old nest of
Turdus musicus, and seemed to have been incubated about three days.
The very same day there were brought to me four other eggs of this
bird, also found in a Thrush’s nest. * * * The 10th of May there
was shown to me a nest, thirty feet high, on an old birch, the bird
having chosen an old decayed nest of a Squirrel. This nest was the
highest I have ever seen. Three young ones had just been hatched ;
in the fourth egg the bird was about to break the shell. One jumped
_ down and concealed itself on the edge of a water-pool. The 11th of
- May a nest with four fresh eggs was found, but they did not come into
_ my hands; this was in an old Pigeon’s nest on a Pinus rubra, and
full of dry pine-leaves. The 20th of May two eggs, almost burst by
_ the young, were found in an old Thrush’s nest, the two missing birds
haying most likely already left the nest. The 22nd of May four young
ones, apparently but a few hours old, were found in the old nest of
a Lanius collurio, in a juniper three feet high. The 24th of May
_ four young ones were found in the hole of a Populus tremula thrown
_down by the wind. The year before Muscicapa luctuosa had its
532 ON THE BREEDING OF THE GREEN SANDPIPER. [ Dec. 8.
nest in the trunk as it lay on the ground; this year Totanus ochro-
pus had chosen the same opening. When I approached the trunk,
the young ones, perhaps four-and-twenty hours old, jumped away
and hid themselves in the grass among the branches. All these
nests were near the water,—two on the edge of a rivulet, the others
on wet morasses, the distance from the water being at most six feet.’ ””
I have the pleasure of exhibiting to you a small series of a score
of the eggs of this bird, as well as three nests. The latter were
sent me by Mr. H. W. Wheelwright, and were obtained by him this
year in Sweden. They are so ragged and dilapidated that, as is often
the case with ancient ruins, it is not easy to say of what race the
builders were. From one of them, five-and-twenty feet up in a fir
tree, the mother was killed on the 28th of May, and I produce her
skin. Three of the sets of eggs belonged to these nests; a fourth set
was the contents of Forester Hintz’s nest of the 9th of May 1861,
mentioned in his interesting letter. This I owe to Mr. Theobald and
some other friends in Copenhagen. The remaining four eggs are odd
ones obtained by Mr. Wolley and myself from Dr. Kjzrbdlling,
LIST
Jan. 1.
533
APPENDIX.
OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY'S MENAGERIE
DURING THE YEAR
1863.
1 pair ef Patioledtie Cranes. Anthropoides virgo (Linn.). Pur-
chased.
1 Mandarin Duck. Az galericulata (Linn.). Purchased.
3 American Barn-Owls. Strix pratincola, Bonap. Presented by
Dr. Slack, of Philadelphia, U. S.
1 Common Barn-Owl. Brie Jlammea, Linn. Purchased.
» 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Deposited.
1 Crowned Harpyhaliaétus. Harpyhaliaétus coronatus (Temm.).
Deposited by E. W. Goodlake, Esq., C. M. Z. S. (see Feb. 1,
1863)
1 Virginian Owl. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). Deposited by E.
W. Goodlake, Esq., C. M. Z.S.
1 Azara’s Agouti. Dasyprocta azar, Licht. Deposited by E.
W. Goodlake, Esq., C. M. Z. 8.
1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented
by Dr. Rogers.
8, A collection of Salmon-Oya. Salmo salar, Linn. Deposited.
A collection of Trout-Ova. Salmo fario, Linn. Deposited.
9. 1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by
10,
12.
15.
G. G. Harvey, Esq.
1 Yellow-faced Amazon. Chrysotis amazonica (Linn.). Pure
chased.
1 Green-cheeked Amazon. Chrysotis viridigenalis, Cass, Pur-
chased.
1 Quica Opossum. Didelphis quica, Temm. Purchased.
1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Purchased.
1 Malabar Parrakeet. Paleornis columboides, Vig. Purchased.
2 Syrian Cats. Felis maniculata, Riipp. Presented by H.R. H.
the Prince of Wales.
1 Cuvier’s Gazelle. Gazella cuvierti, Ogilby. Purchased.
10 Pintailed Sandgrouse. Pterocles alchata (Linn.). In ex-
change.
1 Great Grey Shrike. Zanius meridionalis (Temm.). Purchased.
1 Grey Ichneumon, Herpestes griseus (Geoff.). Deposited.
bo
APPENDIX.
1 Cinereous Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Presented
by the Marquis of Salisbury.
1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Presented by E. J. Longton, Esq.
. 2 Golden Agoutis. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.), Born.
50 Salmon, Salmo salar, Linn. Hatched.
. 1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Twrtwr vinaceus (Gmel.). Hatched.
. 2 Lions. Felis leo, Linn. Born.
. 1 Female Nylghaie. Portax picta (Pall.). Purchased.
1300 Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn. Hatched.
200 Trout. Salmo fario, Linn. Hatched.
1 Double-ringed Turtledove. TZurtur bitorguatus (Temm.). In
exchange.
2 Pied Grallinas. Grallina australis, Gray. Presented by Dr.
Mueller, C. M.Z.S.
1 Black-backed Porphyrio. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Pre-
sented by Dr. Mueller, C. M. Z.S.
2 Sombre Gallinules. Gallinula tenebrosa, Gould. Presented by
Dr. Mueller, C. M.Z.S.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chaleoptera (Lath.), Presented
by Dr. Mueller, C. M.Z. 8.
2 Australian Coots. Fulica australis, Gould. Presented by Dr.
Mueller, C. M. Z. 8.
3 Van Diemen’s Land Quails. Synccus diemenensis, Gould. Pre-
sented by Dr. Mueller, C. M.Z.8.
1 Pectoral Quail. Coternix pectoralis, Gould. Presented by Dr.
Mueller, C. M.Z. S.
2 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroos. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Purchased.
. 2 Roseate Cockatoos. Cacatua roseicapilla, Vieill. Deposited.
. 1 Common Badger. Melestarus (Schreb.). Presented by Mr. Grey.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre-
sented by Mrs. James Part.
. 1 Crowned Harpyhaliaétus. Harpyhalaétus coronatus (Temm.).
Presented by E. W. Goodlake, Esq., C. M.Z.S. (see Jan. 7,
1863).
. 1 Striped Hyena. Hyena striata, Zimm. Presented by John
Edw. Woods, Esq.
2 Indian Pythons. Python moluus (Linn.). Purchased.
. 1 Capybara. Hydrocherus capybara, Erxl. Purchased.
. 1 Common Magpie. Pica caudata, Flem. Presented by Mrs.
Newbon.
. 12 Gold Carp. Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Purchased.
. 1 9 Impeyan Pheasant. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). In
exchange.
. 16 Bivalves. Purchased.
. 2 Australian Hapalotes. Hapalotis mitchell (Ogilby). Born.
9 Water-Vipers. Cenchris piscivorus, Gray. Born,
. 2 Penang Squirrels. Sciurus vittatus, Rafil. Deposited.
1 pair of Gold Pheasants. Zhawmalea picta (Linn.). Purchased.
. 2 Starfish. Purchased.
. 5 Barbary Partridges. Caccabis rufa (Linn.). Deposited.
2 Prairie-Grouse. Tetrao cupido, Linn. Deposited.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Deposited.
2 Passenger Pigeons. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). Deposited,
4 Surat Turtledoves. Turtwr chinensis (Scop.). Deposited.
4 Gpeeewiend Pigeons. Chalcophaps indica (Lath.). Depo-
sited.
ee
}
4
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 535
Feb. 14. 1 West-Indian Dove. Deposited.
16, 1 Antillean Boa from Santa Lucia, Boa diviniloqua, Dum. et
Bibr. Purchased.
18. 2 Fat Dormice from Poland. Myoxus glis, Schreb. Purchased.
A collection of “Great Lake Trout ”-Spawn, from Switzerland.
Deposited.
20. 1 Zebu. Bos indicus, Linn., var. Presented by Capt. Richardson.
1 Black-backed Kaleege. Gallophasis melanotus (Blyth).
1 Common Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, Linn, Purchased.
21, 50 Salmon-Ova. Salmo salar, Linn. Presented by F. Vanzeller,
> Esq.
1 Little Grebe. Podiceps minor, Linn. Purchased.
22, 1 Arabian Baboon. Cynocephalus hamadryas (Linn.). Born,
Dead.
23. 1 Roseate Cockatoo. Cacatua roseicapilla (Vieill.). Deposited.
24, 1 Pied Hornbill. Buceros pica, Scop. Purchased.
lIchneumon. Herpestes. Purchased.
26, 1 Leopard. Felis leopardus, Linn. Deposited.
1 Muntjac Deer. Cervulus muntjac (Zimm.). Deposited.
» 1 Grey Parrot. Psittacus erythacus, Linn, Deposited.
1 Indian Porphyrio. Porphyrio indica, Horsf. Purchased.
1 Sykes’s Monkey. Cercopithecus albogularis, Sykes. Purchased.
28. 1 Andaman Wild Boar. ‘Sus andamensis, Blyth. Purchased.
6000 “Great Lake Trout”-Ova. Salmo ferox, Jard. & Selb,
Deposited.
6000 Salmon-Trout-Ova. Salmo fario, Linn. Deposited.
6000 Charr-Oya. Deposited.
Mar. 3, 2 Iguanas. Presented by Capt. Abbott.
1 piece of Serpula. Purchased.
4, 1 Bat.
1 Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Briimn. Presented by Dr.
Giinther, F.Z.S.
5. 2 Sea-Peaches. Codiwm bursa, from Jersey. Presented by J,
H. W. Schroder, Esq., F.Z.S.
6. 1 Two-toed Sloth. Bradypus didactylus, Linn, Presented by
H. Eldens, Esq.
1 Saker Falcon. Fulco sacer, Schleg. Received in exchange.
7. 1 Brahmin Calf. Bos indicus, Linn., var. Born.
1 Common Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Purchased.
9. 1 Lion. Felis leo, Linn. Born.
12. 1 Clouded Tiger. Felis macrocelis, Temm. Purchased.
2 Malayan Sun-Bears. Helarctos malayanus, Raff. Purchased.
1 White-fronted Lemur. Lemur albifrons, Geoff. Purchased.
1 2 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl. Gallus sonneratii, Temm. Pur-
chased.
1 Cape Francolin. Francolinus capensis, Gmel. Purchased.
5 Starred Tortoises. Testudo stellata, Schw. Purchased.
14, 1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Purchased.
_17. 1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff.). Presented by
B. C. Bond, Esq.
| - 1 Broad-nosed Eel. Anguilla latirostris, Yarr. Presented by A,
> Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S. :
; 18, 1 Mealy Green Parrot. Chrysotis farinosa (Bodd.). Deposited,
7 Common Hares. Lepus timidus, Linn. Purchased.
1 Common Wombat. Phascolomys wombat, Pér. et Les. Pre-
sented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
536
Mar. 18.
19,
21.
22.
24,
25.
26.
27,
31.
Apr. 1.
APPENDIX.
1 Hairy-nosed Wombat. Phascolomys lasiorhinus,Gould. Pre-
sented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
1 Black Wombat. Phascolomys niger,Gould. Presented by the
Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
3 Piping Crows. G'ymnorhina leuconota, Gould. Presented by
Dr. Mueller, C. M. Z.S.
2 Australian Wild Ducks. Anas superciliosa,Gmel. Presented
by Dr. Mueller, C. M. Z.S.
1 Black-backed Porphyrio. Porphyrio melanotus,Temm. Pre-
sented by Dr. Mueller, C. M.Z.S.
1 Hybrid Phalanger. Between Phalangista vulpina (Shaw) and
P. fuliginosa, Ogilby. Born.
1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua rosacea, Vieill. Presented by
R. Drummond, Esq.
2 Common Otters. Lutra vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by the
Rey. Aug. Morgan.
1 Common Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.).
Presented by H. Goodwyn, Esq.
1 Common Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Purchased.
1 Little Grebe. Podiceps minor, Linn. Presented by the Rev.
C. J. Lucas.
1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
Mr. Constable.
5 Bisons. Bos americanus, Gmel. Purchased.
1 Wedge-tailed Eagle. Aguila audax (Lath.). Presented by
— Russell, Esq.
A collection of Madrepores. Purchased.
1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff.). Presented by
Mr. E. Carman.
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
1 $ Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Presented by
the Baboo Rajendra Mullich.
2 9 Horned Tragopaus. Ceriornis satyra (Cuy.). Presented by
the Baboo Rajendra Mullich.
1 g Peacock Pheasant. Polyplectron chinquis, Temm. Presented
by the Baboo Rajendra Mullich. y
12 Hardwick’s Francolins. Galloperdix lunulosa (Valenc.). Pre-
sented by the Baboo Rajendra Mullich.
3 White-billed Hornbills. Buceros albirostris, Shaw. Presented
by the Baboo Rajendra Mullich.
4 g Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De-
posited by J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rey. W. Smythe.
1 g Pucras Pheasant. Puerasia macrolopha (Less.). Deposited -
by J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rev. W. Smythe.
4 g White-crested Kaleege. Gallophasis albocristatus (Vig.).
Deposited by J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rev. W. Smythe.
1 Cheer Pheasant. Catreus wallichii (Hardw.). Deposited by
J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rev. W. Smythe.
5 g Horned Tragopans. Ceriornis satyra (Cuy.). Deposited by
J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rev. W. Smythe. :
1 2 Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Deposited by
J. J. Stone, Esq., and the Rev. W. Smythe.
2 Japanese Bears. Ursus japonicus, Schleg. Purchased..
4 Griffon Vultures. Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). Presented by Lord
Londesborouch.
1 Imperial Eagle. Aguila heliaca, Savig. Presented by Lord
Londesborough.
——
oe
Apr. 2.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 537
2 Bonnet Monkeys. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by
James Smith, Esq.
fll ie Lory. Lorius domicellus (Linn.). Deposited by
Mrs. Turnbull.
1 Scarlet Lory. Eos indica (Gmel.). Deposited by Mrs. Turnbull.
1 Blossom-headed Parrakeet. Paleornis bengalensis (Linn.).
Deposited by Mrs. Turnbull.
» L Ibex. Capra ibex (Linn.), hybrid. Born.
1 South American Monkey. Cebus capucinus (Linn.). Deposited
by Mr. Greey.
1 Grison. Grisonia vittata (Schreb.). Presented by — Gayleard,
Esq.
1 Bravilian Chameleon. Polychrus marmoratus (Linn.). Pre-
sented by Dr. Wucherer, C. M.Z.S.
1 Duméril’s Water Tortoise. Podocnemis dumeriliana, Wagl.
Presented by Dr. Wucherer, C. M.Z.S.
. 1 Tuberculated Iguana. Iguana tuberculata, Laur. Presented
by J. Marshall, Esq.
. 1 Black-faced Kangaroo. Macropus melanops, Gould. Purchased.
1 Rabbit-eared Perameles. Perameles lagotis, Reid. Purchased.
2 Sooty Crows. Strepera fuliginosa, Gould. Purchased.
83 Leadbeater’s Cockatoos. Cacatua leadbeaterti (Vig.). De-
osited.
. 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua rosacea, Vieill. Received in
~ exchange. ‘
. 2 Summer Ducks. Azz sponsa (Linn.). Deposited.
. 1 Great Kangaroo. Macropus giganteus, Shaw. Presented -by
T. Mackay, Esq.
1 Australian Snake. Presented by D. Murray, Esq.
. 1 Bison. Bos americanus, Gmel. Born. Dead.
. 1 Ka-Ka Parrot. Nestor hypopolius (Forst.). Purchased.
1 Cape Francolin. Francolinus capensis, Gmel. Received in ex-
change.
4 Sand-Lizards. Lacerta agilis, Linn. Presented by Rey. C. Wolley.
19 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.
1 Mule between Exmoor Pony and Common White Donkey.
Equus caballus, Linn., var., and Asinus vulgaris, Gray, var.
albino. Born.
1 Western Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss., var. occiden-
talis, H. Smith. Purchased.
1 pair of Love-Bird Parrakeets. Agapornis pullaria (Linn.).
urchased.
2 Australian Lizards. G'rammatophora muricata (Shaw). Pur-
chased.
1 pair of Cereopsis Geese. Cereopsis nove-hollandia, Lath. Re-
ceived.
1 Australian Crane. Grus australasiana, Gould. Received in
exchange.
1 Australian Rail. Radllus pectoralis, Less. Received in exchange.
1 Kagu. Rhinochetus jubatus, Verr. et DesMurs. Presented by
Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S.
1 Echidna. L£chidna hystrix, Cuy. Purchased.
1 Hog-Deer. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Born. Dead.
1 Mace’s Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus macti (Temm.) Presented by
A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Common Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn. Presented by A.
Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
538
Apr.21,
23,
24,
25.
27.
28.
29.
80.
APPENDIX.
1 African Hare. Lepus mediterraneus? Deposited by the Rev.
Mr. Ogle.
1 Dingo. ” Canis dingo, Blumenb. Presented by J. Watts, Esq.
1 Four-horned Antelope. Tetracerus quadricornis (Blainy.). Pre-
sented by A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
3 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Re-
ceived in exchange,
5 Australian Green-winged Doves. Chalcophaps chrysochlora
Wagl.). Received in exchange.
12 Sand-Lizards. Lacerta agilis, Linn. Presented by Rev. C.
olley.
1 White's Tree-Frog. Pelodryas ceruleus (White). Purchased.
1 Ewing’s Tree-Frog. Hyla ewingii, Dum. et Bibr. Purchased.
1 Tree-Frog. Hyla citropus, Dum. et Bibr. Purchased.
1 Péron’s Tree-Frog. Hyla peronii, Dum. et Bibr. Purchased,
2 Krefft’s Tree-Frog. Hyla krefftii, Giinthr. Purchased.
1 Leaf-green Tree-Frog. Hyla phyllochroa, Giinthr. Purchased.
1 Violaceous Plantain-cutter. Musophaga violacea, Isert. De-
posited by Dr. Gray, F.Z.S.
1 2 Brush-Turkey. Talegallus lathami, Gray. Deposited.
1 young Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Deposited.
2 Whistling Eagles. Haliastur sphenurus (Vieill.). Deposited.
1 Dingo. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Deposited.
4 Yellow Sparrows. Passer luteus (Licht.). Purchased.
1 Yellow-cheeked Lemur. Eemur xanthomystax, Gray. Pur-
chased.
6 Red-vented Bulbuls. Pyenonotus hemorrhoiis(Gmel.). Pur-
chased.
2 Piping Crows. Gymnorhina leuconota, Gould. Deposited by
Mr. Wilson.
1 Sandwich-Island Goose. Chloéphaga sandvicensis (Vig.). Pur-
chased.
1 Plumed Quail. Callipepla picta (Douglas). Purchased.
8 Starfishes. Presented by T. F. Buckland, Esq.
1 Black-cheeked Falcon. Falco melanogenys, Gould. Purchased.
1 Lanner Falcon. Fualeo lanarius, Schleg. Presented, by J. H.
Cochrane, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Deposited by Mr. Greey.
1 West-Indian Boa, Boa divinilogua. Deposited by Mr. Greey.
1 Pek sae Terrapen. Cinosternon scorpioides, Gray. Deposited
by Mr. Greey.
1 g Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Purchased.
1 Common Macaque Monkey, Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.),
Presented by Mrs. Phillips.
1 Three-toed Sloth. Bradypus tridactylus, Linn, Presented by
Edward Greey, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 2 Barbary Turtledove. Zwurtur risorius (Linn.). Received
in exchange.
500 Grayling-Ova. Thymailus vewillifer, Agassiz, Presented by
Rey. H. Hudson.
5 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched.
1 Rhebok Antelope. Pelea capreola (Licht.). Presented by
Edmund R. Wodehouse, Esq.
1 Egyptian Vulture. Neophron percnopterus (Linn.). Presented
by Edmund R. Wodehouse, Esq.
1g Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuy. Born.
May 1.
v8
3.
4,
6.
8,
10.
| 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 539
12 Alpine Newts. Triton alpestris, Laur. Purchased.
1 Philippine Parrakeet. Zoriculus culacissi (Vieill.). Purchased.
1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus apella (Linn.). Presented by Major
Aldridge.
1 Annulated eg Emys annulata, Gray. Presented by O.
Salvin, Esq., F.Z.8.
2 Tasmanian Wolves. Thylacinus cyanocephalus, Harris. Pre-
sented by Ronald Gunn, Esq.
1 Yellow-cheeked Lemur. Lemur xanthomystax, Gray. De-
osited.
1 rae Owl. Otus vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by E.
Blyth, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
6 Upland Geese. Chloéphaga magellanica (Gmel.). Hatched.
1 Sondaic Ox. Bos sondaicus, Mill, Presented by Col. A. P.
Phayre, C.M.Z.S.
1 Long-billed Butcher-Bird.” Barita destructor, Temm. Pre-
sented by C. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 pair of Wonga-wonga Pigeons. Leucosarcia picata (Lath.).
Purchased.
1 Raccoon. Procyon lotor (Linn.), Presented by W. H. Adam,
Esq.
1¢ Giraffe, Camelopardalis giraffa, Gmel. Born.
A collection of Actiniz. Purchased.
13 Alpine Newts. Triton alpestris, Laur. Presented by Dr.
Weinland.
