LIS

CF THE

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by ach.

Page

Avams, Henry, F.L.S.

List of Mollusks from Formosa -........... .sesessee 146

Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species of Mol-

WUBI Fac ata. coeacndi «Vo Accra, ae) ohh slave are eeeneemete aaah eee OO

Descriptions of Fifteen New Species of Land and Fresh-

water Shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe,

Esq., Consul at Taiwan in that island. (Plate XXXIII.).. 316

List of the Shells collected by S. W. Baker, Esq., during

his recent explorations in Central Africa................. 375

List of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Mr. E.

Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Ucayali,

Eastern Peru, with Descriptions of New Species. (Plate

223-517 le . 440

Descriptions of Six New Species of Shells, and Note on

Opisthostoma de-Crespignii. (Plate XXXVIII.) ........ 445

ANNESLEY, Lieut. O. F. T., R.A.

Notes on the Habits of Gonodactylus chiragra. (Com-

municated by Dr. J. H.. Gray.). . deh ui... tals a0 nek OOS

Barro, W., M.D., F.L.S

Description of a New Species of Moncecious Worm be-

longing to the elass Turbellaria and genus Serpentaria ...-

Descriptions of Two New es of eo Crus-

taceans. (Plate XII.) .

Barttett, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.

Notes on the Breeding of several Species of Birds in the

Society’s Gardens durimg the year 1865. (Plate IX.) ....

Observations on Stringonyx anderssoni

Barrierr, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens,

and Muris, James, M.D., Proseetor to the Society.

On the Movement of the Symphysis of the Lower Jaw in

Ra RENNIN ne Array bait. 2 hhc Sibave Boke pts eee

Bates, Henry WAuTER, F.Z.S.

On a collection of Coleoptera from Formosa sent home by

R. Swinhoe, Esq., H.B.M. Consul, Formosa ............

Beravan, Lieut. R. C., C.M.Z.S.

Extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary relating

to his trip to Zwagaben, and discovery of Nemorhedus suma-

LEPTIRER Se Ns ren Cerone ve

Bennett, Grorce, M.D., F.Z.S.

Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by, re-

Spectingia Liyre-bird)),, .. tite. asco dey ole fate po eae

Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by, re-

specting Dendrocygna eytont

Buanrorp, W.T., Assoc. Roy. Sch. Min., F.G.S.

On Opisthostoma, H. Blanford, with the Description of a

New Species from the neighbourhood of Bombay, and of the

Animal and Operculum. (Plate XXXVIII.)............

Biytu, Epwarp, C.M.Z.8

A NotevonvAtrican buitalos ews es ek ce.ce fees oe. me

Page

324

417

447

Buuecer, Capt. G. E., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

List of Birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills,

about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months

Srp ending NBOb se ia to's me Sat Rd oh eda:

Burmeister, H., Ph.D., F.M.Z.S.

Extract from a letter addressed to Mr. Sclater on the

Tyrannide found near Buenos Ayres ......

Butter, A. G., F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoological Department,

British Museum.

Descriptions of some New Exotic Butterflies in the Na-

tional Collection. (Plate III.)....

Monograph of the Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the

Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of that Genus,

with Descriptions of New Species in the National Collection

ebiate EV) S eer. 2)

Note on the Genus Brahmea of Walker

Supplement to a Monograph of the Genus Danais, founded

on Specimens in the Collection of Mr. Osbert Salvin... . ..

A Revision of the Genus Hypna, with Descriptions of the

New Species. (Plate XXIII.)..

A Monograph of the Diurnal ee ot belonging to the

Genus Huplea, with Descriptions of many New Species;

founded principally on the Specimens in the Collection of

the British Museum. (Plates XXIX., XXX.)

Corrections and Addenda to certain Papers on Lepidoptera

published during the years 1865-66 ; with Additional Notes

on some of the Snecies described ..........

A Monograph of the Genus Huptychia, a numerous race

of Butterflies belonging to the Family Satyride ; with De-

scriptions of Sixty Species new to Science, and Notes on

their Affinities &c. (Plates XXXIX., XL.) .........4..

Note on some Species of Butterflies belonging to the Genus

Catagramma ...... :

Page

568

118

171

206

268

. 451

Page

CANFIELD, Cotsert A., M.D., C.M.Z.S,

On the Habits of the Prongbuck (Antilocapra americana),

and the periodical shedding of its Horns................ 105

Carte, ALExaNnDER, M.D., M.A. Dubl., M.R.1.A., F.L.S., &c.

Notes on the Genus Chiasmodon. (Plate II.) ........ 35

On an Undescribed Species of Petrel from the Blue Moun-

tains of dammucn | (Plate Kee PY eae eee eee

Covucu, JonaTHAN, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

On the Occurrence on the Coast of Cornwall of an exam-

ple of the Fish called Cuvier’s dusonia, or Luvaru........ 332

Cox, J. C., M.D., C.M.Z.S.

Characters of Six New Australian Land-Shells ........ 373

Crisp, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S. &c.

Further Observations relating to the Anatomy of the

GURGEEG | Ses OR recta ots Nia Pea enna EER ok oicepeys Gere ean

Davipson, Tuomas, F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.

Notes on some recent Brachiopoda dredged by the late

Lucas Barrett off the North-east Coast of Jamaica, and

now forming part of the Collection of Mr. R. MacAndrew

CPI WRIT), i... hepa ac eran eae eee eae oalars ake Fe

Divxg, Sir C. W., Bart., F.Z.S.

Letter from, respecting a Gyrfalcon.................. 2

Dourn, H., M.D., C.M.Z.S.

Synopsis of the Birds of Ilha do Principe, with some

Remarks on their Habits and Descriptions of New Species

(Pinte RaeRaey wae ee ec ote Ces sce eters § 324

Dresser, H. E., F.Z.S.

Notes on the Breeding of the Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata) 377

Vil

Page

Frower, Witit1am Henry, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Conser-

vator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Memoir on the Osteology of the Sperm-Whale. (Part I.) 81

Exhibition of some Insects taken on board a ship at sea.. 305

Memoir on Inia and Pontoporia .................... 426

Fraser, Louis, C.M.Z.S8.

Communication of a List of Mollusks collected by R.

Swinhoe, Esq.; in Formosa +)... o06e 06s nee eee ee 146

Exhibition of a pair of Horns of Cervus mariannus...... 367

Goutp, Joun, F.RB.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

Description of a New Species of Toucan a eles to the

AGEN AMG CONATRUE <2 os ad site Meo oioiaie e+ ei ays aca pase SE

Exhibition of the Trachea of Manucodia gouldi........ 201

Exhibition of a specimen of the Andalusian Hemipode

(Tigrnie sylenaea). oo gcc) 1d = pn ce igs vin tee

Additions to the List of the Avifauna of Australia, with

Descriptions of Three New Species ..................-. 217

Exhibition of Péilotis cassidiz, and other rare Australian

MGIC os 60s a ec nie») Meni ea Sn Mirae nnin, otis mci SOO

Gray, G. R., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

On a New Species of Penelope lately living in the Society’s

Gardens... (Plate XXID. ois icin conc ccc dee sen serene 206

Gray, Joun Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S.,

Keeper of the Zoological Collections in the British

Museum.

Description of Two New Forms of Gorgonioid Corals.... 24

A Revision of the Genera of Pteropine Bats (Pteropide),

and the Descriptions of some apparently Undescribed Species 62

A Revision of the Genera of Rhinolophide, or Horseshoe

PUES Wane oles Cie oiatees Pistols oho asiaep eee ink, 5 90-75 sya sie ae ole 81

Revision of the Genera of Phyllostomide, or Leaf-nosed Bats 111

vill

Page

Notice of the Examination of the Type Specimen of Aél/o

cuntere Gl Useael. was CARA ie 2s DHSS eee haa ere rates 147

Notice of a New West-African Monkey living in the Gar-

dens of the Society. (Plate XVL.).............00.--.- 168

Notice of a New Species of Nasua (Plate XVII.)...... 169

Notice of a New Species of Spatangus......+...e0++++ 170

Notice of an Ape (Macacus inornatus) and a Bushbock

(Cephalophus breviceps) in the Gardens of the Society

(Plate ENG Ne Ne teonc vee ah sein beer ee ees ee

Notice of a New Bat (Scotophilus welwitschii) from vce

(Plate XXIV.) .. Pee ee ae, ate pps

Notes on the Skulls of Dolphins, or Bottlenose Whales,

in the British Museum ...... .cccee esse ccs wens ences 211

Notes on some Mammalia from Port Albany (Cape York

Peninsula), North Australia, with the Descriptions of some

New Species. (Plate XXV.) ......-.---.eeee-- cece ee 219

Notes on some Young Specimens of Tortoises (Testudo).. 305

On the Species of Porcupines in the Gardens of the Society

and in the British Museum. (Plate XXXI.)............ 306

Grote, A., F.Z.S.

Letter from, referring to the locality of Acanthocherus

DP BTC Oe ae en be ot Behe en ekg tae aS 3 an a

GinrHer, ALBERT, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.Z.S.

Remarks on Chiasmodus .......... 0000 eeeeeeeees 38

Remarks on the Skeleton of Ausonia cuviert .......... 336

Memoir on the Fishes of the States of Central America

collected by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. Dow .. 600

Harrravs, Dr. Gustav, F.M.Z.S.

Synopsis of the Genus Cursorius. (Plate VI.) .......- 61

On a New Genus and Species of Birds from Madagascar.. 218

On a New Species of the Genus Crateropus, Sw. (Plate

KV Typ! rad a seh oie ges oa a eh aks, te. ieee

Page

Jounson, JAMEs YATE, C.M.Z.S.

Description of Trachichthys darwinii, a New Species of

Berycoid Fish from Madeira. (Plate XXXII.).......... 311

Kavp, Dr. J., C.M.Z.S., Keeper of the Royal Zoological Mu-

seum, Darmstadt.

Description of Two New Species of the Genus Bacillus, Latr. 577

Krerrt, Gerarp, Curator and Secretary, Australian Museum,

Sydney, New South Wales, C.M.Z.S.

Descriptions of Three ee of Snakes of the Genus

EIOPIOCCDIGIUG. cess Coy ok herds eA BON gk Mei ack. ren g O

On the Classification of the small ices of Australia,

with Descriptions of Two New Genera and One New Species

Priste OM VIE ss kn, a Re aI ss ase yh oe

LanpeeEck, Herr E. L.,

Extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by, rela-

ting to the Humming-birds of Juan Fernandez .......... 557

LituseBorG, Prof. W., F.M.Z.S.

Outlines of a Systematic Review of the Class of Birds .. 5

Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Narwhal

(Monodon monoceras). ooo. ioe. oie wan ee nspnennst ae O99

Mrvart, Sr. Grorce J., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Com-

parative Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital.

On the Structure and Affinities of cre aie laniger

(Plate XV.) . i eles Sees oh PP cites is aera LOL

Memoir on the “ sg lide Skeleton of the Orang

(Sine re ee en faye en Pele ees oe oe es

Mivart, St. Georce J., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Com-

parative Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital, and Murte,

James, M.D., Prosector to the Society.

Memoir on the Anatomy of the Lemuroidea .......... 168

On the Anatomy of the Crested Agouti (Dasyprocta cris-

PoP RCTS) o's a0 6 os, conta aise, vo. Senne 389 ise in ms ee

Page

Moore, FrepeEric, and Wauuace, A. R., F.Z.S. i

List of Lepidopterous Insects collected at Takow, For-

mosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe........... 355

Moors, T. J., C.M.Z.S., Keeper of the Derby Museum, Li-

verpool.

On the Habitat of the Derbyan Crested Screamer (Chauna

DONA Senn U4 Geet . 368

Muri, James, M.D., Prosector to the Society.

Notes on the Markhore and the Chimpanzee . Mead fo

Supplementary Notes on the Red-bellied Monkey (Cerco-

Put Reens CLOCRPOGUSTEH, “OTA loa cee Se ounces ee ed oe eee 280

On the Llama and Alpaca in their Summer Dress. (Plate

2 ELEM i) FR shh Cs NA, RnR RUE tele ARE ee OR 21

On the Occurrence of Gstrus tarandi, Linn., in a Rein-

deer in the Society’s Gardens .......... 590

Account of a Case of Malformation in the Generative Or-

PUN IDE DAS OWhae Ru Shy chs elige wo Sis borane oe see 592

Murie, James, M.D., Prosector to the Society, and Barr-

Lett, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.

On the Movement of the Symphysis of the Lower Jaw in

the Kangaroos 28

Murir, James, M.D., Prosector to the Society, and Mivart,

Sr. Georce J., F.L.S., F.Z.S, Lecturer on Compara-

tive Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital.

Memoir on the Anatomy of the Lemuroidea 2 LS

On the Anatomy of the Crested Agouti (Dasyprocta cris-

data; Destir.). : .six gat bad cee ame nim ee ogk: et eee

Murray, ANDREW, F.L.S.

Remarks on the Minor Characters of Mammalia........ 146

On Galago murinus, Murray........................ 560

Nation, Prof. Wiritu1am, C.M.Z.S. (See Sciatrer, Puiip

LUTLeEY.)

Newton, Atrrep, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoo-

logy and Comparative Anatomy in the University of

Cambridge.

Exhibition of a specimen of the Sylvia aquatica ........

Owen, Professor Ricuarp, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

F.G.S., F.Z.S., Superintendent of the Natural History

Collections, British Museum.

Page

210

Memoir on the Osteology of the Dodo................ 4

Pascor, F. P., F.L.S., F.Z.8.

Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera collected in the Island

of Penang by James Lamb, Esq. PartI. (Plates XXVL.,

po. Gil TOP. ARR a aS Beet ane ee

Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera collected in the Island

of Penang by James Lamb, Esq. Part II. (Plates XLI.,

pA Nee Fe eee eee . 504

Perers, Dr. W1tt14M, Director of the Royal Zoological Mu-

seum, Berlin, F.M.Z.S.

On some Mammalia collected by Capt. A. C. Beavan,

C.M.Z.S., at Moulmein, Burmah. (Plate XXXV.)...... 426

On Taphozous flaviventris, Gould, a new Species of Bat

ARPT AMSLE MUIR 1. Poy J. Ce ene ne oth al au S's kw aw tee Oe aie 430

Note on a Collection of Bats from Trinidad............ 430

Whtevon a Bat from the Ageres:. = 2... Lee 558

Note on a Collection of Mice made by Capt. E. C. Beavan

SLM EIOUM S-USON erases acc. pee sede nee eve 558

Ramsay, Epwarp P., of Dobroyde, New South Wales, C.M.Z.S.

Description of a New Species of Aérichia from the Rich-

mond River, New South Wales ................--2-05- 438

Remarks upon the New Species of Atrichia and on A.

clamosaot the Weat Copst -. 2-5 2200200002 oie a

Notes on the most frequent Fosterparents of the Cuckoos

Si nneyiran sear. fore RAN oN

571

Page

Savin, Ospert, M.A., F.Z.S. &c.

Descriptions of Eight New Species of Birds from Veragua

CP libtes Ville VEU) dacs 354. Pais Pe te eee eae eee en

Satvin, Ospert, M.A., F.Z.S., and Sciater, P. L., M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.

Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the

River Ucayali, Eastern Peru, with Notes and i alae of

New Species. (Plate XVIII.).. dys ate bays Ps 2 5 se ee

On some Additions to the heen of Birds collected by

Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali .................. 566

Saurtn, DupLey EDWARD.

Notice on the Pheasants found in the neighbourhood of

RIOR Nc oh cians saya NASR ET Tee Oe

Scuuecet, Dr. H., F.M.Z.S.

Extract from a letter addressed to Mr. P. L. Sclater re-

specting Casuarius uniappendiculatus.................. 168

Communication from, on Mammals and Birds collected in

DVIS ENOHES Son aeeeec Nels os Go oye lea ccie a eer ey Ones ae heen: cee ee

Scuater, Puizie Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

Secretary to the Society.

Notice of the addition of a Gayal (Bos frontalis) to the

Noclety a Menaserie. . (Plate 1.) . see. s iviyze 23 <2 ee cnet 1

Remarks on Lemur leucomystaz, Bartlett......... eee 1

Extract of a letter from Dr. Burmeister on the Tyrannide

of Buenas Ayres -.0- Fis. re Se oe ae EA a > as alors 2

Report on Birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa,

by Oapta.G. B.. Bulger, CM Aik. coo) aes, oe ae ee

Exhibition of an Egg of the One-carunculated Cassowary

(Casuarius uniappendiculatus)...............4+4++-++. 34

Remarks on the American Lepidosiren (Lepidosiren pa-

MROTE) Sate Sed ee es ei shess es 6 Ae eget age WE kee waves 34

On a New American Cuckoo of the Genus Neomorphus

(Plate: Viadiencesceo cistas.« eiiate’shgtes @ siacs'e os erpiet eae seta oss ey

Xili

Remarks on some Monkeys received from St. Kitts, West

RRMA? of PBS P et Me a ain

Notice of some recent additions to the Society’s Menagerie

Exhibition of a collection of Mammals and Birds from

Japan .

On the Birds of the Wisiee of Lima, Peru. With Notes

on their Habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C.M.Z.S.

CBared-). @blate 20.) 5 acm:

Notice of a Pudu Deer recently added to the Society’s

(LSC RES RES VRC Reco de ea OR IER Ee

Notes upon the American Caprimulgide. (Plates XIII.,

EV VSS ys9 csc tee ee Sonne es 1 eee LS, Pa BOER abate, she

Additional Notes on the Anatide of the Genera Dendro-

AGE AI, TAL OLB on Me cago px |= Risso bab sie ojo. hs) ays gh

Notice of Additions to the Society’s WMensiperic, and of the

transmission of a Manatee to the Society by Mr. G. W. La-

timer, of Porto Rico ............

Remarks on recent Additions to the Society’s Menagerie .

Note on the Genus Geobates of Swainson. (Plate XXI.)

Notice of several interesting Species of Mammals and Birds

living in the Gardens of the Société Zoologique d’ Acclimata-

tion of Paris .... SN Pee ING, wae 6 Sii) oie Sad

On a NewSpecies of the Genus Accipiter from New Granada

Notice of a rare American Monkey (Pithecia leucoce-

phala) lately added to the Society’s Menagerie ....

Descriptions of Six New Species of American Oscines. .

Notice of a specimen of the Californian Vulture (Cathartes

californianus) recently added to the Society’s Collection. .

Note on Chauna nigricollis ......

Exhibition of a young specimen of Chauna derbiana, for-

warded to him by Dr. W. Huggins of San Fernando, Trini-

dad, C.M.Z.S. Ache SONCUON iacae a

Notice of recent Additions to the Society’s Menagerie

Exhibition of some specimens of Lustephanus fernandensis

and E. stokesi

Page

104

XIV

Page

Exhibition of some Feathers supposed to be those of Ca-

aries GUSEFOUS se gece ose cams tga oes vo ss oe oe

Additional Notes on the Caprimulgide. (Plates XLV.,

SAD RA ete ne rer ee wmeriremr rarer 2

Scuater, P. L., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the So-

ciety, and Savin, O., M.A., F.Z.S.

Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the

River Ucayali, Eastern Peru, with Notes and Descriptions

of New Species). “CPime A VIE TT ee. Sekine er ee

On some Additions to the Catalogue of Birds collected by

Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali.................. 566

Scorr, WALTER J.

Extract of a letter addressed to the Secretary by, relating

to the Australian Cassowary............-...02222..2.. 557 -

Swinuogr, Rosert, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Formosa.

Letter to the Secretary respecting a Monkey from the

Island of North Lena, near Hongkong ................ 556

TEGETMEIER, W. B.

Exhibition of a supposed Original Drawing of the Dodo.. 201

Tristram, Rev. Henry Baxer, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

Report on the Mammals of Palestine ................ 84

Notice of the capture of a Ribbonfish (Gymnetrus banksii)

of theiCcaet of Durkan 070 Ge seen es seen ee

Watpen, Arruour, Viscount, F.L.S., F.Z.8.

Notes on Birds collected in Tennasserim and in the An-

damarnWlslandsidscate ae ole Ra Gra cis A Ee OT

Watuace, A. R., F.Z.S., and Moors, F.

List of Lepidopterous Insects collected at Takow, For-

mpOGA, by WT, MUMS WENGE 5 ee sao oa na Mae cect

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate Page

I. Bos frontalis ..... Feasts alee arare eter Seer cabo 1

Nery Chsasmavusiienes vier clei’ -\-\aaclernielela! efela 2) v0 01010 oisie\s\« 35

III. New Exotic Butterflies ............ etetarateniatere PP ere.

IV. New Species of Dandis ........seccceeecsveees Pie 1S.

V. Neomorphus salvint.....cccccveccencescssces Arica,

WI. Cursorius Disignatus 1... ccecss ccc donuccuncs ec be (al

VII. Euphonia rufiverter........ccccsscccccscssces Se } 67

VIII. Formicarius rufipectus 1.1... ee ce eeeeee paoogouc

Eurypyga helias, pull. .....csccccececesevecees

re Pleroclesalchata, pulls 2s ticesjctes Aoceiss sss ne - } 76

Me sPLETOOTOMG CATIDUEB ya's « oisie wleluieleisiele) +1 ol0\e's\inie stele c 93

IE ACR ATTLUT iris Aion @tid DOCU OOD OO EG TOOBOD oboe 96

XII. New Brachiopoda ...... cesses cece ccececeevens 102

XIU... Antrostomus parvulus........+++- ng oetihocvoon oT 1 493

MVV.. SiCnopses. PufiCerVit “woes wee savece gees cawsice os J)

XV. Microrhynchus laniger ......+.+2+eee-sserevecens 151

XVI. Cercopithecus erythrogaster ....+...seeeeseeeeeeee 168

XVII. Nasua dorsalis ........+. sect noo Saomaondenane 169

XVIII. Metopothria aurantigcus «.o.060 esc cs sete veces aieie st 175

XIX. Macacus inornatus ........ 0c eres Aca nhocat UOT \ 202

XX. Cephalophus breviceps ........045. s Goat cd bebe -

XXI. Geobates pecilopterus 1... .cciedvcssccceccsesees 204

XXII. Penelope greeyii....... < NGUObe Of, cabot ae stebiastcts } 206

XXIII. New Species of Hypna ........cccccecscccccees

XXIV. Scotophilus welwitschit ........ccccccceceverers eonokd

XXV. Halmaturus cowenii....... aislahsrercialaiapatouaterehe ae. sieves sue aly

XXVI.

XXVII. } New Coleoptera from Penang .........seeeeeeeees 222

XXVIII

—o } New Species of Hupleed......sescescecssccscsencs 268

XXXI. Acanthocheerus grotet........ccseeeceeecesccovncs 306

XXXIDT. Trachichthys darwintt ......cceveecessccscvcvess 311

Xvi

Plate Page

XXXIII. New Formosan Shells............000sccsee: Beneda. lb

KXXIV. Cuphopierus dohrnt.... 02.35 .cccecstecesseccasnses 324

XXXV. Rhinolophus celophyllus ........ceeceeeeseceeees 426

XXXVI. Chefocercus cristicauda........0ccccesssersccoces 431

XXXVII. Crateropus melanops ........+.eecerccesetececees 435

XXXVIII. New Species of Shells ........ceeecesessesecoees 440

ae } New Species of Fuptychia..........cececeeeceeees 458

XLI.

XLII. } New Coleoptera from Penang ......+.++sseeeeeeee 504

XLII.

KG Vic ne lamarand PAI DACAR ae pie) <\+ slelels/aleiele falls welele ale ele! gfelei= 580

MLV. Antrostomus ornatus 2.022200. - ese cescccceases 581

XLVI. maculicaudus ....+.+.0+5s OI On eer is \ we

ERRATA.

Page 42, line 4 above Description of Plate IITI., omz¢ ‘‘ (Pl. ITT. fig. 9).”

42, line 2 above Description of Plate III., for ‘‘not be named” read “now

be named.”

57, Danas crocna is figured Pl. IV. fig. 5 only, not figs. 5 & 6.

58, Danats MARIANA is figured Pl. IV. fig. 6, ot fig. 7.

58, Danais rnuncra is figured Pl. IV. fig. 7, not fig. 8.

59, The following is a corrected Explanation of Plate IV.:—

Fig. 1. Danais fulgurata, p. 48. | Fig. 5. Danats crocea, p. 57.

2. conspicua, p. 49. 6. —— mariana, p. 58.

3, 4. —— gloriola, p. 56. Us inunceta, p. 58.

120, line 16, for Brahmea petiveri read Phalena maxima.

5, 287, line 11 from bottom, for swbtus read supra.

,, 464, Euprycnia piverGens is figured Pl. XL. fig. 3, not fig. 1.

,, 471, Euprycnta MArMorATA is figured Pl. XL. fig. 1, not fig. 2.

,, 483, EurrycntA BRIXIOLA is figured Pl. XL. fig. 9, not fig. 4.

»”

SITVINO Ga SOc

Tea E

dort’ qe yueHy NeW

PROCEEDINGS

or THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

—_>—_——_-

January 9, 1866.

Alfred Newton, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to the young

male Gayal (Bos frontalis, Lambert), just added to the Society’s

Menagerie. A pair of this fine species of Bovine animal had been

shipped at Calcutta for the Society by their Corresponding Member,

the Babu Rajendra Mullick; but the female had unfortunately died

upon the passage. A drawing by Mr. Wolf (Plate I.) was exhibited,

representing this interesting animal.

Mr. P. L. Sclater remarked that it seemed now to be quite certain

that the White-whiskered Lemur, described and figured by Mr.

Bartlett (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 347, pl. x1.) under the name Lemur leuco-

mystax, was the female of the Black Lemur (Lemur macaco, Gm.).

The Society’s Menagerie now contained a male and two females of this

species, including the original type of Lemur leucomystax, purchased

in 1861. Dr. Brehm, Director of the Zoological Gardens, Hamburg,

had first called Mr. Sclater’s attention to the fact that the Black

Lemurs were always males, and the White-whiskered ones females,

such being the case in the Hamburg Gardens (which contained in

August last two males and a female of this species) as well as in this

Society’s Gardens. The matter, however, had been definitely set at

rest by two enterprising Dutch travellers, MM. Pollen and Van Dam,

who, during their recent excursion into North-western Madagascar,

Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1866, No. I,

€

2 LETTER FROM LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN. [Jan. 9,

had obtained specimens of both of these Lemurs, and determined

them as male and female of the same species*.

A letter was read from Sir C. W. Dilke, Bart., F.Z.S., announcing

the occurrence of a specimen of the Gyr Falcon (Falco gyrfalco) in

the Holt forest near Farnham.

Mr. P. L. Sclater read an extract from a letter addressed to him

by Dr. H. Burmeister, For. Memb., concerning the Tyrannide found

in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres. These were stated to be

Saurophagus sulphuratus (common),

Tyrannus violentus (common).

aurantio-atro-cristatus (rare).

Bathmidurus variegatus (rare).

Elainea modesta (rare).

Muscipeta virgata (rare).

Pyrocephalus coronatus (common).

Serpophaga nigricans (rare).

subcristata (common).

Euscarthmus (Hapalocercus) flaviventris (rare).

Dr. Burmeister’s list was accompanied by drawings and descrip-

tions of two other species of this group, which Mr. Sclater had not

been able to determine.

The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the

Secretary by Lieut. R. C. Beavan, Corr. Memb., dated Moulmein,

October 23rd, 1865 :—

«T have just returned from a trip to Zwagaben (a remarkable lime-

stone rock about twenty-five miles to the north of this, elevation about

2000 feet, and about the only limestone rock in the vicinity which

can be climbed) with the Rev. C. G. Parish, the chaplain here, who

is well known as a botanist. A day and a half up the Salween by

boat at this time of the year brings one to the small village of Kor-

like ; and from this point to the foot of the rock is only four or five

miles, through a swamp which has to be traversed on elephant-back.

At the foot of Zwagaben we were lucky enough to find a small water-

tight zyat or resting-house, well shingled and boarded, no small boon

in this land of rain; and this we made our headquarters. The pull

up the mountain was very stiff: in places one has to scramble up on

all fours ; and here and there we came across good teak ladders placed

for the accommodation of pilgrims to the pagoda at the top. Both

these and the rest-house at the bottom have been erected by some

pious Burman or other, with the hope of reward hereafter.

« About a quarter of the way up there is a small village, three or

four huts only, and a poongye (priest) house, where we were glad

enough to halt and get a drink of water.

* See Dr. Schlegel, Contributions 41a Faune de Madagascar et des iles avoisi-

nantes, &c., Ned. Tijdschr. y. d. Dierk. 1865.

1866.] LETTER FROM LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN. 3

“The foot of the hill, or talus, is covered with a dense jungle of

bamboos, grass, and forest trees (some of immense height), with clear

streams running through it to the plain below. Above this the rock

in places is quite perpendicular ; and although vegetation in Burmah

manages to cover places apparently so, here and there the rock was

bare, where even a moss or lichen could scarcely get a footing.

Wherever not quite a wall, the rock was covered with creepers and

bushes, and the gullies or small watercourses actually produced trees

of large size. 4

«The heat near the top, which is covered with high grass, was

very great, the radiation from the black rocks making it more severe;

and at this time of the year, just after the rains, the power of the

sun is unusually great. Zwagaben, more popularly known by the

name of the ‘ Duke of York’s nose,’ from its appearance as seen from

Moulmein, is mentioned by Mason in his work ‘On Burmah,’ edit.

1860, as the hill on which the ark is said to have rested (by the

Karens) after the deluge. A similar tradition of the Lepchas is

quoted at Darjeeling with reference to a hill in that neighbourhood,

*Tendong,’ but in both instances is doubtless an idea originally con-

ceived from missionary teaching.

“Halfway up, near the poongye house, I procured specimens of

a Pericrocotus—a male in scarlet plumage, probably P. brevirostris ;

that curious Nuthatch, Dendrophila frontalis; a small robin-like

bird, apparently a Shortwing, Brachypteryx, sp.; Rubigula flavi-

ventris, Tick. ; a Phyllornis, near P. jerdoni, but differing shghtly

(P. cochinchinensis?); a dark-olive-brown Pycnonotus (?), and a

curious little Hrythrosterna, perhaps EL. acornaus, Hodgs.

“Near the top I got a specimen of Petrocossyphus cyaneus with

remarkably rufous under tail-coverts, and I saw another on the iron-

work of the pagoda at the top. The only other birds seen there

were a small flock of a species of the genus Prinia, in the long grass,

and some Swallows and Swifts overhead, besides an occasional Vul-

ture (Gyps indicus) soaring several feet below us. Adjutants do not

appear to frequent Zwagaben or to breed there, as they do on the

other limestone hills in the vicinity. The rocks they nest on are no

doubt inaccessible to any but an expert native, who uses his toes

like fingers, and can swarm up anything, especially one of these

hill-Karens. According to all accounts Adjuatants’ eggs are very

difficult to procure. I have tried in vain since I came to Burmah

to get hold of some, and hear that Dr. Squire tried too without

success. The top of Zwagaben is the only known locality for that

rare little fern, Adiantum parishii, which I had the pleasure of

gathering myself, guided to the spot, only a few yards square, of

course by Mr. Parish himself. About the Karen fortress (Don-

gyany), mentioned by Mason, distant only a few miles, is found that

rare orchid, Phalenopsis lowii, of which Mr. Parish succeeded in

getting a good supply in flower. The only Crow seen at the foot of

the hill was Corvus culminatus. C. splendens appears to avoid the

jungles altogether. About the bottom I found the large Rocket-

tailed Drongo-( Edolius paradiseus) tolerably common. The Shama

4 PROF. OWEN ON TIIE OSTEOLOGY OF THE DODO. ([Jan. 9,

too is common in all the dense jungles in the neighbourhood. A

fine specimen of Gecinus viridanus killed, and also the Chrysonotus

intermedius of Blyth. A Pitta, new to me, inhabits the bamboo

jungles at base; it does not agree with any of Jerdon’s descriptions.

{t may be P. cyanura, and is much spotted on the breast. I must

keep it for comparison with specimens in our museum. Hearing

that the rare Nemorhedus sumatrensis, or Goat Antelope, was to be

found at the base of the mountain, we determined to have a beat

for them, and I was lucky enough to secure a fine female, the spoils

of which I will send home to you at an early opportunity. They

frequent the talus of the mountain described above, and when dis-

turbed make for the inaccessible parts. Their general appearance is

somewhat porcine, between a goat and a hog. I made the following

memoranda, which may be interesting :—

« Zwagaben, October 19, 1865.—Female full-grown, but had not

had young.

ft.

Tip of nose to tip of tail.......... ieee

Tait 5 inches; with hair, ..............

Shoulder, height (afore), including hoof ..

Girth, behind forearm.............-..--.

BE pairs pelo eeje eetea Barb a slave Anetta 0

Horn along curve, ringed at the base...... 0

LOGE, fois ichadiels garebian Renae es apes oem Oe 0

Mane 0

Extreme stretch of legs apart....

bol

nowosk

a te

aH AOWOOnNs

cla Rl

ence ce se eco ware eet toon eee eee Bese

« Lacrymal sinus small, slightly developed. General colour black,

with a tinge of hoary ; inside of ears white, with black tips and edges ;

belly and tibiee rufous ; throat rufous, white-tipped. Intradigital

pores apparently absent. False hoof of fore and hind legs 13 inch.

Irides dark brown. Teats four. Buttocks rufous and white. Said

by Karens to have only one young one at a time. Progresses like

a goat through the jungle, with a series of jumps when disturbed ;

utters a kind of half snort, half grunt.

“«« Hab. Grass- and bamboo-covered sides of Zwagaben, and pro-

bably other limestone hills in Burmah. Has been seen at Thyet

Mayo, in Pegu.

‘* Native name ‘ Thorsek,’ pronounced Thorzike.”

Professor R. Owen, F.R.S., read a memoir “ On the Osteology of

the Dodo” (Didus ineptus, Lirn.). The materials upon which Pro-

fessor Owen’s researches were based consisted of about one hundred

different bones belonging to various parts of the skeleton, which had

been recently discovered by Mr. George Clark, of Mahéberg, Mau-

ritius, in an alluvial deposit in that island. After an exhaustive

examination of these remains, which embraced nearly every part of

the skeleton, Professor Owen came to the conclusion that previous

authorities had been correct in referring the Dodo to the Columbine

order, the variations presented, though considerable, being mainly

1866.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. 5

such as might be referable to the adaptation of the Dodo to a ter-

restrial life and to different food and habits.

This paper will be published entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions,’

The following papers were read :—

1. Outlines of a Systematic Review of the Class of Birds. By

Professor W. Litisesore, of Upsala, F.M.Z.S.

Literature.—We may particularly mention Chr. L. Nitzsch*, C.

J. Sundevallt, G. R. Grayt, J. Cabanis§, and C. L. Bonapaite!l.

among those that of late years have devoted their attention to the

classification of birds. John Miiller{[ has given an important con-

tribution to this classification by his treatise on the apparatus of

singing in the larynx inferior in a great number of Passeres.

The contribution given by Nitzsch certainly contains only a very

short and incomplete review of the class of birds; but it has notwith-

standing a particular scientific value from its attracting attention to

the importance that the carotides communes of the birds have in

their classification.

The ornithological system given by Sundevall has the merit of

being based upon a careful and particular examination of the exterior

characters of the birds, and of, for the first time, calling attention to

the importance of the wing-coverts in classification, and exhibits a

correct idea of the designating characters in the nature of the birds.

The structure of the wings generally has been minutely described in

the treatise on these organs, and its importance as regards classifica-

tion held forth. As the wings must be considered to be of the

highest importance to a bird, being among those parts that indeed

make him a bird, it is natural that a system in which the structure

of the wings has been considered should be preferable to any other

where the wings have been neglected, or this subject but slightly

touched upon, without any minute examination of their structure.

The above-mentioned author has, in his ‘Svenska Foglarna,’ observed

the muscular structure of the feet as important in classification, after

having previously, for the first time, called attention to the same at

the meeting of naturalists in Stockholm in 1851.

* Observationes de Avium arteria carotide communi. Hale, 1829. (Appendix

to a programme by Prosector Fridericus Blumius Ictus.)

t Ornithologiskt system (Transactions of the Royal Academy of Science of

Sweden, for the year 1835 (printed 1836), p. 43). Over foglarnas wingar (ibid.

for the year 1843 (printed 1844), p. 303). Svenska foglarna, 1856.

{ A List of the Genera of Birds (London, 1841). The Genera of Birds

(London, 1844--49).

§ Ornithologische Notizen (Wiegmann’s Archiv fir Naturgeschichte, 1847,

yol. i. pp. 186 and 308). Museum Heineanum (Halberstadt, 1850-63).

|| Conspectus generum avium (Leyden, 1850-57); Conspectus systematis or-

nithologie (Annales des Science Naturelles, 1857?); Tableaux paralléliques des

ordres Linnéens, Anseres, Gralla, et Grallinw (Paris, 1856) (Extract from

Comptes Rendus des Séances de |’Académie des Sciences) ; besides several other

treatises in different magazines.

§| Abhandlungen der kénigl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1847, p. 321.

6 PROF, W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. [Jan, 9,

The new genera and species that had been added since Latham’s

‘ Index Ornithologicus ’ was edited had increased to such a number,

and their literature had become so scattered, that such a work as

G. R. Gray’s systematic ‘List of the Genera of Birds,’ although

only a list of names without characters, was very necessary to science,

and the obtaining of the same also highly beneficial. The right of

priority has generally been observed in this work. The same author

has, in his ‘Genera of Birds,’ given descriptions of the orders, fami-

lies, and genera, and even figures of the same. A single species of

some genera is represented by a coloured figure ; and of others only

certain parts, such as the head or the foot of some typical species,

have been figured. This work is certainly of great value for the

study of birds; and the very good figures often give a necessary

explanation to the descriptions of the genera, which at times are but

little distinguishable, and are not given in a diagnostic manner.

Cabanis has, in his ornithological system, given good characters for

the arranged groups, taken partly from J. Miiller’s descriptions of

the larynx inferior, partly from the nature of the horny covering on

the tarsi, first studied by Keyersling and Blasius, and partly from the

number of quills and tail-feathers. It is principally the order Pas-

seres to which this author has devoted his attention, and which con-

sequently has obtained an improved classification. It has been di-

vided into two groups (Oscines and Clamatores), and the families

have been carefully limited and arranged. This work, with that of

Sundevall, may rightly be considered most important in the classi-

fication of birds.

The numerous contributions to this classification that have been

made by Bonaparte are valuable as giving minute registers of fami-

lies and species, showing an unusual knowledge of the species, and

a sharp distinction between the genera, and often arranging these in

a manner corresponding with the demands of the natural affinity ;

but they are generally only registers of names, often giving the cha-

racters for the species, but very seldom for the higher groups.

Bonaparte has published, in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean

Society,’ xviii. p. 258, a systematic arrangement of the class of birds,

together with the classes of the other vertebrated animals in general.

The first class has been divided into two subclasses—Insessores and

Grallatores. The first of these corresponds fully with the one ar-

ranged by us under the same name, and the latter includes both

Gralla and Natatores. This classification corresponds also with the

one given here, in the Longipennes having their place between the

Steganopodes and the Pygopodes. Characters of the orders, fami-

lies, and subfamilies are also given.

After this brief reference to the literature, we will proceed to a

synoptic statement of the principles upon which the systematic

arrangement here given rests.

Principles.—We have preferred the progressive method, as it

seems to us to be the most rational, from its correspondence with the

physiological and geological development. We therefore commence

the system with the lowest, and finish it with the highest forms.

1866.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS, 7

Irritability seems to us to be the most distinguishing character for

birds; and this should consequently be taken into consideration

more than others with regard to their classification. The swimmers

seem to us the lowest, from their showing a tendency to the lowest

form of vertebrated animals—the fish-form. In the Aptenodytide,

where the wings resemble fins, and where they, as in all other diving

birds, serve as such, we have this form most strongly designated.

The heavy, clumsy structure, with small wings and short legs, also

makes them generally less active than other birds, and shows a lower

development of the type of bird. This, however, is not the case with

all the swimmers; and the order Longipennes gives us instances

where swimmers possess a high degree of activity.

The Passerine birds (Passeres) seem to us to possess the highest

irritability, and to be those in which the nature of birds has reached

its highest development. We do not by irritability mean the mus-

cular strength alone, but vivacity and activity generally. Where this

is most manifold, most changing and constant, it is the most developed.

We find in the Passeres ‘“‘ the power to stay and move with ease as

well on the ground as in the trees or in the air, and to make their

presence known by characteristic melodious notes’”’ (Sundeyall) ; we

find them in a constant and manifold motion, and they let us con-

stantly hear their notes either as song or as affectionate voices. The

birds of prey have generally been placed highest, and been con-

sidered the most developed, in consequence of their muscular strength

and strong flight, and their thereby supposed high degree of irrita-

bility ; but by keeping them in captivity we find at once that the birds

of prey are dull birds, and that they, as regards irritability, are far

behind the Passeres. They remain for a long time silent and quiet,

and do not generally show any activity, unless they are frightened

or driven by appetite for food. The Passerine birds, on the con-

trary, are in captivity constantly in motion, and let us incessantly

hear their lively song and affectionate voices. Besides we cannot in

a system place the birds of prey far from the lower groups, of the

Columbine and the Gallinaceous sections, without violating natural

affinities based upon important characters. They correspond with

these lower groups as regards external characters in the nature of

their wing-coverts, and, as regards interior anatomical characters, in

the nature of their carotides communes. Some of them, for instance

those of the Vulturine section, exhibit, with regard to their form, a

near analogy with some of those of the two mentioned groups. We

may, for instance, compare a Condor with a Turkey. A system that

places the dirty Vultures highest, does not seem to us to indicate a

correct idea of the nature of the birds,

If we do not regard flight, which is commen to almost all birds,

but consider birds with regard to the various other ways of motion

for which they especially are shaped, and for which their structure

is also adapted, we find easily that these in general may be compre.

hended in three different modes, viz.: Ist, swimming on the water ;

2nd, running on the ground; and 3rd, climbing and jumping on

8 PROF, W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. [Jan. 9,

the branches of trees*. The hinder extremities or the legs exhibit,

in conformity with this, three different forms. This induces us to

divide the class of birds into three primary groups or subclasses :—

1, Natatores: 2, Cursores; 3, Insessores. Those belonging to the

third group generally move more with the assistance of their wings

than the others, except some forms of the Natatores, and show gene-

rally a higher development of the bird-type. This group also fur-

nishes the greatest variety of forms. The Natatores include about

550 species, the Cursores 900, and the Insessores 6900 (Bonaparte).

Nitzsch has, in the treatise referred to, divided the class of birds into

three groups: Aves aéreze, Aves terrestres, and Aves aquaticze, which

in a reverse order correspond with the three groups here arranged ;

but he differs from us in including the Columbine birds among the

Terrestres, and the Grallatorial birds among the Aquaticee, and in

considering the Struthionine birds a distinct group from the other

three.

There is, as far as experience yet extends, a very remarkable cor-

respondence between the nature of the upper wing-coverts and of

the carotides communes, which adds to the importance of both these

characters, which have generally been but little observed. All those

birds that have the large upper wing-coverts of the first row on the

cubitus so short that they do not reach beyond the middle of the

cubital quills, have only one carotis communis, viz. the sinistra.

Those birds in which the above-mentioned wing-coverts form several

rows and extend beyond the middle of the cubital quills, have, on the

contrary, generally two carotides communes, viz. one dextra and one

sinistra. The only exceptions to this rule are Cypselus, Trochilus,

Merops, one or a few species of Psittacus, Rhea, Phenicopterus,

Podiceps, and Pelecanus, which, although belonging to the latter

category in regard to the wing-coverts, yet have only one carotis

communis. This is the dextra in Phenicopterus. We do not, there-

fore, hesitate to consider these two characters to be among the most

important in judging of the affinity of the birds ; and they show with

certainty that the birds of prey have not their place at the beginning

or at the end of the system.

- The Strisores, one of the twelve orders in which we have arranged

the class of birds, includes several birds that we formerly considered

should belong to the Passeres, from their near correspondence in form

with the latter. But as they deviate from them in regard to the

upper wing-coverts and the claw of the hind toe, and sometimes

even in regard to the carotides communes, we are of opinion that they

should be regarded as belonging to a different order. They have

been separated from the Passeres by Sundevall+ and by Nitzsch ;

and the former has arranged them under the order Coccyges, which,

according to him, also includes the Zygodactyli and Columbe.

They are, however, distinct from the Zygodactyli in the nature of

their feet, and cannot be arranged under this order without depriving

* The second mode appears an intermediate link between the first and third,

+ Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1843, pp. 375 & 376.

1866.] PROF, W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. 9

it of its most distinguishing character. They seem also to cause

confusion if they are arranged within either of the orders Passeres

or Zygodactyli; and we have therefore considered it right to arrange

them as a distinct order—Strisores, which name was given to them

by Cabanis in 1847. However distinct they seem to be, as well from

the Columbine section and the Birds of prey as from the Zygodactyli,

it is very difficult to find any character that sharply and distinctly

distinguishes them from these three orders ; and we have been com-

pelled to use a character in the scheme that does not belong to all,

although the majority of them possess it. ‘They appear to be an

intermediate group between Accipitres, Zygodactyli, and Passeres.

The order Longipennes has generally had a very changeable place

in the system, sometimes the first among the swimmers, sometimes

the last. "When the swimmers are, as here, arranged in two groups

according to the form of the beak, their place is, as will be seen

from the scheme, unquestionable, as we of course must begin with

the Pygopodes. The Longipennes approach these very nearly in

the genera Puffinus and Halodroma. Puffinus has, together with

Colymbus and Podiceps, a long pyramidal erect process at the upper

end of the tibia, and the tarsi are compressed like theirs. The

genera Phalacrocorax and Mergus form an intermediate link between

the Steganopodes and the Lamellirostres.

First Division or Subclass.

NATATORES, Hliger ; Sundevall.

Upper part of the crus (tibia and fibula) not free, but drawn in

within the skin that covers the body *. The basis of the hind toe

above that of the anterior toes, the hind toe sometimes absent.

Legs short; and the anterior toes, sometimes even the hind toes,

united by web. The upper large wing-coverts of the first row on

the lower arm (antibrachium) extend in all beyond the middle of

the cubital quills. All, with the exception of Podiceps, have, as far

as is known, two carotides communes.

Group 1. SIMPLICIROSTRES.

The bill without lamine. Doubly monogamoust. ‘Altrices ;”

that is, carry food to their young.

Order 1. PyGoropes, Illiger.

The legs are placed far back ; and the hind toe is, when it is pre-

sent, free. The wings short, hardly extending to the base of the tail.

The tail short, or none at all. Heavy, clumsy birds, that dive well,

but walk badly.

Note.—This order contains the typical forms of Natatores.

* Some of the Longipennes are said to form an exception to this.

: + Both the old ones sit on the eggs, take care of the young, and carry food to

them.

10 PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. [Jan. 9,

Order 2. Lonerrennes, Duméril.

The legs are not so far back ; and the hind toe, when there is one,

is free. The wings long, extending more or less beyond the base of

the tail. They are generally light birds, and lie, when swimming,

shallow in the water, and cannot, with a few exceptions, dive, unless

they dart from the air into the water, which power a great many of

them possess. They generally fly remarkably well.

Order 3. Sreganoponss, Illiger.

The hind toe united to the inner anterior toe by a web, and its base

but slightly raised above that of the anterior toes. The wings and

tail rather large, the former sometimes pointed and sometimes ob-

tuse. Some of these birds are pelagic, fly remarkably well, and are

darting divers; some fly badly, but dive and swim well. The posi-

tion of the hind toe enables some of them at times to sit on the

branches of trees and to build their nests there.

Group 2. LAMELLIROSTRES.

The bill with laminze. Generally singly monogamous*. “ Pra-

coces ;’? that is, do not carry food to their young.

Order 4. LaMELLrIROSTRES, Cuvier.

The point of the upper jaw with a so-called nail of the bill; the

other part of the bill covered with a soft skin. The hind toe free.

The body generally more or less thick and heavy. The power of flight

sometimes moderate, sometimes rather inferior. Those that fly best

dive badly, or cannot dive at all; the others lie, when swimming,

deep in the water, and dive exceedingly well. Some of the former

are rather fast walkers, and approach in this respect the next division.

Second Division or Subclass.

CURSORES, Illiger ; Sundevall.

The entire crus and the lower part of the femur free. The base

of the hind toe above that of the anterior toes}; the hind toe some-

times missing. The anterior toes, when united by a web, are, with

very few exceptions, so united only at the base. The large upper

wing-coverts of the first row on the lower arm extend beyond the

middle of the cubital quills. They have, with the exception of Rhea

and Phenicopterus, as far as is known, two carotides communes.

Order 5. Gratuz#, Linné.

The legs high, and the lower part of the crus without feathers f.

The wings well adapted for fying. The pectoral bone with a crista.

* The female alone cares for the young.

+ The majority of the Ardeide make an exception to this; and these live and

build very often in trees.

¢ The genus Scolopax deviates from this.

1866.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. 11

They generally walk and run with ease or very fast, and mostly

live in damp places, near swamps or on the banks of watercourses.

The majority fly fast and with ease; some fly badly. ‘They live

generally in the middle (“mittlere,”’ Faber) monogamy*. Preecoces,

A great number of the Ardeide are Altrices.

Order 6. Brevyirrnnes, Duméril.

The wings more or less rudimentary, and not adapted to flight.

Pectoral bone without crista. A small number of large birds that

run fast, and may be considered typical of the whole group. Their

structure exhibits a strong tendency towards the mammalian. Some

are said to live in the middle monogamy, others in single monogamy,

and others again in polygamy. Preecoces.

Order 7. GaLuin#, Linné,

The legs of a mediocre height, and the entire crus feathered f.

The wings adapted to flying, but generally rather short and obtuse,

and more or less bent. They run fast; but are easily fatigued by

flying, and then hide among rocks, bushes, grass, &e. Some live in

polygamy, but the majority live in middle monogamy. Preecoces.

Third Division or Subclass.

INSESSORES, Vigors; Bonaparte.

The entire crus and the lower part of femur free. The coat of

feathers generally extends at least to the tarsal joint{. ‘The hind

toe with its base on a level with that of the anterior toes§, and

very seldom missing.

Order 8. PuLiastr», Sundevall.

The bill not covered by acere at the base, but generally naked there,

and with an inflated skin at the nostrils. The point of the upper

jaw rounded, but very seldom bent down in the form of a hook.

‘Three toes directed forward, and not united together. The large

upper wing-coverts of the first row on the lower arm extend beyond

the middle of the cubital quills. ‘Two carotides communes. ‘The

majority fiy very fast; some do not fly so well, but these run fast.

The majority live in double monogamy, a few in middle or single

monogamy (Penelope), and a few in polygamy (Craxz). The majo-

rity are Altrices, the others Preecoces.

Note.—This order is evidently an intermediate group between

Cursores and Insessores. The Valegalline, Penelopide, and Di-

dunculide exhibit some tendency towards the Accipitres.

* Both the old ones attend to their young, but do not carry food to them,

letting them, under their care, hunt for their own food.

t The genus Ortyelos, Vieill., is an exception to this.

{ Didunculus (Pleiodus) deviates from this, and has the lower part of the crus

naked.

§ The Cathartini form an exception to this.

12 PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS. ([Jan. 9,

Order 9. AcciriTres, Linné.

The bill covered with a cere at the base, convex towards the point ;

and the point of the upper jaw bent down in the form of a hook.

The legs strong, with three anterior toes, which are not united and

are, like the hind toe, armed with strong bent claws. The wings

large, with the large upper wing-coverts of the first row on the lower

arm extending beyond the middle of the cubital quills. Two caro-

tides communes. They have a strong power of flying, but run

badly *, and do not jump. Doubly monogamous. Altrices. Their

food consists generally of vertebrated animals.

Order 10. Srrisores, Cabanis.

The bill without a cere, hard at the base, without any swollen

skin at the nostrils, and of a variable form. Three anterior toes,

which are generally united at the base, sometimes there united by

a web, and seldom free. The hind toe is at times turned forwards.

The claw of the hind toe is smaller than the claw on the middle an-

terior toe (Sundevall). The large upper wing-coverts of the first

row on the lower arm extend beyond the middle of the cubital quills.

Some of them (Caprimulgus, Coracias, Alcedo) have two carotides

communes, and some (Cypselus, Trochilus, Merops) have only one.

Buceros is unknown as regards its carotides. Some fly remarkably

well, others not so well. The legs are short in most of them, and

not well adapted for walking. Doubly monogamous. Altrices.

Note.—A polymorphic group, that shows a tendency as well to-

wards the Accipitres and Zygodactyli as towards the Passeres.

Order 11. ZyGopacty1t, Vieillot.

Two anterior and two hind toes, or sometimes two anterior and

one hind toe+, or one hind toe and three anterior ones, the exterior

one of which is turned backwards. The claws compressed. The

large upper wing-coverts of the first row on the lower arm, except

in the Picide and Bucconide, do not extend beyond the middle of

the cubital quills. Some have two carotides communes, and others

(Picus, Ramphastos, Cacatua) only one. The power of flying not

very good. They generally walk badly on the ground; but a great

many of them climb well on the trees, and cling skilfully to the

branches. Doubly monogamous. Alltrices.

Order 12. Passeres, Linné; Sundevall.

Three anterior toes and one hind toe, and the exterior anterior toe

generally at the base united with the middle one. The claw of the

the hind toe as large as that of the middle anterior toe; and its long

flexor muscle separated from the muscle that bends the claw phalanx

of the anterior toes (Sundevall). The large upper wing-coverts of

* Gypogeranus deviates from this.

+ The thumb or the proper hind toe, which corresponds with the inner hind

toe in the others, is in this case missing, except in the Zrogonide.

1866.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIED=2. 13

the first row on the lower arm do not extend beyond the middle of

the cubital quills, and we meet with only one row of greater upper

wing-coverts. As far as known, only one carotis communis, or

truncus caroticus impar, which arises from the left arteria subclavia.

Lively and active birds, with a fast and excellent flight, which move

easily as well on the ground as on the branches of the trees. They

generally jump on the ground, and seldom run. Some of them

have a separate muscular apparatus for singing in the larynx inferior

and a more or less exquisite song. Doubly monogamous. Altrices.

Note.—This order embraces the typical forms of the group In-

sessores, and the birds that generally have the highest degree of

development.

In the following tables I have tried to use the most important as

well as the most positive and evident characters, but have in this,

like others, met with much difficulty of finding such for the smaller

groups, or families and genera, in the higher orders. A great many

of the characters used are taken from Sundevall; and in the Passeres

several from Cabanis. Their validity has first been fully tested. In

consequence of the above-mentioned difficulty we find that the place

in the system of a form in question cannot always be ascertained

from similar tables, as a more minute description is often necessary.

It must not, therefore, be expected that these tables should give an

infallible ground for the determination of the forms belonging to the

respective families and subfamilies, but only that they should denote

some of the most important characters that form the basis for the

groups, and give an easy review of these groups. Such a table shows

us most plainly what characters are common and what are not.

As a great many of the exotic generic forms are not well known

to me, I do not insist that they can be all arranged under the 69

families and 144 subfamilies here characterized, and that the arrange-

ment of other families or subfamilies is unnecessary ; but I believe

that a great part of the genera have been considered. I may

mention that the difficulties arising in limiting the families Corvide,

Paride, and Sylvide among the Passeres have induced me to make

these families more comprehensive than they have been.

It seems that the Epimachini and Paradiseini should together

form a separate family ; but I have not been able to find any distin-

guishing characters, common to both, that make them distinct from

the Corvide. The family Corvide corresponds with “ cohors Cor-

viformes,” of Sundevall (Svenska Foglarna). The Troglodytini in-

clude forms of both Troglodytine and Timaline, Cabanis, excepting

some with emarginated bill. The other Liotrichide, Cabanis, are

given to the Sylvide, partly to Lanini and partly to Sylvini. It

seems that the family Brachypodide as arranged by Cabanis should

at least partly be included in the last-mentioned subfamily (Sylvini),

which, as it also embraces the Sylviade, Cabanis, is very rich, and

contains about 500 species or more. I even include the Vireonine,

Cabanis, in the Sylvicolini.

[Jan. 9,

LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS.

PROF. W.

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‘SUAV

PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS.

1366.)

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[Jan. 9,

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™

PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE CLASS OF BIRDS.

1866.]

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1866.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON SOUTH AFRICAN BIRDS. 21

2. Report on Birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa,

by Captain G. E. Bulger, C.M.Z.S. By P. L. Sciarer,

M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c., Secretary to the Society.

Our Corresponding Member, Capt. G. E. Bulger, forwarded to me

some time back a small collection of bird-skins made at Windvogel-

berg, in British Kaffraria. Not being myself specially acquainted

with African birds, I have submitted Capt. Bulger’s series to the

examination of my friend Dr. Hartlaub of Bremen, our leading au-

thority on this subject, who has kindly determined the species.

Two of them proved to be new to science, one of which (Sazicola

spectabilis) has been already described in these ‘ Proceedings ;’ the

other (Hemipteryx immacutata) is characterized below.

Capt. Bulger sends me the following account of the locality where

his specimens were collected :—

*« Windvogelberg is a lofty and almost isolated mountain of British

Kaffraria, 5344 feet above the level of the sea, and situated in

32° 17! 50" S. lat. and 27° 7! 3! EK. long. It lies about twenty

miles north of the great Amatola range, and rather more than three

leagues to the southward of the Kei River, which separates Kaffraria

from Kaffirland and the province of New Victoria. The country in

its neighbourhood is almost entirely destitute of trees, being, for

many miles to the south and east, a vast extent of grass-covered land,

misnamed “ flats,’’ inasmuch as they are throughout characterized

by strongly marked undulations almost amounting to the dignity of

hills and valleys. To the northward and westward these deep rolling

swells assume the magnitude of mountains, with high krantzes*, and

strange-looking naked peaks, here and there relieving the generally

monotonous features of the country.

‘The lonely little post at the foot of the Windvogelberg is at pre-

sent (Jan. 1864) the most advanced station occupied by the Queen’s

troops, though the white settlements extend much further ; and its

garrison consists of eighty men of the 2nd Battalion, 10th Regiment,

and seven of the Cape Mounted Rifles.

«The Doorn or Thorn River runs within a few miles of the barracks,

the nearest elbow being about 3000 yards distant; and a small brook

comes down through a deep kloof+ in the mountain, and supplies the

post with water. The banks of both these streams are, in some parts,

rocky, and those of the latter are decked with small trees and bushes

for a short distauce. There are some enormous krantzes on the

mountain, and here and there dense patches of shrubby vegetation.

Amongst the former, Rock Rabbits (Tyrax capensis) make their

secure and inaccessible homes ; and small birds of various kinds oc-

cupy the latter in considerable numbers. Rock-Thrushes (Peéro-

cincla) and Red-breasted Woodpeckers (Geocvlaptes arator) are

abundant on the highest pinnacles; and on the scattered stones

below, Saxicole of several kinds are always to be found.”

* Krantz, a precipice. t Kloof, a ravine,

22 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOUTH AFRICAN BIRDS. [Jan. 9,

The species collected by Capt. Bulger, as determined by Dr. Hart-

laub, are the following :—

ACCIPITRES.

1. ‘TINNUNCULUS RUPICOLA (ad.), Daud.; Bp. Consp. p. 27.

PICARLA.

. Pionus rosustus (Gm.).

. OxyLopHus GLANDARIUS (L.).

. GEOCOLAPTES ARATOR, Cuy.

ALCEDO SEMITORQUATA, Sws.; Bp. Consp. p. 159.

. CoryrHornis cristata, L.; Bp. Consp. p. 159.

PASSERES.

7. Hirunpo capensis (ad.), Gmel.; Bp. Consp. p. 339.

8. CoryLe PALustrRis (ad.), Steph.; Bp. Consp. p. 342.

9. Necrarrnra Formosa (¢ Q ), Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 404.

10. Necrarrniya arra, Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 407.

11. Dryma@ca suBRUFICAPILLA, Smith.

Rather larger apparently. One specimen has the upper tail-coverts

rufous.

12. Hemrereryx immacutara, Hartlaub, sp. nov.

Supra rufescenti-olivacea, fusco variegata ; sincipite, tergo et

uropygio magis rufescentibus ; subtus immaculauta, fulvescens,

gula et abdomine medio albidioribus ; rectricibus fusco-nigris,

macula alba terminatis ; remigibus in margine interno pallidis ;

subalaribus isabellinis ; pedibus et mandibula pallidis.

Long. 3" 10", rostr. a fr. 33", al. 1! 9!", caud. 9!"'.

Obs. A typical Hemipterya, differing in its unspotted under sur-

face from H. texfrix, the only known species.

13, Myrmecocicuta #rutiops, Licht.; Bp. Consp. p. 302.

14, Campicoua PILEATA, Gmel.; Bp. Consp, p. 304.

15. SaxicoLa sprcTaBiLis, Hartlaub, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 428,

pl. xx11t.

See Mr. Layard’s notes on the habits of this new species (P. Z. S.

1365, p. 619)*.

16. PRATINCOLA SIBYLLA, Gmel.; Bp. Consp. p. 304.

* Dr. Wartlanb has since informed me that this species is certainly the same

as Temminch’s S. difasciata, Pl. Col. 472.—P. L. S.

1866.]

17.

18.

19.

20.

36.

MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOUTH AFRICAN BIRDS. 23

Cu2zToPs FRENATUS, Temm.; Bp. Consp. p. 278.

LuSCINIA SINUATA, Sundev.

BEssONORNIS PHENICURUS, Gmel.; Bp. Consp. p. 301.

PETROCINCLA EXPLORATOR, Vieill.; Bp. Consp. p. 297.

. Macronyx capensis, Linn,; Bp. Consp. p. 247.

. ALAUDA PYRRHONOTA, Vieill.; Bp. Consp. p. 245.

. ALAUDA CINEREA, Lath.; Bp. Consp. p. 244.

. CERTHILAUDA SUBCORONATA, Smith; Bp. Consp. p. 246.

. HypHANTORNIS SPILONOTUS, Vig.; Bp. Consp. p. 441.

. HypHANTORNIS OLIVACEUS, Hahn.

. CHERA PROGNE, Bodd.; Bp. Consp. p. 448.

. Eup.ecres capensis, L.; Bp. Consp. p. 447.

. STEGANURA PARADISEA, Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 449.

. CRITHAGRA SULPHURATA, IIl.; Bp. Consp. p. 522.

. CRITHAGRA CANICOLLIS, Sws.; Bp. Consp. p. 523.

. PoLiospiza GULARIS, Smith; Bp. Consp. p. 519.

. Passer arcuatvus, Gmel.; Bp. Consp. p. 510.

. FRINGILLARIA CAPENSsiIs, Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 467.

. Corvus CAFER, Licht.

COLUMB.

TURTUR SEMITORQUATUS, Sw.

GALLINA.

. CorurRNIx comMmuUNIs, Bonn.

. FRANCOLINUS AFER, Lath.

. Hemipopius anpAtusicus (Gm.).

GRALLA.

. CHARADRIUS MELANOPTERUS, Riipp.

. ANGIALITES TRICOLLARIS (Vieill.).

. MacuereEs puenax (L.).

. Fuxica cristata, Gm.

. Scopus UMBRETTA, Gm.

24 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW CORALS. {Jan. 9,

3. Description of a New Species of Toucan belonging to the

Genus Aulacoramphus. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., &c.

AULACORAMPHUS CYANOLZMUS.

Male. Bill black, with a small mark of yellow at the tip of the

upper mandible, and a band of white at the base of both mandibles

except on the culmen; this white band is much narrower on the

upper than on the lower mandible, and moreover has the posterior

half of its breadth pale yellow; naked skin around the eyes dull red;

throat greyish blue, approaching to violet, and becoming of a deeper

tint where it joins the green of the neck ; a tinge of blue also appears

at the base of the ear-coverts, towards the bill, and over the eye,

where, however, it becomes of a greener hue ; plumage of the head

and body deep grass-green, with a wash of yellow on the flanks ;

primaries black, edged with brown; under surface of the wing pale

yellow ; tail-feathers deep green, conspicuously tipped with chestnut;

under tail-coverts chestnut-brown ; legs green.

Total length of male 12 inches, bill 24, wing 54, tail 5, tarsi 13.

Female. Precisely similar in colour, but, as is the case with all

the other species of the genus, much smaller than the male.

Hab. Loxa in Ecuador.

Remark.—This well-marked species is allied to the Aulacoram-

phus ceruleigularis of Panama and the 4. atrigularis of Peru, but

differs from the former in the smaller extent of the blue on the throat,

from the latter in having no trace of black on that part, and from

both in the markings of the bill.

4. Description of Two New Forms of Gorgonioid Corals.

By Dr. Joan Epwarp Gray, F.R.S.,-V.P.Z.S., &e.

The other day a few Corals from Japan were sent to me for

examination; and among a series of well-known species of Stony

Corals (Melitea), and several kinds of the coral-like Alge belong-

ing to the genus Corallina and its allies, 1 discovered a small frag-

ment of a Gorgonia-like Coral that was studded with little horny

cups, which I was at first inclined to believe were some parasitic

animals that had fixed themselves on the coral, for they were entirely

unlike any cells that 1 have ever observed on a Gorgonioid Coral.

Careful examination has satisfied me that the little cups are an

essential part of the coral, and that the latter is a form entirely new

to science, its nearest ally being of the genus Primnoa, the species

P. antarctica, found in the Antarctic Seas.

It differs entirely from all the other genera of the group in the

tubes of the polype being formed of two obconic cells placed one on

the other.

In Primnoa the cells are produced and covered with calcareous

scales, which are imbricated like slates on a house.

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW CORALS, 25

CALYPTROPHORA.

The coral cylindrical, fureately branched ; the branches elongate,

subsimple ; the axis horny ; the bark thin, smooth, calcareous, with

regular equidistant whorls of cells ; cells with a circular mouth having

a raised edge, placed close together and forming a raised ring round

the coral. Each cell is furnished with two obconic pellucid cells

placed one on the other; the lower cell is pellucid, apparently

articulated to the axis of the coral, very narrow near the mouth

Fir,.F.

Calyplvophera japonica.

of the cell and wide at the other end; the lower surface of the

outer aperture is furnished with two elongated horn-like processes.

To the centre of this basal cone is articulated or affixed a similar

pellucid horn-coloured cone or rather conical vase, which is furnished

with a slightly keeled edge at its widest part, and then contracts as

if it had a shorter conical lid, with an aperture in the middle of this

lid-like contracted part for the emission of the polype. The two

cones are as it were articulated to the stem; and the lower one stands

at right angles with regard to it, and the upper at right angles

with regard to the lower one, so that the aperture of the upper one

is vertical.

26 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW CORALS. [Jan. 9,

These two cones are only preserved on the inner side of the

branches, where they have been protected from erosion, during the

carriage of the coral from Japan, by the branches opposite to them.

It might be said that they are not naturally found in any other part;

but there are some remains of them, enough to show their exist-

ence, in various other parts of the specimen.

If they had not fortunately been preserved in some part of the

coral, one might have been led to describe the coral as furnished with

close rings of cells with open circular mouth: but this form of the

mouth ought to have attracted one’s attention; the mouth of the .

cells of the Barked Corals is always closed by the contracted part of

the polype. But one might have believed that in this specimen the

contracted portion had been worn away by erosion. The species may

be called Calyptrophora japonica. (Fig. 1.)

Japan has produced some curious marine productions, as, for ex-

ample, the “Glass Plant,” better called the ‘ Glass Rope” (Hyalo-

nema). 'This Coral was for several years considered a great rarity ;

but it must be common on the Japanese coast, for hardly a vessel

comes from that country without bringing specimens of it. And

lately we have been rather surprised at hearing that the same genus

is found nearer home, on the coast of Portugal.

It has been lately shown that Hyalonema belongs to the Actinoid

Polypes, near to Zoanthus and, especially, Corticaria. I have veri-

fied this by an examination of the animal after soaking it in water ;

and it is surprising that the number of folds round the mouth of

the cell had not led one to believe it before. This is a group of

animals in which anything like a central axis has not been observed

before ; but I believe that the siliceous glass-like fibres really belong

to the animal that covers them. The two are always found in con-

nexion, both in Japan and in Portugal; so that I can only regard

the theory of Mr. Bowerbank and some of the German naturalists,

that the siliceous fibres belong to the sponge in which the Coral is

sometimes imbedded, and that the animal is only parasitic upon

them, as not consistent with our knowledge.

The second Coral I discovered ainong a number of Zoophytes from

the Cape of Good Hope, which Mrs. Alfred Gatty brought to the

British Museum for my inspection ; they had been sent to her by

Dr. Rubidge.

This collection contained several very interesting kinds of Sponges

and smaller Zoophytes along with two specimens of the Coral under

consideration, and a specimen which seems to be allied to it, from

which the bark had been washed.

This Cape Coral is nearly allied to the Paragorgia of M. Milne-

Edwards; but the axisis much more solid and regular, having none

of the friability or porous sponginess of the axis of that Coral. This

is much more slender, which is consistent with the greater hardness

and uniformity of texture of the axis. 5

I have no doubt there are several species of these Corals to be de-

seribed.

The one under consideration may be named

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW CORALS. 27

HomoruytTon.

Coral arborescent, rather flabellate, furcately branched ; branches

subcylindrical, elongate; axis wood-like, soft, formed of numerous

spicula, intermixed with a cellular substance; bark thin, with a

smooth external surface; the cells of the polypes forming five lon-

gitudinal series of compressed tubercles, those of the neighbouring

series alternating on the ends of the younger branches, becoming

further apart, more irregularly distributed, and scarcely elevated in

the older part of the branches.

This genus differs from Paragorgia of Milne-Edwards (Coralliers,

i. p. 191) in the axis being of a uniform cork-like texture, without

any tubes or spongy cavities.

Hlomophyton gattyie.

HOMOPHYTON GATTYI&.

The coral erect, subflabellate, irregularly furcately branched ; the

branches long, subcylindrical, with sinuous grooves on the surface

running between the polype-cells, which are scarcely raised above

the general surface of the bark ; the terminal branches rather slender,

elongate, pentangular, with deep grooves between the oblong, rather

compressed polype-cells ; the bark dark red, when dry; the axis

yellow.

Hab. The sea, near the Cape of Good Hope (Dr. Rubidge).

I have named this species after Mrs. Alfred Gatty, so well known

for her fondness for natural history, and her interesting ‘ Parable of

Nature,’ and other works.

28 DR. J. MURIE AND MR. A. D. BARTLETT [Jan. 9,

5. On the Movement of the Symphysis of the Lower Jaw in

the Kangaroos. By James Murin, Prosector to the

Society, and A. D. Barrierr, Superintendent of the So-

ciety’s Gardens.

A short time ago, a lady, a frequent visitor at the Gardens, on

conversing with the keeper of the Kangaroos, asked him if he was

aware of the manner in which these animals used the teeth of the

lower jaws to snip their food as a person would do in snipping grass

with a pair of scissors. She mentioned that she had resided many

years in Australia, and seemed quite positive as to the truth of the

fact that Kangaroos used their lower incisors in the manner already

spoken of. The keeper, interested in what had been told him, called

the attention of Mr. Bartlett to it.

Mr. Bartlett immediately examined the teeth and jaws of several

skulls of Kangaroos in his possession, and, satisfied of the probable

truth of the remark, took the first opportunity of observing the same

in the living animals in the Society’s Collection.

Since then we have corroborated and added to these observations

together. The following were the differeut species of the living

animals examined for this purpose,—viz. the Red Kangaroo (Macro-

pus rufus), the Black-faced Kangaroo (M. melanops), the Great Kan-

garoo (M. giganteus), the Yellow-footed Rock Kangaroo (Petrogale

xanthopus), Bennett’s Wallaby (Halmaturus bennettii), and the

Derbian Wallaby (H. derbianus).

In these several species we noticed the following movements :—

As the animal opened its mouth and seized the grass offered it, there

was a slight though distinct separation of the lower incisors, differing

in each individual according to its size,—in the large Kangaroo almost

as much as a quarter of an inch.

The small mouthful of grass being seized, the green blades were

cropped or nipped off, a portion being evidently cut through by the

anterior free sharp edge of the two lower incisors as they pressed

against the opposing concavity of the palate and the cutting-edge

of the upper and anterior incisors; while another portion of the

food passed between the two lower incisors, and seemed also to be

snipped through either by the closure or approach of the trenchant

internal lateral edges of these, or it might be by the jerking move-

ment of the head, which caused the morsel to be half torn and half

eut through by these incisors. At other times, when the grass was

in small loose bundles of a few of the stronger fibres with their roots

attached, instead of chewing the latter, the animal rather rejected

them ; but in order to do so grasped the roots or dry portion of the

stem, which it wished to disengage, with its fore paws, using the claws

in the manner a human being would the fingers and hands to clutch

and drag an object. While doing this, what stalks were between

the lower incisors were severed by their internal acute borders.

After the grass had thus been cut through, it was passed between

1866. | ON THE LOWER JAW OF THE KANGAROOS. 29

the molars, partly by the aid of the tongue and partly by the move-

ment of the jaws, and then, with the ordinary side to side and semi-

rotatory movement, the process of mastication was completed by the

molars,

In watching the animals, it was at first difficult to notice the action

of the jaws and lower incisors which we have spoken of; and this was

to be accounted for by the great rapidity of the movement, which

was also sometimes hidden by the retraction of the lips. The open-

ing movement of the lower incisors seemed chiefly to occur when the

animal raised its head to seize the food; for while in the act of chew-

ing with the molars, the incisors were either closed or hidden by the

lips.

With reference to the movement of the head in animals which

graze or browse, as for instance in the sheep, the direction of motion

while in the act of cropping the grass is nearly always upward and

forward, though every now and again the reverse is the case. In the

Kangaroos, however, we did not observe this latter motion, the jerk-

ing movement being invariably in a forward direction. ‘This would

seem to agree with and favour the act of the grass slipping between

the open incisors ; and as these are closed the short quick movement

of the head would likewise tend to cut asunder the stalk or blade of

the leaf. Besides the direct forward jerk, the head at the same time

moved slightly laterally, though this was not so very perceptible.

From these observations, then, we are inclined to believe that the

lower incisor teeth in the Kangaroos act in the manner either of a

pair of cutting-forceps or short-bladed scissors (see fig. 2), with also

occasionally a knife-like action; that is to say, the lower incisors

themselves, if to a certain extent fixed, would on their closure pre-

vent the blade of grass from slipping (from, in many cases, their

points being perfectly close and their bases more open), and the

jerk combined with the dragging movement would cut it through.

Upon consulting the various authorities as to what has been said

respecting the movement of the teeth and lower jaws of the family

of Kangaroos, we find Mr. Waterhouse states, in his admirable work

the ‘ Natural History of the Mammalia,’ vol. i. p. 51, of the Maero-

podide, that ‘the lower incisors are horizontal, long, compressed,

and lanceolate, aud have cutting external and internal margins;

their outer surface is convex, and the inner surface is strongly

convex in the transverse direction, in the middle, but concave near

the margins; when the mouth is closed, the outer cutting-edge of

the lower incisors is brought in contact with the cutting-edges of the

posterior incisors of the upper jaw on either side, and their points

shut within the apex of the foremost pair of the upper jaw. In

Macropus major (and perhaps in some nearly allied species) the

rami of the lower jaw are loosely attached at the chin, and at the

apex they are free, and the animal has the power of slightly sepa-

rating the lower incisors, so that their outer cutting-edges are brought

more closely in contact with the upper incisors than they otherwise

would be.”’