. 1 pair of Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Deposited by
Viscount Powerscourt, F.Z.S.
2 Egyptian Foxes. Canis niloticus, Geoff. Presented by Thomas
Blackwall, Esq.
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
2 Black Bullfinches. Melopyrrha nigra (Linn.). Purchased.
6 Melodious Finches. Phonipara canora (Gmel.). Purchased,
2 Olive Finches. Phonipara olivacea (Linn.). Purchased.
1 White-fronted Parrot. Chrysotis leucocephalus (Gmel.). Pur-
chased.
1 Yellow-cheeked Conure, Conurus chrysogenys, Mass, et Souc.
Purchased.
1 Aoudad. Ovis tragelaphus, Desm. Born.
A collection of Marine Animals. Presented by Dr. Salter, F.Z.S,
1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
A. Sarjeant, Esq.
1 Woodcock. Seolopax rusticola, Linn. Presented by C. E,
Boothly, Esq.
4 Common Wolves. Canis lupus, Linn. Born,
1 Smooth Snake, Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by Arthur
Adams, Esq.
2 Collared Peccaries. Dicotyles tajacu Ss Born.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet, yellow variety. Paleornis torquatus
(Linn.). Deposited by Lady Susan Ramsay.
4 Ruddy Sheldrakes. Casarca rutila (Pall.). Hatched.
1 Bronze-winged Pigeon. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched.
1 Cambayan Turtledove. Turtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched.
1 Cheetah. Felis jubata, Schreb. Deposited.
1 Spotted Cuckoo. Ozylophus glandarius (Lath.). Presented by
g H. Cochrane, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Madeiran Lizards. Tetra punctata, Gray, Presented by Walter
de Grey, Esq.
20,
25.
26,
27.
28.
29,
80,
81.
June 1.
- APPENDIX.
6 Bennett’s Wallabies. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. Deposited.
2 Swift Parrakeets. Lathamus discolor (Shaw). Purchased.
. 1 Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Picus major, Linn. Purchased.
1 Ruff. Machetes pugnax (Linn.). Purchased.
. 1 Bonnet Monkey. Jacacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by W.
Pulley, Esq,
2 Common Bluebirds. Sialia wilsoni, Swains. Purchased.
4 Ruffs. Machetes pugnaz (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Turquoisine Parrakeet. Huphema pulchella (Shaw). Sent by
Mr, Walker.
8 Ashy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga poliocephala, Gray. Hatched.
8 Summer Ducks. Azz sponsa (Linn.). Hatched.
2 Brazilian Tortoises. Testudo tabuluta, Walb. Presented by D.
C. Munro, Esq., H. B. M. Consul, Surinam.
1 Blessbok Antelope. Damalis albifrons (Burch.). Deposited
by the Emperor of the French.
1 Undulated Grass-Parrakeet. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw).
Presented by Dr. Sharpley.
1 pair of Mountain-Witch Doves. Geotrygon cristata (Temm.).
Presented by J. T. Telfer, Esq.
6 Gannet-Eggs. Sula bassana, Linn. Presented by Edward Har-
sett, Esq.
i Coinmnon Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). ‘Presented
by J. Rendell, Esq.
2 8 2 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowls. Gallus sonneratii,Temm. Pre-
sented by Col. Denison, F.Z.S.
1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Deposited by Mr. Greey.
1 Antillean Boa. Boa diviniloqua, Dum. et Bibr. Presented by
the Rey. E. Cavendish Taylor, F.Z.S.
1 Dorsal Snake. Philodryas dorsalis, Giinth. From Porto Rico.
Presented by the Rev. E. Cavendish Taylor, F.Z.S.
1 Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by Dr.
Salter, F.Z.S.
5 Marbled Newts. Triton marmorata, Lat. Presented by H.
Woodward, Esq., F.Z.S
13 Green Lizards. Lacerta viridis, Linn, Presented by — Fen-
ton, Esq.
2 Gein Adders. Pelias berus, Merr. Presented by — Fenton,
Esq.
2 Bbuilapien Snakes. Coluber esculapii, Sturm, Presented by
— Fenton, Esq.
5 Mandarin Ducks. Atx galericulata (Linn.). Hatched.
3 Yellow-billed Ducks. Anas xanthorhyncha, Forst. Hatched.
. 4 Bahama Ducks. Peecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched.
12 Spotted Salamanders. Salamandra maculosa (Linn.), Pur-
chased.
. 1 Punjab Wild Sheep. Ovis cycloceros, Hutton. Purchased.
1 Red Brocket Deer. Cervus rufus, F. Cuv. Purchased.
1 pair Green-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio smaragdinus., Temm,
Purchased.
1 Common Adder. Pelias berus, Merr. Presented by Rev. W. Lee.
» 4 Murray Cod. Galaxias scriba. Presented by Capt. Ridges.
1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle. Caretta imbricata. “Presented by E.
W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S.
. 2 African Wild Pigs, Sus scrofa, Linn., var. Presented by A.
Christy, Esq.
=
June 6,
10.
11.
12,
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 541
1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Received in
exchange.
. 2 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched.
1 Mantchourian Crane. Grus montignesia (Vieill.). Hatched.
3 Coots, between Crested and Common species—Fulica cristata,
Lath., and F. atra, Linn. Hatched.
1 Arabian Baboon. Cynocephalus hamadryas (Linn.). Deposited
by Lord. Londesborough.
2 Gigantic Salamanders. Sieboldia maxima (Schleg.). Deposited.
1 West African Tantalus. Tantalus ibis, Linn. Purchased.
) 1 g Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.
1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn, Presented by G. R.
Perry, Esq., British Consulate, Para.
1 Pallas’s Sandgrouse. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.). Presented
by A. Newton, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Common Wombat. Phascolomys wombat, Pér. et Les. Depo-
sited.
1 Pied Mynah. Stwrnopastor contra (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Red Kangaroo. Macropus rufus (Desm.). Deposited.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched.
2 Cambayan Turtledoves. Turtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched.
1 Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by P. Symonds, Esq.
2 Balearic Crowned Cranes. Balearica pavonina, Briss. Depo-
sited.
1 Summer Duck. Azx sponsa (Linn.). Deposited.
4 Common Jays. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Greater Spotted Woodpecker. Picus major, Linn. Purchased.
2 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. De-
osited.
2 Teughing Kingfishers. Dacelo gigantea (Lath.). Deposited.
Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandie, Vieill. Deposited.
2 Water-Tortoises. Deposited.
1 Pig-tailed Monkey. Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.), Presented
by Wm. Jaffray, Esq.
. 1 Red Ground-Dove. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). Hatched.
. 1 Eland (female). Oveas canna (Pall.). Born.
. 2 Blue-headed Pigeons. Starnenas cyanocephala (Linn.). Pur-
chased.
. 1 Mooruk. Casuarius bennettii, Gould. Hatched.
3 Horned Pheasants. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Hatched.
3 Impeyan Pheasants. Luphophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched.
7 Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor, Temm. Hatched.
4 Cheer Pheasants. Catreus wallichti (Hardw.). Hatched.
. 1 Common Peccary. Dicotyles tajagu (Linn.). Deposited.
1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Deposited.
. 3 Pied Wagtails. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould. Hatched.
1 Grey Parrot. Psittacus erythacus, Linn. Deposited.
. 1 Yak. Bos grunniens, Linn. Born.
4 Barn-Owls. Strix flammea, Linn. Purchased.
. 4 Kingfishers. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by Edw. Lukyn,
Esq.
. 1 Common Crane. Grus cinerea, Bechst. Hatched.
38 Common Chameleons. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Presented.
. 1 Mexican Deer. Cervus mexicanus, H. Smith. Presented by
Edw. Sheldon, Esq.
1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle. Caretta imbricata (Linn.). Presented
by Edw. Sheldon, Esq.
542 APPENDIX.
June 26. 1 Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus, Brinn. Hatched.
1 Bramble-Finch. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. Presented by
Mr. Bartlett.
A collecti ce Marine Animals, Presented by Viscount Hamil-
ton, F.Z.8.
27. 1 Coatie Spider Monkey. Ateles paniseus (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Pinche Monkey. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Purchased.
28. 1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta agutt (Limn.). Born.
3 Horned Pheasants. Ceriornis satyra (Cuy.). Hatched.
29. 3 White-throated Sapajous. Cebus hypoleucus, Geoff. Purchased.
1 White-fronted Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. Pur-
chased.
2 Spider Monkeys. Ateles ater, F. Cuv. Purchased.
1 Brown Coati. Naswa narica (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, Tl. Purchased.
1 Azara’s Fox. Canis azare, Pr. Max. Purchased.
4 Wild Ducks. Anas boschas, Linn. Presented by — Coxe, Esq.
1 Rufous Francolin. Galloperdix spadiceus (Gmel.). Purchased.
1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn, Presented by Capt.
Abbott.
80. 1 Allen’s Galago. Galago allenii, Waterh. Presented by W. H.
Ashmall, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
July 1. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented
by M. Bernard.
2. 2 Smooth Snakes. Coronella levis, Lacép. Purchased.
8, 2 Cambayan Turtledoves. Turtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched.
1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gmel.).
Hatched.
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
1 pair of Cereopsis Geese. Cereopsis nove-hollandia, Lath. De-
posited by the Société d’Acclimatation, Paris.
2 Long-necked Chelodines. Chelodina longicollis (Shaw). De-
posited by the Société d’Acclimatation, Paris.
5. 2 Common Kites. Milvus regalis, Briss. Presented by Henry
Oakley, Esq., R.N.
1 Common Barn-Owl. Strix flammea, Linn. Presented by P. D.
Boyle, Esq.
6. 1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Presented by H. B. M.
Consul, Pernambuco.
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoft.). Deposited.
7. 2 Peewits. Vanellus cristatus, Linn.
5 Hormed Tragopans. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Hatched.
8. A collection of Marine Animals. Presented by A. H. Wylie, Esq.
2 Slow Loris. Stenops tardigradus (Linn.). Presented by Dr.
Thomas Coghlan.
9. 1 Red-tailed Buzzard. Buteo borealis (Gmel.). Presented by
Dr. Slack.
10. 1 Plumed Colin. Callipepla picta (Douglas). Purchased.
1 Indian Grakle. Gracula intermedia, lay. Presented by G. C.
Goldsmith, Esq.
1 Gazelle. Gazella dorcas (Linn.). Deposited.
11. 1 Cereopsis Goose. Cereopsts nove-hollandie (Lath.). Deposited.
2 Proteus. Proteus anguinus (Shaw). Presented by T. H.
Chambers, Esq.
14. 3 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 543
July 14. 8 Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor,Temm. Hatched.
16.
16,
18,
22.
23.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
3 Cheer Pheasants. Catreus wallichit (Hardw.). Hatched.
2 Brazilian Tanagers. Ramphocelus brasilius(Linn.). Purchased.
1 Horned Tragopan. Ceriornis satyra (Cuv.). Hatched.
1 Rattle-Snake. Crotalus horridus, Purchased.
1 Green Snake. Purchased.
1 Fierce Snake. Tropidonotus ferox, Giinth. Purchased.
1 West African Tantalus. Tantalus ibis, Linn. On approval.
1 Fraser’s Eagle-Owl. Bubo poensis, Fraser. On approval.
1 Echidna. Echidna hystrix, Cuy. Presented by E. T. Smith,
Esq.
1 Euler Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua galerita (Lath.).
Deposited.
1 Japanese Deer, dg. Cervus sika, Temm, Born.
4 Pied Waetails. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould. Hatched.
1 Common Zebra. <Asinus zebra, Gray. Deposited by the Société
d’Acclimatation, Paris.
1 Cape Hyrax. Hyrax capensis, Schreb. Deposited by the So-
ciété d’Acclimatation, Paris.
2 Egyptian Geese. Chenalopex egyptiaca (Briss.). Deposited
by the Société d’Acclimatation, Paris,
4 Lions. Felis leo, Linn. Born.
1 Wonga-wonga Pigeon. Leucosareia picata (Lath.), Hatched.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched.
2 Long-eared Owls. Otus vulgaris (Linn.). Purchased.
1 pair of Crossbills. Zowia curvirostra, Linn. Purchased.
1 Prairie-Marmot. Arctomys ludovicianus, Ord, Presented by
Capt. James Downie.
1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua rosacea (Lath.). Deposited.
. 2 Hybrid Peafowls. Between $ Pavo nigripennis, Selater, and
© P. eristatus, Linn. Hatched. ;
2 Turquoisine Parrakeets. Huphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched.
1 King Vulture. Gyparchus papa (Linn.). Presented by D,
Powell, Esq., jun.
1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
E. Cheme, Esq.
1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle. Caretta imbricata. Presented by F. T,
Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Sturgeon. -dectpenser sturio, Linn. Purchased.
4 Bartlett’s Pigeons. Phlogenas bartlettii, Sclater. Purchased.
6 King Crabs. Limulus polyphemus. From Liverpool.
3 Common Kingfishers. -Alcedo ispida, Linn, Presented by J.
Marshall, Esq.
1 Black Rat. Mus ratius, Linn. Purchased.
1 Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey. Afeles geoffroyi, Kuhl. Presented
by Edward Greey, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Crested Screamer. Chauna chavaria(?) (Temm.). Presented
by Edward Greey, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Golden Tench. Zinca vulgaris. Presented by F. T. Buckland,
Esq., F.Z.S8.
1 Three-toed Sloth. Bradypus tridactylus, Linn. Presented by
R. G. Meek, Esq.
1 Marmoset Monkey. -Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Deposited.
1 Common Paradoxure. Paradoxurus typus, F. Cuy. Presented
by T. Frost, Esq.
1 Brown Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus (Linn.). Presented
by C. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.
544
Aug. 1.
gobo
10.
12,
18.
14.
APPENDIX.
1 Patas Monkey. Cercopithecus ruber (Gmel.). Presented by
G. E. Stanley, Esq.
1 g Japanese Deer. Cervus sika, Temm. Born.
. L pair Variegated Sheldrakes. Casarca variegata (Gmel.). Pre-
sented by J. D. Tetley, Esq.
1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. Deposited.
. 1 White Egret. Egretta candidissima. Presented by H. Vignoles,
Es
q:
1 Common Jackal. Canis aureus, Linn. Presented by — Brown,
Esq.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
W. B. Watson, Esq.
1 Solitary Thrush. Petrocincla cyanea (Linn.). Presented by
Sir W. H. Fielden.
. 1 Land-Rail. Crezx pratensis, Bechst. Purchased.
4 Night-Herons. Nycticorax europeus, Steph.
. 1 Mealy Amazon. Chrysotis farinosa (Bodd.). Presented by
H. J. Aveling, Esq.
2 Eryx Snakes. Eryx jaculus, Paud. Purchased.
2 Clifford’s Snakes. Zamenis cliffordii (Schl.). Purchased.
2 Four-lined Snakes. Coluber quadrilineatus (Pall.). Purchased.
2Sand-Asps. Vipera ammodytes, Klein. Purchased.
2 Green-and-Yellow Snakes. Coluber viridiflavus. Purchased.
1 Bosk’s Spine-foot. -Aconti/actylus boskianus. Purchased.
2 Ocellated Lizards. Gongylus ocellatus (Daud.). Purchased.
. 1 2 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.
1 Cariama. Cariama cristata, Linn. Presented by William
Downing, Esq.
. 1 Egyptian Goose. Chenalopex egyptiaca (Briss.). Deposited.
2 Sacred Ibis. Geronticus ethiopicus (Lath.). _ Deposited.
3 Radiated Tortoises. Zestudo radiata, Deposited.
1 Jelerang Squirrel. Sevwrus bicolor, Sparrm. Deposited.
1 Ground-Squirrel. Xerus, sp.? Deposited.
3 Tigers. els tigris, Linn. Born.
1 Mountain-Witch Dove. Geotrygon cristata (Temm.). Hatched.
2 Cambayan Turtledoves. Turtur senegalensis (Linn.). Hatched.
1 Herring-Gull. Zarus argentatus, Brinn. Presented by C.
Barn, Esq.
2 Alligators. Alligator mississippiensis (Daud.). Purchased.
1 Fraser’s Eagle-Owl. Bubo poensis, Fraser, Purchased.
1 Barred Owl. Syrnium nebulosum ome). Purchased.
2 Nonpareil Finches. Cyanospiza ciris (Wils.). Purchased.
2 Dufresne’s Waxbills. Zstrelda dufresnit (Vieill.). Purchased.
1 Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Presented by Mr. A. 8. Yates.
2 Common Rheas. Rhea americana, Vieill. Hatched.
1 Red-headed Cardinal. Paroaria dominica (Linn.). Presented
by Mrs. Croskey.
1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.), Presented
by J. Symonds, Esq.
2 Marsh Harriers. Circus eruginosus (Linn.). Presented by
Mr. A. S. Yates.
. 1 Barn-Owl. Strix flammea, Linn. Purchased.
. 1 Maltese Snake. Presented by Charles Wright, Esq.
. 4 Bartlett’s Pigeons. Phlegenas bartlettii, Sclater. "Puichased.
. 1 Alexandrine Parrakeet. Falcornis alexandri (Linn.). Deposited.
2 Australian Lizards. Presented by G. Krefft, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
2 Australian Frogs. Presented by G. Krefft, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 545
Aug.20.1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Presented.
21.
1 King’s Parrakeet. Aprosmictus scapulatus (Bechst.). Presented
by Sir J. Cathcart.
1 Bauer's Parrakeet. Platycercus zonarius (Shaw). Presented
by Sir J. Cathcart,
1 Pale-headed Parrakeet. Platycercus palliceps, Vig. Presented
by Sir J. Cathcart.
- A collection of Marine Animals. Presented by Dr. Salter,
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
1 Cuttlefish. Purchased.
» 1 Toque Monkey. Macucus pileatus (Shaw). Deposited.
. 1 pair Bennett’s Kangaroos. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. Des
posited.
» 1Common Chameleon. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Presented
by W. Gass, Esq.
1 Peewit. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Presented by Mr. Bergmann.
. 1 Howling Monkey. Mycetes wrsinus (Humb.). Presented by
Edward Greey, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
13 South American Lizards. Presented by Capt. Abbott.
1 Howling Monkey. Mycetes ursinus (Humb.). Purchased.
80. A collection of Meduse. Anthea cereus. “Presented by —
Hindly, Esq.
31. 3 Greek Dartlaee: Caccabis saxatilis, Bechst. Presented by
17.
A. H. Layard, Esq., M.P.
1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes, Temm. Purchased.
- 1 Wanderoo Monkey. Silenus veter (Linn.). Presented by Capt.
Pocklington, 18th Reet.
A collection of Marine Animals, Presented by Lady Cust.
» LNaked-eyed Pigeon, Columba gymnophthalma,Temm. Hatched.
2 Cornish Choughs, Fregilus graculus, Cuy. Presented by W.
B. Scott, Esq.
» 1 pair Great Bustards. Otis tarda, Linn. Deposited.
1 Crested Quail. Eupsychortyz cristatus (Linn.). Purchased.
» LSmooth Snake, Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by W.
Penny, Esq.
. 1 Indian Python. Python molurus (Linn.). On approval.
. 1 Common Jackal. Canis aureus, Linn. Presented by J. Millar,
Sq.
1 Red-breasted Pigeon. Phlogenas cruentata (Lath.), Purchased.
» 2 Common Cuckoos. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Presented by R.
F. Lascelles, Esq., jun.
J
» 1 g Indian Elephant. Elephas indicus, Linn. Presented by C.
H. R. Cocq, Esq.
12 Flounders. Platessa flesus (Linn.). Presented by A. Arce-
deckne, Esq., F.Z.S.
A collection of Marine Animals. Purchased.
. 1 Piedmontese Calf. Bos taurus, Linn., var. Born.
» 1 Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. Presented by Dr. Bree.
. 2 Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor,Temm. Hatched.
1 S$ Molucca Deer. Cervus moluccensis, Miill. Purchased.
1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented
by M. Moller.
1 pair Undulated Grass Parrakeets. Melopsittacus undulatus
saab Deposited.
1 Hyrax. Hyrax capensis, Schreb, Presented by Lieut.-General
Wynyard.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXXV.
546
Sept. 18.
19,
21.
22.
APPENDIX.
1 Mauge’s Opossum. Dasyurus maugei, Geoff, Presented by
Rey. E. Selwyn.
1 Indian Civet Cat. Viverricula indica (Geoff.). Presented by
F. W. Robins, Esq.
1 Sambur Deer, ¢. Cervus aristotelis, Cuy. Born.
1 Brush-Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Presented by C.
Moore, Esq.
1 Black-backed Porphyrio. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Pre-
sented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.
2 Wonga-wonga Pigeons. Leucosarcia picata (Lath.). Presented
by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.
3 Australian Sheldrakes. Casarca tadornoides, Jard. et Selb.
Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
2 West African Gallinules. Purchased.
1 Kangaroo. Macropus, sp.? Deposited.
. 8 German Loach. Cobditis fossilis, On approval.
A Collection of Edible Frogs. Rana esculenta, Linn.
. 1 ¢ Giraffe. Camelopardalis gtraffa,Gm. Born.
1 Indian Python. Python molurus (Linn.). Purchased.
. 2 Red Deer. Cervus elaphus, Linn, Deposited.
2 Small-spotted Dogfish. Scyllium eanicula (Linn.). Purchased.
. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geotf. Deposited.
28, 1 ¢ Persian Deer. Cervus wallichii, Cuy. Born.
30,
Oct. 1.
bo
me oo
1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is, Geoff. Presented
by E. B, Kennedy, Esq.
5 Lizards. Iguana tuberculata, Laur., et Anolis cristatella, Dum.
et Bibr. Presented by Capt. Sawyer.
1 ete Cavy. Celogenys paca (Linn.), Presented by Dr.
uggins.
ul Got Precated by R. Swift, Esq., C.M.Z.S., St. Thomas's.
1 Egyptian Monitor. Monitor niloticus, Hasselq. Purchased.
. 3 Diamond Snakes. Morelia spilotes (Lacép.). Presented by G.
Krefft, Esq.
5 Australian Toads, Pseudophryne australis, Presented by G.
Krefft, Esq.
1 Bearded Lizard. Grammatophora barbata.
1 African Leopard. Felis varia toy ). On approval.
4 Hyrax. Hyraxr capensis, Schreb. ochaants
3 Red-backed Shrikes, Purchased.
1 Frugivorous Bat. Pteropus medius,Temm. Presented by Edw.
W. Baychut, Esq.
. 2 Humboldt’s Lagothrix. Lagothriz cana, Humbdt. Purchased.
1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithriz sciureus (Linn.). Purchased.
2 Barred Turtledoves. Geopelia striata (Linn.). Purchased.
2 Swift Parrakeets. Lathamus discolor (Shaw). Received in
exchange.
1 pair Dusky Ducks. Anas obscura, Gm. Presented by A.
Downs, Esq., of Halifax, C.M.Z.S8.
4 Garter Snakes. Zropidonotus ordinatus. Presented by A.
Downs, Esq., of Halifax, C.M.Z.S.
1 Grass-Snake, Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay. Presented by A.
Downs, Esq., of Halifax, C.M.Z.S.
. 1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus apella (Linn.). Presented by W.C.
elaart, Esq.
1 Pale Genet. Genetta pallida, Gray, Presented by J. J. Mon-
teiro, Esq.
Oct. 5.
10,
12.
13.
14.
15.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 547
2 Turquoisine Parrakeets, Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched.
1 White-backed Piping Crow. Gymmnorhina leuconota, Gould,
To be taken care of.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.), Presented by
F. A. Burton, Esq.
6 Arctic Foxes. Canis lagopus, Linn. Presented by Capt.
Stewart.
2 Great Eagle-Owls, Bubo maximus (Aldroy.). Presented by
Capt. Stewart.
. A collection of Marine Fishes. Presented by Dr, Salter, F.Z.S.
1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw), Presented by
G. W. Robinson, Esq.
1 g Persian Deer. Cervus wallichit, Cuv. Born.
1 young Ostrich. Struthio camelus, Linn. Presented by E.
Hertslet, Esq.
2 $ Great Bustards. Otis tarda, Linn. Purchased.
5 Indigo Birds. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Buzzard. Purchased.
3 White Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn., var. Purchased.
1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Deposited.
1 Black Bear. Ursus americanus, Pall. Capt. Herd.
1 Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaétos a Capt. Herd.
1 Duck-Falcon. Falco anatum, Bonap. Capt. Herd.
2 Virginian Owls. Bubo virginianus (Gm.). Capt. Herd.
1 pair Razor-billed Curassows. Pauxi mitu (Linn.). Presented
by the Prince de Joinville.
] Banded Curassow. Crax fasciolata, Spix. Presented by the
Prince de Joinville.
1 White-crested Guan. Penelope leucolopha, Mey. Presented
by the Prince de Joinville,
2 Red and Yellow Maccaws. Ara chloroptera, Gray. Presented
by the Prince de Joinville.
1Gannet. Sula bassana, Linn. Presented by Miss Yardley.
1 African Lepidosiren, River Zambesi. Protopterus annectans,
Owen. Presented by Dr. John Kirk.
1 Ring-Ousel. Zurdus torquatus, Linn, Purchased.
1 Common Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Purchased.
1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn, Presented by J.
Currie, oe
1 White-faced Tree-Duck. Dendrocygna viduata (Linn.). Re-
ceived in exchange,
1 Norway Lemming. Lemnus norvegicus (Worm). Presented
by W. Bell, Esq.
. 2 Common Peccaries. Dicotyles tajagu (Linn.). Born.
. 1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Purchased.
1 = Fleet Eagle. Aguila nevia (Gm.). Purchased.
1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented
by H. Hewitt, Esq.
. 1 Coypu. DMyopotamus coypu (Mol.). Presented by Capt.
Hutchkiss.
. 1 Laland’s Long-eared Fox. Otocyon lalandii (Desm.). Pre-
sented by J. Joshua Barry, Esq.
3 Rhesus Monkeys. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
W. Lloyd, Esq.
1 Indian Rat Snake. Coryphodon blumenbachii (Merr.). Pre-
sented by Dr. Shortt, F.Z.S.
1 Sand-Snake, Presented by Dr. Shortt, F.Z.S.
Oct. 24.
28.
29.
30.
81
Noy. 4,
CO SI OD
10.
13.
14,
16.
APPENDIX.
1 Common Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.).
Presented by J. H. Eden, Ksq.
. 1 Hybrid Jaguar. Between ¢ Felis onca, Linn., and 2 F. her-
nandesit, Gray. Born.
1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
— Halesworth, Esq.
1 Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus (Linn.). Presented by Sir
Charles Esham, Bart.
5 White-backed Piping Crows. Gymmorhina leuconota, Gould.
1 pair Crested Ground-Parrakeets. Calopsitta nove-hollandie
(Gm.). Deposited.
1 Crested Screamer. Chauna chavaria(?) (Temm.). Purchased.
1 Brazilian Caracara. Polyborus brasiliensis (Gm.), Purchased.
1 American Snake.
5 American Lizards.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Depo-
sited.
2 Jerelang Squirrels. Sczwrus bicolor, Sparrm. Deposited.
1 Crocodile. Crocodilus americanus. Purchased.
1 Buzzard. Buteo tachardus. Purchased,
1 Kite. Iilvus parasiticus. Purchased.
1 Tortoise.
1 Great Kangaroo. Macropus major, Shaw. Presented by the
Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
2 White-backed Piping Crows. Gymnorhina leuconota, Gould.
Deposited.
7 South American Ground-Doves. Presented by Capt. Abbott.
1 Spotted Cavy. Cologenys paca (Linn.). Presented by George
Samuel Lennon Hunt, Esq.
. 80 Common Pheasants. Phastanus colchicus, Linn. Purchased.
. 1 2 Great Bustard. Otis tarda, Linn. Purchased.
, 2Stockdoves. Columba enas, Linn. Presented by John Fletcher,
Esq.
1 ieasy Cockatoo. Cacatua roseicapilla, Vieill. Deposited.
1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo. Cacatua leadbeateri (Vig.). Deposited.
2 Raccoons. Procyon lotor (Linn.). Presented by Eghert W.
Cooper, Esq.
1 Long-eared Owl. Otus vulgaris (Linn.), Presented by —
Peacock, Esq. ;
1 Rhesus Monkey. Jacacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by
Robert Langley, Esq.
1 Rose-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua rosacea (Lath.). Presented
by: Mrs. Moss King.
1 pair of White Pheasants. Phasianus colchicus, Linn., var. Pur-
chased.
1 Stanley Parrakeet. Platycercus icterotis (Temm.). Deposited.
2 Barnard’s Parrakeets. Platycercus barnardii (Lath.). Depo-
sited,
2 Adelaide Parrakeets. Platycercus adelaide, Gould. Deposited.
2 Crested Ground-Parrakeets. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gm.).
Deposited.
3 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw).
Deposited.
2 Prencar need Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Depo-
sited.
4 Water-Tortoises, Presented by Mr. A. G, Brown-Séquard,
Noy. 16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
24,
25,
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 549
1 Dingo and 2 puppies. Canis dingo, Blumenb., Presented by
the Acclimatization Society of Victoria.
1 Proteus. Proteus anguinus (Shaw). Presented by F. M. Bur-
ton, Esq.
2 Sacred This. Geronticus ethiopicus (Lath.). Purchased.
1 Toco et Ramphastos toco, Gm, Presented by I’, Ander-
son, Esq.
2 Hawfinches. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Briss. Purchased.
12 Sloth Bear. Melursus labiatus (Blainy.). Presented by Lieut.
James Howe Mardon, 66th Reet.
1 Garnett’s Galago. Otogale garnettii (Ogilby). Purchased.
1 Common Cassowary. Casuarius galeatus (Vieill.). Purchased.
2 Wild Turkeys. Meleagris gallopavo. Purchased,
1QNylghaie. Portax picta (Pall.). On approval.
1 Ostrich. Struthio camelus (Linn.). On approval.
1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.), Presented
by Capt. Soutit.
1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented
by Lieut. James Howe Mardon, 66th Regt.
. 1 Virginian Opossum. Didelphys virginianus, Shaw. Presented
by the Hon. F. North.
3 Pope Fish. -Acerina vulgaris. Purchased.
1 Porpoise. Phocena communis, Less. Presented by J. Minton,
Esq.
4 pairs Californian Quails. Lophortyx californianus (Lath.). Pur-
chased.
2 Small Snakes. Presented by C. A. Wright, Esq.
2 Hyrax. Hyrax capensis, Schveb. Born,
4 Haliotis tuberculata. Purchased.
1 pair Summer Ducks. dix sponsa (Linn.). Purchased.
1 pair Bahama Ducks. Pecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Pur-
chased.
. 1 pair Globose Curassows. Cra globicera, Linn. Purchased.
1
harp-snouted Snake. Heterodon madagascariensis. Presented
by Edward Newton, Esq.
. 1 Buzzard. Deposited.
1 Cuttlefish. Presented by Edward Sheppard, Esq.
. 4 Little Grebe. Podiceps minor, Lath. Presented by Master
A, M. Hall.
. 1 Peregrine Falcon. alco anatum. My. Greey.
1 Black Spider Monkey. Afeles ater, F. Cuv. Mr. Greey.
1 Ashy-headed Goose. Chloéphaga poliocephala, G. R. Gray.
Deposited.
1 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl. Gallus sonnerattiit, Temm. Presented
by Col. Charles Denison.
1 Rufous Spur-fowl. Galloperdix spadicea (Gmel.). Presented
by Col. Charles Denison.
19 Barasingha Deer. Cervus duvaucellit, Cuv. Deposited.
1Q Persian Deer. Cervus wallichii, Cuv. Deposited.
. 2Servals. Felis serval, Schreb. Purchased.
8 Gold Carp. Cyprinus auratus, Linn, Received from G, A,
Hicks, Esq.
1 Snow-Bunting. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linn.). Purchased.
1 young Wolf. Canis lupus, Linn, Presented by the Prince
de Joinville.
3 Common Chameleons, Chameleo vulgaris, Daud, Deposited,
550
Dee, 11.
12,
14,
15,
17
18.
19.
21,
23.
26.
28,
30,
APPENDIX.
1 Molucca Deer. Cervus moluccensis, Mill. Born.
2 Red-breasted Pigeons. Phlogenas cruentata (Lath.), Pur
chased.
1 Little Green-winged Dove. Chalcophaps chrysochlora (Wagl.).
Purchased.
1 Pallas’s Sandgrouse. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.), Presented
by Lord Francis Conyngham.
2 Common Squirrels. Sciwrus vulgaris, Linn. Purchased.
2 Bearded Reedlings. Calamophilus biarmicus(Linn.). Purchased.
4 Cirl Buntings. mberiza cirlus (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Bonnet Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw).
2 Hybrid Doves. Between Zurtur auritus, R., and T. risorius
(Linn.). Purchased.
1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gm.).
Hatched Aug. 12, 1863.
1 Cambayan Turtledove. Turtwr senegalensis (Linn.), Hatched
Aug. 12, 1863.
2 Summer Ducks, Ax sponsa (Linn.). Deposited.
2 Razor-billed Curassows, Pauai mitu (Linn.), Presented by
Sir William Clay, Bart., F.Z.S.
1 Small South American Cat. Felis
William Clay, Bart., F.Z.S.
A collection of French Trout-Spawn. From F. T. Buckland,
Esq., F.Z.8.
1 West African Python. Python sebe (Gm.). Presented by Dr.
Marchisio.
1 2 Sémmering’s Pheasant. Phasianus sceemmeringii, Temm.
Deposited by J. J. Stone, Esq.
1 Common Badger. Meles taxus (Schreb.). Presented by John
Boswell, Esq.
1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented
by H. J. P. Cotton, Esq.
2 Hen Harriers, Circus cyaneus (Linn.), Presented by H. P.
Hensman, Esq.
1 Tiger. Felis tigris, Linn. Born dead.
1 Variegated Touracou. Schizorrhis africana (Lath.). Pur-
chased.
2 Red-headed Cardinals. Paroaria dominica (Linn.). Purchased.
2 Brazilian Blue Grosbeaks. Gwiraca cyanea (Linn.). Purchased.
1 Small 8. A. Bird. Spermophila hypoleuca (Licht.). Purchased,
1 Small 8, A. Bird. Spermophila ophthalmica?, Sclater. Pur-
chased.
4 Black-billed Tree-Ducks, Dendrocygna arborea (Linn.). Pur-
chased.
1 Chameleon (China). Chameleo vulgaris(?). Presented by
B. E. Spraull, Esq.
A collection of Marine Animals, Presented by Mr, Thompson.
? Presented by Sir
Acanthophis, 58.
ceramensis, 58.
cerastinus, 58,
Acanthylis
albicollis, 99.
bicolor, 205.
caudacuta, 263, 338.
cinereicauda, 101.
collaris, 99.
oxyura, 101.
elasgia, 100.
Futile, 100.
semicollaris, 99.
spinicauda, 101.
vauxit, 100.
Accentor
alpinus, 335.
modularis, 159.
rubidus, 335.
Accipiter
n. sp., 484.
approximans, 484.
cruentus, 22, 484,
487. tn 2
thrauchen, 21.
pears. 332.
hiogaster, 487.
nisus, 261, 332, 516.
rubricollis, 19, 21.
stevensoni, 261.
sylvestris, 484, 487.
virgatus, 207.
Achatina ?, 411, 412.
octona, 412,
trypanoides, 411, 412.
Achatinella, 416.
Acherontia
Acmza
mesoleuca, 361.
INDEX.
Acreea
lycia, 477.
obeira, 65.
rakeli, 64.
serena, 64,
zitja, 64,
Acridium
ruficorne, 480.
Acridotheres
cristatellus, 302, 337.
siamensis, 303.
Acrocephala
australis, 25.
magnirostris, 293.
orientalis, 485.
Acryllium, 126.
Adamsia, 421.
adelaide, 421, 428.
typica, 421.
Adeorbis, 72.
? abjecta, 352, 354.
angasi, 424, 428.
carinata, '75, '76.
clausa, 75.
corniculum, 75.
depressa, 75.
diaphana, 76.
japonica, 75.
nanula, 75.
orbella, '75.
patruelis, 75.
plana, 75.
prominula, 75.
subangulata, 76.
subcarinata, 75, 76.
suturalis, 75.
trochula, 75.
verreauxit, 72.
ZKgialites
cantianus, 310.
geoffroytt, 222.
hiaticula, 309.
leschenaultii, 309.
mongolicus, 310.
philippinus, 222, 310.
ABgiothus
canescens, 299.
ABgiothus
linarius, 160, 299.
minor, 160.
/®pyornis
maxima, 438.
/schna, 166.
Agapornis
pullaria, 516.
Agaronia
testacea, 342.
Agelastus, 115, 126.
meleagrides, 126.
Ahetulla
liocerca, 55.
Aix,529.
galericulata, 324.
Alaba, 434.
Alasmodon
angasana, 418.
Alauda
arvensis, 89, 160, 271,
334.
cantarella, 271.
ceelivox, 89, 272, 334,
galerita, 272.
antermedia, 89, 271.
Japonica, 271, 334.
leantungensis, 272.
mongolica, 271.
pekinensis, 89, 271.
pispoletta, 271.
Alca
impennis, 455.
monocerata, 330.
torda, 330, 517.
Alcedo
bengalensis, 209, 3383.
biru,
collarts, 23.
dea, 24, 25.
éspida, 269, 516.
ispidioides, 269.
meningting, 484.
moluccensis, 18, 25, 484,
Alcippe
brunnea, 333.
morrisonia, 330.
552
Alcyone, 481.
Alectrophasis
pyronotus, 120.
Aletes
centiquadrus, 308.
Alvania
tumida, 353.
Amadina, 481.
castanotis, 495.
insularis, 486, 495.
Amauropsis
moercht, 421, 428.
Ameria, 417.
lirata, 60.
Ammodromus
manimbe, 189.
petenicus, 189.
Amunicola
hindsii, 67.
Ampeliceps
coronatus, 371.
Ampelis
garrula, 298, 336.
phenicoptera, 336.
Amphidesma
bicolor, 367.
? ellipticum, 367.
procimum, 307.
pulchrum, 367.
striosum, 367.
tortuosum, 367.
ventricosum, 367.
Amphidisci, 443.
Amphipeplea
phillipsi, 416.
vinosa, 415.
Amphiuma, 203.
Ampullaria
adusta, 60.
lattre?, 414.
sordida, 60.
Amycla, 345,
Anachis
atramentaria, 344.
conspicua, 344,
costellata, 344.
diminuta, 344.
fluctuata, 344.
Sulva, 344.
guatemalensis, 345.
lyrata, b44.
mesta, 345.
nigricans, 345,
pygmed, 340.
rugosa, 345.
scalarina, 344,
varia, 345.
Anartia
fatima, 248.
nas
acuta, 324,
INDEX,
Anas
atra, 324.
boschas, 160, 324, 517,
529.
elangula, 324.
celypeata, 324.
crecca, 324.
falcaria, 324.
gibbifrons, 487.
glocitans, 324.
guttulata, 36.
histrionica, 324.
penelope, 324.
pecilorhyncha, 324.
querquedula, 324.
radjah, 36.
spectabilis, 324,
stelleri, 324.
strepera, 324.
superciliosa, 487.
Anatina
alta, 368.
Anchistia, 502.
esopia, 502, 505.
ensifrons, 503.
cylus
kootaniensis, 69.
Angasella, 521.
Angasia, 498.
pavonina, 498,
Anolis, 236
Anomalocardia
subimbricata, 365.
subrugosa, 369.
Anomia, 359.
sp. ind. a, 362.
lampe, 359, 372.
tenuis, 362.
Anota, 196.
Anous
stolidus, 329.
Anser
albifrons, 323.
bernicla, 328.
brenta, 323.
cinereus, 328.
cygnotdes, 323.
erythropus, 323.
ferus, 323.
grandis, 323.
hyperboreus, 323.
leucopsis, 323.
minutus, 323.
palustris, 517.
rujicollis, 323.
segetum, 323.
Antelope, Four-horned, 4.
Antelopes, Large, 5
Antelope, Sable, 5.
Antelopes, Small, 5.
Anthochera, 483.
| Anthreptes
lepida, 220, 486.
Anthus, 90, 91.
agilis, 273, 334.
aquaticus, 273, 334.
arboreus, 160, 273.
blakistonii, 90, 273.
cervinus, 273, 334.
gustavi, 90.
japonicus, 273, 334.
medius, 485, 488.
obscurus, 90, 273.
pratensis, 90, 160.
richardi, 334.
thermophilus, 272.
(Agrodroma) gustavt,
273.
Antigone
montignesia, 309.
Antilope
saltatrix, 4,
saltiana, 4.
semmeringti, 3.
Aplexa
hypnorum, 417.
Apoderus, 166.
Aprosmictus
amboinensis, 21.
erythropterus, 232.
vulneratus, 484,
Apternus
tridactylus, 333.
Apteryx, 515, 517.
australis, 517.
mantellii, 234, 235.
Aquila
chrysaétos, 332.
heliaca, 259.
imperialis, 259.
mogilnik, 259.
ne@via, 332, 371.
Arachnocebus, 150.
Arachnothera
longirostris, 220.
ca
sp. ind. a, 364.
alternata, 364.
? aviculoides, 364.
emarginata, 364,
gradata, 364.
grandis, 364.
mutabilis, 364,
reeviand, 364.
reversa, 364.
similis, 364,
solida, 364.
zuberculosa, 364.
(Byssoarca) pholadi-
formis, 364.
(Byssoarea) tobagensis,
364,
pen erery ss 512, 517,
allen 150.
calabarensis, 150.
Arctonyx
collaris, 370.
ea
atricapilla, 164.
bubulcus, 164.
caledonicus, 35.
cinerea, 223, 319, 321,
516.
egrettoides, 319.
Havicolls, 35.
goisagi, 320.
javanica, 35.
minuta, 321.
modesta, 319.
ete 222,319,321,
516.
speciosa, 320.
syrmatophora, 319.
typhon, 487.
Ardeola
i leggy 320.
sinensis,
Ardetta
cinnamomea, 223, 320.
flavicollis, 35, 320.
sinensis, 321.
Argobuccinum
Leone
Argus, 115, 1
Gaepehes 1234, 127, 222,
371.
ocellatus, 124,
Aricia
arabicula, 340.
punctulata, 340.