Although Mr. Waterhouse therefore has pointed out both the

30 DR. J. MURIE AND MR. A. D. BARTLETT [Jan. 9;

cutting-edges of the outer and inner sides of the lower incisors, and

justly attributed to the closing of the lower upon the upper jaw with

the separation of the lower incisors the effect of producing closer

contact between the cutting-edges of both jaws upon one another, yet

he has failed to notice the use, and mode of application of the inner

cutting-edges of the lower incisors.

Professor Owen, in his valuable memoir “on the Osteology of the

Marsupialia,”’ i in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society,’ 1841,

vol. ii. p. 394, does not mention anything from which it would be

inferred that the lower incisors are used in the manner we have de-

scribed ; he says, however, among other things, that, excepting the

Koala; ‘in all the other marsupial crania which I have examined,

the rami of the lower jaw are not anchylosed at the symphysis.”

Having satisfied ourselves of the occurrence of the mobility of the

teeth and symphysis of the lower jaws in the living animals, it became

an object of interest to ascertain in the dead ones how this was pro-

duced; and for this purpose we commenced by studying the bones

in a few macerated skulls.

In one of these, an adult specimen of Macropus major (M. gigan-

teus), the two halves of the inferior maxilla of which have been com-

pletely separated, when the symphyses are applied closely together

the two lower incisors are approximated at their anterior half or

points upon the inner edges; while the posterior halves of the inci-

sors have an interval of nearly one-eighth of an inch, of a somewhat

spear-shape. The two margins of the incisors in apposition are worn

and flattened, evidently by the continued attrition of the one upon

the other. The symphysis of the bones at the part where they are

most closely applied is at the posterior half; and there they unite,

though loosely, by an articulation in the manner of a diaphysis.

In a Macropus ocydromus the symphysis and teeth of the man-

dible exhibit very nearly the same appearances.

The same parts in Osphranter antilopinus differ in the anterior

and inner cutting-edges of the incisors not coming together so sharply,

by reason of the points being more rounded and set outwards than

in the two former species. When the teeth are separated there is an

open space of fully one-eighth of an inch ;. there is also a diminutive

ovate space at their base, which may in part be a natural deficiency ;

but likewise the dental tissue seems partially abraded as if worn by

the action spoken of, possibly by the tearing of grasses or other,

harder stems.

The shape and position of the incisors of Halmaturus agilis ap-

proach those of Macropus major ; the interval at the base of the teeth,

however, is relatively wider and correspondingly shorter than in that

larger species.

Hulmaturus irma presents no remarkable difference from Ma-

cropus major, excepting in the mandible being less in dimensions,

and consequently having a smaller separation of the teeth.

Besides an examination of the dried bones, we have been fortunate

in having the opportunity of studying the appearances in two animals

which have recently died in the Gardens. In one of these, Bennett’s

1866. } ON THE LOWER JAW OF THE KANGAROOS. 31

Kangaroo (Halmaturus bennettii), a young female, the teeth of the

lower jaw when close together, as Mr. Waterhouse remarks, fit

Partial dissection of the lower jaw of Halmaturus bennettii, showing (a) the in-

cisors in close apposition, (2) fibres of the orbicularis oris muscle, (¢) ante-

rior portion of the genio-hyoid muscle of left side, the median line of sepa-

ration from its fellow of the right side being hardly distinguishable.

Fig. 2.

The same dissection of the mandible of /Jalmaturus bennettii as in fig. 1, but

showing (at a) the manner of separation of the lower incisors, and how they

also override the anterior upper incisors.

32 DR. J. MURIE AND MR, A. D. BARTLETT [Jan. 9,

within the apex of the foremost pair of incisors of the upper jaw, the

two sharp inner edges of the lower incisors coming so close together

that the line of separation (fig. 1, @) is hardly distinguishable; but

when the angles of the inferior maxilla are slightly approximated,

as, for instance, by a gentle pressure of the thumb and fore finger,

then the two teeth open like the blades of a pair of scissors at their

points, as much as one-eighth of an inch, and, according to what

Mr. Waterhouse says, their outer cutting-edges are brought more

closely in contact with the inner edge of the anterior upper incisors ;

but at the same time it must be remarked they can also overlap them

(fig. 2,a). But whether this overlapping takes place ordinarily,

when the creature crops its food, we are not prepared to say, as it

is not readily distinguishable, from the rapidity of the act.

In the second specimen of Kangaroo (Petrogale brachyotis), an

adult female, the tips of the lower incisors could be separated almost

one-fourth of an inch, and the structure was in nearly all respects

similar to that of Bennett’s Kangaroo—with this difference, that in

Petrogale brachyotis there was an interspace at the base of the lower

incisors, even when the points of the teeth were brought in contact ;

while in Halmaturus bennettii the whole of the inner edges were

applied closely to each other (fig. 1,@). It is possible that this slight

hollow may have been caused by a wearing away of the substance ;

that it existed in the adult animal gives feasibility to this belief.

The next point of interest connected with this remarkable moye-

ment is the consideration of what muscular apparatus or set of

muscles produces it.

The great breadth and increased size of the inner hollow of the

ramus and angle of the mandible in the Marsupials at once suggests

that the pterygoid muscles, from their increased purchase and posi-

tion, would entirely effect this, as it does, to a great extent, in the

bovine race the process of rumination. No doubt these muscles

are concerned in the motive act of the one half of the mandible

upon the other in the Kangaroos; but certain other muscular fibres

seem also to be called strongly into play.

The thin layer of the platysma myoides on either side appears to

have a slight influence in the production of the opening of the inci-

sors, by gently aiding the approximation of the angles of the lower

aw.

; The digastric muscles, moderately strong in the specimens dis-

sected, have their usual origin and median tendon slightly in advance

of the angles. Their anterior fleshy bellies are inserted half an inch

or so behind the posterior junction of the symphysis, so that on con-

traction of their fibres they serve to pull together the posterior rami,

and also produce the aforesaid separation of the lower incisors.

The two mylo-hyoidei are not extraordinarily large, although

broad; but their position and nearly transverse direction give them

even a more direct and important action in the opening movement

than the last.

The genio-hyoidei are, on the contrary, strong and well developed.

Their point of traction from the hyoid bone, and apparent tenseness

1366.] ON THE LOWER JAW OF THE KANGAROOS. 33

while the incisors are asunder, leads to the inference that they like-

wise modify and aid the opening movement, although mere position

and the parallelism of their fibres to the median line of divergence

(at least as they appear on dissection) makes one hesitate to attri-

bute too much power to them; but they certainly act along with,

and greatly strengthen the force of, the mylo-hyoidei.

By the conjoined simultaneous action of the whole of the

muscles mentioned, the movement of the symphysis and separation

of the incisors seem to be effected; while the return to the state of

closure follows relaxation of these, with possibly contraction of one

of the pterygoid muscles. The chief agent, however, in the approxi-

mation of the anterior portions of the symphysis and the internal

edges of the incisors is no doubt the transverse fibres of the orbicularis

oris (here situated at the anterior portion of the bony symphysis and

the root of the lower incisors), which, although delicate medially, is

nevertheless well developed laterally (see figs. 1 and 2, 6).

In proof that the portion of the symphysis in close juxtaposition

are the pivot or point of leverage in the movement spoken of, and that

the muscles stated are those concerned in the action, a partially

dissected specimen need only be experimented on, when very gentle

inward pushing at the angle will be seen to produce the separation

of the incisors ; and a like force applied in advance of the pivot (e. g.

where the orbicular muscle is placed) immediately and easily causes

closure.

Hence, as to the point at issue, we have tried to show from our

observations the analogy of the movements and use of the mandible

and incisors of the Kangaroo to those of a pair of cutting-forceps or

scissors, the posterior part of the symphysis being the pivot, the

angles the handles, and the incisors the blades, the inner edge of

which is the cutting-edge.

The manner of use, at least in confinement, we have attempted to

describe ; but whether the teeth are put to the same use when the

animal is in a state of nature is a fact unknown to us. Mr. Gould,

whose opportunities of observation of their native habits was at one

time great, informs us that the food of the Petrogale brachyotis is

often dry and tough vegetables obtained among rocky places. It

is possible therefore that the cutting-edges in that case might well

serve to sever dry or fibrous material.

P.S. Since this paper was read, our attention has been called by

Dr. J. E. Gray to a paragraph in ‘The Book of Nature,’ by John

Mason Good (vol. i. p. 254), where the author says, “The Mus ma-

ritimus, or African Rat, the largest species of this genus which has

hitherto been discovered, and seldom less than a full-sized rabbit,

has the singular property of separating at pleasure to a considerable

distance the two front teeth of the lower jaw, which are not less than

an inch and a quarter long. That elegant and extraordinary crea-

ture the Kangaroo, which we may soon hope to see naturalized in

our own country, is possessed of a similar faculty.”

But this statement does not seem to forestall the facts which we

have observed regarding the use or manner of action of the lower

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. III.

34 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE LEPIDOSIREN. ([Jan. 23,

incisors in these Marsupials ; nor does it even express either so defi-

nitely or clearly some of the peculiarities of the movement as ob-

servations which we have quoted at length.

January 23, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater exhibited an egg of the One-carunculated Cas-

sowaly ( Casuarius uniappendiculatus, Blyth), laid by the female bird

in the Zoological Gardens, Amsterdam. The egg was of the usual

form and colour of the eggs of the genus Casuarius, being of a pale

green, thickly covered with raised spots of dark green, and mea-

suring 5°4 by 3°6 inches.

Mr. Sclater called the attention of the Society to the great scarcity

in European collections of specimens of the American Lepidosiren

(Lepidosiren paradoxa). But two examples of this creature had

been obtained by Natterer, its original discoverer,—one from a water-

ditch near Borba on the Madeira, where it appeared to be known to

the inhabitants by the name “ Caramuru ;”’ the other in a marsh on

the right bank of the Amazons, above Villa Nova. These specimens

were now in the Imperial Zoological Cabinet at Vienna.

The only other travellers who appeared to have met with this sin-

gular form were MM. Castelnau and Deville, who obtained a single

specimen of a Lepidosiren from a lake on the Ucayali, which M. de

Castelnau, in the volume devoted to the fishes collected by his expe-

dition, has referred to a second species of the genus, under the name

L. dissimilis.

Neither Mr. Wallace nor Mr. Bates had obtained specimens of

this animal during their Amazonian wanderings. Mr. Wallace had

only heard of it. Mr. Bates had replied as follows in answer to Mr.

Sclater’s inquiries on the subject :—

** What I have to tell you about the Lepidosiren of the Amazons

is very little. Judging from my experience (having made constant

inquiries about it during the three years I was living in the proper

localities, without obtaining a specimen), it is not easy to get; but

another traveller, having means of obtaining a good boat’s crew during

the dry months (which I had not), might be more successful. I ex-

hibited drawings to many native fishermen, and they recognized the

Lepidosiren as a fish they occasionally find in the mud at the bottom

of the great lakes when they spend the dry seasons in harpooving

and salting Pirarecti (Sudis gigas). They call it in the Tupi lan-

guage ‘ Tambaki-mboya,’ i. e. Tambaki (avery common eatable fish,

of the family Characini), mboya, false, it being scaled similarly to the

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1866. } DR. A. CARTE ON THE GENUS CHIASMODON. 35

Tambaki, and yet not having the necessary character of a fish, in

fins being absent.

“Tn the Upper Amazons, where I had a boat of my own and spent

weeks on the lakes and’ still waters in the dry season, I could not

get any information about the ‘ Tambaki-mboya.’ It seems there-

fore to be confined to the great lakes about the Tapajos and the Ma-

deira rivers. If hands are so scarce in that part as they were in my

time, I do not know how a foreigner is to obtain a boat’s crew to go

in search of it.”

Dr. J. Murie read some notes on the Markhore (Capra megaceros),

chiefly based upon a specimen of this animal which had recently

died in the Society’s Gardens. Dr. Murie also gave some account

of the morbid appearances he had observed in a Chimpanzee which

had lately died in the Menagerie.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on the Genus Chiasmodon. By ALEXANDER CarTE,

M.D., M.A. Univ. Dub., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., &c.

(Plate II.)

In the month of August 1865 I received from Commodore Sir

Leopold M°Clintock, R.N., a specimen of a fish which had been

taken near the Island of Dominica, about which he writes :—

«Dr. Imray, of Castries, Dominica, has given me a specimen of

which the two sketches enclosed may afford you some idea. A small

fish with teeth inclined backwards swallowed a much larger one, and

whilst helplessly floating was picked up and given to Dr. Imray.

The swallowed fish was dead, the swallower still alive ; the abdo-

minal integument of the latter has been stretched enormously, and

is as thin and transparent as goldbeaters’ leaf, but quite perfect.

Both fishes are known out here ; but the smaller one is much the

more rare.”

On examination there could be no doubt that the smaller specimen

was referable to the genus Chiasmodon of Mr. Johnson*, which has

since been placed by Dr. Giinther among the Gadide.

The specimens in the British Museum would indicate a species of

rather diminutive size, one of them measuring only 23 and the other

32 inches in length; whereas the specimen obtained by Dr. Imray

measures nearly twice the length of the longer of these. There is

also a difference in the colour of the skin: Mr. Johnson states his to

be black, while Dr. Imray’s is dark brown; otherwise it might be

referred to the same species.

The following is a detailed description of the specimen, with the

measurements :-—

The body is of a dark-brown colour along its dorsal aspect, pro-

duced by numerous minute circular brown dots (pigment-cells) stip-

* Vide Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 408.

36 DR. A. CARTE ON THE GENUS CHIASMODON. (Jan. 23,

pled over the surface, those in the situation of the pectoral fins being

the largest ; this colour gradually changes to a yellowish tinge on

the sides in the region of the lateral line. The body is elongated,

slender, and compressed on the sides; head unarmed, laterally com-

pressed, with a shallow but rather wide groove extending between the

orbits, bounded by two somewhat bluntish ridges, which meet in

front at a point immediately above and between the anterior nostrils ;

cheeks flattish ; operculum somewhat triangular or arrow-shaped in

outline, with an excavation in its upper and a deep notch in its infe-

rior border, the latter being situated between the sub- and inter-

opercula.

The orbits lateral, longitudinally oval in shape, and distant about

a diameter and a half from the truncated muzzle, with their pos-

terior borders corresponding to the central point of the superior

maxilla.

The anterior pair of nostrils are round and appear the larger, they

are situated about midway between the muzzle and the anterior edge

of the orbit; the posterior pair are somewhat triangular, and are

placed close to the anterior superior border of the orbit. The head

is studded with numerous mucous pores. The muzzle is truncated

in front and submarginate, the inferior maxilla extending slightly

beyond it. The cleft of the mouth is slightly arched, and long, ex-

tending backwards far behind the orbits, the slender and emarginate

premaxillaries forming the entire of its upper border,

‘In each maxilla there are two rows of irregularly placed subulate

teeth, the inner row being the larger, but containing fewer teeth.

They are arranged as follows :—In the superior maxilla, commencing

at the muzzle, there are two long immoveable hooked teeth, with

their points directed inwards towards each other, so as almost to

meet; at the base and external side of each of these, a minute sharp

denticle is situated ; immediately behind these, but in the inner row,

there are two other large moveaéle hooked teeth, the points of which

incline towards each other, but do not touch; these are the longest

teeth in the upper jaw. The sixth tooth, counting backwards on

either side from the two long immoyveable front teeth, is also a long

but moveable tooth, and is inserted on the inner aspect of the supe-

rior maxilla at a point a little posterior to the anterior margin of

the orbit. The remainder of the teeth in this jaw are small, and

gradually diminish in size as they approach the articulation; they

are implanted irregularly in a double series.

The teeth in the inferior maxilla are thus arranged :—In front

there are a pair of very minute denticles, immediately external to

and at the bases of which are two long immoveable teeth with their

points curved outwards ; following these are two pairs of still longer

moveable teeth, the posterior pair of which are the longest of the

whole series. The remainder of the teeth in this jaw, like those in

the upper, are small and are implanted irregularly in a double series

as far back as the articulation. The palate is furnished with a series

of small denticles, and there isa somewhat similar series placed along

the central line of the tongue; this latter organ is long and narrow,

1866. | DR. A. CARTE ON THE GENUS CHIASMODON, 37

its tip is free and of a greyish-yellow colour. There appear to be

no vomerine teeth, no barbel, nor pseudobrauchiz.

The pectoral fins, which contain twelve(?) very slender rays, are

inserted immediately below the excavation in the posterior inferior

margin of the operculum, its pointed extremity extending backwards

for about 14 inch.

The yentrals are so misplaced, in consequence of the great disten-

sion of the abdominal parietes of the fish, that it is impossible to give

an accurate description of their. normal position. In length they

measure about nine-sixteenths of an inch, and contain about six de-

licate subequal rays.

The anal fin, from the same cause, is greatly displaced: instead

of holding its normal position along the ventral surface of the fish,

it is completely separated from it and carried down on the dis-

tended and greatly thinned abdominal integument; and the points

of its rays are so mutilated that they cannot be measured with

aceuracy. The course of the intestine is distinctly visible through

the semitransparent integument, running downwards and backwards

to the anal orifice; both it and the anal orifice, as may be seen

by reference to the accompanying figure (Plate II.), are also much

displaced.

As, for obvious reasons, it was not considered advisable to dissect

this curious and interesting specimen, I cannot add any further par-

ticulars, in reference to the rest of the alimentary system, to those

which have already been recorded by Mr. Jolson.

The caudal fin is furcate, and contains about eleven principal rays,

of which the longest measures about 1 inch. The lateral line runs

for the greater part of its course straight along the centre of the

body, but as it approaches the head it curves upwards behind the

posterior superior margin of the operculum.

inches

Total length of specimen from snout to extremity of tail.. 63

Total length of head from snout to point of operculum.... 12

BHeightiob heads: io.6d <4 bdaveieeaen et eee S

Eye, diameter of its major axis .............-. oe TF

Length of longest tooth (fourth) in lower jaw ...... os ‘

Distance of first dorsal fin from muzzle, about.......... 12

Length of pectorals......... d Si biiesier k b aidaby em

Width of the base of pectorals .............+44. $

Distance of pectorals from muzzle ............-e 0000s 1

Length of ventrals, about 3 PTs Were es Mie ae 7

Oi CANARD, wes inne es} ~Kbe TbGinefee alelsns =) ]

The length of the enclosed fish (Scopelus macrolepidotus?) . 103

Depth-at pectoralay cick deigiase wesaces eye ose wets «al rare 12

In a subsequent letter received from Sir Leopold M°Clintock,

dated from Port Royal, Jamaica, the 6th of November, 1865, he

says, ‘‘ They are not deep-water fish; both are well known at Do-

minica, more particularly the larger one (S. macrolepidotus?), which

is common. ‘The smaller one (C. niger?) is not common; but the

38 DR. A. CARTE ON THE GENUS CHIASMODON. (Jan. 23,

natives have names for both of them, so that neither of them can be

considered rare.”

It may be expected, before concluding these notes, that some

theory or explanation should be offered on the interesting problem

of how the larger fish (8. macrolepidotus?) became enclosed in the

interior of the smaller (C. niger?); but I am disposed to think it

more judicious, until further information on the habits and anatomy

of the latter is obtained, to leave this an open question.

I believe that prior to this there have been but two other, and

much smaller, specimens obtained, by Mr. Johnson and the Rev.

R. T. Lowe at Madeira; and they are described as taken at a depth

of from 200 to 300 fathoms, whereas it will be seen by Sir L.

M°Clintock’s letter that he does not consider the present specimen

a deep-water fish, nor does he consider it to be so rare, at least

near the island of Dominica, as Mr. Johnson found his specimens

to be at Madeira. I trust that further specimens, which I expect to

receive through the aid of Sir Leopold M‘Clintock, will satisfactorily

determine both these problems.

Dr. Ginther added the following remarks to this paper :—

1. The fish described is undoubtedly identical with Chiasmodus

niger, Johnson, as I had supposed at once when the figure was shown

to me.

2. The fish swallowed is most probably Scopelus macrolepidotus,

Johnson; but as it is still enveloped in the membranes of the sto-

mach of the swallower and doubled up, some doubt as regards its

identification may be entertained.

3. The specimen examined by Mr. Johnson was obtained under

similar circumstances as that received from Dominica ; it had in its

stomach another, pelagic fish, nearly twice its own length.

4. The specimen obtained by the Rev. R. T. Lowe was taken at

a depth of 312 fathoms, which is sufficient proof that the species is

a deep-sea fish.

5. All deep-sea fishes may accidentally be carried upwards to the

surface of the water ; the efforts of one of their struggling victims to

escape from their jaws may cause them to ascend with it bevond the

horizontal zone which they usually inhabit ; and when once beyond

it, and under a greatly diminished pressure, they become as helpless

as a man who ascends to a great height in a balloon, and therefore

are easily picked up. This explains the fact that all the specimens

known of Saccopharynz and Melanocetus—deep-sea fishes with the

same extensible stomach as Chiasmodus—were found with large

fishes in their stomachs. The specimens swallowed were found in

each case to be in a very early state of digestion ; and one was so

well preserved that it was recognized and described as the type of a

new genus.

6. The circumstance that the fishermen of Dominica have names

for the two fishes does not prove their common occurrence. All our

rarest British fish, like the “‘ King of the Herrings,”’ &c., have names,

However, from what Sir L. M‘Clintock says, both these extraordi-

POLS). [660 iieian 4

eb iit W& V Hanhart imp

NEW EXOTIC BUTTEREDIES, -

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES. 39

nary species must be more common in the West Indies than in the

sea off Madeira.

7. The process of deglutition in all these fishes is evidently very

simple. The fish, after having seized its victim with its sufficiently

capacious and very moveable jaws, partly presses it down, as a snake

would do, partly draws itself over it. The prey is received into an

cesophagus and stomach the membranes of which are, like the ex-

ternal integument, extensible as an India-rubber pouch, and which,

therefore, may contain a body twice or thrice the size of the destroyer.

Organs externally attached to the integument, like the ventral fins,

are naturally displaced. I have seen the empty stomach of Chias-

modus, in the specimen obtained by Mr. Lowe; it was contracted,

folded up, and but little projecting downwards from the belly.

2. Descriptions of some New Exotic Butterflies in the

National Collection. By Arruur G. Buruzr, F.Z.S.,

Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

(Plate III.)

1. Catoriprr (ApATURA) LAVINIA(d),sp.n. (PI. III. fig. 1.)

Upperside—front wings rich reddish brown, with a central band

of white spots, the upper ones almost obscured by a large orange

wedge-shaped patch, and surrounded, below this patch, by a band of

bright metallic green ; the centre of the wings also glossed with bril-

liant purplish blue; cell paler brown, crossed by two dark central

bands; outer margin with two pale submarginal bands ; cilia white.

Hind wings rich reddish brown, with a central white band surrounded

by a band of bright metallic green; the entire wing, except the

margins, glossed with brilliant purplish blue; inner margin pale ~

brown; two pale submarginal bands at the outer margin; a fine

white lunule at the anal angle, and a greenish lunule a little above

it ; cilia white. Body rich brown ; anal half of abdomen pale brown;

palpi reddish.

Underside nearly the same as in C. lucasii, Westw., Doubl. &

Hewits. (Amazons, &c.), but the front wing is more suffused with

orange.

Expanse of wings 23 inches.

Hab. Amazons (Nauta).

1°, CHLORIPPE LAVINIA (27).

Upperside—basal half reddish brown; apical half orange-ochreous,

in the front wings rather dusky; a central white band, iridescent

in the hind wings; three submarginal dark brown bands; three tri-

angularly placed subapical white spots in the front wings; inner

margin of hind wings ochreous. Body brown; palpi ochreous ; an-

tenne reddish.

40 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW EXOTIC BUTTERELIES. ([Jan. 23,

Underside as in the male, except that the hind wings are copper-

coloured and the central band is broader and more regular in outline.

Body creamy white ; proboscis and prolegs yellow ; tibize of other legs

and antenne orange.

Expanse of wings 22 inches.

Hab. Venezuela.

Allied to C. laurentia, Godart ; but the male is very easily di-

stinguished by the large orange patch in the front wings. The

female may possibly not belong to this species; but it seems to me

to be more nearly allied to it than to the other metallic insects in

this genus.

2. CORADES CYBELE, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 2.)

Upperside rich brown ; antennze reddish.

Underside—front wings rich brown; a dirty-white spot on the

front margin beyond the cell; apex pale brown, mottled with reddish

brown ; a large orange blotch between the second and third median

branches, and continued in the form of a lunule below to the first

branch ; a small red spot near the anal angle. Hind wings, basal

half grey, apical half ochreous clouded with grey-brown ; mottled

with numerous small irregular red-brown spots and streaks, more

plentifully towards the centre of the wing and the outer margin ; anal

tail brown. Body grey ; palpi, legs, and antennee dull orange. —

Hab. Bogota.

Allied to Corades sareba, Hewits. (from Bolivia), but very different.

3. DawpaLma EMILIA, sp. n. (PI. III. fig. 3.)

Upperside—front wings rich brown ; front margin, median vein,

cilia, and a submarginal elbowed row of nine spots yellow. Hind

wings rich brown; cilia and two submarginal rows of spots yellow.

Body brown; thorax with dark-greenish hairs; antennz brown,

reddish at the tips.

Underside—frout wings rich reddish brown; apex varied with

greenish and silvery brown; three subapical black spots pupillated

with white, and two black subapical lunules ; median nervure, four

submarginal spots between the median nervules, a triangular spot on

the front margin beyond the cell, and two marginal spots at the anal

angle pale green. Hind wings, basal half olive-green, varied with

silver patches partially edged with black; base reddish brown;

apical half olive-green, varied with pale green and brown; a central

band of eight ocelli, the two upper ones pale green with darker

centres, the others pale brown with reddish-brown centres, and di-

vided downwards from the centre by a black line ; all the ocelli pupil-

lated with white; avery irregular wavy black submarginal line mar-

gined outwardly with pale green; outer margin black ; cilia silver.

Body grey brown; palpi and legs grey; antennz grey, darker at

the tips.

Expanse of wings 242 inches.

Bogota.

1566.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES. 41

Allied to Dedalma dorete, Hewits., but very distinct, the hind

wing being totally unlike in outline, the front wing above having

only one row of spots; below, the lower ocelli of the front wings are

absent, and replaced by large greenish oblong spots ; the markings

of the hind wings are also very dissimilar.

4. DreBis ISABELLA (d), sp. n. (PI. III. fig. 4.)

Upperside rich brown ; outer margin of hind wings ferruginous,

anal portion submarginated with two black lunules; a submarginal

row of six black spots, indistinct at the apex and anal angle. Body

brown ; palpi ochreous; antenne ferruginous, with orange tips.

Underside—front wings grey, glossed with violaceous; base, a

transverse central band, and a triangular dash tapering from the

costa near the apex deeper grey ; outer margin clouded with ochre-

ous ; a transverse brown line near the base; a very irregular more

indistinct brown line beyond the end of the cell; outer margin with

two marginal grey lines, wavy towards the apex; a submarginal row

of six pale grey ocelli, the uppermost one very indistinct. Hind

wings grey, clouded with brown and ochreous; a broad irregular

central band pale ochreous above, below grey inwardly, brown out-

wardly, margined by a rich-brown line on each side ; a small brown

dash at the end of the cell ; outer margin with three marginal brown

lines ; a submarginal row of six large ocellate spots bright ochreous,

with large black centres irrorated with silver. Body greyish ochreous.

Expanse of wing 22 inches.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Closely allied to Debis chandica (3), Moore (E. Indies) ; it differs

from it as follows:—Front wings much more elongate ; outer margin

more distinctly emarginate, forming an angle at the fold between the

second and third median branches. Hind wings more elongate ; the

central caudate projection more produced, the outer margin more

deeply sinuated. On the upperside, hind wings, outer margin richly

suffused with reddish ferruginous, upon which the submarginal spots

are distinctly visible ; fringe of the wings dark ; antennz ferruginous.

On the underside, front wings, central line much more irregular and

more indistinct ; both the marginal lines of the outer margin waved

near the apex. Hind wings, central band much more regular in out-

line, not so much produced at the centre of its lower edge, not so

broad near the costa, but broader below the median nervure than in

D. chandica ; submarginal ocelli smaller and further apart.

5. Het#ra PELLUCIDA, sp.n. (PI. III. fig. 5.)

Hi. phelis, Boisd. MS.

Upperside transparent, iridescent. Front wings with the margins,

nervures, and an oblique streak at the anal angle brown. Hind wings.

with the marginal edges, nervures, outer margin, and a submarginal

irregular band adjoining it brown; a large ocellus at the apex black,

glossed with ultramarine blue, pupillated with white and encireled

with orange; two small circular white spots near the hind margin

42 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES. [Jan. 23,

between the nervures. Body, thorax, and antenne pale reddish

brown ; abdomen dark brown.

Underside—wings as above. Body—thorax white; legs and ab-

domen ochreous ; antennz pale brown.

Expanse of wings 23 inches.

Hab. Cayenne.

6. HeT£RA HARPALYCE, sp.n.* (PI. III. fig. 6.)

Upperside—front wings as in the preceding species. Hind wings,

lower half richly glossed with purple; a large ocellus as in H. pel-

lucida; a similar smaller ocellus near the outer margin between the

second and first median branches ; two small circular white spots

between the two ocelli; other markings as in H. pellucida.

Underside—front wings as above. Hind wings as above, but with-

out the purple gloss. Body wanting, probably the same as in the

preceding species.

Expanse of wings 23 inches.

Hab. Upper Amazons?

This species is allied to H. esmeralda, Doubleday, but differs from

it in the greater extent of the purple gloss in the hind wings, the

unbroken submarginal band, an additional ocellus, and its greater

size. It is also allied to H. philis, Cramer, wrongly placed as a

synonym of H. aurora, Feld., under its old name of H. andromedat.

The species figured by Cramer (iv. pl. 387, f. EK) as H. philis is

quite distinct from H. pireta, Cramer, pl. 315. f. A; it has a violet,

not a carmine, suffusion on the hind wings; and the colouring in

H. philis is confined to the centre of the disk, instead of covering

nearly the whole of the lower portion of the wing.

If these differences existed merely in Cramer’s figures, pls. 315

& 387, they might be attributed to colour-blindness or carelessness ;

but as the same differences are found in the descriptions (pireta—

“la tache rouge”’) (philis—“ une tache luisante couleur de violet”’),

there can be no more doubt that the two insects are distinct.

Note.—It appears to me that the insect heretofore in our collec-

tions under the name of H. andromeda (PI. III. fig. 9), although

not the species intended by Fabricius (Drury, iii. pl. 38. f. 3), should

not be named in collections H. aurora, Felder (PI. III. figs. 7, 8),

although it may be identical with H. pireta, Cramer.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Apatura lavinia, p. 39. Fig. 5. Hetera pellucida, p. 41.

2. Corades cybele, p. 40. 6. —— harpalyce, p. 42.

3. Dedalma emilia, p. 40. 7,8. aurora, p. 42.

4. Debis isabella, p. 41. 9.

andromeda, p. 42.

* Possibly the other sex of H. pellucida.

t Vide Bates on New Sp. Butterf. from Guatemala and Panama, Ent. Month.

Mag. i. p. 180, 1865.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 43

3. A Monograph of the Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to

the Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of

that Genus, with Descriptions of New Species im the

National Collection. By Arruur G. Burter, F.Z.8.,

Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

(Plate IV.)

Genus Danars, Latreille.

Danaida, Danaus, or Danais, Latreille (1805).

Danais, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. (1819); Boisduval, E. Doubleday,

List Lep. Brit. Mus. (1844); Westwood, Doubleday & Hewitson,

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East India

Comp. (1857); Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austral. (1862).

Amauris, Hestia (part.), Huplea, Limnas, Anosia, Hubner, Verz.

bek. Schmett. (1816).

Ideopsis (part.), Horsfield, Moore, Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1857).

Section 1.

1. DANAIS PHEZDON.

Papilio phedon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. v. p. 423. nos. 184,

185 (1793).

Danais phedon, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 183.n. 26 (1819); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 1 (1843).

Euplea phedon, Boisd. Faune Ent. de Madag. t. 3. f. 3 (1833).

Hab. Mauritius. B.M.

2. DANAIS ECHERIA.

Papilio echeria, Stoll, t. 29. f. 1, 1a (1790).

Amauris echeria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 14 (1816).

Euplea echeria, E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1844).

Danais echeria, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91.

n. 2 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austral. p. 86. n. 55 (1862).

D. vaillantiana, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 183. n. 25 (1819).

Hab. South Africa.

3. DANAIS EGIALEA.

Papilio egialea, Cramer, t. 192. f. D (1777).

Amauris egialea, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 14 (1816).

Danais egialea, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91.

n. 3 (1847).

Hab. Ashanti. B.M.

Note.—I have carefully compared all the figures of insects hitherto

placed as synonyma of this species with the specimens in the National

Collection, and I find that D. egialea and D. damocles are quite di-

stinct. D. niavius (Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 11. f. 3) is also a separate

species, only resembling Cramer’s insect in coloration.

44 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. __[Jan. 23,

4. DANAIS DAMOCLES.

Papilio damocles, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 41. n. 121

(1793) ; Pal. de Beauv. Ins. Afr. et Am. Lép. p. 238, t. 6. f. 3a, 36

(1805).

Danais damocles, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 182. n. 23 (1819).

Euplea damocles, Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1844).

Hab. Sierra Leone; Ashanti; Angola. .M.

Var. Front wings longer; hind wings entirely brown.

Hab. Gaboon. B.M.

5. DANAIS HECATE, Sp. n.

Euplea niavius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 11.

f. 3 (1847).

Differs from D. damocles in having the front wings longer and

narrower, no white spot at the anal angle, the subapical row of spots

further from the central band, and only the double central subapical

spot large; the apical and costal spots are also much smaller; the

hind wings shorter, more angular, more deeply sinuated along the

outer margin, and more completely suffused with brown ; the body

longer in proportion to the hind wings.

Expanse of wings 34 inches.

Hab. Ashanti. B.M.

6. DANAIS OCHLEA.

Danais ochlea, Boisd. App. Voy. de Deless. p. 589; Trimen, Rhop.

Afric. Austral. p. 85. n. 54.

Hab. Port Natal. B.M.

7. DANAIS NIAVIUS.

Papilio niavius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 766. n.109 (1767); Cramer,

t. 2. f. E, G (1775); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. n. 120 (1793).

Amauris niavius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 14 (1816).

Danais niavius, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 182. n. 22 (1819) ; Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 4 (1847).

Var. Papilio niavius, Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Am. Lép.

p. 288, t. 6. f. la, 16 (1805).

Hab. West Africa. B.M.

Section 2.

8. DANAIS BERENICE.

Papilio berenice, Cramer, pl. 205. f. E, F (1780).

Danais berenice, Boisd. et Leconte, Icon. Lép. et Chen. Am. Sept.

t. 39 (1827); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 91.

n, 6 (1847); Wiedemeyer, Cat. North Amer. Butterf. p. 13 (1864).

Papilio erippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p.49.n. 152 (1793).

Danais erippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 186. n. 33 (1819).

Anosia erippe, Wiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Papilio gilippus, Smith, Abb. Lep. Ins. of Georgia, 1. t. 7 (1797).

Hab. Georgia; Florida. B.M.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 45

Var. a. Danais thersippus, H.W. Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863).

Hab. Panama.

Var. 6. Danais strigosa, H. W. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 33.

n. 14 (1864-65).

Hab. Jamaica.

Note.—Danais jamaicensis (berenice, var.?), Bates, must be a

variety of D, gilippus; it is described as differing from D. berenice

in having the nervures of the hind wing margined with grey.

9. DANAIS CLEOTHERA (BERENICE, var. ?).

Danais cleothera, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 185. n. 31 (1819) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 7, t. 12. f. 2

(1847); Wiedemeyer, Cat. North Amer. Butterf. p. 13 ue

Hab. Haiti; Honduras ; Venezuela. B.M.

10. DANAIS ERESIMUS.

Papilio eresimus, Cramer, pl. 175. f. G, H (1777); Fabricius,

Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 51. n. 157 (1793).

Danais eresimus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p.185.n. 30 (1819); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 8 (1847).

Anosia eresima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Hab, Brazil. B.M.

11. DaNaIs GILIPPUS.

Papilio gilippus, Cramer, pl. 26. f. E, F (1775); Fabricius, Ent.

Syst. ili. pt. 1. p. 52. n. 159 (1793).

Danais gilippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 186. n. 34 (1819); Boisd.

Sp. Gén. i. t. 24. f. 2 (1837); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen.

Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 5 (1847).

Limnas ferruginea vincetoxici, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett.

(1806-27).

Anosia vincetoxici, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 nee

Hab. Brazil.

Var. Danais jamaicensis (berenice, var.’), H. W. Bates, Ent.

Month. Mag. i. p. 33 (footnote) (1864-65).

Hab. Guatemala. B.M.

12. DANAIS ERIPPUS.

Papilio erippus, Cramer, t. 3. f. A, B (1775).

Danais erippus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91.

n. 10.

Papilio plexippus, Cramer, t. 206. f. E, F (1780).

P. archippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 49. n. 150 (1793);

Smith, Abb. Lep. Ins. of Georgia, i. t. 7 (1797).

Anosia archippus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Danais archippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 184. n. 28 (1819);

46 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. [Jan. 23,

Wiedemeyer, Cat. North Amer. Butterf. p. 13 (1864); Herrich-

Schaffer, Schmett. Insel. Cuba, p. 4 (1864-65).

Anosia megalippe, Hiibn. Samml. exot. Schmett. (1806-27).

Hab. Brazil; Mexico; United States. B.M.

13. DANAIS CLEOPHILE.

Danais cleophile, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 185. n. 32 (1819); Westw.

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 91. n. 9, t. 12. f. 3 (1847) ;

Weidemeyer, Cat. North Amer. Butterf. p. 13 (1864).

Hab. Haiti; Jamaica. B.M.

14. DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 767 (1767) ; Cramer,

ii. pl. 118. f. B, C; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ili. pt. 1. p. 50.

Danais chrysippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 187; Lép. de France,

p- 106, 1) Bey es ce ea Latreille, Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 2nd ed. t. 9. p. 118;

Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 14; Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 51;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 14; F. Moore,

Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 126. n. 249, pl. 4. f. 7, 7a (me-

tamorph.); Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austral. p. 88. n. 56.

Euplea chrysippus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p- 15, t. 133.

f. 678, 679; Herbst, t. 155. f. 1,2; Ochsenh. t. 4, p. 120.

Papilio egyptius, Schreb. Ins. p. 9, f. 11, 12.

Hab. Europe; Asia; Africa; Oceania. B.M.

Var. With the spots near the costa beyond the cell of front wings

very large.

Hab. Hong Kong. B.M.

Note.—All the specimens that I have seen of this species from

Greece, Java, and Ceram are of a dull brownish colour.

15. Danas ALcrppus (CHRYSIPPUS, var.’),

Papilio alcippus, Cramer, pl. 127. f. E, F (1777) ; Fabricius, Ent.

Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 50. n. 155 (1793); Herbst, Pap. t. 155. f. 5, 6.

Euplea alcippus, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816);

Ochsenh. t. 4, p. 120.

Danais aleippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 188. n. 9 (1819); Lép.

de France, p. 110, pl. 17. f. 3; Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 14; Doubleday,

List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 51; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lep. p. 92. n. 15.

Euplea dorippus, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 48. f. 1-5 (1829).

Hab. Sierra Leone; Ashanti; Italy (Godart). B.M.

- 16. DANAIS PETILIA.

Papilio petilia, Stoll, t. 28. f. 3 (1790).

Danais petilia, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 189. n. 41 (1819) ; Doubl.

List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1844); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen.

Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 13 (1847).

Hab. Australia. B.M.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 47

17. DANAIS PLEXAURE.

Danais plexaure, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p.184.n.29(1819); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 12 (1847).

Hab. Brazil.

18. DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.

Papilio plexippus, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 767 (1767) ; Fabri-

cius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt.1. p. 49.

Danais plexippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 186; Doubl. List Lep.

Brit. Mus. pt. 1.p. 51; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep.

p- 92. n. 17; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 124.

n. 246, pl. 4. f. 6, 6a (metamorph.).

Euplea plexippus, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15.

Papilio genutia, Cramer, iii. pl. 206. f. C, D (1780).

Hab. North India; China. B.M.

19. DANAIS PHILENE,

Papilio philene, Cramer, iv. pl. 375. f. A, B (1782).

Danais philene, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 187; Doubl. List Lep.

Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep.

p- 92. n.17; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 124.

n. 245, pl. 4. f. 5, 5 @ (metamorph ).

Euplea philene, Hiibner, Voy. bek. Schmett. p. 15.

Hab. Java; Amboyna. B.M.

D. philene, var., intermediate between this species and the next.

Hab. Gilolo. B.M.

20. DANAIS ARTENICE (PHILENE, var. °).

Papilio artenice, Cramer, pl. 375. f. C, D (1782).

Danais artenice, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p.187.. 36(1816); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 18 (1847).

Euplea artenice, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816).

Hab. Java. B.M

Note.—I have compared our specimens of D. philene and D. ar-

tenice with Cramer’s figures, and I find that neither the subapical

markings of the front wings nor the white streaks in the hind wings

are reliable as distinguishing characters ; the insects also appear to

vary considerably in size and outline.

21. DANAIS PULLATA, Sp. 0.

Upperside copper-brown, darker towards the base. Front wings

with an elbowed subapical series of five white spots, as in the allied

species; a minute spot beyond the middle of the costa; a short

double series of submarginal spots at the centre of the hind margin ;

an apical white spot. Hind wings with a double or single series of

minute submarginal white dots. Body—thorax black brown, spotted

with white; antennze black ; abdomen brown, orange below.

Underside dull ferruginous; nervures brown. Front wings with-

48 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. [Jan. 23,

out an apical spot, with several additional submarginal dots near the

apex; otherwise as above. Hind wings clouded with brown towards

the base ; a complete double series of white submarginal spots along

the hind margin, and a white spot beyond the middle of the costa.

Expanse of wings 333; inches.

Hab. Dory. B.M.

PieKt,

Danais pullata.

22. DANAIS AFFINIS.

Papilio afinis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 58. n. 181.

Danais affinis, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p.182.n. 21 (1819); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 20 (1847); Blanch.

Voy. au Pole Sud, p. 389 (Insectes), pl. 2. f. 7.

Danais cecilia, Bougainville, Voy. de la Corvette Thétis, t. 44.

f, 3, 3 bis (1837).

Hab. Amboyna; Borneo. B.M.

23. DaNAIS FULGURATA, sp. n. (PI. IV. fig. 1).

Upperside dark brown; an elongate streak near the inner margin

of front wings and five streaks between the nervures in the centre of

hind wings ferraginous. Front wings with white markings of apical

half as in D. philene ; a large elongate white spot in the centre of

the ferruginous streak. Hind wings with a white irregular band

across the cell, running nearly parallel to the costa, and divided into

five portions by the nervures ; towards the abdominal margin dusky ;

inner margin pale brown, with a marginal row of small white spots ;

cilia white. Body—thorax brown; head and prothorax speckled

with white; abdomen pale brown.

Underside—front wings, basal half pale ferruginous, inclining to

brown towards the costa ; apical half brown, an irregular white blotch

below the base of the first median nervule; several additional sub-

marginal spots; otherwise as above. Hind wings ferruginous ; ner-

vures black; three small white spots at the base, close to the body ;

a white spot below the base, and another below the apex of the costal

nervure ; outer margin dusky ferruginous, a complete double series

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 49

of submarginal white spots ; central band more irregular than above,

extended down the abdominal margin to the anal angle. Body—

abdomen rather paler ; otherwise as above.

Expanse of wings 2¢ inches,

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

24. Danais conspicua, sp. n. (PI. IV. fig. 2.)

D. silena, Bdv. MS.

Upperside—front wings as in D. philene. Hind wings ferruginous,

not so dark as the front wings; nervures and outer margin dark

brown; cell, a submarginal series of dots, double at the anal angle,

and two subapical spots between the nervures white. Body—head

and prothorax black, spotted with white ; meso- and metathorax dark

grey ; abdomen pale ferruginous.

Underside—front wings, apex copper-brown ; several additional

submarginal dots; otherwise as above. Hind wings dull orange ;

cell white, irrorated with orange scales ; a complete double submar-

ginal series of white spots; five white spots near the apical hind

margin between the nervures; otherwise as above.

Expanse of wings 34 inches.

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

25. DANAIS MELANIPPUS.

Papilio melanippus, Cramer, ii. t. 127. f. A, B (1777).

Danais melanippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 189 ; Doubleday, List

Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind.

Comp. p. 125. n. 247.

Luplea hegesippus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15.

Danais hegesippus, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 189 ; G. R. Gray, Lep.

Ins. of Nepal, p. 10, t. 9. f.1; Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus.

pt. 1. p. 50; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92.

n. 19; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 125. n. 247

(melanippus, var.).

Hab. India; Sumatra; Java. B.M.

Var. Papilio hegesippus, Cramer, ii. t.180.f. A (1779); Fabricius,

Ent. Syst. ui. pt. 1. p. 52.

Hab. Java (B.M. and Horsf. Coll.).

26. DANAIs LOTIs.

Papilio lotis, Cramer, iii. pl. 230. f. D, E (1780).

Danais lotis, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 189; Westw., Doubl. &

Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 21; Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus,

App. (1848) p.13; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East India Comp.

p. 125. n. 248.

flestia thoé, Wiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816).

Danais edmondi, Bougainville, Voy. de la Corvette Thétis, t. 44.

f. 3, 3 bis (1837).

Hab. Amboyna; Bormeo. B.M.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. IV.

50 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. (Jan. 23,

27. DANAIS ISMAREOLA, Sp. Nn.

Upperside—front wings brown; a white discoidal streak; three

elongate obliquely placed white spots at the end of the cell; a series

of six white spots across the disk, the three upper ones placed ob-

liquely, the others following the direction of the outer margin; a

double submarginal series of white spots ; a large white apical spot ;

a large white spot below the end of the cell, between first and

second median branches; an elongate white streak filling the inter-

space between the first median branch and the submedian nervure

to beyond the middle of the wing; a narrow white streak along the

interior margin. Hind wings, basal area white, divided into thirteen

unequal parts by the nervures, which are brown; outer margin

brown, with a double series of submarginal white spots. Body brown;

prothorax spotted with white.

Underside nearly as above. Body—abdomen pale brown.

Expanse of wings 35%; inches.

Hab. Ternate. B.M.

28. DANAIS ISMARE.

Papilio ismare, Cramer, pl. 279. f. E, F (1780).

Hestia ismare, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816).

Danais ismare, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 190. n. 45 (1819); Westw.,

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 93. n. 31 (1847).

Hab. Amboyna; North Ceram. B.M.

Section 3.

29. DANAIS SOBRINA.

Danais sobrina, Boisd. Faune de l’Océanie, ix. p. 103, pl. 4. f. 3

(1832) ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92. n. 24

(1847). ey

Hab. New Guinea. B.M.

Note.—In the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe,’ the island of Vanikoro is

given as the locality for this species; but this may possibly be an

error. I have lately seen specimens from the Aru Islands.

30. Danais SIMILIS. F

Papilio similis, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 479 (1758); 1. p. 782;

Clerck, Icones, t. 16. f. 3.

Danais similis, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p.49 (1844);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92. n. 30 (1847) ;

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 122. n. 237 (1857).

Papilio aventina, Cramer, i. pl. 59. f. F (1775).

Danais aventina, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 191.

Hab. China; Java; North India. B.M.

Var. Danais melissa, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 49;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 28.

Hab. North India ; Singapore. B.M.

Note.—This variety was formerly in the National Collection under

the name of D. melissa.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 51

31. DANAIS MEGANIRA.

Danais meganira, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p.192.n. 51 (1819); Boisd.

Faune de l’Océanie, ix. p. 104. n. 3 (1832); Westw., Doubl. &

Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 92. n. 29 (1847); Blanch. Voy. au

Pole Sud, p. 387, pl. 2. f. 4.

Hab. Java; Ceram; Philippine Islands. B.M.

Var. Rich reddish brown on a greenish ochreous ground; the

nervures much more broadly bordered, and the spots consequently

smaller.

Hab. Ceram. B.M.

32. DANAIS MELISSA.

Papilio melissa, Cramer, iv. pl. 377. f. C, D (1782); Herbst,

Pap. t. 125. f. 3, 4.

Danais melissa, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 192; F. Moore, Cat. Lep.

Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 121. n. 236.

Hab. Java; North India. (Horsf. Coll.).

33. DANAIS XANTHIPPUS..

Danais xanthippus, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsschr. iv. p. 100.

Hab. Brazil.

34. DANAIS LIMNIACS.

Papilio limniace, Cramer, i. pl. 59. f. C, D (1775).

Danais limniace, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 191; Doubleday, List

Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 49; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 93. n. 31; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p- 121. n. 235, pl. 4. f. 3, 3a (metamorph.).

Papilio similis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 58.

Euplea hamata, M’Leay, King’s Survey of Australia, ii. App.

p- 46 (1827).

Hab. Java; North India; Penang. B.M.

Var. With all the markings much narrower ; abdomen with very

large yellow anal tuft.

Hab. Borneo. B.M.

35, DANAIS LEONORA, Sp. n. (LIMNIACA, var. ?).

Upperside—front wings black brown, with pale-greenish semi-

transparent spots, which differ from those of D. limniace in being

broader and shorter; no streak helow the base of the submedian

nervure. Hind wings much smaller and rounder than those of D.

limniace; the cells much shorter; rich olive-brown, with pale-

greenish semitransparent spots, which differ from those of D. lim-

niacé in being broader and shorter. .

Underside as above, excepting that the apical portion of the front

wing is of an olive-brown colour, and the interior margin reddish ;

the hind wing is also paler.

Expanse of wings 3;%, inches.

Hab. Angola. B.M.

52 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. —_[Jan. 23,

Note.—We have three specimens of this insect in the National

Collection, and all of them agree in colouring.

36. DANAIS LEOPARDUS, Sp. N. (LIMNIACA, var.?).

Upperside differs from the preceding in having all the wings olive-

brown. Front wing with larger and more yellowish spots and streaks,

also a large patch on each side of the submedian nervure near the

base, as in D. meganira. Hind wings with pale-ochreous spots and

streaks ; the cell a little longer than in D. leonora, but not so long

as in D. limniuce.

Underside as above, excepting that the apical portion of the front

wings is of a golden brown colour, and the interior margin reddish ;

the hind wings are also golden brown.

Expanse of wings 312 inches.

Hab. India (three specimens). B.M.

37. DANAIS AUSTRALIS (LIMNIAC&, var. ?).

Danais australis, Boisduval; Blanchard, Voy. au Péle Sud (In-

sectes), p. 388, pl. 2. f. 5, 6.

Hab. New Holland (Raffles Bay).

38. DANAIS CHOASPES, sp. Nn.

Upperside with a faint greenish gloss. Front wings dark olivaceous

brown ; a narrow short discoidal white line extending to near the

middle of the cell; a very irregular oblique white band, divided by

the dark nervures into four unequal semitransparent white spots, ex-

tending from the costal nervure and end of cell to the submedian

nervure ; five obliquely placed irregular elongate white spots beyond

the end of the cell; a double submarginal series of white spots, the

inner series, except the first, fifth, and seventh, large and elongate.

Hind wings, basal area white, semitransparent, divided by the ner-

vures, which are brown, into twelve unequal parts; outer margin

broadly olivaceous brown, with a double submarginal series of white

spots, the inner series elongate, alternately small and large. Body,

head, and thorax olivaceous brown, spotted with yellow ; abdomen

creamy white.

Underside—front wings, apical portion olive-green ; centre of disk

inclining to bluish; base and inner margin reddish brown; spots

iridescent ; otherwise as above. Hind wings olive-green, instead of

olivaceous brown ; spots faintly iridescent ; otherwise as above.

Expanse of wings 3,3; inches.

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

39. DANAIS PURPURATA, Sp. N.

Male. Front wings elongate. Upperside—front wings, basal area

semitransparent, divided by dark-brown nervures into three unequal

parts; the cell interrupted by acentral brown band ; front and hind

margins brown, a minute greenish spot on the subcostal nervure be-

yond the middle of the cell; four spots beyond the cell, the lowest

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 53

one, below the base of the first median branch, the largest ; three

elongate subcostal, three irregularly placed subapical, and five small

circular white apical submarginal spots. Hind wings, basal area pale

greenish, divided by the brown nervures into ten to eleven differently

formed portions; outer margin broadly brown, with a submarginal

series of five to eight small white spots. Body brown; head and

prothorax spotted with white; abdomen pale brown.

Underside—front wings, apex glossed with purplish ; inner margin

pale brown, several additional submarginal white dots ; otherwise as

above. Hind wings, outer margin glossed with purplish ; a double

Series of submarginal spots; inner margin ochreous; otherwise as

above.

_ Female. Wings rounded, shorter and broader than in male.

Colours the same.

Expanse of wings 3,8; inches.

Hab. New Guinea. B.M.

Danais purpurata.

40. DANAIS FUMATA, sp. n.

Upperside—front wings rich brown, with a long discoidal streak ;

a large patch below the median nervure, extending from the base to

the middle of the third median branch ; two spots between the first

and second median branches, one in the middle, and one at the base

of the nervules; three submarginal spots, one below each of the

median branches ; an oblique band from beyond the middle of the

‘costa to the middle of the third median branch, divided into five spots

by the nervures; two minute spots near the end of the cell, below

the third median branch, and two small obliquely placed subapical

spots, pale-greenish white, semitransparent. Hind wings rich brown,

interior margin paler ; cell, a short streak above its termination, a

minute streak near the costa beyond the middle, a minute spot be-

yond the end of the cell, a subapical row of three small spots, and a

submarginal row of four minute dots pale-greenish white, semitrans-

parent. Body brown.

Underside—wings golden brown; a patch of darker colour below

54 MR. A, G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. __[Jan. 23,

the end of hind-wing cell; markings nearly as above; only one sub-

apical spot in front wings; the cell almost entirely white to near its

termination. Hind-wing cell with a central brown streak ; submar-

ginal dots larger, seven in number. Body—thorax black, spotted

with yellow ; abdomen pale ochreous.

Expanse of wings 35), inches.

Hab. Ceylon. B.M.

41. DaNAIS EREBUS, Sp. n.

Upperside smoky brown, all the markings hyaline. Front wings,

basal area divided into three unequal transparent parts; a brown

streak above the inner margin; six nearly equidistant spots in the

form of a triangle, from the third median branch to the anal angle ;

a short oblique band divided into five unequal elongate spots by the

nervures, from the costa to beyond the middle of the third median

branch ; a submarginal series of spots, becoming gradually larger

towards the costa. Hind wings, basal area divided into twelve un-

equal parts by the nervures ; three small subapical spots between

the nervures. Body—thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen

brown.

Underside—front wings as above, but paler at the apex, and with

several additional submarginal spots along the outer margin. Hind

wings as above, but paler at the apex, and with a complete double

series of small submarginal spots. Body—thorax black, covered with

large white spots; abdomen white.

Expanse of wings 242 inches.

Hab, Philippine Islands. B.M.

Fig. 3.

Danais erebus.

42. DaNAIS AGLEA.

Papilio aglea, Cramer, iv. pl. 377. f. E (1782).

Danais aglea, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50 (1844);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92. n. 22 (1847) ;

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 122. n. 239 (1857).

Hab. Java. B.M.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 55

43. DANAIS AGLEOIDES.

Danais agleoides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsschr. iv. p. 398.

Hab. Malayan peninsula. B.M.

44, Danais GrAmMMica (D. AGLEA, var.?).

Danais grammica, Boisduval,Spée. Gén. Lép. i. t. 11. f. 10 (1836);

Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50 (1844); Westw., Doubl.

& Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92. n. 23 (1847); F. Moore, Cat.

Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 122. n. 238 (1857).

Hab. Java. B.M.

45. DANAIS PHYLE.

Danais phyle, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. p. 105. n. 65

(1863).

Hab. Philippine Islands.

46. DANAIS LUZONENSIS.

Danais luzonensis, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. p. 106. n. 66

(1863).

Hab. Philippine Islands.

47. DANAIS MELANEUS.

Papilio melaneus, Cramer, i. t. 30. f. B (1775).

Danais melaneus, Godart, Ene. M. ix. p. 192; Doubleday, List

Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 93. n. 36; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p. 123. n. 242.

Hab. Java; China; Penang. B.M.

48. DaANals TYTIA.

Euplea tytia, G. R. Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 9, t. 9. f. 2

(1846).

Danais tytia, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50 (1844);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 93. n. 35, t. 12.

f. 4 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 123.

n. 243 (1857).

Danais tita, Kollar in Higel’s Reise n. Kaschmir, App. p. 424,

t.,. 6.

Hab. North India. - BM,

49. DaNnals ALBATA.

Euplea albata, Zinken-Sommer, in Nova Acta Acad. Curios. xv.

t. 16. f. 16 (1831).

Danais albata, Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50 (1844) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 93. n. 37 (1847).

D. ablata (misprint ?), F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p. 124. n. 244 (1857).

Hab. Java. B.M.

56 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. __[Jan. 23,

50. Danats @NONE (D. virrina, Felder?).

Male. Upperside—wings hyaline, the same form as in D. cleona,

3; nervures, end of front-wing cell, and margins black ; hind mar-

gins broadly black. Front wings, basal area divided by the nervures

into four parts; subapical patch in three parts; three costal and

seven submarginal spots. Hind wings with a large basal area, di-

vided by the nervures into twelve unequal parts ; a double series of

submarginal brown spots, two or three of which are pupillated with

white at the apex and analangle. Body—thorax black, with creamy

spots; abdomen white, with a dorsal black line.

Underside—front wings with a submarginal row of fourteen minute

white spots in couples along the hind margin; otherwise as above.

Hind wings with a double submarginal row of white, not brown,

spots; otherwise as above. Body—thorax black, with numerous

creamy spots; abdomen white.

Expanse of wings 214 inches.

2. D. enone, A. G. Butler, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 433, pl. xxv. f. 6.

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

Note.—It has been suggested to me that I was wrong in describing

this species, on the score of its being “nothing more than D.albata;”’

but when the two insects are placed side by side, I think that few

entomologists would deny that they are very distinct. The hind-

wing cell in D. albata is much broader, the fore wing more convex

in front, the wings not so transparent, the marginal and subapical

spots much larger and more numerous, the hind-wing disk almost

entirely suffused with brown, the submarginal spots all white:

considering these points of distinction, as well as the difference of

locality, I think I should be scarcely justified in sinking my species

into a synonym of D. albata. It may, however, be identical with

D. vitrina of Felder ; but it is almost impossible to recognize such

closely allied species without figures.

51. DANAIS VITRINA.

Danais vitrina, g, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. p. 300.

n. 10 (1861).

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

52. DANAIs GLORIOLA, sp. n. (Pl. IV. figs. 3, 4.)

Male. Upperside—wings the same form as in D. cleona, d,

bright transparent yellow, increasing in intensity towards the base ;

nervures black. Front wings, anterior margin, base, upper half of

cell, apex, hind margin, inner margin trom the anal angle to the

middle of the third median branch, and an irregular oblique band

from the end of the cell to near the middle of the hind margin

black brown; a very indistinct series of minute submarginal white

dots. Hind wings, base brown ; basal area divided into ten unequal

parts ; outer margin broadly brown. Body, head, and prothorax

black, spotted with white; the rest of the body brown.

Underside—front wings, submarginal series of spots more distinct;

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 57

otherwise as above. Hind wings witha very irregular double series

of white submarginal spots; inner margin and costa beyond the

middle pale ; otherwise as above. Body—thorax black, with white

spots at the base of the wings; palpi white ; abdomen pale brown.

Female. Wings the same shape as in D. enone, 2. Differs from

the male in colouring as follows:—Upperside paler yellow. Front

wings brown ; subapical cross band with an irregular central oblique

downward branch terminating just below the second median nervule ;

outer margin with a distinct series of white spots. Hind wings, an

indistinct submarginal series of minute white dots.

Underside—front wings with large submarginal spots, and a par-

tially detined outer series of smaller spots. Hind wings, double series

of submarginal spots much more regular and complete.

Male and female. Expanse of wings 24 inches.

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

Female. Var. Transparent white, yellow towards the base. Front

wings, subapical cross band wider, with more broadly extended

downward branch. Hind wings, series of submarginal spots more

distinct.

Hab. Ké Island. B.M.

53. Danas CROCEA, sp. n. (porIpPA, Boisd. MS.). (Pl. 1V.

figs. 5, 6.)

Allied to D. cleona, Cramer, from which it differs in having the

cell of front and the costa of hind wings unclouded ; the subapical

and submarginal spots more numerous, and white, not yellow; an

additional yellow spot below the base of the third median nervule ;

the nervures not so broadly margined with brown, and the wings

more transparent. Underside the same as above.

Expanse of wings, ¢ ,.23—3g inches; .¢, 22—3-3, inches.

Hab. Java; India; Borneo. B.M.

Note.—-In some specimens the whole transparent portion of the

front wing is clear white, with a slight tinge of yellow at the base.

54. DANAIS CLEONA.

Papilio cleona, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 377. f. F (1782).

Danais cleona, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 190 ; Doubleday, List Lep.

Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 50; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 92. n. 27; Blanch. Voy. au Pole Sud, p. 386, pl. 2. f. 3;

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 123. n. 241.

Var. Euplea philomela, Zinken-Sommer in Nova Acta Acad.

Curios. xv. t. 16. f. 17 (1831).

Hab. Java; North India; Borneo; Moluccas. B.M.

Female. Var. Wings larger and broader ; the cell of hind wings

rather longer ; cell of front wing nearly clear yellow, scarcely showing

the central brown blotch.

Expanse of wings 24]; inches.

Hab. Ternate. B.M.

MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. [Jan. 23,

55. Danats MARIANA. (PI. IV. fig. 7.)

Danais mariana, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1865), xvi. 397.

Hab. New Caledonia. B.M.

Section 3 a.

56. DanaistnuncTa. (Pl. IV. fig. 8.)

Danais inuncta, Butler, P. Z. 8. $865, p. 481.

Hab. Waigiou. B.M.

57. DANAIS VITREA.

Danais vitred, Blanchard, Voy. au Péle Sud, p. 385, pl. 2. f. 2.

D. ewnopia, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. t. 4. f. 2 (1859).

Hab. New Guinea; Celebes. B.M.

58. DAaNAIS CHLORIS.

Danais chloris, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. iv. p. 231.

Hab. Celebes?

59. DANAIS ANAPIS.

Danais anapis, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. p. 300. n. 11

(1861).

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Note.—Felder says of this species that it belongs to the section

in which D. vitrea is, but is marked like D. gaura.

Section 4.

60. DANAIS GAURA.

Idea’ gaura, Horsfield, Col. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. t. 6. f. 1

(1829); Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. pl. 11. f. 11.

Hestia gaura, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 52.

Danais gaura, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 93.

138.

Ideopsis gaura, F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, East Ind, Comp. p. 134,

. 266.

Hab. Java. B.M.

61. DaNaIs DAOS.

Idea daos, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 24. f. 3 (1856).

- Hestia daos, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 52 (1844).

' Danais daos, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 92.

Nn.

39 (1847).

Ideopsis daos, ¥. Mabres Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 134.

267 (1857).

Hestia eudora, G. R. Gray, in Cat. Lep. Ins. of Nepal. p. 10, t. 9.

3 (1846).

Hab. Singapore; Penang. B.M.

Var. Idea diardi, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. voor Ent. (1860) |

Peep ee

Hab. Wong Kong. B.M.

‘INIATVS SNHdAHOWNOUN

Guar’ ae yUeH ye Ww why qneg p

a8 8 Bite on as

fat

1866.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS NEOMORPHUS. 59

Note.—Dr. Herrich-Schiffer, in his ‘ Lepidopterorum Index Sy-

stematicus,’ gives names to four species in this genus (D. schenchii,

arema, hermippe, and nerippe). Dr. Boisduval has also named

several species, some of which (D. nerippe, azema, liva, and daulis)

have been immortalized in Mr. Doubleday’s ‘Genera.’ I am not,

however, able to make use of these names, as I have not seen the

insects for which they are intended.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Danais fulgurata, p. 48. Figs. 5, 6. Danais crocea, p. 57.

conspicua, p. 49. 7 mariana, p. 58.

3, 4. —— gloriola, p. 56. 8. inuneta, p. 58.

4. On a New American Cuckoo of the Genus Neomorphus.

By P. L. Sctarzr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to

the Society.

(Plate V.)

In a note upon the Cuckoos of the genus Neomorphus, published

in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1864, I pointed out the characters

which separated the two species of this peculiar genus then known

to me, and gave some information as to their geographical distribu-

tion. In the series of birds lately received by Mr. Osbert Salvin

from Veragua, a specimen of what appears to me to be a third species

of the genus occurs. Knowing the interest I take in this group,

Mr. Salvin has kindly handed the bird over to me for comparison ;

and I propose to call it, after my friend who has devoted so much

time and toil to the Natural History of Central America, Neomor-

phus salvini.

Curiously enough this new northern species of Neomorphus is

much more nearly allied to the Brazilian N. geoffroyt than to N.

rufipennis of Guiana and Amazonia. It is, however, in my opinion,

quite sufficiently distinct to merit specific separation, and will, I

think, be readily recognized by the characters given in the following

synopsis of the species of the genus which have come under my ob-

servation :—

Genus NEoMorRPHUS.

Neomorphus, Gloger, Froriep’s Notizen, 1827, p. 278.

Cultrides, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 211.

a. Sp. torque collari angusto: rostro virescente, basi plumbeo : alis

extus zeneo-purpurascentibus.

1. NseoMorPHUS GEOFFROYI.

Coccyzus geoffroyi, Temm. Pl. Col. 7; Max. Beitr. iv. 324,

Cultrides geoffroyi, Puch. R. Z. 1851, p. 211; Burm. Syst. Ueb.

ii. p. 258.

60 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS NEOMORPHUS. [Jan. 23,

Neomorphus geoffroyii, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 91; Sclater,

P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 249.

Rostro elongatiore: capitis antici plumis fusco-rufis, purpuras-

cente terminatis : supra eneo-viridis, purpurascente tinctus.

Hab. Brasil. or.

Mus. Brit. Vindob. et P. L. S.

Natterer collected several examples of this species (his no. 1077)

in the vicinity of Para.

2. NEOMORPHUS SALVINI, sp. nov. (PI. V.)

Rostro minus elongato, magis alto: capitis antici plumis omnino

rufis: supra, presertim in secundariis externis et caude tectri-

cibus superioribus, magis purpurascens.

Long. tota 19, alee 6°5, caudze 10:5, tarsi 2°7, poll. Angl.

Hab, Veragua.

Mus. Brit. et O. Salvin.

Besides Mr. Salvin’s specimens, there is an example of this species

in the British Museum, stated to be from New Granada, which agrees

with it in all its essential characters. The most noticeable of these

are the shorter and much more elevated beak and the uniform ru-

fous colour of the front part of the head.

b. Sp. torque collari lato: rostro distincte bicolore, nigro, apice

corneo: alis extus rufis.

3. NEOMORPHUS RUFIPENNIS.

Cultrides rufipennis, G. R. Gray, P. Z.S. 1849, p. 63, pl. 10.

Neomorphus rufipennis, Cab. et Hein, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 92;

Sclater, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 249.

Supra lete virescens, occipite cristato et dorso summo purpuras-

centibus: alis extus lete rufis: tectricibus minoribus dorso

concoloribus : subtus ochracescenti-cinereus : torque collari lato,

bipollicari, purpurascenti-nigro: gule plumis cinereis, nigro

partim marginatis: rostro nigro, apice utriusque mandibule

distincte pallide corneo : pedibus corneis.

Long. tota 19-5, alee 6°5, caudee 10°8, tarsi 3°8.

Hab. Guiana Brit.

Mus. Brit. et Vindob.

Since I wrote the article above referred to on this species, I have

seen a specimen in the Vienna Museum obtained by Natterer in

Northern Brazil, on the Rio Brancho, at the foot of the small

mountain Arimani; it bears his no, 1029.

I am still uncertain as to whether the Cultrides pucherani of De-

ville, figured in Castelnau’s Voyage, belongs to this species or not.

If different, it will form a second species of the same section.

P.Z.S.1866, Pl. VI.

J Smut, del et lith

MeN Hanhart mp

CURSORIUS BISIGNATUS.

1866.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON THE GENUS CURSORIUS. 61

5. Synopsis of the Genus Cursorius.

By Dr. G. Harriavs, F.M.Z.S.

(Plate VI.)

a. Rostro longiore, culmine rotundato ; digitis pro mole longioribus ;

fascia occipitali duplici, superiore nigra, inferiore alba, fascia

caude anteapicali nigra.

1. Cursorivus GALLIcus (Gm.).

C. europeus, Lath,

C. isabellinus, Meyer; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, pp. 79, 354.

Hab. in Europa merid. et Africa sept.

2. Cursorius ruFus, Gould.

C. rufus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 81; Icon. Av. pl. 10.

Tachydromus burchelli, Sw. Anim. Menag. p. 340; Gurney, Ibis,

1860, p. 217; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7. p. 13.

Hab. in Africa merid. (Mus. Brem.).

3. CurRsoRIUS SENEGALENSIS, Licht. Doubl. p. 72.

Tachydromus temminckii, Swains. Zool. Illustr. pl. 106; West.

Afr. il. p. 230, pl. 24; Reichb. f. 2119-20; Hartl. West Afr. p. 210;

Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 3; Schleg. Mus. P. B. livr. 7. Curs. p. 13.

Hab. in Africa occident.

4, CURSORIUS COROMANDELICUS, Gm.

C. asiaticus, Lath.

C. frenatus, Illig.

Tachydromus orientalis, Sw. An. Menag. p. 339; Sykes, Catal.

p- 206; Jerdon, Birds of Ind. iii. p. 626.

C. coromandelicus, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 504; Irby,

Ibis, 1861, p. 237; Schleg. /. e. p. 13.

Hab. in India contin.

6. Pedibus et rostro brevibus, debilibus ; plumis notzi pallide lim- ©

batis ; fasciis duabus pectoralibus nigris.

5. Cursorius sicinctus, Temm. Man. d’Ornith. ii. p. 514;

Gurn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 8; Schleg. J. ¢.

C. africanus, Temm. Cat. Syst. 1807, p. 175; Jard. & Selb. Illust.

pl. 48.

T. collars, Vieill.

Charadrius grallator, Leadb. Linn. Trans.

Rhinoptilus bicinctus, Strickl.

Hab. in Africa merid. (Damara, Anderss.).

6. Cursorius sisicNatus, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p.87. (Pl VI.)

Hab. Benguela (Monteiro).

Oés. Rostrum minimum, gracillimum.

62 _ DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PTEROPINE BATS. (Jan. 23,

ec. Rostro altiore, crassiore ; pedibus valde elongatis ; fascia pectorali

nigra. (Rhinoptilus.)

7, CuRSORIUS CHALCOPTERUS, Temm. Pl. Col. p- 298; Strickl.

P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220; Hartl. West Afr. p. 212; Heugl. Syst. Uebers.

p- 54; Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 134.

Tachydromus chalcopterus, Sw. West. Afr. i. p. 220; Wagl. Syst.

Av. sp. 4.

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus, Sw.

Chaleopterus temminchii, Reichb. Handb. iii. p. 30. f. 2134-35.

Cursorius superciliaris, Heugl. Cab. Journ. 1865, p. 98.

Hab. in Africa merid., occid. et orient.

Note.—Having compared the original specimen of C. superciliaris,

Heugl., with an authentic example of C. chalcopterus from Dama-

raland, I must declare both to be of the same species.

8. Cursorius BITORQUATUS, Jerdon, Birds of Ind. iii. p. 628;

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. of Beng. xvil. p. 254.

Hab. ‘‘ Eastern Ghats of Nellore, and Cuddapah.”

9. CURSORIUS CINCTUS.

Hemerodromus cinctus, Heuglin, Ibis, 1864, p. 31, pl. 2.

Hab. Nil. alb. super.

The young of an undescribed (?) species—“ certainly of the same

form as Rhinoptilus bitorquatus.’’ <“‘ It appears to be the young of

one of the other African species.””—Blyth, App. to Jerdon, B. of

Ind. iii. p. 629.

The two last species have not been examined by me.

6. A Revision of the Genera of Pteropine Bats (Péeropide),

and the Descriptions of some apparently Undescribed

Species. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,

F.L.S., &c.

Some years ago I studied the Bats with care, and described some

new genera and species, and commenced a monograph of them, of

_which my papers were to be only the forerunners. My friend Mr.

Robert Tomes took up the study, and seemed inclined to devote con-

siderable time to it; so I retired from the position which he so well

occupied, and placed the collection of Bats in the Museum entirely

at his disposal, hoping some day that he would prepare a catalogue

of them; and he has produced some excellent papers on isolated

genera and geographic groups. He is now so occupied with other

business that he has not lately been able to give any attention to .

the subject.

I have been working at other groups of Mammalia, and at length,

in the course of my duties, the Bats must be catalogued, and there-

fore I have, as I may say, been forced to restudy the subject, revise

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PTEROPINE BATS. 63

my catalogue prepared more than twelve years ago, adding the de-

scriptions of the new species which have been received during that

period. Iam aware that the best that can be done can only be an

essay, leaving much to be corrected and modified.

Since I formerly worked on this group, a number of new species

have been described ; and M. Gervais, M. de Saussure, and Dr. Peters

have published excellent essays, describing the external form, the

skulls, dentition, and sometimes the skeletons of different species.

I have great advantages for this undertaking. I have a very large

collection under my care, perhaps the largest yet formed in Europe,

containing many of the specimens on which species have been

founded by different English and foreign authors, those species

having been described from the specimens then in the British Mu-

seum, or since received from the different European museums.

I can lay the whole series of the specimens of each genus or group

out before me and examine and compare them in detail, and repeat

the operation as often as I desire. I believe that no such exami-

nation of a large collection has been made since M. Geoffroy under-

took his series of monographs of different families of Mammalia in

the Paris Museum, shortly after Napoleon’s accession; and I have

the advantage of having a collection much more numerous ; indeed,

judging by the estimate of the Primates given in his ‘ Catalogue of

Primates,’ it must be twice or nearly three times as numerous in

specimens as the Museum in Paris.

I have made great progress in this catalogue, some specimens of

which have already been laid before the Society ; and the part con-

taming the Primates is now in the press, and I hope it will appear

in the course of this spring. I am aware that some zoologists will

complain that the characters are too short ; but short as they are,

they are the result of much study and analysis. They are the charac-*”

ters that appear to me best suited to distinguish each species from

its allies, after a careful examination of a long suite of specimens of

each species placed side by side, and with its allies.

It is a labour of love, and I hope to complete the examination and

description of the species of the class; but at my age I have many

hindrances. I am fortunately greatly assisted in my study by my

excellent helper, Mr. Edward Gerrard, who has a very extensive

knowledge of the living and preserved specimens and their osteology ;

and his modesty is only equalled by his knowledge.

The examination of the species of the Pteropide has led me to

propose the following distribution of the genera, which may be thus

characterized :-—

I. Teeth 34; true grinders 3/3; hinder small ; Jalse grinders

2/3 or 2/2; front small, and often deciduous.

1. Cutting-teeth 4/4 ; lower in a reyular series. Tail none. Gland

of the penis bony. Pteropina.

1. Preropus. Wings from the sides of the hairy back. P. me-

- dius.

64 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PTEROPINE BATS. (Jan. 23,

2. Eunycreris. Wings from the vertebral line; the part of

the wing over the back becoming bald. LE. phaiops.

2. Cutting-teeth 4/4 ; lower in a regular series. Tail-end free.

Gland of penis soft. Macroglossina.

* Head very long and slender ; cutting-teeth in an arched series ;

grinders compressed, narrow.

3. Nororreris. Wings from the vertebral line; part over the

back bald. Head very long and slender. False grinders 1/3. Tail

elongate, free. N. macdonaldii.