Aromochelys, 202.
leucogaster, 28, 217,
ieeriale, 233.
apuensis, 29.
S eecilatun 485.
fervida, 167, 168.
mis
dunkeri, 365.
saccata, 365,
dinax
_ canturians, 294.
minutus, 294. ~
q olivaceus, 294.
_ Asio
a brachyotus, 332,
_— otus, 332, 516.
INDEX.
Assiminea
bridgesi, 435.
latericea, 434,
Astur
cruentus, 22.
palumbarius,
Atella
phalanta, 477.
Athene
cuculoides, 262.
florensis, 484, 488.
guteruhi, 484,
hantu, 19, 22
hirsuta, 488.
noctua, 516.
pardalota, 332.
squamipila, 22.
Atheris, 16.
burtonii, 16.
Auchenia
glama, 230,
pacos, 230,
Aulopus, 44
Auricula, 358.
Avahis, 141.
laniger, 141.
Avicula
libella, 363.
? margaritifera, 363.
sterna, 363.
Aye-aye, 49, 151.
Balena, 198.
Baleeniceps
rex, 517.
Balznoptera, 199.
Bambusicola
sonorivor, 338.
thoracica, 397.
Barbatia
alternata, 364.
gradata, 364,
allota, 364.
reeviana, 364.
solida, 364.
Barnea
candida, 369.
Basanistes
cissotdes, 105.
Batagur, 178, 253.
lineata, 253.
smithii, 258.
Batatas
edulis, 308.
Batrachostomus
auritus, 212.
crinifrons, 212.
Javensis, 211.
moniliger, 212.
psilopterus, 212,
stellatus, 212.
261, 332.
553
Baza
reinwardtii, 21, 484.
Bela
australis, 420.
mitralis, 420.
nebula, 420.
terricula, 348.
turricula, 420.
Belostoma, 166.
Beluga, 201.
Berardus, 200.
Bezoardica
abbreviata, 845.
Bivonia
glomerata, 358,
Bizone
amatura, 167.
Blandfordia, 519.
striatula, 523.
Blatta, 387.
sublevis, 237.
Bombodes, 474;
Bos
caffer, 2.
Ffrontalis, 157, 371.
planiceros, 157, 158
Botaurus
minutus, 516.
stellaris, 320.
Bothrops
alternans, 54.
castelnaudii, 54
Bottlenoses, 200.
Brachyotus
palustris, 262.
Brachypternus, 87.
fokiensis, 87.
Brachypteryx, 515.
Bradicebus, 149.
Bradyornis
ruficauda, 105.
spekez, 105.
Brama
princeps, 36.
rat, 38.
Bubal ?, 3.
Bubalus
brachyceros, 157
158.
caffer, 157.
reclinis, 157, 15&
554
Bubo
atheniensis, 262.
caligatus, 382.
fasciolatus, 376.
maximus, 262, 33:
poénsis, 376.
Buccinum
crassum, 343.
distortum, 348.
insigne, 343.
lugubre, 343.
? lugubre, 343.
pagodus, 343,
pristis, 343.
ringens, 343.
sanguinolentum, 343.
stimpsonianum, 343.
Bucco
grandis, 269.
Buceros, 18.
bicornis, 48.
cavatus, 371.
pica, 104.
pusaran, 371.
ruficollis, 516.
tickellii, 371.
(Hydrocissa) pica, 85.
Buck, Black, 4.
Budytes
cinereocapilla, 274.
flava, 274, 334.
raii, 334, 516.
taivana, 334.
viridis, 214.
Buffalo, 156.
Bufo, 203.
Buliminus
Nees adelaide,
2
Bulimus, 519.
angasianus, 528.
dohrnii, 525.
melo, 522.
meridionalis, 522.
physoides, 522.
recedens, 525.
trilineatus, 522.
undatus, 412.
virgulatus, 412.
(Liparus) angasianus,
Bulla
sp. ind., 358.
adamsii, 358.
punctata, 358.
punctulata, 358.
(Cylichna) Zuticola, 358.
(Tornatina) infrequens,
358.
Bullina
(Tornatina) eximia, 67.
INDEX.
Bungarus
ceruleus, 871.
fasciatus, 371.
Buphus
coromandelicus, 320.
Bustard, 5.
Butalis
Ferrugined, 288.
griseisticta, 288, 335.
grisola, 288
latirostris, 288, 335.
rufescens, 288.
Buteo
hemilasius, 332.
Japonicus, 260, 332.
poliogenys, 332.
pyrrhogenys, 260.
vulgaris, 516.
Butorides
Javanicus, 35, 223, 320,
487.
virescens, Var. SCapu=
laris, 320.
Byssoarca
mutabilis, 364.
Cacatua, 18.
sulphurea, 484.
Caccabis
rufa, 127.
Cacomantis
assimilis, 22.
sepulchralis, 209.
tymbonomus, 23, 484,
Czcum
diminutum, 350.
eburneum, 350.
Jjirrmatum, 350.
firmatum, jun., 350.
leve, 350.
laqueatum, 350.
monstrosum, 350.
parvum, 350.
pygmeum, 350.
undatum, 350.
Calamodyta
~ aquatica, 92.
maackii, 293.
phragmitis, 92, 159,
29ah
sorghophila, 92, 293.
Calamoherpe
aédon, 294, 336.
bistrigiceps, 293, 336.
cantans, 294, 336.
cantillans, 294, 336.
canturians, 294, 386.
Sumigata, 91, 293.
minuta, 294, 336.
newtont, 165.
orientalis, 91, 293.
Calamoherpe
palustris, 159.
turdoides, 91, 92,
293.
Calandrella
brachydactyla, 271.
pispoletia, 271.
Calidris
arenaria, 815, 317.
Caligo
qax, 248.
é oileus, 248.
allidryas
organs 943.
statira, 242.
trite, 248.
Calliope
kamtschatkensis, 292,
336
Calliostoma
antonii, 355.
imbricatum, 360.
leanwm, 305.
Callista
aurantia, 365.
chionea, 365.
. concinna, var., 365.
consanguinea, 365.
Calliste
dowii, 168, 169.
Francesce, 169.
Srantzii, 169.
gyroloides, 169.
anornata, 169.
larvata, 169.
nigriviridis, 168.
Callochiton
elenensis, 362.
pulchellus, 362.
Callogorgia
verticillaris, 505.
Callopoma
fluctuosum, 356.
saxosum, 356.
tessellatum, 356.
(Turbo) ? fluctuatum,
var. depressum, 306.
Callotus, 132, 145.
monteiri, 145.
Caleenas
nicobarica, 372.
Caloramphus
sanguinolentus, 210,
Calornis,
albifrons, 302.
cantor, 218.
minor, 486.
obscura, 32.
Calotes ?, 371.
Calyptomena
viridis, 214.
Calyptorhynchus, 483.
Calyptrea
aberrans, 359.
cepacea, 359.
conica, 359.
dentata, 359.
hispida, 359.
imbricata, 359.
maculata, 359.
var., 359.
macxillaris, 359.
planulata, 359.
radiata, 359.
wmbrella, 359.
2? unguis, 360.
(Syphopatella) aspersa,
359.
(Syphopatella) regula-
ris, 359.
Camelopardalis
giraffa, 230.
Campephaga?, 282.
avensis, 282.
culminatus, 282.
marginata, 19, 31.
plumbea, 31, 485.
silens, 282.
Campulotus
antiquus, 431.
cumingit, 430.
Cancellaria
affinis, 347.
goniostoma, 347.
pygmed, 347.
urceolata, 347.
Cancroma
ytiscivorus, 263.
ewropeus, 160,263, 516.
jotaka, 263, 333.
macrourus, 22, 484,
monticola, 263.
stictomus, 263, 333.
swinhoti, 263.
tenuirostris, 501, 505.
INDEX.
Caradina
truncifrons, 499, 505.
Carbo
Jilamentosus, 325,
Cardellina, 186.
versicolor, 188.
Cardita
affinis, 365.
laticostata, 365.
radiata, 365.
Cardium
graniferum, 365.
obovale, 365.
planicostatum, 365,
procerum, 365.
senticosum, 365.
Carduelis
elegans, 160.
Cariama, 513.
Carinea
emarginata, 340,
gibbosa, 340
Carpococcyx
radiatus, 28.
Carpodacus
erythrinus, 299, 336.
roseus, 336.
Carpophaga
so O31, 486.
bicolor, 33.
cineracea, 486.
ianthina, 338.
luctuosa, 33.
melanura, 33.
muicrocera, 1.
perspicillata, var., 33.
rosacea, 486.
asarca
rutila, 324,
Cassis
abbreviata, 345.
coarctata, 345.
inflata, 345.
Casuarius
bennettii, 234, 518.
galeatus, 234.
uniappendiculatus,
2
25.
Cat, Wild, 4.
Cathartes
aura, 225.
urubitinga, 224.
Catodon, 199, 201.
Catreus, 117.
wallichit, 104.
Cebus ?, 47.
Centetes
ecaudatus, 161, 237.
Centrolophus, 378.
Centrophanes
lapponica, 301, 337.
555
Centropus
affinis, 209, 485.
bengalensis, 266.
eurycercus, 266, 267.
medius, 23.
phasianus, 28.
philippensis, 209.
rufipennis, 266, 267.
sinensis, 266.
tolu, 164.
viridis, 266, 267, 333.
Cephalophacus, 151.
Ceratinia, 245.
Ceratorhyncha
monocerata, 830.
Cerberus
acutus, 58.
boeformis, 58.
Cercocebus
fuliginosus, 47.
Cercopithecus
nictitans, 47.
Ceriornis
caboti, 115, 122, 123,
307.
melanocephala, 122,
127.
satyra, 104, 122, 127.
temminckii, 123, 307.
Cerithidea
albonodosa, 350.
mazatlanica, 350.
montagnei, 350.
pulchra, 350.
varicosa, 350.
Cerithiopsis
assimilata, 349,
bimarginata, 349.
neglecta, 349.
tuberculoides, 350.
Cerithium
adustum, 349.
assimilatum, 349.
bimarginatum, 349.
famelicum, 349.
var. meee 349.
alapaginis, 349.
pat ON 349.
? interruptum, 349,
arroratum, 349.
maculosum, 349,
medioleve, 349.
neglectum, 349,
penis ar P
acificum, 5
Faupetnlies 350.
pulchrum, 350.
reevianum, 350.
stercusmuscarum, 349.
uncinatum, 349.
validwm, 350.
556
Certh
bits 160,270,333.
Cervus
aristotelis, 230.
axis, 230.
canadensis, 230.
dama, 47.
duvaucellit, 230.
equinus, 224.
frontalis, 370.
huhlii, 224.
nemorivagus, 224,
porcinus, 224, 230.
rusa, 224, 230.
schomburgki, 156, 225.
sika, 230.
wallichii, 230.
Ceryle
lugubris, 339.
rudis, 269.
Cete, 198.
rufidorsa, 213, 484,
Cheetura, 205.
100,
australis, 268.
bicolor, 205.
brunneitorques, 100.
cassint, 205.
cinereiventris, 99, 101.
macroptera, 263.
nudipes, 263.
pelasgia, 99, 100, 101.
poliura, 99, 101.
rutila, 99, 100.
sabini, 205.
semicollaris, 99.
spinicauda, 99, 101.
vauct, 98, 99, 100.
zonaris, 99,
Cheetusia
wagleri, 309.
Chalcophaps
javanica, 486.
moluccensis, 34.
timoriensis, 486.
Chama
buddiana, 364.
? corrugata, 364.
echinata, 364.
(? frondosa, vay.) for-
nicata, 364.
mexicana, 364.
( frondosa) mexicana,
364
Chameleo
abyssinicus, 95,
affinis, 95,
africanus, 47,
INDEX.
hameleo
levigatus, 95.
senegalensis, 94.
haptia
brauneana, 335.
malayensis, 218.
Charadrius
alexandrinus, 310.
astaticus (caspicus),
309.
calidris, 315.
cantianus, 310.
cirripedesmos, 310.
curonicus, 310.
geoffroyi, 309.
hiaticula, 517.
leschenaultii, 309, 487.
longipes, 222, 308, 487.
magnirostris, 35.
minor, 310.
mongolicus, 310.
philippinus, 310.
pyrrhothorax, 310.
ruficollis, 310.
rufinellus, 310.
sanguineus, 310.
tenellus, 164,
virginicus, 309.
Charaxes
cacuthis, 478.
etheta, 478.
Charrs, 6.
Chauna
chavaria, 377.
derbiana, 377.
‘haus
pulchella, 184.
servalinus, 184, 185.
Cheetah, 181.
Cheirogale, 145.
Cheirogaleus, 132, 142.
commersonit, 148.
Sfurecifer, 145.
griseus, 142,
mili, 142.
minor, 149.
smithit, 143, 144.
typicus, 142, 143.
Cheiromys
madagascariensis, 151.
Cheirosciurus, 145.
Chelidon
blakistoni, 287, 335.
lagopoda, 287, 335.
urbica, 287.
Chelydra, 202.
Chemnitzia
aculeus, 351.
acuminata, 351.
affinis, 351.
C. B. Adamsii, 852.
Chemnitzia
clathratula, 351.
communis, 354,
gracilior, 351.
gracillima, 352.
major, 351.
marginata, 351.
panamensis, 351, 352.
similis, 352.
striosa, 852.
turrita, 352, 354.
undata, 351.
vancouverensis, 67.
Chenalopex, 514.
Chiasmodon, 408.
niger, 408.
Chibia
hottentotta, 285.
Chilonycteris
gymnonota, 83.
Chione
amathusia, 365.
crenifera, 365.
lordit, 69.
Chionis, 513.
Chirogaleus, 380.
griseus, 161
Chiromys, 151.
me eS 49.
Chita, 181
Chiton
clathratus, 362.
dispar, 362.
? luridus, 862.
pulchellus, 362.
stokesiz, 362.
Chlorospiza
kawariba, 336.
sinica, 299, 336.
Chondropoma
ottonis, 412.
Chondrula, 522.
lepidula, 522.
Chroicocephalus
brunneicephalus, 327.
capistratus, 327.
ichthyattos, 327.
kitthtzii, 328.
minutus, 328.
ridibundus, 327.
sabinit, 328.
Chromoptila, 474.
hrysallida
clathratula, 351.
communis, 351.
effusa, 351.
ovulum, 354.
telescopium, 351.
Chrysemys, 202.
Chrysococcyx, 28.
chalcites, 209, 484.
aS.
Chrysococcyx
wanthorhynchus, 209.
Chrysodomus
antiquus, 347,
tabulatus, 66.
Chrysomitris
atriceps, 190.
notata, 190.
spinus, 299, 336.
Cicada, 478.
Ciconia
alba, 319.
nigra, 319.
Cincloramphus
eruralis, 233.
Cinclus
pallasit, 277, 334,
? Cingula
inconspicua, 354,
paupercula, 354.
saxicola, 354.
terebellum, 354,
turrita, 354,
Cinnyris
clementia, 32.
zenobia, 32.
Circus
eruginosus, 180, 332.
assimilis, 180.
cineraceus, 516.
cyaneus, 180, 261, 382,
516,
macrosceles, 180.
maillardi, 180.
melanoleucus, 261.
pallidus, 261.
spilonotus, 261, 332.
swainsonii, 261.
Cirsotrema
funiculatum, 356.
Cisticola
brunneicephala, 295.
cursitans, 295.
fuscicapilla, 485,
8
488.
lineocapilla, 26, 485.
ruficeps, 485, 489.
rustica, 19, 25.
schenicola, 295, 336.
tintinnabulans, 295.
volitans, 336
Cistoclemmys, 175.
flavomarginata, 175.
Cistudo, 174, 179, 202.
blandingii, 175.
carolina, 174, 175.
dentata, 178.
mexicana, 174,
triunguis, 174.
Cistula
trochlearis, 412.
INDEX,
Cithara
angela, 419, 428.
bella, 419, 428.
compta, 419, 428.
concinna, 347.
lyrata, 419.
Cithna, 110, 113,
globosa, 113.
spirata, 113.
Clangula
glaucion, 529.
Clathurella
bicanalifera, 347.
purpurea, 421,
reticosa, 420.
rigida, 348.
Clavella
distorta, 343.
Cleodora, 378.
Climacteris
melanura, 233.
Clotho
nasicornis, 16.
Coccothraustes
melanurus, 299,
personatus, 299.
vulgaris, 47, 160, 299,
337.
var., 337.
Coilia, 406.
Collocalia, 192, 382,
brevirostris, 384.
cinerea, 384, 385.
concolor, 384.
esculenta, 384.
francica, 384, 385.
fuciphaga, 383, 385,
484.
var. leucophea, 385.
hypoleuca, 384.
leucopygia, 384.
linchit, 383, 384.
nidifica, 212, 384,
spodiopygia, 384,
troglodytes, 384
unicolor, 384,
Collonia, 72.
phasianella, 356.
Colluricincla, 483.
brunnea, 233.
Coleenis
phaéthusa, 248.
vanille, 248.
Coluber, 60.
esculapii, 47.
holochrous, 58, 59.
quaterradiatus, 47.
Columba
sp. ind., 345.
amboinensis, 34,
aromatica, 33,
557
Columba
cincta, 496, 497.
guinea, 106.
intermedia, 371.
leucozonura, 306.
livia, 516.
enas, 529.
palumbus, 516.
perspicillata, 33.
punicea, 371.
rupestris, 306, 338.
tigrina, 221.
viridis, 34.
viridis amboinensis, 33.
Columbella
atramentaria, 344,
bicanalifera, 344.
boivinii, 344.
conspicua, 344,
costellata, 344, 345,
diminuta, 344,
dorsata, 344.
festiva, 344.
Jfluctuata, 344, 345.
fulva, 344.
fuscata, 344.
gibberula, 344,
gracilis, 344.
guttata, 344.
harpeformis, 345.
lyrata, 344.
major, 344,
modesta, 344,
mesta, 345,
nigricans, 345.
parva, 345,
pulchrior, 345.
pygmed, 345.
rugosa, 345,
strombiformis, 345,
sulcosa, 349.
tessellata, 345.
turrita, 345.
varia, 345.
Colymbus
arcticus, 322.
glacialis, 322.
septentrionalis,322,517.
Cominella, 421.
Conradia, 110, 423.
carinifera, 112.
cingulifera, 111.
clathrata, 112.
doliaris, 112.
pulchella, 112.
tornata, 112.
Conurus
aureus, 47.
Conus, 418.
anemone, 418.
nove-hollandie, 418,
558
Conus
purpurascens, 345.
regalitatis, 345.
Copsychus
amenus, 216,
macrurus, 206.
pluto, 216.
saularis, 291.
suavis, 206, 216.
Coracias
affinis, 159.
garrula, 333.
andica, 159.
pacifica, 25,
Coracopsis
nigra, 164.
vasa, 164.
Coralliophila
asperrima, 431,
confragosa, 432,
elaborata, 433.
nodulosa, 431.
retusa, 432.
salebrosa, 431. _
scalariformis, 431.
senticosa, 432.
undosa, 432.
Corbula
sp. ind. a., 368.
sp. ind. &., 369.
bicarinata, 368.
biradiata, 368, 369.
obesa, 368.
ovulata, 368.
polychroma, 369,
pustulosa, 368.
rubra, 368.
tenuis, 368.
Coronella, 57.
Corvus, 18.
corax, 338.
corone, 160, 218, 305.
culminatus, 805.
dauricus, 304,
enca, 805. Scaytthuk
frugilegus, : h
305, 308, 516.
japonicus, 305, 338.
macrorhynchus,305,486
monedula, 160.
pastinator, 305, 338.
pectoralis, 30\.
sinensis, 805, 338.
torquatus, 305.
validus, 218.
(Monedula) neglectus,
305
Corydalla, 90.
infuscata, 272.
richardi, 272.
sinensis, 272.
INDEX,
Corydon
sumatranus, 214,
Coryphena, 378.
Coryphodon, 60.
pantherinus, 54.
Corythaix
buffonid, 516.
Corythornis
vintsioides, 162.
Corythus
enucleator, 336.
Coturnix
chinensis, 221.
communis, 308.
dactylisonans, 808.
var., 338.
raaltenii, 486.
Cotyle
riparia, 287, 288, 335.
sinensis, 288, 335,
Coua
cerulea, 164.
Couthouyia, 110.
decussata, 111.
plicifera, 111.
reticulata, 111,
striatula, 111,
Crabyzos, 504,
longicaudatus, 504, 505.
Cracticus, 483.
Crangon, 503.
intermedia, 503, 505.
Craspedocephalus, 51.
atrox, 51, 52, 53, 54.
bilineatus, 54.
brasiliensis,51,52,53,54.
Jararaca, 52.
lanceolatus, 51, 54.
Crassatella, 424.
aurora, 426, 428.
banksii, 427, 428.
corrugata, 70.
esquimalti, 70.
gibbosa, 368.
Crateropus
Jjardinit, 105.
Crax
globicera, 516.
Crepidula
aculeata, 360.
adunca, 361.
cerithiicola, 360.
echinus, 360.
excavata, 360.
? hepatica, 360.