4. Macrocuossus. Wings from the sides of the hairy back.

Head very long and slender. ‘Tail very short. False grinders 2/3.

M. minimus. %

** Tead moderate; cutting-teeth in a transverse series ; grinders

thick.

5. XANTHARPYIA. Wings from sides of the hairy back. Head

elongate, tapering. Fur short, adpressed. X. straminea.

6. ELEuTHERURA. Wings from sides of the hairy back. Head

short, broad. Fur dense, spreading. . marginata.

3. Cutting-teeth 2/2 ; lower crowded before the base of the canines.

Tail-end free. Index finger not clawed. Cephalotina.

7, CepHatotes. Tail short. Upper cutting-teeth broad; lower

truncate. C. peronii*.

Il. Teeth 28; true grinders 2/2, 2/2; false grinders 2/3, front

minute, often deciduous. Wings from sides of the hairy back.

Penis-gland fleshy.

4, Cutting-teeth 2/2 or 2/0, crowded between the canines. Head

short, broad. Nostrils tubular, diverging. Harpyiana.

8. Harpytra. Tail short, end free. False grinders 1/1. H. pallasii.

5. Cutting-teeth 4/4; lower ina regular series ; false grinders 1/1.

Head short, broad; nostrils rather prominent. Glands on

shoulder with hair like back. Cynopterina.

9. Cynoptrerus. Tail short, end free. C. drevicaudata.

10. Megara. Tailnone. M. ecaudata.

* The accidentally placing of a label, that was intended for a bottle containing

Pteropus amplexicaudatus, on a bottle containing Cephalotes has caused some

confusion; thus Cephalotes peronii appears under the name of Xantharpyia am-

plexicaudata in the ‘ Voyage of the Sulphur,’ and its teeth are described under

the name of Pteropus amplexicaudatus in the observations on Nodopteris (Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 36).

1866. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PTEROPINE BATS. 65

6. Cutting-teeth 4/4; lower in a regular series. Head elongated,

swollen in front. Glands on shoulder with a tuft of white

hairs. Epomophorina.

11. Ervomors. Face moderate, rounded in front ; nose and chin

simple, hairy. Skull ovate; face much shorter than the brain-case ;

upper cutting-teeth separate, spaced. EF. franqueti.

12. Eromornorvus. Face very long, rounded in front; nose

and chin simple, hairy. Skull elongate; face as long as brain-case ;

upper cutting-teeth close together. H. whiter.

13. Hypsienatuus. Face very long, swollen and truncated in

front; nose and chin with a fleshy disk, with raised edges. H.

monstrosus.

The Péeropide are spread over the warmer parts of Africa and

Asia, and are found in many of the smaller islands of the Indian and

Pacific Oceans.

There is a general similarity in the colouring of the majority of

the species ; specimens found in the same locality or island often

vary considerably from one another, even when the examination of

the skull and teeth show that they are of the same species. On the

other hand, specimens from different localities often resemble one

another so much in their external colouring that it is difficult to

distinguish them in any description that can be made; but when the

skulls and teeth are examined they prove to be very different species.

Under these circumstances the locality of the specimens is an im-

portant element in determining the species.

PTEROPUS WALLACE], Sp. nov.

Fur very soft, reddish grey brown ; hair of the back black, of the

belly ashy white with reddish tips; nape and sides of the shoulders

grey ; spot on cheek, at angle of mouth, a broad band along the

upper lip, a streak upon the centre of the nose (each of them edged

with darker brown), the back of the chin, and a lanceolate spot over

each eye pure white; the hair on the dorsal surface of the upper

arm greyish white. Ears elongate, bald, with two impressed longi-

tudinal grooves.

Hab. Celebes: Macassar (Mr. Wallace, 1857).

This beautiful species was brought to England by Mr. Wallace,

but appears to have been overlooked ; for Mr. Edward Gerrard, Jun.,

' purchased it at Stevens’s sale-room, included in a considerable lot of

skins of birds and other animals of little value.

The specimen described is very young (the epiphyses of the bones

_are all separate), and it doubtless grows to a larger size; but this

does not in the least invalidate the distinctness of the species.

There are the young of many species of Pteropine Bats in the

British Museum, sometimes with their mothers ; but in every case

the young is coloured like the parent, only the colours are not so

decidedly marked. This would lead one to believe that the adult

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. V.

66 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PTEROPINE BATS. __ [Jan. 23,

of this species, if that were possible, would have the colours also more

intensified, instead of less so. :

I have great pleasure in naming it after Mr. Wallace, who has en-

riched our Museum with so many new and beautiful species. It is

most like Pteropus personatus, but very distinct, and about one-

third less in size,

The only other species that has the face ornamented is P. perso-

natus; but that has only brown lines on the side of the face and

round the eyes. It, like this, is a small species in the genus.

As P. personatus has not yet been figured, I have given figures

of the heads of the two species for comparison,

Fig. 1.

Fig. Oe r =

Pteropus personatus,

PTEROPUS LIVINGSTONII, sp. nov.

Deep black ; the under surface and the rump with interspersed

white hairs, most abundant on the latter part; a small round tuft

of bright yellow hair on the upper part of each shoulder.

Hab. Island of Johanna, Comoro group (Dr. Livingstone).

Dm JF ,

P. 2.0. 1666" PR

J Sait iith M&N Hanhart imp

EFUPHONIA RUFIVERTEX.

1866.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. 67

This species is larger and more densely haired than Péteropus

edwardsii, found in the same island ; and I do not think that it can

be an extraordinary variety of that species. It was sent to the col-

lection during the Zambesi expedition.

PTEROFUS ELSEYII, Sp. nov,

Fur short, close, uniform reddish brown; head paler and duller ;

neck, upper part of shoulders, and chest bright pale red bay ; under-

side of body reddish bay ; sides of the body and near the shoulders

pale yellowish.

Young. Back black, grey-washed ; belly black brown ; neck bay ;

head blackish grey.

Hab. North-east coast of Australia: Claremont Island (John

Macgillivray, 1860; Dr. J. R. Elsey).

I name this species after my late friend Dr. Elsey, the Surgeon in

one of the Australian Land Expeditions, who collected many speci-

mens under great difficulties,

7. Descriptions of Eight New Species of Birds from Veragua.

By Ospert Sarvin, M.A., F.Z.S., &e.

(Plates VII. & VIIT.)

During the past year two collections of birds were forwarded to

Mr. Godman and myself by Enrique Arcé from Veragua. One was

made near Santiago de Veraguas, aud the other near a small village

called Santa Fé, which is described as being situated thirty miles

nearer to Panama. The two collections comprise 156 species of birds

of various orders; nine of these appear to be new to science, eight

of which I now describe.

Santa Fé is a mountainous district, and the climate temperate,

from which I gather, and also from the character of some of the

birds sent, that the elevation at which the greater part of the col-

lection was made, was from 2000 to 4000 feet. There are no species

peculiar to greater altitudes.

Arcé is now at Chiriqui, and I trust ere long to receive a collection

from that district. As the few species that have been received

thence are mostly of great interest, I have hopes that considerable

additions will be made to our collections. Through the exertions

of Arcé and the collectors who are enriching the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, this section of Central America bids fair to become one of

the best-explored of any portion of the Neotropical region.

In drawing up the following diagnoses I have endeavoured to com-

pare the species I describe with as many of their nearest allies as

I have access to, thereby, I trust, rendering the task of identifying

them less laborious and more certain. In this I have been greatly

assisted by Dr. Sclater, and the use of the specimens in his rich

collection.

68 MR. O. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. = [Jan. 23

1. CaTHARUS GRISEICEPS, sp. Nn.

C. supra olivaceo-brunneus, capite toto cum collo griseis, pileo ob-

scuriore: alis externe cinnamomeis, interne fuscis; cauda cinna-

momea : subtus cinereus, gutture multo pallidiore : ventre medio

et crisso albis: rostro aurantiaco, pedibus flavidis.

Long. tota 6 poll., alee 3°5, caudee 2°6, tarsi 1°25, rostria rictu 85.

Hab, in Veragua.

Obs. Affinis C. melpomene (Cab.), sed capite griseo, ete., facile

distinguendus.

This species, at once distinguishable from C. melpomene and its

allies, bears a closer resemblance to them than to the other grey-

headed species, described (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 580) as C. graciliros-

tris, which has an entirely black bill and more slender tarsi. In the

colour of its back it resembles C. frantzii (Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 323),

specimens of which are in our collection from Costa Rica and Gua-

temala. The wings are, however, cinnamon-colour, resembling those

of C. melpomene; but the shade is not so dark, nor so pure, being

tinged with olivaceous. A specimen marked “male” has a small

purely orange-yellow-coloured bill ; while a female has a larger bill,

the culmen of which, together with the part surrounding the nostrils,

is brownish. Both appear to be quite adult. I believe this differ-

ence of colour and size to be a constant sexual character in adult

species of Catharus, as it is in many of the true Turdi. The

character holds in three dissected specimens of C. melpomene before

me ; two males have a small yellow bill, and one female a slightly

larger bill which is brown above. ‘The bill in all the Turdide is an

uncertain character, being subject to very great variation in size.

This species makes the seventh of the genus Catharus found in

Central America and Mexico, which district must clearly be con-

sidered the metropolis of the genus. Three other species occur in

the north-west provinces of South America, viz. C. aurantiirostris,

Hartl. (perhaps the same as C. melpomene), C. fuscater, Lafr., and

C. maculatus, Scl. This last species appears to be very closely allied

to C. dryas (Gould). I have recently compared Dr. Sclater’s types

of C. maculatus with my specimens of C. dryas from Vera Paz,

The contrast of the colouring of the back hardly exists, and the

yellow tinge of the breast agrees in specimens of the same sex.

I strongly suspect, though I have no dissected specimens to prove

it, that in the black-headed group (Malacocichia) of this genus the

males are darker than the females. My specimens of C. meaicanus

show a marked contrast in depth of colour on both upper and under

parts.

The following is a list of the known species of Catharus, with the

chief references :—

(1.) CarTHARUS MELPOMENE (Cab.): Mus. Hein. 1850, p. 5;

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 323; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 29; Baird,

Rev. Am. Birds, pt.i. p. 7.

flab. Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica.

1866.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. 69

(2.) CarHarus AURANTIIROSTRIS (Hartl.): Rev. Zool. 1850,

p. 158; Contr. Orn. 1851, pl. 72. C. immaculatus, Bp. Consp.

p- 278; Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, pt. i. p. 7.

Hab. Venezuela.

(3.) CarHarus occipENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 323;

Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, pt. 1. p. 8.

Hab. Southern Mexico.

(4.) Caruarus Griseiceps, Salvin (vide supra).

Hab. Veragua.

(5.) Caruarus Frantz, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 323; Baird,

Rev. Am. Birds, pt. 1. p. 9.

Hab. Guatemala; Costa Rica.

(6.) CarHarus GRAcILiIRostRIs, Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 580.

Hab. Costa Rica (Volean de Cartago),

(7.) Carnarus MEexicanus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 998, et

Orn. Foss. p. 35; Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 324; Baird, Rev. Am.

Birds, pt. 1. p. 11.

Hab. Mexico; Guatemala; Costa Rica.

(8.) CarHarus FuscATER (Lafr.): R. Z. 1845, p. 341; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 324.

Hab. Ecuador.

(9.) Caruarus pryas (Gould): P. Z. S. 1854, p. 285, pl. 75;

Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 324; Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, pt. i. p. 10.

Hab. Guatemala.

(10.) Carnarvus macutatus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p.64, et 1859,

p- 324; Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, pt. i. p. 10.

Hab. Ecuador.

2. MicROCERCULUS LUSCINIA, sp. n.

Cyphorhinus philomela, Lawr. (nec Saly.) Ann, of N. Y. Lye. vii.

p- 467 (ex Panama).

Microcerculus philomela, Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, pt. i. p. 114

(partim).

M. supra castaneus, pileo et uropygio obscurioribus, hoc paulo ru-

JSescentiore : subtus gutture albido, tectricibus auricularibus et

pectore cinereis : ventre medio cinereo, nigro et albo transversim

lineato : corporis lateribus castaneis; alis et cauda fusco-nigris,

tectricibus alaribus castaneo marginatis ; rostro nigro, mandi-

bule inferioris basi subtus albida : pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 4 poll., alee 2:2, caudee 9, tarsi ‘85, rostri a rictu °85.

Hab. in prov. Veraguee et Panamensi.

Obs. M. philomele, Salv. (P. Z. 8.1861, p. 262), ex Vera Pace,

70 MR. O. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. (Jan. 23,

affinis, sed dorso baud fasciato, gutture albido et corpore subtus

non fuliginoso lavato, rostro quoque longiore differt.

The collection contains two specimens of this Wren, both of which

agree with Prof. Baird’s description (/. c.) of Mr. Lawrence’s bird

from Panama. All of them seem to differ considerably from the

Vera Paz bird I described as Cyphorhinus philomela. 1 have there-

fore thought it necessary to distinguish this Veraguan form under a

new name.

Through Dr. Sclater’s kindness I have now before me his type

specimens of M. albigularis (Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 67) (which

certainly belongs here and not to Pheugopedius, as Prof. Baird

asserts) and of M. marginatus (Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 145). I

have also, besides the present bird, M. philomela and two specimens

of the Cayenne M. bambla (Bodd.), making five species, being all

that I am acquainted with of this group of Wrens.

Compared with M. albigularis the present bird presents great

similarity of coloration; it wants, however, the black edges to the .

feathers of the upper plumage; or, to speak more correctly, it has

these in a less degree ; for in the new species there are exceedingly

faint indications of black margins to the feathers of the upper sur-

face. It also wants the white wing-band, and differs in this respect

from M. bambla. The throat of M. albigularis is rather purer white,

the legs yellowish instead of dark brown, and it is smaller in all its

dimensions. M. luscinia bears very much the relationship to M. al-

bigularis that M. philomela does to M. bambla. Having examined

five specimens of M. philomela, all of which agree in every respect,

I can hardly concur in Prof. Baird’s suggestion that the bird I now

describe is the adult of M. philomela. The bars on the under plu-

mage are subterminal, and not terminal margins, the indication of

first feathers. These markings are quite similar to those we find in

M. bamébla.

The nostrils of Microcerculus present peculiarities which seem to

justify its generic separation certainly from Heterorhina, and also

from Cyphorhinus. In Microcerculus the nostril is partially covered

with a membrane, which, being convex along its unattached lower

edge, meets the lower margin of the nasal cavity towards its anterior

end, leaving the posterior end open and comma-shaped, the tail of

the comma extending anteriorly. No septum or division is seen ex-

ternally ; but by raising the valvular membrane it appears. This

septum, however, is perfectly free and unattached to the membrane

of the nostril, and does not adhere to it as Prof. Baird states (with

doubt). The perfect nostril never appears double. In Scytalopus,

with which genus these Wrens have been confounded, the nasal tegu-

ment is an oval thickened membrane, so attached as to leave only a

slit for the nostril along the lower edge of the nasal fossa.

In Cyphorhinus the nostril is circular and surrounded by a mem-

brane.

In Heterorhina and also Thryothorus the nostril is open, a lon-

gitudinal septum showing a division ; the nostril itself extends back-

wards from the anterior edge of the nasal fossa. Thus Microcerculus

1866:] MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. 71

differs from both in having a membrane partially covering the nos-

tril. Heterorhina appears to be a section of Thryothorus, differing

from it by its proportionately shorter tail and stronger legs. (See

Baird’s remarks on the subgeneric characters of the American

Wrens.)

The subjoined list gives the chief references to the several mem-

bers of this genus :—

(1.) Microcercutus BamBLA (Bodd.), ex Buff. Pl. Enl.

Cyphorhinus (Microcerculus) bambla, Scl. Cat. no. 120; ex

Cayenna.

(2.) M. puiromena, Saly. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 202 (nec Lawr., nec

omnino Baird) ; ex Vera Pace.

(3.) M. auereuxaris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 67; Cat. no. 122;

ex Fl. Napo. '

(4.) M. Luscrnra, Sal7., ex Veragua et Panama.

_ Cyphorhinus philomela, Lawr., et M. philomela, Baird, Rev. Am.

Birds, p. 114 (partim).

(5.) M. marernatus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p- 145; ex Peru et Bo-

gota.

M. philomela is a wonderful songster ;-I have often listened to

it; the note is higher and clearer than that of any bird I know.

3. EUPHONIA RUFIVERTEX, sp.n. (PI. VII.)

g. E. supra nitenti-purpurascenti-nigra, pileo toto et fronte rufo-

castaneis, hoc paulo flavidiore : loris, capitis lateribus et gut-

ture purpurascenti-nigris: subtus flava, medialiter aurantiaca:

erisso albo : alis nigris, tectricibus cerulescente marginatis, tec-

tricibus subalaribus albis: macula in pogonio interno duarum

rectricum utrinque extimarum alba, rectricibus reliquis nigris :

rostro et pedibus nigris.

Q. Supra olivaceo-viridis, nucha plumbea, fronte rufo tincta:

alis et cauda fusco-nigris, extus olivaceo-viridi marginatis :

subtus cinerea: ventre imo et crisso dilulutioribus: mento et

corporis lateribus flavo-olivaceis : rostro et pedibus plumbeis.

3. Long. tota 3°75 poll., alee 2°5, caudze 1°5, tarsi -65, rostri a

rictu *4.

Hab. in Veragua et Costa Rica.

Obs. Affinis EL. ruficipiti, Laf. et D’Orb. ex Bolivia, sed pileo toto

rufo-castaneo et crisso albo dignoscenda.

The white marking of the tail on the outermost rectrix extends to

the inner margin of the web, but not to the extremity, and is about

one-third of the length of the whole feather. The spot on the second

rectrix is quite surrounded by black.

A single specimen received in a former collection from Arcé, from

Turrialba in Costa Rica, had been labelled by me, with doubt, 2.

gracilis, Cab. The specimen is in quite young plumage, and on re-

72 MR. O. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. [Jan. 25,

examining it I find a few concealed chestnut feathers at the back of

the head. I believe that it is a young male of the bird I now de-

scribe. The tail, however, is quite black, the crissum greyer than the

female Z. rufivertew, and the wings darker, having assumed the male

character. J. gracilis, Cab., described from immature specimens,

is said to have a clear-yellow belly, and the forehead also yellow.

The forehead in this young bird shows none of the rufous of the

adult female H. rufivertex. This makes the eleventh or twelfth species

of Euphonia found in the great isthmus between the Americas.

4, BUARREMON MESOXANTHUS, Sp. n.

B. supra olivaceus, pileo medio cum fronte castaneis: loris, re-

gione oculari et tectricibus auricularibus cinereo-nigris: subtus

plumis in gula albis, basibus nigris et nigro terminatis, versus

pectus fere omnino cinereis : pectore, corporis lateribus et crisso

olivaceis, ventre medio lete flavo: alis fuscis, extus olivaceis

dorso concoloribus: cauda fusca: rostro superiore corneo, in-

Seriore albido: pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6 poll., alee 2°85, caudze 2°5, rostri a rictu ‘7, tarsi 11.

Hab. in Veragua. F

Obs. Affinis B. castaneicipiti, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 441, sed gula

hand cinerea et ventre medio flavo facile dignoscendus.

In addition to the above differences, which at once distinguish

this bird from B. castaneiceps, the bill shows some strong ridges,

which, proceeding from the nasal hollow, run parallel to the culmen.

5. PHILYDOR FUSCIPENNIS, Sp. n.

P. cinnamomeus, pileo et capitis lateribus obscurioribus, dorso

obscuriore et olivaceo tincto: stria postoculart, corpore subtus

et tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomets ; gula pallidiore ; ventre,

anum versus brunnescentiore: alis fuscis: cauda et uropygio

intense cinnamomeis: rostro et pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6 poll., alee 3°5, caudee 2°75, tarsi ‘75, rostri a rictu ‘8.

Hab. Veragua.

Obs. Affinis P. pyrrhodi (Cab., Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 689), sed

uropygio et cauda rufescentioribus et obscurioribus, dorso magis

cinnamomeo et corpore subtus brunnescentiore dignoscendus.

This species seems quite distinct from P. rufobrunneus, Lawrence

(Ann. of N. Y. Lye. May 1865), which is described as having the

upper tail-coverts dark rufous brown, each feather of the breast

with a light ferruginous stripe down its centre, outer webs of the

quills the same colour as the back, &c. It is, in fact, very nearly

allied to P. pyrrhodes, with which I have compared it.

6. Dys1THAMNUS PUNCTICEPS, sp. nD.

3. D. supra cinereus, plumis pilei a fronte ad nucham nigris

cinereo excisis et macula in pogonio utrinque subapicali alba:

capitis lateribus albo fasciatis, loris albidis: alis fuscis, extus

cinereis dorso concoloribus, tectricibus alarum macula alba ter-

1866.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. 73

minatis : alula spuria nigra, externe albo marginata : tectrici-

bus subalaribus albis: cauda fusco-cinerea: subtus gula et

pectore albis, nigro lineatis ; ventre medio albo ; corporis late-

ribus cinereo olivaceis: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore et pe-

dibus plumbeis.

2. Supra obscure olivaceo-fuscus ; plumis pilei fulvis, rachide

nigra et nigro terminatis: subtus gula alba, nigro striata ; pec-

tore et ventre fulvis, illo nigro striato : alis extus brunneis, tec-

tricibus fulvo maculatis ; cauda fusco-nigra ; rostro superiore

nigro, inferiore et pedibus plumbeis.

3. Long. tota 4 poll., alee 2°25, caudee 1°5, tarsi 85, rostri a

rictu °8.

Hab, Veragua.

Obs. D. striaticipiti, Lawr. (Ann. of N. Y. Lyc.), affinis, sed

capite punctato nec striato, dorsoque cinereo nec olivaceo facile di-

gnoscendus.

This species, and probably D. striaticeps, Lawr., ought perhaps to

be referred to the genus Thamnophilus rather than to Dysithamnus,

the bill being stronger than in any member of the latter genus, and

even more abruptly hooked than in most Thamnophili. The bill,

however, is not so high ; and in this respect, and in having weaker

legs and feet, the form more resembles Dysithamnus ; while, on the

other hand, the tail is more rounded.

7. FoRMICARIUS RUFIPECTUS, sp, n. (PI. VIII.)

F. supra fusco-niger, uropygio obscure rufo, pileo etiam rufo tincto :

loris et gutture nigris : pectore, crisso et ventre medio casta-

neo-rufis, hoe dilutiore ; corporis lateribus fuliginosis : rostro

nigro, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 7 poll., alee 3:4, caudee 2°25, tarsi 1°5, rostria rictu 1°1.

Affinis F’. anali, D’Orb. et Lafr., sed pectore castaneo-rufo primo

visu distinguendus.

The genus Formicarius seems well defined, and separable from the

allied forms by several trenchant characters. The plumage consists

of short, moderately firm feathers, giving the bird a compact appear-

ance, very different from that of Phlogopsis, all members of which

genus have softer and longer feathers, more like those of Pithys and

its affines. The region behind the eye is naked ; in Phlogopsis the

entire circlet is bare. The supranasal feathers of Formicarius are

short and compact; in Phlogopsis they are long and prominent.

The scutella of the tarsi of the former are distinct and divided, while

Phlogopsis has a single shield on the front of the tarsus. The nostril

of Formicarius is oblong and situated nearer the base of the bill than

that of Phlogopsis, which is nearly round. The hind claw is longer

and less curved. The tail is shorter, stiffer, and less rounded. I

have compared these two genera more minutely, as several species have

been included under Formicarius which indubitably belong to Ph/lo-

gopsis. This latter genus contains four (perhaps five) species, viz.,

P. nigro-maculata (Lafr. & D’Orb.), Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.

1837, p. 14; P. erythroptera (Gould), Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 345;

74 MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. [Jan. 23,

P. macleannani, Lawr. Aun. N.Y. Lyc.; and P. trivittatus (Scl.),

P. Z.S. 1857, p.47. Pyriglena ellisiana, Scl. P, Z. 8. 1855, p. 109,

pl. 100 (Phlogopsis ellisiana, Cat. Suppl. 1160*), belongs elsewhere.

This leaves seven species for Formicarius, which I now enumerate,

having before me examples of all the species.

Sect. a. Sp. aff. F'. eayennensi, pileo castaneo, loris omnino nigris.

(1.) F. cavennensis, Bodd. ex Buffon, Pl. Enl. 821, et juv.

8275 sel. BP. Z. Ss; 1858, p. 277.

The last reference gives the numerous synonyms of this species.

Supra olivaceo-brunneus ; regione oculari, gula et pectore nigri-

cantibus, pileo toto castaneo-fulvo ; corpore subtus et crisso

Suscis ; alula spuria extus castanea.

Long. tota 6°75 poll., alee 3°3, caudze 2°2, tarsi 1°15.

Hab. in Guiana, Cayenne, et Brasilia.

A specimen in our collection from South-east Brazil has the head

much more lightly coloured than one in Dr. Sclater’s collection,

which agrees with others in the British Museum. I have not,

however, from my present materials, been able to detect other differ-

ences sufficient to warrant its separation. Young birds have the

lores white—a character of the moniliger group.

(2.) F. nrerirrons, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 344, et

P. Z. S. 1855, pp. 68, 145; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 277.

Similis precedenti, sed fronte nigra; ungue postico breviore et de-

biliore.

Long. tota 6°75 poll., alee 3°3, caudz 2-0, tarsi 1°15.

Hab. in Eastern Peru, New Granada.

The colouring of the head agrees with Cayenne specimens.

Sect. 6. Sp. aff. I. anali, loris omnino nigris.

(3.) F. anauis, D’Orb. & Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 14;

D’Orb. Voy. p. 191, pl. 6. f. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 205; Scl. P. Z. S.

1860, p. 294.

Supra brunneus, capite toto et corpore subtus ad ventrem nigri-

cantibus, abdomine fuliginoso, crisso vivide rufo.

Long. tota 7 poll., alee 3°75, caudze 2:1, tarsi 1°3.

Hab. in Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica.

A specimen in our collection from Costa Rica has the bill much

larger than the two from Ecuador in Dr. Sclater’s collection. It

is also larger in all its dimensions, except in the length of the tarsi.

A young bird from Veragua exhibits the precise plumage of the

adult.

(4.) F. nurirectus, Salvy. (vide supra).

Hab. in Veragua.

1866.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM VERAGUA. 73

Sect. c. Sp. aff. F. moniligero, macula in loris alba, colli lateribus rufis.

(5.) F. monizicer, Sel. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294, & 1858, p. 278;

Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 353; Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 96.

F. supra brunneus, pileo nigricantiore: gutture nigro, infra rufo

cincto: subtus fuliginosus, abdomine medio griseo, crisso ru-

Sescentiore.

Long. tota 7 poll., alee 3°65, caudee 2°2, tarsi 1°25.

Hab. in Mexico et Guatemala.

(6.) F. aorrmannt, Cab. Journ. f, Orn. 1861, p. 96; Scl. & Salv.

P. Z.S. 1864, p. 357.

Similis precedenti, sed corpore subtus cinerascentiore, torque

subgulari fere absente, crisso vivide rufo.

Juv. Gula albida rufo tincta.

Long. tota 6 poll., alee 3°5, caudze 2:1, tarsi 1°25.

Hab. in Panama et Costa Rica.

This species is certainly very closely allied to F’. moniliger, but the

above differences are constant in every specimen I have seen. The

rufous band of F’. moniliger is not absolutely wanting in F’. hoffmanni, °

but is irregularly and faintly defined.

(7.) F. crissatts, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. Myiothera analis, Cab.

Schom. Guian. iii. p. 686. F. analis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 277.

Similis precedentibus, sed corpore subtus fuliginoso, crisso lete

rufo distinguendus.

Long. tota 6°7 poll., alee 3°55, caudze 2°1, tarsi 1°3.

Hab. in Trinidad, Guiana, Cayenne, Para.

In this species the lower edge of the black throat is not clearly

defined, but blends gradually into the sooty colour of the breast.

The crissum is deeper in colour than that of F. hoffmanni, resem-

bling that of /’. analis in this respect.

In every one of the above species the inner web of the base of the

primary and secondary quills is pale fulvous ; the under wing-coverts

sooty black, while those nearer the shoulder have their bases pale

fulvous.

8. TROGON CLATHRATUS, sp. n.

T. eneo-viridescens : corpore supra, capite toto et pectore conco-

loribus : regione oculari nigra : ventre et crisso lete coccineis :

alis nigris, secundariis extus et tectricibus omnibus minutissime

albo variegatis ; remigibus, nisi primus, albo marginatis: rec-

tricibus duabus mediis dorso concoloribus, fascia apicali nigra,

duabus utrinque proximis nigris, ectus eneo-viridescentibus, re-

liquis nigris, lineis angustis regulariter transversim notatis :

rostro flavo, pedibus plumbers.

Long. tota 12 poll., alee 6-2, caudee 6:2, tarsi ‘6, rostri a rictu 1.

Hab. in Veragua.

At first sight this very distinct species has the appearance of 7’,

massena, Gould ; but in addition to a considerable inferiority in size,

76 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BREEDING OF BIRDS. [Jan. 23,

the barred tail, a characteristic of a different section of the Trogo-

nide, viz. of that which includes 7’. puel/a, Gould, at once shows its

complete distinctness. It partakes in fact to some extent of the

characters of both the above-mentioned groups. There are five

distinct notches on the edges of both upper and lower mandibles ;

but these are neither so deep nor so large as in 7’. massena.

The collection contains two males in adult plumage, but no female.

Mr. Gould, who has kindly examined these specimens, considers

the species to be quite distinct from any previously known to him.

8. Notes on the Breeding of several Species of Birds in the

Society’s Gardens during the year 1865. By A. D.

Bartietr, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.

(Plate IX.)

The year just passed has been somewhat remarkable from the long

continuance during the summer and autumn of dry hot weather ;

and this has probably much influenced the breeding, and the ten-

dency to breed, among many animals that have not before reproduced,

or shown signs of reproducing, in the Society’s Gardens.

Among these, perhaps the most interesting to notice will be the

Sun-Bittern (Zurypyga helias). <A pair of these birds were pur-

chased in September 1862, and have always appeared in good

health and condition. Early in the month of May last they began

to show signs of breeding, by carrying bits of stick, roots of grass,

and other materials about; they were constantly walking round

the pond, evidently in search of materials to compose a nest, and

appeared to try and mix wet dirt with bits of moss, &c. This

suggested the idea of supplying them with wet clay and mud, which

they at once commenced to use. After a short time they settled

to make a nest on the top of a pole or tree about 10 feet from the

ground, on which was fixed an old straw nest. Both birds carried up

mud and clay mixed with bits of straw, roots of grass, &c. The

sides of the nest were raised, and thickly plastered inside with mud.

One morning the keeper Travis came to me with the fragments of a

broken egg, which he found on the ground under the place where

the nest was, telling me he believed the egg had been dropped by

the Sun-Bittern. Upon looking at the fragments I observed that

the egg was spotted at the broad end, and that it resembled the egg

of a Moor-hen, or perhaps rather the egg of a Woodcock than any

other bird. I felt doubtful of the correctness of Travis’s information,

the more so as there was in the same aviary a Blue Water-hen which

I strongly suspected to have been the producer of the egg in question.

I therefore removed this bird, to prevent any mistake ; and in the

early part of June Travis again called my attention to the Sun-

Bitterns, the female having laid an egg in the nest. I at once went up

a ladder to look at it, and found it agree in every respect with the egg

Wg VIVHOTY SHTIOURLd 72

wef SVIIEE’ VOAdAENE 1

RE RA romp aiec a9

‘ DN heartened heel

M seated

He ee eee

AL eI g9et S Zd

1866.) MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON TUE BREEDING OF BIRDS: 77

already spoken of. The two birds were very attentive, arid took turns

at incubation, and in twenty-seven days the young bird was hatched

(July 9th). On the following day I ventured to look at the young

bird, and in a few seconds made a rough sketch of it, as I was fear-

ful that the inspection of a stranger might interfere with and perhaps

cause the old birds to desert the young one. Mr. Jennens has,

however, made a very correct drawing of the bird from my descrip-

tion and sketch (see Pl. IX. fig. 1); it is certainly one of the pret-

tiest young birds I ever saw. It is thickly covered with fine short

tufts of down, and much resembles the young of the Plovers and

Snipes, with this addition, that the head and body was thinly co-

vered with rather longer hairs than are to be seen in the former-

mentioned birds. The young bird remained in the nest and was fed

regularly by both parents, the food consisting principally of small

live fish, a few insects, &c. The mode of taking its food was some-

what peculiar: it did not gape and call or utter any cry like most

nestlings ; but as soon as the old birds flew upon the nest with the

food in their bills, the young one snapped or pecked it from them

and swallowed it at once. The young bird remained in the nest

twenty-one days, by which time its wings were sufficiently grown to

enable it to fly to the ground. It was there fed as before, and never

afterwards returned to the nest; it grew quickly, and at the end of

two months was indistinguishable ‘from the old birds. Early in

August the old birds began to repair the nest, and added a fresh lining

of mud and clay, and at the end of August laid another egg. The

male bird now appeared to attend to the duties of incubation with

much greater care than his partner, who fed the now nearly full-

grown young one; they, however, managed to hatch this second

young bird on the 28th of September. But as both the old birds

were seen feeding the first young one more frequently than the

second, the keeper Travis was afraid the little fellow might starve

from their neglect ; so he frequently went up the ladder to the nest

and fed the young one. It readily took food from his hand ; and in

this way both the young birds have arrived at maturity, and now

appear perfectly adult.

In remarking upon these interesting facts, I may observe that the

egg differs considerably from the eggs of any true Ardeine bird with

which I am acquainted in its spotted and blotched markings, and in

this character bears a strong resemblance to those of the Plovers and

Snipes; nor are these the only resemblances, its downy covering,

colour, and markings leading one to regard it as allied to these forms.

The great difference, however, in habit is remarkable, as in all the

Plovers and Snipes the young birds run about as soon as they are

hatched or a few hours afterwards, and, as far as I know, find their

own food. We have therefore in the inactivity of this bird in the

nest, and in its being fed by the parent bird, an Ardeine character.

I must not omit to call attention to another form, the genus Rhyn-

chea, or Painted Snipe. I am inclined to believe, fon some of the

habits of this genus, that it may have affinities with Hurypyga;

but I have not been able to determine this, not having the materials

78 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BREEDING OF BIRDS. [Jan. 23,

(perfect specimens) to examine. That Hurypyga is less of a Heron

than has generally been thought must now be admitted, and the

spotted egg, together with the downy young one, abundantly shows.

I feel, however, certain that this bird has its nearest ally in the

Kagu (Rhinochetus jubatus), as has been already stated (see P. Z.S.

1862, p. 218).

Since writing the foregoing, Mr. Bates has called my attention to

his account of the habits of this bird, published in vol. i. page 82 of

the ‘Naturalist on the River Amazon,’ from which I copy the fol-

lowing :—

*« T was told by the Indians that it (the Sunbittern) builds in trees,

and that the nest, which is made of clay, is beautifully constructed” *.

The Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Péerocles alchata) have repeatedly

laid eggs in the aviary, and made frequent attempts to hatch them

without success until the last summer, when two eggs were laid

about the 4th of August, in a small depression in the sand in the

aviary, and on the 29th of August one young bird was hatched,

from which the figure (Pl. 1X. fig. 2) was taken a day or two after-

wards. The young bird was tolerably active, but much less so than

the young of a Fowl, Pheasant, or Partridge, probably owing to the

shortness of its legs; it was at the same time strong and vigorous,

and grew to a considerable size, but died before it reached maturity.

Of other birds that have laid eggs, and some of which have

hatched for the first time, I may mention the following :—

Hatched.

Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica).

Lineated Pheasant (Huplocamus lineatus).

Spotted-sided Finch (dmadina lathami).

Variegated Sheldrake (Tadorna variegata).

Laid eggs.

Scarlet Ibis (Idis rubra).

Saras Crane (Grus antigone).

Hardwick’s Francolin (Galloperdix lunulosa).

Red-headed Pigeon (Lrythrenas pulcherrima).

Guira Cuckoo (Guira piririgua).

Scemmering’s Pheasant (Phasianus seemmeringit).

Cinereous Vulture (Vultur monachus).

Long-billed Butcherbird (Barita destructor).

Wattled Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga microcera).

Tue Nicopar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica).

A pair of these birds took possession, in the early part of June, of

an artificial nest made of straw and sticks, and laid one white egg ;

the nest was 10 or 12 feet from the ground. The period of incuba-

tion was twenty-eight days. The young bird when hatched was

* Consult also the notes on the nidification of this bird by the well-known

French naturalist Goudot, in the ‘ Revue Zoologique,’ 1843, p. 1; and the figure

of the egg given in the ‘ Magasin de Zoologie,’ 1843.—Ep.

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 79

black, or nearly so, and naked ; the down-feathers grew slowly ; and

the tail-feathers, which are white in the adult birds, are black in the

young one, and still continue so. This led to the young bird being

described a few years ago as a second species*.

Gurra Cuckoo (Guira piririgua).

One of these birds during the early part. of the summer dropped

or laid an egg on the ground in the aviary ; but unfortunately the

specimen was broken by the fall, or by the birds themselves or their

companions. Sufficient pieces, however, were saved to enable a good

drawing to be made; and it is interesting to find this bird lays an

ege that agrees completely with the egg of the Anis (Crotophaga),

to which it is doubtless closely allied.

Scartet Isis (Lbis rubra).

A female of this bird has been in the aviary with other birds since

March 1864 ; and, notwithstanding that there were three of her own

species in the same aviary, she paired with a white Ibis in June last.

These two birds built a nest upon the ground, composed princi-

pally of twigs, pieces of birch-broom, sticks, &c., upon which was

laid an egg of a pale green, thickly spotted and blotched with a

dirty-brown colour. The egg was constantly attended by both birds,

and the nest was raised considerably under the egg by the constant

addition of materials, the egg being rolled from side to side as the

sticks, &c., were placed under it. This raising the nest continued

for about ten days, after which time the birds began to incubate,

taking turns on the egg. After sitting four weeks, the egg was found

to be addled, and was removed in order to save the specimen, which

is now on the table.

February 13, 1866.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to three Monkeys

recently received from the Island of St. Kitts, West Indies. Mr.

Edward Greey, Fellow of the Society, having reported the existence

of Monkeys in a wild state in considerable numbers upon this island,

had been urged by Mr. Sclater to attempt to obtain some specimens,

in order that it might be ascertained to what species they were re-

ferable, as it had been always believed that there were no native

Quadrumana in the Lesser Antilles. Through the assistance of Mr.

John Carden, of St. Kitts, Mr. Greey had succeeded in obtaining a.

specimen of this Monkey ; and two others from the same island had

* Columba gouldie, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 37 ; Calenas gouldia, auct.

80 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. ([Feb. 13,

at the same time been presented to the Society by Mr. H. B. Cameron,

Superintendent of the R. W. I. M.S. P. Company at St. Thomas’s.

The animals were undoubtedly referable to the common Green

Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus, Geoffr.) of Western Africa, and

must have been introduced years ago, as they were stated to be now

very abundant in the woods of St. Kitts, and to cause great damage

to the sugar-plantations.

Mr. Sclater also called the attention of the Meeting to several

recent additions to the Society’s Menagerie. Amongst these were

particularly noted :—(1) A young male Sen: Bear (Otaria hookeri),

which had been captured on the sea-shore near Cape Horn, in the

month of June 1862, by a French sailor named Leconte, then serving

on board the ‘ Paulina’ of Buenos Ayres. A female captured shortly

afterwards had not survived to reach Europe. M. Leconte had kept

the animal ever since, and had made an exhibition of it in various

parts of France and England. (2) A female Formosan Deer (Cervus

taevanus), purchased far the Society in China by Mr. Swinhoe, and

more particularly acceptable, as a male of this fine new species had

been now for some time in the Menagerie without a mate.

Mr. Sclater exhibited part of a collection of Mammals and Birds

forwarded by Mr. Henry Whiteley from Japan, having been collected

in the vicinity of Nagasaki during the summer of 1865, and inade

remarks upon some ‘of the more interesting species contained in

it. Amongst these were examples of Mustela melampus, Temm.,

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOLOPHINE BATS, 81

Urotrichus talpoides, Temm., Dicrurus leucopheus, Vieill., and

Urocissa sinensis.

Mr. W. H. Flower read the first part of a Memoir on the Osteo-

logy of the Sperm-Whale (Physeter). This will be published in

the Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ with Illustrations,

The following papers were read :—

1. A Revision of the Genera of Rhinolophide, or Horseshoe

Bats. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., F.L.S., &c.

At the preceding Meeting I gave an account of the genera of Pte-

ropide. 1 have lately been revising my former manuscript on the

Horseshoe Bats, and adding descriptions of the specimens which

have been received at the British Museum since it was composed.

The family Rhinolophide is characterized as containing Leaf-

nosed Bats, which have only rudimentary intermaxillary bones, sus-

pended in the nasal cartilages. They sometimes have upper cutting-

teeth ; but these are generally early deciduous. The hinder, erect

portion of the nose-leaf is often complicated and divided by septa

into cells.

I. Nose-leaf broad, expanded, horseshoe-shaped in front, with the

nostril near the centre; the hinder portion erect, triangular,

acute, with cells on the side of its front surface, Tragus

none.

1. The hinder, erect part of the nose-leaf with three cells on each

side in front, and a compressed central process ; front portion

simple, without any pits. Tail and heel-bone distinct. Teeth

32; molars 3/3, premolars 2/3. Rhinolophina.

1. Aquras. Front edge of the central longitudinal nasal process

broad, with a membranous edge, which is expanded and folded down

on each side of its base. 4. ductus and A. trifoliata.

2. Puyuuoris. Front of the central longitudinal nasal process

broad, with a membranous edge, which is continued so as to form a

concavity between the nostrils. P. philippensis.

3. Rurnotorxus. Front of the central longitudinal nasal pro-

cess flat, without any membrane on the edge or lobe at the side of

the base. R. hastatus.

2. The hinder, erect part of the nose-leaf with one cell on each side,

and one in the centre of the front, and with a compressed lon-

gitudinal process ; the front, horseshoe-shaped portion fringed

with a longitudinal crest, ending in a pit between the nostrils,

Rhinonycterina.

4. Ruinonycreris. R&R. aurantius.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. VI.

| 82 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOLOPHINE Bats. [Feb. 13,

]

Il. The hinder portion of the nose-leaf convex, with a transverse

ridge in front below, with the broad apex bent down over the

on: ridge, and divided by longitudinal folds into cells beneath ;

flaplonaent without any central longitudinal ridge in front.

1. The upper edge of the upper part of the nose-leaf entire. Tuil

and heel-bone distinct. Teeth 30; molars 3/3, premolars 1/2.

5. Macronycreris. Forehead with a central longitudinal pore

in both sexes ; horseshoe portion of the nose-leaf with raised mem-

branaceous edges, forming a cup; sides of the nose leafy ; forehead

hairy. J. gigas.

6. Guroronycreris. Forehead with a transverse pore in both

sexes; the horseshce portion of the nose-leaf with a raised mem-

branaceous edge, forming a cup; sides of the nose leafy ; forehead

glandular on the sides. G. armigera.

| 7. Rurnopuyuua. Forehead with a small transverse pore with

two small pores close together on each side of it ; front edge of the

horseshoe portion of the nose-leaf raised, membranaceous, and bent

up in the middle, forming a central notch; sides of the nose leafy ;

forehead hairy; wings from lower part of the ankles. &. labuanensis.

8. SpeorirerA. Forehead with a large transverse pore in the

males, and its place marked with a pencil of dark hairs in the females,

and with two pores on the sides ; the front edge of the horseshoe

portion of the nose-leaf closely applied to the lip; sides of nose

leafy ; forehead hairy. 8S. vulgaris.

9. Curysonycreris. Forehead with a transverse central pore

| in both sexes, with two pores near it on each side of it; the front

edge of the horseshoe portion of the nose-leaf flat, closely applied

to the lip ; sides of the nose leafy ; forehead hairy. C. fulva.

10. PHytuoruina. Forehead without any pores behind the

| nose-leaf. P. nobilis and P. pygmea.

2. Upper edge of the upper part of the nose-leaf two- or three-

toothed. Teeth 28; molars 3/3, premolars 1/2.

! 11. AsexuiA. The upper edge of the upper part of the nose-leaf

| three-toothed. Tail and heel-bone distinct, produced. A. tridens

and A. éricuspidata.

12. Ca@toprs. The upper edge of the upper part of the nose-leaf

two-toothed. Tail and heel-bone none. C. frithii.

III. Nose-leaf simple, coriaceous; the hinder, upper portion erect,

leaf-like, without any cells in front. Tragus distinct.

1. The nose-leaf flat, with the nostril simply pierced in its front

| part. Forehead concave. Tail elongate, free, longer than the

short interfemoral membrane. Teeth 28 ; molars 3/3, premolars

1/2. Rhinopomina.

13. Rurnorpoma. Rk. microphyllum.

1866.] | DR. J, E. GRAY ON THE RHINOLOPHINE BATS. 83

2. Nose-leaf with a central midrib, the sides of which are extended

downwards between and covering the nostrils. Tail none;

interfemoral membrane very large. Megadermina.

14, MecapermA. Nose-leaf divided into two parts by a trans-

verse ridge behind the nostrils; front portion flat on the nose.

Teeth 32; molars 3/3, premolars 2/2.

a. The transverse ridge ascending on each side, forming an oval

disk. Megaderma. M. lyra.

6. The transverse ridge bent down in the centre, forming a cordate

disk. Spasma. M. spasma.

15. Lavia. Nose-leaf simple, without any transverse ridge be-

hind the nostrils ; the front portion concave, with a raised front edge.

Teeth 30; molars 3/3, premolars 1/2. L. frons,

IV. The nostrils in the front of a deep longitudinal cavity on the

nose, with two pairs of lamine on each side of it; the front

| pair with a subspiral fold in front. Tail elongate; terminal

Joint with a transverse process on each side, edging the mem-

brane. Nycterina.

The wings from the ankles ; the skull broad ; forehead with a deep

circular concavity, truncated in front ; intermaxillary well developed,

free on the sides. Cutting-teeth =*; upper free from the canines.

Chin with two longitudinal ridges enclosing a triangular prominence.

16. Nycrreris. Ears united at the base, very long. Africa.

N. thebaica.

17. Nycrerops. Ears separate, as long as the head. Africa.

N. pilosa.

18. Pexatia. Ears separate, very long. Asia, P. javanica.

The laminz on the sides of the nose-leaves and the glands on the

forehead and other parts of the body may be very distinctly seen

in the newly born specimens that have been preserved in spirits, the

short hair allowing them to be seen more distinctly than in the adult

animals.

The name of ¢rifoliatus was given by Temminck to one species of

the genus Aquias ; and two species are distinguished by that author

—one as having a nose-leaf like a St. Andrew’s cross, and the other

as having a nose-leaf like a trefoil; and they are so figured in his

Monograph, ii. t. 30, 31. These forms of the nose-leaf, however,

are entirely dependent on the art, or rather want of care, of the

animal-preserver ; for the lobes that are expanded to produce them

are, in specimens preserved in spirits, and doubtless also in living

animals, bent down over the cavity between the nostrils,

84 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. [Feb. 13,

2. Report on the Mammals of Palestine. By the

Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.8.

The subjoined catalogue contains eighty species, all of which, ex-

cepting when the contrary is stated, were collected by us in our ex-

pedition in 1864. The mammalian fauna contains a much larger

proportion of African species than any other branch of the fauna

of the country. Twenty-three species may be considered strictly

African or Arabian. All the others belong to the types of the Me-

diterranean basin, though several species are peculiar. It is remark-

able that we have scarcely any trace of Indian forms. I believe that

the list, considerable as it is, will be largely extended by further

research in the southern and desert regions, especially as regards

the Cheiroptera and Rodentia; for many species eluded our efforts

to capture them, and, as all collectors know, no class of animated

life so easily escapes observation. Of the Phocide and Cetacea of

the coasts i am unable to give any information.

1. Hyrax syriacus, Schreb,

“‘Shaphan,” Hebr. ‘ Ttibsoon,” Arab,

The Coney is not uncommon by the shores of the Dead Sea, in

. rocky gorges, rare in the rest of the country, but is occasionally

found in the mountainous ridge north of the plain of Acre. Not

known in Hermon, or the Lebanon; extremely abundant in the

Sinaitic peninsula. Has three or four young at a birth.

2. Sus scrora, L.

Abundant in the wooded hills and maritime plains alike. Swarms

in all the thickets by the Jordan and Dead Sea, and in the forest

country east of Jordan. Extends even to the bare wilderness of

Judzea, and almost into the desert, where there is no cover, and

where its only food is the roots of the desert bulbs.

3. Bos Taurus, L.

Neat cattle are not extensively reared in the central districts. In

the south, and on the east side of Jordan, they are the principal stock.

There are two very marked varieties :—(1) A small rough one, not

unlike the Scotch horned cattle in appearance, but rather larger,

which is the breed of the southern wilderness. There is also a larger

race in the forests of Gilead. The colour of this breed is generally

black or red, rarely with any white. (2) A very large Ox, appa-

rently allied to the Tuscan breed, generally light-coloured, and

called in the country the Armenian cattle. I have only observed it

in the northern plains,

4. Bos pusauus, L.

The Buffalo takes the place of the common Ox in the Ghor or

Jordan valley, especially in the northern districts and marshes of

1866.] REV. %. B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. 85

Huleh. It is also reared by the Beni Sakkrs and other Bedouin

tribes in the forest region of Bashan.

N.B. The remains of at least two extinct species of Ox were found

by us in recent bone-breccia in caves in the Lebanon. They have been

pronounced by Mr. Dawkins to belong probably to Bos primigenius,

and Bison bonasus.

5. Ovis artss, L.

Two varieties of Sheep are found in Palestine, by far the most

common being the broad-tailed Sheep, var. laticaudata, which,

indeed, is the only race we observed in the southern parts of the

country. The tail is frequently protected by a board placed on its

underside ; but we never saw the wheeled carts mentioned both by

Herodotus and later writers. The other breed, which appears to be

confined to the northern parts of the country, is a large-boned, rather

narrow-backed animal, with somewhat of the character of the Me-

rino, but larger and resembling in shape the old Cotswold breed of

England. The ram is always horned.

6. Capra uircus, L.

The Goat is more abundant in every part of this hilly and scantily

watered country than the Sheep, and constitutes its chief wealth.

There are at least three very distinct races found in Palestine. In

the neighbourhood of Hermon is a breed very much resembling that

of the British Isles. In the southern parts of Lebanon the Mohair

Goat (Capra angorensis, L.) is bred for the sake of its long silky

hair ; but this variety is never found in the rough bushy districts

which occupy the larger portion of Palestine. The common Syrian

Goat (Capra mambrica, L.) is almost universal throughout the

country. It is black, and may be at once recognized from any other

race by the long pendent ears, a foot long, hanging down far below

the recurved horns.

7. CAPRA BEDEN, Wagn. (=C. sinaitica, Ehrenb.).

The Syrian Ibex, or Beden of the Arabs. Only found in Palestine

in the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea, especially about Engedi.

Very abundant on the east side, in the mountains of Moab, and still

more so throughout the Sinaitic peninsula. It formerly extended

to the Lebanon, where its teeth have been found in cave-breccia by

ourselves and by M. Lartét (see Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, xxii.

p- 543). Quite as wild, nimble, and wary as the Ibex of the Alps,

it drops its kid im March or April, and has but one at a birth.

Several young ones were brought to us, and reared for some time by

hand. The horns of the female are much smaller than those of the

male. The flesh is excellent, far superior to that of the Gazelle.

The horns of the male are subquadrangular, sharply emarginated at

the inner anterior angle, and with from twenty to twenty-four (in

fully adult specimens) bold ridges on the front face only.

86 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. [Feb. 13,

8. ANTILOPE LEUCORYX, Pall.

Common in North Arabia, and found in the Belka and Hauran.

Its horns may be purchased at Damascus.

9. ANTILOPE ADDAX, Licht.

More strictly confined to the desert regions than the former. I

never obtained it, but have seen it near enough to be able to make

out distinctly the species by the shape of the horns. Both of these

Antelopes are well known to the Bedouin.

10. AncELAPHUS BUBALIS, Pall.

‘¢ Bekker-el-wash,” “ Wild Cow,” of the Arabs.

I never saw in Palestine this species, with which I am familiar in

North Africa; but the Jehalin Arabs know it well by the same name,

and assure me they often obtain it when it comes to drink at the

streams on the east side of the Dead Sea.

11. GazeLua porcas, Pall.

“‘ Ghazal,’ Arab.

Extremely common in every part of the country south of Lebanon.

It wanders in small bands everywhere, approaching even the gates

of Jerusalem. I have seen it on the back of the Mount of Olives.

12. GazeLLA ARABICA, Ehbrenb. (=G. cora, H. Smith).

Abundant on the east side of Jordan, especially in all the forest

glades of Gilead.

13. Cervus CAPREOLUS, L.

Only found, so far as our knowledge extends, in the bare hilly

country of North-eastern Galilee.

14. Dama vuuearis, Gesn.

Rare. A few are still to be found on Mount Tabor, and the woods

between that mountain and the gorge of the Litany River. We met

with it once about ten miles west of the Sea of Galilee. Hasselquist

mentions having found it on Mount Tabor. M. Lartét has found

its teeth in bone-breccia in the Lebanon, but does not appear to

have been acquainted with the fact of its present existence in Pales-

tine (see Bull. Soe. Géol. de France, xxii. p. 542).

[Cervus ELapuus, L.

CERVUS TARANDUS, L.

ALCES PALMATUS, Gr.

Teeth and bones, ascribed to the Red Deer, Reindeer, and Elk,

were found by us imbedded in breccia in the Lebanon, along with

flint-flakes, thus proving the former existence of these species in a

much lower latitude than had hitherto been ascertained. |

1866,.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. 87

15. CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS, Erxl.

~The common beast of burden in the south and east of Palestine.

The Bactrian Camel we never saw, even in caravans from Persia.

16. Eauus caBauuvus, L.

West of the Jordan the pure Arab breed is only to be found in

the possession of sheikhs and wealthy men. East of the Jordan

we never saw a badly bred horse.

17. Astnus vuLGARIS, Gr.

The most important beast of burden in the west and north. The

Ass is taller, stronger, and fleeter in Palestine than in any other

country I have visited. Much care is taken in the breeding ; and

in Galilee I have seen herds of several hundred breeding Asses.

18. Astnus HEMIPpPUS, Geoffr.

The Syrian wild Ass, though most common in Mesopotamia, is

still found in the Ledjah and the Hauran, and is occasionally

‘brought into Damascus.

19. Lerus syriacus, Ehrenb.

The only Hare in the wooded and cultivated portions of Palestine.

Extends on the coast from the Lebanon and Hermon to Hebron and

Gaza. It has four young ata birth. It is very different from the

following species, with which it has been united by Giebel.

20. Lerus sinaiticus, Ehrenb.

*¢ Arneb,” Arab.

Confined in Palestine to the immediate neighbourhood of the

Dead Sea. Much smaller than the last species, with a longer and

narrower head; ears half an inch longer, but the black tip not ex-

tending so far. Only found in the rocky district and gorges round

the Dead Sea.

21. Lerus aGyptTiacus, Geoffr.

The Hare of the southern region of Judea and of the Jordan

valley. The ears are not quite so long as in the last species, which

is smaller ; and their inside edges are fringed with long white hairs.

Abundant wherever found.

22. Lepus 1saBELLINUS, Cretzschm (=L. ethiopicus, Ehrenb.).

This species appears to be very scarce, and confined to the sandy

deserts of the south-east. One specimen only was obtained by us.

It may probably be a variety of the last species.

N.B. The Rabbit (Z. cuniculus) does not exist in Syria.

88 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. [Feb. 13,

23. Hystrix cristata, L. ~

The Porcupine is common in all the rocky districts and mountain-

glens. Ihave picked up askull near the southern shore of the Dead

Sea. Its flesh is highly prized by the Bedouin. We found no trace

of the other species (7. Airsutirostris, Brandt) said to inhabit Syria.

24, SPALAX TYPHLUS, Pall.

Very common in all the plains and cultivated districts, and also

among the hills wherever there is sufficient soil. Never observed in

the Jordan valley. Resorts much to the débris of old ruins, among

which it burrows. It is caught by a trap let into its run and baited

with onion. I have kept a Blind Mole alive for several days in a

box, and it ate heartily of carrots and onions.

25. ACOMYS CAHIRRINUS, Geoffr.

Confined entirely in Palestine to the Dead-Sea basin and the

ravines abutting on it. We trapped it as far up the country as the

monastery of Marsaba.

26. Acomys pimipIATus, Riipp.

More abundant than the former species on the Dead-Sea shores ;

but, so far as our observation goes, not extending up the rocky

ravines. We trapped several, and I also shot it feeding in the day-

time among the bare gravel above Ain Feshkhah.

27. Acomys RusSSATUS, Wagn.

Obtained by us once in the rocky ravine above Sebbeh, the ancient

Masada. Very common about Sinai.

28. Mus pEcUMANUS, Pall.

As common here as elsewhere.

29. Mus TEcTORUM, Savi.

At Beyrout.

30. Mus muscutus, L.

Common in all the towns.

31. Mus sytvaticus, L.

In the plains. Once captured in our tent.

32. Mus pratextus, Licht.

In the Jordan valley and Dead-Sea basin.

33. Cricetus, sp.?

There is a species of Hamster not uncommon; but we were not

fortunate enough to meet with it. Its habits are fully described by

Russell in his ‘ Nat. Hist. of Aleppo.’ It is perhaps the C. auratus,

Waterhouse.

1866.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. 89

34, GERBILLUS TENIURUS, Wagn.

Mount Carmel and the hill country generally.

35. GERBILLUS MELANURUs, Riipp.

In the Jordan valley and Dead-Sea basin.

36. GeRBILLUS PyGARGUS, Cuy. ?

Another small species, which appears to answer to G. pygargus of

Cuvier, and is found in the wilderness of Beersheba.

37. Psammomys oseEsus, Riipp.

Extremely abundant in sandy places throughout the Dead-Sea

basin and the plains and uplands of Southern Judea.

38. PsaMMomys myosurus, Wagn.

Appears to take the place of the above in the higher ground.

39. PsAMMOMYS TAMARACINUS, Kuhl ?

A small Rodent met with at the south end of the Dead Sea seems

referable to this species.

40. Dreus «eyptrvus, Licht.

Very common in the desert.

41. Arvico~a Ampuisius, Desm.

Only observed by us in the north.

42. ARvIcoLA MONTICOLA, Wagn.

I caught a Vole, near the snow-line on the top of Hermon, which,

on comparison, appears identical with a specimen in my possession

from the Pyrenees. If the species be identical, the range of this

Vole is much more extensive than has been hitherto supposed.

43, ArvicoLa ArvALis, De Sélys.

Very common.

44. Arvicota socrauis, Desm.

In the desert near Damascus, and probably also in Southern

Judea, where we saw a very light-coloured, short-tailed Field-Vole.

45. Guis vutearis, Kl.

The great Dormouse is very abundant in the oases of the Jordan

valley, especially about Jericho, where it has its nest in every dém-

tree. Through some oversight we did not bring a specimen home;

but it has been mentioned by several writers, from Russell down-

wards. At Jericho it was very lively in winter when disturbed.

46. Myoxus nirEexa, Desm. ?

90 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. [Feb.13,

47. Myoxus MELANURUS, Wagn. ?

There are two smaller species of Dormouse—the one living chiefly

in olive trees in Central Palestine, the other in holes in the rocks in

the Dead-Sea basin. We did not succeed in preserving specimens ;

but there can be little doubt as to the species, which have been men-

tioned by other writers as from Syria and Arabia Petreea. See Rus-

sell, Giebel, and Ehrenberg.

48. Sciurus syriacus, Ehrenb.

Extremely abundant in the woods south of Hermon, throughout

the Lebanon, and at Damascus. Never noticed by us south of Banias.

49. Ursus syriacus, Ehrenb.

Seen by us in a gorge behind Gennesaret. Found in a few places

in the Lebanon. The snow near the top of Hermon was intersected

in all directions by their tracks, and three were seen together on the

top of Hermon by my friend the Rey. Fr. W. Holland.

50. Mrtes vuiearis, Desm.

The Badger is found in every part of the country, and by no means

scarce.

51. Musrexa putortivs, L.

In the north.

52. MustTeLa vuLGARISs, Erxl.

A Weasel more than once escaped me. I do not think there can

be much doubt of the species, which is found in Persia and Egypt.

53. Lurra vuuearis, Erxl.

By the Sea of Galilee.

54, HerpPesTes ICHNEUMON, Wagn.

The Ichneumon is extremely common in every part of the country.

Tt was scarcely possible ever to take a walk soon after sunrise with-

out meeting with this little animal trotting away to its hole.

55. VuLPEs niLoticus, Riipp.

The common Fox of the southern and central regions of Palestine.

Extremely abundant in Judzea and on the east side of Jordan.

56. VULPES FLAVESCENS, Gray.

The Fox of the wooded districts of Galilee appears to agree with

the diagnosis of V. flavescens of Dr. Gray (Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi.

p- 118). Is it more than a variety of V. vulgaris?

57. CANIs Lupus, Desm.

The Wolf is the dread of the shepherds from one end of the country

1866.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. 91

to the other, and a single Wolf is far more destructive than a whole

pack of Jackals. Again and again have I put up the Syrian Wolf,

and fired at it without success. Near Beersheba, in the hill country,

in the forests of Bashan and Gilead, in the ravines of Galilee and

Lebanon, and in the maritime plains it is alike distributed. We

never saw two together, and I never heard of their hunting in packs.

It is much to be wished that some traveller may be able to secure a

specimen for examination ; for it may possibly prove to be a distinct

variety. It is of a lighter fawn-colour than any European Wolf I

ever saw, and appears decidedly larger. I can confirm the statement

of Dr. Russell, that the natives speak of another, larger and fiercer

species, called ‘‘ Sheeb ;”? but I could never obtain any clear defini-

tion of the distinctions between the two. Can the latter be Canis

lycaon, Desm.?

58. CANIS FAMILIARIS, L.

Three distinct breeds of Dogs are found generally in Syria :—(1)

The familiar Pariah Dog of the towns and villages. (2) The Sheep

Dog, of the same build and type, but much larger, and resembling

our Colly, or Scotch Sheep-Dog, which also it considerably exceeds

in size; it is bold, intelligent, and faithful, and will rush on the

wolf to its own destruction sooner than desert its flock. (3) The

Persian Greyhound, much prized by the Bedouin sheikhs, and used

for the chase of the Gazelle. With its elegant shape and the long silky

hair of its ears and tail, it is perhaps the most beautiful race of its

kind.

59. Canis aureus, L. (=C. syriacus, Ehrenb.?).

The Jackal swarms in incredible numbers in every part of the

country.

60. Hyana striata, Zimm.

Common in every part of Palestine, and indifferent as to the cha-

racter of the country. We obtained the young occasionally in

spring, and procured on Mount Carmel the largest pair of adults I

ever saw. The old rock-hewn tombs afford to the Hyzena conye-

nient covert. It attacks the graves, even in the vicinity of towns.

61. Feurs supara, Schreb.

The Cheetah is scarce, though found in different parts of the

country. A few still haunt the neighbourhood of Tabor and the

hills of Galilee. In Gilead it is more common, and a sheikh there

presented me with three skins of Cheetah shot by his people.

62. Freuis Leo, Linn.

In spite of the assertions of several modern travellers, who have

mistaken the Leopard for it, the Lion must be admitted to be now

extinct in Palestine. Of its former abundance there can be no

question, and it seems to have existed down to the times of the Cru-

sades. Its bones have been found in recent diluvium by Dr. Roth.

92 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON THE MAMMALS OF PALESTINE. [Feb. 15,

It still occasionally occurs west of the Euphrates, and not many

years ago a carcass was brought into Damascus.

63. Frexis LEopARDUus, Linn.

“*Nim’r,” Arab.

The Leopard is more generally distributed than the Cheetah, but

in very small numbers. It is found all round the Dead Sea, in Gi-

lead, and Bashan, and occasionally in the few wooded districts in the

west. A magnificent pair were killed on Mount Carmel while we

were there, and the skins purchased by the Pasha for £20.

64, Frvis parptna, Oken.

We never met with the Lynx; but I have occasionally seen, in

the possession of the Arabs, battered skins which I take to belong

to this species. It is spotted on the belly, and called “*‘ Wushak ””

by the Arabs.

65. Frvis caracat, Gild.

We never met with the Caracal ; but have seen the skin, stated to

have been killed in the east of the country.

66. Frevis cuaus, Guild.

Several times seen by us, and once taken by us ina trap at Jericho.

67. Frvis 2

I shot, in a wood near Carmel, a small Wild Cat, about two-thirds

the size of F. chaus, and with a much longer tail. Though wounded,

it escaped into an inaccessible crevice in the rocks. It is at any rate

an additional species, not enumerated above.

68. SorEx pyGMaus, Pall.

I picked up one specimen dead among the cliffs under Marsuba.

69. SoREX ARANEUS.

The common Shrew of Northern Palestine.

70. SoREX CRASSICAUDATUS, Ehrenb.

This pretty silver-grey species is found in the desert and southerti

ravines.

71. ERINACEUS EUROP&US, L.

In the Lebanon. I believe the species in the south is smaller and

distinct. Unfortunately three specimens of the latter which we kept

alive made their escape. The Hedgehog is very common.

72. Piecorvus auritus (L.).

By the Sea of Galilee.

73. VESPERTILIO MURINUS, L.-

Tyre and Beyrout.

1866. ] DR. A. CARTE ON A NEW PETREL. 93

74. Scoropuitus ——?

Plain of Acre.

75. VESPERUGO KUBLII, Kuhl.

Jerusalem, Cave of Adullam, and elsewhere,

76. TapHozous NUDIVENTRIS, Riipp.

In immense numbers in ravines in Galilee.

77. RHINOPOMA MICROPHYLLUM, Geoffr.

Swarms in the Jordan valley and Dead-Sea basin.

78. RHINOLOPEUS FERRUM-EQUINUM, Leach.

Abundant throughout the country.

79. RHINOLOPHUS CLIvosus, Riipp.?

Néar the Sea of Galilee.

80. XANTHARPYIA £GYPTIACA (Geoffr.).

In a cave in the wady Kern, Central Palestine.

3. On an Undescribed Species of Petrel from the Blue Moun-

tains of Jamaica. By ALEexanprer Carrs, M.A., M.D.

Dubl., M.R.LA., F.L.S., &e.

(Plate X.)

In acollection of Jamaica birds, presented to the Natural-History

Museum of the Royal Dublin Society by William Thomas March,

Esq., of that island, were two specimens, male and female, of a species

of Procellaria, marked “ The Blue-Mountain Duck ;” and as I be-

lieve no detailed account of this interesting bird has been hitherto

published, I have much pleasure in forwarding to the Zoological

Society of London the following description.

Both sexes are similar in size and colour of plumage.

PTERODROMA CARIBB#A, n. sp. (Pl. XI.)

P. capite, collo, dorso alisque fuliginoso-nigricantibus ; vertice

et pogoniis externis primariarum plumarum aliquanto nigri-

cantioribus ; plumis abdominis tectricibusque sub cauda aliquan-

tulum pallidioribus ; tectricibus super caudam plumisque circum

uropygium canis vel candidulis : iridibus fuscis : rostro, tarsis,

pedibus unguibusque nigris. ;

Long. 12% poll.

Hab. Blue Mountains in insula Jamaica.

94 DR, A. CARTE ON A NEW PETREL. [Feb. 13,

Colour.—Head, neck, back, and wings of a uniform dark sooty

brown; vertex and external webs of the primaries a shade or so

darker ; abdominal feathers and under tail-coverts a shade or two

lighter than those of the back ; upper tail-coverts and basal portion

of tail-feathers of a light grey or dirty white.

This light-coloured patch on the rump is conspicuous when the

wings are expanded, but completely concealed when they are closed.

Irides dark hazel. Tarsi, toes, webs, and nails jet-black.

Dimensions. .

inches.

Length, from point of bill to tip of tail, about ........ 12%

Expanse of witig6!. Gace as oes oe arecemeees Oe

Length from carpal joint to tip of first primary ...... 10%

Length of bill, measured from the gape.............- 13

of nasal Cubed. oc oc ys cteele ae new el sige icine

— of interval between nostrils and commencement

of apical curve of upper mandible .....-.........- a

OL atl Aa-ws eees s ohne to gate: sabe

of toes, outer and middle, subequal ......... nee

of mmer toe... c.on% 13

First and second primaries subequal, and about 3 inch

longer than the third. Tail about 43 inches long and

round at extremity. The closed wings extend about

14 inch beyond the tail. Hallux small, and in shape

triangular.

This bird evidently belongs to that section of the Procellariine to

which Bonaparte* has assigned the name of Pterodroma, and, of the

three species mentioned by him of this subgenus, appears to bear

a close resemblance to P. macroptera, Smith, but differs from it in

being somewhat smaller in size, and especially in having the basal

portion of the tail and upper tail-coverts of a grey or dirty-white

colour. ‘This latter peculiarity will also serve as a distinguishing

mark for it from P. fuliginosa, Banks, P. atlantica, Gould, and

indeed from all the known species of this subgenus.

With respect to the habits of the bird, Mr. March has most kindly

furnished me with the following interesting details :—

«Jt is a night-bird, living in burrows in the marly clefts of the

mountains at the east and north-east end of the island.

“The burrows form a gallery 6 to 10 feet long, terminating in a

chamber sufficiently commodious to accommodate the pair ; from this

they sally forth at night, flying over the sea in search of food (fishes),

returning before dawn.

“Tt is often seen on moonlight nights and at sunrise running

about the neighbourhood of its domicile, and sometimes crossing the

road regardless of the labourers going to their work. I know nothing

of its niditication.

“The first specimen recorded was obtained by the late George

* Vide Conspectus Generum Ayium, tom, ii. p. 191,

1866.] DR. A, CARTE ON A NEW PETREL. 95

Atkinson. The second by Sir Henry Barkly. The next, a pair,

were sent by me to the Royal Dublin Society *.

“The last bird I have heard of was killed by a labourer digging

cane-holes on the side of a hill on a property in Metcalf; the dig-

ging-bill suddenly sinking into the marl and cutting the bird through

the back.”

Mr. Gosse+, in referring to what appears to me to be this bird,

says, quoting from information supplied to him by Mr. Hill, “In

the Blue Mountains, high up towards their summits, is a curious

burrowing bird, which is called the Blue-Mountain Duck. It is de-

scribed as having webbed feet, and a hooked parrot-bill. This de-

scription would indicate a species of d/ca. It inhabits holes in the

cliffs, and is said to burrow to the extent of 10 feet. Nothing is

known of its habits of feeding. E. M‘Geachy, Esq., Crown Sur-

veyor of the County of Surrey, first informed me of the existence of

such birds. He had himself taken them from the burrows. These

facts have also been assured to me by other observers.”

Mr. Gosse also refers to a specimen of this bird as being in the

possession of Mr. Atkinson of Newcastle-on-Tyne ; but I have not

been able to find that this gentleman ever published a description

of it.

In Mr. March’s letter he says that Mr. Hill recognized the bird

as that mentioned under the name of “ Diabloton”’ by Attwood, in

his work entitled ‘The History of the Island of Dominica,’ pub-

lished in London in 1791; on referring to which, at page 30 e¢ seq.,

I find it thus described :—“ The Diabloton, so called by the French

from its uncommonly ugly appearance, is nearly the size of a Duck,

and is web-footed. It hasa big round head, crooked bill like a

Hawk, and large full eyes like an Owl. Its head, part of the neck,

chief feathers of the wings and tail are black, the other parts of its

body are covered with a milky-white down; and its whole appear-

ance is perfectly singular. They feed on fish, flying in great flocks

to the sea-side in the night-time; and in their flight make a dis-

agreeable loud noise like Owls, which bird they also resemble in

their dislike of making their appearance in the daytime, when they

are hid in holes in the mountains, where they are easily caught.”

As I am given to understand by Mr. March that the name of

Prion caribbeum has been applied to the bird by Mr. Mitchell in

MS., I think it preferable, although I have failed to discover that

this gentleman has left any record on the subject, to describe it

under the same specific name, so as to avoid confusion in case

it should hereafter be found that the species has been previously

described.

* The specimens now described.

tT Birds of Jamaica, p. 437.

96 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF LIMA. [Feb. 13,

4. On the Birds of the Vicinity of Lima, Peru. By P. L.

Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c. With Notes on their

Habits; by Professor W. Narton, of Lima, C.M.Z.S.

(Part I.)

(Plate XI.)

Our Corresponding Member, Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, Peru, has

recently sent me a small collection of birds obtained in the vicinity

of that city, to which he has been kind enough to add some interest-

ing notes on their habits, localities, &c. Ihave carefully determined

the species, and appended some few observations on the synonymy

and other points which appeared to call for remark.

The ornithology of this part of Western Peru is not yet very well

known to us, T'schudi’s (somewhat imperfect) ‘Fauna Peruana’

being our chief authority on the subject. Some few species were

collected on this coast during the voyage of the ‘ Beagle ;’ and the

well-known French collector, Delattre, passed through Lima on one

of his journeys. The new species obtained by the latter naturalist

were described by Lafresnaye in the ‘Revue Zoologique’ for 1847.

Prof. Nation, who is a resident at Lima, informs me that he has

. made a considerable collection in this neighbourhood, and promises

to send me a second portion of it for examination very shortly; so

that I hope to have before long a second paper to submit to the

Society on this subject.

The species contained in the present collection are the following,

the nomenclature adopted being, uvless the contrary is stated, that

of my American Catalogue :—

1. Turpvus cu1euAnco, Lafr. & D’Orb.

“Migratory: arrives in June, departs in October. Resorts to the

valleys near Lima. Feeds on spiders, small snails, &e. Irides red-

dish brown.” —W. N.

2. Mimus tonercaupatus, Tsch. F. P. p. 190, pl. 15. f. 2.

“Haunts corn-fields and woody parts of the Rimac. Feeds on

worms, &c., and Indian corn. Nest artlessly made of small sticks

in Acacia trees; lays two eggs. Irides blackish brown.’ —W. N.

This is the first specimen I have met with of this Mocking-bird,

which, as Tschudi observes, is nearly related to the Chilian M.

thenca, but differs in its longer and more curved bill and longer tail.

Mimus leucospilos, von Pelzeln (Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxi. p. 323), seems

to be the same as T'schudi’s bird.

3. TROGLODYTES FURVUS (Gm.).

‘Found on the tufts of reeds, along with Cyanotis omnicolor.

Habits just like those of Cyanotis. I have a nest; it is somewhat

like the nest of the Marsh-Wren of North America. Irides brownish

black.”’—W. N.

Smit ath

NATION].

PULCHER

1866.) MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF LIMA. 97

4. ANTHUs, sp.?

“Common in all the meadows near Lima: soars in the air almost

perpendicularly for about 60 feet, and sings while ascending. Feeds

on worms, &c. The female lays four eggs, of a dirty-white colour.

Irides dark brown.” —W. N.

5. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.

* Possibly 7. darwini, but cannot be 7. striata, as we have males

and females here in Lima. Tschudi never saw a female; his de-

scription only refers to the male. In the months of August and

September one or two male birds can be found in every fruit-garden

in Lima. The females are extremely scarce. This year I shot in

one garden thirty birds, and only obtained two females. When the

fruit-season is over they go away, I do not know where. They rarely

build in Lima; only once I saw a nest ; it was on the top of a willow

ina garden, in the month of September. A mischievous fellow shot

the female on the nest. Irides reddish.””—W. N.