éncurva, 360.
lessonii, 360, 361.
nivea, 360, 361.
var., 360.
var. striolata, 361,
onyx, 360,
Crepidula
osculans, 361.
rostrata, 361.
rostriformis, 361,
sguama, 360,
uncata, 361.
unguiformis, 360, 361.
Creseis, 378.
rex
pratensis, 516.
Criniger,
gutturalis, 216.
mysticalis, 19, 28.
simp
Crossoptilon, 115, 118.
auritum, 118.
mantchuricum,118,306.
tibetanum, 118.
Crucibulum
imbricatum, 359.
var., 359.
radiatum, 359.
rude, 359.
spinosum, 359.
jun., 360.
wmbrella, 359.
Crypsirrhina
aterrima, 206, 218.
leucoptera, 206.
Ctenostoma, 474.
Cuculus
affinis, 209, 266.
assimilis, 22.
canoroides, 484.
canorus, 264, 265, 333,
16
516.
Sugax, 265.
himalayanus, 265.
hyperythrus, 265.
kelungensis, 333.
lepidus, 209, 266, 484.
maculatus, 264.
micropterus, 265.
mindanensis, 264,
niger, 264.
orientalis, 264.
poliocephalus, 265.
pumilus, 266
saturatus, 265.
scolopaceus, 264.
sparverioides, 265.
tenuirostris, 266.
tolu, 266.
Cuma
costata, 344.
kiosquiformis, 344.
tecta, 344,
- Cumingia
sp. ind. a, 367.
sp. ind. 6, 367.
sp. ind. ¢, 367.
Cumingia
sp. ind. d, 367.
adamsii, 367.
coarctata, 367.
yar., 367.
lamellosa, var., 367.
trigonularis, 367.
Cuora, 176.
amboinensis, 176.
trifasciata, 176.
var., 176.
Cuscus, 483.
Cuvieria, 378.
Cyanecula
cerulecula, 291.
Cyanopica
eyanea, 304
Cyanoptila
cyanomelena, 290, 335.
Cyanospiza
Poors 337.
yvar., 337.
Cyanotreron, 481.
Cybister, 166.
Cyclas, 426.
(Spheerium) madagas-
cariensis, 61.
Cyclemys, 177.
belli, 179.
dentata, 178.
mouhotii, 175.
oldhamii, 178, 179.
orbiculata, 178, 179.
ovata, 178.
platynota, 177.
Cyclina
subquadrata, 365.
Cyclodus
boddaértit, 58.
carinatus, 58, 59.
gigas, 59.
Cyclostrema, 71.
ammonoceras, : 3.
anaglyptum, 73.
tigwottum, 73.
cingulatum, 73.
cinguliferum, 73.
micans, 73.
pulchellum, 73.
reevianum, 73.
schrammi, 73.
sulcatum, 73.
Cygnus
"Fewiekii, 328,
minor, 323.
musicus, 323.
olor, 515, 517.
Cylichna
luticola, 358.
Cylindrella
arctispira, 412.
INDEX.
Cyllene
lactea, 422.
Cymba
sagittata, 378.
Cymbirhynchus
TAsr caked: 214,
Cynisca
Japonica, 72.
Cynocephalus
pm 238.
porcarius, 47.
Cynophis, 60.
Cyornis
hyacinthina, 485.
rea
arabicula, 340.
cervinetta, 340.
exanthema, 340.
punctulata, 340.
pustulata, 340.
radians, 341.
rubescens, 341.
sanguinea, 341,
Cypselus
acutus, 101.
affinis, 264.
var., 264.
apus, 516.
australis, 263.
collaris, 99.
leuconotus, 263,
murarius, 160.
mystaceus, 22,
pacificus, 263.
pelasgius, 101.
poliourus, 101,
senex, 99.
spinicauda, 101,
subfurcatus, 264, 333.
vauxit, 100.
vittatus, 263, 264, 333.
Cyrene
maritima, 365.
Cystignathus, 390.
Cytherea
affinis, 365.
aurantiaca, 365.
consanguined, 365.
radiata, 365.
squalida, 365.
Dacelo
giganteus, 516.
Dactylocalyx, 257.
bowerbankit, 258.
pumicea, 259, 450.
Dafila
caudacuta, 517.
erythrorhyncha, 165.
Danais
berenice, 243,
559
Danais
chrysippus, 477.
eresimus, “
erippus, 243.
phedone, 477.
thersippus, 243.
Daption
capensis, 379.
Daronia
spirula, 75.
Daubentonia, 151.
madagascariensis, 151.
Delphinapterus, 200.
Delphingeysiey 200.
phocena, 47.
Delphinula
clathrata, 72.
costata, 110.
discoidea, 72.
levis, 74.
laxa, 74.
nivea, 74.
syderea, 72.
Delphinus, 200.
Dendrochelidon
mystaceus, 22,
wallacii, 22.
Dendrocitta
sinensis, 304,
var., dd7.
Dendrocopus
sordidus, 211,
Dendrocygna
arcuata, 224,
guttulata, 36.
viduata, 106.
Dendreca
chrysoparia, 187, 188.
niveiventris, 187.
townsendii, 188.
virens, 188.
Dendrortyx, 516,
Diadema
anthedon, 65.
bolina, 477.
dexithea, 64, 65.
dubia, 65.
lasinassa, 65,
Diala
lirata, 434.
nodicincta, 434.
Diardigallus, 118.
crawfurdii, 118.
fasciolatus, 118.
prelatus, 76, 118.
Diceum
cruentatum, 219, 494,
erythrothorax, 19, 32.
ignifer, 486, 494.
macklottii, 486, 494.
trigonostygma, 220,
560
Diceum
wulneratum, 32.
Dicholophus, 511.
cristatus, 516.
Dicotyles
tajassu, 47.
Dicrourus
bimaénsis, 485, 492.
cineraceus, 485.
densus, 485.
Dicrurus, 283.
amboinensis, 31.
cineraceus, 285.
forficatus, 163.
leucopheus, 285.
macrocercus, 285, 335.
Didelphis
macrotarsus, 151.
Didunculus, 373, 439.
strigirostris, 102, 103,
372.
Diemansia
annulata, 18.
Diemennia
annulata, 17.
miillerii, 58.
superciliosa, 17, 18.
Dilophyrus
grandis, 371.
Diomedea
brachyura, 329, 380.
chlororhyncha, 378.
exulans, 517,
Suliginosa, 378.
nigripes, 329, 380.
Dioplodon, 200.
densirostris, 200.
Diplonychus, 166.
Dipsas
arregularis, 58.
Dircenna
callipero, 243.
epidero, 244.
Diretmus, 403.
lai 403.
Discin
cumagie 358, 369.
Distortio
constricta, 346,
Dolium
ringens, 343.
Donax
assimilis, 366.
carinatus, 366.
var., 366.
culminatus, 366.
gracilis, 366.
navicula, 366.
rostratus, 366,
Doriprismatica, 510,
imperialis, 510,
INDEX.
Doriprismatica
lineata, 510.
Doris, 510.
excavata, 510,
oreosoma, 510.
papillosa, 510.
tincta, 510.
Dosinia, 424.
diana, 424.
dunkeri, 365.
Japonica, 425.
Draco, 371.
Drillia
aterrima, 347, 348.
var. melchersii, 347,
48.
collaris, 347.
corrugata, 347.
discors, 347.
duplicata, 348.
excentrica, 348.
grandimaculata, 348.
zncrassata, 348.
luctuosa, 348.
nigerrima, 348,
obeliscus, 348.
pallida, 348.
rudis, 348.
striosa, 348.
zonulata, 348.
Dromzus
hie 234,
Dromaius
ater, 517.
Dromicia
concinna, 50.
unicolor, 49.
Dromicus, 55.
temminckii, 57.
(Lygophis) wuchereri,
57.
Dryiophis
acuminata, 55.
argentea, 55.
kirtlandiz, 16.
Drymocataphus
bivittatus, 485, 488.
Drymeca
extensicauda, 294, 336.
flavirostris, 336.
madagascariensis, 162.
Dryocopus
martius, 333.
Dryoscopus
carbonarius, 105.
Sunereus, 105.
ees 106.
Dunkeria
subangulata, 351.
Echidna, 230.
Echidna
atropus, 230.
Eclectus, 481.
grandis, 19.
magnus, 19.
puniceus, 19, 20.
Ecpleopoda, 153.
Edolius
bimaénsis, 492.
brachy yphorus, 218.
brachypterus, 206.
paradiseus, 206.
Egretta
o miie 487.
nigrirostris, 487.
syrmatophora, 487.
Elainea
arenarum, 190.
Elanus
melanopterus, 516.
Elaphis, 60.
Elaps
circinalis, 56.
corallinus, 56.
lemniscatus, 56.
Elephantulum, 350.
Elephas
africanus, 2, 170.
Ellisia
typica, 162.
Emberiza
canescens, 301.
chrysophrys, 301.
cioides, 300.
ciopsis, 300, 337.
citrinella, 216, 516.
elegans, 337.
fucata, 301, 387.
melanops, 300.
miliaria, 160.
personata, 300.
pityornis, 300, 337.
polaris, 301, 337.
pusilla, 301, 337.
rustica, 301, 337.
schaniculus, var. minor,
301.
spodocephalus, 300, 337.
stracheyi, 301.
variabilis, 337.
Emnys, 175, 202.
sp. ?, 47.
adansonii, 195.
bealei, 255.
bennettii, 176, 225.
castanea, 194,
chinensis, 255.
dentata, 178.
europea, 175.
meleagris, 175.
platynota, 177.
Emys
pulcherrima, 255.
sinensis, 176,
Engina, 344.
carbonaria, 345.
pulchra, 345,
Enicurus
coronatus, 276.
Ensatella
rudis, 369.
Enygrus, 58.
carinatus, 58.
leucospila, 22.
iphydatia
canalium, 462.
to
cassius, 478.
tamatave, 65, 478.
drithacus
akahige, 335.
| komadori, 335.
_rubecula, 159, 217.
y hrosterna, 180,
? brunneicauda,
180.
leucurus, 290, 335.
luteola, 290, 335.
parva, 181, 290.
irythrura
sacus
magnirostris, 35.
strelda, 517.
minima, 106
minuta, 354.
phaéton, 516.
Berularis, 355.
valvatoides, 355.
achromia
flavidoventris, 486, 495.
INDEX,
Eulima
recta, 856.
solitaria, 357.
Eumolpe
fragilis, 108.
Euwnyias
melanops, 289.
Euoticus, 140.
Euphyseter, 199.
Euplectes
Jlaviceps, 106.
Euplocamus, 115, 118.
albocristatus, 121,
127.
crawfurdii, 118.
erythrophthalmus, 119,
120, 127.
horsfieldii, 121, 127.
agnitus, 118, 119.
lineatus, 120, 127.
melanotus, 115, 121,
127.
nobilis, 119,
n yethemerus, 120, 127,
307.
personatus, 120,
prelatus, 118.
pyronotus, 120.
swinhoit, 115, 119, 338.
vieillotii, 118, 127.
Euplea
euphone, 477.
Euproctis
producta, 167, 168.
Euptychia
ocyrrhoé, 249.
Eurinorhynchus
pygmeus, 317.
Eurostus
plumbeus, 58,
Hurypyes
helias, 517.
Eurystomus
australis, 25,
orientalis, 214, 269,
pacificus, 25, 484.
Euryta, 418.
fulgurata, 341.
pulchella, 418, 428.
trilineata, 418, 428.
Euspiza
aureola, 300, 337.
cinerea, 300.
rutila, 300, 337.
sulphurata, 300, 337.
Euthria
Susoides, 346.
Eutrochus, 506.
perspectivus, 506.
Excalfactoria
chinensis, 308, 338,
ic, Zoou. Soc.—1863, No. XXXVI.
561
Falcinellus
igneus, 371.
Falvo
esalon, 260, 516.
candicans, 382.
cuculoides, 27, 261.
gymnogenys, 162.
islandicus, 47.
madagascariensis, 162,
peregrinus, 206, 260,
sacer, 260,
subbuteo, 260, 332.
ténnunculus, 516.
vespertinus, 260, 332.
Falcunculus, 483.
Fasciolaria
granosa, 347.
princeps, 347.
Felania
sericata, 365.
tellinoides, 365.
Felis
affinis, 186.
antiquorum, 183.
aurata, 185, 225.
dengalensis, 184, 370.
brachyura, 183,
caffer, 184,
cafra, 186,
caligata?, 186.
caracal, 186.
catolynz, 186.
celidogaster, 184.
chalybeata, 183, 184.
charltoni, 183.
chaus, 184, 186.
diardii, 183.
dongolensis, 186.
fearonis?, 181.
fusca, 183.
guttata, 181,
himalayana, 184.
huttoni, 185,
irbis, 183, ~
isabellina, 186.
japonica, 183, 510.
Javanensis, 184, 185,
Jerdoni, 185.
jubata, 181.
kutas, 186.
leo, 182.
leopardus, 183.
longicaudata, 183.
lybica, 186.
lynx, 186.
macrocelis, 188.
macroceloides, 183,
manul, 185.
marmorata, 183.
megalotis, 186.
562
Felis
melas, 183.
minuta, 184.
moormensis, 185.
murmensis, 185.
nebulosa, 183.
nigripectus, 185.
nmr, 183.
nipalensis, 184, 370.
ogilbii, 183.
ornata, 184, 185.
panthera, 188.
pardalis, 185.
pardichrous, 184.
pardus, 183.
planiceps, 185.
pecilura?, 183.
rubiginosa, 184, 185.
riippellii, 186.
sumatranda, 184.
temminckit, 185.
tigris, 182, 237.
torquata, 185.
tulliana, 183.
uncia, 183.
undulata, 184.
varia, 183.
venatica, 181.
viverriceps, 184.
wiverrina, 184, 185,
370.
wagati, 184.
Ferret, Dark-chestnut, 4.
Yellow, 4.
Fiber
osoyoosensis, 96, 97.
zibethicus, 95, 97.
Ficedula
coronata, 297.
Fissurella
equalis, 361.
alta, 361.
ceratitia, 107.
macrotrema, 361.
microtrema, 361.
mus, 361.
nigropunctata, 361
pica, 361.
rugosa, var., 361.
virescens, 361.
Fissurellidzea
equals, 361.
Fordonia
unicolor, 58.
Fossar, 110, 423.
costatus, 110.
fenestratus, 110.
japonicus, 110.
reticulatus, 111.
trochlearis, 110.
variegatus, 423.
INDEX.
Fossarina, 423.
patula, 424, 428.
Fossarus
angiostoma, 352.
atratus, 352.
excavatus, 352.
foveatus, 352.
megasomus, 352.
tornatilis, 110.
Fowl, Domestic, 1, 77.
Fox, Silver, 4.
Small Dark-brown, 4,
Francolinus
sinensis, 307.
Fregata
aquila, 379.
Fregilus
graculus, 506.
Fringilla
celebs, 160.
kawariba minor, 299.
montifringilla, 298,336.
Fruticola
rubetra, 516.
Fucus, 435.
Fulica
atra, 160, 322, 516.
Fuligula
cristata, 324.
marila, 324.
Funiculina, 506.
cylindrica, 506.
Funingus
madagascariensis, 164.
urina
textilis, 17, 18.
Fusus
bellus, 347.
nodulosus, 348.
raphanus, 422.
tasmaniensis, 421, 428.
Gadinia
pentagoniostoma, 359.
stellata, 359.
Galago, 129, 182, 144,
145, 148.
acaciarwm, 147.
allenii, 146, 375.
var. gabonensis, 146.
conspicillatus, 148.
crassicaudatus, 140.
demidoffiz, 148, 380,381.
geoffroyt, 147.
madagascariensis, 149.
maholi, 146, 148.
minor, 143.
monteiri, 231.
murinus, 148, 149.
senegalensis, 147, 148.
var., 146,
Galago
sennariensis, 147, 148.
Galeopithecus, 152.
macrourus, 152.
philippinensis, 152.
rufus, 152.
temminckit, 152.
? ternatensis, 152.
undatus, 152.
variegatus, 152.
volans, 152, 370.
Galerida
leantungensis, 272.
Galerus ‘
conicus, 309.
maxillaris, 359.
regularis, 359.
unguis, 860.
Galgulus, 206.
Gallicrex
cristata, 223, 321.
Gallinago
brehmi, 314.
burka, 314.
gallinula, 314.
horsfieldit, 314.
megala, 313.
scolopacina, 314.
solitaria, 313.
stenura, 314,
uniclava, 314.
Gallinula
bailloni, 321.
chloropus, 160, 821,51¢
frenata, 19.
frontata, 35, 487.
orientalis, 487.
phenicura, 321,
‘pyrrhorhoa, 165.
zenebrosa, 35.
Galloperdix
Zunulosa, 104.
Gallophasis, 120.
albocristatus, 104.
erythrophthalmus, 11
horsfieldii, 47, 121.
leucomelas, 121.
vieillotii, 118.
Gallus, 115, 122.
bankiva, 122, 127,
diardii, 76, 118.
pee ie
‘errugineus, 122.
yea 122, 127,
ignitus, 118.
gavanicus, 122.
lafayettit, 122.
macartneyi, 119.
sonneratit, 122, 127.’
stanleyii, 122.
varius, 122,
4
\
:
Garnotia
solida, 361,
-Garrulax
perspicillatus, 278.
pecilorhynchus, 335.
ruficeps, 334,
taivanus, 334.
us
bispecularis, 304.
brandtii, 304, 338,
glandarius, 304.
insularis, 304, 338.
Japonicus, 304, 338.
sinensis,
Gavia
ridibunda, 517.
vina
citrirostris, 325,
inus
awokera, 333.
canus, 267, 268,
333
guerinti, 268.
occipitalis, 268.
tancola, 268, 333.
— -wtridis, 268.
Gelochelidon
_ anglica, 224,
0,
cic] a
} enbite, 202.
eallocephatus, 254.
eodia
feoémyda
‘Ween 178.
4 = 485, 490,
i phar, 485,
Bi erostioea, 491.
landina
i ‘Vinneyana, 412,
monilifera, 412,
INDEX,
Glareola
australis, 35.
grallaria, 35.
orientalis, 309.
torquata, 517.
Glaucidium
passerinum, 332.
Glicebus
rufus, 143.
Globiocephalus, 201.
macrorhynchus, 202.
Glycera
corrugata, 109.
Glyciphana
luctuosa, 478.
Glyciphila, 481.
ocularis, 486.
Glyphis
i 361.
inequalis, var., 361.
Guu, Brindled, 3.
Gonostoma
denudata, 410,
Gorilla, 372.
Gottoina, 110, 112.
rgula, 113.
tesa 112.
Gouldia
pacifica, 365.
Gracula
cristata, 277.
Javanensis, 219.
melanoleuca, 303.
nigricollis, 303.
venerata, 486.
Graculus
carbo, 324,
Gracupica
melanoleuca, 303.
nigricollis, 303.
ampus,
Graucalus
fasciatus, 218.
muacet, 2
melanogenys, 485.
melanoleucus, 487,
melanops, 233.
personatus, 485.
rex-pineti, 335.
Grayia
triangularis, 16.
rus
antigone, 371.
cinerea, 308.
leucogeranos, 308.
longirostris, 308.
monacha, 309.
Grus
viridirostris, 309.
Gymnogenys
Tnaleacit, 162.
563
Gymnorhina
tibicen, 516.
Gypaétus
barbatus, 302,
Habrocebus, 133,
Hematopus
longirostris, 310,
niger, 311,
ostralegus, 310, 517,
Halcyon
atricapilla, 269.
collaris, 213, 484.
coromandelianus, 833,
coronatus, 484,
fulgidus, 484,
Suscus, 269,
leucocephalus, 218,
484.
lilacina, 213.
pileata, 269.
sanctus, 28, 484.
senegalensis, 105,
smyrnensis, 269,
variegata, 105.
Haliaétus
alltiosti, 251, 252, 259,
2, 516,
leucocephalus, 252,
pelagicus, 260, 332,
washingtonti, 252,
Haliastur
indus, 207.
leucosternus, 21.
ponticerianus, 484,
Halichondria, 440, 441,
Sluviatilis, 440.
lacustris, 440, 462,
Halosaurus, 406,
oventz, 406.
Hamadryas
vittata, 371.
Hapalemur, 152, 141,
griseus, 142.
olivaceus, 142, 161.
Hapalolemur, 141.
griseus, 161.
Harelda
glacialis, 324.
Harpactes
duvaucellii, 213,
kasumba, 213.
Hartlaubia
madagascariensis, 163.
Harvella
elegans, 368,
Hedgehog, 4.
Helicina
lirata, 412.
Heliconia
victorina, 244,
564
Heliconius
amaryllis, 248.
demophoon, 247.
erato, 248.
hecalesia, 247.
phyllis, 248.
Helicter, 416.
Helix, 519.
almonte, 411.
carcharias, 528.
cassandra, 527.
ceroconus, 523.
cunninghami, 519.
curtisianda, 528.
dura, 524.
euryomphala, 411.
evandaleana, 528.
Falconeri, 519.
gilbertii, 520.
hugonis, 523.
inclinata, 526.
Jjucunda, 524.
juliodea, 521.
labuanensis, 523.
latizona, 524.
lincolniensis, 527.
macconnelli, 519.
murrayand, 527.
nigrofasciata, 524,
pachystyla, 520.
perinflata, 528.
plicaria, 521.
rotundata, 355.
rustica, 522.
salvinit, 411.
vitrinoides, 411.
zenobia, 527.
(Angasella)cyrtopleura,
521
(Charopa) juliodea,
521.
( ) murrayana, 521,
(Hadra) angasiana,
520.
—) cassandra, 520.
asx evandaleana,
520.
(—) flindersii, 521.
(—_) Lincolniensis,
520.
( ) lorioliana, 520.
(—) patruelis, 520.
( ) stutchburyi,
520.
(Thalassia) rustica, 521.
( ) subangulata,
521. ;
(Xanthomelan) perin-
flata, 520.
Helodromas
ochropus, 529, 531.
INDEX.
Hemicardia
biangulata, 365.
media, 365.
obovalis, 365.
Hemicercus
coccometopus, 211.
concretus, 211.
hartlaubii, 211.
sordidus, 211.
Hemichelidon
fuliginosa, 288.
rufilata, 288.
sibirica, 288, 335.
Hemigalago, 148.
demidoffit, 148.
Hemilophus
gavensis, 211.
validus, 211.
Hemipodius
rufescens, 486.
thoracicus, 308.
varius, 516,
Hemiprocne
collaris, 99.
pelasgia, 100.
semicollaris, 99.
zonaris, 99,
Henicurus
leschenaultii, 276.
schistaceus, 276.
Herodias
alba, 319.
coromanda, 487.
eulophotes, 320.
garzetta, 319, 516.
greyt, 223.
intermedia, 319,
jugularis, 487.
nove-hollandie, 487.
plumifera, 319.
Herpetodryas, 55,
carinatus, 5d,
fuscus, 5D.
Herpornis
swanthochlora, 334.
Hetzrornis
dauricus, 802, 337.
erythropygius, 302.
pyrrhogenys, 302,
337
sinensis, 302, 337.
Heterodonax
bimaculatus, 367.
vicinus, 367.
Hiaticula
nivosa, 310.
rufina, 309.
Hiatula
montrouziert, 425.
Hierax
cerulescens, 206,
Hierococe
fugax, 209, 265, 333.
varius, 209.
Hiletus, 475.
Himantopus
leucocephalus, 487.
melanopterus, 517.
Hippolyte, £98, 499.
Hipponyx
antiquatus, 358.
barbata, 358, 359.
grayanus, 358.
jun., 358.
panamensis, 358.
radiata, 358.
serratus, 359.
subrufa, 358.
Hippopotamus, 2, 231.
Hirundo
albicollis, 99.
alpestris, 287.
ciris, 263.
daurica, 287, 335.
var., 335.
domicola, 217.
esculenta, 382, 383,
384.
fusca, 203.
gutturalis, 287, 335.
javanica, 18, 29, 485.
nigricans, 485.
pelasgia, 100.
var., 101.
purpurea, 378.
robint, 100.
rustica, 160, 217,
516.
var. rufa, 287.
rutila, 100.
striolata, 485.
urbica, 160, 516.
zonaris, 99.
Holaspis, 152.
uenthert, 153.
. Hoplocephalus, 86.
carinatus, 86.
Hyena
crocuta, 4.
Variegated, 4.
Hyalea
tridentata, 378.
Hydrobia, 358.
Hydrochelidon
indica, 328.
nigra, 328,
Hydrocissa
galerita, 214.
Hydrophasianus
sinensis, 321,
Hyla, 203.
arborea, 250,
Hyla
aured, 388, 390.
cerulea, 249.
citropus, 388.
eyanea, 58.
ingit, 388.
krefftii, 249, 250, 388.
peronti, 249, 250, 251,
388.
phyllochroa, 249, 251.
rubella, ;
servesiensis, 389.
verreauxit, 388,
viridis, 250.
Hylobates
hoolock, 370.
lar, 370.
Hylocharis
luscinia, 217.
Hylodes, 203.
Hyloterpe
philomela, 217.
Hymenitis, 246.
Hypanis .
anvatara, 477.
polynice, 477.
Hyperodon, 200.
rostratum, 200.
Hypherpes, 85.
salaries 85.
Hypotriorchis
@salon, 47.
frontatus, 484.
_ semitorquatus, 105.
ypsicebus, 151.
ipetes
‘hotthi, 277,
maclellandi, 277.
nigerrimus, 3d4.
_ourovang, 163.
yracodon, 50.
_ fuliginosus, 51.
x, 4.
yrax, 4.
capensis, 237.
ystrix
bengalensis, 370.
thena
metallica, 486,
thi
aie
_ tuberculata, 47.
is, 131, 132, 141.
albus, 133.
INDEX,
! Indris
brevicaudatus, 133.
niger, 133.
Inia, 199.
Tnuus
leoninus, 370.
nemestrinus, 370.
Tora
viridissima, 219.
Totreron, 481.
Tphigenia
pr 366.
Tphiteon, 258.
Trena
puella, 217.
Trrisor
cyanomelas, 105.
Tsapis, 110, 423.
conoidea, 111.
lirata, 111.
ovotdea, 111.
Ismene
forestan, 478.
Tsodictya, 441.
Isognomon
bicolor, 363.
chemnitziana, 363.
yar., 363.
Ithomia ‘i
agrippina, 245.
Sane, 245.
iphianassa, 244, 245,
246.
yar. panamensis, 244,
245.
nephele, 244, 248.
nero, 244.
panamensis, 246.
wictorina, 244.
(Ceratinia) leucania,
246,
=
(225 ninonia, 246,
247.
Txos
analis, 216.
chrysorrhoides, 278.
Jocosus, 277.
occipitalis, 278.
sinensis, 278, 334.
Juneella, 505, 506.
caniculata, 506.
elongata, 506.
flagellum, 505.
hystrix, 506.
Juncea, 506.
surculus, 506.
vimea, 506.
unco
alticola, 189.
cinereus, 190.
TR
565
Junonia
rhadama, 63, 477.
Kachuga, 253.
Ketupa
ceylonensis, 262, 371.
Kinixys, 196.
belliana, 196.
erosa, 196, 197.
homeana, 196, 197.
Kinosternon, 202,
Kinothorax, 196.
Kogia, 199.
Koodoo ?, 3.
Lacon
vestitus, 479.
Lagenocetus, 200.
latifrons, 200.
Lagenorhynchus, 200.
Lagomys
minimus, 96, 97,
98
princeps, 98.
Lagopus
albus, 338.
alpinus, 338.
mutus, 338.
scoticus, 516.
Lagostomus
trichodactylus, 224,
Lagothrix
humboldtii, 374.
Lalage
leucophea, 485.
nycthemera, 485,
Lamellaria
inflata, 358.
Lampanyctus, 44.
Lamprotornis, 28.
obscura, 32.
pyrrhopogon, 302.
Laniarius
albicollis, 30.
Lanius
bucephalus, 237,
335.
chinensis, 286.
collurio, 516, 531.
cristatus, 286.
cucullatus, 30.
erythronotus, 286.
excubitor, 335.
leucogaster, 28.
lucionensis, 286, 296,
335.
nigriceps, 286.
phenicurus, 286,
335
schach, 286, 486.
yar., 339,
566
.
Lanius
superciliosus, 286.
tephronotus, 286.
Larus, 517.
argentatus, 326, 327.
var. major, 327.
brachyrhynchus, 326.
brunneicephalus, 327.
cachinnans, 327.
canus, 325, 517.
var. major, 325.
crassirostris, 326.
Suscus, 327.
glaucescens, 326.
glaucus, 326, 327.
leucopterus, 326,
327
melanurus, 326.
niveus, 325, 326.
occidentalis, 326,
327.
ridibundus, var. major,
327.
tridactylus, var. bra-
chyrhynchus, 325.
Larvivora, 292.
sp. ?, 292.
cyanea, 291.
gracilis, 291.
sibilans, 292.
Latiaxis is
agodus, 431.
Foilis, 431.
Latirus
castaneus, 347,
ceratus, 347.
rudis, 347.
spadiceus, 347.
Lazaria, 365.
Leda
elenensis, 364.
fossa, 71.
polita, 364.
Leiolepis
reevesti, 371.
Leiopyrga, 507.
cingulata, 507.
Leiostraca
sp. ind., a, 357.
involuta, 357.
zota, 356.
linearis, 357.
producta, 357.
recta, 807.
solitaria, 357.
Lemur, 131, 136, 146,382.
albifrons, 137.
albimana, 139.
anjuanensis, 139.
catta, 136.
chrysampy2, 188.
INDEX.
Lemur
collaris, 139.
crassicaudatus, 140.
flaviventer, 138.
Sfurcifer, 145.
galago, 147.
griseus, 142, 161.
andrz, 133.
lanatus, 141.
laniger, 141.
leucomystax, 136.
macaco, 136.
mongoz, 137, 138,
139.
murinus, 145,
niger, 136.
nigrifrons, 137.
pusillus, 149.
ruber, 136.
rufifrons, 138.
rufiventer, 138.
rufus, 138.
spectrum, 151.
tarsius, 151.
varius, 136.
volans, 152.
aanthomystax, 138.
Leo
asiaticus, 182.
barbarus, 182.
capensis, 182.
gambianus, 182.
goojerattensis, 182.
senegalensis, 182.
Leopard, 6.
Leopardus
brachyurus, 183.
chinensis, 184,
ellioti, 184.
inconspicuus, 185.
japonicus, 183, 510.
reevesii, 184.
Lepidonotus
Fe agilis, 108.
grubei, 107
insignis, 106.
lordii, 107.
Lepidophyma
faltianliatd 155.
Lepidosiren, 475.
Lepilemur, 132, 143.
Purcifer, 145.
griseus, 161.
murinus, 143.
mustelinus, 144.
myoxinus, 144,
Leptodeira
annulata, 55.
Leptodira, 57.
Leptognathus
catesbyi, 56.
Leptognathus
mikanii, 56.
Leptoptilus
argala, 517.
capillatus, 225.
Lepus
(Lagomys) princeps,
97, 98.
Lestris
buffonii, 328.
parasita, 328.
pomarina, 328.
Leucodioptron
canorum,. 278.
sinense, 278.
Leucozonia
cingulata, 344.
Levenia
coarctata, 345.
Lichanotus, 132.
Lielaphis, 60.
holochrous, 60.
Ligurinus
chloris, 160.
Lima.
angulata, 363.
arcuata, 363.
pacifica, 363.
Limatula
bullata, 509.
ceylanica, 509.
falklandica, 509.
japonica, 509.
subauriculata, 509.
Limneza, 11.
elodes, 68.
sumassit, 68.
Limosa
egocephala, 313.
cinered, 312.
lapponica, 312.
melanura, 313.
melanuroides, 313.
recurvirostra, 312.
rufa, 312.
uropygialis, 312,
313.
Linaria
chioris, 516.
Liophis, 57.
cobella, 57.
conirostris, 57.
merremit, 57.
regin@, 57.
Liotia, 71.
armata, 72.
australis, 72.
clathrata, 72.
dedala, 72.
pilula, 72.
syderea, 72.
Liotia
tantilla, 72.
sothri
othrix
lutea, 298.
Lissotriton
aristatus, 363.
attenuatus, 363.
cinnamomeus, 364.
plumula, 363.
Litiopa
saxicola, 354.
Litoria
marmorata, 387.
nasuta, 387, 388.
punctata, 387.
Littorina, 110.
angiostoma, 352.
era, 352.
atrata, 352, 354.
conspersa, 352, 353.
dubiosa, 352.
excavata, 352.
fasciata, 352, 353.
foveata, 352
megasoma, 352.
parvula, 352.
‘philippit, 352, 353.
pulchra, 353.
puncticulata, 353.
varia, 852, 353.
hyperboreus, 315,
Lobivanellus
cinereus, 309.
inornatus, 3809.
Locustella, 293.
certhiola, 293, 336.
hendersonit, 293, 336.
macropus, 93, 293.
minuta, 93, 293.
ochotensis, 93, 293, 336.
rait, 93, 94.
rubescens, 93.
Lonchorhina, 81, 84.
aurita, 83.
Lophinus
i aisphoras, 115.
cuviert, 120.
oe 104, 115,
INDEX,
Lophotes
reinwardtit, 21.
Lophyrus
aduneit, 362.
dispar, 362.
stokesti, 362.
tenuisculptus, 362.
Loriculus
flosculus, 481, 488.
galgulus, 208, 488.
indicus, 488.
pusillus, 488.
Loris, 132, 150.
ceylonicus, 150.
gracilis, 150.
Lorius, 18, 481.
amboinensis, 20.
Lottia
patina, 361.
xia
cardinalis, 516.
curvirostra, 299, 337.
leucoptera, 299, 337.
molucca, 39.
Lucina, 426.
concentrica, 426, 428.
tellinoides, 365.
(Cyclas) ewmingit, 426,
428
Lumbricus, 11.
Lusciola
caligata, 293.
eyanura, 290.
Lutraria
elegans, 368.
Lutremys, 175, 176.
europea, 176.
Lycena
batikeli, 478.
Lycocorax, 481.
Lycos
dauricus, 304, 338.
monedula, 305.
neglectus, 305,
338.
Lygzeus
consentaneus, 166,
167
Lygophis, 57.
Lymnodynastes
dorsalis, 387.
krefftii, 387.
tasmaniensis, 387.
Lynchus
erythrotis, 186.
Lynx, Ruddy, 4.
Lyonsia
navicula, 70.
saxicola, 70.
Macheropterus, 64,
Machetes ‘
ugnax, 312,
Moone
concinna, 366.
dombeyi, 366.
siliqua, 366.
solidula, 368.
Macroclemys, 202.
Macromerus, 133.
Macronus
ptilosus, 215.
Macropteryx
klecho, 212.
Macropygia, 28.
emiliana, 486.
ambotinensis, 34.
magna, 486, 497.
Macroramphus
griseus, 313.
Macrotarsus, 151.
Macrotis, 81, 84.
Macrotoma
corticina, 479.
Macrourus, 406.
Mactra
veluta, 368.
Mactrella
exoleta, 368.
Malaclemys, 202.
Malea
ringens, 343.
Malurus, 483.
sp.
acuticostata, 348.
exigua, 348.
gemmutosa, 348.
567
insculpta, 420, 428.
leufroyi, 348.
neglecta, 348.
picta, 419, 428.
sulcosa, 348.
Mantis, 166, 480.
caldwellit, 479.
marginata, 479.
pustulata, 479.
undata, 480.
unimaculata, 479.
Margaritiphora
barbata, 363.
Jjimbriata, 363.
mazatlanica, 363.
Margaroperdix
striata, 164.
Marginella
n. sp., 341.
cerulescens, 341.
deburghi, 509.
glans, 341.
minor, 341.
prunum, 341.
5638
Marginella
sapotilla, 341,
Martesia, 369.
Mechanitis
asthmia, 247.
polymnia, 247.
var. lysimnia, 247.
var. nesed, 247.
Mecistura
caudata, 270, 335.
trivirgata, 333.
Megacephalon
mateo, 34.
Megalema
chrysopogon, 201, 206.
chrysopsis, 206, 210.
hay?, 210.
mystacophanes, 210.
nuchalis, 333.
versicolor, 210,
virens, 269.
Megalorhynchus
hayi, 206.
sanguinolentus, 206,
2
Megalurus
galactotes, 488.
timoriensis, 485, 488.
Megapodius
forstenit, 34.
reinwardtii, 487.
wallacii, 34.
Megaptera, 199.
Meiglyptes
badiosus, 206, 210.
badius, 206.
brunneus, 210,
Melampus, 358.
Melanatria, 60.
Melania
petenensis, 414,
(Melasma) onca, 415,
Melanocorypha
mongolica, 271.
Melanoides oe
laphyra, 412.
Taman 413.
obeliscus, 412.
salvinii, 413.
tumida, 413.
Melaraphe
phasianella, 356.
Meleagris, 115, 125.
gallopavo, 125.
mexicana, 125.
ocellata, 125, 187.
satyra, 122.
Melierax
musicus, 105.
Melophus
melanicterus, 300.
INDEX.
| Menobranchus, 203,
Menopoma, 203.
Menura
superba, 374.
Mergus
albellus, 322, 517, 529.
merganser, 323.
serrator, 323, 529.
Merops
badius, 213.
erythropterus, 105.
Javanicus, 213, 484.
ornatus, 484.
persicus, 159.
Merula
dactyleptera, 515.
mandarina, 334.
Microcebus, 129, 143, 148,
149, 380, 381, 382.
murinus, 143.
myoxinus, 144, 149,
pusillus, 143.
rufus, 149,
Micreeca
superciliosa, 485.
Micronisus
gularis, 261.
soloénsis, 261.
stevenson?, 261.
Micropalama
tacsanowskia, 313.
Micropternus
badiosus, 267.
badius, 87, 267.
fokiensis, 267.
gularis, 87, 267.
phaioceps, 87, 267.
Microrhynchus, 132, 141.
laniger, 141.
Microscelis
anaurotis, 334.
Miltha, 366.
Milvus
affinis, 484.
govinda, 260.
melanotis, 260, 332.
niger, var. melanotis,
260.
parasiticus, 162.
regalis, 516.
Mimeta, 28.
bouruensis, 19, 26, 31.
Sorstent, 27.
viridifusca, 485.
Minolia, 433.
tigrina, 433.
Mirafra
hova, 164.
javanica, 214, 485.
Mitra
Suniculata, 341.
| Mitra
granulosa, 341.
lens, 341.
nucleola, 341.
solitaria, 341.
tristis, 341,
Mixornis
borneensis, 206, 215.
sumatrana, 206.
Modelia
guttata, 507.
Modiola
brasiliensis, 363,
capax, 363.
edulis, 363.
multiformis, 364.
semifusca, 363.
Modiolarea
exilis, 485.
pusio, 435.
Modulus
catenulatus, 359.
disculus, 356.
Molossus, 84.
Monarcha
carinata, 485.
cinerascens, 485.
leucura, 29.
loricata, 19, 29.
trivirgata, 485.
Monitor
niloticus, 47.
Monoceros, 201.
brevidentatum, 343.
cingulatum, 344,
Morchia
obvoluta, 74.
Mormon
cirrhatum, 331
corniculatum, 331,
glaciale, 331.
Mormops
blainvillit, 83.
Motacilla
alba, 276.
var. lugens, 275.
var. paradoxa, 274.
albeola, 275.
var. kamschatica,
alboides, 274.
boarula, 160, 334.
flavescens, 485.
flaviventris, 163.
Japonica, 274, 275, 276,
334.
leucopsis, 274.
lugens, 275.
lugubris, 274, 275, 276. ,
luzoniensis, 274, 334,
maderaspatana, 276.
Motacilla
melanope, 274.
ocularis, 275, 334,
ray?, 160.
salicaria, 293.
speciosa, 276.
yarrellit, 159, 516.
(Calobates) sulphurea,
274
(Pallenura) boarula,
274.
Mulinia
angulata, 368.
donaciformis, 368,
ventricosa, 368.
Mungos
fasciatus, 4.
Munia
acuticauda, 299, 337.
ferruginea, 486.
fuscans, 206, 219.
Suscata, 486,
maja, 495.
matacea, 219.
molucea, 33, 486.
oryzivora, 219,299, 486.
pallida, 486, 495.
punctularia, 486.
quinticolor, 486.
topela, 299, 337.
Murex, 66.
alabastrum, 508,
ambiguus, 346,
belcheri, 346.
dubius, 346.
erosus, 346.
nigritus, 346.
fates, 346.
rectirostris, 346.
recurvirostris, 346.
regius, 346.
salebrosus, 346.
scalarinus, 508.
vibex, 347.
vittatus, 347.
Muricidea
dubia, 346.
erosd, 346.
vittata, 347.
Muscicapa
albicilla, 290.
cinereo-alba, 288.
erythaca, 290.
fuscedula, 288.
grisola, 159, 516.
var. daurica, 288.
laris, 290.
wlocharis, 289, 290.
luctuosa, 531.
luteola, 290.
mugimaki, 290.
INDEX,
Muscicapa
narcissind, 289.
pondiceriana, 288.
principalis, 289,
tricolor, 29,
Muscipeta
affinis, var., 485,
Mustela
vulgaris, 510.
Mycalesis
narcissus, 478,
Mycetes
seniculus, 374.
Myctophum, 43,
Myiagra
azured, 289, 335.
cerulea, var., 485,
galeata, 29.
latirostris, 491,
rufigula, 485, 491,
Myiophonus
ceruleus, 277.
insularis, 335.
temminckii, 277.
Myiothera
capistrata, 488.
Myocebus, 149.
Myoxicebus, 142.
Myspithecus, 142,
Myscebus, 149.
Mystacina, 84.
Mytilus
multiformis, 363.
Myurella
elata, 341.
larveformis, 341.
tuberculosa, 341.
Myzomela
vulnerata, 486.
Napothera
bivittata, 488.
Naranio, 424.
rubiginosa, 425, 428,
Nassa
acuta, 343.
canescens, 342.
complanata, 343.
crebristriata, 343.
decussata, 342.
exilis, 343.
gemmulosa, 342.
luteostoma, 342.
nodifera, 342.
obsoleta, 343.
pagodus, 342.
panamensis, 343,
paupera, 343.
proxima, 343.