Certainly Tanagra darwini, Bp. (Tanagra frugilegus of Tschudi’s

‘Fauna Peruana’), and quite distinct from Tanagra striata (Gm.),

although at one time I held acontrary opinion. See my note, P. Z.S.

1858, p. 453. ‘

6. SALTATOR STRIATIPECTUS, Lafr.

“More common than 7’. darwinit. Frequents fruit-gardens and

bushes on the sides of cultivated fields. I think this species does

not migrate like the other. Irides light red.”’,—W. N.

7. CATAMENIA ANALOIDES (Lafr.).

“ Migratory ; I have one alive in a cage. I never saw this bird

till last year. I ran after it day after day for three months. With

all my trouble and expense I could only procure two birds. They

generally arrive in. December and go away in May. Feeds on the

seeds of Sida maculata. I never saw a bird so graceful when it is

in its bush feeding. Irides nearly black.’”,—W. N.

In my American catalogue I have placed the genus Catamenia

near Spermophila. 1am now, however, quite convinced that it is

much more nearly allied to Phrygilus. My C. homochroa is in fact

an intermediate form, perhaps more correctly referable to the latter

group.

8. VoLATINIA JACARINA (Linn. ).

“One of the commonest birds around Lima, exceedingly tame and

gentle. Makes its nest in low bushes; and lays two eggs, with

brownish patches on a dirty-white surface. I have among my ‘ Birds

of Peru’ a carefully made drawing of the male and female, which,

strange to say, have never been described yet by any ornithologist.

All the descriptions I have seen refer to the male only. When the

female is sitting on the eggs, the male makes a number of jumps in

the air from a branch near the nest. rides nearly black.” —W. N.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. VII.

98 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF LIMA. [Feb. 13,

9, GreostTTa PERUVIANA, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 75.

‘« Frequents plains so dry and dusty that one would think nothing

animate could be found in them. Feeds on atomic Coleopterous

insects and spiders. I have lately found out its haunt. Irides

brownish black.”—W. N.

The first example I have met with of this interesting species, de-

scribed by Lafresnaye from examples procured by Delattre near Lima.

10. GEOSITTA CRASSIROSTRIS, Sp. Nov;

“Found on the hills around Lima and by the sea-side. It isa

very shy bird, and I know very little about it yet.”—W. N.

I was inclined at first to refer this species to Certhilauda tenut-

rostris, D’Orb. (Voy. p. 359, pl. 43. f. 2), although it does not quite

agree with D’Orbigny’s description ; but having entrusted the spe-

cimen to Mr. Salvin to compare with the typical specimens of that

species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled, through his kindness, to

say that it is quite different. I therefore propose to call it Geosttéa

crassirostris. Its description is as follows :—

G. supra obseure nigricans, plumis pallido fusco marginatis ; su-

perciliis et capitis lateribus albicantibus : alis obscure nigris,

remige externo unicolore, secundo et sequentibus plaga magna

fulvo-rufa, gradatim crescente et in secundariis basin totam

utriusque pogonii occupante, notatis: remigis septimi et ‘se-

quentium et secundariorum apicibus fusco-rufis: subtus cine-

rascenti-alba, gutture puriore, lateribus et crisso fulvo tinctus :

alarum tectricibus inferioribus lete rufis: cauda fulvo-rufa,

fascia lata ante-apicali nigra; rectricibus duabus mediis dorso

concoloribus : rostro et pedibus obscure fuscis. - :

Long, tota 6°5, ale 3°6, caudee 2°1, rostri a rictu lin. dir. 1-2,

tarsi 1 poll. Angl.

Hab. in Peruyie occidentalis regione maritima.

Obs. Aff. G. tenuirostri, sed rostro breviore et crassiore et alis

brevioribus distinguenda. |

Mr. Salvin remarks that ‘the bill of this species is much stronger

and shorter than in G. tenuirostris, and that in the latter the bill is

dark yellowish brown, clear yellow one-third of the base of the under

mandible. Also the tarsi and feet of the present bird are much

stouter, and the hind claw stronger and more curved. The. whole

bird is of a darker brown above than G. ¢enuirostris ; the secondary

quills and tail of G. tenuirostris have no subterminal dark band, or

rather only have it faintly shown on the underside of the feather ;

the under plumage of G. tenuirostris is more tawny.”

These differences have since been confirmed by examination of

two examples of G. tenuirostris in the British Museum.

11, Puteocrypres MELANOps (Vieill.).

“‘Eyerywhere near Lima, not a wall, not a ditch, not a heap of

rubbish, but one or two of these birds can be seen. A Tartar for

1866. ] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF LIMA. 99

the spiders. Makes its nest in old walls, banks, &c. — [rides dark

brown.’—W. N

12. Muscisax1coLa MENTALIS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

“Perhaps migratory. I saw this species for the first time last

March in a meadow, running on the ground very fast and moving its

tail. It feeds on Coleopterous insects. Irides dark brown.’’—W. N.

13. SERPHOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.).

* Frequents sides of rivers, stony places in streams, and old arches.

Hunts on the wing and on the ground. | Feeds on Coleopterous

insects. Solitary. Irides reddish brown.”,—W. N.

14. Cyanoris AZAR, Licht.

“Haunts tufts of reeds in an inaccessible swamp a few miles from

Lima. In habits and manner of feeding just like the American Marsh-

Wren. Feeds on small insects on the reeds. rides nearly black.”

—W.N.

15, ELarnEa pAGANA (Licht.).

‘Migratory, arrives in December, departs in June. Feeds on

berries of Cestrum auriculatum. I never saw a vestige of an insect

on dissecting it. Irides blackish brown.’’—W. N.

16. PyrocerHaLus RUBINEUS (Bodd.).

“Found all the year near Lima. Has all the habits of a Tyrannus.

Frequents fields and open plains; feeding entirely on Coleopterous

insects. Irides dark brown.’’—W. N. ;

I have hitherto referred west-coast specimens to P. nanus, Gould,

described (Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 45) from the Galapagos, But I

find on comparison they are not fairly distinguishable from the

eastern bird. On the other hand, the northern P. mexicanus is

decidedly of larger dimensions, as far as I can judge from my exam-

ples, and may for the present remain apart.

17. PyrocerHauus opscurus, Gould.

**Has-all the habits of the last species. I have shot some with a

few red feathers on the breast mixed with the others. Irides dark

brown.” —W. N.

In my American Catalogue (p. 228) I have omitted to insert an

important synonym of this species, viz. Myiobius atropurpureus,

Tsch. F. P. Aves, pp. 24, 156.

18. Myiosrus nation, sp. nov, (Pl. XI. fig. 1.)

“Resorts to bushes of the thickest foliage and in the most unfre-

quented places ; hunts on the wing from branch to branch like a

Dendreca. Makes its nest at the extremity of a slender branch,

in the fork. Irides dark brown.’’—W. N.

This little Tyrant appears to belong to an undescribed species of

100 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS OF. LIMA, [Feb. 13,

Myjivbius, to which I propose to append its discoverer’s name as a

specific appellation. It is most nearly allied to M. cinnamomeus

and M, vierllotides, and must follow them in the arrangement which

I have given of this group in these ‘ Proceedings’ (1860, p. 466). It

may be characterized as follows :—

M. Murino-brunneus, uropygio fulvicante : pilet plumis intus au-

rantiacis : alis caudaque obscure nigris, illarum fasciis duabus,

tectricum apices occupantibus, cum toto corpore subtus clare

fulvis ; rostro superiore nigro, fiat iore pallescente: pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°3, caudee 2

Obs. Aff. M. vieillolidi: et ejusdem formee, sed statura minore, et

corpore supra fusco subtus fulvo, nec rufo, distinguendus.

As a companion to the present bird, I figure (Pl. XI. f. 2) my

Myjiobius pulcher, of Ecuador, which was described in P. Z. S.

1860, p. 464.

19. Coccyzus MELANOCORYPHUS, Vieill.

“Migratory, somewhat rare. I have procured eight or nine ex-

amples in thirteen years. Arrives in March, and stops with us a

few months. Feeds on grasshoppers, caterpillers, &c. Resorts to

low bushes and such as have thick foliage. Irides dark blue.” —W.N.

20. CoNURUS AURIFRONS (Less.).

** Abundant in the fields about Lima; always found in flocks of

ten or twelve. Feeds on Indian corn. When they alight on a tree

or bush they always select one of a light-green foliage. Makes its

nest in the rocks, where they roost by night.”—W. N.

21. CHAMPELIA ANAIS (Less.).

Metriopelia anais, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 76.

“Feeds on the plains, roofs of houses, and farmyards. Builds

iv holes in walls, &c., about Lima. When alive the naked space

around the eye is of a beautiful yellow.”—W. N.

22. CHAMMPELIA AMAZILIA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 78.

“* Makes its nest on the ground among the alfalfa (Lucerne), and

lays two eggs of a milky white. Feeds in meadows. Irides red-

dish.’—W. N.

23. CHAMPELIA CRUZIANA (D’Orb.).

Columbula cruziana, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 80.

“Feeds on the ground, in places where there is little herbage.

Makes its nest in a bush, a few feet from the ground. The female

lays two eggs, of a milky white.’—W. N.

1866. | DR. W. BAIRD ON A MONGCIOUS WORM. 101

5. Description of a New Species of Moncecious Worm, be-

longing to the Class Turbellaria and Genus Serpentaria.

By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S., &e.

The Worm which I now bring before the notice of the Zoological

Society is in the collection of the Derby Museum (the Free Public

Museum) of Liverpool; and I am indebted to the kindness of Mr.

Moore, the Curator of that institution, for an inspection of it. It

. Was presented to the Museum by Captain Berry, of the ship

‘Richard Cobden’ of Liverpool; and I have given his name to the

species.

SERPENTARIA BERRYI, Nov. sp.

Body flattened, ribbon-shaped, thicker and broader at the anterior

extremity, becoming thinner and narrower as it descends. The cen-

tral portion of the body is the thickest, becoming sharp at the outer

edges. The anterior part of the body is rather convex, and finely

striated across for a length of about 5 or 6 inches. After that, it is

smooth, but marked on the dorsal surface with a keel or raised nar-

row ridge, which runs down throughout the remainder of its length

to the posterior extremity. It is divided into very numerous narrow

segments. The mouth is very small and obscure. ‘The fissures on

each side of the head are distinctly marked ; and the aperture under-

neath leading to the visceral cavity is large, oval, and strongly puck-

ered on its inner edge. As preserved in spirits, the colour appears

to be a uniform dull greyish yellow. .

Total length of specimen, preserved in spirits, 16 inches ; breadth

at about 2 inches from the anterior extremity 9 lines, breadth near

the tail about 3 lines.

In general shape this Worm approaches very nearly to one found

on the northern shores of our own coast, the Serpentaria fragilis of

Goodsir, especially as that species is represented by Sir J. Dalyell in

his ‘ Powers of the Creator,’ vol. ii. pl. 6. A large Worm from the

coast near Montrose has also been described by Dr. Gray in the

‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1857, under the name of

Lineus beattiei, which in many respects resembles this species,

though perhaps that may be identical with the Serpentaria fragilis

of Goodsir.

Captain Berry, in his notes upon the capture of this Worm, says,

‘This Worm was taken in a drift-net off Singapore, and kept alive

in a bucket of water for a day or two. When at rest it lay at the

bottom, contracted to about 6 inches in length. When swimming,

it stretched to about the length it now is (16 inches) ; but when irri-

tated, it stretched to a length of between 2 and 3 feet. When put

into spirits, it vomited the other Worm in the bottle.”

One of the pecultarities of the family to which the genus Serpen-

taria belongs, is the curious facility which these Worms possess of

vomiting, or expelling from the large aperture under the head, the

whole of the alimentary canal. A case of this sort was recorded by

102 MR.T. DAVIDSON ON JAMAICAN BRACHIOPODA. [Feb. 13,

the late Mr. Beattie of Montrose, in regard to the Lineus longis-

simus, in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1858 (p. 307). The

specimen there referred to is now in the collection of the British

Museum. We have a specimen also, in the same collection, of the

Serpentaria fragilis, belonging to the collection of “ non-parasitical

Worms”’ of the late Dr. Johnston, which, according to the usual

habit of these Worms, is broken into many pieces, and in which this

tube or alimentary canal appears partly detached and partly remain-

ing fixed in the body of the Worm. The case under notice at pre-

sent is the third instance which has occurred to me of this curious

fact. Capt. Berry, having seen the Worm vomit forth the whole

tube, considered the expelled part an Entozoon; whilst Mr.

Beattie, in his case, looked upon it as the young of the Lineus, thus

making these animals to be viviparous. Diesing, in his ‘ Systema

Helminthum,’ mentions two genera in which this circumstance oc-

curs, and quotes two species in which, he says, ‘‘ tubus cibarius

totus interdum expellitur.”’ In all probability it is a circumstance

which is common to all the species of the genera Lineus, Meckelia,

and Serpentaria.

6. Notes on some Recent Brachiopoda dredged by the late

Lucas Barrett off the North-east Coast of Jamaica, and

now forming part of the Collection of Mr. R. MacAn-

drew. By Tuomas Davinson, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.

(Plate XII.)

During his residence in Jamaica the late Lucas Barrett dredged

several new and interesting small species of Brachiopoda, which he

brought to England in 1862, and placed in the hands of the late

Dr. S. P. Woodward for description ; but, alas! owing to that natu-

ralist’s state of health, this task was never accomplished. In May

1864 Dr. Woodward requested me to describe and figure a new and

very remarkable species of Thecidium, which formed part of the little

series above mentioned; and more recently Mr. R. MacAndrew

has deposited the whole collection in my hands for description.

I will therefore briefly allude to the species already known, and give

descriptions of those that are new to science.

The Brachiopoda found by Mr. Barrett seem to belong to five

species, of which three are new.

1. TEREBRATULINA CAPUT-SERPENTIS?

Some seven examples were- dredged on the north-east coast of

Jamaica, at depths of 60 and 150 fathoms; but as none of the spe-

cimens exceeded two lines in length and were very young shells, it

is not possible to say with certainty whether the full-grown shell

nay not have presented peculiarities which would have distinguished

it from Linneus’s well-known and far-spread species.

_ hie

PZS. 1866. PLXI

WWest iam.

New Brachiop ods and Crustaceans.

1866.] | MR. T. DAVIDSON ON JAMAICAN BRACHIOPODA. 103

2. ARGIOPE BARRETTIANA, Day. (Pl. XII. fig. 3.)

Shell small, somewhat pentagonal; dorsal valve semicircular,

slightly indented in front; hinge-line straight, as long as the entire

breadth of the shell, and forming acute angles at its junction with

the lateral margins of the valves ; hinge-area narrow; valves unequally

convex, dorsal valve very slightly so and with a shallow depression

along the middle; ventral valve very convex, with a deep sinus.

Surface ornamented withfrom eight to twelve corresponding radiating

rounded ribs, with interspaces of almost equal width, but of which one

is a little wider and deeper along the middle of each valve, while in

the sinus of the larger valve there sometimes exists a smaller or

shorter rib. Area in the ventral valve acutely triangular, foramen

large, deltidium rudimentary: shell punctate. In the interior of the

dorsal valve the apophysary system consists of a distinct loop or

riband-shaped lamella, originating at the base of the sockets, and

forming a curve on each side so as to meet and adhere to the single

central prominent submarginal septum, this lamella being also partly

confluent with the valve. Proportions variable; the largest specimen

measured about 3 lines in length by a little more than 4 in width.

This beautiful Argiope is of a light yellow colour, the interspaces

between the ribs being slightly tinged with red. It approaches most

nearly to Argiope cuneata (Risso), but is a much: larger shell, and

possesses when full-grown a larger number of ribs. In external

shape it also bears some resemblance to certain examples of A. de-

collata, as well as to some other fossil species, but may be at once

distinguished by its loop, which is two- and not four-lobed.

Hab. North-east coast of Jamaica, at a depth of about 150 fathoms.

I have named this shell after my lamented friend Lucas Barrett,

whose life was so prematurely sacrificed to his zeal for scientific

discovery.

3. ARGIOPE WOODWARDIANA, Dav. (PI. XII. fig. 4.)

Shell very small, somewhat pentagonal, indented in front ; dorsal

valve semicircular; hinge-line as long as the width of the shell,

moderately convex, but divided into two lobes by a deep median

suleus ; ventral valve deeper and more convex than the opposite one,

and with a longitudinal groove along the middle; beak very promi-

nent ; area acutely triangular, foramen large, deltidium rudimentary.

External surface smooth, whitish yellow, with a few red patches

arranged in radiating interrupted lines from the beaks. The shell

is also marked with numerous concentric lines of growth. In the

interior of the dorsal valve the loop is two-lobed, adhering to a

central submarginal elevated septum. Shell-structure punctate.

Proportions variable; the largest specimen measured, length 2},

breadth 2, depth 12 lines.

This interesting stout little shell differs from its congeners in its

shape as well as in its smooth and spotted surface. It was also

found alive by tie late Lucas Barrett, at a depth of 60 fathoms, on

the north-east coast of Jamaica, and is a much smaller shell than

——

104 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE PUDU DEER. _ [Feb, 27,

the preceding one. We name it after our much lamented able friend

Dr. 8S. P. Woodward, whose premature death was a very great loss

to science as well as to his many friends ; for no observer was more

acute and conscientious or more correct in his varied researches.

4, THECIDIUM BARRETTI, Woodward, MS.; Davidson, Recent

and Tertiary Species of Thecidium (Geological Magazine, i. pl. 2.

f. 1, 2, 3, July 1864).

As stated in the paper above mentioned, in external shape this

most remarkable species cannot be distinguished from the Mediter-

ranean shell; but its interior is very different, and resembles, in its

simple arrangements, that of several Jurassic forms, such as Theci-

dium moorei, Th. triangulare, &c.

Thecidium barretti was obtained by Mr. Barrett, at 60 fathoms,

on the north-east coast of Jamaica, and was also found by him fossil

in the newest pliocene beds of the same country.

5. THECIDIUM MEDITERRANEUM, Risso.

Two specimens of this species were dredged alive by Mr. Barrett,

at 60 and 150 fathoms, on the north-east coast of Jamaica. In

pl. 2. fig. 5, of vol. i. of the ‘ Geological Magazine’ for July 1864,

I have described and represented the interior of the dorsal valve of

one of these specimens.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. figs. 3 & 4.

Fig. 3. Argiope barrettiana, nat. size.

a. —— , Magnified.

36. —— , interior of dorsal valve.

3e¢. ——,, ventral valve of another specimen.

Fig. 4. Argiope woodwardiana, nat. size.

4a. , magnified.

46. ——- ——, profile view of both valves.

4c. -_— ——, ventral valve.

February 27, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to the fine

male example of the diminutive Pudu Deer of Chili (Cervus pudu),

recently presented to the Society’s Menagerie by Mr. Charles Bath

of Ffynone, Swansea.

In the temporary letterpress accompanying the figure of this ani-

mal in the second series of ‘Zoological Sketches’ (pl. 11), Mr.

Sclater had stated that it appeared somewhat dubious whether this

Deer ever developed horns at all. There could, however, be no

longer any doubt upon the subject, as the present example showed

1866. ] DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. 105

Head of Cervus pudu, g .

a pair of small straight horns, without any branches, measuring about

2 inches in length. ‘Ne

_ Dr. Gray exhibited a series of glass models of Actinie, made in

Dresden, which had been presented to the Trustees of the British

Museum by the Rev. Robert Hudson.

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Habits of the Prongbuck (Antilocapra americana),

and the Periodical Shedding of its Horns. By Corserr

A. Canrietp, M.D.*

“Monterey, California,

September 10, 1858.

**Sir,—Your report on the Mammalia of this western coast,

and more especially the description and account of the Prong-horned

Antelope (Antilocapra americana) in vol. viii. of the ‘ Railroad Re-

ports,’ has induced me to send you the results of my own observa-

tions on this Antelope, believing that I can furnish you some new

facts that will sufficiently interest you to repay you for the trouble of

learning them. I take the liberty of saying this because I have ob-

served the Antelope for several years, have hunted them and killed

a number of them (perhaps 150 of all ages and sexes), have caught

and raised young ones, and am as familiar with them as most people

are with goats and sheep. In the region where I have observed

them (in the south-eastern part of the county of Monterey, Cali-

fornia) they run in bands of from six or eight up to hundreds. I

lived several years in a valley, half a mile wide and several miles long,

surrounded by open, dry grass-hills, the favourite habitat of the

Antelope. Scarcely a day passed that Antelopes did not pass by in

sight of the house, or did not come down to the water (100 yards

* A letter addressed to Prof. Baird, Assistant Secretary to the Smithsonian In-

stitution, Washington, F.M.Z.S., and communicated by him to the Society.

106 DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. [Feb. 27,

from the house) to drink. It was not difficult, when they came to

drink, to kill them with a Colt’s revolver.

From the first of September to the first of March Antelopes run

in bands, the bucks, does, and kids all together. At the end of that

time the does separate themselves from the band, one by one, to drop

their kids; they produce two at a birth. After a little the does

collect together with their young ones, probably for mutual protection

against the Coyotes. The old bucks, in the meantime, go off alone,

each one by himself, or at most two together, leaving the young

bucks and young does together in small bands. The old bucks now

for a month or two wander a great deal, and are seen in the timber-

lands and in other places where they never go at any other part of

the year, evidently tired of ‘the world,’ and fleeing from society.

After two or three months the young bucks and does join the old -

does and their kids ; and finally, by the first of September, the old

bucks and all are together once more in bands of hundreds or thou-

sands. Any particular band of Antelopes does not leave the locality

where they grow up, and never ranges more than a few miles in dif-

ferent directions. In the summer months they sometimes wander a

little distance from their customary range for the sake of water, at

which time they drink once a day, or sometimes twice in three days.

But when there is any green food for them to eat they do not drink

water ; and this is the case the greater part of the year. When there

is scarcely a blade of grass to be seen anywhere, I have been very

much surprised to see the stomachs of Antelopes full of green food.

«A band of Antelopes, when frightened, never run directly away

from you, but cross over in front of you, running across your path

from one side to the other repeatedly, and keeping about 100 yards

ahead. On this account it is sometimes easy on a smart horse to

run into a drove of them and catch cne of them with a noose.

«When an Antelope is alone, and is watching a person or animal,

and becomes frightened, it makes a sort of shrill blowing noise like

a whistle, and then commences bounding off. On the neck it has

a heavy, thick, chestnut-coloured mane, 5 or 6 inches Jong, and on

the rump a white patch of coarse hair; and when the animal is

frightened it always erects the mane and the hair of the white spot

on the breech, thus giving it a very singular and characteristic ap-

pearance as it runs bounding away from you. The Antelope has a

very peculiar odour, strong and (to some persons) offensive. This

comes principally from the glands in the white patch on the breech.

One of these is placed over each prominence of the ¢schium, below

and each side of the tail; and one over the junction of the sacrum

with the spine, 6 or 8 inches anterior to the tail. From these

glands a yellow saponaceous substance is secreted, which has a very

powerful odour. In the males this odour is often much greater

than in the females; so that it sometimes gives the meat of the

bucks, when poor, a very rank flavour, offensive to most people ;

but on the whole I consider the meat of the Antelope to be very

excellent, much better than that of the Black-tailed Deer. Of

the pelage I can add only that there is frequently a very sparse

1866.) DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. 107

crop of woolly hairs among, and about two-thirds the length of, the

coarse ones, and that the winter coat has a bluish or purplish cast

when it first appears, and afterwards fades toa lighter colour. It is

easy to catch the kids of the Antelopes while yet small, while only

a few days old. If aweek old, it is difficult to catch them, and they

will not live if caught. One I obtained under very singular circum-

stances. I shot a doe Antelope very heavy with young, and broke

one of her hind legs; I chased her down without much difficulty,

and, immediately cutting her throat, opened the belly to empty it of

its contents, when I perceived that one of the two foetuses with which

she was pregnant was still alive. I instantly delivered it from the

uterus and membranes and tied the umbilical cord. The kid (a male)

breathed and was lively, and I carried it home three or four miles.

It sucked readily an artificial teat supplied with cows’ milk, and

throve well for several days. At the end of that time, being obliged

to leave home, I left it (with one or two other little Antelopes) to

be taken care of by other persons. For want of care they all died

in my absence. Kids a day or two old, when chased, run a little

way and throw themselves flat down on the ground to hide them-

selves. In three different seasons I caught some twenty little ones,

but of all these I was able to raise only two males. Almost all young

Antelopes, upon exercising a little patience towards them, will suck an

artificial teat, and after a while learn to drink. I used a horn like

a powder-horn, but open at the large end, and with a quill inserted

in the small end so that it projected an inch, and wrapped around

with soft cloth; I fed them on cows’ milk, new and sweet. At first,

for a few days, they are exposed to have an attack of diarrhcea or

dysentery. If they escape this they live a long time, one, two, or

three months, growing slowly; but at the end of this time all the

female kids and almost all the male ones become diseased, have,

scrofulous inflammation of the joints, get a cough, become lame and

poor, and finally die, after lingering some weeks. I never yet have

known of a female Antelope being raised artificially ; the males are

more hardy, and with care nearly all can be raised. I think that

cows’ milk is not sufficient nutrition for them; for the milk of the

Antelope is very rich and sweet, like that of the goat ; and I should

expect to succeed better in raising them on goats’, or even by enrich-

ing cows’ milk with sugar, boiled cornmeal, &c. In the spring of

1855, of seven or eight that I caught, I succeeded in starting only

two kids, a buck anda doe. They both grew well for several months,

were gentle and great pets, when the doe became diseased with the

scrofulous trouble of which I have spoken, and, after three or four

weeks, died of phthisis pulmonalis, as a sectio cadaveris showed.

The male, however, continued in good health; and in July or August

his horns began to appear, very small at first, conical, and concealed

in the hair of the forehead. They grew to be perhaps ? of an

inch long and quite blunt, when they dropped off, in the month of

December I think, leaving small mammillary knobs that projected

from the frontal region about + an inch, and were slightly villous

with silky hairs. Within a day or two, or a week at most, these

108 DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. [Feb. 27,

protuberances began to be tipped with a point of horn once more,

that grew from the base, and increased in size fora year. They

dropped off in January, I think, being about 5 inches long, slightly

curved inwards at the tips, cylindrical, and the substance of the horn

hard and well developed. "The knobs that remained were about

13 inch long, slightly hairy, as before, and nearly concealed in the

long hair that grows around the base of the horns at that time of

the year. Sharp points immediately began to form as before; the

knobs changed from a rounded form to an oval outline, longer from

before backward ; and, directly, another protuberance began to be

developed at the base of each horn, in front; and each of these at

length became tipped also with horn. These were the anterior

prongs, not as yet connected with main horn, but which very soon

became consolidated. This was the condition of the animal’s horns

in October 1857, or when he was two years and a half old. They

were about 9 inches long, measuring in a straight line from the

frontal bone to the extreme curve of the points. At that time he

received a kick from a mule, that broke one of his fore legs. I

splinted and bandaged the leg, and he ran about with it so for more

than three months, when he was killed, I suppose, by a pack of

wolves. It was a great pity that he did not live two or three years

longer, so as to have made further observations on the growth of his

horns. But I think that the phenomena exhibited by his horns

while he did live, aud those exhibited by other Antelopes, have fur-

nished me with data sufficient to establish the proposition that I

now make, viz. that their horns drop off annually! When I began

to be acquainted with the Prong-horned Antelope, I believed (as

you and all the scientific world do) that they have permanent horns

like goats and sheep; but after knowing them a year or two I be-

came convinced that they shed their horns every year! And to

convince you of this singular fact is my principal object in making

you this communication. As the buck grows older his horns change

their form, until, the second time of shedding them, they are cylin-

drical and slightly curved inward at the tips. After the prong ap-

pears, the points of the horns become more and more incurved, until

in the oldest bucks they are remarkably hooked, some of them almost

as much so as a fish-hook, and very sharp and hard. In the months

of December and January I have never killed a buck with large

horns ; and at that time of the year all the bucks appear to be young

ones, because their horns are so small; whereas in the spring and

summer months almost all the bucks appear to be old ones, for their

horus are large and noticeable. Another proof of my proposition is

the following :—In the summer months I have noticed that the line

of demarcation is very apparent and abrupt between the horn and

the skin from which it grows, but that in the winter there is no

demarcation, the horn being very soft at its base, passing insensibly

into cuticular tissue, and the soft horny substance being covered

thinly with hair. The horns of Antelopes are very loosely set on

the medullary base, and are susceptible of considerable movement

in all directions. So ‘loose,’ apparently, have I seen them, that it

1866.) DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. 109

would not appear very strange that a little force shoald make them

fall. Again, all the Cavicornia, so far as I know, have rings on

their horns, and each year add one very perceptible width to the

horn at its base. Even the horns of Goats and Sheep are so; but the

Antelope is an exception. The horns, although rough, tuberculated,

and warty, and sometimes having longitudinal strize or furrows, never

show any circles or transverse rug. This fact appears to me a

very strong proof of the truth of my proposition. I think that my

observations prove beyond a doubt, then, that these animals shed and

renew their horns every year until they get full-grown ones—say, until

they are four or five years old or more,—and, furthermore, that it is

very probable that they renew them annually after that age; but I have

no positive proof of this. The does frequently have horns, sometimes

4 inches or even more in length, but very much incurved—so much

so that in two specimens that I killed the points or distal extremities

of the horns were concealed in the hair of the forehead. In my

opinion, it is easy to determine pretty nearly the age of a male An-

telope by the shape and size of his horns. Thus, in plate 25 of the

‘U.S. P. R. R. Ex. and Surveys,’ No. 1912 is (as you say) the horn

of a young buck; 1081 is anew horn of a young male ; 890, a three-

year old buck with new horns; 22 (at the lower left-hand corner),

a three-year-old buck with old horns; 655, new horns of an older

buck than the last ; 2471, old horns of a buck of the same.age as 655 ;

963, a still older buck ; C, a & 4, horns of a very old buck, the oldest

in the lot, except perhaps B; B, a new horn of a very old buck, or

else an abnormal condition of the horns. By the way, there is

scarcely a good specimen of horns in the plate, I might kill a dozen

bucks, every one of which would have better horns than those in

your plate. It cannot be objected to my facts that my pet Antelope

was in an artificial condition, and that on account of debility he lost

his horns; for he, on the contrary, was always very large for his

size, much larger than the young wild Antelopes. He was so gentle

and playful that he was saucy and troublesome. He always fed

within sight of the house, and slept near the house at night. He

used to follow the ranch dogs; and in the night, if they chased

Coyotes, he would run after Coyotes also, always ahead of the dogs,

for nothing could outrun him. He was the most salacious animal

that I have ever seen. When three months old he commenced to leap

upon the other pet Antelopes, the dogs, young calves, sheep, goats,

and even people sitting down or bent over to pick up anything from

the ground; and as he grew older the more salacious he became.

He always raised himself on his hind feet, and thus walked up behind

the animal that he wished to leap on ; and without sustaining himself

at all by his belly or fore legs he continued walking around, directing

the erected penis only by movements of the body poised on the hind

feet; until having introduced the penis, he instantly gave one con-

vulsive or spasmodic thrust, at the same instant of the thrust clasping

spasmodically the female with the fore legs, which he had betore

held up in the air without touching her. He would in this way go

to anything that was held for him. After he was a year old he would

110 DR. C. A. CANFIELD ON THE PRONGBUCK. [Feb. 27,

chase small animals about, making a noise like a ram when rutting,

and sometimes made the same rutting noise when going to leap on an

animal. He liked very much to have any one play with his head

and horns; but would not allow any other part of his body to be

handled or touched, and was very skittish and untractable, though

apparently so gentle. He would follow the dogs all day in the hills

with me when hunting ; but if separated from me by accident would

immediately go to the house. He thus returned home alone, one

day, a distance of twelve miles. He frequently ran out to meet the

Antelopes that were crossing the valley, or that were coming in to

drink ; and although he sometimes went off with them to the hills,

he always returned immediately to the valley. I raised also another

little buck Antelope ; but he was very wild, and ran away when eight

or nine months old, after the older one was killed ; so that I learnt

nothing from him, except that his first little horns fell off in No-

vember, when he was six months old or more.

«The doe Antelopes almost invariably bring forth two kids at a

birth. It is very rare (in fact I never have known) that a female

has been killed pregnant with only one foetus; and, on the other

hand, they never have more than two at a birth. In this respect

they are very different from the females of the Black-tailed Deer

(Cervus columbianus), which frequently bring forth only one at a

birth, and not uncommonly three. It is not rare to see a doe Deer

with three fawns following her; and I am assured by reliable hunters

that they have killed, occasionally, doe Deer pregnant with three

foetuses. In this respect, as in many others, the Antelope is much

more regular in his habits, much more conformable to fixed rules,

than most other wild animals. For example, the female Antelopes

all bring forth their kids about the same time, within the space of

about a month; whereas female Deer are dropping their fawns for

three or four months. Doe Antelopes are always ‘in good order,’

except when giving milk, though they never get very fat as do the

bucks sometimes. The fat of the Antelope is very hard, like sper-

maceti, and makes excellent candles. The Antelope trots, gallops,

and bounds, and is the swiftest animal in North America. The

greyhound cannot catch it in a fair chase; a fast horse can hardly

overtake one with one leg broken. I chased a buck three miles on

one occasion, having broken his forearm, and the ball having pene-

trated to the lungs; my horse was an excellent one, fast and ‘ long-

winded ;’ but it required all my efforts to overtake the buck in that

distance. The hide of the Antelope is thin and weak, but makes soft

and pliable ‘ morocco’ or dressed leather.

«In your report you say nothing of the existence of the Antelope

on this side of the Sierra Nevada; but I can assure you that they

abound everywhere in all the plains and valleys of the western slope,

down to the Pacifie Ocean.

“Much more could be added to the above, relative to the habits,

&e., of the Prong-horned Antelope ; but this must suffice; and if

what I have written you will be of any value to science, you are at

liberty to make such use of it as you think proper.”

1866.] _ DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMID. 111

2. Revision of the Genera of Phyllostomide, or Leaf-nosed

Bats. By Dr. Joan Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S8., &e.

The Phyllostomide may be defined as the Leaf-nosed Bats, with

well-developed intermaxillary bones, bearing permanent cutting-

teeth ; they have two bony joints in the index finger, and are con-

fined to the warmer part of the western hemisphere.

The dentition of the different genera of this family is very similar.

They, like other Bats, have normally three grinders on each side of

each jaw; but in one large tribe the hinder grinder is small, rudi-

mentary, and early deciduous, or altogether wanting ; and in another

genus that lives entirely on the blood of animals, and has very pe-

euliar digestive organs, the two hinder grinders in each jaw are

deficient, and the one that is present is reduced to a small size.

They generally have two premolars in front of the molar in the

upper jaw, and three in the lower. The hinder premolar, which is

probably analogous to the flesh-tooth in Carnivora, is always present ;

but the front one is often very small and deciduous, and in some

genera entirely absent.

The more normal genera have four cutting-teeth in each jaw ; but

sometimes the hinder tooth on each side of the jaw is early decidu-

ous, being pressed out by the enlargement of the canine, or, if

present, is sometimes in front of that tooth, especially in the lower

aw.

; The number of the premolars has been extensively used in di-

viding the species into groups. and considerable weight has been

attached to the presence or absence of the lateral cutting-teeth : but

in studying this character care should be taken as to the age of the

specimen under examination ; in some specimens these teeth are

shed when the canines enlarge, instead of being retained in ‘front

of them,

The family, since I wrote upon them in 1842, has received consi-

derable attention. MM. Gervais and De Saussure have written on

them ; the former has figured the skulls and teeth of many of the

species and genera.

Mr. Tomes has published a revision of the species of Vampyrus, a

description of the very curious genus Lonchorhina, and some other

genera.

Dr. Peters has for years been paying great attention to them,

having a monograph of them in the press illustrated with plates,

and has very lately published a revision of the genera and species

of the genus Vampyrus for the purpose of his monograph, of which

the paper above referred to must be regarded as the forerunner,

Dr. Peters has examined many of the typical specimens described

by Natterer, Wagner, and others in the continental museums, and

has thus got rid of a large number of nominal species.

Iam very much pleased to observe that, in his last paper, Dr.

Peters has placed considerable reliance in his generic characters on

the form and disposition of the warts on the chin, as this confirms

112 DR. J. Ee GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMID#. _ [Feb. 27,

the opinion that I formed when I published my paper on the “ Ge-

nera of Bats’’ in the ‘Magazine of Zoology and Botany’ in 1837,

more especially as the use of these warts to distinguish the groups

and species was a source of considerable amusement to my zoological

associates. Yet the genera now used are in several instances only

names given to the sections that [ proposed in 1837.

Dr. Peters, in his paper, has described one or two genera, or

rather subgenera, that are not in the Museum Collection. They

are marked with an asterisk in this table.

Mr. Tomes and Dr. Peters have divided the family into a few

genera, each containing several subgenera. This seems to me to ne-

cessitate the use of three names when only two are enough ; and several

of the forms which they have regarded as only subgenera seem to_

me (and this is particularly the case as regards Dr. Peters) to be

deserving of a higher position according to their own theory of no-

menclature. I have therefore been induced to publish the arrange-

ment here given, the tribes occupying the places which these zoolo-

gists give to genera, and showing, by making the groups tribes, where

I think they have overlooked the importance of certain forms.

The colour of the fur in some species, and perhaps in most, seems

to be of little importance for their distinction. I have found it the

same in the Horseshoe Bats. There are in the British Museum spe-

cimens of the large Fer de Lance of Brazil (Phyllostoma hastatum)

entirely sooty black, black above, and more or less blackish grey or

grey beneath, reddish brown above and more or less pale beneath,

and bright red bay above and beneath. These different colours are

not confined to specimens of one sex. Other species also vary, but

the Museum specimens do not show so large a series of differences.

This may arise from the fact that we have not so many specimens

of other kinds, the Fer de Lance being a large and conspicuous Bat,

and therefore collected and sent home by many persons.

In skinning Bats the tail is often entirely, and sometimes partially

withdrawn from the skin, and sometimes even the skin of it with-

drawn into the body. In drying the skin the position of the wings

on the feet or ankles is often altered, being either drawn down too

low or pulled up too high, and sometimes even the form of the nose-

leaf is changed. Several species, and even some genera, have been

described from specimens so altered.

Synopsis or GENERA.

Section I. Nostrils in the front of a disk which is ecpanded behind

into an erect, free, lanceolate leaf.

Subsection 1. Head elongate; margin of the lips entire. T'rue

grinders 3/3, the hinder well developed, short, transverse (ex-

cept in Carollia) ; premolars 2/2 or 1/2.

A. Tongue moderate, flat, smooth on the sides, and with a group of

recurved spines in the middle of the front part ; lower cutting-

teeth in a continuous series.

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMID. 113

A. Nose-leaf produced behind, entire ; interfemoral membrane well

developed. Tail distinct (except in Rhinops).

a. Front plate of the nose-leaf with an elevated edge and a central

process in front ; lower lip with two small triangular warts.

Tribe 1. LoNCHORHININA.

1. Loncuoruina. ‘Tail elongated to the end of the produced

conical interfemoral membrane. False grinders 2/2. ZL. aurita.

b. Front of the nose-leaf simple, with a thin flat front margin more

or less closely applied to the surface of the nose.

a. Wings narrow behind, from the knee to the ankle.

Tribe 2. Macropuyiuina. ‘Tail elongate to the end of the very

long truncated interfemoral membrane.

2. MacropHyititum. Chin with warts. Cutting-teeth 4/4 ;

false grinders 2/2. End of nose hairy. M. neuwiedii.

B. Wings broad behind, extending to the feet.

Tribe 3. Vampyrina. Lower lip slightly notched. Chin with two

triangular warts in front. Nose hairy, with porous tubercles.

* Tail none; interfemoral membrane very long, truncated. Nose

and chin only slightly hairy, with scattered glands ; nose-leaf

subtridentate at the tip.

3. Vampyrus. The nose-leaf free in front. Wings to the base

of the toes. False grinders 2/3. V. spectrum.

** Tail short ; ending on upper surface of the large truncated inter-

Semoral membrane.

+ Wings from the base of the toes.

4. Curotortervs. Lars very large. Cutting-teeth 4/2; false

grinders 2/3. C. auritus.

++ Wings from the ankles. Lower cutting-teeth 2, with a groove

in front.

5. Lorpnosroma. Ears large. Cutting-teeth 4/2; false grinders

2/3. DL. bidens.

6. Micronycreris. Ears long, rounded. Nose-leaf moderate.

Cutting-teeth 4/4; lower small, equal. Heel-bone long. Premolars

2/3. Chin-wart elongate, longer than broad. M. megalotis.

7. Mimon.’ Ears large. Nose-leaf very long. Cutting-teeth

4/2; lower with longitudinal grooves in front; false grinders 2/2.

Chin-wart short, broad, transverse. MM. bennettit.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. VIII.

114 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMIDE. [Feb. 27,

*** Tail elongate, produced behind to the edge of the truncated

interfemoral membrane. Wings to the end of the shins.

8. Macrotus. Ears very large. Nose-leaf hairy, attached to

the nose on each side in front, and with a row of glands on each side

of its base. Cutting-teeth 4/4 ; false grinders 2/3. M. waterhousii.

Tribe 4. PHytuosromina. The lower lip with a triangular disk,

with two or three warts surrounded by one or more series of

warts, and with a series of conical glands on each side of the

base of the nose-leaf. Tail short (in Rhinops wanting).

* Interfemoral membrane elongate, truncated. Tail short.

+ Wings from the base of the toes.

9. TyLostoma. Nose hairy, without any glands in front of the

nose-leaf. Cutting-teeth 4/2; premolars 2/2. 7. childrenii.

10. Guanpira. Nose with a series of glands in front of the

nose-leaf. Cutting-teeth 4/4 ; premolars 2/3. G. cayanensis.

tt Wings from the ankles.

11. Payztiostoma. Nose-leaf ovate, lanceolate, front part flat,

front edge close on nose; upper lip hairy ; lower lip with a smooth

triangular space with a series of round warts on each side. Cutting-

teeth 4/4; premolars 2/2. P. hastatum.

12. Atectors. Nose-leaf lanceolate, with a very strong central

ridge, front part concave, with a raised front and side edge; upper

lip hairy, not glandular ; lower lip with a triangular disk, with three

warts, the central one being oblong and longitudinal, and edged with

a series of oblong diverging warts. -Alectops ater. Fur deep black ;

forearm 24 inches. Surinam.

Alectops ater.

** Interfemoral membrane moderate ; hinder edge more or less con-

cavely cut out. Tail short (or none ?).

13. Caroxuia. Nose not warty; lower lip with three long warts,

with a series of broad warts on each side of it. Interfemoral mem-

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMIDZ. 115

brane short, reaching to the knee. Tail short. Wings from the

ankles. The third upper grinder small, oblong. O. drevicaudata.

14. Scuizosroma. Nose not warty; lower lip with a long

smooth triangular space, with a series of small oblong radiating warts

on each side. Interfemoral membrane rather large. Cutting-teeth

4/4, lower equal; premolars 2/3. Tail short. Wings from the

ankles. First joint of index shorter than second: S. elongatum.

First and second joint of index equal: S. minutum.

15. Rurnors. Face elongate, slender. Nose hairy, not warty ;

lower lip with a triangular space with a series of oblong radiating

warts on the sides. Interfemoral membrane moderate ; hinder edge

arched. Cutting-teeth 4/4; lower two middle large, truncated ;

lateral small. Tail none? WR. minor, n. s.

*16. RuinopHyiia. Face short, broad; lower lip with three

warts, the centre largest, with a series of oblong warts on the sides.

Interfemoral membrane moderate ; hinder edge arched. Tail none.

Wings from base of toes. Cutting-teeth 4/4; middle broad, bifid ;

grinders compressed, last upper small, circular ; premolars 2/2, front

upper minute. R. pumilio.

N.B. The third upper grinder of Carollia, as also that of Rhino-

phylla in a greater degree, resembles that of the Stenodermina, as

these genera also do in the small size of the interfemoral.

Tribe 5. Tracuyor1na. The end of the nose and chin flattened,

bald, with elongated fleshy processes; front of the nose-leaf

soldered on to the nose.

17. TRacuyors. Wings from the ankles. Interfemoral mem-

brane elongate, truncated. Cutting-teeth 4/4; premolars 2/2. 7.

cirrhosus.

B. Nose-leaf scarcely raised behind, and bifid, separated from the

nose by a deep groove behind and on the sides; end of nose

hairy. Interfemoral membrane small, margining the legs. Tail

very short, or none. The third upper grinder long and broad.

Tribe 6. BRACHPHYLLINA.

18. Bracnypuyiya. Tail very short. Lower lip with a smooth

triangular space bearded on the edges. Premolars 2/2; the third

upper grinder large, oblong, like the first and second. B. caver-

narum.

B. Tongue elongate, slender, exserted, with a band on each side

formed of many series of recurved spines. Lower lip with a

narrow deep notch in front. Lower cutting-teeth in two groups,

divided by a space in the middle.

Tribe 7. GLossopHAGINA.

19. GuossopHaca. Interfemoral membrane large, truncated.

116 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMIDE. [Feb. 27,

Tail short, with tip in upper surface of membrane. Front of nose-

leaf soldered to the nose. Lower lip with a triangular groove

edged on the side with round tubercles. Premolars 2/3. G.

soriana.

20. Monornytuivs. Interfemoral membrane distinct, deeply

and angularly cut out. Tail very short, free at the tip. Premolars

2/3. Lower lip with two small triangular warts. M. redmanni.

21. Anoura. Interfemoral membrane merely edging the legs.

Tail none. Premolars 3/3. Lower lip with two triangular grooves,

fringed or bearded on the edges. A. geoffroyi.

Subsection 2. Head short, broad; margin of the lip crenated, inner

edge bearded. Interfemoral membrane small, angularly cut

out, or only margining the legs. Tail none. True grinders 3/3 ;

the hinder small, circular, early deciduous or entirely wanting

in one or both jaws.

Tribe 8. STENODERMINA.

These Bats are nearly of the same colour, with a more or less

distinet streak on the sides of the crown and cheeks; some have a

dorsal streak. Some of the genera can only be determined by the

skull and teeth.

* Wings from the base of the toes. Interfemoral membrane mode-

rate, with the hinder edge angular or arched from the heel

to near the pelvis.

+ The palate produced and contracted behind ; the hinder nasal

opening on a level with the middle of the zygoma. Shoulders

without any white tufts.

t Upper cutting-teeth broad, bifid ; the upper jaw regularly arched

on the side ; grinders oblong, transverse. Nasal bone perfect ;

nasal aperture entire, transverse.

22. ArttBeus. Lower lip with a transverse triangular space

with three tubercles nearly in a transverse line; the middle largest,

edged on each side with round tubercles. The upper grinders ob-

long, transverse, the second smaller than the first, hinder absent ;

last lower grinder very minute. 4. jamaicensis.

23. Vampyrops. The lower lip with three round warts sur-

rounded by a series of small ones. The upper grinders nearly square;

the second rather larger than the first; hinder minute or wanting.

Middle upper cutting-teeth broad, entire. Nose-leaf with a lamina

behind. V. vittatus.

*24. Uroperma. “Like Vampyrops; but upper cutting-teeth

broad, bifid. U. personatum.”

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE PHYLLOSTOMIDZ. 117

tt Upper cutting-teeth elongate, simple; the upper jaw rather

flattened on the sides, converging in front ; upper grinders ob-

long, transverse, second larger than the first. Nasal bone very

narrow, having a central notch on upper part of nose.

25. CurroDERMA (Mimetops, Gray, MS.). C. villosum. C. pictum.

tt The palate short, broad ; the hinder nasal opening before the

end of the tooth-line. Upper cutting-teeth bifid. Nasal bone

complete. Shoulders without any white tuft. :

26. Arireus. Front edge of the nose-leaf attached to the lip by

a narrow space in the middle; greater part of the sides free. Lower

lip with a round tubercle above and two below it, forming a triangle,

and with a series of round tubercles along the outer edge of the lip ;

inner edge bearded. Wings from the base of the toes. Lower pha-

lange of the index-finger flattened, arched. Upper cutting-teeth

two-lobed. 4. flavescens.

ttt The palate very short, broad; the hinder nasal opening just

behind the tooth-line. Upper cutting-teeth conical, acute, iso-

lated. The foot rather more free from the wings. Shoulders

with white epaulets (over glands’).

27. PyGopERMA. Lower lip with a transverse disk, and a central

tubercle edged by a series of round tubercles. Face of skull high.

Nasal opening oblong, large. P. leucomum.

28. Amerripa. Lower lip triangular, high, with three tubercles

in a triangle edged with a series of very small round ones. Face of

skull depressed. 4. centurio.

** Wings from upper part of ankles. Interfemoral membrane small,

only margining the legs, hairy above.

29. Srurnrra. Front edge of nose-leaf attached to the lip by a

broad space in the middle, free on the sides. Lower lip with three

oblong warts in a broad triangle edged with warts on the sides.

Interfemoral membrane very narrow. Wings from the ankles;

lower phalanges of index finger slender, cylindrical, straight. Legs

and feet hairy. S. lilium.

Subsection 3. The head short, broad ; lips entire. Nose-leaf small,

bifid behind. The grinders small, rudimentary ; true grinders

1/2, compressed. Upper cutting-teeth 2, large, conical ; lower

separated into two groups, trifid. Cardiac end of the stomach

assuming the form of an elongated cecum. (See Huxley,

P. Z.S. 1865, p. 386.)

Tribe 9. Desmoptna.

30. Desmopus. Lower lip with a triangular space with simple

sides. Nose-leaf small, bifid behind. D. rufus.

118 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS BRAHMHA. [Feb. 27,

*31. Drpuyiuia. Tail none. Premolars 0/1 (Peters), or 1/1

(Gervais). D. ecaudata.

Section II. Nostrils in the concavities of a small disk, with promi-

nent side edges. The face with symmetrical erect cartilagi-

nous ridges. Interfemoral membrane marginal. Tail none.

Ears with an expanded lobe on each side, hooding the face.

Tribe 10. Cenrurtonina. Face with a small flat nasal disk, lobed

on the sides, having an erect sinuous process behind it, and with

a crescent-shaped palate on the forehead in front of a frontal

pore. Tragus small, distorted. Middle finger four-jointed.

Chin with transverse ridges.

32. Cenrurio. Chin with three transverse elevated leathery

bands, the lowest one largest and covered with hair. C. senew.

*33. TricHocorytTEs. ‘‘Chin with five transverse elevated bands;

the two front ones smaller, and placed in front of the three former

in Centurio.’ TT. macmurtrii.

3. Note on the Genus Brahmea of Walker.

By Artuur G. Burier, F.Z.8.

In laying before the Society the result of my investigations with

regard to these figures, which were prepared for Mr. Adam White,

formerly Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Mu-

seum, and intended to illustrate a paper in the Society’s ‘ Proceed-

ings,’ I wish it to be thoroughly understood that I have seen none

of the specimens from which they were taken, and that I am there-

fore compelled to depend upon the drawings alone for the descrip-

tions of the species. There are two examples of the old species B.

certhia in the National Collection.

Genus Brauma, Walker.

Section 1.

1. BranM#A CeRTHIA. (Fig. 1.)

Bombyx certhia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. 1. p. 412 (1797).

Brahmea certhia, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi. p. 1316

(1835); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. ii. p. 410.

dese. 932 (1858-9).

Bombyx wallichii, J. E. Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 39 (1832).

Bombyx spectabilis, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 443, pl. 31.

f. 3 (1841).

Hab. Sylhet; Nepal (Moore). B.M.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS BRAHMA, 119

Brahmea certhia.

2. BRAHM#A WHITE, sp. un. (Fig. 2.)

Corpus supra luteo-fuscum, rivulis pallidis variegatum: ale

antice integre, concolores, basi rivulis octo nigris; medio

paulo magis fuscescente, linea niyra utrinque irregulari incluso,

maculisque purvis in venas dispositis ; apice antico lineis con-

tinuis, lunulatis, nigris, albo marginatis ; margine postico pal-

lido, maculis apud apicem duabus, nigris, introrsum albo mar-

Fig. 2.

, Mi.

WAM, "M0,"

WADE

Wun

pst

Brahmea whitei.

120 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS BRAHMAA. [Feb. 27,

ginatis, maculisque sex albis submarginatis ; apice postico ri-

vulis decem nigris: ale postice dimidio basali nigro, lineis

pallidis pilosis ; dimidio apicali pallido, lineis nigris valde ir-

regularibus interrupto ; margine postico pallido, fascia pallida,

introrsum convexitatibus novem elevata submarginato : antenne

bipectinate, breves.

Hab. North-western India?

Closely allied to B. certhia; differs from it as follows :—Front

wings proportionally narrower; central band narrower, with smaller

and more numerous black spots ; inner edge of pale apical patch con-

vex and more regular, the lunulate lines entire, black margined with

white, their concavities reversed. Hind wings shorter and narrower ;

apical half with the markings much more elongate. Body: thorax

narrower ; abdomen with broader pale bands ; antennze much shorter.

3. BRAHMA PETIVERI, sp.n. (Fig. 3.)

Brahmea petiveri, Petiv. Gazoph. Cat. Class. et Top. p. 2. n. 213

( Pha/. maxima, Chusan, obscura, fusca, &e., 18. 3, C. 212).

Brahmea certhia, synon., F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind.

Comp, il. p, 410 (1858-9).

Mi)

Hina |

Mi j

YU,

Brahmea petivera..

Ale antice basi rivulis decem nigris ; medio lineis angularibus

brevibus albis maculato, pone fusco ad costam coarctato ; area

apicali rivulis decem fuscis ; margine postico pallido, maculis

octo pallidis submarginato: ale postice dimidio basali nigro ;

apicalt pallido, lineis multis fuscis, ex equo distantibus inter-

rupto.

Hab. Island of Chusan (China).

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS BRAHM#A. 121

Note.—In the markings of the front wings this species seems more

nearly allied to B. lucina (Drury).

The above insect must, I think, be quite distinct from B. certhia ;

for, although the figures in Petiver’s book are undoubtedly quite out

of date, it seems unlikely that any artist in making a representation

of a species would go so far out of his way, to make the likeness a

bad one, as to neglect characters in the hind which he had not over-

looked in the front wings, as, for instance, we find in the figure by

Petiver that the submarginal spots, common to the species of this

genus, are represented in the front, but not in the hind wings. The

numerous other differences will be at once seen by reference to the

figures ; andI think, taken in conjunction with the locality in which

this species was captured, they fully justify its separation as a species.

Section 2.

4, BrauM#aA Luctna. (Fig. 4.)

Phalena attacus lucina, Drury, [lustr. in. pl. 34. f. 1.

Bombyz lucina, Oliv. Ene. Méth. Ins. v. p. 31. 27.

Saturnia lucina, Westw. ed. Drury, iii. p. 45, pl. 34. f. 1; Proe.

Zool. Soc. Lond. (1849) p. 56. n. 25.

Brahmea ?lucina, Walker, List Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. pt. vi.

p. 1316. n. 2.

Hab. Sierra Leone.

Fig. 4.

Brahmea lucina.

122 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW CRUSTACEANS. [Feb. 27,

4. Description of Two New Species of Phyllopodous Crusta-

ceans. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S., &c.

(Plate XII.)

1. LeprpurRus ANGASH, sp. nov. (PI. XII. fig. 1.)

Animal, including flap of tail-segment, about an inch long. Cara-

pace rounded, oval, of a pale horny colour (in spirits), covering more

than two-thirds of the abdomen. Central keel somewhat blunt or

obtuse for two-thirds of its length, becoming, near the extremity,

sharp and prominent. It is quite smooth and free from dentations.

Lunated notch at the extremity of the carapace rounded and finely

toothed on its margin. The edges of the carapace are smooth, ex-

cept for a very short distance at the posterior extremity, not dentated

or serrated, but of a rather thicker consistence, and of a darker

colour than the rest of the carapace. The dentations at the posterior

extremity are very small and blunt, requirmg a good magnifying-

power to see them. The rings of the abdominal portion of body are

beset with a few stout spines, curved downwards. The flap of the

tail-segment has a fine keel running down its centre, with a few spines

on its anterior half; and its edges are distinctly, but very finely,

toothed or serrated. The filaments of the tail are rather more than

half the length of the body, and are densely clothed with numerous

very short fine sete. The appendages of the first pair of feet are

short, each articulation being shortly toothed on each side at the

upper portion.

Hab. Rain-pools on the Gawler Plains, north of Adelaide, South

Australia (G. F. Angas, Esq.; Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens of this new animal were brought to this country

from South Australia by Mr. Angas. In 1850 I described, in the

‘Zoological Proceedings’ of that year, a species of Lepidurus (L.

viridis) from Van Diemen’s Land, which approaches somewhat, in

general appearance, this species from South Australia. The ZL. vi-

ridis, however, is about double the size; the carapace covers less of

the body, and the edges of the lower half of its length are serrated ;

while in L. angasii the carapace covers nearly two-thirds of the body,

and the edges are smooth and not serrated. The carapace, also, in

this species is more rounded in shape than in LZ. virzdis, which is

decidedly more of an oval form. The colour of L. angasii is of a

pale horny hue; whilst in L. viridis, as its name implies, it is of a

fine green.

2. EstHERIA NEWCOMBII, sp. nov. (Pl. XII. fig. 2.)

Carapace oval in shape. Beaks prominent, placed near anterior

extremity. The dorsal margin slopes directly down to the posterior

extremity, which is nearly as broad as anterior extremity. Ribs of

carapace about sixteen in number, narrower at the beaks, and be-

coming broader as they descend towards the ventral margin. The

intervals of the ribs are dotted with punctations, which are small

M&N Hamhart,amp

Smut del ebjith

ANTROSTOMUS

PENIS

RVU

XiAeasiailea sSisdUNa.L s oo =

Tart! yarvyae7y

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDE. 123

and very numerous, and run into each other so as to produce a sort

of running pattern.

Length nearly 3 inch; breadth about j inch.

Hab. California (W. Newcombe, Esq.; Mus. Brit.).

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII. figs. 1 & 2.

Fig. 1. Lepidurus angasii, p. 122.

la. Whole animal, natural size.

14. Anterior portion seen from beneath.

le. Abdominal portion, to show the spines.

1d. Abdominal portion, to show tail-flap.

Fig. 2. Estheria newcombii, p. 122.

2a. Natural size.

2. Dorsal view.

2c. Ventral view.

2d. Portion of carapace highly magnified to show the structure.

5. Notes upon the American Caprimulgide. By P. L.

Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.

(Plates XIII., XIV.)

In the notes upon the American representatives of this family of

birds which I have to offer to the Society I shall confine my remarks

to such specimens as I have had an opportunity of examining myself,

not venturing in this very difficult group to give any opinion upon

species unknown to me.

The principal authorities I have to refer to upon the subject are

(1) Mr. G. R. Gray’s list of the specimens of this family in the

British Museum*, published in 1848, (2) Mr. Cassin’s ‘ Catalogue

of the Caprimulgide in the Collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia’ (1851), and the same naturalist’s critical

remarks upon the American species published in the ‘ Proceedings ’

and ‘Journal’ of the same Academy‘, and (3) Burmeister’s account

of the Brazilian species of this family in his ‘Syst. Uebersicht d.

Thiere Brasiliens’ (vol. ii. p. 370 et seg.). As regards the northern

species, our best authority is of course Professor Baird’s ‘ Birds of

North America.’

Before, however, I speak of the American species of Caprimulgide

known to me, I will commence with a few preliminary observations

upon the whole of the family, and its geographical distribution.

The Caprimulgide, as they are usually limited, present us with

two very different types of structure in their feet, which enable us

to separate them readily into two divisions. ‘The first of these affords

us one of the few known instances of deviation from the normal rule

* List of Specimens, &c., part 2, sect. L., Fissirostres.

t ‘Notes on an Examination of the Birds of the Family Caprimulgide, &e.?

(Proc. Acad. Phil. v. p. 175, 1851); and ‘‘ Monograph of the Birds composing

the Genera Hydropsalis, Wagler, and Antrostomus, Nuttall” (Journ. Acad. Phil.

ser. 2. vol. ii. p. 118).

124 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

as regards the number of the phalanges of the digits in the class of

Birds—tbe fourth or outer toe having only four phalanges, like the

third or middle one. This peculiarity is accompanied by the pre-

sence of the well-known pectination of the inner edge of the claw of

the long middle toe. This structure of the feet is met with in all

the typical Caprimulgide—that is, in all the forms allied to our com-

mon Caprimulgus europeus. (See figs. 1, 2.)

Figs... Bisel;

Fig. 1. Left foot of Antrostomus vociferus.

2. Left foot of Nyctidromus albicollis.

In the second division, containing the genera Steatornis and Nyc-

tibius of the New World and Podargus, Batrachostomus, and Aigo-

theles of the Old World, the pectination of the medial claw is want-

ing, and the outer digit has the normal number of five phalanges.

(See figs. 3, 4, and 5.)

A second part of the skeleton of the Caprimulgide, which presents

us with some very important characters, is the sternum. The great

differences between the sterna of Caprimulgus and Podargus have

been well pointed out by M. Blanchard*, and may be seen at a glance

on reference to the two sterna of Caprimulgus stictomus, Swinhoe,

and Podargus plumiferus, Gould, which I now exhibit. (See figs. 6

and 8.) They are such as scarcely occur in any other natural family

of birds, and may probably ultimately necessitate the separation of

the forms allied to Podargus into a distinct family +. Of the sternum

* Ostéologie des Oiseaux, p. 94.

+ Dr. Cabanis has proposed (Orn. Not. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 343) to re-

move the Podargine into the family Coraciide, but without giving any very good

reason for so doing. At the same time, he leaves Nyctibius with the Caprimul-

gide. Dr. Cabanis considers that the Podargine are most nearly allied to the

Eurylemine, which, however (except Peltops, which is a Muscicapine form allied

to Monarcha), I agree with Mr. Wallace in placing next to the American Co-

tingide. Tt seems to me that wherever Podargus and its allies go Nyctibius

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. = 120

Fig. 3. - Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Right foot of Steatornis caripensis.

4. Left foot of Nyctibius jamaicensis.

5. Right foot of Podargus cuweri.

must follow. But Steatornis, being undoubtedly allied to Nyectibius, offers is a

transition between the two extremes which renders it difficult’ to place them at

any distance apart.

126 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

of Nyctibius I am likewise enabled to exhibit a specimen, through

the kindness of Mr. Eyton. (See fig. 7.) It will be evident that

Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Fig. 6. Outline of sternum of Caprimulgus stictomus.

7. Outline of sternum of Nyctibius jamaicensis.

8. Outline of sternum of Podargus plumiferus.

this, form represents the Podargi in the New World. Its sternum

has the same shortened squared shape as that of Podargus, and has

also the two posterior fissures, although the outer pair are not deeply

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDE. 127

cut in beyond the inner pair as in Podargus.

Unfortunately I am

not able to show a sternum of the curious form Steatornis; but M.

Blanchard has given a figure of it (Ostéologie, pl. 3. f. 3), whereby

it appears that it resembles that of the typical Caprimulgine in the

outline of the posterior margin, but has the general squared confor-

mation of that of the Podargine. Under these circumstances I think

we may divide the Caprimulgide very naturally into three different

subfamilies as follows :—

Subfam. I. Poparainz.

Claw of middle toe not pectinated ; New World.

outer toe with five phalanges ; sternum

with two pairs of posterior fissures.

a. Outer pair of posterior fissures

much deeper than inner pair ;

tarsus long and naked; eggs

colourlesse sis. crlasiasteiee «

6. Outer pair of posterior fissures -

not deeper than inner pair; op

tarsus Si teeth Sherer 4, Nyetibius.

_ feathered; eggs coloured .

Subfam. IT. Srearornituine.

Claw of middle toe not pectinated ;

outer toe with five phalanges ; sternum

with one pair of shallow posterior

fissures; eggs colourless* .......... 1, Steatornis.

Subfam. ITI. Caprimutern 2.

Claw of middle toe pectinated ; outer toe

with four phalanges only; sternum

with one pair of shallow posterior

fissures; eggs coloured.

1. Podager.

2. Lurocalis.

a. Glabrirostres: rictus smooth..4 3. Chordetles.

Pe ee

4. Setirostres: rictus armed with

strong bristles ....:..... 10, Stenopsis.

9, Antrostomus,

11. Hydropsalis.

12. Heleothreptus.

13. Nyctidromus.

14. Stphonorhis.

Old World.

1. Podargus.

2. Batrachostomus.

3. Aigotheles.

4. Lyncornis.

5. Eurystopodus,

‘aprimulgus.

7. Scotornis.

8. Macrodipteryzx.

I now proceed to discuss the American species of these three sub-

families :—

Subfam. 1. PODARGINAE.

Of this subfamily there is but one genus in the New World,

namely

Nycrtisivs, Vieill.

Besides the very short and feathered tarsi, this genus is distinguish-

* Cf. Des Murs, Rey. Zool. 1843, p. 33; et Trait. d’Ool. Orn. p. 259 e¢ seg.

128 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. [Feb. 27,

able from the Old-World Podargine by the singular form of the bill

(which has a strong tooth on the margin of the upper mandible), and

by other peculiarities. I have seen specimens of five very distinct spe-

cies of this genus, which may be shortly distinguished as follows :—

1. NycTIBIUS GRANDIS.

Caprimulgus grandis, Gm. (ex Buff. P). Enl, 325); Max. Beitr. in.

p. 299.

Nyctibius grandis, Vieill.; Gray & Mitch. Gen. Birds, i. pl. 67;

Jari. & Selby, Ill. Orn. ser. 1. vol. ii. pl. 89; Schomb. Reise, ii.

p- 711; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 374.

Albo-cinereus, partim rufescens, nigro vermiculatus ; axillis nigris,

humeris rufis : subtus dilutior, fascia pectorali indistincta

nigra: long. tota 19, ale 14, caude 10 poll. Angl.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff.) ; British Guiana (Schomb.) ; littoral of

S.E. Brazil (Maz.) ; Upper Ucayali (Bartlett).

Easily distinguished from all its relatives except NV. ethereus by

its dimensions. It is well figured in Gray and Mitchell’s ‘ Genera’

(J. c.) about two-thirds of the natural size. The egg of this bird

is described by Burmeister in Cabanis’s Journal (1. p. 171), and has

been figured by Thieneman.

2. NyYCTIBIUS ZTHEREUS.

Caprimulgus ethereus, Max. Beitr. i. p. 303.

Nyctibius ethereus, Cassin, Cat.Capr., et Pr. Acad. Phil. v. p. 184;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 375.

Rufus, nigro striatus, subtus dilutior, magis ochraceus ; maculis

pectoris rotundis et striis in ventre nigris: long. tota 20,

ale 13, caude 12.

Hab. Littoral of S.E. Brazil, province of Bahia (Maz.).

This large species is easily distinguishable from N. grandis by

its shorter wings and longer tail, by the rufous colouring above, the

large black terminal spots on the breast-feathers, and the longitu-

dinal black strize on the belly. There is a specimen in the British

Museum, and others in Mr. Eyton’s and Mr. Salvin’s collections.

Mr. Cassin (Pr. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. v. p. 184) says very truly

according to my ideas) that this species is a “‘ much larger bird”’ than

the next following, “being about the size of N. grandis.” But the

figure given by Mr. Cassin in the ‘ United States Exploring Expedi-

tion,’ Atlas, Ornithology, pl. 14, and stated (p. 191) to be ‘of the

natural size,” is of much smaller dimensions than those assigned to it,

and in some other respects more nearly resembles NV. longicaudatus.

3. NycriBrus LONGICAUDATUS.

Caprimulgus longicaudatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 1, pl. 1.

Nyctibius longicaudatus, Tsch. F. P. p. 124; Cassin, Cat. Capr.,

et Pr. Ac. Phil. v. p. 184.

Rufus, nigro vermiculatus ; maculis pectoris rotundis et striga

subrictali distincta nigris ; alis caudaque subtus distincte nigro

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. 129

transvittatis ; crisso et plaga humerali pallide fulvis: long.

tota 18, ale 12°2, caude 10.

Hab. Forests of the River Japura (Spiz) ; Eastern wood-region

of Peru, prov. Maynas (T7'sch.).

Easily distinguishable from N. ethereus by its smaller size, brighter

rufous colouring, especially below, and the distinct broad black bars

on the wings and tail. Specimens are in the British Museum and

in Mr. Eyton’ s collection.

4. NyYcTIBIUS JAMAICENSIS.

Caprimulgus jamaicensis, Gm. S. N. 1. p. 1029.

Nyctibius jamaicensis, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 41; Ill. pl. 6; Cassin,

Pr. Acad. Phil. v. p. 185.

Caprimulgus cornutus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. x. p. 245, et Enc. Méth.

p- 538 (ex Azara, no. 308).

Nyctibius cornutus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 376; Tsch. F. P. 123.

NV. urutao, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837.

N. pectoralis, Gould, Icon, Av. pl. 8.

Fusco-cinereus, nigro striatus et maculatus, axillis nigris, humeris

rufo indutis: subtus dilutior, scapis plumarum omnium et ma-

culis pectoris rotundis nigris : long. tota 15 ad 13, ale 12 ad

9°5, caude 8°5 ad 6°'5.

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse et Osburn); Guatemala (Constancia) ;

Ecuador, near Quito ( Fraser) ; wood-region of Eastern Peru (J'sch.) ;

Paraguay (Azara); 8.E. Brazil (Burm.).

I agree with Mr. Cassin (Pr. Acad. Sc. Phil. v. p. 185) in con-

sidering all the names given above referable to one widely distri-

buted and somewhat variable species. Hitherto (see Cat. of Ame-

rican Birds, p. 278) I have kept the Jamaican bird distinct, but

merely on account of its larger size. But Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan

specimen is larger than any Jamaican I have met with; and, as will

be seen by the subjoined table, in which the measurements of nine

individuals are given, there seems to be every gradation of size when

a series is examined. However, it is possible that more extensive

research may enable the southern species to be discriminated.

Gosse’s Nyctibius pallidus (B. Jam. p. 49, et Ill. pl. 7) is com-

monly regarded as only a variety of this species. But I am rather

doubtful whether this is correct. Mr. March (in Jité.) states that

he believes it to~be distinct.

Measurements of Nyctibius jamaicensis.

Patria. Mus. Long. tota, ale, caude. Lat. rostri.

NPeIHINAICA: f 01s 6 ards ss i eal DS Hae nee 14-5 11-4 8-0 21

DIO ANAICA® 2. x okies se MPSS oe ccsuerae 14:0 11-1 Ci 19

o. Jamaica .......... Hyton ........0- 14:0 11:0 79 2-0

4. Guatemala ........ Oy Salvinisisv<ch- <0 % 15-0 12:0 8-5 21

5. Andes near Quito .. P.L.S8. ........ 13:5 10°6 76 ue

6» squth America ....°P. I, S: .....0.. 13:0 9-9 6:5 LZ

“STS Aga eesen bane PYLON aeielcjetel pier = 140 10:2 72 1-9

UC ORaRpoeosere cee Blyton +... 0522's 13-0 95 6:8 16

MGS ere coke maces SOR US ec Coa 13-0 10:0 7-0 LEP 4

Proc. Zooi. Soc.—1866, No. IX.

130 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDA. [Feb. 27

5. NYCTIBIUS LEUCOPTERUS.

Caprimulgus leucopterus, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 311.

Nyctibius leucopterus, DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pls. 49, 50; Burm.

Syst. Ueb. il. p. 377.

Cinereus nigro maculatus, axillis nigris, humeris pure albis : long.

tota 11, aleé 8°3, caude 5°2. :

Hab. Coast-region of S.E. Brazil, Caravellos, and Bahia (Maz.).

At once distinguishable by its small size and the snowy-white patch

on the middle coverts. The only example I have seen of this spe-

cies has been kindly lent to me by Mr. Eyton.

I have not yet met with examples of two other species, which are

apparently valid, namely—

6. NycrTiBrIus BRACTEATUS.

Nyctibius bracteatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 1; Cassin, Cat.

Capr., et Pr. Acad. Se. Philad. v. p. 184.

Castaneo-fuscus, scapularium apicibus et abdomine maculis albis,

quasi bracteis, ornatus : long. tota 9:5, ale 6, caude 5°5

(Gould).

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Reg. Inst. de Liverpool et Acad. Philadelphice.

This must be a scarce species. In the thousands of Bogota skins

I have examined I have never met with it.

7. NYCTIBIUS RUFUS.

Nyctibius rufus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 711.

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.).

_ Apparently well marked by its rufous general colouring and small

size.

Subfam. Il. STEATORNITHINZ.

Of this subfamily there is only a single known representative,

namely,

STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS.

Caprimulgus steatornis et Steatornis caripensis, Humboldt.

Steatornis caripensis, ’ Herminier, Ann. d. Mus. ser. 3. iii. p. 321,

t.15; E.C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 88.

This remarkable bird was discovered by Humboldt and Bonpland

in 1799, near the Mission of Caripé in the province of Cumana, Ve-

nezuela. It also inhabits the caves beneath the ravine crossed by

the celebrated ‘‘ Natural bridge” of Pandi near Bogota, and the

‘Quebrada negra”’ of Guaduas in the same neighbourhood*, the

chasm called the Hoyo del Aire, fourteen miles N.N.E. of Velez in

New Granada; and in all probability other similar localities in

New Granada and Venezuela. :

* Roulin, Compt. Rend. iii. p. 94 (1836).

+ Holton’s New Granada (New York, 1857), p. 263.

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. 131

Mr. E. C. Taylor (/. s. c.) has lately given us an interesting ac-

count of his excursion to the caves inhabited by this bird in Trinidad,

and I am indebted to that gentleman for one of the specimens pro-

cured on that occasion. Its existence in Trinidad was first deter-

mined by M. Hautessier. (See Bory St. Vincent in Compt. Rend.

vill. p. 474, 1838.)

Mr. G. R. Gray (Gen. of Birds, i. p. 44) states that the Stea-

tornis is also found in Guadeloupe ; but this I believe is an error,

originating in the fact that M.l’ Herminier, who has so well described

the bird in the ‘ Annales du Musée,’ lived in Guadeloupe. But M.

PHerminier expressly tells us that he obtained his specimens from

Caripé ; and I believe the form to be strictly a continental one—

Trinidad belonging zoologically to the neighbouring terra firma, and

having nothing to do with the Antilles. M. 1 Herminier does not

mention in his description that the tibiz as well as the tarsi of this

eccentric bird are naked, being covered only by a smooth horny skin,

and that there is no appearance of tarsal scutes.

There can be no doubt that this singular form is purely frugivo-

rous. Dr. Funck, who visited the cavern of Caripé in 1843, gives

us (Bull. Acad. Brux. xi. pt. 2. p. 373) the names of the fruits upon

which it feeds.

Subfam. III. CAPRIMULGIN 2.

We now come to the more typical Caprimulyide, which are always

distinguishable by the outer toe having only four digits, and by the

pectinated claw of the middle toe. The American species of’ this

subfamily are easily divisible into two sections. The Caprimulgine

glabrirostres containing the genera Chordeiles and its allies, do not

possess the strong bristles springing from the edge of the upper

mandible at its base and covering the gape, which distinguish the

more typical section or Caprimulyine setirostres. The genera of

this subfamily may be briefly distinguished as follows :—

Sect. I. CApRIMULGINZ GLABRIROSTRES.

A. Tarsis validis, digito medio longioribus, omnino nudis.. (1.) Podager.

B. Tarsis modicis, digito medio brevioribus, plus minusve

vestitis.

a. Cauda brevi, fere quadrata........-.ee-see000 (2.) Lurocalis.

6. Cauda elongata, paulum furcata .............. (3.) Chordeiles.

Sect. II. CaprRiMULGIN&% SETIROSTRES.

A. Aeree: tarsis brevibus, plus minusve vestitis.

a, Alis normalibus ; remigibus ii? et iii° longissimis.

a. Cauda modica, apice rotundata.:........ (4.) Antrostomus.

o’. Cauda elongata, apice equali .......... (5.) Stenopsis.

ce’. Cauda longissima, furcata aut bifurcata .. (6.) Hydropsalis.

6. Alis in mari abnormalibus; rem. vi. primis fere

MQuelibus). «aye easree eel st ..tyebis road... (4.)| Leleothreptus.

B. Terricole: tarsis elongatis, nudis.

a. Rostro modice lato: narium apertura vix exstante. (8.) Nyctidromus.

6. Rostro latissimo: narium apertura longe eminente . (9.) Stphonorhis.

132. MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID2. [Feb. 27,

Sect. I. CapRIMULGINZ GLABRIROSTRES.

Genus 1. PopAGErR.

PODAGER NACUNDA.

Caprimulgus nacunda, Vieill. (ex Azara, sp. 312).

Podager nacunda, Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 711 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i.

p- 400,

Caprimulgus diurnus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 326.

C. campestris, Licht. Doubl. p. 59; Temm. PI. Col. 182.

3. Fuscus, nigro vermiculatus et maculatus, gula, abdomine et

caude apice albis ; primariis nigris, late albo vittatis : long.

tota 11°5, ale 8°8, caude 4°3, tarsi 1.

@. Caude apice concolore.

Hab. Paraguay (Azara); S.E. Brazil (Maz. § Burm.) ; Brit.

Guiana (Schomb.) ; Bolivia (Bridges) ; Lower Ucayali (Bartlett).

The egg of this species is described by Burmeister in Cab. Journ.

f.Orn.i. p-. 170:

Genus 2. LurocALis.

This form is most nearly allied to Chordeiles, but easily distin-

guished by its short square tail. The tarsi are short, feathered in

front down to the toes, but naked behind. There is no white bar on

the wings or tail, but a narrow white throat-band. There are only

two known species of this genus, which differ little from each other,

except in size. These are—

1. LUROCALIS SEMITORQUATUS.

Caprimulgus semitorquatus, Gm. (ex Pl. Enl. 734).

Lurocalis semitorquatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. v. p. 189.

Podager gouldi, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 18.

Chordeiles semitorquatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 397.

Minor : long. tota 7, ale 6°7, caude 3.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff.) ; Cameta, South Brazil (Mus. Berol. teste

Burmeister).

2. LUROCALIS NATTERERI.

Caprimulgus nattereri, Temm. Pl. Col. 107.

Lurocalis nattereri, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. v. p. 190.

Chordeiles nattereri, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 398.

Major: long. tota 7'8, ale 7°8, caude 3°2.

Hab. S.E. Brazil, near New Freiburg (Burm.).

A skin of a species of this genus in Mr. Eyton’s collection, which

for the present I am inclined to refer to this species, is much larger

than the dimensions above given, measuring, long. tota 9-7, alee 8°5,

caudz 4. It does not otherwise differ materially from smaller-sized

specimens.

Genus 3. CHORDEILES.

The eight species of this genus which are known to me may be

shortly distinguished as follows :—

sot

1866.) MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDA. 133

Subgenus I. Chordeiles, tarsis in parte summa antice vestitis,

postice omnino nudis.

a. Primariis externis albo vittatis. 1. virginianus

a’, Primariis v. primis albo vittatis ..4 2. henryi.

3. minor.

4. texensis.

6’. Primariis iv. primis albo vittatis .. 4 5. acutipennis.

6. pusillus.

6. Primariis externis non vittatis.......... 7. rupestris.

Subgenus IT. Podochetes, tarsis omnino vestitis ......+..+++ 8. leucopygus.

I have a few remarks to offer on these species.

Subgenus 1. Chordeiles.

1. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS.

Chordeiles virginianus, auctt. plur

C. popetue, Baird, B. of N. A. p. 151.

Hab. Atlantic States of North America, southwards through Cen-

tral and South America into Brazil.

I cannot agree with my friend Prof. Baird in rejecting the old and

generally adopted name of virginianus for this species, although it is

no doubt true that Gmelin’s Caprimulgus virginianus is only in part

applicable to it.

This Night-Hawk seems to be widely distributed in America. It

extends from the Atlantic northern states, throughout Mexico and

Central America, to Panama, whence Mr. M‘Cleannan has forwarded

specimens. Natterer collected examples in the interior of Brazil

(his species no. 93) which I cannot separate from the northern bird.

My two specimens, obtained by that naturalist at Araguay in Octo-

ber 1823, are of the dark-coloured variety with little rufous on the

back, as in most examples from the northern Atlantic states.

2. CHORDEILES HENRYI.

Chordeiles henryi, Cassin ; Baird, J. c. p. 153.

Similis C. virginiano, sed alis extus albo variegatis, et ventre ime

erissoque purius albis.

Hab. New Mexico and Northern Mexico.

This seems to me little more than a pale variety of C. virginianus,

as already suggested by Prof. Baird. Mr. Dresser obtained it at

Matamoras, as panenecacd | in the ‘ Ibis,’ 1865, p. 47, along with C.

virginianus.

I shall leave it, however, to Prof. Baird, who has much better op-

portunities than myself for forming an opinion, to say whether this

form is to continue to rank as a species or not.

3. CHORDEILES MINOR.

Chordeiles minor, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 5; Sclater, Cat.

p. 279.

Similis C. virginiano, sed minor: long. tota7*7, ale 7, caude 4.

Hab. Cuba (Gundl.) ; Jamaica (Osburn).

134. MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

4, CHORDEILES TEXENSIS.

Chordeiles texensis, Lawr. ; Baird, B. N. A. p. 154; Sclater, Cat.

p- 279.

Hab. Valley of Rio Grande and southwards, west to Gulf of Ca-

lifornia (Baird) ; Mexico; Guatemala (Salvin); Nicaragua (Salvin).

This species, although very closely allied to the common South-

American Chordeiles acutipennis, is, I think, distinct. It is of larger

size, has longer wings, and has the larger wing-coverts and primaries

beyond them, nearly down to the white bar, marked with distinct ru-

fous spots on the outer web. These spots are certainly apparent in

the females and younger birds of Ch. acutipennis, but are hardly

seen in the adult males. I subjoin a table of measurements of a

series of the two species in Mr. Salvin’s collection and my own :—

Localit. Long. tota, ale, caudex.

C. texensis, ECRRT Re Guatemala ........ 8:7 73 45

6 execs Realejo, Nic. ...... 8:3 6-5 40

— Pat og Guatemala ........ 8-3 73 43

— Oe nies Guatemala ........ 8°7 73 45

— Dee tete-as Guatemala ........ 8:2 69 43

— OR sales Guatemala ........ 84 6:9 42

C. acutipennis, 8 ....+. BBS reazitl or, ua spate « ao ota 77 6-4 40

Ohms Fak Brag regan t-ausele's epahal. 6-4 36

— Eid sii Cayenne’) jeer sis ioe 78 6-4 36

— ieee Mobawots rate lefaie slots 76 65 3-9

——— 8 cli South America .... 73 66 38

5. CHORDEILES ACUTIPENNIS.

Caprimulgus acutipennis, Bodd. (ex Buff. Pl. Enl.-732).

C. acutus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1031.

Chordeiles acutus, Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil. vy. p. 188 ; Burm. Syst.

Ueb. ii. p. 395.

C. labeculatus, Jard. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, p. 118.

C. acutipennis, Cassin, Cat. Capr.

Caprimulgus sapiti, Natt. in Mus.Vindob.(no. 94); Bp.Consp.p.63.

Hab. Tobago (Kirk) ; Cayenne ( Buf.) ; S.E. Brazil, coast-region

(Burm.); Rio Brancho and Rio Negro (Nat¢.).

This is a very common South-American species. It comes nearest

to C. tewensis, but, as I have already shown, is of inferior dimensions,

and is not so much spotted with rufous on the outer primaries.

T caunot make out what Chordeiles brasilianus, Cassin (ex Gmelin)

(Pr. Acad. Phil. v. p. 187) is. Burmeister also gives a species of

Chordeiles as Brazilian, under the name Chordeiles pruinosus (Syst.

Ueb. ii. p. 394), and makes it identical with Cassin’s C. brasilianus.

Cassin gives no description of his species. According to Burmeister

it is very closely allied to the present*; but he mentions that the

five first primaries are barred with white. If this be really the case,

the species is probably C. virginianus; but that is a much larger

bird than the present. As I have already stated, there is not much

difficulty in separating the species of Caprimulgide when the speci-

* Of C. acutus he says, “ Gestalt und Grosse ganz wie bei den vorigen Art,

i.e. C. brasilianus” (1. c, p. 396).

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDE. 135

mens are before one; but it is not easy to reconcile the conflicting

opinions as regards the synonyms of the older authors.

Herr von Pelzeln informs me that Natterer’s MS. name sapiti,

concerning which there has been so much discussion, is undoubtedly

referable to this species, having been formerly applied to it in Nat-

terer’s catalogue. Natterer subsequently identified this species with

Caprimulgus semitorquatus, Gm. (Pl. Enl. 734); but I follow Cas-

sin and Burmeister in considering that the latter synonym must be

referred to Lurocalis gouldi.

I consider Caprimulgus hirundinaceus, Spix (Av. Bras. ii. pl. 3.

f. 1), probably identical with this species. The bill is drawn as

if bristled, it is true; but that is also the case in the accompanying

figure of Chordetles leucopygus.

6. CHORDEILES PUSILLUS.

Chordeiles pusillus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 182.

Hab. 8.E. Brazil, Lagoa Santa (Lund, in Mus. Hafn.) ; Fazenda

and Corunda, Brazil (até., no. 605).

The diminutive size of this little species, together with the white

erissum and chestnut shoulders, render it unmistakeable. My spe-

cimens (from Natterer) measure as follows :—

Localit. Long. tota, al, caude.

a@. Fazenda, July 1825 .............. 62 53 3:0

9. Corunda, July 1825 .........+--6. 6:0 5:2 3-0

The remaining species of the subgenus varies greatly from the

typical coloration. This is

7. CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS.

Caprimulgus rupestris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 2, pl. 2.

Chordetles rupestris, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 393.

3. Supra cinereus, fusco variegatus : subtus albus ; pectore cine-

rascente, fusco vario; ventre fusco maculato: alis nigris, spe-

culo alari et secundariis intus albis : caude rectricibus in po-

gonio interno (nisi dua medie dorso concolores) albis, harum

apictbus nigris: long. tota 8°3, ale 6°7, caude 3°7.

Q. Mari similis, sed magis rufescens et colortbus minus puris.

Hab. Rocky Islands of Rio Negro (Spix) ; Lower Ucayali ( Bart-

lett).

Subgenus 2. Podochetes.

8. CHORDEILES LEUCOPYGUS.

Caprimulgus leucopygus, Spix, Av. Bras. il. p. 3, pl. 3. f. 2.

Chordeiles leucopygus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. il. p. 393.

Lurocalis leucopygus, Cassin, Cat. Capr.

Hab. Brazil, vic. of Para (Mus. Berol.); banks of the Amazon

(Spix) ; Matogrosso, Brazil, Nov. 1826 (Natt., sp. no. 761).

Easily known by the want of any white wing-bar, the square white

mark on the three outer pairs of rectrices, and its short tarsi,

feathered down to the base.

136° MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

Cassin (Cat. Capr.) and Burmeister (Syst. Ueb.) refer “Capr.

minutus, Natt.,’’ Bp. Consp. p. 63, to this species. But Herr von

Pelzeln kindly informs me that there is no such name as this to be

found in Natterer’s MS., and suggests that it may be a misprint for

mivtus. This specific name of Lichtenstein was attached by Nat-

terer to his no. 357, which is Antrostomus parvulus.

Cassin, in his catalogue, refers the present species to Lurocalis ;

but its general form, except as regards the tarsi, is much more that

of Chordeiles. Spix’s specific name is not very applicable, as the

rump is not white; but I suppose he refers to the white mark on

the tail-feathers.

Sect. Il. CapRIMULGINZ SETIROSTRES.

Subsect. A. Aeree: tarsis brevibus, plus minusve vestitis ; rostro

plus minusve compresso.

Genus 4. ANTROSTOMUS.

Of this genus I cannot at present give a detailed account, for want

of additional specimens. Nor am I quite satisfied where the line is

to be drawn (if it is to be drawn at all) between Antrostomus and

Stenopsis, nor as to any real generic difference between both these

groups and some of the shorter-winged Caprimulgi of the Old World.

Reserving these points for future discussion, I may say a few words

about each of the species of this and the following groups which are

known to me.

The species of Antrostomus may be divided into two sections, as

follows :—

Sect. A. Without any white wing-spot.

Sect. B. With a white wing-spot on the second, third, and fourth

primaries of the male bird.

I possess examples of nine very distinct species of this genus, be-

sides three skins of females or immature birds which at present I do

not venture to introduce into the system.

Sect. A. Speculo alari nullo.

1. ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS.

Caprimulgus carolinensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1028.

Antrostomus carolinensis, Baird, B.N. A. p. 147.

Hab. South-Atlantic and gulf-states of North America (Baird) ;

Cuba (Gundlach); Jamaica (March, in litt.) ; Guatemala, Duenas

_ (Salvin).

At once distinguishable by its large size, and by the bristles of the

upper mandible being bordered with lateral filaments, which I have

not observed in any other species.

2. ANTROSTOMUS RUFUS.

Caprimulgus rufus, Bodd. et Gm. (ex Pl. Enl. 735).

Antrostomus rufus, Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil. v. p. 183, et Journ. 11.

p. 120.

A, rutilus, Burm, Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 385.

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDH. 137

Caprimulgus cortopao, Natt. Mus. Vindob. sp. no. 741.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff-); Para (Natt.).

I have a single female example of this species, from Natterer’s

collection. Mr. Salvin’s collection also contains a specimen.

3. ANTROSTOMUS SERICEO-CAUDATUS.

Antrostomus sericeo-caudatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. iv. p. 238,

et Journ. ii. p. 121, pl. 12.

Hab. South America.

I have a skin, believed to be from Venezuela, which I think may

probably be referable to the female of this species. There is a simi-

lar specimen in the British Museum, said to be from Bahia.

4. ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS.

Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils.

Antrostomus vociferus, Cassin, Journ. Ac. Phil. ii. p. 122; Baird,

B. N. Am. p. 148.

Hab. Eastern United States to the plains (Baird) ; Cuba (Lem-

leye) ; South Mexico, Jalapa (De Oca) ; Guatemala (Salvin).

This species seems to be abundant in Guatemala. Mr. Salvin ob-

tained examples at Coban and San Geronimo, besides other localities

in Vera Paz.

5. ANTROSTOMUS MACROMYSTAX.

Caprimulgus macromystax, Wag). Isis, 1831, p. 533 (7).

Antrostomus macromystax, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 296.

Similis A. vocifero, sed paulo major, alis longioribus, rostro lon-

~ giore et magis compresso : narium aperturis exstantibus ; tarsis

longioribus et magis denudatis : long. tota 9°7, ale 6°6, caude

5, rostri a rictu lin. dir. 1°4.

Hab. In Mexico merid. La Parada (Boucard).

Whether this bird is really Wagler’s C. macromystaz is certainly

problematical ; but there is no doubt at all of its being quite distinct

from A. vociferus, although at first sight it is surprisingly like that

species in coloration. I have not yet met with a second example of

this species.

6. ANTROSTOMUS NUTTALLI.

Caprimulgus nuttalli, Aud.

Antrostomus nuttalli, Cassin, Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. p. 123; Baird,

B.N.A. p.149; Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 158 et 538; Dresser, ibid.

. 470.

: Hab. High central plains of North America, extending to the Pa-

cific Coast ; Kansas and Arizona (Cowes) ; Texas (Dresser).

Easily distinguishable from 4. vociferus by its smaller size. It

appears also, judging from the specimens in my collection, to have

nearly the whole tarsus bare of feathers.

7. ANTROSTOMUS OCELLATUS.

Caprimulgus brasilianus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 337.

138 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. [Feb. 27,

Caprimulgus ocellatus, Tsch. Consp. Av., et Faun. Per. pl. 5. f. 2.

C. brasiliensis, Tsch. F. P. p. 125.

Antrostomus ocellatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. v. p. 183; ejusd.

Mamm. et Orn. Expl. Exp. p. 187; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 386.

Caprimulgus lunulatus, Natt. MS. (no. 518).

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); wood-region of Eastern Peru

(Tschudi) ; Ypanema, Brazil (Mus. Berol.).

Remarkable for the elongation forwards of the loral plumes, some-

what as in gotheles.

Sect. B. Speculo alari albo.

8. AN'TROSTOMUS NIGRESCENS.

Caprimulgus nigrescens, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 710.

C. semitorquatus, Gray & Mitch. Gen. Birds, i. pl. 17.

Stenopsis niyrescens, Cass. Cat. Capr.

Antrostomus nigrescens, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. iii. p. 91.

3. Nigricans rufo maculatus: subtus niger, albido-rufescente

regulariter transvittatus : vitta gulari, macula in remigum

ii”, iii’, e¢ iv’ pogoniis internis et rectricum lateralium apicibus

albis: long. tota 7°5, ale 5°5, caude@ 3°7. :

Q. Mari similis, sed maculis remigum et rectricum nullis.

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.); Para and Rio Negro (Nat¢. sp.

no. 880); New Granada (Mus. P. L. S.).

9. ANTROsTOMUS PARVULUS. (PI. XIII.)

Caprimulgus parvulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 22, et Zool. Voy.

Beagle, ili. p. 37.

‘© Caprimulgus mixtus, Licht.’ Natt. no. 357.

3. Nigro rufoque variegatus, pileo summo nigro, maculis in tec-

tricum alarium apicibus albis: subtus fulvus, nigro transradia-

tus: remigum ii”, iii’, et iv' vitta et rectricum lateralium api-

cibus albis : long. tota 7°5, ale 5°3, caude 4.

@. Mari similis, sed maculis remigum et rectricum albis nullis.

Hab. Banks of the Parana near Santa Fe, La Plata (Darwin) ;

South Brazil, Villa Maria, Sept. 1825 (Natt.).

I doubt much whether Peale’s C. equicaudatus (Zool. Expl. Exp.

Birds, p. 168) can be identical with this species, as supposed by Mr.

Cassin (Mamm. & Orn. Expl. Exp. p. 188, Atlas, pl. 13. f.1). It

is from Callao, Peru, a very different locality.

The female specimen of my pair (collected by Natterer) agrees

perfectly with Mr, Gould’s type now in the British Museum, and I

have seen another example in Sir William Jardine’s collection.

Genus 5. STENOPSIs.

The three species which I refer to this genus all have a broad and

distinct white bar across the first four primaries. They may be

diagnosed as follows :—

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID#, 139

a. Inner webs of outer pair of rectrices of male white, with a

single narrow black cross bar (fig. 9)

b. Inner webs of outer pair of rectrices of male black, with a broad

terminal and narrow medial bar white.

a’. Larger; collar above fulvous; no white basal bar

on inner web of outer rectrix (fig +6)"

8’. Smaller; collar above rufous ; a narrow white basal

bar on inner web of outer rectrix (fig. Ny) . S. ruficervix.

(7)

Fig. 10. Fig. 9.

S. cayanensis.

pb @lgts a) 6 ATED 0.6.0.8) 0) 6 2 ain) ©

S. bifasciata.

SSS

140 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

1. STENOPSIS CAYANENSIS.

Caprimulgus cayanensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1031 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl.

760); Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iu. p. 710.

C. cayanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 587.

C. leopetes, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. ser. 1. pl. 87.

Stenopsis cayanensis, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Phil. v. p. 179.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff.) ; Tobago ( Kirk).

This species is very easily recognizable by its white outer tail-

feathers. The four outer pair are for the greater part white, crossed

by a narrow black band on the inner web about halfway down, the

outer webs being also broadly edged and tipped with black. My

specimens were kindly presented to me by Sir William Jardine, having

been procured by his correspondent Mr. Kirk in Tobago, and are

therefore typical of his C. leopetes.

Azara’s “Ibiyau alas y cola blancas,’’ Apunt. no. 314 (unde Capr.

leucurus, Vieill.), is commonly referred to this species, which, if this

be correct, goes as far south as Paraguay. But I have never met

with examples from that country, nor from any part of Brazil.

2. STENOPSIS BIFASCIATA.

Caprimulgus longirostris, Bp. Journ. Acad. Phil. iv. p. 384 (7).

C. bifasciatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 22; Zool. Voy. Beagle, ii.

p -36; Gay, Fauna Chilena, i. p. 261 (certé).

C. decussatus, Tschudi, Consp. Ay., et Faun. Per. p. 126, t. 5. f. 1.

C. conterminus, Peale, Zool. Expl. Birds, p. 169.

Stenopsis longirostris, Cassin, Cat. Capr. et Mamm. & Orn. Expl.

Exp. p. 188; Atl. pl. 13. f.1.

Antrostomus longirostris, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 387 (2).

Hab. Mountains of Central Chile (Darwin) ; vicinity of Valpa-

raiso (Peale) ; vicinity of Santiago (Leybold); Peru (Tsch.).

It appears to me very doubtful whether Caprimulgus longirostris

of Bonaparte really belongs to this Chilian species ; and I have there-

fore adopted as its specific designation the next given name, bifasctatus

of Gould. I have seen Mr. Gould’s typical specimen of this species

in the British Museum, and find that it agrees with my examples,

which were transmitted by Leybold from the vicinity of Santiago.

Dr. Burmeister gives his dntrostomus longirostris as inhabiting

“middle Brazil and Amazonia ;”? but I have never seen the Chilian

bird from those countries, and should almost doubt its occurrence

there.

Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck have lately described a Capr. an-

dinus, from Chili (Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1860, p. 279), which seems

to be a female bird, perhaps of this species.

3. STENOPSIS RUFICERVIX, sp. noy. (PI. XIV.)

d. Supra nigra, rufo variegata, torque collari postico lete rufo ;

alis nigris, secundariis et tectricibus rufo maculatis, primariis

quatuor externis albo vittatis : subtus nigra, vitta lata gulari

alba; ventre fulvo, nigro transradiato: caude rectricibus

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGIDE. 141

lateralibus vitta lata apicali, altera mediali, et tertia minore

basali, in pogoniis internis, albis; rectricibus duabus mediis

dorso concoloribus: long. tota 9, ale 6, caude 4°7.

©. Vitta gutturali fulva, speculo alari rufescente, et caude

fasciis albis viv apparentibus.

Hab. in Nov. Granada int. et rep. Hquatoriali.

Obs. Similis S. bifasciate, sed minor, et torque collari rufo-

castaneo, caude pictura et pileo rufo punctato differt.

I have several examples of this very distinct new species of Ste-

nopsis, all received from Bogota collections. Two examples of the

same bird in Mr. Gould’s possession are from the vicinity of Quito.

The bird is probably the representative of the last species in the

Andes of Ecuador and New Granada, but is quite distinct.

Genus 6. HypRopsa.is.

The species of this genus may be divided into three easily distin-

guishable sections, as follows :—

Subgen. 1. Primaries crossed by a broad white wing-band; tail

doubly forked ; outer pair of rectrices of male of

the same length as the medial pair.............. Diplopsalis.

Subgen. 2. No white band on primaries; tail doubly forked ;

outer pair of rectrices of male much longer than

the medial pair, which are also prolonged........ Hydropsalis.

Subgen. 3. No white band on primaries; tail singly forked ; outer

air of rectrices of male more than double the

length of medial pair, which are the shortest .... Macropsalis.

Subgen. 1. Diplopsalis.

1. HypRoOPSALIS TRIFURCATA.

Hydropsalis climacocercus, Tsch. F. P. p. 128, pl. 6. f. 1 ; Cassin,

iver p. 118" (2).

H. trifurcatus, Natt. MS. no. 779; Tsch. J. ¢. p. 128.

3. Supra fulvescenti-fusca, nigro reticulata et variegata; tec-

tricibus alarum et scapularibus maculis magnis pure fulvis or-

natis ; alarum primariis nigris, vitta lata in quinque externis

alba ; caude@ rectricibus lateralibus utrinque duabus ad basin

nigris, unius utringue exterioris basi nigra albo vittata, inde

vitta lata longitudinali alba, apicibus ipsis fuscis; duabus

utrinque sequentibus albis, ad apicem fusco-nigris ; duabus

mediis dorso concoloribus : subtus alba, pectore fulvo, nigro

vermiculato : long. tota 10°2, ale 6, caude 6.

Q. Supra magis fusca, subtus omnino obscurior et nigro magis

variegata: cauda quoad formam mari simili, sed breviore, et

vitta longitudinali alba fere evanescente.

Hab. Maynas, Eastern Peru (Poeppig); Lower Ucayali (Bart-

lett) ; Rio Guaporé and Forte do Principe, interior of Brazil (Natt.).

As far as I can make out from Tschudi’s description and wretched

figure, his H. elimacocerca is not different from Natterer’s H. tri-

Jurcata. 1 cannot find any specific difference between a typical

specimen of HH. trifurcata, Natterer, and a series of skins obtained

J42 MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. [Feb. 27,

by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Ucayali, which must in all probability be

the same as Tschudi’s bird. However, as this is not quite certain,

I prefer to retain Natterer’s MS. name for the species, particularly

as it was published by Tschudi at the same time as hisown. Tschudi

gives no locality for his H. climococerca, but states that H. trifur-

catus was obtained by Prof. Poeppig in the province of Maynas.

The specimens of this bird collected by Schomburgk in British

Guiana, and referred to this species by Mr. G. R. Gray in his ‘ Cata-

logue of Nocturnal Fissorostres,’ are perhaps of a different species,

and may be separated as follows :—

2. HypROPSALIS SCHOMBURGKI.

Hydropsalis schomburgki, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit.

Similis H. trifurcato, sed minor et obscurior ; caude@ rectricibus

duabus mediis latius et magis distincte nigro fasciatis ; ventre

toto nigro maculato, crisso solum albo.

Hab. British Guiana (Sehomd.).

Mus. Brit.

Subgen. 2, Hydropsalis.

3. HypDROPSALIS TORQUATA.

Caprimulgus torquatus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1032.

C. psalurus, Temm. PI. Col. 157, 158.

Hydropsalis azare, Wag). Isis, 1833, p. 1222 (2).

Psalurus macropterus, Sw. Cab. Cyel. Birds, ii. p. 339.

Hydropsalis torquatus, Cassin, Journ. Ac. Phil. ii. p. 114.

H. psalurus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 381.

3. Fusco et ochraceo variegata, torque collari postico rufo:

rectricibus externis proximas dimidio excedentibus ; vexillo in-

terno nigro, intus albo limbato, ad basin ochraceo transfasciato :

rectr. mediis proximum par plus quam pollice superantibus :

long. tota 14:5, ale 6°5, caude rectr, ext. 11, med. 6°5.

2. Subtus fere omnino fulva, nigro transradiata ; cauda breviore

et magis quadrata.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Lagoa Santa (feet B

4. HyDROPSALIS PALLESCENS.

Hydropsalis pallescens, Von Pelz. Verh. Z.-b. Gesellsch. in Wien,

Nov. 8th, 1865, p. 986.

Similis H. torquatee, sed major et coloribus pallidioribus.

Hab. Brazil, Matto Grosso and Forte do Principe (Naté. no. 1048).

I have as yet only seen the female of this species, which has been

most kindly sent to me by Herr von Pelzeln out of the duplicates in

the Vienna collection.

I think it very probable that Azara’s Ibzyau cola de tixera (no. 309)

may belong to this species, and not, as generally referred, to H. tor-

quata. If this be so, the species will be entitled to be called H. fur-

cifera, the Capr. furcifer, Vieillot (Nouv. Dict. x. p. 242, et Ene.

Méth. p. 542), being founded upon Azara’s description.

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&. 143

Subgen. 3. Macropsalis.

The species of this group may be differentiated as follows by their

two external elongated tail-feathers :—

a. Rectrice externa elongata nigra, intus usque ad finem ae} H. forcipata.

Clin ST Apr Sas cen on aes sidGuctgoocdc dn Gaebd Geer HI. ypaneme.

6. Rectrice externa elongata nigra, apice albida, intus ad basin

AIP UStE FULOMAMADAUAL! '=/a¥e asiclarttcrernte! ca cretararealeleevorkia Siac H. lyra.

c. Rectrice externa elongata nigra, rachide alba, extus rufo vit-

Kieb eae b opatecabncvek= eke tots: aperetels, ab ite erecarakeis aisha: Srererasmetie’s cate H. segmentata.

Mr. Cassin has given excellent descriptions of three of them, and

illustrations of their tail-feathers in the ‘Journal of the Philadel-

phia Academy.’ Herr von Pelzeln has lately described a fourth spe-

cies allied to H. forcipata.

5. HypROPSALIS FORCIPATA.

Caprimulgus forcipatus, Nitzsch, Pterylographie, p. 125.

Hydropsalis limbatus, Cassin, Journ. Ac. Phil. ii. p. 115.

Caprimulgus megalurus, Licht. MS.

‘ Hydropsalis forcipatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 380.

Hiab. 8.E. Brazil, Organ-mountains ( Burm.).

6. HypDROPSALIS YPANEMZ.

Hydropsalis ypaneme, Von Pelz. Verh. Z.-b. Gesellsch. in Wien,

Nov. 8th, 1865, p. 985.

Similis H. forcipatee, sed minor, et in mare remige secundo primum

Sere equante, et rectricibus duabus mediis brunneo transverse

Sasciatis, secundam et tertiam longitudine superantibus diversa.

Hab. Ypanema, Brazil (Natt. no. 1049).

7. HyDROPSALIS LYRA.

Hydropsalis lyra, Bp. Consp. p. 59 ; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad.

1849, p. 238, et Journ. Acad. Phil. ser. 2. ii. p. 116.

Hab. Interior of New Granada, received in collections from Bogota.

8. HypDROPSALIS SEGMENTATA.

Hydropsalis segymentata, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1849, et

Journ. Acad. Philad. ser. 2. ii. p. 116; Sclater, Am. Cat. p. 281.

Antrostomus, sp.?, Sclater, Am. Cat. p. 280, sp. 1683 (2).

Hab. Interior of New Granada, and Ecuador, Matos (Fraser).

Genus 7. HELEOTHREPTUS.

HeELEOTHREPTUS ANOMALUS.

Amblypterus anomalus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 105; Ie. Av.

6.3. pl. 1.

z eels anomalus, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. p. 7 (1840) ;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 383; Von Pelzeln, Zool. d. Seve Bee Vogel,

p- 36 (note).

3. Remigibus prim. falciformibus nigris, omnibus intus ad basin

et quinque externis item ad apicem fulvis ; prim. sex externis

144. MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID. [Feb. 27,

Sere pari longitudine, sept. oct. et nono longissimis, decimo fere

dimidio breviore.

Q. Remigibus fuscis, rufo fasciatis ; quatuor externis fere equa-

libus et longissimis.

Hab. Interior of Brazil ; Mattogrosso, Goyaz, Ypanema, Cimiterio,

Curytiba, Ytararé, and Irisanga (Naét.).

Herr von Pelzeln has lately shown (J. c.) that the very abnormal

form of the wing in this bird is peculiar to the male sex.

Mr. Gould’s original specimen of this bird is now in the British

Museum. Besides the examples of this scarce bird mentioned by

Herr von Pelzeln, I have seen it in the private collections of Mr.

Eyton and of the late Baron de la Fresnaye.

Subsect. B. Terricole: tarsis elongatis, implumibus; rostro di-

latato.

Genus 8. NycripRomws.

NYCTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS.

Caprimulgus albicollis et C. guianensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1030. *

Nyctidromus americanus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1851, p. 179; Cab.

& Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 92; Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 125 (nee

C. americanus, Gm.).

Nyctidromus guianensis, N. albicollis, N. derbyanus, N. gralla-

rius, et N. affinis, auctt. var.

3. Rectricum pari tertio et quarto (a medio) fere omnino albis.

Q. Reetricum pari tertio et quarto nigris, fulvo transvittatis,

apicibus albescentibus.

Hab. Whole of Central and Southern America west of the Andes,

from Southern Mexico (Xalapa, Sal/é) to Southern Brazil; very

common in British Guiana (Schomb.); Vera Paz, common (Salvin);

Upper Ucayali (Bartlett) ; common in collections from Bogota.

Messrs. Cabanis and Heine have given a long list of the many

synonyms of this species (/. s. c.), which I believe to be quite cor-

rect (with the exception of Capr. americanus, Gm., which belongs to

Stphonorhis) and need not now repeat. I agree with these gentlemen

in considering that all the specimens met with from the various loca-

lities mentioned above are referable to one species. The South-

Brazilian specimens (V. derbyanus) are generally larger; but in Mr.

Salvin’s extensive series of skins of this bird from the Vera Paz some

of the males are quite as large. Bogota skins, on the other hand

(N. grallarws), are usually rather small.

Genus 9. SrpHonoruIs.

1, SIPHONORHIS AMERICANA.

Caprimulgus jamaicensis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 480.

C. americanus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 346.

Stphonorhis americanus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 77, et Am. Cat.

p- 282.

Hab. Jamaica (Osburn).

1866.] MR. SCLATER ON THE AMERICAN CAPRIMULGID&.. 145

I have nothing to add to the account I have already given of this

singular form. :

It appears therefore that about forty-two species of American

Caprimulgide may be regarded as well established. The subjoined

table gives their geographical distribution :—

1) ¢e: 3 | |

& ad g 3 5 | | :

| $2) =| 23/4) =| 2) 8|2

4) 8= (5) 58/3] 5/8) a) 5

| 22 | 8) |e) B/4) 3/°

S|FR/Elz8| |||

1. Nyctibius grandis..................4- Let), athe gdh etl ae

2. BELRERONG tnweterer, ndiealylo echo aso 4 ous el Baletoh” sha hess J

3. longicaudatus ...............+.- ae | *

4. KAY DUGETINIS tao 2h sia ote ale o/ls/ais. ci aiaislaia'é we) * | %| % [el ele

9.) ———“IEMCOPTELUS 2 2 ee cc ne we ce me a Ete | orl | Boa legge 3

6. bracteatus ..-...2......5. ld apor ts ail shite] te

fie MULE any saa atye ea so o-oo Bie Nes cd Ae) ke

8. Steatornis caripensis ............+++- Sled dea

9. Podager nacunda......... BBsteesonce Beet oo Prey eae eee

10. Lurocalis semitorquatus ...........-.. fell woreda rel cents

11. SENG FE Gly Se tne c sADIQEBDCIII HOMOOS 2 | crest locale tice lef Nes

12. Chordeiles virginianus ............../%| * |*| * |¥|#)*

13. GNT VAS Anais Fageta hase aloxelata’e7<"0) 10!<-2 *

NAS ——— A INION 5 tp alg e\ainy ait isl sla,c alee e/sfei- we] ce” |

US =r reich cee IRE Ones arn oOee ..| *

16. -—— acutipennis’............2....02- sill ms, erate Se, dae | eae

ie ——_punillnignysstatves gavcerce ates scsies 5 sof DEINE cree PaO TRY Tl ge

18. PHP CAGEIS Faia pty civie mpl alada=\ersi= > =" sis'ly Rice | = SUA clone pee fae

19. RESTO MY IS oj vatancios vin 5 epost aiein cele 40) Sealing! oc Benen cd

20. Antrostomus carolinensis ...........- *| *

Pee TUEEUINS wns wip c.ciain,Cia)s'e, ys sgucls s.sinie’s = *\..|% |

22. sericeo-caudatus .............06- x?

23. VIRCILELUS Plott tls ietn ticle Slebisle osc «- x| x

24. —— macromystaX ......-..+.-se---e .+| %

pe — TA HAALLL crass a aicletale oipislasoiniai nie «s./a\= *

Pai ——— OCCUAINIS) capaci pn. ole on aysyelv iw « oieie.s Sel tatetar a lege | earoeltscell so:

is" THIPTESCENS so ceiee se cs > cle ne sso || Peel ich be all ss

28. Pale, SNe eee keke win, oa: Dali tc.o.” |areif = Seong PEST 9e teSe

29. Stenopsis cayanensis .......+.--.+++- Jee] oe [oo] we |

30. PORCENYIK:, emia es isiecns ciselete = Herel s. 9 | Scie

31. IUEAROYAD SL, Joie ict srscatieh coasts a torads« Bete ai|eraimtie ae le Alina! 3 13

32. Hydropsalis trifurcata..............-- ara ree Ieilicers eles ae

33. BohOMuMaN Ge AN ts wo eels ee «ie cae FAA Ss lcs ea li:

34. forquatat 11) Meets he ode es > rc | Rca feel a ec Fad bee

35. BAMCRCBUEA ae sihbetaciripe's a= ee soe ar) ica Lc eel ees

36 HOPGED AEA: Grtasaststs hoes ib lah slats singe Se etsy « clea a al) 2

ENA ATICIIND 55 isto) 5. o's: oclafoie. singe >| ieksyalet® *

3c == dl gai SpGInO einen ioneaacias *

39. BEMMicMbatatae ts Moe ere le. ote ee wall ne ape 3

40. Heleothreptus anomalus.............- Ball ee) Cae et Beale

41. Nyctidromus albicollis .............-/%| * |--| * |¥|*|*

| 42. Siphonorhis americana ..........+++- we] ee || !

Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1866, No. X.

146 [Mar. 13,

MR. L. FRASER ON FORMOSAN MOLLUSKS,

March 13, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Fraser read the following list of species of Mollusks recently

collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, C.M.Z.S.,

in Formosa, stating that the list had been furnished him by Henry

Adams, Esq., F.L.S., and that it was a continuation of the list pub-

lished in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1865, p. 196.

Conus chaldeus, Bolt.

lignarius, Reeve.

Fusus colosseus, Lam.

Murex microphyllus, Lam.

Eburna spirata, Linn., var.

Phos senticosus, Linn.

Nassa thersites, Brug.

gemmulata, Lam.

marginulata, Lam.

olivacea, Brug.

tenia, Gmel.

Cuma carinifera, Lam.

Mitra coccinea, Reeve.

Fulgoraria rupestris, Gmel.

Semicassis decussata, Linn.

areola, Linn.

Dolium fasciatum, Brug.

Lagena wiegmanni, Ant.

Bursa rana, Linn.

Sycotypus ficus, Linn.

Dactylus mustelinus, Lam.

maurus, Lam.

Harpa major, Mart.

Natica maroccana, Chem.

lineata, Chem.

Ruma sebe, Sow.

Architectonica maxima, Phil.

Niso brunnea, Sow.

Volva volva, Linn.

Cyprea miliaris, Gmel.

tigris, Linn.

arabica, Linn.

Littorina melanostoma, Gray.

newcombia, Reeve.

pintado, Wood.

obesa, Sow.

Melania pyramis, V. d. Busch.

lateritia, Lea.

Melania fasciolata, Oliv.

crenulata, Chem.

Telescopium fuscum, Chem.

Lampania zonalis, Brug.

Pyrazus semistriatus, Bolt.

Cerithium variegatum, Quoy.

mitreformis, Sow.

Vivipara angularis, Mill.

Galerus extinctorum, Lam.

Gladius fusus, Linn.

Nerita guillouana, Récl.

costata, Gmel.

yoldii, Récl.

squammulata, Guill.

plicata, Linn.

Neritella subpunctata, Récl.

Senectus radiata, Gmel.

Iunella reclusa, Chem.

Turbo marmoratus, Linn.

Chondrula cantori, Phil.

Cyclophorus indicus, Desh.

Macha strigillata, Lam.

Miatula diphos, Linn.

Trigonella luzonica, Desh.

Macoma truncata, Jonas.

Cryptogramma flexuosa, Liun.

Circe undatina, Lam.

—- gibbia, Lam.

Callista citrina, Lam.

Chione dysera, Linn.

Trapezium, ? un. s.

Crassatella suleata, Lam.

Lithophaga fusca, Gmel.

Scapharca disparilis, Reeve.

Anomalocardia trapezina, Desh.

Limopsis japonica, A. Ad.

Amussium pleuronectes, Linn.

Lingula ovalis, Reeve.

Mr. A. Murray, F.L.S., read a communication on the minor cha-

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS AELLO. 147

racters by which the species of Mammals may be distinguished, and

called particular attention to the structure of the hair as shown

under the microscope, and the form of the dung, as likely to lead to

results available in classification.

Mr. H. B. Tristram, C.M.Z.S., gave a notice of the recent cap-

ture of Gymnetrus banksii, the Great Ribbonfish, off the coast of

Durham. The specimen was about 16 feet long, and was the ninth

instance on record of this fish having occurred on the British coasts

since the year 1700.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice of the Examination of the Type Specimen of Aé//o

cuvieri of Leach. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8.,

F.L.S., &e.

Dr. Leach, in the thirteenth volume of the ‘ Transactions of the

Linnean Society,’ has described several genera of Leafless Bats, espe-

cially one under the name of dé/lo, from a specimen in the Museum

of Joshua Brookes, of Blenheim Street, Oxford Street. This speci-

men was sold at his sale, and purchased by Professor Dr. Edmund

Grant of University College, London. I have more than once sought

for it in that collection without having been able to discover it, and

I believe that Mr. Tomes was equally unsuccessful.

The genus has not been recognized by the characters given by Dr.

Leach, though they are full and particular, and consequently has

been one of the puzzles to the students of these animals. It has been

conjectured to have been described from a specimen of a Bat in which

the tail had been partially withdrawn.

Wishing to verify the previous determination that Leach’s genus

Celeno was only a synonym of Noetilio, I requested Dr. Grant to

allow me to see the specimens under his care; and he most kindly

acceded to my request, and said he would put the Bats out on a table

that I might examine them whenever I called. I availed myself of

his kinduess accordingly, and went directly to see them. I was much

pleased, not only to find Celeno brookesti (which is certainly Noc-

tilio americanus), but also the long lost Aél/o cuviert ; and there could

not be a doubt for a moment that the latter was a species of my

genus Chilonycteris, which Gundlach has also described under the

. name of Lobostoma ; so that these generic names must give way to

the more ancient one of Aéllo of my earlier teacher and friend.

The specimen is in a moderately good state, considering that it

has been preserved dry, as it was expanded when it was taken out of

spirits. ‘The crest over the nostrils, and the end of the nose and

chin, are contracted. The skin in front of the chin and on one side

of the face have been cut off in order to examine the teeth. This

explains why the ridges of the chin and the peculiar form of the

nose, so characteristic of the genus, were uot described by Dr. Leach.

148 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE ANATIDE. [Mar. 13,

It is this imperfection of the description that has left the genus so

long unrecognized, and, indeed, made it impossible to determine what

it was without the examination of the type specimen. The hair is

of a very bright uniform red-brown colour, much redder than in any

specimen of Chilonycteris in the British Museum ; but it is a ques-

tion whether this is the proper colour of the fur, or whether it arises

from the partial bleaching of the specimen, which was probably taken

from spirits when it was prepared. The hair is of one uniform colour

to the base, wherein it agrees with the description of Lobostoma

cinnamomeum of Gundlach from Cuba, which I believe to be only a

variety of Chilonycteris macleayii. In the proportions of the arm-

bone and the fingers, &c., it also agrees with Chilonycteris macleayit.

The generic characters of Aéllo, as given by Dr. Leach, occupy

nearly a page of a quarto book, and yet no one has been able to dis-

cover the genus. One could not have a more convincing proof that

it is not mere length of character that is required to define a genus.

It is remarkable that Dr. Leach described two genera, Mormops

and Aéllo, so nearly allied to each other, without seeing their rela-

tion, and placed one in his group of Bats with leaves on the nose,

and the other in that without a nose-leaf. Yet he was a person who

had a quick eye for natural affinities; and zoologists ought never to

forget that it is to him we owe our acquaintance with the work of

Cuvier and Latreille. It was the desire to present the latter to the

English reader that induced him to devote the greater part of his

nights to its translation. He made it a rule to translate a certain

number of pages every morning before he had his breakfast and

began his daily official duties ; and this hard work, I believe, caused

the breaking down of his health and early death.

2. Additional Notes on the Anatide of the Genera Dendro-

cygna and Tadorna. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Ph.D.,

F.R.S., &c., Secretary to the Society.

I have a few additional remarks to offer on the species of Ducks

of the genera Dendrocygna and Tadorna, concerning which I have

previously communicated some notes to the Society*.

Sp. 6. DENDROCYGNA MAJOR.

The occurrence of Dendrocygna maor in Madagascar has been

confirmed by the receipt of a skin of this species recently collected

in that island by Mr. Gerrard, which has been kindly submitted to

my examination by Mr. A. Newton. ‘This species is at once di-

stinguishable from D. arcuata by its larger size and the white band

across the upper tail-coverts.

* ‘Note on the species of Tadorna living in the Society’s Menagerie ”’ (P. Z. S.

1864, p. 189), and ‘‘ Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Ducks of the

genus Dendrocygna”’ (ibid. p. 299).

+ See Mr. Newton’s account of this collection, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837.

1866. | MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE ANATIDA. 149

Sp. 7. DenpROCYGNA VAGANS.

I was not aware when I wrote my previous notes that this species

had been described and figured in Fraser’s ‘ Zoologia Typica’ (pl. 68)

under the MS. name bestowed upon it by Mr. Eyton. There can

be no doubt, therefore, that this name should be adopted as its first

given and very appropriate designation. Mr. Gould has apparently

altogether overlooked my notes on this species, as in his recently

published ‘ Handbook to the Birds of Australia’ (vol. ii. p. 374) he

calls it Dendrocygna gouldi. But, as I have already shown (P. Z.S.

1864, p. 300), the Australian bird to which the late Prince Charles

Bonaparte gave this MS. name is not separable from the Moluccan

and Philippine-Island Dendrocygna vagans.

Iam indebted to my friend Dr. G. Bennett for a notice of the

occurrence of this species in a more southern locality than has

hitherto been recorded. Ina letter from him, dated Sydney, May

19th, 1865, the following passage occurs :—

‘A curious occurrence took place on March 17th (Easter Monday),

being a holiday. When several thousand persons were about the

aviary in the Botanic Gardens, three wild Whistling Ducks (Dendro-

cygna arcuata, Gould) flew down to the tame pair of these birds we

have had for some time in a pond in the Gardens. They remained

some time swimming about in the pond with them (and could have

been easily shot), and then took their departure, and have not been

seen since. What renders this more singular is that the Whistling

Duck is very rarely or never seen nearer to Sydney than Port Mac-

quarie, and principally inhabits the northern districts.”

Mr. G. R. Gray, in his list of Pacitic Island Birds*, has also

noted the occurrence of this species in the Fiji Islands.

Since I wrote the article above referred to on Dendrocygna, the

‘British Museum has acquired a specimen of Dendrocygna fulva

(Gm.) from Mexico, which I have thus had an opportunity of exa-

mining for the first time. This species is very like D. major in form

and plumage, and is, in fact, hardly to be distinguished from it ex-

cept by its smaller size and shorter bill. If, as I believe is the case,

though I have not yet had an opportunity of comparing specimens

from South America, Dendrocygna virgata (Max.) is identical with

D. fulva, we have three very closely allied species presenting us with

the following distribution in the Tropics :

1. D. vagans, from the Philippines, through the Moluccas, to

N.E. Australia and Fiji Islands.

2. D. major, peninsula of India and Madagascar.

3. D. fulva, Central and Southern America.

The pair of Variegated Sheldrakes (Tadorna variegata), which I

have spoken of in my notes on the birds of that group (P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 190) as having been received from Mr. Sharpley in 1863, bred in

the Society’s Gardens for the first time in the spring of last year, in

* “Cat. of Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean in the Collection

of the British Museum’ (London, 1860), p. 54.

150 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW MOLLUSKS. [Mar. 13,

one of the small ponds near the Small Mammals’ House. Five eggs

were laid by the female in one of the breeding-boxes about the second

week in April, and five young birds were hatched on the 15th of

May. One of the five died in the first downy plumage, which in

this species very nearly resembles that of the young Ruddy Sheldrake

(Ladorna rutila). When about three months old the remaining

four moulted into the first feather-dress, in which stage they were

all four alike, and nearly resembled the adult male, having the

head and neck black. In the autumnal moult three of them threw

off the black hood, and assumed the characteristic white head of the

female.

This curious change of plumage appears to me of considerable

importanee, as I am not aware that any previous instance has been

recorded in which, the sexes being differently coloured, the dress of

the immature bird resembles that of the adult male.

3. Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species of

Mollusks. By Henry Apvams, F.L.S.

Genus Broria, H. Adams.

Testa fusiformis ; spira elevata, anfractibus ad angulum spinis

armatis, ultimo antice subrostrato ; apertura subovata, antror-

sum producta. Operculum corneum, tenue, rotundatum, multi-

spirale.

Broria PAGODULA, H. Ad.

Melania pagodula, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1. p. 218.

To pagodula, Gould, Otia Conch. p. 252.

This singular shell, which was first described ,by Dr. Gould as a

Melania, has much the appearance of an Jo, to which genus he sub-

sequently referred it in his ‘ Otia Conchologica.’ The operculum,

however, which I have recently had an opportunity of examining,

not only separates it from that genus, but shows its position to be

in the Cerithiide, and not in the Melaniide. It forms, in my opi-

uion, the type of a new group in the former family. It is from the

river Thoungyin, ‘lavoy, Siam.

Coxuina Graciuis, H. Adams.

C. testa elongato-turrita, in medio tumida, tenui, pallide fulva ;

spira truncata, anfractibus ad 10, convewiusculis, longitudi-

naliter plicatis et transverse concinne striatis, plicis in anfractu

ultimo obsoletis ; sutura cingulo moniliformi ornata ; anfractu

ultimo valde contracto, et in medio angulato; apertura semi-

ovali, canali brevi, recurvo ; columella obliqua, vix arcuata ;

labro valde expanso, incrassato, subreflero.

Long. 10, lat. 13 mill.

Hab. Eastern Seas (Coll. H. A.).

—— ae

P.2Z.8 . 1666. Pie

M & N Hanhart ae

J Smit hth .

MICRORHYNCHUS LANIGER

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 151

This species is most nearly allied to C. macrostoma, Hinds, but is

smaller and more attenuated ; the last whorl is angulated in the

middle and more contracted, and the sculpture, although of the same

character, is more sharply defined ; it is also without any of the

coloured markings which distinguish C. macrostoma.

4. On the Structure and Affinities of Microrhynchus laniger.

By St. Grorce Mivart, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

(Plate XV.)

MIcROoRHYNCHUS LANIGER (Linn.). (Pl. XV.)

Lemur laniger, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmelin, i. p. 44. no. 10;

Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 99, pl. 34; G. Cuvier, Régne An. t. 1. p. 29;

Blainville, Ostéogr. Lemur, pls. 8 & 11.

L. lanatus, Schreber, Siiug. pl. 42.

Lichanotus laniger, Iliger, Prodromus, p. 72.

L. avahi, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. v. nat. Gesch. xi. p. 44.

Indris longicaudatus, Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Ann. du Mus. xix.

p- 158; Mém. sur les Makis (1796), et Tabl. des Quad. (1812) ;

Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 97.

Indris laniger, Smith, 8. Afr. Journ. (1835) ii. p. 27.

Indri laniger, Fischer, Syn. p. 73, et Anat. der Maki (1804),

=O:

f Semnocebus avahi, Lesson, Species (1840), p. 210.

S. laniger, Vrolik in Todd’s Cyclop. of Anat. & Phys. iv. p. 215.

f. 136.

Habrocebus lanatus, Wagner, Schreber, Suppl. i. p. 258 ; v. p. 140.

Avahis laniger, Isid. G. St.-Hilaire, Lecons des Mamm. et Cat.

Primates, p. 69 ; Paul Gervais, Mammiféres, pt. i. p. 164, pl. 7.

Avahi, Jourdan, L’ Institut, t. ii. p. 231, 1834; Chenu, Encyelop.

d’Hist. Nat. Quadrumanes, p. 256, pl. 32.

Microrhynchus laniger, Jourdan, Thése inaug. a la Fac. des Sc.

de Grenoble, 1834; J. E. Gray, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 141; St. George

Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 638.

Maquis a bourres, Sonnerat, Voy. aux Indes Orient. t. ii. p. 142,

pl. 89, 1782.

Autre espéce de maki, Buffon, Suppl. vii. p. 123, pl. 35.

This species was first described and figured by Sonnerat in his

‘Voyage aux Indes Orientales’*; but the muzzle is drawn much

too long and pointed. The animal is moderately well represented in

plate 35 of the seventh supplementary volume of Buffon’s ‘ Histoire

Naturelle,’ published in the ever memorable year 1789.

In 1839 an excellent representation of the skull and dentition ap-

peared in De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie,’ Lemur, pls. 8 and 11.

* Vol. iv. p. 92, and pl. 87, in the octavo edition in the library of the British

Museum.

152 MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

In 1844 Professor Van der Hoeven published a representation of

the external form and of the skull*.

A woodcut of a skull in the Museum of Leyden (probably the

same as that figured by Professor Van der Hoeven) appeared in Pro-

fessor Vrolik’s article on the ‘“‘Quadrumana” in Todd’s ‘ Cyclopzedia

of Anatomy and Physiology’ in 1852.

M. Paul Gervais, in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Mammifeéres,’ 1854,

pl. 7, has given a representation of the external form ; and another

somewhat better one has appeared in Dr. Chenu’s volume on Qua-

drumana in the Encyclopédie d’ Histoire Naturelle, pl. 32.

None of these, however, represent the animal quite satisfactorily,

though by far the best is the figure given by Prof. Van der Hoeven.

This very rare mammal is at present represented in the British

Museum only by the skin of a young individual. In the Museum

at Paris, according to M. Isid. G. St.-Hilaire+, there were two adult

males and one young male in 1851.

In the Museum of Leyden there is a skin and a skull which afforded

Prof. Van der Hoeven the opportunity of giving the description in

the ‘ Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke geschiedenis,’ above referred to,

where, at page 27, he says{, “The woolly Maki, or, as it has often

been called, the long-tailed Indri, had not been again seen since the

voyage of Sonnerat, who discovered it. Gmelin had given it a place

in the ‘ Systema Nature’ under the name of Lemur laniger ; but the

actual state of science required a more precise knowledge of the den-

tition in order to determine in which of the groups, into which zoo-

logists had divided the genus Lemur, the animal should be placed.

M. Jourdan, Director of the Museum of Natural History at Lyons,

received, in 1833, a skin and a skull of this animal, of which he gave

a description, which was read at a Séance of the Académie Royale

des Sciences at Paris, but which was only made public by extracts

published in the scientific journals. He believes it should constitute

a new genus of the family of Lemurs, to which he gives the designa-

tion Avahi, that being the name given to the animal by the natives

inhabiting the eastern part of Madagascar.

«For a few years past there has been a skin and a skull in the

Royal Museum of Leyden.

* As regards the skull our figure§ shows that it is short, and that

the lower jaw is remarkable for its height. The form of this lower

jaw recalls to mind, in certain respects, what one meets with in certain

South-American Monkeys (of the genus Stentor) ; and the skull in

general has some resemblance to that of the Daman, that anomalous

genus of the Pachydermata to which Hermann has given the name

HAyrax.

“The animal has the hair curly or woolly, greyish brown on the

-back, greyish yellow near the tail ; the belly is grey ; the posterior

* Tijdsehrift voor Natuurlijke geschiedenis, pl. 1. fig. 6, and pl. 3.

+ See Catalogue des Primates, p. 69.

t I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Smit for a French translation of the

Dutch text.

§ Plate L. fig. 6.

1866.) MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 153

part of the thighs and around the anus whitish ; the tail and the

paws are of a reddish brown. The hairs of the back are grey at the

base, then reddish, rather darker in the nape of the neck. The ears

are round, short, and covered with hair. The length of the head

and trunk measures 0°3; the tail to its end, without the hair, 0°25;

the posterior limbs, to the heel, measure 0:21; the anterior limbs

to the end of the fourth finger measure 0°16. The fourth finger is

longest, both in the anterior and posterior extremities.

“The barbarous name Avahi will probably meet with little accept-

ance. On that account we believe that we ought to accept the name

Habrocebus, proposed by Wagner, and which alludes to the soft and

woolly hair. At the same time it is uncertain whether it is more

than a subdivision of the genus Lichanotus, and it is also uncertain

whether Propithecus diadema should be placed in the same genus

with it.”

So far Prof. Van der Hoeven.

Dr. Ch. Coquerel* informs us that the Indri is called by the

natives Batakoton, the former name merely signifying behold! or, to

use Dr. Coquerel’s words, “‘tiens! voici! regarde! le voila!”

With regard to Microrhynchus he says that (unlike the Indri,

which appears confined to the mainland of Madagascar) it is found

in the great forest of Tsasifoutt, in the Island of St. Mary, and that

it is known to the natives by the name Ampongui. He adds that it

is more decidedly nocturnal than the true Lemurs, and that in com-

parison with them it is a stupid animal.

A fine skin of an adult individual (containing a nearly perfect

skull and most of the bones of the limbs) was obtained in Mada-

gascar by Mr. Gerrard+, and has been kindly placed in my hands

for description by Dr. Sclater.

This skin answers to the description, above quoted, of Prof. Van

der Hoeven ; but it has (what he does not mention or represent in:

his figure) a very distinct transverse whitish band across the forehead,

which is the more marked because the hair immediately in front of

and behind this band is darker than on the rest of the body. The

general coloration is brighter and darker than in the young skin in

the British Museum, and the transverse light frontal streak, with its

dark margins, better defined. The hands and feet are of a rusty brown,

and the tail rufous; but the fur of these parts is dark grey at the

base, as indeed it is all over the body, except at the white patches on

the backs of the thighs, where most of the hairs are light-coloured

for their whole length. The face is almost entirely covered with

short hairs of nearly the same tint as the fur of the arms.

The ears are short and rounded, nor do they appear to be at all

tufted. The fourth digit is the longest in both the anterior and the

posterior extremities.

In form M. laniger is remarkable for its very long hinder limbs,

which it shares with the other Indrisine, and for its long tail, in

which it agrees with Propithecus. Perhaps, however, its most pecu-

* See Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 2° série, xi. 1859, p. 461.

t See P. Z. S. 1865, p. 833.

154 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

liar feature is its small head and exceedingly short muzzle, in which

it differs remarkably from the other Indrisine, and from the true

Lemurs. Fully the proximal third of the sole of the hind extremity

is hairy, and the four outer digits of both the anterior and the

posterior extremities are united together by integument as far as the

distal ends of the proximal phalanges of the respective digits. The

index finger is very short, and the pollex slender and placed far back.

The dimensions of the skin are :—

inches.

Length from muzzle to root of tail ............-+-+.- 12°7

te Dita Diiladsiie ta ans Heed een fre 8S 13-0

——_— from shoulder to extremity of fourth digit of hand 7°5

—_ from groin to extremity of fourth digit of foot .. 12-0

from shoulder to root of tail ........--...5.. 8°0

— of hand (palm and fourth digit).............. 2°8

——— of foot (sole and fourth digit) ...... Re y's) 5 3°5

Pe.

Left dental series of both jaws. Scale, twice nat. size.

As regards the dentition, there are two pairs of upper incisors, which

are widely separated from each other. Though the preemaxilla is

very short, yet all the incisors are in front of the canines (thus differ-

ing from Hapalemur), and, the inner one of each pair being in front

of the outer one, two incisors are visible when the skull is viewed in

profile. The posterior one of each pair is very considerably larger

than the more anterior one—a condition which obtains in no other

genus of the order, and which presents a marked contrast to the pro-

portions existing in Indris and Propithecus *.

The upper canine is very peculiar, and much resembles the tooth

immediately behind it. It is the most vertically extended tooth in

the upper jaw, yet but very slightly exceeds the most anterior pre-

molar in that or in any dimensionf.

* In De Blainville’s figures (pls. 4 & 8) of Zndris, the posterior incisor is re-

presented as the larger, but not so in pl. 11. Of the specimens in the British

Museum, in one the posterior incisors are decidedly the smaller; in the other

they all appear subequal, as they are in the specimen in the College of Surgeons’

Museum. In both specimens of Propithecus in the British Museum the ante-

rior incisors are the larger.

+ Such is the case in the specimen described, and in the skull figured, by De

Blainville (Ostéographie, Lemur, pl. 8); but in the skull at Leyden the canine

is more produced, judging from Prof. Van der Hoeven’s figure (/oc. cit. pl. 1.

fig. 6) and from the woodcut (of the same skull?) in Todd's Cyclopedia, art.

Quadrumana, vol. iy. p. 215. fig. 136.

1866.] | MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 155

Externally there is a mere rudiment of a cingulum ; but internally

it is exceedingly developed both in front and behind, but especially

the latter, where it constitutes a distinct, though small, basilar pro-

cess, or talon, almost as marked, indeed, as in the two premolars

behind it.

Inside of left upper canine and premolars. Scale, twice nat. size.

From the middle of the internal surface a strong vertical promi-

nence is developed, which extends from the cingulum down to the

apex of the tooth; in front of this is the small anterior process,

which projects forwards from the middle of the anterior margin of

the tooth, greatly increasing its antero-posterior diameter, and pre-

senting a character absolutely peculiar to this species of the Lemu-

roidea.

In Hapalemur it is rather longer relatively, and considerably ex-

ceeds the most anterior premolar in size. In Indris the canine is

even slightly more prolonged as compared to the premolar than in

Hapalemur, and decidedly so in Propithecus.

In M. laniger the canine and most anterior premolar are more

equal than in any other Lemuroid*, or indeed than in any other

Primate except Man.

This canine is exceedingly like the first premolar of Lemur.

The anterior upper premolar is unicuspidate, and resembles the

canine, except that it is less vertically extended; while the process

from its anterior margin is much larger. The cingulum also is

rather more marked externally. This tooth differs from the corre-

sponding one of every other species of the suborder; but most re-

sembles the homologous one of Indris, which, however, has the an-

terior process rudimentary. It slightly resembles the second pre-

molar of Lemur and Hapalemur, but is more antero-posteriorly and

less transversely extended.

The posterior upper premolar is like the preceding, except that

it is smaller in all dimensions except width from within outwards,

and that the posterior basilar process is shorter, while the internal

cingulum is much more marked. This tooth has the same resem-

blances and differences to its homologue in Indris as that last de-

scribed has to its representative in that genus. It resembles the

second premolar of Lemus and Hapalemur more than the anterior

premolar does ; and it much more resembles the second than it does

the third premolar of any Lemuroid.

The first upper molar is very different from the premolars, and is

the largest grinding-tooth in the upper jaw. There is more differ-

ence in size between it and the posterior premolar than there is be-

tween any other contiguous grinding-teeth. of the upper jaw, as

also is the case in Indris.

* I. e. any other species of the suborder Lemuroidea.

156 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

It may be said to have eight cusps, as, beside the four large nor-

mal prominences, there are three small ones developed from the very

strongly marked external eingulum, also one very small one between

the two anterior large cusps. The three small external cusps are

placed one in front of, one between, and one behind the external

pair of the four large normal cusps. These last-mentioned cusps are

not connected together by transverse ridges, as in Indris; but a

slightly marked ridge runs from the postero-external to the antero-

internal one. The two external normal cusps are longer and larger

than are the two inner ones. There is no internal cingulum.

This tooth differs widely from its homologue in all the other Le-

muroids except Indris, with which it entirely corresponds, except as

regards the oblique ridge.

Basis cranii. Seale, nat. size.

The second upper molar is in all respects like the first one, except

only that it is slightly smaller in all dimensions except vertical

extent, that the minute cusp between the anterior large ones has dis-.

appeared, and that the oblique ridge from the postero-external to

the antero-internal cusp is rather more marked.

This tooth has the same resemblance to its representative in Indris,

and exhibits the same differences from the corresponding molar of

all other genera, as in the case of the first upper molar.

The third molar has two anterior cusps—one external, and the

other internal—like the other true upper molars. Behind these the

margin of the tooth developes three subequal and minute cusps,

which are arranged in a semicircle, and appear to be developed from

the cingulum, which is elsewhere rudimentary. No other Lemuroid,

except Indris, has a third upper molar so formed. ,

The two inferior incisors have the narrow elongated form so com-

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 157

mon in the Lemuroidea. Externally their crowns are convex from

above downwards, but concave from side to side at their upper

halves, which are longitudinally grooved. Internally their crowns

are slightly concave from above downwards, and strongly convex

transversely, there being, in fact, a median longitudinal prominence

extending from the base to the apex of each tooth. The lateral

marginseof each incisor (on each side of the median prominence)

are probably prolongations upwards of the rudimentary basal cin-

gulum*,

The lower incisors of Indris and Propithecus are quite similarly

formed ; but the marked external longitudinal grooves are quite pe-

euliar to the Indrisine amongst Lemuroids.

The lower canines are like the incisors, except that they are rather

broader, that the external grooves are less marked, and that the

lateral prolongations upwards of the basal talon are more so.

In Indris the same conformation exists, save only that the inner

surface has a more marked and wider groove, owing to the greater

development of the lateral prolongations of the talon.

The anterior lower premolar shows a tendency to assume the

elongated and anteriorly produced form of the incisors and canines,

yet it is the most vertically extended tooth in the lower jaw. In

shape it is like the anterior upper premolar, only more extended for-

wards. It is unicuspidate, the cusp being the extremity of a strongly

marked median longitudinal prominence. There is a slight basilar

posterior process, and a strongly marked anterior one developed from

the middle of the anterior margin. Both these appear to be pro-

ductions of the cingulum, which exists within, but is scarcely trace-

able externally. This tooth differs from the corresponding one of

all other Lemuroids except Indris and Propithecus.

Inside of left lower premolars. Scale, twice nat. size.

The posterior lower premolar is like the tooth just described, ex-

cept that the anterior process is relatively more marked, the apex

less produced, and that the median longitudinal ridge is so prominent

as to project upwards above the external margin of the tooth, the

grinding-surface presenting a marked antero-posteriorly directed

groove at its hinder half.

This tooth closely resembles its homologue in Indris ; it has a cer-

tain resemblance to the second lower premolars of Galago, especially

of G. sennaarensis.

The first lower molar is the longest of the inferior grinders, from

before backwards ; and there is more difference in size between it and

the second premolar than there is between any other two contiguous

* As described by Prof. Huxley in Arctocebus (see P. Z. S. 1864, p. 322).

158 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

inferior molars. It has four main cusps, the anterior of the two in-

ternal ones being opposite the interspace between the two external

ones. A transverse ridge connects the postero-internal cusp with the

postero-external one, and another connects the antero-external with

the antero-internal one, in addition to which an oblique ridge con-

nects the postero- external with the antero-internal cusp. The antero-

external cusp is divided into two processes, the internal one of which

is almost on a line with the two internal cusps, so that the tooth may

be said to have two external and three internal cusps. The cingu-

lum is very rudimentary within and little marked without. The an-

terior main cusps are subequal in height ; but the postero-internal is

higher than the postero-external cusp. The posterior part of the

tooth is considerably broader than the anterior.

The homologous tooth in Indris is quite similarly formed.

Fig. 5.

Left half of mandible. Scale, nat. size.

The second lower molar is like the preceding, except that the

transverse diameter of the anterior part equals that of the posterior

part, that the antero-internal cusp is considerably more extended

vertically, and that the supplementary anterior cusp is very much

smaller or absent*.

The same tooth of Indris is similar, except that the supplementary

cusp and oblique ridge are both absent.

The last lower molar is like the second one; only the supplemen-

tary lobe is entirely obsolete, and there is a minute third posterior

lobe at the middle of the posterior margin, making the tooth quinque-

cuspid. There seems also to be no oblique ridge. In Indris the

last lower molar is similar, except that the fifth cusp is more deve-

loped.

inch

Length of the anterior upper incisor...............+-. Britt blis)

Breadth is pe LENO PRET ee Ber es sata tate ete ‘03

Length ofthe: posterior upper incisor’ .. 62)... 5). 0. 23 be ele ee “10

Breadth as ay A DAISE Jos, epee aad ols aac OS

Interspace between the two median incisors...... Sele peidtate Enz,

Antero-posterior diameter of upper canine at its base ........ 12

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of upper canine ...... en ad 2,

Vertical:extent ofswpper canine, ..- 0... 00.-s oct eee ee oe 15

Extreme width from within outwards .... Ue Se ae

Antero-posterior diameter of anterior upper premolar at its base *16

* Tt is smaller on one side, and absent on the other side of the specimen de-

scribed.

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICROKHYNCHUS. 159

inch.

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of anterior upper premolar... 19

Vertical extent of anterior upper prainp ss Bes adesis erage 's'- oe hughted

Breadth from within outwards ....... ‘09

Antero-posterior diameter of posterior upper ‘premolar at its base 12

Extreme antero- -posterior diameter of posterior upper premolar. *16

Vertical extent of posterior upper age aniieisista) dhe ae Nee!

Breadth: from) within, outwards. totes oc) «ic aie estes oes eines 10

Antero-posterior diameter of first upper molar at its base .... 5

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of first upper molar ...... 18

Vertical extent of first upper molar .......... SSIS Shes chats 10

Breadth from within outwards ..... See ee need

Antero-posterior diameter of second upper molar at its base. ee fo

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of second upper molar ja. <..°17

Vertical extent of second upper molar ............4.6+.45- 10

Breadth from within outwards ..... ES VaR eee) YI

Antero-posterior diameter of third upper Ss ia live amie E

Vertical extent of third upper molar.....................-. *08

Breadth from within outwards ............ 0. 6eee see eeee ‘LI

Menetiyos infenOr. WMCISOR 4) Sein tit ainiaie ed ave & Sen's ant» ss 5 "22

Transverse diameter .............- DENALI, JIA, 1 Oi 04

Antero-posterior diameter .......... 20.000 .205 ee eeee See9 305

Length of inferior canine ....... s WEAE ake. Sra MUGEN hed "22

Transverse diameter ........ Gare AMEN SRST D Ac ANS wtalena: 2 wMAIISY 05

Antero-posterior diameter ...... 05

Antero-posterior diameter of anterior lower premolar at its base ‘ll

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of anterior lower premolar.. °17

Vertical extent of anterior lower premolar...... Ae ce Shas "16

Breadth:from: within outwards (003). 02.06 16 Sb 220 ee ia oe 07

Antero-posterior diameter of posterior lower premolar at its base +13

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of posterior lower premolar.. +19

Vertical extent of posterior lower premolar ...............- ait

Breadth from within outwards ..........00--0 eee eeee eee 07

Antero-posterior diameter of first lower molar at its base...... "15

Extreme antero-posterior diameter of first lower molar ...... *20

Vertical extent of first lower molar ............200000.0 05 "10

Breadth from within outwards ............ 0.2.00. BHT t ‘10

Antero-posterior diameter of second lower molar............ 14

Vertical extent of second lower molar’.................-.- "10

Breadth from within outwards ................0ceeeecees 10

Antero-posterior diameter of third lower molar s2 ea ened "15

Vertical extent of third lower molar .................2.-5- 08

Breadth from within outwards ................0..--200- .. °10

The skull.—All that De Blainville* says of the skull of this spe-

cies is “ La téte osseuse’’—“‘ au premier aspect semble différer beau-

coup de celle de l’Indri ordinaire pour se rapprocher de celle des

Loris paresseux, parce que les machoires sont excessivement courtes ;

mais en y regardant attentivement, ou y retrouve absolument toutes

* Loc. cit. p. 22.

160 MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

les mémes particularités; seulement le canal lacrymal est moins

avancé dans la face et presque marginal; les orbites sont plus

grandes, l’incisif est encore plus petit, et la machoire inférieure a

son angle plus large, plus arrondi, et sa symphyse plus longue et

plus oblique.”

Front view of skull. Seale, nat. size.

One of the most striking characters of the skull of M. laniger is

the exceeding shortness of its facial part, which distinguishes it from

all other Lemuroidea, with the exception perhaps of Tarsius and

Cheiromys. As in Tarsius and some Galagos, the antero-posterior

extent of the anterior opening of the orbit greatly exceeds the length

of the muzzle in front of it.

When viewed from above, the entire skull is seen to be broadest

between the outer margins of the orbits ; but the greatest width of

the cranium proper is in a line drawn just behind the posterior ends

of the zygomatic arches. As in Indris the mastoidal region of the

periotic is not inflated, but there is a prominence at, and above, the

posterior root of each zygoma just above the aperture of the external

auditory meatus. This peculiar enlargement is absent in Indris and

in all the other genera of Lemuroidea; but when compared with

some of the smaller species of the suborder (as the Nycticebine and

Galagoning) it seems to answer to their mastoidal swelling, only

placed further forwards.

The surface of the cranium presents a strongly marked depression

(concave both antero-posteriorly and transversely ) between the orbits ;

behind this the roof of the skull is smoothly and evenly convex, ex-

cept a slight concavity just in front of the most anterior point of the

supraoccipital.

There appears to be no interparietal. The two temporal ridges

are slightly but distinctly marked. As in Indris, they do not unite

to form a sagittal ridge, which is the case in Hapalemur, and some-

times in Galago. :

The nasals are rather strongly convex, and are broader at each end

than in the middle, instead of narrowing gradually upwards as in

Indris. They are shut out from the lachrymal by a narrow process

of the maxilla which ascends to join the frontal, the short fronto-

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 161

maxillary suture being almost on a line with the posterior margin of

the nasals, instead of considerably below it, as in a specimen of the

genus Indris in the British Museam*. Microrhynchus, however,

agrees with that genus in having no large malar foramen, as also in

having the lachrymal foramen rather nearer the margin of the orbit

than in the Lemuride, though it still opens upon the cheek. The

suture between the maxilla and the premaxilla is so far obliterated

in the specimen described that it is impossible to determine whether

the latter sends up a small process to join the nasal as it certainly

does in Indris; sometimes, though, judging from De Blainville’s

figure, it does not quite reach the nasal.

The floor of the orbit is very large, with many perforations, and

is placed so low down as to be but little above the alveolar margin of

the upper jaw. The malar is very wide, and its lower part is irre-

gular, forming a vertically ridged and grooved surface for the attach-

ment of the masseter, which surface is bounded above by an antero-

posteriorly directed ridge. The malar also developes, from its poste-

rior border, an obtuse process+ (which projects backwards over, but

some distance above, the anterior extremity of the zygomatic process

of the squamosal), and extends back to very near the anterior margin

of the glenoid surface.

The masseteric space, on the malar, is larger and more ridged than

in any other Lemuroid. In Indris the same thing exists, but in a

less degree, and the surface is more posteriorly situated. A similar

wide masseteric space is also present in the larger Galagos ; but it is

not ridged, and it approaches close to the upper alveolar margin ;

whereas in M. laniger it is kept at a distance from that margin by

the wide maxillary floor of the orbit, a structure which causes the

basis cranit of this Lemuroid to differ strikingly in aspect from that

of any other member of the suborder.

The glenoid surface for the lower jaw is strongly concave from

within outwards and faintly convex from behind forwards at its an-

terior part, the outer end of this convexity forming a slight process,

which depends from the lower border of the zygoma at a point just

in front of, and without, the spot which receives the condyle of the

mandible. This process is similarly developed in Indris ; but I have

not seen it elsewhere, except in Galago pallidus, where there is a trace

of such a structure. ‘The glenoid surface is limited posteriorly by a

very large and wide postglenoid process, behind which opens’a con-

spicuous postglenoid foramen. This process is very different in

form from that which exists in Lemur; but it is quite like that of

Indris, and it also resembles that of Hapalemur and some Galagos,

There are one or two small suborbital foramina, as in Indris, and

the posterior palatine foramina are also small; but the two genera

are distinguished by these latter; for in Indris there is one large

posterior palatine foramen behind the last molar, and a small one a

* In De Blainville’s fgure of the skull of Idris the suture is nearly on a line -

with the upper margin of the nasals (see Ostéographie, Lemur, pl: 8).

t This process is not represented in De Blainvil!e’s figure, but it is in that of

Prof. Van der Hoeven.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1866, No. XI.