? scabriuscula, 343.
striata, 343,
Nassa
versicolor, 343,
wilsonti, 343,
Natalus, 82.
Natica
chemnitzii, 357,
haneti, 358.
lurida, 857.
maroccana, 857.
var. unifasciata, 357,
otis, B57.
salangoensis, 357.
souleyetiana, 357,
virgined, 357.
unifasciata, 357.
Natrix
levissima, 16.
Naucrates
ductor, 379,
Nectarinia
angladiana, 162.
aspasia, 32.
hasseltii, 220.
macklotii, 220.
pectoralis, 220, 486.
phenicotis, 220.
proserpina, 19, 32.
siparaja, 220,
solaris, 486.
sowimanga, 162,
zenobia, 32.
Nectris
tenuirostris, 330,
Nemoricola
indica, 276.
Neomeris, 201,
Neophron
percnopterus, 516,
Neoscopelus, 44.
macrolepidotus, 44,
Neptis
kikideli, 477.
Nereis
bicanaliculata, 109,
foliata, 108.
virens, 108.
Nerita
bernhardi, 358.
costata, 110.
deshayesit, 358.
ornata, 358.
scabricosta, 358.
Neritina
guayaquilensis, 358.
wntermedia, 858.
picta, 358.
Neritula, 74.
Nettapus
auritus, 165,
Neusterophis
levissima, 16,
570
Ninox
japonicus, 262, 332.
scutulata, 371.
Nisus
ceramensis, 21, 22.
cirrhocephalus, 21.
virgatus, 484.
Nitidella
cribraria, 344.
Noetia
reversa, 364,
Northia, 348.
serrata, 343.
Notoa, 195.
Notochelys, 177.
platynota, 177.
Notonecta, 166.
Nucifraga
caryocatactes, 306,
338.
Nucula
castrensis, 71.
cobboldie, 71.
consobrina, 427.
cumingii, 427.
divaricata, 71.
elenensis, 364.
exigua, 364.
loringii, 427.
lyalli, 71.
mirabilis, 71.
pisum, 427.
polita, 364.
Numenius
arcuatus, 318,517.
australis, 318.
borealis, 317.
hudsonicus, 317.
major, 318.
minor, 317.
minutus, 317.
pheopus, 317.
rufescens, 318.
tahitiensis, 318.
tenuirostris, 317.
uropygialis, 35, 317,
318, 487
Numida, 115, 125.
cristata, 126.
maculipennis, 125.
meleagris, 125.
mitrata, 125.
plumifera, 126.
ptilorhyncha, 125,
pucherani, 115, 126.
rendalli, 125,
tiarata, 115, 125,
vulturina, 126.
Nyctale
barbata, 338.
funerea, 832.
INDEX,
Nyctale
nived, 832.
Nycthemerus
argentatus, 120, 307.
Nycticebus, 132, 149.
Jjavanicus, 149.
tardigradus, 149, 375.
Nycticorax
ardeola, 517.
caledonicus, 35.
griseus, 223, 320.
melanolophus, 320.
Nyctiornis
amictus, 214.
Obeliscus
conicus, 357.
Ocydromus
australis, 516.
Odontostomus, 44.
Cdemia
americana, 324.
fusca, 324,
nigra, d24,
CEdicnemus, 512.
crepitans, 517.
Cidipoda, 166.
Oliva
angulata, 341.
jun., 342.
araneosa, 342.
columellaris, 342.
dama, 342.
Susiformis, 342.
gracilis, 342.
wnconspicua, 342.
Julietta, 342.
lineolata, 342.
literata, 342.
melchersi, 342.
pellucida, 342.
porphyria, 342.
reticularis, 342,
semistriata, 342.
tergina, 342.
testacea, 342.
undatella, 342.
venulata, 342.
volutella, 342.
Olivella, 421.
fulgida, 422.
inconspicua, 422.
leucozona, 422, 428.
nympha, 422.
pardalis, 422, 428.
pellucida, 342.
semistriata, 342.
undatella, 342.
volutella, 342.
Ombria
psittacula, 331.
Omphalius
coronulatus, 855.
ligulatus, 355.
panamensis, 356.
viridulus, 356.
Opalia
Suniculata, 356.
Ophiocoma, 379.
Orbicula
cumingit, 369.
Orca, 201.
Oreas
sp. 2, 2.
canna, 230.
derbianus, 169.
Oreocincla, 279.
aurea, 278, 279.
hancit, 279, 334.
heinei, 279, 334.
Oreophasis
derbyanus, 516.
Oriolus
broderipii, 485.
buffonianus, 302.
chinensis, 282, 384.
cochinchinensis, 282.
galbula, 47
indicus, 282.
ocellatus, 308.
sinensis, 802.
tenuirostris, 282.
xanthonotus, 216.
Oreecetes
cinclorhynchus, 282.
gularis, 282.
Orthotomus
cineraceus, 215.
phyllorrhapheus, 294.
sepium, 485. |
Ortygometra |
crex, 821.
Oryctes
pyrrhus, 478.
ryx
leucoryx, 230,
Ostrea
amara, 368.
columbiensis, 362.
conchaphila, 363.
edulis, 362.
iridescens, 362.
palnula, 363.
panamensis, 362.
rufa, 362.
virginica, 362.
Ostrich, 5.
Otis
tarda, 62, 308, 331,
338, 515, 517.
Otocorys
albigula, 272.
Otocorys
alpestris, 272, 334.
penicillata, 272.
seriba, 272.
Otogale, 131, 139, 140.
* crassicaudata, 140, 145.
garnettii, 140.
pallida, 140.
to,
0
is Ea 371.
Otolicnus
apicalis, 141.
crassicaudatus, 140,
231
galago, 146.
garnettiz, 140.
peli, 148, 380, 381.
senegalensis, 148,
teng, 148.
tus
brachyotus, 262.
madagascariensis, 162.
vulgaris, 262.
Ovis
ammon, 94.
eycloceros, 230.
musimon, 230.
Ovula
avena, 340.
emarginata, 340.
neglecta, 340.
variabilis, 340.
Oxylophus
coromandus, 209.
_ Oxyrhopus
clelia, 56.
formosus, 56.
immaculatus, 56
petolarius, 56.
trigeminus, 56.
Pachycephala, 19.
calliope, 30, 486.
clio, 30.
fulvotincta, 486, 492.
Pachycheilus
gracilis, 413.
i mus, 413.
‘Pachymatisma
Johnstonia, 450.
Pachyotis, 519.
Pagurus, 66.
INDEX,
Palemon, 379, 502.
Palzornis
bengalensis, 259.
cyanocephalus, 259.
avicollaris, 259.
javanicus, 208.
longicaudatus, 207.
rosa, 259.
Palamedea
chavaria, 511, 517.
Pallah, 3.
Pallene
bicolor, 205.
collaris, 99.
Paludina
seminalis, 67.
Pandion
haliaétus, 260.
Pandora
claviculata, 368.
cornuta, 368.
Pangshura, 253.
Panolia
acuticauda, 370.
eldii, 155.
Panyptila
cayennensis, 191.
melanoleuca, 191.
sancti-hieronymi, 190.
Papilio, 240, 476.
aax, 241.
anchisiades, 242.
var. pandion, 242.
arcesilaus,
ariarathes, 242.
branchus, 242.
bromius, 476.
charopus, 64, 476.
demoleus, 64.
disparilis, 64, 476.
epiphorbas, 476.
erinus, 64.
evagoras, 242.
hostilius, 242.
ilus, 242.
nireus, 64, 476.
oribazus, 64, 476.
philolaus, 241.
phorbanta, 64, 276,
476.
podalirius, 241.
polycaon, 242.
protesilaus, 241.
yar. macrosilaus,
241.
wxanticles, 240, 241.
Paradisea
apoda, 385.
Pardalotus, 481.
lubricatus, 233.
obsoletus, 486.
571
Parra, 513.
Jacana, 517.
luzoniensis, 321.
Parthenia
exarata, 354. -
quinquecineta, 353,
354.
Parus
ater, 159, 333, 516.
borealis, 270.
ceruleus, 159, 333.
castaneiventris, 333.
caudatus, 159.
cinereus, 270, 485.
cyanus, 333.
Foci 298.
kamtschatkensis, 270,
333.
major, 159, 270.
minor, 270, 333.
palustris, 159, 270.
varius, 333.
Passer
domesticus, 160.
montanus, 299, 337.
russatus, 299, 337.
Pastor
bicolor, 303.
malayensis, 302.
temporalis, 303.
turdiformis, 302.
Patella
vulgata, 362.
Pavo, 115, 128.
bicalcaratus, 124.
cristatus, 123, 127.
Javanicus, 123.
muticus, 123, 127.
nigripennis, 123, 127.
tibetanus, 124,
Pavonaria, 506.
Payonia
ajax, 248.
automedon, 249.
élioneus, 249.
oileus, 248.
Peasia, 510.
Pecten, 424.
ersus, 363.
pile 428,
inca, 363.
tasmanicus, 428.
tumbezensis, 363.
ventricosus, 363.
Pectunculus
assimilis, 364.
inequalis, 364.
maculatus, 364,
Pelecanus
onocrotalus, 825.
philippensis, 325.
d72
Pelodryas,
cerulea, on 250, 388.
Peneeus, 257.
bocaget, 255.
caramote, 257.
Pennatula
mirabilis, 506.
Pentonyx, 194, 195.
gaboonensis, 194.
Perdix
barbata, 62, 307, 371.
cinerea, 63, :
rubra, 338.
sphenura, 307.
thoracica, 307.
Pericrocotus
cantonensis, 284.
cinereus, 279, 283,
exul, 485, 492.
flammeus, 493.
Cc Rl 339.
sordidus, 284.
speciosus, 285,
Perisoreus
infaustus, 337.
Peristernia
luculenta, 429.
Perna
sp. ind., 363.
Pernis
apivorus, 332.
Perodicticus, 132, 150.
calabarensis, 150.
geoffroyi, 150.
potto, 150.
Petricola
cognata, 367.
pholadiformis, 367.
tenuis, 367. .
Petrochelidon
albiventris, 189.
littorea, 189.
Petrocincla
affinis, 281, 282.
cyanea, 281.
manilensis, 281, 334.
pandoo, 281
Petroica
bicolor, 233.
Phacocheerus, 2.
Phaéthon
phenicurus, 379, 380.
Phaiopicus, 267.
blythit, 87.
jerdoni, 87.
rufonotus, 87.
Phalacrocorax
bicristatus, 325,
capillatus, 325.
carbo, 47, 324, 517.
INDEX.
| Phalaropus
fulicarius, 315.
Phaleris
cristatella, 330.
mystacea, 331.
tetracula, 331.
Pharella, 369.
Phasianus, 115, 116.
albocristatus, 121,
amherstie, 117.
argus, 124.
auritus, 118.
colchicus, 116, 126,
529.
crawfurdii, 76.
fasciatus, 120.
hamiltonii, 121.
ignitus, 118, 119.
empeyanus, 115.
lineatus, 120.
mongolicus, 116.
nycthemerus, 120.
pictus, 117.
purpureus, 119.
reevesii, 117, 126,
307.
reynaudi, 120.
semmeringit, 117, 338.
staceit, 117.
superbus, 117.
torquatus, 116, 126,
« ; 38,
veneratus, 117.
versicolor, 47, 116, 126,
338
wallichii, 117, 127.
Phasidus, 115, 126.
niger, 126.
Philedon
bouruensis, 26.
Philodryas, 5d.
olfersiz, 55.
reinhardtii, 55, 56.
viridissinus, 5d.
Philomela
luscinia, 159.
Phlogcenas
bartletti, 377.
cruenta, 377.
Phoceena, 201.
communis, 440.
Pheenicophaus
erythrognathus, 208.
Pheenicopterus
antiquorum, 517.
| Phcenicornis
princeps, 285.
Pholadidea
tubifera, 369.
Pholas
crucigera, 369.
Pholas
dactylus, 369.
laqueata, 369.
tubifera, 369.
xylophaga, 369.
Phos
crassum, 843.
Phryganea, 78.
Phyllodon, 108,
Phyllonotus
radia, 346.
regius, 346.
Phyllopneuste
borealis, 296, 336.
coronata, 296, 297, 336.
eversmannit, 297.
fuscata, 295, 336,
javanica, 296.
plumbeitarsa, 296.
rufa, 159, 296, 297.
sibilatria, 159.
sibirica, 295.
sylvicultria, 295, 296.
336.
tenellipes, 295.
trochilus, 159, 516.
xanthodryas, 296.
Phyllornis
javensis, 219.
Phylloscopus
Suscatus, 295, 296.
Javanicus, 295.
plumbeitarsus, 296.
sylvicultrix, 295,
tenellipes, 295.
Phyllurus, 236,
Phymatius
morbillosus, 166.
Physa
aurantia, 412.
badia, 416.
concinna, 417.
elliptica, 412.
Serruginea, 416.
heterostropha, 68.
lordii, 68.
newcombii, 416.
olivacea, 416.
(Ameria) bonus-hen-
ricus, 417.
( —) lirata, 60.
( ) reevit, 417.
Physalia
pelagica, 378.
Physalus, 199.
Physeter, 199, 201.
Pica
caudata, 304, 337.
Japonica, 303.
media, 303, 337.
melanocephalos, 304,
Pica
numidica, 304,
sericea, 303.
Picus
hadius, 267.
brachyurus, 267.
cabanisi, 87, 88, 268.
chloris, 267.
coneretus, 211.
gouldit, 87, 88, 268.
himalayanus, 88.
hyperythrus, 268.
var. poliopsis, 268.
insularis, 333.
kaleénsis, 268, 333.
kisuki, 268, 333.
leuconotus, 333.
luciani, 87, 88, 268.
major, 87, 88, 160, 267,
268, 333.
majoroides, 88.
malaccensis, 211. :
mandarinus, 87, 88,
268.
miniatus, 211.
minor,
moluccensis, 485.
scintilliceps, 268.
viridis, 516.
Pieris
mesentina, 64.
monuste, 242,
phileris, 64.
Pinna
maura, 363.
tuberculosa, 363.
Pipra, 63.
ciate, 63.
leucorrhoa, 63
sanguinolenta, 343.
Pithelemur, 132.
itta, 18.
concinna, 485.
cyanoptera, 277.
arena, 485.
leucoptera, 215.
miilleri, 215.
sae 277.
ilippensis, 215.
Cabeiticha, 19, 25.
schwaneri, 215.
ty riasis
gymnocephalus, 206.
INDEX.
Placosoma, 153.
cordylinum, 153.
Placunanomia, 339.
Planaxis
planicostata, 342.
Planorbis, 11.
cristatus, 73.
(Nautilina) caldwellit,
61
Platalea
leucorodia, 517.
major, 319.
minor, 319.
Platanista, 199.
Platycercus
brownit, 232.
Platypleura, 478.
capensis, 478.
Plectrophanes
nivalis, 301, 337.
Plectropterus, 512.
Kg? as) 517 5
Plectrurus, 227.
quentheri, —
perrotteti, 227, 228.
‘pulneyensis, 228.
wynandensis, 228.
Pleurobranchus, 510,
reticulatus, 510.
tessellatus, 510.
violaceus, 510.
Pleurotoma, 418.
aterrima, 347.
atrior, 347.
bicanalifera, 347.
collaris, 347.
concinna, 347.
corrugata, 347.
discors, 347.
duplicata, 347.
excentrica, 348.
exigua, 348.
funiculata, 348.
gemmulosa, 348,
grandimaculata, 348.
encrassata, 848,
nigerrima, 348,
obeliscus, 348.
olivacea, 348.
pallida, ’348,
rigida, 348,
rudis, d48.
rustica, 348.
striosa, 348.
zonulata, 348.
Plicatula
penicillata, 363.
Pluvianus
spinosus, 514,
Podargus
humeralis, 516,
573
Podargus
Javensis, 211.
stellatus, 212.
Podiceps
auritus, 322.
cornutus, 322.
cristatus, 322
major, 322,
minor, 322.
pelzelni, 165.
philippensis, 322
rubricollis, 322, 517.
suberistatus, 322.
tricolor, 36, 487.
Peecilostolus, 16.
Poéphila, 483.
Pogonostoma, 474.
Polinices
salangonensis, 357.
uber, 357.
Poliornis
poliogenys, 260.
| Polyboroides
capensis, 162.
madagascariensis, 162.
radiatus, 161, 162.
typicus, 162,
Polybothris
auropicta, 166, 479.
colliciata, 479.
Polyphasia, 282.
nigra, 266.
tenutrostris, 266.
Polyplectron, 115, 124.
bicalearatum, 124.
chaleurum, 124.
chinquis, 104, 124, 127,
307.
emphanes, 124.
hardwickii, 124.
iris, 124.
napoleonis, 124,
Polyteles, 232.
alexandre, 232.
barrabandi, 232.
melanurus, 232,
Pomatorhinus
erythrocnemis, 335.
musicus, 335.
rubecula, 233.
stridulus, 278.
Pomaulax
undosus, 356.
Pompholyx, 434,
effusa, 434,
leana, 434,
Pomus
columbiensis, 414,
giganteus, 414,
Pontaétus
ichthyaétus, 207,
574
Pontoporia, 200.
Popa
spurca, 480.
undata, 480.
Populus
tremula, 581.
Poriodogaster, 152,
grayt, 154,
Porphyrio
madagascariensis, 165.
smaragdinus, 487.
Porpita
glandifera, 379.
Portax
picta, 230.
Porzana?, 223,
erythrothorag, 321.
fusca, 321.
minuta, 321.
phenicura, 223.
pygmed, 321.
quadristrigata, 487,
Potamomya
equalis, 368.
inflata, 368.
trigonalis, 368.
Potto
bosmani, 150,
Pratincola
* caprata, 485,
ferrea, 291,
indica, 335.
rubicola, var. indica,
291,
sibylla, 163.
Prepona
amphitoé, 248.
Primnoa
verticillaris, 505.
Prinia ?, 216.
sonitans, 294, 336.
Prionops
poliocephalus, 105,
Procellaria
equinoctialis, 330,
378.
desolata, 330.
gigantea, 378.
glacialis, 330, 378.
var. pacifica, 330,
Procnopis, 168.
Propithecus, 131, 133,
diadema, 133.
Prosimia, 131, 137, 150.
albifrons, 187, 189.
albimana, 139.
anjuanensis, 139,
catta, 156.
collaris, 189.
coronata, 138, 189,
macaco, 136,
INDEX.
Prosimia
melanocephala, 137,139.
mongoz, 137
nigrifrons, 137.
rufifrons, 138, 139,
xanthomystax, 138,139.
Psammobia
casta, 366.
Psarolophus, 282.
ardens, 334.
Psephotis
multicolor, 516.
Pseudechis, 388.
Pseudemys, 202,
Pseudoélaps
kubingii, 17, 18.
sordellii, 17, 18.
superciliosus, 17, 18,
Pseudoliva
(Macron) commoda,430.
Pseudonaia
nuchalis, 17, 18.
Pseudonympha, 478.
Pseudophryne
australis, 387.
bibronii, 387.
Pseudoscolopax
semipalmatus, 181, 313.
Psiloptera, 479.
Psittacus
aruensis, 19.
bataviensis, 19,
borneus, 21.
capistratus, 19.
erythacus, 516,
grandis, 19,
magnus, 19.
personatus, 19,
puniceus, 19,
ruber, 21.
Psittinus
malaccensis, 208.
Psophia, 511.
crepitans, 517,
Pterocles
paradoxus, 47,
Pterocyclos
labuanensis, 525.
lowianus, 526,
Pteronotus
davyi, 83.
Pteropus, 438,
edulis, 439.
Ptilonopus
albocinctus, 486, 496.
cinctus, p
flavicollis, 486,
jambu, 221.
melanocephalus, 486.
prasinorrhous, 34,
viridis, 34,
Ptilopus
fasciatus, 1.
Ptilotis
limbata, 486.
maculata, 486.
reticulata, 486.
virescens, 486, 494.
Pucrasia, 115,
castanea, 116.
macrolopha, 104, 115,
126
nipalensis, 116,
Puffinus
brevicauda, 517.
leucomelas, 330.
tenuirostris, 330.
upa
soluta, 525,
Pupina
meridionalis, 526.
planilabris, 526.
Purpura
biserialis, 344.
carolensis, 344,
costata, 110.
Hlindersi, 421, 428.
foveolata, 344.
kiosquiformis, 344,
melo, 344.
osculans, 344.
purpuroides, 344.
tecta, 344,
triangularis, 344,
undata, 344.
Pycnonotus, 371.
analis, 216, 485,
goiavier, 216.
Pyramidella
conica, 357.
yramis
tetragona, 378,
orientalis, 337.
vulgaris, 160, 516,
yrus
domestica, 530.
Pyxiclemmys, 176,
Pyxidea, 175.
mouhotit, 175,
Radius
variabilis, 340.
Raéta
canaliculata, 368.
ina
philippensis, 36, 487.
phenicura, 487.
__ striatus, 321.
_ Ramphastos
toco, 516.
- Rana, 203.
’ esculenta, 250.
~ Ranella
: celata, 346.
nitida, 346.
Recurvirostra
avocetta, 311.
Reguloides, 295.
proregulus, 297.
trochiloides, 297.
us
cristatus, 336.
japonicus, 336.
modestus, 297.
vulgaris, 159.
Rhea, 515.
americana, 234.
darwiniti, 1.
macrorhyncha, 234.
Rhinoceros
bicornis, 2.
crossit, 156.
indicus, 157.
— gavanicus, 157.
; sondaicus, 157.
_ Rhinochetus
Jubatus, 385, 439.
~ Rhinoclavis
_ Rhinophis, 227.
| ‘mécrolepis, 227.
sanguineus, 227,
inorth
diluta, 485, 491.
javanica, 217.
ochrogastra, 485.
semicollaris, 485.
tricolor, 29,
~ Rhizocheilus
__ ealifornicus, 344,
distans, 344,
sinensis, 314.
_ Bhyncho
__albicollis, 328,
superciliosus, 297, 336.
sumatranus, 156, 157.
INDEX,
Ricinula
carbonaria, 345,
Jugosa, 345.
reeviana, 345.
Rimella
cancellata, 428.
speciosa, 428.
tyleri, 428.
Rissa
brachyrhyncha, 325,
tridactyla, 325.
Rissoa
clandestina, 353.
formata, 353,
fortis, 353.
inconspicua, 353, 354.
infrequens, 359.
Janus, 353.
notabilis, 353, 354,
scalariformis, 353.
woodwardii, 353.
Rissoina, 353, 354.
Rougetius
bernieri, 165.
Rucervus
duvaucelli, 155.
schomburgkit, 155.
R
uma
rhodocheila, 423.
a laphus, 370
hippelaphus, 370.
Ruticlla
aurorea, 291, 335.
fuliginosa, 291, 335,
leucoptera, 291.
Ryzena
zenik, 47.
Sabellaria
saxicava, 109.
Salicaria
cantillans, 294.
turdina orientalis,
293.
Salmo
alpinus, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12,
14, 15
y .
cambricus, 8, 9, 15, 16.
coliz, 7, 12, 18, 15, 16.
grayt, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16.
nivalis, 7, 12, 15.
salvelinus, 7, 9, 15.
wmbla, 15.
willughbii, 7, 8, 9, 11,
6.
12, 1b, 1
Sasia
abnormis, 211.
Satyra
macrolopha, 115.
melanocephala, 122.
temminckii, 123, 307.
575
atyrus
: 65.
Saurus
atlanticus, 41, 42.
griseus, 42.
lacerta, 41, 42.
trivirgatus, 42.
Saxicava
tenuis, 367,
Saxicola
dumetoria, 485, 490.
luctuosa, 485.
melanoleuca, 485,
enanthe, 159.
pyrrhonota, 485,
490.
saltatrix, 335.
Scala, 71
Scalaria
hexagona, 356.
obtusa, 356.
Scapharca
emarginata, 364,
Scaphiopus, 203.
Scartes, 145, 146.
rufus, 143,
Schasicheila
alata, 412.
Schizostoma, 84.
Scheeniclus
australis, 316.
magnus, 315,
Scheenicola
passerind, 337.
var. 6., 301.
Scirpearia, 506.
mirabilis, 505.
Sciurus
madagascariensis, 151.
Scolopax
biclava, 314.
capensis, 314,
cinerea, 312.
gallinago, 314, 517. °
gallinula, 517.
horsfieldii, 487.
hyemalis, 318.
palustris, 313.
rusticola, 47, 313,
Scopelus, 44. ~
caudispinosus, 42.
crocodilus, 43.
Scops
bakkamena, 262.
japonicus, 262, 332.
lempiji, 262.
var. lettia, 262.
leucospilus, 22.
menadensis, 484,
semitorques, 262, 332.
sylvicola, 484, 487.
576
Scopus
umbretta, 164, 517.
Scorpzna, 392.
Scutellina
navicelloides, 361.
Scytale, 56.
coronatum, 56.
Scythrops
nove-hollandie, 485.
Sebastes, 390, 395.
auriculatus, 390, 392,
394, 402
elongatus, 391, 392, 398.
fasciatus, 390, 394.
helvomaculatus, 391,
392, 396, 397.
melanops, 391, 392,
399, 400.
nebulosus, 390, 392, 394,
396.
se eee 391, 392,
393
norvegicus, 392.
ocellatus, 391, 396,
397.
paucispinis, 390, 391,
392, 3938, 399
rosaceus, 390, 392 , O99,
396, 401.
ruber, 390, 391, 392,
395, 396, 401, 402.
var. parvus, 390, 394.
variabilis, 390, 391,
400.
viviparus, 392.
Sebastichthys, 391, 392.
auriculatus, 394, 395.
nebulosus, 394, 395.
nigrocinctus, 393, 394.
ocellatus, 396.
ee 391, 392, 3953,
flavidus, 391, 392, 399,
400.
melanops, 400, 401.
ovalis, 391, 392, 399,
400
paucispinis, 399.
rosaceus, 396, 401, 402.
Semele
ada, 426.
crenata, 426.
elliptica, 367.
Jlavescens, 367.
proxima, 367.
pulchra, 367.
rupium, 426,
striosa, 367.
tortuosa, 367.
ventricosa, 367.
venusta, 367,
INDEX.
Semnocebus, 141.
Senectus
depressa, 356.
Serolis
fabricii, 379.
Serpula, 359.
Sigaretus
costatus, 110.
Silenus
veter, Ley
Silybura, 225
beddomi, 297,
brevis, 225, 226.
ellioti, 297.
nilgherriensis, 226, 227.
ocellata, 226, 227.
ee 225, 227.
Sim
lagtihila: 374.
Siphonaria
characteristica, 361.
gigas, var.,
? pica, 361.
Siren, 203.
Sitta
chinensis, 277
europed, 333, 516.
roseilia, 333
Skenea, 74.
cornuella, 74.
Solarium
granulatum, 355.
quadriceps, 355.
Solecurtus
affinis, 369.
(? Novaculina) carib-
beus, 369.
Solen
rudis, 369.
Solena
obliqua, var., 369.
Solidungula, 473.
Sparvius
madagascariensis, 162.
Spatalura, 236.
carteri, 236.
Spermestes
cucullatus, 106.
fuscans, 219.
nana, 163.
Sphecothera, 481.
viridis, 485.
Spherium, 426.
(Cyclas) spokani, 69.
( ) tumidum, 69.
Spheniscus
demersus, 517.
Spilornis
bido, 207.
Spilotes, 60.
Precio 54,
Spilotes
samarensis, 60.
variabilis, 54.
Spiraxis
nigricans, 412.
Spizaétos
ieee, 332.
Spizella
pinetorum, 189.
pusilla, 189.
Spizixos
semitorques, 278, 334.
Spondylus
calcifer, 363.
lamarckii, 363.
Spongia
lacustris, 440, 441.
Spongilla, 236, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444, 447,
450, 451, 452.
alba, 452, 463, 466, 471.
ri 444, 451, 452,
4
71.
batest, 443, 458, 459,
461, 471.
brownii, 443, 457, 458,
461, 471.
capewelli, 444, 445,
447, 471.
carteri, 469, 470, 471.
cerebellata, 465, 471.
cinerea, 443, 468, 469,
471,
corallioides, 460, 471.
dawsonii, 467, 471.
friabilis, 446, 470.
Sluviatilis, 441 , 442, 445,
447, 448, 449, 450,
451, 462, 463, 466,
470, 471.
fragilis, 446.
gregaria, 452, 471.
lacustris, 449, 444, 445,
462, 463, 466, 467,
469, 470, 471.
leidii, 445, 471.
lordii, 466, 471.
meyeni, ae 444, 448,
paulula, 443, 453, 471.
paupercula, 443, 444,
470, 471.
plumosa, 442, 449, 450,
451, 471.
recurvata, 443, 456,
471.
reticulata, 443,452,453,
454, 455, 456, 471.
Squatarola
helvetica, 309,
Squirrel, 4,
a, 479.
_ tardigradus, 149,
Sterna
caspia, 328,
cristata, 329,
Jissipes, 328.
Sluviatilis, 329.
‘fuliginosa, 329,
hirundo, 329,
hybrida, 328.
leucopareia, 328.
leucoptera, 328.
longipennis, 329.
macrura, 329
nigra, 328.
pelecanoides, 329.
stolida, 329.
suwmatrana, 329.
velox, 329.
Sternotherus, 192, 195.
adansonii, 195.
castaneus, 193, 195.
derbianus, 198, 194.
niger, 196
sinuatus, 193,
subniger, 195.
Sternula
minuta, 224, 329.
sinensis, 329.
tomatella, 434.
ealiginosa, 434.
delicata, 433.
elata, 433.
inflata, 358.
modesta, 433,
toparola
inelonops 289.
itrepsilas
interpres, 315,
atella
Seb 341.
trici
sincera, 367.
trigops, 27.
hirsuta japonica, 262.
Lagolins) Brack
golius) drachyotus,
t 262. ? ?
bicanalifera, 344.
dorsata, 344.
bubo, 262.
a 159, 162, 332,
INDEX,
Strombina
gibberula, 344,
turrita, 845.
Struthidea
cinerea, 232,
Struthio
camelus, 233, 517.
Sturnia
cana, 302.
Sturnus
cineraceus, 301, 337.
dauricus, 302.
sericeus, 301.
temporalis, 303.
vulgaris, 160, 301.
Stylifer
zota, 356.
solitaria, 357.
Subula
varicosa, 341,
Succinea, 519.
arborea, 519, 528.
cochinchinensis, 525.
hawkinsii, 68.
putris, 411.
salleana, 411.
strigata, 522, 523.
Sula
fusca, 325.
Sunetta, 424.
alicie, 425, 428.
excavata, 424.
Surnia
dumeticola, 371.
Surniculus
lugubris, 209.
webbiana, 271.
uya
striata, 336.
Sylochelidon
caspia, 328.
strenuus, 328.
Sylvia
atricapilla, 159, 336,
cinerea, 159, 516.
flavescens, 485.
garrula, 159.
hortensis, 159.
javanica, 296.
locustella, 293.
lutea, 298.
Syncecus
fei i 221.
Synthliboramphus
Ve 330.
temminckii, 330.
Syrnium
aluco, 47, 332.
roc. Zoor. Soc.—1863, No. XXXVII.
577
Syzygium, 217.
Tadorna
radjah, 36.
vulpanser, 324,
Talegalla, 514.
lathami, 516.
Talpa
vulgaris, 510.
Tanagra
sinensis, 298,
Tantalus
abis, 225.
Tanygnathus
affinis, 19, 20.
macrorhynchus, 20,
Tanysiptera, 481.
acis, 19, 28, 24.
dea, 2A.
doris, 24.
galatea, 2A.
hydrocharis, 24.
isis, 24.
nais, 24, i
nynupha, 2A.
ie 24, 25.
sylvia, 2A,
‘apes
gratus, 365.
histrionicus, 365.
Tarsius, 151 ‘
bancanus, 151.
daubentonii, 151.
pallasii, 151.
spectrum, 151.
Tchitrea, 163.
affinis, 217, 289.
tncet, 289.
mutata, 163.
paradisi, 289.
principal 289, 335.
Te
puree ees 356.
Teinostoma, 74.
Tellidora
erystallina, 366.
Tellina
aurora, 366.
cognata, 366.
columbiensis, 366.
concinna, 366.
erystallina, 366.
cumingit, 366.
dombey?, 366.
felix, 366, 367.
laceridens, 366.
prora, 366,
578
oe 366
da, :
ade 366.
siliqua, 366.
simulans, 366.
sincera, 367.
versicolor, 367.
vicina, 367.
(Peronzoderma)
punicea, 366.
Tephrodornis
grisola, 217.
hirundinacea, 217.
Terebra, 418.
elata, 341.
larveformis, 341.
tuberculosa, 341.
varicosa, 341.
Terekia
cinerea, 312.
Terias
desjardinsii, 476.
Tethea
lyneurium, 450.
Tetrao
bonasia, 338.
chinensis, 308.
coturniz, 308.
franklinii, 338.
luzoniensis, 308.
madagascariensis,
3
perlatus, 307.
pintadeus, 307.
sinensis, 307.
tetriz, 338.
urogalloides, 338.
urogallus, 338, 529.
Thalassarctos
maritimus, 47.
Thalasseus
eristatus, 329.
Thalassidroma
leachii, 330.
elagica, 379.
ae 379.
Thamnodynastes
nattereri, 56.
punctatissimus, 56.
Thaumalea, 115, 117.
amherstie, 117, 807.
picta, een 127, 307,
phaseolina, 366.
eskiornis
ethiopicus, 517.
melanocephalus, 318,
371.
INDEX,
Thryothorus
modestus, 187.
petenicus, 187.
Thylacinus
eynocephalus, 103.
nus
pelamys, 378.
Tichodroma
muraria, 270.
Tiga
tridactyla, 210.
Tigrisoma
leucolophum, 517.
iliqua
rufescens, 58.
Timalia
erythroptera, 215.
maculata, 215.
nigricollis, 215.
Tinamus
robustus, 517.
Tinnunculus
alaudarius, 159, 261,
332
japonicus, 261, 332.
moluccensis, 484
newtonit, 161.
punctatus, 161.
Tithorea
tarricina, 243.
Todiramphus
collaris, 23.
sanctus, 23.
Tornatina
carinata, 358.
infrequens, 308.
Tortoise, 4, 511.
West Indian, 225.
Totanus
acuminatus, 316.
affinis, 222, 311.
brevipes, 312.
calidris, 311.
erassirostris, 315.
damacensis, 316.
empusa, 312.
fuliginosus, 312.
fuscus, 311, 517.
glareola, 311, 312, 487,
530.
glottis, 311.
glottotdes, 311.
griseopygius, 312.
horsfieldti, 222.
hypoleucus, 312,
48
7.
ochropus, 311, 312, 530,
532
pulverulentus, 312.
stagnatilis, 311.
tenuirostris, 315,
Trachycyclus
marmoratus,
Tragopan
hastingit, 122.
satyrus, 122.
Treron
aromatica, 18, 33.
bicineta, 371.
capellit, 221.
floris, 486, 496.
formosa, 338.
fulvicollis, 220.
griseicauda, 496.
nipalensis, 220.
nudirostris, 106.
olax, 220.
phenicoptera, 371.
psittacea, 486.
vernans, 220.
Tribura
luteiventris, 292.
squameiceps, 292.
Trichoglossus
cyanogrammus, 20.
euteles, 484.
forsteni, 481, 484.
hematodus, 484.
iris, 484.
nigrogularis, 20.
rubritorquis, 232.
Trichostoma
abbottii, 215.
umbratile, 215.
Trichotropis, 110.
Trigona
radiata, 365, 368.
Trigonocephalus
landsbergit, 54.
neuwiedi, 54.
Trigonodes
hippasia, 167.
Tringa
acuminata, 316.
albescens, 316.
canutus, 315.
chinensis, 316.
cinclus, 316.
damacensis, 316.
maritima, 315.
minuta, 316.
pectoralis, 316.
platyrhyncha, 316.
pusilla, 316, -
rufescens, 316.
schinzii, 316.
subarcuata, 316,
317.
subminuta, 316, 317.
temminckit, 317.
tenuirostris, 315.
tridactyla, 315.
cc
Tringoid
iypotewa, 222, 277,
Triphoris
alternatus, 350.
Deeierionsa 350.
wee 300.
constrictus, 346,
sanguinea, 341.
Trochilus
catenulatus, 355.
coronulatus, 355.
leanus, 355.
ligulatus, 356.
lima, 355.
lividus, 356.
panamensis, 356.
pellis-serpentis, 356.
reticulatus, eg
Troglod: 8
orilla, Vr 1.
parvulus, 160.
Trogon
Be aedephatu, 371.
phon
coronatum, 429,
spiratum, 429,
Tropidonotus
frames 378.
natriz,vay. bilineata,47.
Tropidorhynchus, 28.
argenteiceps, 233.
bouruensis, 19, 26, 31.
cineraceus, 486.
subcornutus, 27.
(Tudicula) spinosa, 429,
Turaccena
modesta, 486.
INDEX,
Turbinella, 429,
cestus, 347.
castanea, 347.
cerata, 347.
rudis, 347.
spadicea, 347.
Turbiola
cornuella, 74.
‘bo
buschit, 356.
niveus, 74.
phasianella, 356.
rutilus, 356.
saxosus, 356.
Turcica, 507.
concinna, 508.
imperialis, 507.
instricta, 508.
monilifera, 507.
stellata, 508.
Turdus
aédon, 294,
armillaris, 30.
cardis, 280, 334.
chrysolaus, 280, 334.
daulias, 280, 334.
dominicanus, 302.
Ffuscatus, 280, 334.
hortulorum, 280.
tliacus, 159.
leschenaultii, 276.
- leucocillus, 279.
merula, 159, 516.
musicus, 159, 531.
naumannit, 280, 334.
obscurus, 280.
pallens, 280, 334.
pallidus, 280.
pilaris, 159.
ruficollis, 281
schlegelit, 485.
sibiricus, 279, 334.
torquatus, 159.
viscivorus, 159, 281.
whitei, 278.
(Merula) mandarinus,
281.
Turnix
andalusica, 308.
blandfordit, 308.
dussumieri, 308.
maculosa, 308.
ocellata, 308, 338.
rufescens, 497.
sykesit, 308.
Turris, 418.
Turritella
banksii, 350.
goniostoma, jun., 350.
ti
urtur
bitorquata, 486.
579
Turtur
chinensis, 306, 338.
humilis, 306, 338.
picturatus, 164.
risoria, 338.
rupicola, 306, 338.
senegalensis, 47.
tigrina, 221, 486.
Ulula
aluco, 516.
rufescens, 332.
uralensis, 332.
Unio
vere-pacis, 414,
(Alasmodon) stuart,
417.
Uperoleia
marmorata, 387.
Upupa
epops, 264, 333,
516.
Uragus
sanguinolentus, 337.
sibiricus, 337.
Urania
antiqua, 330.
senicula, 330.
trotle, 517.
umizusume, 330.
(Cepphus) caréo,
330.
) columba, 330,
f ) lomvia, 330.
Urocissa
cerulea, 304, 337.
sinensis, 304,
Uromastix, 236.
spinipes, 237.
Ursus
malayanus, 370.
Uvanilla
inermis, 356.
olivacea, 356,
Vampyrus, 84.
Vanellus
eristatus, 309, 517.
Vanessa
cardui, 65.
Vanga
curvirostris, 163.
Vanicoro, 423.
recluziana, 424.
Varecia, 131, 135.
leucomystax, 136.
nigra, 136.
rubra, 136,
varia, 185, 136.
580
Venericardia
laticostata, 365.
Venilia
malaccensis, 211.
miniata, 211.
Venus
? amathusia, 365.
‘discors, 365.
gnidia, 365.
multicostata, 365.
pectunculoides, 365.
subrugosa, 365.
sugillata, 365.
Vermetus
eburneus, 358.
? glomeratus, 358.
panamensis, 358.
Vertigo, 519.
australis, 522.
Vespertilio, 82, 84.
Vidua
eques, 106,
macroura, 106.
paradisea, 106.
Vinago
australis, 164.
sieboldiz, 338.
Vipera, 229, 230.
confluenta, 229.
libitina, 230.
Viralva
indica, 328.
Vireo
noveboracensis, 188, 189,
ochraceus, 188, 189.
pallens, 188, 189.
semiflavus, 188, 189.
Virgularia, 506,
mirabilis, 506,
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, PRINTERS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
INDEX,
Vitella, 380.
Vitrinella, 76.
carinulata, 355.
concinna, 354,
exigua, 304.
Janus, 354.
minuta, 354,
modesta, 354,
panamensis, 355.
parva, 355.
perparva, 355.
regularis, 355.
seminuda, 355.
tricarinata, 355.
valvatoides, 355.
Vitularia, 431, 432.
aspera, 66.
candida, 480.
salebrosa, 346.
Viverricula
malaccensis, 370.
Vivipara
kingt, 415.
prerosa, 415.
ussuriensis, 415,
waterhousit, 414.
Volvocivora, 279.
Jinbriata, 218, 283.
melaschistos, 282.
Vultur
indicus, 371.
radiatus, 162.
Vultures, 5.
Xanthichthys, 379.
Xanthopygia
leucophrys, 289.
narcissina, 289, 335.
Xantusia, 154, 155.
THE END.
Xenodon
colubrinus, 54.
Xylocopa
estuans, 166.
Yunx
Japonica, 267.
torquilla, 267, 333.
Zamenis, 57.
atrovirens, 47.
Zanclostomus
sumatranus, 208.
tristis, 208.
Zierliana
solitaria, 341.
Ziphius, 200.
Ziziphinus, 507.
Zoothera
andromeda, 485.
Zosterops, 203.
piste ss 493.
aureifrons, 486, 493.
cerulescens, 204. °
chloris, 31.
chloronota, 204, 298.
cintrinella, 486, 494.
erythropleura, 204, 298, —
336.
flava, 219, 493.
grayt, 494,
intermedia, 486, 493.
japonica, 204, 296, 297,
298, 336.
madagascariensis, 163.
montana, 219.
palpebrosa, 203, 204,
297.
simplex, 203, 297, 836.
LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS
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A LIST OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS LIVING IN
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THE IBIS,
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