162 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

little in advance of the posterior margin of the palate. On the other

hand, in Microrhynchus there is a very minute one behind the last

molar; but the one near the posterior margin of the palate is of fair

size, and there is another, as large, more anteriorly placed. The

anterior palatine foramina are very large, relatively larger than in

Indris, and both absolutely and relatively larger than in any other

Lemuroid. The palate is well ossified and entire, as in Indris, and

is of nearly equal width throughout, having somewhat the appear-

ance of that of Galeopithecus.

Its posterior border is not thickened as it is in Indris ; but a pro-

cess is prolonged backwards from its middle, as also seems to be the

case, sometimes, in the last-mentioned genus*.

The most anterior point of this posterior margin is on a line with

the anterior end of the hindmost third of the second true molar.

There is a small, but distinct, paroceipital process.

The foramen rotundum is united with the sphenoidal fissure, and

there is a distinct Vidian foramen, thus agreeing with Indris in both

these respects.

There is no conspicuous carotid foramen on the basis eranii.

The pterygoid fossa is large; and the ectopterygoid plate sends

back a process to the periotic, arching over the foramen ovale.

The bulla is rather compressed, with an obscure ridge running

forwards and inwards along the outer part of its inferior surface.

A marked ridge runs forward (as in Indris and Lemur) from the

anterior root of the posterior origin of the zygoma, across the ali-

sphenoid ; but this last sends out no process towards the malar.

The cribriform plate is wide, and is not situated in a narrow de-

pression ; but there is no crista galli. The periotic has a large and

deep cerebellar fossa. The mandible is remarkable for the size and

the downward and backward prolongation of its angle, for the enor-

mous elongation of the symphysis, which is nearly three times the

length of the lower incisors, and also for the deep fossa for the in-

sertion of the digastric.

The condyle is not transversely extended, as in Lemur, but is

small; and its articular surface is prolonged downwards behind in a

peculiar manner, and is vertically grooved. There is a strongly

marked prominence running backwards above the mylohyoid foramen,

and another running downwards and backwards beneath and in front

of it ; this latter prominence corresponds to part of the inferior mar-

gin of the mandible of Jndris, and thus in it that margin appears

much more strongly concave and the angle to be more suddenly bent

downwards than in Microrhynchus.

In the digastric fossa and non-transversely extended condyle the

Indrisine differ from all the Lemuride, and, as regards the latter

character, approach Cheiromys, and closely resemble Tarsius, which

has the articular surface likewise prolonged downwards behind. The

digastric fossa, however, does not exist in those two genera. Indris

shares with Microrhynchus the continuation downwards and back-

* Tt is so represented by De Blainville (see /oc. ci¢.); but in two skulls in the

British Museum there is no such median process.

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 153

wards of the articular surface of the condyle; but the vertical groove

and very deep digastric fossa are absolutely peculiar to the latter

genus.

Dimensions. snghs

Length from anterior end of the preemaxilla to ante-

rior margin of foramen magnum...........- ozo

Length from anterior end of the preemaxilla to most

anterior point of orbital margin .............-. 0°40

Length between lines traversing most anterior and

most posterior points of orbital margin ........ 0°60

Length from last to posterior end of skull........ 1°03

Extreme width between outer margins of orbits.... 1°53

Extreme width behind posterior roots of zygomata.. 1°13

Width between nearest points of orbits .......... 0°43

Width between temporal ridges just behind orbits.. 0°90

Width between temporal ridges at junction with

Wnieelale Jute a? 28) oe ares ene og cine wie 0°34

Length of palate .... 2. ..20.. eee cere re eees bi “OPS

Breadth of palate between first premolars ...... -- 0°40

Breadth of palate at posterior end .......- Meas O40

Fieneth of masals 15.0... 02. co eee ee ee eee a2 2° O35

Breadth of nasals.............. 2 RD opto -- 0°25

Length of lower alveolar margin from front of first

premolar to behind last molar.......2.. +--+ 0°73

Length of symphysis .......... cesses aerate Oe

Height of condyle above alveolar margin ........ 0°32

Height of coronoid process above alveolar margin.. 0°45

After speaking of the skull, De Blainville says* :—‘‘ Quant au

reste du squelette, je n’en ai vu qu’une partie des membres, et ils

conservent toutes les particularités de ceux des Indris; humerus,

percé d’un trou au condyle interne, et égalant 4 peine la moitié de

la longueur du fémur ; le radius et le cubitus longs et gréles ; le carpe

sans os intermédiaire; l’unciforme trés-grand; mais ici le méta-

carpien de l’annulaire est notablement plus gros et plus long que

celui du doigt médian. Le fémur et les os de la jambe, 4 peu prés

égaux, sont long et gréles, surtout le peroné, et les os du tarse sont

dans la proportion ordinaire.”

The few bones I have been able to examine are the following :—

Humerus.—Not being able to ascertain the length of the spine I

cannot compare the humerus with it; but it is doubtless of a similar

proportion to that of Indris, as it agrees with the humerus of the

latter animal in being so much shorter than the forearm.

It has a strong sigmoid curve, stronger than in either Lemur or

Indris, and the supinator ridge is more developed than in either,

As in Indris, the internal condyle does not descend so nearly down

to the free margin of the ulnar ridge of the trochlea as it does in

Lemur.

As in both, the bony canal is distinct, but not so large as in either;

* Ostéographie, Lemur, p. 23.

164. MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

the inner surface of the ulnar ridge of trochlea (again like Indris and

unlike Lemur) is entirely behind the internal condyle.

The capitellum has a concavity outside the rounded head. The

radial ridge of the trochlea is remarkably prominent.

Radius.—This is much longer in proportion than is the humerus.

Taking the latter at 100, the radius is 114-7 long, nearly equalling

the proportion of Indris (viz. 116°5), and greatly exceeding that of

Lemur (91°6), or of any of the Lemuride, Loris approaching nearest,

however, and being 110-2.

It is slightly more slender than in Lemur, though not so much

so as in Indris; but it rather agrees with the latter, and differs

from Lemur in the rounded shape of the bone towards the ulna, and,

indeed, of its radial side also. It agrees with Indris also, and differs

from Lemur, in that the inferior (distal) border of the anterior (flexor)

surface is not prominent and produced ; on the other hand, there is

a distinct prominence (from almost the distal extremity of the radial

margi:), as if for the supinator longus ; but it may be for the pronator

quadratus. As in Indris the anterior surface is rounded, and not

grooved from the flexor longus pollicis as in Lemur.

Ulna.—This bone, although not so distant from the radius as in

Indris, is nevertheless more so than in Lemur; hence perhaps the

less grooved condition of the bones, the interosseous membrane thus

affording a wider space for muscular attachment.

The ulna has a similar excess over the humerus to the radius,

namely as 127°6 to 100. In IJndris it is 132, but in Lemur only

113°5.

Asin Indris, itis a much more slender bone than in Lemur ; indeed

it is very slender.

It is remarkable for the very small size of the olecranon, differing

from Lemur in this even more than Indris does.

As in Indris, the only fossa for the origin of the flexor profundus

digitorum is situated beneath the sigmoid cavity; uor is there any

groove extending down the shaft of the bone for the extensor pollicis

as in Lemur—thus again agreeing with Indris, as also in the fact

that there is scarcely any trace of a ridge for the pronator quadratus,

which, on the contrary, attains its maximum in Lemur.

The carpus presents a most remarkable character, noticed by De

Blaiaville, inasmuch as it agrees with that of Indris, and differs from

that of all the other Primates, except Man and Troglodytes, in the fact

of possessing no os intermedium, and having only eight carpal bones,

It agrees with that of Indrts, except that the pisiforme is smaller.

In my specimen the third metacarpal is slightly the longest, thus

differing from De Blainville’s* specimen. It is to the radius (taking

the latter at 100) as 31°8, which is almost its proportion in Indris,

where it is 31°l. In Lemur it is only 2674.

The metacarpal of the index is not so curved as in Indris; but it

preponderates more over that of the pollex, which is here very short,

the proportion of the metacarpal of the index to that of the pollex.

being as 183°3 to 100, while in Indris it is only 151°8 to 100. The

* Loc. cit. p. 23.

1866.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. 165

proportion of the same bone to the radius is only 14:2 to 100, while

in Indris it is 18°3.

The femur is wanting in the specimen described ; but De Blainville

says* it about equals the length of the tibia, which last is, as com-

pared to the radius, as 149°1 to 100, and is very much compressed

laterally, and strongly concave on its peroneal side.

The fibula is relatively, as well as absolutely, rather more slender

than in Indris, and still more so than in Lemur.

The tarsus differs from that of the last-named genus in its rather

longer astragalus, in its relatively shorter cuboid, which, compared

to the os calcis, is only 37°6 to 100, instead of 46-0 as in Lemur.

Indris closely resembles Microrhynchus in this respect, as its cuboid

is to its caleaneum as 38°6 to 100.

The cuboid of M. laniger is also less deeply grooved for the tendon

of the peronzeus longus than is that of Lemur.

The metatarsals are absolutely and relatively longer than in that

genus, that of the hallux greatly exceeding the os calcis in length,

while in Lemur it does so very slightly.

When, in the autumn of 1864+, I endeavoured to clear up some

of the confusion existing with regard to certain kinds of Lemuride,

I regretted being able to say so little regarding the Indrisine, no

extracted skull of either Propithecus or Microrhynchus then existing

in this country.

From a consideration of the figures extant of the cranium of the

last-named genus I ventured on a decided opinion that those had

rightly deeided who associated it with Indris, and that it could by

no means be separated from that form and approximated to Galago.

The examination of the specimen now described fully confirms this

view ; indeed so numerous and striking are the points of resemblance

between it and Indris that it is a matter of some difficulty to find

distinctive characters sufficient to justify even their generic separation.

Unfortunately I have had no opportunity of examining any ex-

tracted cranium of Propithecus; but I strongly suspect that when

obtained it will be found closely to resemble the two other genera of

Indrisine, as the dentition, as far as can be seen in the mounted

specimens in the British Museum, so closely agrees with that of

Indris. That subfamily may, I think, be characterized as follows :—

INDRISINA.

Characterst.—I. =. C. 5. P.M.55§. M. =3=30.

Ears short ; muzzle long, moderate or short; hind legs much

longer than the fore limbs; index very short, much shorter than

* Loc. cit.

t See Notes om the Crania and Dentition of the Lemuride, P. Z. 8.1864, p.611.

{ The cranial, most of the dental, and some other characters are, of course,

drawn from Jndris and Microrhynchus only, and may have to be curtailed or

modified when the structure of Propithecus is better known.

§ The immature condition of the teeth of Propithecus represented in M. de

Blainville’s plate led me, in 1864, to the conclusion that there are, as stated, two

premolars and three molars on each side of each jaw. (See P. Z. S. 1864, p. 634.)

166 MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON MICRORHYNCHUS. [Mar. 13,

fifth digit; pollex short and placed far back ; hallux very long and

covered with hair ; tail long, or very short and rudimentary ; internal

condyle of the humerus perforated ; carpus destitute of an os inter-

medium ; tarsus short; first upper molar with four large and four

small prominences, no internal cingulum; last upper molar with two

large anterior cusps and three very small posterior prominences ; each

lower incisor with its outer surface longitudinally grooved ; lower

premolar much antero-posteriorly extended ; first lower molar with

four or five cusps; last lower molar quinquecuspid; a paramastoid

process ; no malar foramen; lachrymal foramen very near margin of

the orbit ; masseteric surface of malar wide and ridged ; a process

depending from zygoma just in front of, and external to, the glenoid

surface ; a postglenoidal foramen; anterior palatine foramina very

large ; mandibular symphysis very long ; condyle rounded, not trans-

versely extended ; articular surface prolonged somewhat down the

back of ascending ramus; digastric fossa deep.

Hab. Madagascar exclusively.

MicrorHYNCHUS.

Characters.—Muzzle very short ; ears very small and hidden in

the fur; tail very long ; fur woolly ; supinator ridge of humerus very

large; posterior pair of upper incisors considerably larger than the

anterior pair; canine scarcely exceeding first premolar in vertical

extent, and closely resembling it in form; two first upper molars

with slight oblique ridges ; skull strongly concave between the orbits;

antero-posterior extent of the anterior opening of the orbit exceeding

the length of the muzzle in front of that opening; a protuberance

just above the external auditory meatus ; an obtuse process projecting

from the malar over the anterior end of the zygomatic process of the

squamosal ; floor of orbit very little above the upper alveolar margin ;

no large palatine foramen behind the third molar; palate with its

posterior margin not thickened; anterior palatine foramina very large;

mandibular symphysis nearly three times the length of the lower

incisors ; fossa for digastric very deep ; a vertical groove on posterior

part of articular surface of condyle ; inferior margin of mandible only

slightly concave.

Hab. Madagascar and St. Mary’s Island.

INDRIS.

Characters.—Ears exserted ; muzzle elongated ; tail short ; poste-

rior pair of upper incisors generally a little smaller than the anterior

pair ; canine considerably exceeding first premolar in vertical extent ;

upper molars destitute of oblique ridges ; skull not concave between

the orbits; antero-posterior extent of the anterior opening of the

orbit less than the length of the muzzle in front of that opening ; no

protuberance above the external auditory meatus; no process of the

malar projecting over the anterior end of the zygomatic process of

the squamosal ; floor of orbit considerably above the upper alveolar

margin; a large palatine foramen behind the third molar ; palate

1866.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 167

with its posterior margin thickened ; mandibular symphysis much

less than three times the length of the lower incisors ; fossa for di-

gastric not very deep; no vertical groove on posterior part of arti-

cular surface of condyle; inferior margin of mandible strongly and

suddenly concave.

Hab. Madagascar, but not St. Mary’s Island.

PROPITHECUS.

Characters.—Median upper incisors very decidedly larger than

the outer pair; upper canine much more vertically extended than

the first premolar; ears short, in the fur; muzzle moderately pro-

duced ; tail long.

Hab, Madagascar.

March 27, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the Secre-

tary by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney, January 20th :—

“There is now a living Lyre-bird (Menura nove-hollandie) at

Mr. J. S. Palmer’s, at New Town near Sydney, which he informs

me is two years and four months old, and has been in his possession

in captivity for full two years. He had it first when it was so young

that it could only just feed itself. At that time he fed it with great

care and regularity on worms and grubs, German paste, and beef

chopped very fine. It now eats the same, together with hemp-seed,

bread, &c. As regards its habits of feeding and the mode of rearing

it, he compares it to the Thrush and Blackbird. Since he has had

this specimen, he has purchased Lyre-birds of all ages, brought from

the Illawara district ; but this is the only one that has survived in

confinement ; the others only lived for a short time. Those that

died were heard to whistle at dusk in the evening, apparently healthy

and well, but were found dead in the morning. ‘This we also ob-

served with those we had in the Gardens here, the longest period we

got one to survive in captivity in our aviary being six months—from

August 1864 to January 1865. I rode out on the 4th of January

to see Mr. Palmer’s bird; it was apparently a full-grown female, or

male in immature plumage. I have this day been informed by Mr.

Palmer that it is now developing two of the peculiar tail-feathers of

the male; so that there is now no doubt as to the sex. On the occa-

sion of my visit I found it, as is usual with these birds, in a constant

state of restless activity, running with greater or less rapidity about

the spacious aviary in which it is confined, scratching about the

ground, and leaping upon and over the stones and branches placed

in the inclosure. It would stop and feed rather more frequently

than is usually the case with this bird in the presence of strangers.

168 DR.J.E.GRAY ON A NEW WEST-AFRICAN MONKEY. [ Mar. 27,

Moreover this individual, when called by those with whom it was

acquainted, would follow them about quite tamely, and take food from

their hands, proving that this wild, restless, and very shy bird is

capable of being tamed and reared in captivity. Mr. Palmer’s bird

mocks with great accuracy the Piping Crow, Wonga Wonga Pigeon,

Parrots, and various other birds in the same aviary and in the vici-

nity, and about the dusk in evening is often heard to utter its own

peculiar whistle. I offered Mr. Palmer a liberal price for the bird,

so that I might send it home by the ship ‘ La Hogue,’ which sails

for England this day, but I did not succeed in obtaining it.”

Mr. P. L. Sclater read an extract from a letter addressed to him

by Dr. Schlegel, For. Memb., stating that the Musée des Pays-Bas

had recently received seven specimens of a Cassowary collected by

the late traveller Bernstein in Salawatty and on the coast of New

Guinea, opposite to Salawatty, in the same locality where Rosenberg

obtained his Casuarius kaupi. The species had turned out to be C.

uniappendiculatus, Blyth, the same as that of the fine specimen

alive in the Amsterdam Gardens, the single caruncle not being deve-

loped in the younger bird. It appeared, therefore, that C. Aaupi of

Rosenberg (Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 44) must be regarded as iden-

tical with C. uniappendiculatus, Blyth. Dr. Schlegel was also ex-

pecting specimens of the Cassowary from the Aroo Islands, which.

he suspected would turn out to be C. bicarunculatus. If this sup-

position were to be verified, Mr. Sclater remarked that we should-

have the following distribution of the known species of Casuarius :—

1. C. galeatus, ex Ceram.

2. C. uniappendiculatus, ex Salawatty et Nov. Guinea.

3. C. bicarunculatus, ex ins. Aroensibus.

4. C. bennettii, ex Nov. Britann.

5. C. australis, ex Austr. bor, Cap. York.

Dr. J. Murie and Mr. St. George J. Mivart communicated a joint

memoir on the anatomy of the Lemuroidea, principally relating to

the myology of these animals. ‘This paper will be published entire

in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice of a New West-African Monkey living in the

Gardens of the Society. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

ViP:Z:Si, ace:

(Plate XVI.)

Mr. Bartlett a few days ago brought to the British Museum a

Monkey which he believed to be new; and, as I am engaged on the

examination of these animals, I have herewith sent a short deserip-

tion of it, that it may be inserted in the scientific catalogue. Mr.

Bartlett informs me that it was obtained from Liverpool, having

been imported by the lately arrived West African Mail.

P.4.5. 1866: Piva

mit th

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SPECIES OF NASUA. 169

CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. (Pl. XVI.)

Fur blackish, minutely punctated with yellow; the yellow dots on

the crown of the head more abundant, and nearly absent on the

hands and wrist ; outside of the hind legs and thigh grey, punctured

with blackish ; face, moustache, and the frontal band, which is con-

tinued across the temple to the ears, black; round spot on each

cheek pale yellow; whiskers, beard, throat, and sides of neck white ;

front of thighs and under surface of the tail greyish white; chest

and belly red brown.

Hab. West Africa.

There is a young female of the species in the Gardens of the Society.

The red belly and chest, the white beard and whiskers, and the

black frontal band at once distinguish this species. The yellow

crown is very peculiar; it is rather extended backward towards the

nape, and separated from the fur of the back by an undefined black-

ish crescentiform band.

2. Notice of a New Species of Nasua.

By Dr,.J. Ha Gray, ¥.R.S., V.P.Z.5., F.L.S., &e.

(Plate XVII.)

Mr. Whiteley, of Woolwich, has lately brought to the British

Museum the skin of a Nasua, which differs considerably from any

skin of the genus that I have hitherto seen, in having a distinct

broad black streak along the hinder part of the back to the base of

the tail. I believe that it may belong to a distinct species; at any

rate it presents a variation in colouring of this variable genus that I

have not seen described. ‘The fur is reddish brown. There are two

specimeus which agree with it in general colouring and kind of fur

in the British Museum collection, but they are without the dorsal

streak.

Nasvua porsauis. (PI. XVII.)

Fur red brown; underfur dull brown, longer hairs thin, pale, with

thick red-brown tips; chin, throat, and chest whitish ; face pale,

blackish-grizzled ; feet and broad streak on hinder half of the back

black ; tail blackish, with irregular interrupted grey rings.

The skull is imperfect, the face with the teeth only having been

preserved. The face resembles that of the skull of Nasua narica in

the Museum Collection, no. 225 a (the measurement of which is

given in my paper on Urside, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 703), in haying a

long narrow compressed nose and elongated canine teeth. It differs

from the skull of N. narica in the upper jaw being rather shorter

from the middle of the cutting-teeth to the end of the last molar,

and rather wide at the hinder part at the sides of the hinder molars,

and rather narrower at the end of the nose. The upper cutting-

teeth are narrower; that is to say, the space occupied by the series

Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1866, No. XII.

170 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SPATANGUS. [ Mar. 27,

is considerably narrower than the space they occupy in the skull of

N. narica above referred to. These may all be mere individual

peculiarities, since the skulls of the different specimens of Nasua

in the Museum, as I observed in the article on Urside above quoted,

are very variable.

Hab. South America.

3. Note on a New Species of Spatangus.

By Dr. J..E. Gray, F.R.8., V.P.Z.S., F.LS., &c.

Mr. Moore has kindly sent me some marine animals in spirits,

which have been collected by Capt. Berry, of the ship ‘ Richard

Cobden,’ at Pnlo Taya, in the China seas, and presented to the British

Museum and to the Free Museum in Liverpool by the collector.

Among other interesting animals is a new and beautiful species of

Spatangus, peculiar in being marked with distinct regularly placed

symmetrical black stripes or spots. It belongs to the subgenus

Maretia.

Spatangus variegatus.

Sparancus (MareTIA) VARIEGATUS, N. sp.

Body depressed, ovate, pale-coloured. Ambulacra of the upper

surface, four oblong spots on each side of the middle of the upper

interambulacral spaces, the greater part of the anal spines and narrow

rings around the elongated spines black. Back with numerous very

slender elongated spines, which are more or less arched and directed

backwards. The oral surface nearly flat ; sternal disk with very few

spines ; sides with numerous close-set elongated spines, with enlarged

bases, and placed on perforated tubercles. The groups of short

crowded spines on the margins of the ural ambulacra dark brown.

Hab. Pulo Taya. B.M.

The two specimens vary in shape, one being more oblong than

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. 171

the other. The one with the ovate outline has only small oblong

dark spots on the interambulacral spaces. The more oblong one has

the dark spots on the back of the interambulacral spaces large, trian-

gular, and confluent with the dark ambulacra on the sides of which

they are placed ; there are also two narrow dark bands on the middle

of the upper part of the side margin.

4. Supplement to a Monograph of the Genus Danais, founded

on Specimens im the Collection of Mr. Osbert Salvin.

By Artaur G. Burier, F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoological

Department, British Museum.

I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr. Salvin, to inake

the following additions and corrections to my Monograph, read at

the Meeting of this Society held the 23rd of January in the present

year (see P. Z. S. 1866, p. 43).

Section 2

1. DANAIS CHIONIPPE.

Euplea chionippe, Hiibner, Samm]. exot. Schmett. (1806-27) i

pl.? f. 1-4.

Hab.

This species has been considered a synonym of D. affnis, but

it is evidently very distinct; it is much smaller, the submarginal

spots larger and more regular, the white patch in the front wings

bordered with reddish, the central band of hind wings occupying

nearly the entire wing.

2. DANAIS HERMIPPUS, sp. n.

D. hermippus, Felder, MS.

Stmillima D. cleotheree, qua pallidior est.

Hab. Bogota.

I do not feel at liberty to describe this insect in full, as the speci-

mens were presented by Dr. Felder.

3. DANAIS NUBILA, Sp. nl.

D. philene, var., Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 47.

dle supra ferruginee : antice venis fuscis; area agile Susca,

maculis albis fasciata et submarginata, velut in D. conspicua;

costa convexa: postice, excipe ad celle finem venis fuscis ;

margine lato fusco, punctis albis marginato : corpus fuscum albo

prepunctatum, abdomine lutescente. Ale antice subtus velut

supra: postice fuscescentes, lineis punctorum duabus : corpus

nigrum, albo maculatum, abdomine pallido. Alar. exp. unc. 3.

Hab. Gilolo.

In coll. Salvini et Brit. Mus.

Intermediate between D. artenice and D. philene.

V2 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS. [Mar. 27,

My species D. ismareola turns out to be the female of D. ismare

(Cramer). I rather hesitated to describe this species as new, on

account of its similarity in pattern and coloration to D. ismare; but

the great differences in form and expanse of wing, and also in neu-

ration, combined with the fact that our specimens were from different

localities, decided me. I have-now, however, seen a most interest-

ing hermaphrodite (see fig. 1, p. 173), having the wings of ismare

on one side, and of ismareola on the other, but with the male sexual

spot on both of the hind wings; in the hind wing of the female

there is a curious malformation of the nervures, two of them ori-

ginating from a single foot-stalk ; the two sides of this insect vary in

size as follows :—Front wings, costa 1 and 142 inch; hind wings,

length 15%, and 12 inch.

Section 3.

4, DANAIS SALVINI, sp. n. (Fig. 2, p. 173.)

D. chloris, Felder?

3. Ale apice elongato: antice supra fulve, margine antico,

cella venisque fuscis ; margine postico fusco, inter venas hastato,

punctisque septem albis submarginato: postice macula magna

subapicali irregulari venisque fuscis; margine postico fusco,

inter venas hastato: corpus fuscum, fulvo premaculatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, nitentes, margine postico serie macula-

rum albarum integra: antice punctis nonnullis marginalibus :

corpus fuscum, thorace albo maculato. Alar. exp. une. 37.

9. dle apice rotundato: antice supra serie macularum trium

fulvarum sub costa ad celle finem ; margine postico macula

infima submarginali geminata serieque punctorum alborum

marginali : postice serie macularum albarum integra: corpus

fuscum, albo premaculatum. Ale subtus velut supra: corpus

thorace nigro, albo maculato; abdomine pallido. Alar. exp.

une. 4.

Hab. Gilolo and Batchian.

Allied to D. inuncta (Butler), from which it differs in being yel-

low instead of white ; the wings of a slightly different form, the inner

edge of hind margin forming long hastate projections between the

nervures ; front wings with cell entirely brown, and apical submar-

ginal spots very small.

5. DANAIS LUTESCENS, sp.n. (Fig. 3, p. 173.)

Ale supra albe viridescentes, fascia subapicali magna nec in ma-

culas distincta, antice breves, postice rotundate: aliter ut in

D. cleona (Cramer). 6. Alar. exp. unc. 3. Q. Alar. exp.

une. 3-P.

Hab. Ceram; Bouru.

This species is closely allied to D. cleona of Cramer, from which

it differs chiefly in its pale colouring, more rounded and shorter wings,

and larger spots.

1866.]

MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS.

Fig. 1. Danais ismare (Cramer), hermaphrodite.

2: salvini.

5. —— lutescens.

174

The genus will now stand as follows :—

MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS DANAIS.

Section |.

[ Mar. :

Africane : alis nigris albo fasciatis et maculatis.

Ala opace, antice macula apicali alba.

Danais phedon.

echeria.

egialea.

—— damocles.

8. Danais berenice.

9. —— cleothera.

10. hermippus.

11. —— eresimus.

12. —— gilippus.

13. —— erippus.

14. —— cleophile.

Te chrysippus.

16. —— aleippus.

17. petilia.

18. —— plexaure.

19, —— plexippus.

Section 2.

}

Section 3.

Danais *hecate.

ochlea.

—— niavius.

20. Danais philene.

21. —— *nubila.

22. —— artenice.

23. —— *pullata.

24, ——- affinis.

25. ——— chionippe.

26. —— *fulyurata.

27. —— *conspicua.

28. —— melanippus.

29. —— lots.

30. ismare.

Ale hyaline aut subhyaline, fasctis strigisque opacis fuscis : raro

fusce strigis hyalinis.

31. Danais sobrina.

32. —— similis.

33. —— meganira.

34. —— melissa.

35. —— wanthippus.

36. —— limniace.

37. —— *leonora.

38. —— *leopardus.

39. —— australis.

40.. —— *choaspes.

4). —— *purpurata.

42. —— *fumata.

43, —— *erebus.

44. —— aglea.

59.

, —— *salvini.

. —— vitrea.

Danais *inuncta.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

ol.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

Section 3a.

Ale subhyaline, magne, venis fuscis : postice plerumque fascia

lata submarginali fusca : margine postico fusco, intus dentato.

62.

. —— anapis.

Danais agleoides.

grammica.

—— phyle.

—— luzonensis.

—— melaneus.

—— tytia.

albata.

—— *enone.

—— vitrina.

—— *gloriola.

—— *croced.

—— cleona.

—— *lutescens.

*mariana.

Danais chloris.

TAX Id 9987

‘ONOVIINVENV XIMH.LOCOLEN

bt)

1866.] ON BIRDS COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. ]

Section 4.

Ale hyaline, maculis ovatis nigris varie.

64. Danais gaura. | 65. Danais daos.

My species are marked with an asterisk.

The great similarity of pattern and coloration that exists in this

genus renders the determination of the species, without the aid of

figures, next to impossible, especially as some of the species (?) are

founded upon the absence or presence of a single spot ; I may there-

fore have unwittingly redescribed some of the recently acquired forms

from absolute inability to make them agree with the descriptions

given.

5. Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the

River Ucayali, Eastern Peru, with Notes and Descrip-

tions of New Species. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D.,

F.R.S., and Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.Z.S., &c.

(Plate XVIII.)

‘

The collection of birds which we have the pleasure of bringing

before the Society this evening is part of the firstfruits of the expe-

dition of Mr. Edward Bartlett, son of the Superintendent of the So-

ciety’s Gardens, to the Peruvian Amazon.

Mr. E. Bartlett left Liverpool on the 17th of January 1865, in a

small schooner, and arrived at Para towards the close of the follow-

ing month. Thence he proceeded by the line of steamers which now

navigate the Amazons to Nauta, in Eastern Peru, situated on the left

bank of the main stream a little above the junction with it of its

large southern tributary the Ucayali. Mr. Bartlett did not reach

Nauta until the first week in April, having been somewhat delayed

by changing steamers at Barra, Tabatinga, and Yquitos. After about

a month’s stay at this place he started on a five months’ exeursion

up the Ueayali in boats, leaving Nauta early in May, and not return-

ing there until the end of September or beginning of October. The

highest point attained during this excursion was Cashaboya, three

days’ journey above Sarayacu. At these two localities and along the

banks of the Ucayali, between its confluence with the Amazons and

Cashaboya, the greater part of the present collection of birds was

formed, some few only being from Nauta, and perhaps one or two, to

which no locality is attached, from other places on the main stream.

The total number of the skins contained in the present collection is

about 700, representing 252 species. But before we say more about

them it may be proper to state shortly what has previously been done

towards working out the ornithology of the country traversed by

Mr. Bartlett.

The only work that professes to give any connected account of the

ornithology of the Peruvian republic generally is Tschudi’s ‘ Fauna

176 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

Peruana.’ That the series of birds given by Tschudi as met with

within the limits of Peru is not very complete, is sufficiently mani-

fest from the fact that the whole number of species enumerated by

him is only 265; and herein are included a considerable number of

purely Andean species, besides species peculiar to the western coast-

fauna which are not met with in the eastern wood-region. Now

Mr. Bartlett’s present collection already gives us materials for deter-

mining upwards of 250 different species ; and the probability is, the

whole avifauna of this rich region does not contain less than from

600 to 700 species.

Several other zoological travellers have likewise made extensive

collections of bird-skins in various parts of the same district into

which Mr. Bartlett has recently penetrated; but, unfortunately, no

complete account of the results of their labours has ever been given

to the public. The specimens obtained by Professor Poeppig in

the province of Maynas remain, we believe, still unworked at in the

Leipsic Museum. About the year 1846 the French travellers, MM.

Castelnau and Deville, descended the river Ucayali during their

journey from Lima to Para. A considerable series of birds was col-

lected on this occasion by the late M. Deville at Sarayacu and at

other localities in Eastern Peru visited by the expedition, but, pro-

bably owing to the latter naturalist’s untimely death after his return

to Paris, it was never perfectly worked out. The “ Partie Ornitho-

logique”’ of the Voyage of M. Castelnau, published by M. Des Murs

in 1855, contains only notices of some of the principal species, and is

in fact, as is stated by the author in his preface, mainly a compilation

of papers published by M. Deville, Prince Charles Bonaparte, and

Mr. Sclater on the same subject.

In 1854, or thereabouts, Mr. Hawxwell, who has for many years

been a resident trader at various stations on the Upper Amazons,

transmitted to Mr. Gould a very fine and extensive collection of the

birds of this district. A portion of these were exhibited by Mr.

Gould to this Society at one of their Meetings in 1855*, and some

of the new species contained in it were described by Mr. Gould in

our ‘Proceedings’t. It is much to be regretted that in this case,

again, the collection was dispersed without any complete account

being given of it. Mr. Hawxwell’s specimens were obtained partly

on the Ucayali, and partly at Chamicurros, an Indian village situated

cn a small tributary of the Huallaga.

In 1857 Mr. Sclater published in our ‘ Proceedings’ { a list of a

small collection of birds (embracing seventy-nine species) transmitted

by our well-known Amazonian traveller, Mr. H. W. Bates, from Ega.

Part of these were from Ega itself, but others had been obtained for

Mr. Bates by an assistant collector on the Rio Javarri. Amongst

them were a considerable number of species, which we recognize again

in the present collection. Other species obtained by Mr. Bartlett

* See PZ, S. lSho, pads

t Descriptions of eight new species of birds from South America (P. Z. S.

1855, p. 67).

£ PZ. S.1857,)p: 261.

1866. } COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 177

have been already recorded as met with in the series from the Rio

Napo, of which Mr. Sclater has given an account in the Society’s

* Proceedings’ for 1858* ; and others are to be referred to the species

described by D’Orbigny from the lower woodlands of the adjoining

republic of Bolivia.

Although, therefore, as has been already stated, no complete: ac-

count has yet been published of the birds of Eastern Peru, it will be

seen, by the subjoined catalogue, that by far the greater portion of

Mr. Bartlett’s collection consists of species already made known to

science by one or other of these authorities. Comparatively few of

them are new, and these are mainly species belonging to the more

obscure and difficult groups, which are likely to escape notice. Of

the 252 species collected by Mr. Bartlett we consider eleven only to

be certainly undescribed, namely :—

1. Spermophila ocellata. 7. Muscisazicola fluviatilis.

2. Furnarius torridus. 8. Serpophaga hypoleuca.

3. Synallaxis terricolor. 9. Metopothriz aurantiacus.

4. vulpecula. 10. Leuctppus chlorocercus.

5. Hypocnemis melanura. 11. Thaumantias bartletti.

6 hemileuca.

On these species and the rest of the collection we now proceed

to give our remarks, reserving our notes on the general aspects of

the ornithology of this interesting region until the arrival of further

collections from our energetic and enterprizing traveller shall enable

us to found them upon a wider basis.

The nomenclature followed in the present paper is that of Sclater’s

‘American Catalogue.’ We have to record our thanks to Mr. Gould

for determining the Trochilide, two of which prove to be new to

science.

Order 1. PASSERES.

Fam. Turpip&.

1. TURDUS AMAUROCHALINUS; Cab, Mus. Hein. p. 5.

A single specimen of this Thrush agrees nearly with a typical exam-

ple of this species received from the Berlin Museum. Sclater’s Turdus

tynobilis is very closely allied, but has the lores brown like the head.

Hab. Lower Ucayal®

2. Turpus FumiGatus, Licht.

Hab. Nauta.

Fam. Sytvi1p&.

3. PoLiorTiLa BUFFONT, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

The males have rather less white on the outer rectrices than the

type specimen, but still considerably more than the Brazilian P. leu-

cogastra, Max.

* P. Z.S. 1858, p. 59.

178 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

Fam. TRoGLODYTID.

4, DoNACOBIUS ATRICAPILLUS (Linn.).

Hab, Nauta.

5. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS HyposTicTus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855,

p- 68.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

6. THRYOTHORUS ALBIPECTUS, Cab.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

7. THrRyoTHoRUs coraya (Gm.).

Hab. Sarayacu and Nauta.

The Sarayacu specimens are rather larger and greyer beneath.

8. TROGLODYTES FURVUS (Gm.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Fam. HrrunDINID&.

9. ProGne TAPeRA (Linn.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Two examples. Mr. Bartlett has sent the eggs of this species.

They are white and similar in shape to those of the common P. pur-

purea. The eggs were deposited in holes in the ground, which in

some instances were 2 feet deep.

10. Arricora cyANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

Hab. Nauta.

Several young specimens.

11. Arricora FasciaTa (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A young male, with the white chest-band broader than in the adult.

12. PeTrROCHELIDON ALBIVENTRIS (Bodd.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

The egg of this species is white, and of about the size of that of

the common Hirundo urbica.

13. STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIs (Vieill.); Baird, Rev. A. B.

i. p. 312.

JTab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

Several specimens. These all have the uropygium slightly greyer

than Cayenne and Rio specimens, but not nearly so much as in S.

uropygialis of Ecuador and Panama. This Swallow lays a white

egg, similar to that of S. serripennis.

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 179

Fam. ViREONID.

14. Vireosytvia aciuis (Licht.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

15, CycLoruis GUIANENSIS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. C@ReBIp&.

16. Dacnis cayana (Linn.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

17. DacNniIs MELANOTIS, Strick].

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

18. DAcnIs FLAVIVENTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali; Sarayacu.

Specimens of both sexes of this lovely species. The female has

not been previously obtained, as far as we know.

19. Dacnis ANALIS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

These skins agree with a skin from British Guiana in Sclater’s

collection, and must be referred to D. analis, while the Brazilian re-

presentative, D. speciosa (united with it in Sclater’s catalogue and

elsewhere), is probably distinct, being altogether paler in coloration,

especially below.

20. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

21. Ca@/respa cyANEA (Linn.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

22. CextTHioLa LuTEOLA (Licht.).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

Fam. TANAGRID.

23. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund.

Hab. Sarayacu.

24. EvpHonis MINUTA, Cab.

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

25. EUPHONIA MELANURA, Sclater.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

A male specimen agrees best with Sclater’s Bogotan skin, which

differs somewhat from the typical 2. melanura from Barra, as noted

in his American Catalogue, p. 59.

180 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

26. Eupnonta, sp.?

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Several specimens, females of one of the yellow-throated species

allied to E. violacea.

27. CALLISTE YENI, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

28. CALLISTE SCHRANKI (Spix).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

29. CALLISTE XANTHOGASTRA, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

30. CALLISTE BOLIVIANA, Bp.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

31. TANAGRA C@LESTIS, Spix.

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

32. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

33. RAMPHOC@LUS NIGRIGULARIS (Spix).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

34. Rampnoceus sacaPa (Linn.).

Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

35. EvcoMETIs PENICILLATA (Spix).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

36. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTRIS (Spix).

Hab. Sarayacu.

37. Nemosta prLeata (Bodd.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

38. Nemosta Guira (Linn.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

39. NemosIA sorp1IDA, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

We have hitherto considered this species identical with the Bra-

zilian N. fulvescens, Strickl. (=N. fulviceps, Burm.). But Mr.

Bartlett’s specimens appear to.be separable from the Brazilian skins

in Sclater’s collection, having the head more yellowish rufous, pass-

ing into a greenish tinge on the nape, and being greyish below, with

the middle of the belly passing into pure white. In the Brazilian

bird the whole abdomen is pale ochraceous. It is probable that the

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 181

Amazonian bird should bear D’Orbigny’s name, although it does not

agree very well with his description and figure.

40. Cissopis LEVERIANA (Gm.).

No locality is affixed to Mr. Bartlett’s single specimen of this

species; but it was probably obtained on the Lower Amazons, as the

Ucayali species is C. media, of which Sclater has a specimen obtained

on that river by Hawxwell.

41. SALTATOR AZAR, D’Orb.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Agrees with Sclater’s specimen from the Rio Napo.

Fam. FRINGILLID.

42. Oryzonorvs, sp.?

Hab. Nauta.

Female of a species near O. crassirostris.

43. ORyZoBORUS TORRIDUS (Gm.).

No locality given.

44. SPERMOPHILA OCELLATA, Sp. nov.

Supra nigra, fascia uropygiali et speculo alari parva albis : subtus

alba, gutture medio (utrinque albo limbato) cum pectore nigris,

hujus et laterum plumis albo ocellatis : rostro plumbeo, pedibus

Suscis : long. tota 4:5, ale 2°3, caude 2°8 poll. Angl.

9. Olivaceo-brunnea, alis caudaque fuscis, subtus dilutior, magis

Jlavicans, abdomine medio albescente : rostro et pedibus pallide

Suscis.

Hab. Nauta.

Obs. Aff. S. bouvronidi, Less., sed pectore ocellato distinguenda.

Mr. Bartlett has sent home many males and a single female of this

apparently new species of Spermophila. It belongs to the black-

throated division of the black-and-white section, which contains S.

lineola, 8. nigricollis, S. cerulescens, S. semicollaris, and S. bouvro-

nides, but is distinct from all of these, though most nearly allied to

the last-named. In some of the males a few of the feathers on the

head are spotted with white at the base, forming a small indistinct

white medial line.

45. SPERMOPHILA CASTANEIVENTRIS, Cab.

' Hab. Nauta. :

Examples of both sexes of this species.

46. VovaTINIA JACARINA (Linn.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

47. Paroaria GuLaris (Linn.).

Hub, Nauta.

182 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS’ [Mar. 27,

48. CoruRNICULUS PERUANUS, Bp.

Hab. Nauta, and Upper and Lower Ucayali.

Many specimens.

Fam. Icreripz.

49. OcyALus LATIROsSTRIs (Sw.).

Hah. Upper Ucayali, near Cashaboya.

Examples of both sexes of this fine species. The males measure

about 12 inches in length, wing 9, tail 4:7; the females 9°5, wing

6:1, tail 3-7, and are duller in colouring.

50. Ostrnops cristaTus (Gm.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

51. Osrinops yurAcARIuM (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Locality not marked; but Sclater has specimens from the Upper

Amazons.

52. OsTINOPS ATROVIRENS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

53. OsTINOPS ANGUSTIFRONS (Spix).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

54, Cassicus persicus (Linn.).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

55. CassicuLus sonitarivs (Vieill.).

Hab. Nauta.

There is little doubt that C. nigerrimus, Spix, is the same bird. The

synonym is given with a queere in Sclater’s American Catalogue.

56. Icrerus cHRYSOCEPHALUS (Linn.),

Hab, Sarayacu.

57. XANTHOSOMUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Linn.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

58. GyMNOMYSTAX MELANICTERUS (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

59. QuISCcALUS, sp.?

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

One example, not in good condition, of a small species allied to

Q. equatorials.

Fam. Corvip£.

60. CyANOCORAX VIOLACEUS, Du Bus.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

1866.) COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 183

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID®.

G1. FURNARIUS TORRIDUS, sp. nov.

Rubiginosus, alis caudaque paulo saturatioribus, primariis fusco-

nigricantibus, omnium (nisi extimi) basibus in pogonio interiore

pallide cinnamomeis: pileo toto et capitis lateribus sordide

brunneis, loris et superciliis indistincte albidis : subtus pallide

rufus, guia, ventre medio et subalaribus pure albis: rostro

rufo, basi albicante ; pedibus pallide carneis : long. tota 7 poll.,

ale 3°7, caude 2°2, tarsi 1°2; rostri a rictu lin. dir. 1-1.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali sup. et inf.

Obs. Sp. quoad formam typica, ab omnibus aliis colore dorsi sa-

turate rubiginoso distinguenda.

Mr. Bartlett has sent two similar examples of this bird (labelled

male and female) from the Ucayali. It is a well-marked species,

easily known by its dark rusty-rufous back and clearly defined white

throat, the breast being light rufous. The head above is earthy

brown, rather darker than in F. cinnamomeus. The first primary is

unspotted. In the second a large rounded pale cinnamomeous spot

appears in the inner web about halfway up. This increases in size

in the third and next following primaries, and ultimately descends

to the base of the web. The seventh and succeeding primaries have

a large terminal spot of dark rufous in the inner web. There is also

an oblique band of dark rufous across the primaries, beginning with

the third, which corresponds with the markings on the inner web.

The wings are short, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries

being nearly equal and longest.

62. FuRNARIUS MINOR, Von Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxi. p. 321,

et xxxiv. p. 115.

Hab. Nauta.

Agrees with one of Natterer’s typical specimens in Sclater’s col-

lection.

63. SYNALLAXIS ALBIGULARIS, Sclater.

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

64. SyNALLAXIS TERRICOLOR, Sp. nov.

Supra sordide cinereo-brunnea, fere unicolor, uropygio vie brun-

nescentiore: loris albidis: alarum tectricibus omnibus extus

rufis: cauda pallidius rufa; rectricibus decem, pari externo

brevissimo, ceteris graduatis : subtus cinerea, gule plumis albo

terminatis ; ventre medio pure albo: lateribus fuscescentibus :

rostro saturate fusco, mandibule inferioris basi albicante : pe-

dibus saturate corylinis: long. tota 6°3, ale 2°2, caude rectr.

med. 2°8; tarsi 0:9, rostri a rvictu lin. dir. 0°8.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali sup. et inf.

Obs. Species corpore supra unicolori et rostro longo, caudee quoque

rectricibus decem valde graduatis ad apices acuminatis insignis.

Four specimens of this apparently undescribed Synallavis were

184 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

obtained by Mr. Bartlett. It is not very like any species that we

are acquainted with.

65. SYNALLAXIS VULPECULA, sp. nov.

Supra late cinnamomeo-rufa, unicolor, loris et superciliis indi-

stincte albidis: subtus alba, ventrem versus sensim fuscescente :

lateribus sordidis : ventre medio punctis minutis obsolete sor-

didis irrorato : cauda unicolori rufa, rectricibus duodecim, pari

externo medio dimidio breviore, ceteris graduatis: long. tota

5:6, ale 2°6, caude 2°3, tarsi 0°85, rostri a rictu lin. dir. 0°75.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali sup. et inf.

Obs. Affinis S. vulpine, sed rostro longiore, corpore supra omnino

unicolore, et ventris punctis obsoletis distinguenda.

Three examples of this species, belonging to the division of Synal-

laxis with twelve rectrices, are in Mr. Bartlett’s collection. It ap-

pears to come nearest to S. vulpina of Von Pelzeln, of which a single

example is in Sclater’s collection.

66. LeproxyuRA CINNAMOMEA (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

67. PHILYDOR TURDINUS.

“« Anabates turdinus, Natt. MS.;’’ Von Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv.

p- 110.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A single specimen, agreeing nearly enough with a typical example

of Von Pelzeln’s species in Sclater’s collection. Natterer’s examples

were collected at Barra and Borba.

68. XeNOPS APPROXIMANS, Von Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv.

p- 113.

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

Two examples.

69. SirrasomuS AMAZONUS, Lafr.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

70. DENDROCOLAPTES VALIDUS.

Dendrocolaptes validus, Tsch. F. P. p. 242, pl. 21. f. 2.

Dendrocops validus, Lafr. R. Z. 1851, p. 324.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A single example of this species, which we have not seen before.

It appears to answer well to Tschudi’s description, though the

wretched figure of the ‘ Fauna Peruana’ is barely recognizable.

71. DENDRORNIS PALLIATA, Des Murs.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

72. DENDRORNIS ROSTRIPALLENS, Des Murs.

Hab, Sarayacu.

1866.) COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 185

Fam. ForRMICARIID.

73. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 69,

pl. uxxxii1., et Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 345.

Hab. Nauta and Upper and Lower Ucayali.

74. THAMNOPHILUS CoRVINUS, Gould.

Thamnophilus corvinus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, y. 69, et Ann. N.

HL. ser. 2. xv. p. 345(¢ ).

T. melanoceps, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 28, pl. 39. f.1(@).

Diallactes melanocephalus, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. ii. p.18 (2).

Thamnophilus melanocephalus, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 172( 2).

Hab. Upper Ucayali, near Cashaboya.

There can, we think, be no longer any doubt that Spix’s 7’. mela-

noceps is the female of Th. corvinus. Mr. Bartlett has obtained exam-

ples of each of them in the same locality, and marks all 7’. corvinus

as males, and all 7’. melanoceps as females. Sclater has already sug-

gested that this would turn out to be the case (P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 210).

75. THAMNOPHILUS HYPERYTHRUS, Gould, P. Z.S. 1853, p. 70.

Only one example of this species from the Lower Ucayali.

76. THAMNOPHILUS N&VIUs (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

77. THAMNOPHILUS AMAZONICUS, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

78. THAMNOPHILUS ATRICAPILLUS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

79. THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS, Vieill.

Hab. Sarayacu and Nauta.

80. PYGOPTILA MACULIPENNIS, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali and Sarayacu.

Specimens of both sexes of this species.

81. MyrMoTHERULA PYGM#A (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

82. MyRMOTHERULA SURINAMENSIS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

83. MyRMOTHERULA MULTOSTRIATA, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

84. MyrMorHERULA H#MATONOTA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,

p. 235.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A single female of this species, which is certainly distinct from M.

Proc. Zoon, Soc.—1866, No, XIII.

186 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS’ [Mar. 27,

ornata. In Sclater’s collection is an adult male collected by Natterer

at Marabitanas, in May 1831.

85. MyRMOTHERULA AXILLARIS (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

86. MyrMoTHERULA MELZENA, Sclater.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

87. MyrRMOTHERULA HAWXWELLI, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali and Nauta.

88. CeERCOMACRA CINERASCENS, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1857, p. 131.

Two examples from Sarayacu. Sclater’s skin from the Napo,

referred to this species in his American Catalogue (p. 184), is, no

doubt, different, and will require a new name.

89. PyrIGLENA SERVA, Sclater.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

90. PERCNOSTOLA FUNEBRIS (Licht.).

Hab. Nauta.

91. Hypocnemis cANTATOR (Bodd.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

92. HyrocNEMIS P@CILONOTA, Cab.

Hab. Sarayacu.

A single female of this species—the first example of this sex we

have seen.

93. HypocNEMIS MELANOPOGON, Selater.

Hab. Cashaboya.

94. HypocNEMIS MELANURA, §p. Nov,

3. Schistacea, capite cum gutture colloque toto, alis et cauda

nigris: alarum tectricibus albo limbatis ; campterio et tectri-

cibus subalaribus albis : rostro nigro, pedibus plumbeis : long.

tota 4:5, ale 2°5, caude@ 1°5, tarsi 0°9.

©. Brunnea, alarum tectricibus nigricantibus, albo marginatis :

subtus fulva, gutture medio et ventre medio pure albis: rostro

inferiore albicante.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali sup.

Oés. Affinis sp. przec. sed tarsis longioribus et capite caudaque

omnino nigris distinguenda: differt a H. schistacea, Scl., pileo nigro

et tectricibus alarum albo marginatis nec punctatis.

Mr. Bartlett’s collection contains a single pair of this species—the

male from Cashaboya, the female from the Upper Ucayali.

95. HypocNEMIS HEMILEUCA, Sp. nov.

3. Supra atra, macula dorsi celata alba: dorsi postici plumis

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 187

elongatis cinerascentibus: alis caudaque nigris ; scapularium

basibus, tectricum alarium maculis apicalibus et rectricum om-

nium apicibus cum toto corpore subtus albis : rostro et pedibus

nigris : long. tota 4°5, ale 2:0, caude 1°5, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali inf.

Obs. Affinis H. melanopogoni, sed ab omnibus affinibus corpore

supra nigro subtus albo distinguenda.

Mr. Bartlett has only sent a single example of this apparently un-

described species.

96. HypocnemMis THERES#, Des Murs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 51,

pl. 16. 7.29.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. TyRANNID2.

97. ATTILA THAMNOPHILOIDES (Spix).

Hab. Sarayacu.

98. Fiuvicora pica (Bodd.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A single skin, apparently referable to this species.

99. MuscisAxICOLA FLUVIATILIS, Sp. NOV. «

Murino-fusca, alis nigricantibus, rufo bifasciatis : caude tectri-

cibus superioribus atris, rectricis extime pogonio externo albi-

cante: subtus valde dilutior, ventre et crisso pure albis; pec-

tore et lateribus fulvido perfusis: rostro nigro, mandibule in-

ferioris basi tota albida: pedibus nigris: long. tota 5°3, ale

3, caude 2, tarsi 0'8. ;

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali inf.

Obs. Affinis M. maculirostri, sed rostro breviore et magis crasso,

tarsis brevioribus, alarum fasciis distinctis, et ventre albo insignis.

Mr. Bartlett’s collection contains several examples of this new

Muscisavicola from the Lower Ucayali. It must be placed next to

M. maculirostris. See Sclater’s synopsis of the genus in ‘Ibis,’

1866, p. 56.

100. ToprRosTRUM MACULATUM, Desm.

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

101. ToprRostTRUM CHRYSOCROTAPHUM, Strick]. Contr. Orn.

1850, pl. 49.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Two examples of this scarce species.

102, EuscarRTHMUS SPICIFER.

Todirostrum spiciferum, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 363 ; Sclater,

fae. 8. 1855, p. 67, pl. exxxrv. f.2,

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

As Sclater has already pointed out, this species is quite different

188 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

from Colopterus galeatus (Bodd.), with which he had previously

united it.

103. SERPOPHAGA HYPOLEUCA, sp. Nov.

Murino-cinerea ; crista parva verticali nigricante : alis caudaque

saturatioribus : subtus alba: rostro et pedibus nigris: long.

tota 4, ale 1°8, caude@ 1°8, tarsi 0°7.

Hab. in ripis fl. Ucayali inf.

Obs. Affinis S. subcristate, quoad formam, colore S. nigricanti

magis propinqua.

104. STIGMATURA BUDYTOIDES.

Culicivora budytoides, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Ay. in Mag. de Zool.

p- 56.

Setophaga budytoides, D’Orb. Voy. p. 330, pl. 36. f. 2.

Two examples of this singular bird, one from the Upper, the other

from the Lower Ucayali. The most nearly allied species is Sclater’s

Luscarthmus agilis, afterwards transferred by him into the genus

Aneretes. But the present bird must certainly be generically sepa-

rated from Aneretes ; and perhaps the species last referred to ought

likewise to stand alone as a link between the two genera.

The characters of the genus Stigmatura, as we propose to call this

form, consist (1) in the very short wings, the longest primaries (third

and fourth) hardly exceeding the longest secondaries; (2) in the

very long tail, formed by graduated feathers (much as in Aneretes

agilis) ; and (3) in the long strong tarsi and short hind claw. dne-

retes agilis has similar tarsi, but the hind claw is much stronger and

longer. Stigmatura is further remarkable for the black and white

banded tail, which is unlike anything in the whole group of Tyran-

nide ; it is very different in style of coloration to Aneretes, and in

this respect comes nearer to Hapalocercus.

105. MronEcTES OLEAGINEUS (Licht.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

106. TyRANNULUS ELATUs (Lath.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

107. CAMPTOSTOMA FLAVIVENTRE, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1854,

p- 398.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Agrees with Fraser’s Ecuador specimen of this species spoken of

ies

108. ELAINEA PAGANA (Licht.).

Hab. Nauta.

109. Exarnnra, sp.?

Hab, Nauta and Lower Ucayali.

Two examples of a species allied to #. mesoleuca, Cab. & Hein.,

not in sufficiently good condition to distinguish therefrom.

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 189

110. Exarnea, sp.?

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

One example of a species belonging to the golden-crested group

containing L. placens and its allies.

111. My1ozetetes, sp. ?

Hab. Sarayacu.

One example of a young bird of this genus.

112. MyrozEreTrs CAYENNENSIS (Linn.).

Hab. Nauta.

113, RayYNCHOCYCLUS MEGACEPHALUS (Sw.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

114. Prrancus suLPauRATUs (L.).

Hab. Nauta.

115. Myrosrus nzvivus (Bodd.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

116. Myronivs, sp.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

One specimen in bad condition, which we are unable to determine.

117. Myiosrus xantTHopyetus (Spix).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

118. PyRocCEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.).

Upper and Lower Ucayali.

119. My1arcuus, sp.?

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Two examples of an undetermined species in Sclater’s collection.

120. Emprponomus varivs (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

121. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.

Hab. Nauta and Sarayacu.

Many specimens of this widely distributed species.

122. TyRANNUS PIPIRI, Vieill.

Hab. Nauta.

Two specimens. In our opinion indistinguishable from North-

American specimens. D’Orbigny (Voy. p. 313) has noticed this

species as far south as Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia.

123. TyRANNUS, sp.

One skin, from the Upper Ucayali, apparently referable to a new

190 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

species allied to T. pipiri, but not ina sufficiently perfect state for

description.

124. TYRANNUS AURANTIO-ATRO-CRISTATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Syn. p.45; D’Orb. Voy. p. 312.

Tyrannus inca, Sclater, ex Licht. MS., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 383.

Fam. CoTiInGip&.

125. Haprosromus MINOR (Less.).

A single skin from the Upper Ucayali, apparently a female of this

species.

126. PACHYRHAMPHUS CINEREUS (Bodd.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

127. PACHYRHAMPHUS NIGER, Spix.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

128. PACHYRHAMPHUS, sp.?

A skin of a female of this difficult group from the Upper Ucayali.

129. Lipaveus stmpLex (Licht. ).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

130. ScuirrorNis MAsOR, Bp.; Des Murs, Voy. Casteln. Zool.

i, p. 66, pl. 18. f. 2.

A single imperfect skin from Nauta, which may probably be refer-

able to this species, but requires comparison with the type, as it is a

form little known and not sufficiently described.

131. Prprires CHLORION (Cab.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

132. Prpra FiLicaupA, Spix.

Hab. Sarayacu and Upper Ucayali.

133. Prera LeucociLuaA, Linn.

Hab, Sarayacu.

134. PrprRA CYANEOCAPILLA, Hahn.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

135. MrroroTHRIX AURANTIACUS, gen. et sp. nov. (Pl. XVIII.)

Metopothrix genus novum Piprinum : rostro elongato, valde com-

presso, paulumincurvo, dente marginali nullo : plumis in fronte

brevibus, erectis, setosis: rictu glabro: ale modice, dimidium

caude vix attingentes ; remigibus ii”, iii”, et iv’? fere equalibus

et longissimis, primo sextum equante: cauda elongata, rectri-

1866. ] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 191

cibus valde graduatis : tarsis modicis, digito medio paulo lon-

gioribus ; digitis anticis ad basin concretis.

Typ. et sp. unica M. aurantiacus.

Supra olivacea, alis fuscis, olivaceo limbatis: plumis frontis

erectis, aurantiacis: subtus valde pallidior gula et pectore

fravis, hoc ventrem versus dilutiore: rostro nigricanti-fusco :

pedibus flavis: long. tota 4°75, ale 2°3, cauda rectr. med. 2,

lat. 1:25; tarsi 0°6, rostri a rictu lin. dir. 0:5.

Hab. Sarayacu.

Two skins of this curious bird are in the collection. They may

probably be females of a more brilliantly coloured male; but the

form, which appears to belong to the Piprine, is quite new to us.

136. Cotrnea cAyANA (Linn.).

Locality not recorded.

137. CoTINGA PORPHRYOLAMA, Sclat. et Dev. Rev. Zool. 1852,

p. 226, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 136, pl. 96; Des Murs, Zool. Voy.

Casteln. Ois. p. 65.

Hab. Sarayacu.

A pair of this beautiful Cotinga, which was, we believe, first dis-

covered by Poeppig in the province of Maynas, although his specimens

remained unnamed in the Leipsic collection until after it had been

described by Sclater and Deville from the specimens obtained during

Castelnau’s expedition. Hawxwell also obtained specimens of this

Cotinga on the Ucayali, some of which are now in the British Museum.

138. QuERULA CRUENTA (Bodd.).

Several specimens, all from the Upper Ucayali.

139. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr.

Order II. PICARIZ®.

Fam. Momorip.

140. Momortus BRASILIENSIS, Lath.

Upper Ucayali.

More rufous below than Sclater’s specimens ; but these birds ap-

pear to vary much with every slight change of area. It will pro-

bably be necessary to reduce the number of species allied to M. bra-

siliensis when we have a better series of examples.

141. Momorus marti, Spix.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. ALCEDINID&.

142. CeryLe ToRQvATA (Linn.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Mr. Bartlett has also sent the eggs of this Kingfisher, which are

glossy white, like those of other members of this family.

192 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALYIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

143. CeryLe AMAzonia (Lath.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

144, CeryLe AMERICANA (Gm.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Fam, GALBULID.

145. GALBULA TOMBACEA, Spix.

Hab. Sarayacu and Lower Ucayali.

146, GALBULA ALBIROSTRIS, Lath.

Hab, Sarayacu.

147. GALBALCYRHYNCHUS LEUCOTIS, Des Murs.

Four examples of this bird, but without the exact locality. One

of them has not the white auricular spot, which is perhaps charac-

teristic of the male bird. The wing is rather strongly spurred in

this form.

Fam. Bucconip2.

148. Bucco macropactyLvs, Spix.

Hab. Upper Ucayali, Sarayacu.

149. MALAcopTILA RUFA (Spix).

Hab. Sarayacu.

150. NoNNULA FRONTALIS, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

One example.

151. NonNULA RUFICAPILLA, Tschudi.

Hab. Sarayacu and Upper and Lower Ucayali.

Many specimens.

152. Monasa NIGRIFRONS, Spix.

Locality not marked. Spix obtained his specimens on the Soli-

moens.

153. Monasa PERUANA, Bp.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

154. CHELIDOPTERA TENEBROSA, Pall.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. TROGONID2.

155. TroGon virinpis, L.

Trogon melanopterus, Gould, Mon. pl. 10.

JTab, Upper Ucayali.

1866. ] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI, 193

156. TRoGON RAMONIANUS, Casteln. et Deville, Voy. p. 34, pl.11.

£2

Aganus ramonianus, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. iy. p. 148.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

The original specimens obtained by Castelnau’s expedition were

from Sarayacu.

157. Trocon coxuaris, Vieill. ; Gould, Mon. pl. 5.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

158. TRoGON VARIEGATUS, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 49, pl. 38 a.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

159. TROGON MELANURUS, Sw.

Hab, Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

Fam. CAPRIMULGID&.

160. Nycrisius GRANDIS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

161. PopaGrr NACUNDA, Vieill.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

162. CHORDEILES RUPESTRIS, Spix.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

The eggs of this species, of which Mr. Bartlett has sent specimens,

are of a grey stone-colour, blotched all over with three shades of the

same colour, more thinly towards the smaller end.

163. Hyproesauis TRIFURCATA (Natt.); Tsch. F. P. p. 128.

Many examples of both sexes of this species from the Lower

Ucayali. See Sclater’s remarks, anted, p. 141. The egg of this

species is similar to that of the last, but has the ground-colour rather

lighter, and the markings are more linear.

164, NycTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

The egg of this species has a pinkish cream-colour ground, spotted

and streaked with darker shades of the same colour.

Fam. TrocHinip.

165. GLAUCIS MELANURA, Gould.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

166. PHAETHORNIS HISPIDUS, Gould.

Hab. Upper Ucayali, near Cashaboya.

167. Lampornis MANGo (Linn.).

ITab, Sarayacu.

194 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

168. THALURANIA NIGRO-FASCIATA, Gould.

Hab. Sarayacu.

169. CruyYTOLZMA AURESCENS, Gould.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

A single, not very perfect example of this rare species. M. Ver-

reaux’s collection contains a specimen from the Rio Napo.

170. LeuciPPusS CHLOROCERCUS, Gould, MS.

Five examples of this apparently new species, from Nauta and dif-

ferent parts of the Upper and Lower Ucayali. Mr. Gould describes

it as follows :—

** Crown of the head, nape, shoulders, back, and upper tail-coverts

green ; tail-feathers bluish green, with a faint zone of darker green

near the end ; the extreme tip of all but the two central ones grey,

which gradually increases in extent as the feathers recede from the

middle, and becomes most conspicuous on the outer ones, where it

pervades the whole of the outer web ; wings purplish brown; breast

greyish white, with an obscure spot of dull green in the centre of

each feather, particularly those of the throat; flanks dull green ;

lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts greyish white ; bill

black ; feet dark brown.

“Total length 33 inches, bill 4, wing 23, tail 14, tarsi 1.

“ Hab. The Upper Ucayali.

“‘ Remark.—This species is about the size of Leucippus chiono-

gaster (Trochilus chionogaster, Tschudi).”

171. THAUMANTIAS FLUVIATILIS, Gould, Intr. to the Troch.

p. 154.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

172. THAUMANTIAS BARTLETTI, Gould, MS.

Seven examples of this rather striking new species from Sarayacu.

Mr. Gould proposes to name it after its enterprising discoverer, with

the following characters :—

‘Crown of the head, nape, and back deep grass-green, changing

to bronzy green on the upper tail-coverts ; throat and chest rich blue ;

flanks green; centre of the abdomen greyish white ; under tail-coverts

bronzy brown, margined with grey; tail bluish black, the upper sur-

face of the two central rectrices washed with green, and the four outer

feathers on each side obscurely tipped with grey in those specimens

which, according to Mr. Bartlett, are females; wings deep purplish

brown; upper mandible brownish black; under mandible flesh-

colour ; feet dark brown.

“Total length 32 inches, bill 1, wing 2, tail 13, tarsi 3.

“‘ Hab. The Upper Ucayali.

“* Remark.—This species, which I have named in honour of its

discoverer, is of the same size as, and closely allied to, my Thauman-

tias fluviatilis, from which it principally differs in having the breast

blue instead of shining green.”

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 195

173. EvcepHata CzRULEA (Vieill.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

174, Hytocwaris cyanea (Vieill.) ?

Hab. Nauta.

A single skin, apparently of this species.

175. CHLOROSTILBON DAPHNE, Boure.

A single specimen from Nauta, probably referable to this species.

Fam. Cucu.ip&.

176. CroTopHaGa mMasor, Linn.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

177. CrororHaGa Ant, Linn.

Hab. Nauta.

178. Praya nre@ricrissa, Sclater.

Hab. Sarayacu.

179, Piaya mInutTaA, Vieill.

Hab, Sarayacu.

180. Coccyzus MELANOCORYPHUS, Vieill.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

Fam. RAMPHASTID.

181. Rampwastos cuviert, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 8.

Hab. Cashaboya, ¢ et 9. :

182. RAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS, Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 11.

Hab. Upper Ucayali, Sarayacu.

183. Preroeossus castTaNnoris, Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 19.

Hab. Sarayacu.

184, PrerocLossus HuMBoLDTII (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. ed. 2.

pe 22:

Hab. Upper Ucayali, Sarayacu.

Specimens of both sexes of this species.

185. SELENIDERA LANGsDoRFI (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. ed. 2.

pl. 33.

Hab. Cashaboya.

Fam. Capironip&.

186. Caprro prruviANus (Cuv.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

196 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALYIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

187. CApITO AUROVIRENS (Cuy.).

Hab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

188. Capiro AURANTIICOLLIS, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

189. CapiTo MELANOTIS, Sclater.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. Picip2.

190. PrcuMNvsS BUFFONT, Lafr.

Hab. Sarayacu, Upper Ucayali.

191. Prcumnus caAsTELNAUDI, Malh. Pic. ii. p. 281, pl. 117.

i 2.

JTab. Nauta and Upper Ucayali.

A pair of this rare species, which we have not previously met with.

192. PicUMNUS RUFIVENTRIS.

Asthenurus rufiventris, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120; Consp. p. 141.

Picumnus rufiventris, Malh. Pic. ii. p. 283, et pl. 118. f. 2.

Lete oleagineus ; pileo nigro, albo guttulato : subtus saturate cin- |

namomeus ; caude rectricum duarum mediarum pogoniis internis

et rectricum duarum utrinque externarum vitta obliqua subapi-

cali pallide cinnamomeis: long. tota 4:6, ale 2°3, caude 1°3,

rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°6.

Hab. ad Sarayacu in ripis fl. Ucayali.

Affinis P. cinnamomeo, sed fronte non alba, dorsi colore olivaceo,

caude pictura et rostro longiore diversus.

Of this rare species of Picumnus, which seems most nearly allied

to P. cinnamomeus, Mr. Bartlett has transmitted but a single spe-

cimen. ‘There is also a single specimen in the Paris Museum ob-

tained by MM. Castelnau and Deville at Sarayacu. As Bonaparte’s

description is rather short, we have added its most marked characters.

193. CAMPEPHILUS ALBIROSTRIS (Vieill.).

Hab. Sarayacu and Upper and Lower Ucayali.

194. Dryocorus Lineatus (Linn.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

195, CeLEUS JUMANA (Spix).

Hab. Sarayacu.

196. CeLeus ciTRiINus (Bodd.).

No locality attached.

197, CELEUS TINNUNCULUS (Wagl.).

Hab, Upper Ucayali.

1866.] COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. 197

198. CeLrus Grammicus (Malh.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

199. CHLORONERPES HEZMATOSTIGMA (Natt.).

Hab. Savayacu.

A single skin of a female, rather larger in size than Sclater’s example

from the river Tocantins, which was determined by Malherbe.

200. CHRyYSOPTILUS PUNCTIGULARIS (Bodd.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

One of the specimens approaches Sclater’s Chrysoptilus speciosus,

and seems to show that the latter species will require to be reunited

with the former.

201. MELANERPES CRUENTATUS (Bodd.).

Hab. Sarayacu and Lower Ucayali.

Fam. Psirracip®.

202. ARA MACAO, Linn.

203. Ara sEvERA (Linn.).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

204. Conurus wEDDELLU, Deville, Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 209.

Maracana weddellii, Des Murs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 13, pl. 2.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

205. Conurus SOUANCAI, Verreaux.

Hab. Nauta.

206. ConuRUS XANTHOPTERUS (Spix).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

207. Brotrogerys suGuaris (Deville).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali and Nauta.

208. Brorocerys Tui (Gm.).

Hab. Nauta.

209. Curysoris restivA (Linn.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

210. Carica BARRABANDI (Kuhl).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

211. Psrrracuna scLaTert, G. R. Gray, List of Psitt. p. 86.

Hab. Sarayacu. ;

A single female of this species, the type specimen of which was

procured through Mr. Bates from the Rio Javarri.

198 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [Mar. 27,

Order 3. ACCIPITRES.

212. IpycTER AMERICANUS (Bodd.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

213. IspycTER ATER, Vieill.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

214, Mitvaco curmacuta (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Adult and young.

215. UruBITINGA SCHISTACEA (Sund.),

Hab. Upper Ucayali, near Cashaboya.

216. BuTEOGALLUS NIGRICOLLIs (Lath.).

Hab. Sarayacu.

217. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

218. Micrastur GILVICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Micrastur concentricus, auct.

Hab. Sarayacu.

219. CyMINDIS CAYANENSIS (Gm.).

Hab, Upper Ucayali.

220. Harpacus BIDENTATUS (Lath.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

221. Scops cHoxrBa (Vieill.).

Strix crucigera, Spix, Av. Bras. i, pl. 9, p, 22.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

222. Scors usta, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 265, pl. 61.

Hab. Sarayacu.

Order 4. COLUMBA.

223. CoLUMBA RUFINA, Temm.

Chlorenas rufina, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 52.

Locality not marked.

224. CoLUMBA VINACEA (Temm.).

Chlorenas vinacea, Bp. Consp. p. 53.

225. LerropriLa puBusi, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 74.

Locality not marked. Agrees with Mr. Gray’s Peristera brasili-

ensis (MS.), and seems to be the species described by Bonaparte.

226. GEOTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.).

Locality not marked.

1866.]} COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALTI, 199

Order 5. GRALL.

Fam. CHARADRIIDS.

227. HopLoprervus cayANus (Lath.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

228. ANGIALITIS COLLARIS (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

The egg of this species is of a pale umber, dotted all over with

numerous spots of brownish black, amongst which are mingled here

and there lines of the same colour.

Fam. ScoLopacip”.

229. MicRoPALAMA HIMANTOPUs (Bp.); Baird, B. N. A. p. 726.

Exact locality not given.

230. TrinGa macutarta, Vieill. ; Baird, 7, ¢. p. 720.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

231. Ruyacopuitus soxirarivs (Wils.) ; Baird, Z. c. p. 733.

Hab. Nauta.

232. TRYNGITES RUFESCENS (Vieill.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. ARDEID2.

233. ARDEA coco1, Linn.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

234. Heropias eGreTTA (Gm.) ; Baird, J. c. p. 666.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

235, GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA (Gm.) ; Baird, 7. c. p. 665,

Hab. Ucayali.

236. TIGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Linn.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Adult and young. The northern form of this species, 7. cabanisi,

has the throat quite bare.

237. BuroripeEs scaruxaris (Licht.).

Hab. Ucayali.

238. NycricoRaAx GARDENI.

Hab. Upper and Lower Ucayali.

239. EurypyGa HELIAs (Gm.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. Crcon11p&.

240. Tanratus Locunator, Linn,

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

200 BIRDS COLLECTED ON THE RIVER UCAYALI. ([Mar. 27,

241. PuaTaLea aGasa, Linn.

Lower Ucayali.

Fam. RaLuip#.

242. ARAMIDES, sp. ?

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

243. CorETHRURA, sp.?

Hab. Savayacu.

244, Parra JACANA, Linn.

Hab. Nauta.

Fam. PALAMEDEID.

245. PALAMADEFA CORNUTA, Linn.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. HELIORNITUIDE.

246. HELIORNIS FULICA.

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Order 6. ANSERES.

Fam. ANATIDE.

247, CHENALOPEX JUBATUs (Spix).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

248. DeNDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS (Linn.).

Hab. Ucayali.

The egg of this bird transmitted by Mr. Bartlett is of a pure

white. We are not aware that the egg of any other member of the

Anatide is of this colour. The texture is glossy.

249. DeNDROcyGNA vipuATA (Linn.).

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

250. CarrRINA MOSCHATA (Linn.).

Hab. Upper Ucayali.

Fam. Larip2.

251. STERNA SUPERCILIARIS, Vieill. ; Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 390.

Hab. Ucayali.

The egg of this Tern is similar to that of the well-known S. mi-

nuta, and of about the same dimensions.

252. THALASSEUS MAGNIROSTRIS, Spix.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Eggs of this Tern are pale yellowish-brown ground, blotched all

1866.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 201

over with umber spots, amongst which others of a bluish tinge are

mixed.

253. RHYNCHOPS MELANURA, Sw. An. in Men. p. 340; Schomb.

Guian. iii. p. 761.

Hab. Lower Ucayali.

Egg somewhat similar to the last, but paler, and the spots richer

in colour, and larger and fewer in number.

April 10, 1866.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater, Secretary to the Society, called the attention

of the Meeting to a pair of one of the most beautiful of all the Au-

stralian Parrakeets (Psephotus pulcherrimus, Gould), recently added

to the Aviaries for the first time. These birds had been brought

over by Mr. N. Timmermann, Steward of the ship ‘ Nineveh,’ on

the 20th of March, and purchased of him for the collection. An-

other Australian species recently received for the first time was an

Australian Bustard, Zupodotis australasiana (Gould).

Mr. P. L. Sclater stated that the Society’s active and obliging

Corresponding Member, Mr. G. W. Latimer of Porto Rico, had for-

warded a living Manatee (Manatus americanus) to the Society by

the mail-steamer leaving St. John’s on the 12th of March last. The

animal had been transported to St. Thomas’s, and the tank contain-

ing it safely transhipped into the ‘ Tasmanian’ (Capt. Sawyer), but it

had unfortunately died before reaching England. The Society were

greatly indebted to Mr. Edward Greey, F.Z.S., of the same vessel,

for the care he had taken in preserving the body of this animal, which,

owing to the precautions adopted by Mr. Greey, had reached England

in a very perfect state. The Society’s Prosector was now engaged

upon its anatomy, and the results of his investigations would shortly

be brought before the Society.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited and made some remarks upon a sup-

posed original drawing of the Dodo (Didus ineptus), in which the

colour of that extinct bird was represented as being nearly white.

Mr. J. Gould exhibited specimens of the trachea of an Insessorial

Bird from Cape York, Northern Australia (Manucodia gouldi, G. R.

Gray), which was of very remarkable form and structure.

The following paper was read :—

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1866, No. XIV.

202 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW MAMMALS. [Apr. 10,

Notice of an Ape (Macacus inornatus) and a Bushbock

(Cephalophus breviceps) in the Gardens of the Society.

By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S.

(Plates XIX., XX.)

When I was at the Gardens the other day I observed an Ape and

a Bushbock that I had*not before seen, I have therefore sent a

short note on them that they may be inserted in the Systematic

Catalogue.

The Ape is a species of Macacus, which was purchased of the wife

of a sailor, who had brought it from Borneo; so we may conclude

that it is probably a native of that country. It differs from all the -

other species of this genus in the dark uniform colour of the fur, the

very short rudimentary tail, and the large naked space that sur-

rounds the callosities on the buttocks. This naked part is bright red

in the living animal, and is shown when the animal sits on its

haunches. The naked space is divided above into two parts by a

narrow streak of fur that commences from the back and is continued

to the base of the tail. .

The animal is so peculiar that it may be formed into a section of

the genus under the name of Gymnopyga.

Macacus 1nornatus, (Pl. XIX.)

The tail rudimentary, scarcely to be distinguished. Buttocks

callous, surrounded by a large naked red space, which is interrupted

above by a narrow hairy streak to the base of the tail. Face and ears

naked, black ; nose flat. Head covered with hair regularly directed

backwards ; the hair of the hinder part of the head rather elongate,

not forming any crest. Fur blackish brown, nearly uniform. Hair

soft, one-coloured; forehead, frontal band, and hands black; the

hinder part of the thigh greyish white.

Hab. Borneo? A female, not full-grown.

This species is distinct from Macacus arctoides of Isidore Geoffroy,

as that species has a red face, and comes from Cochin China. It

agrees In some respects with the description of Macacus maurus of

M. F. Cuvier ; but M. Isidore Geoffroy (Cat. Mamm. p. 31) observes

that M. F. Cuvier’s figure is only derived from a drawing, and is a

very doubtful species.

The Bushbock was obtained from the west coast of Africa. It

belongs to the section of the genus which have short, nearly erect,

horns situated on the hinder part of the forehead. It is peculiar for

the short broad form of the head. The cheek-groove is well deve-

loped. The animal is not full-grown, and the usual frontal tuft is

scarcely deyeloped.

. CEPHALOPHUS BREVICEPS. (Pl, XX.)

The head short, broad, thick; the horns short, thick, conical,

SdHOIAGHd SNHAOTVHdAHD

VeH NY IN “EEL SM 2

1866.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 203

erect, on the hinder part of the forehead, near the front base of the

ears ; the upper hinder part of the eyebrows with a roundish naked

prominence. ‘Tail short, with long hairs on the underside and tip,

which is bent up and curled over the upper surface. Fur dark brown,

the hairs with an indistinct pale ring; beneath rather paler; the

upper part of the tail, the forehead, nape, feet, and the middle of the

back black, gradually shading into the brown of the sides; the sides

of the head, neck, and hinder sides of the haunches pale brown; lips,

chin, a narrow streak over each eyebrow, and the underside and tip

of the tail white.

Hab. West Africa?

April 24, 1866.

St. George Mivart, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., in the Chair,

Mr. P. L. Sclater, Secretary to the Society, made some remarks

on some of the recent additions to the Society’s Menagerie, amongst

which were particularly noticed—

1, A pair of Straw-necked Ibises (Ibis spinicollis, Jameson), from

New South Wales, being the first examples of this beautiful species

received alive in this country, The male bird had been presented to

the Society by the Acclimatization Society of New South Wales ; the

female had been acquired by purchase at the same time,—both birds

having been brought over to this country under the experienced care

of Mr. Broughton of the ‘ La Hogue.’

2. An example of the Little Whimbrel (Mumenius minor, Mill.),

from New South Wales, acquired by purchase, and believed to be the

first living example of this species introduced into England.

3. An example of the Wattled Plover of Australia (Lobivanellus

lobatus), likewise believed to be exhibited for the first time.

4. A second example of the rare Feejeean Parrot (Platycercus

(Pyrrhulopsis) splendens), presented to the collection by Mr. C.

Moore, of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N.S. W.

5. Three Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator, Richardson), re-

ceived in exchange from the Superintendent of the Spring-Grove

Cemetery, Cincinnati, U.S. A., and believed: to be the first examples

of this fine bird ever received alive in this country.

6. A second example of the Australian Bustard (Otis australis),

presented by the Acclimatization Society of New South Wales.

The following papers were read :—

204 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS GEOBATES. ([Apr. 24,

1. Note on the Genus Geobates of Swainson. By P. L.

Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Societv

(Plate XXI.)

In 1838, in the third part of the volume of Lardner’s ‘ Cabinet

Encyclopzedia’ called ‘‘Animals in Menageries,” the late Mr. Swain-

son described (p. 322) a new genus and species of Passerine birds

under the name “ Geobates brevicauda,’”’ with the following cha-

racters :-—

*‘ Ferruginous above, paler beneath ; breast with darker shades

and obsolete brown stripes; wings rufous; primary quills with the

base, tips, and band in the middle black ; secondaries brighter ru-

fous, with a broad black band before the tips; inner wing-covers

bright rufous ; tail with a black band.

“Tnhabits Southern Brazil. Very rare. Mus. nostr.

“Small. Resembling an Anthus or Furnarius. Tertial quills

blackish brown, paler on the margins; crown and ears dark ; chin,

lores, and eye-stripe whitish ; legs pale. Total length 4,3; inches,

bill from the gape ;5,, wings 3, as long as the tail, tail from the base

1,8, tarsus 77>, hind toe and claw ;4,, middle ditto almost 55.”

Although I have had large opportunities of examining American

birds in most of the principal collections of Europe and America

during these last ten or twelve years, the form thus noticed has not

come under my observation until recently, when, among some dupli-

cate skins received in exchange from the Vienna collection, I met with

a bird which is undoubtedly the same as that described by Swainson.

Upon communicating with Herr von Pelzeln, the distinguished natu-

ralist who has the care of the birds of the Imperial coliection, I was

most obligingly furnished with the following extracts from Natterer’s

MSS., relating to this species :—

** Anthus pecilopterus, P. Neuwied. Foem. adult. Bivouac four

leagues from 8S. Paul, on the road to Sorocaba, 27th January, 1819.

Tris dark brown; bill black ; base of the upper and half of the under

mandible brown yellow, passing into flesh-colour; feet brownish

yellow. Length 6", extent 9"; the tail reaches 3” beyond the wing-

tip.

‘Mas adult, in moult, Ypanema, April 6, 1819. Iris dark brown ;

upper mandible dark brown, as likewise apical half of lower mandible;

basal half of lower mandible and base of upper ditto beneath the

nostrils dark flesh-colour ; feet dark flesh-colour ; joints and claws

brownish. Length 6", extent 7" 2!; the tail reaches 6!" beyond the

wing-ends.

“This bird is seen in small flocks of four or five, also singly in

the meadows, at times in the neighbourhood of the cattle. It flies

high into the air to sing, but the song is monotonous and not me-

lodious” *.

* Herr yon Pelzeln informs me that other specimens of this bird were obtained

by Natterer at Ytararé, Pannapitanga, Registro Velho, and Sao Domingos.

«2

Po SA866 Pie

mit lith .

MEN Hanhart am.

CEOBATES PO CILOPTERUS

1866.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS GEOBATES, 205

Upon reference to Prince Maximilian of Neuwied’s well-known

‘ Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien,’ it is at once evident that

Natterer has done rightly in referring his species to that author’s

Anthus pecilopterus, the bird in question being described with the

usual accuracy of that excellent work, although referred to a genus

with which it has nothing more than an analogical relationship.

But it is even possible we may have to go still further back for the

earliest name of this little bird. Burmeister* considers Prince

Maximilian’s Anthus pecilopterus identical with the ‘ Alondra

parda”’ of Azara (Apunt. vol. ii. p. 11. no. 147), upon which Vieillot

founded his Anthus fuscus (Nouv. Dict. xvi. p. 490, et Ene. Meth.

p. 325). However, upon referring to Azara’s original description,

I do not think it sufficiently precise to warrant us in rejecting the

Prince of Neuwied’s name in favour ‘of this somewhat doubtful

synonym. So, until some modern naturalist shall have visited Para-

guay and more clearly identified Azara’s Alondra parda than it is

possible to do from the old Spaniard’s description, I propose to call

the present species

GEOBATES Pa@cILopTERus. (PI. XXI.)

Anthus pecilopterus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 633 (1830).

Geobates brevicauda, Sw. An. in Men. p. 322 (1838) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. ii. p. 22; Reichenb. Handb. p. 215; Bp. Consp. p. 215.

Geositta brevicauda, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 134,

Anthus fuscus, Burm. Syst, Ueb. iii. p. 120.

Supra fuscus, uropygio rufescente ; superciliis fulvis : alis cinna-

momeo-rufis, nigro-fasciatis, primariorum quatuor externorum

apicibus nigris: cauda quoque cinnamomeo-rufa, vitta subapt-

cali nigra: subtus pallide fulvus, gutture albo, pectore fusco

variegato : rostro corneo, mandibule inferioris basi et pedibus

flavis : long. tota 4°5 poll. Angl., ale 2°9, caude@ 1°5, rostri a

rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°7. —t ;

Hab. in Brasil. int. Minas Geraés (Maz.); 8. Paolo et Ypanema

(Natt., sp. no. 336).

The correct position of this little bird in the natural system is

evidently that assigned to it by Cabanis and Bonaparte—among the

Furnariine or terrestrial group of the Dendrocolaptide—close to

Geositta. Mr. G. R. Gray has united it to Geositta ; but I think

it has full claims to stand by itself, being distinguished from the

latter genus by its short and perfectly straight beak, very short pri-

maries and elongated secondaries (which are exactly of the same

length as the primaries), short tail, and short and small hind claw.

The bird recently described by Burmeister as Geobamon rufipennis

(Journ, f. Orn. viii. p. 249, et La Plata Reise, ii. p. 465) seems to

be somewhat allied to the present form.

* Syst. Ueb. d. Th. Bras. iii. p. 120.

206 _ MR. A. G, BUTLER ON THE GENUS HYPNA. _ [Apr. 24,

2. On a New Species of Penelope, lately living in the Society’s

Gardens. By G. R. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

(Plate XXII.)

PENELOPE GREEYU, sp. nov. (Plate XXII.)

Entirely shining bronzy eneous, especially on the wings, rump,

and middle tail-feathers ; ‘the feathers of eyebrows, a line from base

of lower mandible, and ‘the margin round the naked part of neck

grey, with eeneous centres; nape, lower part of neck, and breast

geneous, with white margins on the sides of the feathers ; upper part

of back and wing-coverts slightly margined with grey; abdomen

partly obscure rufous, with black vermiculations and partly plain

zeneous ; the feathers of the upper part of abdomen margined, espe-

cially on the sides of the feathers, with white; thighs ceneous, with

rufous margins; under tail-coverts bronzy black; bill and space

round the eyes black ; legs crimson; throat red, with a few black

hair-like feathers.

Total length 25" 6, wings 11" 6",

Hab. Santa Martha, New Granada.

I have taken the opportunity of naming this nie after Mr. Edward

Greey, F.Z.S., to whom the Society is indebted for this and other

interesting novelties from 8“ Martha.

The specimen described was received by the Society on the 14th

of July, 1865, but did not live long in the Gardens. Jt is now in

the British Museum.

The species is most nearly allied to P. nagTscoetl Ee of my § Synop-

sis of this genus, published in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1860

(p. 269).

3. A Revision of the Genus Hypna, with Descriptions of the

New Species. By A. G. Burrer, F.Z.S., Assistant,

Zoological Department, British Museum,

(Plate XXIII.)

A short time since, Mr. Salvin pointed out to me several inconsis-

tencies in the various figures of Hypna clytemnestra and also in the

specimens of Hypna in his collection, from which it appeared evident

that the species of that genus must be more numerous than had

hitherto been supposed.

I subsequently examined the specimens in the National Collection,

and easily separated them into four distinct species. One of these

has only lately come over from South America; the three other

forms, however, are so distinct that I could see no reason why they

should have been placed together. On referring to Mr. Doubleday’s

‘Genera,’ I find the following note :—

“The only species of this genus is a native of the tropical parts

AA Lit

;

ACButl '

LE Butler hi a le

t th M&N Hanhart imp

| NEW SPECIES OF HYPNA

}

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS HYPNA. 207

of South America. Donovan and Hiibner have figured a variety

having the apex of the fore wings produced into an acute hook ; and

our pl. 49. f. 1 represents another variety, distinguished by its small

size and the dark red colour with which the inner half of the hind

wings is suffused. These varieties, which appear constant, are

doubtless to be considered as geographical varieties or subspecies.’

The term ‘‘subspecies”’ appears to me to be merely a poor sub-

stitute for the true title of ‘species ;” it certainly conveys no more

idea of the position which the insect holds with reference to its allies

than does the term “subvariety.” I think therefore, to prevent

confusion, it would be as well to regard distinct and constant forms

from different localities as species.

The genus Hypna is characterized at full length in ‘The Genera ;’

but the typical figure (Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 137. f. 1, 2), if cor-

rectly delineated, must be at once rejected as not belonging to the

genus : it somewhat resembles a Cy/lo, and is deficient in the follow-

ing characters :—‘‘ Fore wings more or less hooked at tip; hind

wings—third branch of median vein extending into an elongated and

spatulated tail, the first branch terminating in a very short obtuse

tail; discoidal cell imperfectly closed by a very delicate outer disco-

cellular vein, uniting with the median vein exactly at the origin of

the third branch.”’

This figure may have been taken from a broken specimen, but the

description exactly agrees with the representation. Cramer subse-

quently figures a second insect (pl. 364. f. A, B), which he states

to be the female of the former one (of course an utter impossibility,

supposing the first drawing to be correct). Fabricius, however,

quotes both figures.

I think, under these circumstances, that the species last figured

by Cramer should bear the name e/ytemnestra ; it is, however, pro-

bably quite distinct from the insects figured by Hiibner, Lucas, and

Donovan.

In separating the species of this genus, the following facts must

be observed, viz.:—1. That the acuteness or non-acuteness of the

apex of the fore wings is no proof of the non-identity of the species,

as this part of the wing (as in the genus Paphia) is subject to great

variation. 2. That pattern and coloration, with regard to the known

species, can only be used as general characters, as they vary consi-

derably in different specimens of the same insect. The pattern of

the underside, however, is very similar in all the known species.

Hypna, Hiibner, Westwood.

Hecalene, E. Doubleday.

Nymphalis, Godart.

Section 1.

Ale costis valde convexis, antice apice obtuse producto ; postice

margine apicali ad caudam convexo, cauda anali parva,

208 MR. A, G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS HYPNA. [Apr. 24,

1. Hypna CLYTEMNEsTRA, Cramer, sp.

Papilio clytemnestra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 364. f. A, B; Fa-

bricius, Ent. Syst. i. pt. 1. p. 123, n. 375.

Ale supra fusce: antice fascia lata fulva, ante venam submedia-

nam terminata; macula subapicali Julva : postice fusc@ imma-

culate, ciliis albis; cauda media elongata, spathata; cauda

anali vie distinguenda. Ale subtus fasciis maculisque fuscis

nigro variis maculisque plurimis argenteis ; antice fascia sic-

ut supra, sed preargentata. Exp. alar. une. 33.

Hab. Surinam.

2. Hypna GiLosposa, sp.n. (PI. XXIII. fig. 1.)

Ale antice fusce, basi viridescentes, fascia media venam subme-

dianam attingente, maculis subapicalibus fulvis ; postice ma-

culis subapicalibus fulvis, cauda media vix spathata, cauda

anali parva brevi. Exp. alar. une. 34.

Hab. Bolivia. B.M.

Section 2.

Ale costis paulum convexis, antice apice uncato; postice mar-

gine apicali ante caudam paulum excavato, cauda anali distincta.

3. Hypna HUEBNER], sp.n. (PI. XXIII. figs. 2, 3.)

Hypna clytemnestra, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Band ii. pl. ?

f.°1;'2.

Papilio clytemnestra, Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 64. f. 1.

Ale supra fusce ; antice basi viridescentes, fascia lata fulva

venam submedianam attingente, maculis subapicalibus fulvis ;

postice maculis submarginalibus fulvis lineaque nigra de vena

mediana prima ad marginem analem currente, caudis valde dis-

tinctis. Exp. alar. une. 33.

Hab. Brazil and Panama. B.M. &e.

Yote.—This is the most common of all the species of Hypna, and

has usually stood in collections as H. clytemnestra of Cramer ; it is,

however, quite different in form, and rather dissimilar in coloration.

HT. clytemnestra, var. negra, Felder, Wien. entom. Monatsschr. vi.

p- 118. n. 128.

Apice minus hamato, caudaque posticarum breviore, ad apicem

vie dilatatoe.

Hab. Rio Negro.

Var. Iphigenia, Herrich-Sch. Prodr. Lépid. Exot.

‘** Not common, only taken near the sea.” —Herr.-Sch.

3°, HypNA HUEBNER], var. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.)

Papilio elytemnestra*, Donovan, Nat. Rep. iv. pl. 125.

* Donovan’s figure of this insect is so carelessly executed that it might almost

pass for a Cerois.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS HYPNA. 209

Ale antice unco apicali valde producto ; postice margine apicali

ante caudam valde excavato, caudis late spathatis. Exp.

alar. une. 32.

Hab. Brazil (B. M. and Coll. F. Walker).

4, Hypna VELOX, sp.n. (PI. XXIII. fig. 5.)

Ale valde elongate, costis pene directis; antice margine pos-

tico valde obliquo; postice caudis robustis. Lap. alar.

une, 33.

Hab. Veragua, Central America (Coll. O. Salvin).

This insect differs from the common one figured by Hiibner in

having the costa of the wings much less arched, the hind margin of

the fore wings much more oblique, all the wings 5%; of an inch

longer in proportion to the breadth (which in both species is nearly

11 inch from the anal angle to the centre of the costa), and the tails

of the hind wings much more robust.

Section 3.

Ale parve ; antice fascia ante venam submedianam terminata ;

postice rufo-fusce, cauda media obtuse spathata, cauda anali ob-

tusa, brevi.

5. Hypna RUFESCENS, sp.n. (PI. XXIII. fig. 6.)

Hypna clytemnestra (var.), Westw. Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. pl. 49. f.1; Chenu, Enc. d’Hist. Nat. (Papillons), p. 157.

£..27 2.

Ale antice fusce, basi viridescentes, fascia lata fulva maculisque

subapicalibus fulvis; apice obtuso, raro uncato: postice ru-

Sescentes, margine postico fusco; macula subapicali fulva;

margine analt punctis tribus inter venas positis, lineaque nigra

undata submarginato. Ale subtus sicut in reliquis speciebus.

Exp. alar. unc. 24.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

Var. Apice anticarum uncato. B.M.

6. Hypna ELonGATA, sp.n. (PI. XXIII. fig. 7.)

Ale elongate ; antice costa paulo convexa, apice acuto; postice

margine postico de cauda media utrinque obliquo: ale sublus

pallide viridescentes, maculis sicut in reliquis speciebus. Lap.

alar. une. 31.

Hab. Santa Martha (Bogota). B.M.

Var. Ale subtus rufescentes. Exp. alar. une. 3.

Hab. Santa Martha (Coll. O. Salvin).

Note.—This variety appears to be a dwarfed specimen, the hind

wings not being exactly balanced. It may possibly prove to be the

other sex of the British Museum specimen, but the latter has, un-

210 MR. GOULD ON THE ANDALUSIAN HEMIPODE, [May 8,

fortunately, lost its abdomen, and the prolegs in both sexes of Hypna

are exceedingly similar in construction.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXIII.

Fig. . zh lypna globosa. Fig. 5. Hypna velox.

2, 3. huebneri. 6. rusescens.

4, —— huebneri, var. 7. —— elongata.

May 8, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to several interest-

ing species of Mammals and Birds observed during his recent visit

to the Gardens of the Société Zoologique d’ Acclimatation of Paris.

Amongst these were particularly noticed an example of the Oryx

beisa of Rippell, being the only living specimen Mr. Sclater had

seen of this fine Antelope, and some examples of the new variety of

the Scemmering’s Pheasant lately described by Mr. Gould (Ann. N.

Hi. ser. 3. vol. xvii. p. 150) as Phasianus (Graphophasianus) scin-

tillans. It appeared that this variety had been received from Yoko-

hama, Japan, while the ordinary Phasianus sceemmeringii was stated

to be found near Simoda, so that the probability was that these two

birds were representative forms inhabiting different islands.

Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited from the collection of William

Borrer, Esq., F.L.S., a specimen of the Sylvia aquatica of Latham,

which had been obtained in England, as certified by the following

note from that gentlemen :—

“« My specimen was shot on the 19th of October, 1853, in an old

brick-pit a little to the west of Hove, near Brighton, and was stuffed

by Mr. H. Pratt of that place. I saw it just after it was skinned.

It was observed creeping about amongst the old grass and reeds.”

Mr. Newton remarked that, though the species had not hitherto

been recorded as occurring in this country, the fact of the marshes

near Dieppe being especially mentioned as a locality for it made the

probability of its being a voluntary visitor to this side of the Channel

much greater.

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of the Andalusian Hemipode

(Turniz sylvatica, Desfont.) from the collection of Mr. Alfred Beau-

mont. The specimen was stated to have been purchased of two

Irishmen (one of whom had caught it alive) for sixpence, by a boy,

the son of 8S. Mosley, a bird-stutfer of Huddersfield. It had been

taken near Fartown-bar, April 7, 1865.

Guar query@ey’ N-e VT

ITHOS LIMITA MA

SMTMHdO LOVS'

“WaTT FEES P

ARGC s9eLs “od

1866.] DR. J. E., GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS, 211

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice of a New Bat (Scotophilus welwitschii) from

Angola. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

(Plate XXIV.)

Among an interesting series of Bats from Angola, collected by

Dr. Welwitsch, and most kindly presented to the British Museum,

is a very interesting and ornamental species of Scotophilus, with the

wings coloured like Vespertilio pictus of Pallas.

This coloration of the wings seems common to several Bats be-

longing to different genera; but I have not before observed it in a

species of Scotophilus.

ScoToPrHILUS WELWITsCHII. (Pl. XXIV.)

Brown, paler beneath ; hair of the back black, with brown tips,

which are longer and paler on the hairs of the under surface. The

ears rather elongate, longer than head, tip rather acute; tragus

elongate, lanceolate, acute, nearly half as long as the ear, The wings

blackish brown, yellow-dotted, and yellow (or red brown perhaps when

alive) near the body, and on and near the arms and fingers, and be-

tween the shoulders and arm-bone; interfemoral membrane yellow,

black-dotted, and with a dark hinder edge, the upper surface near

the base of the tail hairy ; heel-bone elongate, as long as the shin.

Feet pale yellow; toes black at the end; wings to the base of the

toes. Thumb—upper joint black, much longer than the lower,

which is yellow. The face hairy to the end of the nose, just above

the nostrils. Upper cutting-teeth 1,1?, large, blunt; premolars

+4, the front upper large, triangular ; the hinder small, rudimen-

tary. Forearm-bone 2 inches 1 line long.

Hab. Angola (Dr. Welwitsch ; B.M.).

2. Notes on the Skulls of Dolphins, or Bottlenose Whales,

in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.

Having had occasion to examine and determine a considerable

number of skulls of Dolphins since the manuscript of the second

edition of the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Mu-

seum,’ which has just been published, was sent to the press, I was

induced to reexamine the whole series of them in the British Museum

for the purpose of determining what were desiderata. The usual

consequence followed, that I observed the importance of some cha-

racters that had been before overlooked, and thought that I could

improve the manner in which the species were grouped together, so

that they could be more easily distinguished from“each other.

212 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS. [May 8,

This has been my universal experience : no sooner has a monograph

of a group of animals been put into print, than on the reexamination

of the group, you find it might have been improved. I have there-

fore sent to the Society the result of this reexamination and reconsi-

deration of the subject, and hope'that it may facilitate the determi-

nation of the species of these little-known animals. I may add that,

from the experience I have had, I have no doubt that the skull

affords the best means of arranging the species into groups ; but Iam

by no means sure that what I have considered a single species by the

study of the skull may not be found to be a group of several species

when we are able to examine the rest of the skeleton and the ex-

ternal coloration of the animals which have a skull of the characters

described.

The genera of the Bottlenoses may be arranged according to the

skulls thus :—

A. Beak of the skull elongate, compressed. Nasal triangle short.

Symphysis of the lower jaw elongate.

Pontororia. Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of

the lower jaw very long.

Srrno. Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Sym-

physis of the lower jaw long.

B. Beak of the skull elongate, depressed, broad, shelving on the

sides. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw

short, sloping.

* Palate with a deep groove on each side behind.

Detpuinus. Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small,

slender.

** Palate flat behind, without any lateral grooves.

Crymene. Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender.

Nasal triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct.

Devruinartrervs. Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth

small, slender. Dorsal fin none.

Tursio. Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case,

conical, convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high.

Eurrorta. Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case.

Skull depressed. Teeth small.

C. Beak of the skull broad, fiat above, edges slightly reflexed and

bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. Sym-

physis of the lower jaw short.

Lacenoruyncnvs. Beak as long as or rather shorter than the

length of the brain-case.

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS. 213

STENO.

Steno, Gray, Cat. of Seals & Whales, p. 232.

The species may be arranged by their skulls thus. The number

refers to the number of the species in the above Catalogue :—

a. Skull large, solid, the beak compressed, high. Teeth large,

conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin of the

jaw.

3. Sreno rrontatus. Beak of the skull short; the front part

thick, high, and blunt. Teeth 24/24, large, two in an inch.

-4, SrENo compressus. Beak of the skull elongate, compressed,

attenuated in front. Tecth 26/26, large, two in an inch (Zool.

E..& T. t. 27).

Steno rostratus appears to belong to this section.

b. Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated,

about four or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the

jaw.

* Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute

in front. Teeth four in an inch. Sousa.

4*, STENO CAPENSIS.

4**, STENO LENTIGINOSUS.

The skull of Steno roseiventris, according to the figure, appears

to belong to this section of the genus.

** Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute

in front. Teeth five in an inch. Tucuxa.

7. STENO TUCUXI.

*** Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly

compressed on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch. Stenella.

5. Sreno atrenvatus. The beak of the skull flattened (Zool.

E. & T. t. 28).

This last section is nearly intermediate between Steno and Cly-

mene.

DrLrHINus.

The species referred to Delphinus, Section 4, in the ‘ Catalogue of

Seals and Whales,’ belong to this genus. The teeth are small and

slender, five or six in an inch.

* Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth ~ or =

2. DELPHINUS LONGIROSTRIS,

214 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS. [May 8,

** Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. .

Teeth 2 to ~.

3. DELPHINUS DELPHIS,

3*, DELPHINUS MOOREI.

3**, DELPHINUS MAJOR.

3***, DeELPHINUS WALKERI.

5. DELPHINUS JANIRA, Zool. E. & T, t. 23.

CLYMENE.

Skull elongate, slender ; brain-case spherical ; beak slender, elon-

gate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries convex. Teeth

small, slender, five or six in an inch. The symphysis of the lower

jaw short. The blowers are moderate. See Clymene, Gray, P. Z.8.

1864, p. 237.

* Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in

an inch.

CLYMENE STENORHYNCHA, JDelphinus stenorhynchus, Cat. of

Seals & Whales, p. 396.

** Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-

cavity. Teeth six in an inch, Euphrosyne,.

1. CLyMENE microps. JD. microps, Gray, Cat. p. 240; Zool.

Bier Dent. 20.

16. Cuymene atore. JD. alope, Gray, Cat. p. 252.

18. CLyMENE EUPHROSYNE. D. euphrosyne, Gray, Cat. p. 251 ;

Zool. BE. & T. t. 22.

*k* Beak of the skull once and one-half or once and one-third the

length of the brain-cavity. Teeth five or six in an inch. Cly-

mene.

CLYMENE NoRMALIS. Beak of the skull once and one-half the

length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-half the width

at the notch. Teeth 40, nearly six in an inch. Delphinus clymene,

Gray, Cat. p. 249.

CiyMeENE ports. Beak of the skull once and one-half the length

of the brain-case, and as long as twice and a half the width at the

notch. Teeth five in an inch. Tursio doris, Gray, Cat. Seals &

Whales, p. 255; Zool. E. & T. t. 20.

CLYMENE pDoRIDES. Beak of the skull once and one-third the

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS. 215

length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-third the width

at the notch. Teeth five in an inch. Twrsio dorcides, Gray, Cat. of

Seals & Whales, p. 400.

CLYMENE opscuRA. Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the

length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-half the width

at the notch. Teeth five or six in an inch. The aperture of the

blower large. Tursio obscurus, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 264 ;

Zool. E. & T. t. 16.

These skulls are somewhat like those of the genus T'ursio, but the

teeth are small.

TursIo.

The skull large, thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity.

The beak longer than the aos ae, broad, conical, stout, shelving

on the sides. Teeth large, = or =. The blower large. Nasal tri-

angle produced considerably before the notch.

3. Tursio Metis, Zool. E. & T. t. 18.

4, Turstio cymopocg, Zool. E. & T. t. 19.

6. Tursio truncatus. North Sea and Mediterranean.

8. Tursto EURYNOME, Gray, Zool. E. & T. t.17. South Sea;

India ?

10. Tursto caTaLtantA. North-west coast of Australia.

These skulls are all so much alike that they may only be varieties.

EvuTROPIA.

Skull depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind

the notch. The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather

longer than the length of the brain-case ; the intermaxillaries flat,

rather broad. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch,

Eutropia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 145; Cat. Seals & Whales,

p- 262.

Evurropia DIcKIEl. Tursio eutropia, Gray, P. Z.8, 1862, p.145;

Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 262. Chili.

Evurropia HEAVIsIDI. Tursio heavisidii, Gray, Cat. Seals &

Whales, p. 263. From the Cape Seas.

The D. cephalorhynchus of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of

the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.

The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of Pho-

cena, Neomeris, Beluga, and Monodon in the bending down of the

sides.

216 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SKULLS OF DOLPHINS. [May 8,

LAGENORHYNCHUS.

The skulls of the species in the British Museum may be thus ar

ranged :—

I. The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of

the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of

the notch. Llectra.

+ Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length

of the brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those in

the lower jaw rather larger.

1, LaceNoruyNCHUS ELECTRA. Beak rounded in front (Zool.

E. & T. t. 13).

3. LAGENORHYNCHUS ASIA. Beak attenuated, acute in front

(Zool. E. & T, t. 14).

4, LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS, according to Schlegel’s figure of

the skull, should be arranged in this section.

tt Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-

cavity. Teeth small, five or six in an inch.

5. LAGENORHYNCHUS CLANCULUS. Beak of the skull broad

behind, once and three-fourths the width of the notch in length.

Teeth five in an inch.

7. LAGENORHYNCHUS THICOLEA. Beak of the skull narrow

behind, twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small, six

an inch. © ;

II. Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the

edge in front of the notch. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the

notch.

* Beak of the skull narrow behind, as long as or slightly longer than

the length of the brain-case. Teeth small, five in an inch.

First and second cervical vertebra united by their bodies; third

and fourth by the spinous processes. Leucopleurus.

9. LAGENORHYNCHUS LEUCOPLEURUS. Beak of the skull twice

as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch.

** Beak of the skull broad behind, rather shorter than the length

of the brain-case. Teeth large, three in an inch. First and

second cervical vertebra united by their bodies; the third,

Sourth, fifth, six, and seventh free. Lagenorhynchus.

8. LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS. The beak of the skull once

and one-half as long as the width at the notch. :

1866. ] MR. J, GOULD ON NEW AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 217

8. Additions to the List of the Avifauna of Australia, with

Descriptions of Three New Species. By Joun Gouxp,

Esq., F.R.S., &e.

The following birds have been lately transmitted to me by my

brother-in-law, Mr. Charles Coxen of Brisbane in Queensland, and

were, I believe, collected by John Jardine, Esq., late Commissioner

of Crown Lands in the Cape York district, a portion of Australia so

near to New Guinea and the Aru Islands that we need not be sur-

prised if some of the species prove to be identical with, or offer a

close resemblance to, species previously described as inhabitants of

those but partially explored islands.

The first species is an additional member of those insect-loving

little birds known under the generic title of Gerygone, and exhibits

‘such strongly marked distinctive characters that it cannot for a

moment be confounded with any of its allies.

GERYGONE PERSONATA.

Crown and all the upper surface olive-green ; throat and chest

deep olive-brown; behind each nostril a spot of white; a stripe of

white also descends from the base of the bill down each side of the

neck, and separates the deep olive-brown of the throat from the

lighter olive of the ear-coverts ; axillee, all the under surface of the

body, and the under tail-coverts delicate jonquil-yellow ; wings and

tail olive-brown ; bill and legs olive-black.

Total length 33 inches, bill 3, wing 23, tail 13, tarsi 2.

Hab. The Cape York district of Queensland.

The second bird has many characters in common with the Pétilotis

chrysotis of the south-eastern portion of Australia and the Péilotis

similis, a bird brought from Dorey by Mr. Wallace ; but it differs

from both in the greater slenderness of its form, in its diminutive

size, and, especially from the former, in the uniform colouring of its

throat and abdomen.

_ PYILOTIS GRACILIS.

Bill deep olive-brown, with a naked yellow fleshy gape, posterior

to which is an obscure narrow line of yellow; a well-defined patch

of pale yellow on the ear-coverts ; crown and all the upper surface

olive, the uniformity of which is only broken by a slight edging of

wax-yellow on the outer edges of the primaries and tail-feathers ;

axillee and the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries pale buffy

yellow ; primaries and tail-feathers brown ; feet dark olive-brown.

Total length 54 inches, bill 7, wing 23, tail 23, tarsi 2.

Hab. The Cape York district of Queensland.

MonarRcCHA ALBIVENTRIS.

This Cape York bird is very nearly allied to the more southern

M. trivirgata, but differs not only from that species, but from

Proc. Zoou. Soc.-—1866, No. XV.

218 DR. G. HARTLAUB ON EROESSA TENELLA. [May 8,

another, of which examples are contained in my own and Mr. Wal-

lace’s collections from Timor, and a fourth from Batchian. Al-

though these four birds are intimately allied, they possess distinctive

characters by which each of them may be readily recognized. As

I have here only to deal with the Australian members of the genus,

I shall content myself with remarking that this new species is to be

distinguished from the southern M. ¢rivirgata by the unsullied

whiteness of its axillaries, abdomen, and lower part of its flanks, by

the black of the forehead and throat being somewhat more exten-

sive, and by the larger size of the white terminal portion of the outer

tail-feathers. ;

Bill and legs olive lead-colour ; forehead and a narrow stripe above

the eye, upper portion of the ear-coverts, and the throat jet-black ;

cheeks, lower part of the neck, and the chest bright ferruginous ;

abdomen, axillaries, and a considerable portion of the under surface

of the wing snow-white; crown of the head, back of the neck, and

back bluish grey ; primaries greyish brown ; upper tail-coverts and

tail black, the three outer feathers of the latter largely tipped with

white.

Total length 5¢ inches, bill 2, wing 3, tail 24, tarsi 3.

Hab. The Cape York district of Queensland.

I am also enabled to add to the list of Australian Birds, pub-

lished by me in my lately issued ‘ Handbook to the Birds of Au-

stralia,’ the following species—

Raina TRICOLOR, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 188,

a bird brought by Mr. Wallace from the Aru Islands.

Of this species of Water-Rail, which appears to be common in the

New Guinea group of islands, an example has been sent to me from

the Cape York district, and the bird will doubtless be hereafter found

in other parts of northern Australia.

HypDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA (Meisn. & Sch.).

Schlegel having, I believe, given Celebes as one of the localities

of this species, it will not be a matter of surprise that two examples

should occur in the Cape York collection. Of these one is certainly

immature, the other in a dress which is probably that of winter.

4. On a New Genus and Species of Birds from Madagascar.

By Dr. G. Hartuavs, F.M.Z.S.

EROESSA, 0. g.

Char. Gen.—Rostr. longiusculum, gracillimum, rectum, acutum,

vin.emarginatum, apicem versus magis magisque compressum,

culmine valde carinato, dimidio apicali parum arcuato ; gonyde

recta; vibrissis viz ullis; naribus lamella cornea clausis. Ale

quadrato-obtuse, caude medium superantes ; remige primo

= =

TINDXOOD SNUNovWIve

dure qareyu UAT are |p

1866. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON AUSTRALIAN MAMMALS. 219

spurio, secundo multo longiore, 3°-6™ subequalibus longissimis,

septimo parum breviore. Cauda debilis, mediocris, subrotun-

data; rectrices anguste, molles. Pedes pro mole satis ro-

busti ; tarsis antice scutellatis ; ungues parvi, valde curvati.

Ptilosis mollis.

Evoessa tenella, Hartlaub.

EROESSA TENELLA, Hartl., sp. nov.

Supra olivaceo-viridis, remigibus nigris, dorsi colore marginatis ;

nucha et regione parotica distincte cinereis, virescente lavatis ;

gutture, plumulis supranasalibus, periophthalmiis et flexura

ale pure flavis ; pectore et abdomine, subcaudalibus et subala-

ribus, albidis, flavo variegatis ; rostro brunnescente, mandibula

pallidiore ; pedibus pallidis.

Long. 3" 3!", rostr. a fr. 8", al. 1" 8!", caud. 1 3!"', tars. 63!",

Hab. Madagascar (Gerrard).

This specimen was sent to me for examination by Mr. Alfred

Newton, having been received by him through his brother from Mr.

W. T. Gerrard. The species belongs to the family Sylvitde, and

comes generically nearest to Camaroptera, the curious structure of

the wings being almost the same in these two genera. The propor-

tionately large feet are also peculiar to both. The bill, however, is

very different, and reminds one most of the genus Zosterops ; but this

last differs totally in its wings, having no spurious first primary, &c.

&c. The generic place of Hroessa is decidedly near Cumaroptera.

5. Notes on some Mammalia from Port Albany (Cape York

Peninsula), North Australia, with the Descriptions of

some New Species. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RBS.,

V.P.Z.S., F.L.8., &c.

(Plate XXV.)

The British Museum has received from Mr. Charles Coxen a series

of Mammalia from Port Albany (Cape York Peninsula), North Au-

220 DR. J. E. GRAY ON AUSTRALTAN MAMMALS. [May 8,

stralia, which are interesting as containing some species which have

not before been recorded as natives of Australia.

HipposIDEROS ALBANENSIS.

Black brown ; hair white, with minute black tips ; beneath greyish

black, hair nearly one-coloured. Wings from base of shin. Fore-

arm-bone 13 inch long.

Hab. North Australia, Port Albany.

NYCTOPHILUS GOULDI?

Hab. North Australia, Port Albany.

DactyLopsiLa TRIVIRGATA, Gray, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 110. f. 1, 5;

Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 121.

Var. Tip of the tail white.

Hab. Port Albany, North Australia.

This animal was originally described from a specimen collected by

Mr. Wailace in the Aru Islands.

Cuscus MACULATUS, var. OCHROPUS.

Male. Grey; hair blaek, with grey tips; the chin, throat, chest,

belly, scrotum, and some spots on the side of the back white ; tail

yellowish white; feet yellow.

Female. Larger, nearly uniform dark grey ; the hairs black, with

short grey tips; chin, chest, and the middle of the belly to the vent

white, with a well-defined black streak on each side of the belly ;

tail yellowish white ; feet pale yellow.

Hab. North Australia, Port Albany.

A large female in the British Museum, which I described in my

paper in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ under the name

of C. maculatus, agrees in many respects with the female from Port

Albany. The white on the abdomen is narrow and straight-edged ;

the dark colour near the white is well marked, but not so distinctly

as in those from Port Albany. It chiefly differs from the latter in

the feet not being yellow or reddish, which was common to all the

three specimens which I have seen from North Australia.

The specimen of the two-thirds-grown female, described as Cuscus

brevicaudatus, which was brought by Mr. John Macgillivray from

Cape York, has a nearly uniform dark-grey fur, with the chin,

chest, and underside of the body white. It differs from the adult

female of Mr. Coxen’s in the white on the under part of the body

being wider ; and there is no appearance of the broad black streak

which margins the white in the specimen from Port Albany. The

fore feet are grey like the back, and not yellow as they were in ail

the three specimens, which include two males and one female, sent

home by Mr. Coxen.

HaLMATURUS COXENTI, sp. nov. (Pl. XXV.)

Fur brown, minutely grizzled ; the nape and back between the

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON AUSTRALIAN MAMMALS, . 221

shoulders darker ; side of the head, near base of ears, and body pale

reddish ; shoulders outside of fore and hind legs paler hay ; streak

on cheek and upper part of thigh white.

Hab. North Australia, Port Albany (Cowen).

This species is very like H. agilis; but the tail and hind feet are

much shorter. The fur is darker, and especially on the nape and

upper part of the middle of the back. The sides of the body and

face, and especially the head round the base of the ears, and the legs

are bright rufous. The white mark on the thigh is as distinct as in

A, agilis.

The Halmaturi with a well-marked oblique white streak across

the thigh may be thus divided :—

* Tail and feet elongate; the front and hinder cutting-teeth large,

the second one moderate.

1. HALMATURUS DORSALIS.

The back with a narrow well-defined dorsal streak. The second or

central cutting-tooth on each side small, smooth, The hind foot

8? inches long.

2. HALMATURUS AGILIS.

_ The back on each side darker than the sides. The second or

central cutting-tooth on each side with a central ridge. The hind

foot 82 inches long.

** Tail and feet short, thick ; the front and hinder cutting-teeth

moderate, the second one small.

3. HALMATURUS COXENII.

Back darker than the sides. The hind feet 53 inches long.

I have named this fine species after Mr. Charles Coxen, the

brother of the late Mrs. Gould, the discoverer of several very inter-

esting animals in Australia.

Mus MACcCROPUS.

Yellow grey brown; middle of the back blackish, from the black

tips of the longer hairs; the mouth, throat, chest, belly, inside of

the legs, and the upper surface of the feet white ; whiskers very long,

stiff, black; tail naked, with rings of square scales, yellow, basal

third black. The feet nearly naked. The cutting-teeth flat, smooth,

yellow in front. Ears nakedish, with short scattered hairs. Length

of body and head 10, tail 103 inches ; hind feet 2 inches 5 lines.

There are three species of Mus in the Museum with the tails

more or less varied with yellow, which differ in the size of the cut-

ting-teeth and feet. The one from North Australia differs from the

other two in having very much larger feet.

222 MR.F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

6. Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera, collected in the Island

of Penang by James Lamb, Esq. By Francis P. Pascor,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e., late Pres. Ent. Soc. ‘

(Part I.)

(Plates XXVI., XXVII., XXVIII.)

Penang is a small island about sixteen miles long, in latitude be-

tween 5° and 6° N., separated from the mainland of Malacca by a

channel two miles in breadth. A narrow strip of the coast opposite

the island is known as “ Province Wellesley ;” and it is within the

limits of these two that this collection was formed. The insects are

not ticketed ; so it is impossible for me to say which came from the

mainland and which from the island.

The total number of species in the collection is about 212; but as

some of these are single specimens, which are either very obscure or

in a poor condition, I have had to content myself with merely indi-

cating their places in the catalogue.

If we consider that the Longicorns in their perfect state are gene-

rally short-lived, and that a great majority of the species frequent

particular plants or families of plants, so that only where these plants

occur can we expect to find the insects, it will be readily understood

how this limited range and brief existence must make it almost im-

possible for any collector to obtain more than a portion of those that

inhabit even a moderately extensive district. And thus it is that

sometimes perhaps half the species of a large collection are repre-

sented each by one or two individuals only. The number of species,

therefore, and the many superb novelties which Mr. Lamb has had

the good fortune to capture, whilst it excites our admiration, shows

us how much more might be expected if all-those rich tropical lands

were as thoroughly worked by entomologists as Europe has been.

A few years ago all, with the exception of about fourteen, would

have been new to science; even now not less than 98 are described

for the first time, leaving 26 for further observation, the greater part

of which are also probably new. Of these, 19 are types of entirely

new genera, out of the total of 110. But to these, three more must be

added, previously found by Mr. Wallace, but not yet published— Ame-

sisa, Ephies, and Cyriopalus. Two genera are European (Mesosaand -

/Egosoma), with species extending to North China; six (Praonetha,

Olenecamptus, Astathes, Philus, Dere, and Pyrestes) belong to North

China and Northern India, but are not found in Europe (the first is

also Australian) ; four (Coptops*, Cerosterna, Glenea, and Megopis)

have representatives in Africa; Xystrocera and Sybra are African

and Australian ; while Atimura is the only genus confined to and

belonging to both the Australian and Malayan regions. Not less

than eight. of the exclusively Malayan genera are found in New

* Coptops abdominalis, White, from North Australia, is a species of gomomus,

apparently identical, for the specimen is much worn, with . insu/aris, an insect

very generally distributed over the Malayan archipelago,

E W Robinson, Delet. Sc

NEW COLEOPTERA FROM PENANG

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF.PENANG. 223

Guinea, and this without counting many others, such as Cereopsius,

Astathes, Glenea, Ceresium, &c., which, although almost purely

Malayan, dip into the faunas of other regions, but not into the Au-

stralian. The eight genera are Ostedes, Koporis, Anancylus, Cacia*,

Clyzomedus, Serixia, Xyaste, and Merioneda. Of the genera com-

mon to almost all parts of the world there are five—Monochamus,

Clytus, Stromatium, Purpuricenus, and Cerambyx. Thus seventy-

two genera are exclusively Malayan. But comparing this with the

Australian list we find that out of 154 genera, 124 are exclusively

Australiant. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to observe that these

statements will doubtless, with the progress of discovery, have to be

modified. New Zealand is, I think, like Madagascar, to be regarded

as a “satellite”’ region; and therefore I have omitted taking it into

consideration in connexion with Australia.

In studying the geographical distribution of the Longicornia, it

must not be forgotten that the areas, into which the earth’s surface

may be divided in relation to its organic productions, will not hold

good for all classes, or even in some cases for all orders. Certain

it is that, so far as the Coleoptera are concerned, the Malayan region,

with its centre in Borneo, finds its south-eastern limit in New Guinea,

—Australia constituting a very distinct and remarkable region of its

own, and, so far as we know, not even shading off, as might have

been expected, into a transition province on one side or the other of

Torres Straits. To the north the Philippines, the southernmost

part of China, and Burmah would be its northern boundaries; the

two latter probably should only be considered transition countries,

since their commoner species are largely mixed with European forms.

The same may be said of India, which, even so far south as the

Neilgherries, has but a comparatively small proportion to remind us

of a tropical beetle-fauna. Even in Ceylon, European genera are

dominant. Regarding, therefore, these also as transition provinces

from Malayan to European types, we find the only countries on the

mainland of Asia belonging to the Malayan beetle-region are Pegu,

Siam, Annam, and the peninsula of Malacca.

As to the classification adopted, we consider the Longicornia a

suborder embracing the three families Lamiide, Cerambycide, and

Prionide, each of these comprising numerous subfamilies ; from the

subfamilies we pass at once to the genera. With many naturalists

I believe the idea still remains that every genus must have certain

definite structural peculiarities, and they appear to expect that

broadly dividing lines shall run between them. Any confession that -

no absolute or primary characters exist, or that they are only secon-

* Cacia latifascia, White, from North China, is a very doubtful member of this

genus.

+ A synonymice list of the Longicorns of Australia will shortly be published by

the Linnean Society.

t In Sir J. E. Tennent’s work on ‘ Ceylon,’ 358 genera of Coleoptera are enu-

merated ; of these 184, or rather more than one-half, are European. With regard

to Lepidoptera, to the diurnal at least, India belongs to the Malayan region ; while

even in the valleys of the Himalayas the Homoptera are of the most decidedly

tropical forms.

224 MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

dary, is taken by them as a fatal proof of the weakness of the posi-

tion. As neither genus nor species has any absolute existence, and

these terms can only be used to express “categories of thought,”’ it

cannot be expected that they should be defined with absolute cer-

tainty; and as there must necessarily be varying degrees of preci-

sion, some of these definitions might be so slight as to leave it doubt-

ful if any distinction at all could be maintained. It is true that,

owing to the more or less exceptional isolation of many genera, a

very clear and decisive description may be given of them; but then

it can never be said how soon the discovery of another form or species

may upset the characters we have drawn from our limited number

of examples, or whether the new genus or species may not be the

other sex of some other species. These are questions which, when

they occur, can only be solved by the possession of data suited to

each. In the meantime our best efforts can only be tentative.

Moreover there are many natural assemblages of species, whether we

choose to call them genera or not, for which no technical characters

can be found, their connexion depending partly on peculiarities which

it is scarcely possible to convey an adequate idea of in words, partly

on such gradual modifications of characters that no satisfactory line

can be drawn between them, but which are, notwithstanding, not

less real or striking. Those who only select a few prominent forms

for description may demur to this; but anyone who has gone con-

scientiously through a large collection will acknowledge how difficult

it is, in many instances, to say if geuera really exist even as a col-

lective term for any limitable number of species, and how unsatis-

factory is any attempt to combine species into genera, or individuals

into species, or to distinguish hybrids* from what we conventionally

call “true species.” It will therefore be readily understood that

many genera can only be vaguely defined, either from the absence

of salient characters, or from their gradual modifications ; and some

of the most natural groups among the Coleoptera might be cited as

examples of these classes. To argue that genera ought to be ignored

when not strictly defined, would, in entomology, be to make classifi-

cation impossible ; to say that recognized genera should be enlarged

from time to time to admit aberrant forms would be merely to create

repertories of incongruous species.

These remarks, which may be considered almost out of place when

discussing a collection so distinctive in all its aspects as the one

before us, are rather directed to a class of critics who, looking on

from afar, are troubled lest they should be overwhelmed by the ex-

cessive multiplication of genera. My object has been to show that

genera may be not the less natural because founded on secondary

characters, and that they must be so formed if we would avoid a

greater evil than any multiplication of them would be, namely, put-

ting species into genera where no one would think of looking for

them. It is quite true that genera have been excessively multiplied

* No doubt many of our so-called species are hybrids ; but a majority of these

obscurer species do not appear to possess the intermediate characters we should

expect to find if their ex'stence were due to hybridity.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 225

by many authors, and that such genera have been based on characters

so artificial as to divide species otherwise closely connected. It is

not to be denied that this is an evil.

The following is a list of the species under their respective genera,

subfamilies, and families. ‘The genera and species not named are

represented by dotted lines :—

Family Lamup2.

Subfamily ACANTHOCININA.

Loporis, Pase.

elegans, Pasc.

Ostedes, Pasc.

Subfamily ExocentTrin&.

Cuphisia, g. n..

eallosa, sp. nu.

Subfamily NipHoninz.

Alara, J. Thoms.

arrogans, Pasc.

concisa, J. Thoms.

Dazata, Pase.

ustulata, sp. n.

Subfamily MEsosin&.

Anancylus, J. Thoms.

griseatus, Pase.

Ereis, Pase. .

anthriboides, Pasc.

Mesosa, Serv.

allapsa, sp. n.

Cacia, Newm.

inculta, Pasce.

melanopsis, sp. n.

pistor, sp. n.

herbacea, sp. n.

obsessa, sp. n.

Clyzomedus, Pasc.

nanus, Pasc.

annularis, sp. n.

Coptops, Serv.

vomicosa, Pasc.

polyspila, Pasce.

—— lecideosa, Pasc.

Saimia, Pasc.

—— albidorsalis, Pasc.

-— bituberosa, sp. n.

| Agelasta, Newm.

lambii, sp. n.

polynesus, White.

sobrina, Pase.

—- balteata, sp. n.

substrigosa, sp. n.

sopida, J..Thoms.

malasiaca, J.. Thoms.

Golsinda, J. Thoms.

corallina, J. Thoms.

Palimna, Pase.

tessellata, Pasc.

mouhotti, sp. n.

Sodus, Pasc.

ursulus, sp. 1.

Subfamily APomMECYNIN#.

Cenodocus, J. Thoms.

adustus, Pase.

granulosus, sp. n.

Txais, g. n.

episomoides, sp. 0.

Cyardium, g. n.

cribrosum, sp. n.

Sesiosa, Pasc.

subfasciata, Pasc.

Praonetha, Blanch.

obducta, Pasc.

illicita; Pase.

consularis, sp. u.

villosa, sp. n.

—-

se ee ee

—_

Ropica, Pase.

vinacea, Pasc.

Sydra, Pase.

umbratica, Pasc.

Atimura, Pasc.

bacillina, Pase.

226 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. {May 8,

‘ylorhiza, Lap.

venosa, Lap.

Thylactus, g. n.

angularis, sp. N.

Subfamily Dorcapionin&.

Obages, g. n.

palparis, sp. N.

Subfamily HypsELoMIN#.

Cereopsius, Pasc.

whitei, J. Thoms. .

Combe, J. Thoms.

brianus, White.

Amesisa, Pasc.

consularis, Pasc.

Pharsalia, J. Thoms.

incerta, Pase.

Cycos, g. n.

subgemmatus, J. Thoms.

Peribasis, J. Thoms.

aspersa, Pasc.

pubicollis, Pase.

Omocyrius, g. 0.

fulvisparsus, sp. 0.

Achthophora, Newm.

dactylon, Pasce.

Trachystola, Pasc.

granulosa, Pasc.

Subfamily LAMIIN&.

Batocera, Lap.

victoriana, J. Thoms.

—— thomsoni, Javet.

Apriona, Chevrol.

germari, Hope.

Thestus, g. n.

oncideroides, sp. Nn.

Cerosterna, Blanch.

approximator, J. Thoms.

Metopides, g. n.

occipitalis, sp. n.

Epepeotes, g. n.

luscus, Fab.

Blepepheus, g. n.

succinctor, Chevrol.

Epicedia, J. Thoms.

plagiata, J. Thoms.

———

Rene

Monochamus, Serv.

Jistulator, Germ.

muUsivUs, Sp. N.

sobrius, Pase.

s ee ee ee

Imantocera, J. Thoms.

plumosa, Ol.

Gnoma, Fab.

dispersd, sp. i.

Mecotagus, g. n.

tigrinus, Ol.

Olenecamptus, Chevrol.

bilobus, Fab.

——- optatus, sp. n.

quietus, sp. 0.

Subfamily ONOCEPHALINE.

Atossa, J. Thoms.

atomarta, sp. 0.

Subfamily Hippopsin&.

Nyctimene, J.'Thoms.

agriloides, J. Thoms.

Tetraglenes, Newm.

insignis, Newm.

Subfamily SapeRDIN#.

Entelopes, Guér.

glauca, Guer.

similis, sp. .

ioptera, Pase.

Serizia, Pasc.

—— prolata, Pasc.

basalis, sp. n.

longicornis, Pase.

—— prasinata, sp. 0.

73 ed fal gS a

AXyaste, g. n.

nigripes, Pase.

Subfamily AsTaTHEINE.

Astathes, Newm.

—— splendida, Fab.

terminata, Pase.

—— nigricornis, J. Thoms.

Subfamily Puyrascrin 2,

Glenea, Newm.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE

Glenea elegans, Ol.

porphyrio, sp. n.

blandina, Pasc.

se eee

rufina, Pase.

neanthes, sp. n.

extensa, Pasc.

oudetera, J. Thoms.

anticepunctata, J. Thoms.

vesta (pulchella), Pase.

pipe > Spon:

algebraica, J. Thoms.

jubea, sp. 0.

cunila, sp. n.

alysson, sp. 0.

ame, sp. 1.

illuminata, J. Thoms.

manto, sp. n.

anthyllis, sp. n.

SORUpRaeeeeuunen

Tanylecta, g. n.

lambii, sp. n.

Zosne, g. n.

cincticornis, sp. 0.

Oberea, Muls.

curialis, sp. n.

clara, sp. n.

tenuata, sp. n.

Ectinogramma, J. Thoms.

collare, sp. n.

Nedytisis, g.n.

obrioides, sp. u.

Family CERAMBYCIDE.

Subfamily Leprurinz.

Capnolymma, Pasc.

stygium, Pasce.

—— capreola, sp. 0.

Asilaris, g. n.

zonatus, sp. n.

Ephies, g. un.

cruentus, sp. n.

Leptura, Lin.

oe , Sp. n.

Philus, W. W. Saund.

rufescens, sp. 0.

Subfamily SrENODERIN.

Dejanira, J. Vhoms.

COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 227

Dejanira 4-punctata, J. Thoms.

biapiculata, sp. n.

Diosyris, g. n.

miranda, sp. ni.

Subfamily DistenuNn&.

Noémia, Pase.

fiavicornis, Pasce.

chalybeata, sp. n.

Subfamily NecypaLinz&.

Merioneda, Pasc.

——- acuta, sp. n.

Subfamily Oprunz.

Deuteromma, Pasc.

testaceum, Pase.

Ciopera, g. n.

decolorata, sp. n.

Subfamily RurnorraGinz.

Epianthe, g. n.

—— viridis, sp. n.

Mydasta, g. n.

discoidea, sp. n.

Sestyra, g. n.

cephalotes, sp. n.

Mimistena, g. n.

Jemorata, sp. n.

Plutonesthes, J. Thoms.

crocata, sp. n.

Subfamily EryTHRIN«&.

Erythrus, White.

ignitus, sp. n.

lacertosus, sp. n.

apiculatus, sp. u.

atricollis, sp. n.

Pyrestes, Pase.

politus, sp. n.

scapularis, sp. 0.

virgatus, sp. n.

nigricollis, sp. n.

Subfamily CaLLicHROMINE.

Chloridolum, J. Thoms.

thomsoni, Pasc.

cinnyris, Sp. D.

Leontium, J. Thoms.

228 MR.¥F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Pachyteria, Serv.

equestris, Newm.

— lambii, sp. n.

virescens, Sp. Ni.

—— spinicollis, sp. n.

—— insignita, sp. n.

—— strumosa, sp. n.

Subfamily CLYTINZ.

Xylotrechus, Chev.

australis, Lap.

Clytanthus, J. Thoms.

annularis, Fab.

Demonaz, J. Thoms.

macilenta, Chey.

Saas > Spon.

Dere, White.

marginata, sp. n.

Bicon, g. un.

sanguineus, sp. Nn.

Sigeum, g. n.

humerale, Pasc.

Euryarthrum, Blanch.

nodicolle, sp. n.

— lambii, sp. n.

——- carinatum, sp. n.

—— interruptum, sp. 0.

—— egenum, sp. n.

atripenne, sp. N.

Asmedia, g. n.

mimetes, sp. 0.

Subfamily CeramBYCIN«z.

Cerambyz, Lin.

pruinosus, sp. 1.

Neocerambyxz, J. Thoms.

lambii, sp. n.

? intricatus, sp. n.

eo.) es

Hoplocerambyz, J. Thoms.

relictus, sp. n.

Dialeges, Pasé.

pauper, Pasc.

Imbrius, g.n.

ephebus, sp. n.

lineatus, sp. n.

strigosus, Sp. 0.

—— ...... 5 Spieais

Rhytidodera, White.

simulans, White.

cristata, sp. n.

Cyriopalus, g. n.

wallacei, sp. n.

Cerestum, Newm.

raripilum, Newm.

vestigiale, sp. n.

zeylanicum, White.

simplex, Gyll.

versutum, sp. Ni.

Subfamily PuRPURICENIN&E.

Purpuricenus, Serv.

sanguinolentus, Ol. -

Luryphagus, J. Thoms.

maxillosus, Ol.

Euryclea, J. Thoms.

cardinalis, J. Thoms.

Subfamily CerRAsPHORIN.

Stromatium, Serv.

asperulum, White.

Noserius, Pasc.

—— tibialis, Pasc.

Gnatholea, J. Thoms,

eburifera, J. Thoms.

AXystrocera, Serv.

globosa, Ol.

_alcyonea, sp. n.

——......, Sp. n.

Family Prronip2&.

Subfamily Macroromin&.

Remphan, Waterh.

hopei, Waterh.

Subfamily AcosomiIn&.

Egosoma, Serv.

marginale, Fab.

Megopis, Serv.

procerus, Sp. Nn.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOR ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 229

LaAMIID&.

ACANTHOCININE.

Eororis.

Eoporis, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 15.

Eororts ELEGANS, Pascoe, /. ¢. p. 16, phil. 6:

Two specimens of this widely distributed species, which is found

so far south as New Guinea; occur in the collection.

OSTEDES.

Ostedes, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. Vv. p. 43.

OstrpEs ——.

Two species of this, or a nearly allied genus, are in the collection,

but are not sufficiently perfect to admit of description.

EXoOcCENTRIN.

CupHIsiA.

Caput magnum; oculi parvi, profunde emarginati.

Antenne setose, scapo tenuiter cylindrico articulo tertio breviore.

Prothorax transversus, lateraliter inermis.

Head large, broad and convex in front; antennary tubers short,

remote; lip small, rounded; eyes small, lateral, deeply divided;

palpi short, pointed. Antenne slender, setose, rather longer than

the body ; the scape attenuate, cylindrical, shorter than the third

joit; the rest gradually but rapidly diminishing. Prothorax short,

transverse, not broader than the head, the sides unarmed and slightly

rounded. Elytra rather broad, with parallel sides, only rounded at

the apex ; the shoulders prominent; the disk with a slight callosity

on each side near the scutellum. Legs of moderate length; ante-

rior and intermediate coxre globose and exserted, with the acetabula

of the former broadly triangular externally ; femora rather incras-

sated ; anterior tibie slightly curved, the rest straight ; tarsi equal,

the three basal joints, taken together, triangular. Pro- and meso-

sterna simple. ~ Body setose.

Twenty-two genera of this subfamily were found by Mr. Wallace ;

but there is only one exponent of it in this collection, representing a

form which cannot be referred to any of them, although coming near

Eyesina. From tbat genus, however, it differs in its slender antennze

and elongate and cylindrical scape, which, notwithstanding, is shorter

than the third joint ; Emeopedus is in no wise setose; Ebceides and

Dyemus differ in their remarkably thickened and nodulose antennee ;

Enispia and Nesomomus have also differently formed antennz ; and,

lastly, Oloessa has (inter alia) divided eyes. All the other eastern

genera have the prothorax spined or toothed at the sides.

230 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Cupuisia cALLosa. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1.)

C. pallide fusca, sparse griseo pubescens ; elytris fortiter punc-

tatis, basi fulvis, maculis paucis fulvo pilosis ornatis.

Pale brown, subnitid, with a sparse greyish pubescence ; head and

prothorax reddish brown, impunctate, the pubescence thicker, with

a yellowish tinge ; scutellum nearly triangular, pointed posteriorly ;

elytra coarsely substriate-punctate, the base fulvous, and having a

well-marked callus on each near the suture and a little behind the

scutellum, posteriorly four patches of fulvous hairs, one behind the

middle, equidistant from the suture and external margin, another

and the largest preapical, and two outer on the same lateral lines as

the preceding ; body beneath, legs, and antennze more or less ful-

vous brown, subnitid, and all, as well as the whole upper surface,

clothed with scattered erect setose hairs, principally white, but inter-

mixed with a few black. Length 23 lines.

NIPHONINE.

JELARA.

fElara, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 55.

ABLARA ARROGANS.

Niphona arrogans, Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. i. p. 338.

4Elara arrogans, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 82, pl. 4. f. 5.

M. Thomson has two other genera (Camptocnema and Ocheutes)

which I am unable to distinguish satisfactorily from this. The

comparative length of the antenn, upon which they appear to be

chiefly based, varies according to the species and to the sex: thus

the male of Zlara arrogans, which is an Ocheutes, has the antennz

quite as long as 4. excisa, which I take to be congeneric with @.

JSerdinandi, the type of the genus. Neither of the three genera

would admit Niphona cylindracea, White; and one or two others

would be nearly as difficult to locate. At the same time they are

all tolerably homogeneous in appearance. The species under review

has been taken by Mr. Wallace in Sarawak, where it does not appear

to be uncommon.

7ELARA CONCISA, Thomson.

I have received a specimen from M. J. Thomson under this name

from Java. I am not aware if he has published it. I have seen it,

or a species very similar, from the Himalaya, in Mr. W. Wilson

Saunders’s collection.

DaxaTa.

Dazxata, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 88.

DaxatTa ustuLaTa. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 4.)

D. grisescens, maculis punctiformibus nigris ornata ; elytris sin-

gulis basi lineato-cristatis.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 231

Covered with a short greyish pile, scarcely concealing the shining

brownish or yellowish-brown derm beneath ; head grey in front, a

black patch behind the eye, which is continuous with a line of the

same colour on each side of the prothorax, the latter slightly de-

pressed in the centre, with a short longitudinal elevated line, the sides

transversely wrinkled ; scutellum subquadrate, but a little rounded

posteriorly ; elytra nearly impunctate, except at the base, rather

sparsely dotted with small black punctiform spots, but two or three

of larger size forming a transverse interrupted bar behind the middle,

at the base a few shining granules and two elevated lines, the inner-

most simulating a crest; behind the shoulder the elytron is slightly

incurved and marked with a dark-brown longitudinal patch ; body

beneath and legs reddish brown, with a sparse ochreous-grey or

greyish pile ; the tibiee varied with dark brown ; antennze brown, the

joints, from the third inclusive, ashy at the base, the scape varied

with ochreous. Length 8 lines.

Davata is particularly distinguished by its thick pyriform scape

and the tooth-like process on the inner edge of the antennary tuber.

In this species the eye is larger in proportion, and the remarkably

elevated and conical protuberance of the elytron in Daxata camelus

is replaced by a short narrow crest. The second abdominal segment

of the specimen before me is furnished on each side with the curious

semicircular hairy patch common to many of the members of this

subfamily, and which, I believe, is confined to the males. D. camelus

is from Sarawak.

MEsOsIN&.

ANANCYLUS.

Anancylus, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 61.

ANANCYLUS GRISEATUS.

Mesosa griseata, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2. iv. p. 243.

All the individuals of this species I have hitherto seen have been

from Sarawak.

EreIs,

Eris, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 110 (nee Koch).

Ereis, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 105.

ERFIs ANTHRIBOIDES, Pascoe, Trans. /. c. pl. 22. f. 7.

This also has hitherto only occurred at Sarawak. I have described

two other species from Cambodia.

MeEsosa.

Mesosa, Serville, Aun. Soc. Entom. de France, t. 4. p. 43.

MESOSA ALLAPSA,.

M. rufo-grisea, fusco variegata; antennis rufescentibus, fusco

maculatis ef annulatis,

232 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Covered above with a short dense reddish-grey pubescence varied

or marbled with brown; head minutely punctured, the mesial line

extending to the lip; prothorax transverse, rounded at the sides,

rather finely punctured ; scutellum rounded behind ; elytra broader

behind the middle, the punctures larger than those on the prothorax,

and very irregular, the brown mottling the whole of the elytra in a

very indefinite manner, but forming posteriorly an oblique zigzag

line, anterior to which, but behind the middle, is a large brown well-

marked spot ; body beneath dark chestnut, the sides of the abdomen

densely clothed with a rich-reddish-brown pile ; legs covered with a

delicate rosy pubescence, banded with dark brown, the two basal

joints of the tarsi entirely rosy, the third and fourth varied with

brown; antennze longer than the body, also with a short rosy pu-

bescence, the four basal joints spotted, and at their tips, as well as

the tips of the remainder, ringed with brown. Length 7 lines.

Not to be distinguished generically, as it appears to me, from the

Mesosa curculionoides of Europe. It is a very distinct species from

the M. perplexa of China.

Cacia.

Cacia, Newman, Entom. p. 290 (1842).

Corethrophora, Blanchard, Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 4. p. 301 (1843),

Cacra INCULTA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 102.

Mr. Wallace took this species in Singapore and Sarawak.

Cacia MELANopsIS. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 4.)

C. fusco-grisea, nigro et albo variegata; capite antice glabro,

nigro ; prothorace transversim corrugato ; tarsis cinereis, atro

marginatis.

Dark brown, the pubescence brownish grey mingled with spots

and patches of dark brown and white; head glabrous in front (from

abrasion 2), black, finely punctured, a patch of whitish pubescence

under the eye; prothorax transverse, scarcely broader than the head,

finely corrugated, the pubescence very slight and mostly brownish

grey; scutellum small, rounded posteriorly ; elytra with a slightly

elevated granular line on each side at the base, the punctures very

small and partly concealed by the pubescence, behind the middle a

series of white spots forming an indefinite band, nearer the apex a

similar band but narrower, the rest greyish, with dark spots; body

beneath and legs with a slight greyish pile ; the knees and ends of the

tibiee black ; tarsi ashy, bordered with black ; antenne ( @ ) as long

as the body, black, the third and fourth joints (except at the tips

and their tufts) ashy, scape nearly glabrous, finely punctured.

Length 8 lines.

A fine and very distinet species.

CACIA PISTOR.

C. albescens, fusco maculata ; capite prothoraceque albescentibus,

hoc haud corrugato ; tarsis cinereis, nigro marginatis.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 233

In size and outline like the last ; but the general colour is white

without any brownish grey, the head pubescent in front, and the

prothorax not corrugated ; the antennz and legs similar, except that

the black on the knees is less marked. There is only one specimen

of each. In both, the third and fourth antennary joints are produced

at the apex, but the process is concealed by the tuft of hairs with

which the apices of these joints are furnished.

Cacta HERBACEA. (PI. XXVI. fig. 3.)

C. capite fulvescente; elytris griseo-viridibus, basi et ultra medium

dilutioribus ; tarsis infuscatis.

Head with a pale ochreous-grey pubescence, finely punctured in

front ; lip pale brown ; prothorax short, greenish grey with four ob-

long blotches, the two central paler; scutellum transverse ; elytra

setulose at the sides, yellowish green, the base and behind the middle

paler, the latter with darker blotches forming an incomplete band ;

body beneath and legs covered with a fine greyish-yellow pile, the

ends of the tibize and tarsi chocolate-brown; antenne about as

long as the body ( 2 ), ochreous, the fourth joint and its tuft brown

except at the base, the third finely spined at the apex*, Length

42 lines.

CACIA OBSESSA. .

C. cinerea; prothorace fusco bivittato; elytris fusco irroratis

vel plagiatis ; tarsis infuscatis.

Pubescence pale ashy varied with stripes or spots of blackish ;

head ashy, a dark band between the eyes; eyes very small; pro-

thorax short, impunctate, with two blackish stripes, each continuous

with a patch behind the eye; scutellum semicircular; elytra rather

short, sparingly punctured, especially towards the apex, indetermi-

nately sprinkled with blackish ; body beneath and legs ashy, the

tarsi darker ; antennze blackish, bases of the second, third, fourth,

and fifth joints entirely ashy, elongated tuft on the fourth black.

Length 4 lines.

Cacia is a somewhat heterogeneous genus, though, on the whole,

one readily recognized. In some of the species the two sexes have

the antennz nearly equal in length; in the females of others the

seven terminal joints are together scarcely a quarter the length of

the remainder, while in the male they are half as long again as the

basal portion. Tufts of hairs are found on the third or fourth joint,

or on both, or they disappear altogether; these are sometimes sup-

ported by spines or short prolongations of the apices of the joints,

or the spines occur without tufts. The colouring is very variable,

eyen occasionally in the same species.

CLYZOMEDUS.

Olyzomedus, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 115.

* In Cacia inculta this character is present or absent in the same species.

Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1866, No. XVI.

234 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

CLYZOMEDUS NANUS.

Coptops nanus, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. v. p. 39.

Clyzomedus nanus, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 116, pl. 8. f. 4.

This species was found in New Guinea by Mr. Wallace, but in

none of the intervening islands.

CLYZOMEDUS ANNULARIS.

C. pallide brunneus, tenuissime griseo pubescens ; antennis griseis,

brunneo annulatis.

Pale reddish brown, with an exceedingly delicate greyish pubes-

cence, which is, however, coarser on the head and face; prothorax

very short, impunctate ; scutellum scutiform; elytra rather short,

finely punctured, the punctures larger at the base, the pubescence

somewhat irregular and forming, principally posteriorly, one or two

indefinite flexuous lines ; body beneath, legs, and antenne with a thin

greyish pubescence, the latter with tips of the joints dark reddish

brown. Length 3} lines.

Clyzomedus has been separated from Coptops on account of its

prosternum produced posteriorly, forming an angular transverse

ridge between the coxze, not rounded or without such angle. The

species are also smaller and far less robust.

Cortoprs.

Lachnia, deuxiéme division Coptops, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de

France, t. 4. p. 64.

Corrors VOMICoSA.

Abryna vomicosa, Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. i. p. 341.

This species, described in the work above quoted, was found by

the late M. Mouhot in Cambodia, where it appears to be common.

Coptors potyspiia, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 118.

Also found by Mr. Wallace at Pulo Penang.

CorTors LECIDEOSA, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 120.

Mr. Wallace’s specimens are from Sarawak and Sumatra.

SAIMIA.

Samia, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 121.

SAIMIA ALBIDORSALIS.

Samia albidorsalis, Pascoe, l. c. p. 122, pl. 8. f. 6.

Found also by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak. Mr.

Lamb’s specimen has five well-marked tuberosities on the disk*.

* I have slightly altered the orthography, the original name having been pre-

occupied for a genus of Lepidoptera.

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 235

SAIMIA BITUBEROSA.

Fusca, grisescente pubescens ; prothorace medio valde bituberoso.

Brownish, with a thin greyish pubescence, forming on the elytra

little longitudinal silky ridges; head rather broad and thinly pubes-

cent in front; prothorax about equal in length and breadth, two ap-

proximate strongly marked tubers a little before the middle, the rest

of the disk tolerably regular, on each side anteriorly a short thick

tooth ; scutellum transversely quadrate ; elytra rather short, thinly

punctured, a broad callus on each side at the base ; body beneath

and legs chestnut-brown, shining, the pubescence thin and spotty ;

antenne more than twice as long as the body, chestnut-brown, the

basal joints with greyish pubescent spots, the middle and terminal

joints with the base and the tip of each greyish. Length 9 lines.

AGELASTA.

Agelasta, Newman, The Entom. p. 288.

AGELASTA LAMBII. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 7.)

A. fusca, pube alba brevissima et densissima induta ; capite pro-

thoraceque albo vittatis; elytris albis, ultra medium fascia

angusta vittisque fuscis ornatis.

Covered with a very short but very dense white pubescence, varied

with lines or stripes of dark chocolate-brown, which are very nearly

glabrous; head with one central and two lateral yellowish-white

stripes, the latter interrupted above the eye, the cheeks white ; pro-

thorax yellowish white, with two central brown stripes connected

posteriorly, and three lateral stripes, the two innermost united an-

teriorly and all continuous with the stripes on the head; scutellum

transversely scutiform ; elytra minutely punctured, of a clear chalky

white to behind the middle, where they are crossed by a narrow ir-

regular brown band, which throws out towards the apex two (or

three) stripes on each side; body beneath black, shining, the sides

ages white ; legs pure white, the tarsi dark brown, except the

obes of the third and middle of the fourth joints ; antennz longer

than the body in the male and ¢welve-jointed, in the female shorter

than the body and eleven-jointed, dark brown, the second and bases

of the third to the sixth joints white. Length 7-8 lines.

Closely allied to 4. wallacei, but differing in the absence of the

brown band at the base of the elytra, and the presence of a supple-

mentary joint in the antenne of the male.

AGELASTA PoLyNESUS, White, Catal. Long. Brit. Mus. (1855)

pl. 10. f. 9 (sine descript.) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 410.

Apparently a common species at Singapore and Sarawak.

AGELASTA SOBRINA, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 127.

In the Wallacean collection there are specimens from Singapore,

236 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Sarawak, and Banca. It has been confounded with Agelasta amica,

White.

AGELASTA BALTEATA. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 9.)

A. supra pube rufo-brunnea induta, maculis plurimis et fascia

elytrorum rufo-fuscis.

Above with a short dense pale reddish-brown pubescence, mingled

with a few white hairs, with several spots and a band on the elytra

dark reddish brown; spots on the head somewhat obscure, on the

prothorax about nine, the odd one nearly at the base; scutellum

broadly triangular; elytra with a well-marked band between the

middle and the base, and eight or nine spots on each posteriorly ;

body beneath pubescent, pale ashy; legs brownish, the tips of the

tibiz and the tarsi dark brown; antennze brown, the base as far as

the middle of the third joint and bases of the fourth and fifth ashy.

Length 5 lines.

Approaches in some respects 4. newmani, which, however, is of

an ashy colour, with two bands on the elytra; in both, the scape and

third and fourth joints are of equal length.

AGELASTA suUBSTRIGOSA. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 8.)

A. nigra, pube dispersa cinerea induta ; capite, prothorace, et

basi elytrorum granulis numerosis nigris nitidis instructis.

Black, with small patches (on the elytra, posteriorly, lines) of pale

ashy pile; head and prothorax with numerous small black shining

granules, between which are little patches of ashy hairs, the latter

narrowed behind, a little contracted anteriorly, the sides without any

projections ; scutellum transverse, nearly glabrous; elytra subcylin-

drical, the base finely granulate, the middle with a few foveolate

punctures and three or four white spots on each side, towards the

apex indefinite longitudinal lines of pale ashy ; body beneath and

legs black, subnitid, with a mottled ashy pubescence, tarsi ashy, the

basal and apex of the claw-joint black ; antenne slender, about half

as long again as the body in the male, black, with the base speckled

with ashy, the bases of the fourth and fifth and eighth and ninth

joints ashy. Length 5 lines. °

An interesting species, resembling in colour A. i7orata, but more

cylindrical than any other member of the genus, and furnished with

little granuliferous points rising in an exceedingly definite manner

from the derm. In this species the third joint of the antennz has

a double curve, and is considerably longer than any other. The

technical characters of Agelasta are extremely variable, yet, notwith-

standing, it is a very natural genus and very readily recognized.

ZEsoriwa.

Asopida, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb, p. 62.

Aisopipa MALAstaca, J. Thomson, J. ¢. p. 62.

Apparently not uncommon in Malacca.

‘yy

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 237

GOLSINDA.

Golsinda, J. Thomson, Essai Class. Céramb. p. 343.

GoLsInpDA corALLina, J. Thomson, /. c. p. 344.

The single example in Mr. Lamb’s collection differs a little in the

colour of its antennze and legs from the Borneo species. In the

former a pale ashy replaces the bright orange of the latter, and ad/

the joints of the antenne, except the last, are ringed; beyond this

I am unable to distinguish it. M. Mouhot also took it in Laos.

PALIMNA.

Palimna, Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. i. p. 346 (1862).

Cylanca, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 58 (1864).

PALIMNA TESSELLATA.

Golsinda tessellata, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2. iv. p. 49;

Long. Malay. p. 135, pl. 6. f. 2.

Numerous individuals of this species were found by Mr, Wallace

in Sarawak.

PALIMNA MOUHOTII.

P. nigra, albo maculata, densissime et breviter pubescens ; elytris

apice rotundatis ; articulo ultimo tarsorum toto nigro.

Covered with a very dense and short black pubescence, marked

with large definite, occasionally almost confluent, white spots; head

white, band between the eyes and behind them black; prothorax

a little transverse, the lateral angle fringed with a row of small black

granules, the disk irregular, with a large black patch, varied with

two or three spots of white; scutellum scutiform, black, the centre

white ; elytra with two erect spines at the base of each, the shoulders

also slightly spinous or tuberculate, an oblique angular line on each

side, the apex rounded; legs and antenne ringed with black and

white, the first two joints of the tarsi white bordered with black,

the last two entirely black. Length 10 lines( ¢)-13(@).

This description has been drawn up from Laos specimens collected

by the late M. Mouhot. ‘The species bears a very decided resem-

blance to P. tessellata, but the colours are much purer and more

clearly limited, the prothorax shorter, more coarsely toothed, and

the last tarsal joint is entirely black. There are other differences,

which may, however, not be so permanent.

Sopvs.

Sodus, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 137.

Sopus ursutus. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2.)

8. fulvo-brunneus, setulosus ; capite scutelloque griseis ; protho-

race basi latiore ; antennis brunneis, griseo setulosis.

238 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Tawny brown, thickly pubescent, everywhere, except the under

surface, clothed with short erect setulose hairs; head with sparse

greyish hairs, behind the eye a yellowish spot, which corresponds

with another on the prothorax, the latter turgid in the centre and

expanded at the base; scutellum nearly triangular; elytra remotely

and irregularly punctured, obscurely varied with dark brown, parti-

cularly two flexuous marks which enclose near the shoulder a pale

yellowish spot; body beneath dark chestnut-brown, subnitid, mi-

nutely pubescent ; legs and antennee tawny brown, obscurely varied

with greyish. Length 43 lines.

A somewhat broader species than Sodus verticalis, and otherwise

very distinct. Sodus is a somewhat isolated genus, differing from

the other genera of its subfamily in the rounded apex of the scape,

not dilated nor cicatricose, and in the presence of setulose hairs

clothing every part of the insect, except the breast and abdomen.

APOMECYNINE.

CENODOCUS.

Cenodocus, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 47.

Crnopocus Apustvus, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 142, pl. 10. f. 3.

Mr. Wallace's specimen of this species is from Sumatra. M.

Thomson’s type (C. antennatus) is from Java.

Cenopocus GRANuLosus. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 12.)

C. ferrugineo-griseus ; elytris singulis medio impressione obliqua

instructis ; tarsis concoloribus.

Derm black, closely covered with a coarse rusty-grey pile; head

rugose in front, the pile sparsely distributed; prothorax oblong,

with numerous large foveolate punctures; scutellum semilunar ;

elytra short, strongly punctured, with here and there black glossy

granules between them, from near the suture at about the middle of

each elytron a large shallow impression proceeds outwards and down-

wards, this is nearly free from punctures or granules, and is of a

lighter colour than the rest ; body beneath and legs with a coarse

greyish pile; antennz brown, the fringe, apex of the fourth, which

is otherwise white, and the remainder of the joints black. Length

6 lines.

This is a well-marked species belonging to a well-marked genus,

The antenne are unusually short, even for this subfamily, and the

joints of very unequal length, the last seven, for instance, being

together shorter than the third ; this joint is feathered as it were on

two sides by densely compacted hairs. In this species the feather-

ing does not extend to the base of the joint. The scape and also

the second joint have also slighter plumes beneath, so far as the

above species are concerned, but in M. Thomson’s species no men-

tion is made of the plume on the scape.

1866.] MR. F.P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 239

Ixals,

Caput antice subtransversum, linea mediana ad orem attingente.

Antenne perbreves, articulis tertio et quarto subequalibus, infra

Jimbriatis.

Elytra bast angusta, postice latiora, in medio elevato-convera.

Head rather transverse in front, the impressed median line ex-

tending from the vertex to the mouth ; antennary tubers almost

obsolete. Eyes deeply divided, the lower lobe somewhat approxi-

mating to the base of the mandibles. Antennze very short, entirely

pubescent, scape ovate, the third joint very little longer than the

fourth, both closely fimbriated beneath, the last seven joints exceed-

ingly short. Prothorax subquadrate, its sides nearly straight.

Elytra highly convex in the middle, narrower and depressed at the

base, broadest posteriorly. Legs short, robust, nearly equal; ante-

rior coxee exserted, their acetabula with a vertical angle. Pro- and

mesosterna slightly raised, their opposing faces rounded.

This genus is a modification of the Cenodocus form, differing

principally in the shape of the elytra, the presence of a strongly

impressed median line on the head, and the relative proportion of

the third antennary joint. The only species which it contains at

present is remarkable for its general resemblance to Episomus pau-

peratus, Fab. (Curculio), a native of Sumatra, and probably extend-

ing to the opposite coast of Malacca, as it occurs also in Java.

There are other genera of Longicorns which never fail to recall

forms belonging to widely different groups.

Ixats EPIsomorpeEs. (PI. XXVI. fig. 10.)

I. supra fusco-grisea, infra albida; elytris seriatim punctatis,

punctis oblongis, profunde impressis.

Derm brownish testaceous, covered above with a thin greyish

pile; head slightly punctured in front, two brownish stripes on the

vertex, continuous with a broad central stripe of the same colour on

the prothorax, the latter with crowded foveolate punctures; scutel-

lum transverse ; elytra seriate punctate, the punctures rather irre-

gular near the suture, oblong and very deeply impressed, with a few

pale-testaceous granular elevations, principally at the base, the sides

anteriorly and a few small spots white; body beneath and legs co-

vered with a whitish pubescence ; antennz about half as long as the

body, closely pubescent, white, except the apex of the fourth and

all the succeeding joints. Length 6 lines.

CyarpIum.

Caput subtransversum, fronte sulcato.

Antenne breves, robusta, vir Jimbriate, scapo obconico.

Prothorax capite paulo latior, dente antico instructus.

Elytra elongata, cylindrica.

Head transverse in front, the forehead deeply sulcate ; antennary

tubers robust ; eyes deeply divided. Antenne short, stout, pubes-

240 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8

cent, scarcely fimbriated; scape obconic, third joint much longer

than the fourth, the rest very short. Prothorax a little broader

than the head, subcylindrical, toothed anteriorly. Elytra elongate,

cylindrical, callous at the base. Legs short, equal; anterior tibiz

not toothed internally. Prosternum elevated. Mesosternum toothed

anteriorly.

The presence of a prothoracic tooth, as well as the style of sculp-

ture, places this genus in the neighbourhood of Synelasma, from

which, however, it abundantly differs in the characters of the head,

antennze, and in its elongate cylindrical form.

CyArpIuM criprosuM. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 5.)

C. pallide ferrugineum, sparse griseo pubescens ; elytris post me-

dium fascia albida ornatis ; antennis articulis tertio et quarto,

apice excepto, albis.

Pale rusty brown, rather sparingly clothed with a greyish pubes-

cence; head deeply impressed on the vertex between the upper

lobes of the eyes, the front coarsely punctured, each puncture with

a stiff whitish hair at the base; prothorax with deep crowded irre-

gular impressions having apparently a deciduous greyish pubescence,

the raised intermediate portions tuberculiform or granular; scutel-

lum very transverse; elytra with a slight callus near the base, and

numerous large foveolate punctures, and little patches of ochreous

pubescence between them, behind the middle a broad whitish band ;

body beneath pale buff, spotted with yellowish brown; legs buff,

varied with brownish ; antennze dark brown, the scape reddish brown,

third and fourth joints white except at their tips. Length 8 lines.

SESIOSA.

Sesiosa, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 154.

SESIOSA SUBFASCIATA, Pascoe, J. c. p. 154, pl. 8. f. 2.

The Wallacean specimen is from Singapore. The genus is allied

to Apomecyna.

PRAONETHA.

Prioneta (ab errore), Blanchard, Voy. au Péle Sud, iv. p. 292.

PRAONETHA OBDUCTA, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 165.

The puncturation is a little coarser than on the typical specimens

from Ceram and Bouru, on which I have based my description.

PRAONETHA ILLICITA, Pascoe, J. c. p. 169.

It is possible that this is only a subspecies or variety of a widely

distributed species, and it will then be found to extend from Penang

to Java on the one hand, and to Aru on the other. Other localities

are Goram, Batchian, and Mysol.

PRAONETHA CONSULARIS.

P. fusca, pube densa flavida vestita; vertice maculis duabus,

1866.] MR. ¥F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 241

prothorace plagis duabus basalibus, scutelloque medio purpureo-

Suscis ; tarsis fuscis.

Dark brown, covered with a coarse yellowish-grey pile; head

white between the eyes, the vertex with two purplish-brown spots ;

prothorax transverse, a large purplish-brown spot on each side ex-

tending to the base; scutellum triangular, with a dark-brown central

spot; elytra subtrigonate, strongly crested at the base, three well-

marked raised lines on each, across the middle, and curving round

from the shoulders a broad band paler and less pubescent than the

base and apex; body beneath pilose, yellowish grey, the abdomen

ashy; legs closely covered with a yellowish-grey pubescence, the

tarsi dark brown, with a few scattered hairs; antenne yellowish

brown. Length 6 lines.

This description is from a specimen in my own collection, taken

by Captain Smythe of H. M. 34th; Mr. Lamb’s example is smaller

and much injured. It is a very distinct species, and will stand for

the present after Praonetha scopulifera, Pasc.

PRAONETHA VILLOSA.

P. fusca, brunneo-griseo pubescens; prothorace bituberculato ;

seutello triangulari ; elytris obscure fusco variis, linea curvata

alba ante cristam posticam sita, crista antica nigro pilosa,

apicibus rotundatis.

Dark brown, with a pale brownish-grey pile, and numerous fine

erect hairs; head with a few punctures in front, antennary tubers

strongly marked ; prothorax subtransverse, the disk slightly bituber-

culate, with numerous small punctures ; scutellum triangular ; elytra

slightly subtrigonate, rather coarsely punctured, compressed, the

basal crests formed of black erect hairs, a short curved white trans-

verse line before the posterior crests, rest of the elytra obscurely

varied with brown; body beneath and legs rufous, with a thin gre

pile; antennz brown, slightly annulate with grey. Length 4 lines.

This species will stand in my fifth section of the genus, after P.

Sractilinea, characterized by the “elytra abruptly declivous poste-

riorly, the angle generally furnished with a short tuft (of hair)—

the exterior raised lines nearly obsolete.’”’ There are two or three

other species in the collection, which appear to be distinct from any

of the fifty-three species described in the ‘ Longicornia Malayana.’

Rorica.

Ropica, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 247.

Ropica vinacea, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 194.

Found also at Ternate and Sarawak by Mr. Wallace, whose col-

lection contained twenty-three species.

SYBRA.

_ Sybra, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 198.

242 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, [May 8,

Sypra umBraTICA, Pascoe, J. c. p. 203.

Occurs also in Sarawak, Mysol, and Ternate. Fifty-two species

of this genus are described in the work above quoted.

ATIMURA.

Atimura, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3. i. p. 548.

ATIMURA BACILLINA, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. 158.

Mr. Wallace finds this species in Sarawak and Sumatra, and an-

other species in the same localities as well as in Singapore. It is

one of the few Longicorn genera common and confined to Australia

and the Malayan archipelago.

XYLORHIZA,

Xylorhiza, Laporte de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. des Ins. ii. p. 476.

XyYLORHIZA VENOSA, Laporte, /. c. p. 476.

A handsome insect, sometimes nearly two inches long, common to

both sides of the Bay of Bengal. It is lazy in its habits, remaining

for a long time in one spot, and, uulike the Longicorns generally,

bores into the young and living shoots of trees, probably to deposit

its eggs.

THYLACTUS.

Scapus odconicus.

Palpi dreviuseuli, glabri.

Prothorax utringue spina valida armatus.

Head transverse in front ; antennary tubers very stout and promi-

nent, approximate at the base. Eyes narrow, broadly emarginate.

Antennze shorter than the body, pubescent, not fimbriated, the scape

obeonic ; third joint longest, the rest gradually shorter (the last

joints are wanting). Palpi rather short, not hairy or only slightly

pubescent. Prothorax narrow, unequal, armed on each side with a

stout spine. Elytra elongate, cylindrical, irregular, a little depressed,

expanded at the apex into a broad angular process. Legs short ;

femora fusiform; tibiz rather shorter than the tarsi. Pro- and

mesosterna depressed.

A remarkable insect, allied to Xylorhiza and Cymatura, is the

type of this genus. From both it will be readily distinguished by

its strongly toothed prothorax, as well as the different form of the

scape. I should have been inclined to consider these, and other

species still referred to Xylorhiza, highly individualized members

of one group, which, although differing in several technical charac-

ters, have a very obvious relationship. This view, however, would

not be likely to be adopted.

THyYLACTUS ANGULARIS. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 6.)

T. pube sericea densissima fulvo-brunnea indutus ; elytris late-

raliter fusco uniplagiatis.

Covered above with a very dense short silky pubescence of a light

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 243

reddish or fulvous-brown colour, beneath coarser and less compact ;

head slightly punctured in front, the vertex and between the eyes

deeply grooved; prothorax with an elevated longitudinal line, the

base of the spine occupying the middle third on each side; scutel-

lum nearly semicircular ; elytra about five times as long as the pro-

thorax, and much broader at the base, minutely and sparingly

punctured, the base and a large longitudinal patch on each side

behind the middle, where the elytron is hollowed or impressed, dark

brown, the apices broadly truncate and expanding beyond the side

into a large rectangular convex plate; legs and antennz concolo-

rous. Length 13 lines.

DOoRCADIONINE.

OBAGES.

Tubera antennifera erecta, approximata.

Palpi mawillares elongati, art. ultimo dilatato, truncato.

Prothorax muticus, ovatus, ad elytra arcte applicatus.

Tarsi art. penultimo dilatato.

Head rather narrow, quadrate in front; the antennary tubers stout,

nearly erect, approximate or nearly contiguous at the base. Eyes

lateral, broadly emarginate, pomted below. Antenne setaceous,

rather longer than the body; scape subelongate, cylindrical ; third

joint longest, the rest gradually shorter. Maxillary palpi very long,

the terminal joint, as also in the labial palpi, considerably larger

than the preceding ones, and truncate. Prothorax oblong, sub-

cylindrical, a little broader than the head, the disk regular, the sides

unarmed. Elytra ovate, very convex, the convexity culminating at

the middle, not wider than the prothorax at the base, humeral

angles entirely absent. Legs rather slender, especially the tibie of

the posterior pair; femora slightly thickened ; tarsi short, the pe-

nultimate joint dilated. Anterior acetabula narrowly angulated.

Pro- and mesosterna declivous.

The unique specimen before me is the only representative of the

subfamily in the collection. Mr. Wallace during all his researches

only found two species, but neither of these has the slightest affinity

to it; nor can I mention any other to which it can be said to be

allied. The Australian genus Microtragus agrees in its eyes and

approximate antennary tubers, but differs in other characters, and

has a totally different habit.

OxpaGeEs PALPARIs. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 11.)

O. piceus, pube sparsa grisea subtiliter indutus.

’ Pitchy brown, with a short sparse greyish pile ; head more pubes-

cent, rather coarsely punctured; prothorax covered with coarse

crowded punctures ; scutellum very transverse ; elytra deeply striato-

punctate, the interstitial lines alone pubesceat, the third line from

the suture with a small white spot posteriorly, apices obliquely

truncate, the outer angle produced ; body beneath, legs, and antennze

with a tolerably copious greyish pubescence. Length 4 lines.

244 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

HypsELOMIN.

CEREOPSIUS.

Cereopsius, Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. i. p. 344.

CreReEorsivs wuHiTet, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 556.

A very distinct species, having two large white spots on each

elyton.

ComBE.

Combe, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 83.

CoMBE BRIANUS.

Monohammus brianus, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 409.

Combe fulgurata, J. Thomson, op. cit. p. 84.

This handsome insect appears to be very scarce. Mr. Lamb has

found only a single example, a female; this is much larger than a

male in my own collection. The specimen in the British Museum

from which Mr. White described the species is without a head.

AMESISA.

Amesisa, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p.*

AMESISA CONSULARIS, Pascoe, /. ¢. p. ; pe he free

Mr. Wallace’s specimen is from Singapore.

PHARSALIA.

Pharsalia, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 80.

PHARSALIA INCERTA, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. .

The single specimen in Mr. Lamb’s collection is referred very

doubtfully to this species.

Cycos.

Antenne in maribus longissime, normales.

Scapus cylindricus, basi subito constrictus.

Pedes in maribus elongati, antici longiores.

Mesosternum dentatum.

Head rather small, quadrate in front, the antennary tubers very

robust, erect or very slightly divergent. Eyes of moderate size,

broadly emarginate. Antennz very long in the male, scarcely longer

than the body in the female, not fimbriated beneath ; scape mode-

rately long, cylindrical, suddenly constricted at the base, the third

joint longer than the scape, the remainder gradually abbreviated,

except the last in the male, which is more than twice as long as the

preceding joint. Prothorax scareely broader than the head, sub-

* When this was written I anticipated that this genus and two or three spe-

cies mentioned further on, collected by Mr. Wallace and which are identical with

those in Mr. Lamb’s collection, would have been published in the above work ;

but, although the plates to accompany the forthcoming part are ready, the text

has been unfortunately delayed.

1866.] MR.F.P. PASCOR ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 2195

cylindrical, with a median tooth at the side, the base subbisinuate.

Elytra broadest at the base, the shoulders prominent, apex rounded.

Legs in the males elongate, the anterior longest, their tarsi dilated

and fringed; in the female the legs comparatively short, but all of

nearly equal length, the tarsi neither dilated nor fringed. Proster-

num simple. Metosternum toothed.

The closely approximate and nearly erect antennary tubers sepa-

rate the insect on which this genus is founded from Monochamus,

as well as from the Lamiine—its position appearing to me to be

between Pharsalia and Triammatus, the long legs of the male, znter

alia, distinguishing it from the former, and the normal antennze

from the latter. The scape is remarkably constricted at the base

above the articulating portion, the outer side of it, indeed, is so pro-

duced as to form a very acute angle.

Cycos SUBGEMMATUS.

Monochamus subgemmatus, J. Thomson, Arch. Entom. i. p. 294

(1857).

Monohammus georgius, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 407.

A handsome species originally discovered in Sylhet, and appa-

rently not uncommon in the more eastern Himalayan range.

PERIBASIS.

Peribasis, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 86.

PERIBASIS ASPERSA,

Monohammus aspersus, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 48.

Apparently a common species at Penang and Singapore.

PERIBASIS PUBICOLLIS, Pascoe, Long. Malay. p. .

Taken also by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak. Mono-

hammus larvatus, White (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 406) is also a

Peribasis.

OmocyrRIvs.

Caput exsertum, infra oculos sensim latiore.

Antenne art. 4, 5, in utroque sexu, omnino incrassatis.

Elytra ad humeros producto-lobata.

Pedes antici, in maribus, perlongt.

Head exserted, narrowed above and gradually widening below the

eyes; antennary tubers very stout and approximate, but not conti-

guous. Eyes small, broadly emarginate. Antenne longer than the

body in the male, shorter than the body in the female, the scape

obconic, the third joint longer than the scape, clubbed at the apex,

the fourth and fifth thickened throughout in both sexes, in the

female, however, gradually smaller towards the base, the sixth and

remaining joints shorter than the fifth, and nearly equal in length,

except the last in the male, which is longer, subulate, and curved.

Prothorax oblong, rather narrower anteriorly, toothed at the sides,

246 MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

bisinuate at the base. Elytra slightly depressed, the sides narrow-

ing posteriorly, the shoulders lobed above. Legs elongate, espe-

cially the anterior pair in the males; protibize curved; tarsi equal

in length, the anterior dilated in the males. Prosternum slightly

elevated. Mesosternum produced.

This handsome genus is allied on the one hand to Otarionomus in

respect of its lobed shoulders, a character which it shares also with

Achthophora, and on the other to Triammatus, with which it other-

wise agrees, except in a modification of the remarkable antenne,

especially in the female, and in the divergent, although still ap-

proximate, antennary tubers, which are not cornuted or produced as

in Triammatus. The protibize, too, are curved throughout, and the

preapical tooth is nearly obsolete.

Omocyrius FuLvisparsus. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 3.)

O. rufo-fuscus; capite prothoraceque fulvo bilineatis; elytris

fulvo maculatis ; tarsis nitidis, luteis.

Reddish brown, slightly nitid, nearly glabrous, but varied with

lines and spots of fulvous pubescence ; head brownish opake in front,

with a raised median line, two narrow stripes on the vertex, another

longitudinal one before the eye, and a third extending beneath it

horizontally ; mandibles dark brown; palpi luteous; prothorax

finely corrugated, the corrugations becoming gradually granular at

the sides, the disk with two narrow fulvous stripes, below on each

side a broader, nearly white, stripe, which passes also along the

sterna; scutellum triangular, obtuse ; elytra coarsely and irregularly

punctured, with three slightly raised lines on each, the shoulders

above produced into a prominent ear-shaped lobe, the disk with

numerous small and a few large well-defined spots of fulvous ; body

beneath reddish brown, nitid, each abdominal segment, at the side,

with a pale fulyous spot; legs dark brown, with a fine ashy pubes-

cence, the tibize becoming more and more luteous towards the extre-

mities, the tarsi bright luteous, shining; antennz more or less dark

reddish brown, the fourth and succeeding joints pale flesh-coloured

at the base. Length 12 lines.

ACHTHOPHORA.

Achthophora, Newman, The Entom. p. 292.

Stegenus, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 104, pl. 22. f. 6.

ACHTHOPHORA DACTYLON.

Stegenus dactylon, Pascoe, l. ec.

The differences between Stegenus and Achthophora are, I think

on a re-examination, too slight to justify their being treated as dis-

tinct genera. Mr. Wallace, who first discovered this species at

Sarawak, found only a few specimens ; at Penang, however, it seems

to be abundant.

TRACHYSTOLA.

Trachystola, Pascoe, Journ. of Entom. i. p. 350.

1866.] MR. ¥. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 47

TRACHYSTOLA GRANULOSA, Pascoe, op. cit. p: 351.

Trachystola is placed at the end of this subfamily only provision-

ally ; its general form, sculpture, and colour point to the Dorcadio-

nine, and, but for the presence of humeral angles, in that group it

would undoubtedly take its place. M. J.Thomson puts it between

Aderpas and Anamera in his “groupe Mesosite,’ a location, I

think, very far from natural. 7’. granulosa is apparently a common

insect at Sarawak. A second species is described by M. J. Thomson,

from Java.

LAMIIN&.

BATOCERA.

Batocera, Laporte de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. des Insectes, t. 11.

p- 470 (1840).

Batocera vicroriaNna, Thomson, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856,

p. 529; Arch. Ent. t. 1. p. 23.‘ Frontispiece.”

Found also by Mr. Wallace in Borneo. The spots on the elytra

are of a fine vermilion during life.

Batocersa THOoMSsONI, Javet in Thoms. Arch. Ent. t. 1. p- 412,

pl. 20. f. 2.

This is also a Bornese species. Mr. Wallace found not less than

eighteen species of this magnificent genus; some of them measure,

from tarsus to antenne, nearly a foot in length,

APRIONA.

Apriona, Chevrolet, Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 414.

APRIONA GERMARI.

Lamia germarii, Hope, Zool. Miscell. p. 28.

The original specimens of this species were from Sylhet, but it

appears to be generally distributed in continental India.

THESTUS.

Antenne subtus fimbriate.

Prothorax lateribus haud spinosus.

Tibize antice compressa.

Mesosternum productum.

Head transverse in front, not dilated below the eyes ; antennary

tubercles very robust, approximate at the base; eyes rather large,

broadly emarginate. Antennz longer than the body, densely fringed

beneath, except the terminal joints ; the scape obconic, rather short,

strongly cicatricose at the apex ; the third joint the longest, the fol-

lowing to the sixth or seventh gradually shorter, the remainder about

equal. Prothorax not broader than the head, cylindrical, short,

slightly toothed at the sides. Elytra broad at the base, the sides

nearly parallel, shoulders produced. Legs nearly equal ; tibize com-

pressed. Mesosternum toothed anteriorly.

The closely fringed antennz, compressed tibize, and general out-

248 MR. F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

line, only a little less convex, approximates this genus to Sarothro-

cera, from which it would be distinguished by the form of the head,

nearly unarmed prothorax, and toothed mesosternum. The example

here described betrays a certain resemblance to some of the larger

species of Oncideres.

THESTUS ONCIDEROIDES. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 7.)

T. fuscus, pube ferruginea albo irrorata tectus ; antennis nigro

jimbriatis ; elytris pallide sub-bifasciatis.

Dark brown, covered with a short close yellowish-ferruginous pu-

bescence, minutely speckled with whitish on the elytra; head uni-

formly ferruginous, lip short, not fringed ; prothorax very short, its

anterior and posterior portions slightly grooved, a few punctures

behind the middle on each side; scutellum subscutiform; elytra

finely punctured, more or less sprinkled with minute white spots,

which are collected at about the middle to form a broad but rather

indefinite band, behind this a similar but narrower one; the base with

numerous small black granules, apex rounded ; body beneath, legs,

and antennee ferruginous, the latter with its fringe brownish black.

Length 14 lines.

CEROSTERNA.

Cerosterna, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Insectes, t. ii. p. 158 (ab.

err. Celosterna).

CEROSTERNA APPROXIMATOR, Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 552.

From the short description given by M. Thomson I am some-

what doubtful of this species. If in the reference to C. clathrator,

and this in its turn to C. reficulator, it is to be assumed that the

same style of antenne characterizes the three, then the specimen

in Mr. Lamb’s collection, which has black simple antennze, will

probably be different.

MerTopipes.

Caput antice latissimum.

Antenne distantes, haud fimbriate, seapo subcylindrico, cicatricoso.

Prothorax angustus, transversus, lateraliter armatus.

Mesosternum dentatum.

Head somewhat triangular in front, very broad along the line of

the antennary tubers, which are stout and somewhat raised across

the forehead. Eyes narrow, broadly emarginate. Antenne longer

than the body, distant at their insertion, not fimbriated ; the scape

subcylindrical, a little irregular at the apex, and strongly cicatricose ;

third joint as long as the scape, the rest gradually shorter, except

the last, which is a little longer than the preceding. Prothorax

short and narrow, irregular or rugose, the sides strongly toothed, the

base bisinuate, not broader than the apex. Elytra a little depressed,

broadest at the base, rounded at the apex. Legs somewhat slender;

the femora not thickened ; tibize straight ; tarsi equal. Mesosternum

toothed.

In its widely separated antennee this genus resembles Diastocera ;

1866.] MR. F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, 249

perhaps in habit and colour it is most suggestive of some species of

Phryneta (e. g. P. ceca); but its cicatricose antenne will not per-

mit it to be placed near that genus. For the present I should be

inclined to put it after the African genera Imalmus and Hagesata.

Metopipss occrrrrauis. (PI. XXVITI_ fie. 5.)

M. fuscus, pube densissima cervina tectus, vertice nigro signata.

Dark brown, covered with a very close fawn-coloured pubescence ;

head rugosely punctured in front, no median line, the vertex velvet-

black, bordered at the sides and spotted in the middle with ochra-

ceous ; prothorax deeply punctured, the intervals irregularly convex,

sulcated behind, a black line at the apex and a black spot at the base;

scutellum subscutiform, black in the middle; elytra finely and irre-

gularly punctured, with a few small granules at the base, two black

spots on each side the scutellum, and an irregular mass of spots be-

hind the middle mixed with a few white specks ; body beneath, legs,

scape, and second joint of the antenne densely pubescent, somewhat

darker than the elytra, &c., with larger snowy-white setulose hairs

scattered over them, rest of the antennee with a thin greyish pubes-

cence. Length 11 lines,

EPEP£OreEs.

Antenne graciles, art. tertio scapo duplo vel triplo longiore.

Pedes antici elongati; protibiee curvate.

Mesosternum elevatum, productum.

Head exserted, subtransverse in front ; antennary tubers robust,

approximate at the base; eyes large. Antenne very long in the

males, the scape not produced at the apex, the third joint two or

three times as long as the scape, the following shorter and more

or less equal, the last sometimes the longest of all. Prothorax trans-

verse, the propectus produced. Fore legs elongate, the tibize curved,

not toothed, their tarsi with the basal joint spined externally in the

males. Mesosternum elevated, produced or keeled in front.

Separated from Monochamus for the reception of those species

which differ chiefly in a strongly produced mesosternum, the other

characters being mostly those of that genus as it is here restricted.

The type is Lamia lusca, Fab.

EPEPEOTES LUSCUS.

Lamia lusca, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t.i. pt. 11. p. 283.

Besides Siam, Malacca, and Bormeo, this well-known species ex-

tends through Sumatra and Java to Timor.

BLEPEPHAUS.

Antenne subincrassate, art. tertio quam scapus vix longiore:

art. ult. prec. fere equal.

Propectus abbreviatum.

Pedes antici ceteris haud longiores.

Mesosternum elevatum, dentatum.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No, XVII.

250 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Head not exserted, subquadrate in front; the forehead deeply

sulcate ; antennary tubers very robust. Antenne rather stout, longer

than the body in both sexes, pubescent, not fringed; the scape nar-

rowly obconic ; the third joint scarcely longer than the scape; the

remainder gradually shorter, except the last, which is a little longer

than the preceding. Prothorax transverse, strongly spined at the

sides; the propectus short. Legs nearly equal in size. Prosternum

rounded. Mesosternum elevated, toothed.

The relative proportion of the antennal joints, the equal size of

the legs, and the toothed mesosternum would have distinguished

this genus from Monochamus, to which the type has been referred,

without the characters of the shortened head and prothorax,

which, as we venture to think, accord better with the more normal

Lamiine.

BLEPEPHZUS SUCCINCTOR.

Monohammus succinctor, Chevrolat, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852,

p- 417.

Monohammus sublineatus, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 410.

Monohammus obfuscatus, White, 1. ce. p. 411.

Rather variable as to colour. This species appears to be abundant

at Penang; it has also been found in India (Dacca) and in China

(Hong Kong).

EPIceDIiA.

LEpicedia, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 78.

EPICEDIA PLAGIATA.

Leprodera plagiata, J. Thomson, Arch. Entom. i. p. 178.

This is the Leprodera trimaculata, Chey., according to M. J.

Thomson—an unpublished name, I believe. The genus Leprodera

of Dejean’s catalogue was first published by M. J. Thomson with L.

elongata as the type and L. pleuricausta as one of its members.

The latter, which is the Lamia carcelii of Guérin, is separated in the

‘Systema’ to form the genus Hpicedia, chiefly distinguished by the

shorter antennze in both sexes, and the shorter anterior legs. 4r-

chidice, Thoms., and Euoplia, Hope, are also nearly allied genera.

I have several undescribed species which cannot be satisfactorily re-

ferred to any of these, but which are all more or less nearly related

by habit and coloration, yet at the same time with characters sufii-

ciently distinctive to probably necessitate the institution of more

genera for their reception. ‘lwo of these species are in Mr. Lamb’s

collection, both of them have simple mesosterna ; and one has the

apex of the scape entire, a very important character generally, I

prefer leaving these alone at present, or until they can be all more

thoroughly examined.

MonocHamvus.

Monochamus, Serville, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, t. 4. p. 91.

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 251

MonocHAMUS FISTULATOR.

Lamia fistulator, Germar, Ins. Nov. Sp. p. 478.

Very generally distributed in India, and extending also to Au-

stralia (Brisbane), where, however, it seems to be very uncommon.

MonocHAMUS MUSIVUS.

M. fuscus, pube dense brunnescente indutus, elytris sparse albo

irroratis ; vertice capitis impunctato; scutello pallide griseo,

apice rotundato ; elytris singulis apice rotundatis.

Dark brown, with a pubescence varying from pale brownish ochre

to rather dark chestnut-brown, speckled on the elytra with very pale

grey; head pale greyish in front, sparsely spotted with brown, each

spot inclosing a puncture, the vertex fulvous, entirely impunctate ;

prothorax transverse, sparingly punctured on the basal half only, or

nearly so; scutellum very pale greyish, subscutiform, with the apex

rounded ; elytra gradually decreasing from the base, rounded at each

apex, rather finely punctured ; body beneath ochreous or ochreous

grey ; legs and antenne varying from ochreous grey to ashy. Length

7-13 lines.

It is with some hesitation that I have come to the conclusion that

the several specimens now before me belong to one species. In fact

this is one of those genera in which it is almost impossible in many

cases to separate the species satisfactorily when it is possible to exa-

mine a good series of individuals. M. musivus has also been found

by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak, and in Celebes.

Monocuamus sosprivus, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. ly.

p- 246 (var. ?)

It would be rash to treat this as a distinct species ; yet Mr. Lamb’s

single example scarcely accords with my type, which is from North

China, and which is not to be distinguished: from another found by

Mr. Wallace at Sarawak. It is larger, the pubescence thinner and

more ashy, the punctures more decided (but this may in part be

owing to its finer pubescence), and the scutellum is uniformly paler

and more conspicuous.

IMANTOCERA.

Imantocera, J. Thomson, Arch. Entom. i. p. 188; Essai, &c.,

p- 102.

IMANTOCERA PLUMOSA.

Cerambyx plumosus, Olivier, Entom. iv. no. 67. p. 98, pl. 20. f. 152.

Imantocera and the following genera of this subfamily are very

aberrant members of the Lamiine, and are but slightly connected

among themselves. Although three species of this genus are de-

scribed, it is somewhat doubtful if they be not all referrable to one,

or at most forming only geographical subspecies. M. J. Thomson’s

I. plumosa is said to be I. penicillata, Hope*. The species or sub-

* See Journ. of Entom. i. p. 192.

252 MR.F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, [May 8,

species extend from Assam to Flores. Mr. Wallace’s specimen from

the latter is an additional variety or subspecies.

Gnoma.

Gnoma, Fabricius, Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 315.

GNOMA DISPERSA.

G. fuscescens, pube brevi grisea tecta; elytris pallide ochraceo

irroratis, prothorace duplo longioribus.

Brownish, inclining to dark chestnut, with a thin short greyish pile,

the elytra sprinkled with more or less confluent pale-ochreous spots;

head sparingly punctured in front, varied with flavous above the

eyes and mouth; prothorax about half as long as the elytra in the

male, strongly corrugated ; scutellum semicircular, entirely pubes-

cent ; elytra rather narrow, the sides nearly parallel, except at the

posterior third, rather closely punctured; body beneath, legs, and

antenne with a sparse greyish pile, the tarsi nearly equal in size and

outline. Length 10 lines.

This description is made from a male in my own collection. Mr.

Lamb has only a single specimen, also a male, differing from the above

in having the elytra more spotted, a little longer prothorax, and very

decidedly longer legs, with the fore tarsi considerably longer and

broader than the others. It may probably be found to be sufli-

ciently well marked to deserve a specific, or guasi-specific, name ;

but in a genus so difficult as Goma it is almost impossible to say if

such differences are permanent. I have never seen anything answer-

ing to Fabricius’s description of G. longicollis: ‘nigra, ferrugineo

irrorata.”’ Olivier’s figure (to which he refers) is, to me, an unknown

species, and evidently a female.

MeEcoracus.

Prothorax subcylindricus, latera haud, vel parum antice, ineurvata.

Femora linearia.

Tarsi articulo basali duobus sequentibus simul sumptis equali.

Head subtransverse in front ; antennary tubers very stout, diver-

gent, but approximate at the base. Eyes distant from the mouth.

Antenne very long in the male, the scape obconic, the third joint

as long as or longer than the fourth and fifth together, the rest sub-

equal in the male, except that the last is considerably longer than

the preceding joint ; in the female the joints slightly decreasing from

the sixth or seventh. Prothorax elongate, especially in the male,

subcylindrical, narrower anteriorly in the male, but scarcely or only

very slightly incurved. Elytra oblong, subdepressed, truncate at

the apex. Legs long, slender; femora linear; tibie gradually

longer from the posterior to the anterior; tarsi elongate, the basal

joint in the male as long as the two following together. Prosternum

simple. Mesosternum with a projecting tooth.

This genus is founded on the Cerambyz tigrinus, Olivier, a con-

1866.] MR. F..P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 253

gener of which has been referred by Mr. White* to Pelargoderus of

Serville, quite another genus altogether. A single specimen, a female,

is in Mr. Lamb’s collection, which agrees with Olivier’s figure and

description, also taken from a unique example, whose locality was

at that time unknown. The genus differs from Gnoma in the form

of the prothorax, linear femora not thickened in the middle, and the

elongate basal joint of the tarsi.

MECOTAGUS TIGRINUS.

Cerambyz tigrinus, Olivier, Entom. iv. no, 67. p. 401, pl. 19.

f. 142,

M. guerinii, White, apparently the commoner species, differs from

this, inter alia, in having fewer and isolated spots, not crowded and

more or less confluent, as in the one before us.

OLENECAMPTUS.

Olenecamptus, Chevrolat, Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 134.

OLENECAMPTUS BILOBUS,

Saperda biloba, Fabricius, Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 324.

Olenecamptus serratus, Chey. Mag. de Zool. 1835, p- 134,

Authades indianus, J. Thomson, Arch. Entom. i. p. 192.

A common species, found all over India, and as far south as Timor.

It is also said to have been found in Australia. O. serratus, Chev.,

is a remarkable variety with the inner edge of the fore tibize minutely

serrated. The basal elytral spots are sometimes tipped with the

richest carmine.

OLENECAMPTUS OPTATUS,

O. fusco-brunneus, pube grisea brevi tectus ; scutello concolore ;

capite, prothorace elytrisque maculis rotundatis niveis ornatis,

Dark reddish brown, covered with a short greyish pile, two-or

three spots on the cheek, one behind the eye, four on the prothorax,

and four on each elytron, 7. e. seven on each side from the eye to the

apex of the elytra, snowy white; head broader than the prothorax,

remotely punctured in front, the vertex impuncetate ; prothorax about

half as long again as broad, transversely corrugated; scutellum

semicircular, greyish brown; elytra rather closely punctured, the

sides gradually narrowing posteriorly, the apices slightly dehiscent,

each ending in a short mucro; body beneath and legs with a thin

Bee wits pile ; antennz scabrous, slightly pubescent. Length

6-10 lines.

I have not seen this species from India; otherwise it appears to be

scarcely less widely distributed than the preceding. The description

is taken from one of Mr. Wallace’s specimens from Singapore. Sche-

niocera sex-notata of Dejean’s catalogue is probably this insect.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 3, ii. p. 274.

254 MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

OLENECAMPTUS QUIETUS.

O. luteus, supra pube flavescente dense tectus, infra niger, nitidus,

interrupte albido pubescens ; antennis fuscis.

Luteous, with a closely set yellowish pile above, beneath glossy

black, the propectus, sides of the postpectus, and abdomen with a

whitish pile; head nearly impunctate; prothorax scarcely longer

than broad, not corrugated; scutellum semicircular; elytra with

the sides nearly parallel at the basal half, then slightly diverging until

towards the apex, where they are rounded off ; the apex itself of each

slightly truncate, but scarcely mucronate; legs glossy brown, the

tibize and tarsi of the fore and intermediate legs luteous; antennee

brown, not scabrous. Length 5 lines.

Of this new and very distinct species there is only a-single example

in the collection.

ONOCEPHALINE.

ATOSSA.

Atossa, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 100.

ArossaA AToMARIA. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 6.)

A. fuscescens, nitida, pube sparsa tecta; capite prothoraceque

flavo vittatis ; elytris seriatim albido maculatis ; lateribus infra

et fronte capitis albidis.

Pale brown, with a thin pubescence ; head pale greyish in front,.

forehead, behind the eye, and vertex brown, the latter impunctate,

with two yellowish longitudinal lines corresponding with two on

the prothorax, a similar line also on each side, disk of the prothorax

very slightly punctured ; scutellum transversely scutiform; elytra

finely punctured, speckled with numerous clear greyish pubescent

points arranged to a certain extent in longitudinal lines ; body beneath

dark chestnut-brown, shining, with a sparse silvery pubescence, which

is dense along the sides of the breast; legs and antennze with a pale

greyish pile, the latter about two-thirds the length of the body.

Length 6 lines.

A, strenua, M. J. Thomson’s type, is from Java. The present

species has the elytra finely but very distinctly speckled with greyish,

and the front uniformly greyish, except the space in a line with the

antennary tubers.

Hipprorsin&.

NYCTIMENE.

Nyctimene, J. Thomson, Arch, Ent. i. p. 314.

NycTIMENE AGRILOIDES, J. Thomson, J. c.

Not uncommon apparently in the Malayan region. M. J. Thom-

son has placed this genus in a “‘ groupe” to itself, as it differs from

the rest of its subfamily in not having its antennz approximate at

the base. I do not think, however, that it would be natural to sepa-

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 255

rate it from such genera as Pothyne and its allies, as, it seems to me,

it is one of those aberrant forms in which a technical character must

give way to an obvious affinity.

TETRAGLENES.

Tetraglenes, Newman, The Entom. p- 300.

TETRAGLENES InsiGnis, Newman, J. c.

A remarkable and interesting form, having four very distinct eyes

placed at a distance from the antennz, and therefore not simply di-

vided for the more easy play of those organs as in Astathes, Tetraopes,

and many others. Hucomatocera, an allied genus from the same

region, has the eyes slightly connected ; but otherwise they have the

same position and appearance. In Zuthuorus and Spalacopsis, Ame-

rican forms, the upper eyes disappear. Dorcasta, another near ally,

has the eyes of the normal character ; but somewhat intermediate is

that most singular genus Aprosopus. The specific name of this insect

was given unfortunately on the antithetical principle; it is small

and dull-coloured, and its peculiarities are only distinguishable under

the lens.

SAPERDIN2.

ENTELOPEs.

Entelopes, Guérin, Iconog. du Régne An. p. 245.

ENTELOPES GLAUCA, Guérin, J. c.; Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2.

iv. pl. 16. f. 2.

Found also in Borneo, Singapore, and Java.

ENTELOPES SIMILIS.

E. rubro-fulva, subnitida, infra nigra; scutello fere semicircu-

lari, apice haud lobato.

Reddish fulvous, slightly nitid, especially on the head and pro-

thorax; head and prothorax nearly glabrous, almost obsoletely

punctured, the latter much shorter than the former ; scutellum nearly

semicircular, not elevated or bilobed posteriorly as in £. wallacei ;

elytra much punctured, with numerous small glossy granules at the

base (one over each puncture) ; body beneath, intermediate and

posterior femora, except at their apices, and their coxe black, their

trochanters yellow ; antenne with the terminal joints blackish.

Length 43 (3 )—52 (2 ) lines.

Extremely like Entelopes wallacei, but with a differently formed

seutellum, the upper surface more or less glossy (more so in the

male), larger and more numerous granules on the elytra, and the

intermediate femora, as well as the posterior, black.

ENTELOpEs 1opTERA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iy. p- 108,

pl. 23. f. 8.

Taken also by Mr. Wallace at Sarawak and Singapore, A more

256 MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

detailed account of this genus is given by M. J. Thomson in his

‘Essai, &c.,’ p. 345.

SERIXIA.

Serivia, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 45.

Iolea (Iole), Pascoe, op. cit. iv. p. 254.

SERIXIA PROLATA.

Tole prolata, Pascoe, J. e.

Not uncommon at Sarawak. A somewhat thick-set uniformly

coloured luteous species with the apices of the elytra rounded.

SERIXIA VARIANS.

S. lutea, pube nitida argenteo-velutina tecta; antennis totis in-

Suscatis.

Luteous, covered with a shining silvery velvet pile, varying when

viewed with and against the light; head and prothorax very slightly

punctured, the latter much narrower than the head, and gradually

narrowed behind from nearly the anterior border ; scutellum small,

rounded behind ; elytra seriate-punctate, the punctures small, the

sutural angle at the apex slightly produced ; body beneath darker

yellow, and less pubescent ; antennze two or three times as long as

the body. Length 4 lines.

Distinguished from S. prolata by its glossy velvet-like pubescence,

prothorax tapering behind, the small punctures on the elytra, an-

tenne entirely brownish black, &c.

SERIXIA BASALIS.

S. lutea, elytris dimidio basali griseo-nigris, utrinque macula alba

prope scutellum sita.

Pale luteous; head and prothorax darker, with an exceedingly

delicate pile and impunctate ; the head considerably wider than the

prothorax, the latter gradually narrowed to the base; scutellum

truncate behind; elytra seriate-punctate, the rows and the punctures

widely apart, pubescence very fine, much denser than on the pro-

thorax, and varying with the light, sutural angle of the apex forming

a short mucro; body beneath entirely luteous; antennz brownish

black, the base of the fourth joint luteous. Length 3-4 lines.

A very distinct species, which may take its place immediately after

my S. cephalotes.

SERIXIA LONGICORNIS.

Tole longicornis, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 255.

Taken also by Mr. Wallace in Singapore, Batchian, Ceram, and

Waigiou. It is a narrow pale-luteous species, with the apices of the

elytra rounded. A variety in the collection is less pubescent, with

the basal antennal joint testaceous.

1866.] MR. ¥.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 257

Serrxia pRAsinaTA. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 1.)

S. plumbeo-viridescens, pube velutina albicante tecta ; labro, cor-

pore infra pedibusque luteis ; antennis nigris.

Pale leaden green, the greener hue predominating on the elytra,

and covered with a satiny whitish pile, varying with the light; head

very distinctly punctured in front, the vertex and prothorax nearly

impunctate, the latter slightly narrower than the head, and the sides

a little narrowed towards the base ; scutellum rounded behind; elytra

lightly seriate-punctate, the sides gradually narrower posteriorly, the

apices obliquely truncate, each angle produced into a very slight

mucro; body beneath and legs, lip, and palpi luteous; antennee

black. Length 4-5 lines.

One of Mr. Lamb’s specimens is almost entirely of a leaden colour

above, and of a much darker luteous beneath, but does not otherwise

differ. The species is very distinct. In the ‘ Journal of Entomo-

logy’ (vol. i. p. 354) I have proposed to unite Jolea* to Serivia :

the slight difference in habit, and the more depressed form of the

latter, which, in conjunction with its fimbriated antenne, induced

me to consider the three or four species of the supposed group to

belong to two veritable but nearly allied genera were subsequently

bridged over by newly discovered forms. M. J.'Thomson, however,

in his ‘Systema,’ regards them not only as distinct, but refers Iolea

to his ‘groupe’? Saperditz vere, and Serixia to his “ groupe”

Amphionychitee.

XYASTE.

Articulus ¢ertius antennarum inerassatus, sepissime hirsutus.

Scapus tenuiter cylindricus.

Tarsi antici dilatati, articulis tribus basalibus equalibus.

As this genus has only one described species, and there are several

others in Mr. Wallace’s collection, I shall reserve further remarks for

the ‘ Longicornia Malayana,’ only observing that it is distinguished

(inter alia) from Serixia by its thickened third antennal joint, which,

in the majority of the species, is also closely covered with short hairs,

so as to give it the appearance of being thicker than the scape.

Xyaste nicripes. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 2.)

Tole nigripes, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 255.

An insect of a uniform dull testaceous colour, with the third joint

less thickened than in any of the other species, and therefore not the

most typical of the genus.

ASTATHEIN.

- ASTATHES.

Astathes, Newman, The Entom. p. 299 (1842).

Tetraophthalmus, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins. ii. p. 161 (1845).

* Jole was first proposed; but finding very soon after that a genus of birds

was already so designated, I altered it to Jolea.

258 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

ASTATHES SPLENDIDA.

Cerambyzx splendidus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t.i. pt. 2. p. 263,

This is also an Indian species.

ASTATHES TERMINATA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 109.

Varies in the extent and depth of the yellow at the apex of the

elytra ; the abdomen is also frequently more yellowish than brown.

In some examples a sort of areola may be noticed round the punc-

tures on the posterior part of the elytra, a peculiarity which is very

remarkable in A. perplexa, Newm.

ASTATHES NIGRICORNIS, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 560.

An entirely fulvous species, with black antenne. A marked cal-

losity on each side of the prothorax will distinguish it from an un-

described species from Morty with a similar coloration. A fourth

species, with the antenne imperfect, is in the collection. It hasa

yellow head, with a dusky patch behind each eye; otherwise it ap-

proaches very closely to an undescribed species from Singapore.

The distribution of the two colours, blue and yellow, and the inten-

sity of the black, are too variable in this genus to carry much weight

in the determination of the Species. The Astatheine are remarkable

for the peculiar modification of the metasternum: this is prolonged

anteriorly between the intermediate coxze, so as to completely overlap

that part of the mesosternum lying between them.

PHYT@CIIN.

GLENEA.

Glenea, Newman, The Entom. p. 301.

Sphenura, Laporte de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. des Ins. i. p. 489,

1840 (nec Lichtenstein, 1823).

GLENEA ELEGANS.

Saperda elegans, Olivier, Coléop. iv. no. 68. p. 15, pl. 4. f. 40

(1795).

Stenocorus pictus, Fabricius, Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 306 (1801).

Of this extensive.and very difficult genus I have about twelve

species or quasi-species, which may be probably referable to Olivier’s

Saperda elegans. They are all of the richest metallic blue, with

snowy-white spots and stripes, varying in length from 8 lines to 13

inch. The spots and stripes are without doubt very uncertain cha-

racters, and the minor differences, for there are no others, are very

unsatisfactory on paper. . Nevertheless it may be perhaps necessary

to name some of the extreme forms. Mr. Lamb’s specimens have

yellow legs ; but this scarcely seems of specific importance. Glenea

delia, J. Thoms., from the character “‘ humeris fere nullis,”’ is doubt-

less distinct. Another Glenea in the collection has the elytra ra-

pidly narrowing from the shoulders, and rather suddenly rounded

near the apex, which is much narrower and at the same time more

1866.] MR. ¥F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 259

deeply emarginate than in the more typical forms of G. elegans.

Viewed as one polychromatous species, it extends from India to New

Guinea, but is apparently nowhere more common than in Malacca.

GLENEA porPHyRIO. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5.)

G. nigro-purpurea, nitida; prothorace crebre punctato, in medio

bituberculato ; elytris grosse punctatis, lateribus cyaneo mi-

cantibus ; pedibus flavis; tarsis infuscatis.

Blackish purple, shining, the pubescence nearly obsolete ; head

narrow between the eyes, which are nearly contiguous above ; pro-

thorax oblong, gradually widening towards the base, the sides straight,

the disk bituberculate, closely and coarsely punctured; scutellum

narrowly triangular; elytra coarsely punctured, elongate, gradually

tapering from the base, the shoulders acutely prominent, the sides

with a bluish tinge, apices slightly obliquely truncate with the outer

angle produced; body beneath chalybeate blue, with a whitish pile

on the sterna; legs yellow, the tarsi brownish, the posterior only

partially so; antennz purplish black. Length 12 lines.

A very distinct species, with an unusually narrow head and approxi-

mate antennary tubers, at variance with the characters of the genus.

The elytra have faint indications of a bluish pubescent spot on the

centre of each, and also at the apex.

GLENEA BLANDINA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 259.

Mr. Lamb’s specimens rather depart from the typical form in

having the sutural region pale greyish brown. In other respects,

however, they agree. The species is distinguished by the first three

joints of the antenne, underneath, being of a beautiful cobalt-blue.

Another species, confined to a single example, has a similar coloration ;

but the spots are white, not blue, the elytra more obliquely truncate

at the apex, the form narrower, and the eighth and ninth joints of

the antenne pure white. It is without doubt distinct.

GLENEA RUFINA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 259.

One of the four species in the present collection that is found also

in Burmah. It is a pale but clear reddish chestnut-colour, with

greyish or greenish-grey elytra.

GLENEA NEANTHES. (PI. XXVIII. fig. 4.)

G. rufo-lutea; elytris castaneis, nitidis, niveo maculatis, regione

suturali et lateribus rufo-luteis, immaculatis ; antennis nigris.

Reddish luteous, partially pubescent; head slightly punctured ;

prothorax equal in length and breadth, rounded at the sides ante-

riorly, vertically compressed behind, the disk with few punctures

and two small round black spots ; scutellum scutiform ; elytra broad

at the base, gradually narrowing posteriorly, a broad brown nearly

glabrous stripe from the shoulder to the apex, limited externally by

the carina, but shading off towards the suture, and having five snowy-

white pubescent spots; body beneath pale ferruginous, with an

260 MR.F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

ochreous pile; legs luteous, tarsi darker; antenne black. Length

7-10 lines.

A very distinct and handsome species.

GLENEA EXTENSA, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 258.

Found also by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak.

GLENEA OUDETERA.

Stibara oudetera, J. Thomson, Arch. Ent. i. p. 143.

Also from Sarawak.

GLENEA ANTICEPUNCTATA.

Stibara anticepunctata, J. Thomson, Arch, Ent. i. p. 142.

M. J. Thomson’s type is from Java. It appears to be a common

species at Singapore.

Guenea vesTa. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 3.)

Glenea pulchella, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 260.

I have altered the specific name pulchella, it having been pre-

viously used by Hope. It appears to be rather a common species

in Singapore and at Sarawak, and is found also in Mysol and Ceram.

GLENEA ALGEBRAICA.

Stibara algebraica, J. Thomson, Arch. Ent. i. p. 144.

Also from Java and Borneo.

GLENEA JUBA.

G. rufo-brunnea, fulvo vittata, sparse pubescens; prothorace

angusto ; elytris trivittatis, vitta intermedia obliqua, abbre-

viata; antennis concoloribus.

Reddish brown, with fulvous stripes, sparingly pubescent; head

nearly glabrous between the eyes, and coarsely punctured; protho-

rax closely punctured, oblong, narrow, vertically compressed poste-

riorly, the disk with three fulvous stripes, and two paler stripes on

each side; scutellum semicircular, fulvous; elytra tapering poste-

riorly, moderately punctured, the apex with its outer angle strongly

mucronate, each elytra with three stripes, one sutural, one near the

carina, and an intermediate short oblique one at the base; body

beneath with a close pale-ochreous pile, divided by three glabrous

stripes ; legs dark testaceous ; antennze entirely dark brown. Length

5 lines.

Mr. Lamb has a specimen very near this species in most respects,

but with a much broader head and shorter scape. The outer stripe

on the elytra is also wanting. It is probably distinct.

GLENEA CUNILA.

G. capite, prothorace, scutello et regione suturali pube velutina

grisea tectis, ceteris elytrorum fuscis, glabris ; antennis pedi-

busque fuscis, his femorum basi rufescentibus.

1866.] MR.F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 261

Head, prothorax, scutellum, and broad stripe along the sutura.

region covered with a dense greyish velvety pile, rest of the elytra

brown and glabrous; head and prothorax remotely punctured, the

latter gradually narrowed posteriorly, the disk with a slight longi-

tudinal ridge; elytra narrow, gradually tapering to the apex, the

glabrous brown portion only punctured, the apices obliquely emargi-

nate with a long mucro at the external angle; body beneath greyish

pubescent ; antenne blackish brown ; legs brown, base of the femora

reddish ; posterior tarsi greyish. Length 5 lines.

Allied to G. mathematica, but with the head and prothorax en-

tirely unicolorous. The description is taken from one in Mr. Wal-

lace’s collection. In Mr. Lamb’s example there is also a narrow

greyish stripe on the brown portion of the elytron, &c.

Gienza atysson. (PI. XXVIII. fig. 8.)

G. capite prothoraceque fuscis, hoc et vertice in medio vitta

ochracea; elytris brunneis, extus infuscatis, apice singulorum

macula nivea ornatis ; antennis nigris, articulis quatuor ulti-

mis albis.

Head dark brown, a white line bordering the eye in front, the

vertex with an ochraceous spot continuous with a broad stripe of

the same colour on the prothorax ; cheeks, stripe on the side of the

prothorax, and all the under parts pale ashy ; scutellum ochraceous ;

elytra pale brown, the outer side darker, a snowy-white spot on each

at the base of the strongly marked exterior mucro; legs testaceous,

the lower half of the posterior tibiee and their tarsi white; antennz

black, the last four joints white. Length 5-6 lines.

The colouring of the antennze and the absence of stripes on the

elytra will readily distinguish this species. The description is from

one of Mr. Wallace’s specimens taken at Singapore.

GuENEA ame. (PI. XXVIII. fig. 2.)

G. capite prothoraceque niveis, illo vertice nigro, hoc vittis dua-

bus nigris ; elytris testaceo-brunneis, pube sparsa albida tectis ;

antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis articulis duobus basalibus

nigris, articulo ultimo albo.

Head and prothorax snowy white, the former with the vertex and

behind the eyes black, the latter with a broad black stripe on each

side; scutellum large, subscutiform, white; elytra rather short,

gradually tapering posteriorly, the outer angle of the apex strongly

mucronate, covered with a uniform thin whitish pile ; body beneath

reddish ferruginous, subglabrous, the sides with a dense snowy-

white pile ; legs testaceous ; antennze testaceous, the two basal joints

black, the last white. Length 4 lines.

There is but one example of this species, but it is yery distinct

from any other known to me.

GLENEA ILLUMINATA.

Stibara illuminata, J. Thomson, Arch, Entom, i, p. 144,

262 MR.¥F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

My specimen from Singapore has testaceous antennz, except the

two basal jomts. Mr. Lamb’s specimen has black antenne, except

the underside of the third joint, which is of a cobalt blue. M. J.

Thomson does not mention the antennz at all.

GLENEA MANTO. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 7.)

G. nigra; prothorace dimidio basali, elytrisque plaga media

magna communi et macula apicali pube crassa albida (vel

ochracea), indutis.

Black, with a short black pubescence, mixed with a few setulous

hairs; the posterior half, or rather more, of the prothorax, a large

median patch common to both elytra, and a spot at the apex of each

densely covered with a very coarse whitish or ochraceous pubescence ;

head with two white stripes in front; prothorax slightly rounded at

the sides, scarcely contracted behind; scutellum rounded, black ;

elytra tapering posteriorly, the pubescence nearly hiding the punc-

tures in fresh specimens, the external mucro at the apex of moderate

length; body beneath and legs testaceous, sparsely pubescent ; an-

tennee brownish. Length 5—6 lines.

Similar in the disposition of its colours to Glenea funerula,

Thoms.* ; but the pubescence (inter alia) of that species, so far as

the white portion of it is concerned, is exceedingly short and dense,

so as to look like a sort of incrustation. The white colour, how-

ever, varies; in my Sarawak specimens it is of a pure ochreous tint,

in Mr. Lamb’s specimen it is snowy white.

GLENEA ANTHYLLIS. (PI. XXVIII. fig. 6.)

G. corpore pube densissima sulphurea, nigro maculata induto ;

elytris ante medium maculis duabus, apicem versus fasciis

duabus latis (aliquando ad suturam interruptis) nigris.

Everywhere covered, except the legs and antennez, with a dense

bright sulpbur-yellow pubescence spotted with black ; head with the

vertex and stripe between the eyes black; prothorax with four

spots, or the two anterior united and forming a band; elytra rather

short, the apex nearly directly truncate, the outer angle suddenly

produced into a mucro, a large round spot anteriorly on each, pos-

teriorly two bands, one nearly apical, either united or one or the

other more or less interrupted at the suture; body beneath entirely

yellow ; legs pale testaceous ; antennze black. Length 6 lines.

Near G. sulphurella, Wh., which has, however, many-spotted

elytra without apical bands. Found also in Sumatra and Borneo.

Another Glenea in the collection is closely allied to G. fricator,

Dalm., but with a yellowish head, not black. The whole of the

genus Glenea will require more ample materials than any we now

possess before we can be sure of the veritable species. What is

generally considered to be conclusive evidence is not wanting to

show that a form so entirely different as G. grisea is but the male

* Stibara funerula, Arch. Ent. i. p.141. At least if I am right in my deter-

mination of it.

1866.] MR. ¥F.¥. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 263

of G. fulvo-maculata ; and this again is probably only a variety of

G. arouensis. It is a misfortune that these and many other equally

important questions can only be solved by naturalists on the spot ;

but in the meantime we must make the best of what is before us.

TANYLECTA.

Antenne basi approximate.

Pedes graciles ; femora linearia ; tibie intermedia emarginate.

Ungues simplices in utroque sexu.

Head nearly quadrate in front, the antennary tubers obsolete.

Eyes large, the upper lobe narrow. Antenne shorter than the body,

approximate at the base, the scape subcylindrical, slightly shorter

than the third joint, which is the longest, the rest gradually shorter,

all nearly cylindrical, the last a little thickened. -Palpi slender.

Prothorax oblong, scarcely broader than the head, regular above,

the sides towards the base vertically impressed. Elytra elongate

cuneate, broadest at the base, the shoulders prominent, the sides

abruptly declivous, the angle forming a carina, the apex of each

acuminate externally. Legs slender, unequal, femora linear, inter-

mediate tibiz emarginate ; tarsi with the basal joint elongate ; claws

simple in both sexes. Anterior acetabula slightly angulated. Pro-

and mesosterna rounded.

The approximate antennz and simple claws might seem to sepa-

rate this genus from the Phyteciine; but, on the other hand, its

location at any distance from Glenea would be most unnatural. The

female is much stouter than the male, but there is no other difference.

The upper surface has deeply impressed punctures, much coarser on

the elytra, on which a second carina is found at the side, commencing

a little distance from the shoulder, but both terminating at the apex.

TANYLECTA LAMBII. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 9.)

T. nigra, nitida, lineis maculisque albo pubescentibus ornata ;

antennis albis, nigro annulatis.

Black, nearly glabrous, shining, with lines and spots composed of

short white hairs; head with two central white lines and a line be-

hind each eye, which are continued on the prothorax, the central,

however, almost or quite contiguous, and the lateral having a sup-

plemental line below it; scutellum scutiform, white; elytra covered

with small round white spots, the suture bordered with white ; body

beneath black, with a broad white stripe from the cheeks to the end

of the abdomen, the sternal and abdominal portions of the stripe

with glabrous black patches; legs and centre of the abdomen with

a delicate greyish pile; antennz not so long as the body, white, the

joints from the fourth to the tenth, the eleventh entirely, black.

Length 10 lines.

ZOSNE.

Antenne basi distantes ; articuli ultimi sex abbreviati.

Pedes mediocres ; tibie intermedia integra.

Ungues basi obtuse dentati.

264 MR. F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

Head rather transverse in front ; antennary tubers short, distant.

Eyes moderate, deeply divided. Antenne shorter than the body,

sublinear, the scape subcylindrical, as long or a little longer than

the third joint, the fourth and fifth equal and shorter, the last six

very short, all nearly cylindrical, except the last, which is ovate and

pointed. Prothorax quadrate, regular, not broader than the head.

Elytra cuneate, much broader than the prothorax at the base, the

sides abruptly declivous, the angle scarcely forming a carina, the

apex subtruncate. Legs moderate, slender; the intermediate tibice

entire ; tarsi with the basal joint short; claws obtusely toothed at

the base. Anterior acetabula slightly angulated. Pro- and meso-

sterna rounded.

The peculiar shortening of the terminal joints of the antennee (as

in many Apomecynine) will readily distinguish this genus, which in

style of coloration bears a striking resemblance to the last (Tany-

lecta). The two specimens before me appear to be females ; almost

as a matter of course, therefore, the toothed claws will characterize

both sexes, not the male sex only, as it appears to do generally in

Glenea.

ZOSNE CINCTICORNIS. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 11.)

Z. nigra, subnitida, lineis maculisque albo pubescentibus ornata ;

antennis albis, medio et apice nigris.

Black, nearly glabrous, subnitid, with lines and spots of short

white hairs; head with two central white lines on the vertex, an-

other behind the eye, the front and cheeks white; lines on the head

continued on the prothorax, the central, however, contiguous, the

intervals sparsely pubescent and rather finely punctured; scutellum

white, densely pubescent ; elytra coarsely punctured, with numerous

irregular white spots; body beneath with a white silvery pile, the

sterna striped with black, two blackish spots on the side of each

abdominal segment; legs and antennze with a close greyish-white

pubescence, the latter a little longer than half the length of the

body, and haying the upper half of the fourth and the whole of

the fifth and eleventh joints black. Length 8 lines.

OBEREA.

Oberea, Mulsant, Hist. Nat. des Coléopt. de Fr., Longicornes,

p. 194 (1839).

Isosceles, Newman, The Entom. p. 318 (1840).

OBEREA CURIALIS.

O. nigra; capite, prothorace, pedibus anticis et femoribus inter -

mediis rubris; abdomine segmentis duobus basalibus argenteis.

Black ; head, prothorax, anterior legs, and intermediate femora

deep orange-red; metasternum and abdomen black, the latter with

its two basal segments silvery white; head and prothorax finely

punctured, the prothorax transverse, neither wider nor longer than

the head; scutellum narrow, truncate, red, silvery in certain lights ;

1866.| MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 265

elytra much broader than the prothorax at the base, longer by 7 to

2 than the head and prothorax together, coarsely punctured, the

intermediate carina strongly marked, the apices obliquely truncate,

not mucronate at the angles; antennz shorter than the body, the

third joint much longer than the fourth, the basal joint red, the re-

mainder black. Length 9 lines.

Description from a Sumatran specimen.

OBEREA CLARA.

O. fulvo-testacea ; elytris pube albescente velutina indutis, late-

ribus infuscatis ; antennis nigris.

Fulvous testaceous, inclining to pale luteous on the head and pro-

thorax, the elytra covered with a whitish velvety pubescence ; head

and prothorax finely punctured, the latter rather narrower and longer

than the head; scutellum scutiform; elytra seriate-punctate, the

external margin and apex brownish; body beneath and legs pale

luteous, the posterior tarsi sometimes brownish; antennz black,

shorter than the body, the third joint the longest. Length 7-9 lines.

I have specimens from Mr. Wallace, taken at Singapore.

OBEREA TENUATA.

O. angustata, subfuliginosa ; capite prothoraceque rufis ; elytris

pube albescente velutina indutis.

Narrow and nearly linear throughout, pale fuliginous, with the.

head and prothorax rufous, the elytra dull reddish brown as to the

derm; but, viewed through the velvety whitish pubescence, they

appear of a dark-greyish or smoky colour; head rather finely punc-

tured, broader than the prothorax, the latter much longer than

broad, with a yellowish pubescence and minute scattered punctures ;

scutellum oblong, dark brown; elytra seriate-punctate, darker at

the apex ; body beneath, except the antepectus, and legs blackish,

with a greyish-white pubescence; antennz black, the third joint

shorter than the fourth. Length 6 lines.

Described from a specimen taken in Sarawak. It seems to me

that Mr. Newman’s genus Isosceles has not the slightest claim to

be preserved. Why he separated it from Oderea* does not appear.

M. James Thomson, who has adopted it, relies chiefly on the an-

tennze “‘corpore multum longiores ;’’ but Mr. Newman expressly

says of his genus that they are ‘‘corpore plerumque breviores.”

Oberea is a very extensive group, but with species often yarying

according to the individual, and therefore very difficult to determine

satisfactorily. The three species described above are, however, un-

usually well marked.

* In my ‘ Longicornia Malayana’ I have proposed to separate Oderea and its

allies from the subfamily Phyteciine ; | fear, however, that the characters on

which I relied are more than usually questions of degree, too numerous and gra-

duated to lead to anything satisfactory in adopting them.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1866, No. XVIII.

266 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [May 8,

EcTinoGRAMMA.

Ectinogramma, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 96.

EcrinoGramMa cotiare. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 10.)

E. nigrum, subnitidum; prothorace pedibusque anticis, tarsis

exceptis, rufo-castaneis.

Very long, narrow, and nearly linear, black, subnitid, the pro-

thorax and fore legs, except the tarsi, reddish chestnut ; head deeply

cleft between the antennz, clothed with long pale-greyish hairs in

front ; prothorax finely punctured, scarcely wider than the head, the

sides nearly parallel; scutellum narrow, rounded behind; elytra

about five times as long as the prothorax, and but slightly broader,

the shoulders rounded, rather irregularly punctured, the apex of

each obliquely truncate ; body beneath and legs, except the anterior

pair, glossy black ; antennz setaceous, ]2-jointed, rather longer than

the body, the basal joint elongate, cylindrical, its apex entire, the

third joint considerably shorter, but longer than the fourth, the rest

very gradually shortened, the twelfth the shortest.

A most interesting genus, which M. J. Thomson has referred to

the Hippopsine on account of its contiguous antennary tubers—a

character, it is true, quite at variance with the Obereine, but which,

it appears to me, should yield to the insect’s more obvious affinities

with that subfamily. His specimen was imperfect as to the an-

tenne ; I have therefore subjoined a description of them. It will be

‘seen that they have the remarkable character of being 12-jointed ;

but whether this is a sexual peculiarity or not cannot now be decided.

Ectinogramma isosceloides, the type, differs from the above in hay-

ing the head red: nothing is said about the legs; it may be there-

fore inferred that they are unicolorous.

NeEDYTISIS.

Elytra lateraliter haud deflexa.

Prothorax capite latior, antice et postice constrictus et sulcatus.

Femora postica elongata, ceteris brevibus.

Coxze antice contigue.

Head broad in front; antennary tubers small and widely apart.

Eyes rather prominent, narrowly emarginate. Antenne as long as

the body, setaceous, fimbriated beneath, the scape slender towards

the base ; third joint longer than the scape, the remainder gradually

shorter. Prothorax narrower than the head, cylindrical, constricted

and grooved anteriorly and posteriorly. Elytra short, nearly parallel,

not bent down at the sides, except a little at the shoulders, their

apices slightly dehiscent and pointed. Legs very unequal, the an-

terior and intermediate pairs (especially their femora) short, the

posterior femur two or three times as long as the anterior ; basal

joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the next two together. Claws

broadly appendiculate. Anterior cox prominent, contiguous, their

acetabula slightly angulated.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 267

This genus, which has something of an Obrioid habit, has the

anterior coxee perfectly contiguous. The narrowly coustricted pro-

thorax posteriorly is also characteristic. It is perhaps nearest some

of the African forms of Phytecia, not yet clearly understood, e. g.

Obereopsis, Chev. Col. (? Nitocris, Thoms.).

NEDYTIsIs OBRIOIDES. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1.)

N. rufo-testacea ; elytris dimidio apicali fuscescentibus ; abdo-

mine segmentis tribus apicalibus argenteis.

Reddish testaceous, the apical half of the elytra brownish ; head

and prothorax minutely pubescent, impunctate, a finely raised line

on the vertex, but becoming impressed between the eyes, and so con-

tinued to the mouth; eyes and mandibles black ; prothorax narrow-

est posteriorly ; scutellum small, rounded ; elytra subseriate-punctate

at the base, more irregularly posteriorly, the apex of each dehiscent

and terminating in a sharp angle; body beneath reddish testaceous,

thinly pubescent, the posterior coxze, posterior margin of the meta-

thorax, and last three abdominal segments covered with a coarse

bright silvery pubescence; legs and two basal joints of the antenne

reddish testaceous, rest of the antenne blackish. Length 5 lines.

[To be continued. |

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXVI., XXVII., XXVIII.

Pirate XXVI.

Fig. 1. Cuphisia callosa, p. 230. Fig. 7. Agelasta lambit, p. 235.

2. Sodus ursulus, p. 237. 8. —— substrigosa, p. 236.

3. Cacia herbacea, p. 233. 9. —~— balteata, p. 236.

4. —— melanopsis, p. 232. 10, Ixais episomoides, p. 239,

5. Cyardium cribrosum, p. 240. ll. Obages palparis, p. 248.

6. Atossa atomaria, p. 254. 12. Cenodocus granulosus, p. 238.

Puate XXVII.

Fig. 1. Serixia prasinata, p. 257. Fig. 5. Metopides occipitalis, p. 249.

2. Xyaste nigripes, p. 257. 6. Thylactus angularis, p. 242.

3. Omocyrius fulvisparsus, p. 246. 7. Thestus oncideroides, p. 248.

4. Daxata ustulata, p. 230.

Prats XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Nedytisis obrioides, p. 267. Fig. 7. Glenea manto, p. 262.

2. Glenea wme, p. 261. 8. alysson, p. 261,

3. —— vesta, p. 260. 9. Tanylecta lambii, p. 263.

4. -—— neanthes, p. 259. 10. Hetinogramma collare, p. 266.

5. porphyrio, p. 259. 11. Zosne cincticornis, p. 264,

6. anthyllis, p. 262.

268 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

7. A Monograph of the Diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the

Genus Euplewa, with Descriptions of many New Species ;

founded principally on the Specimens in the Collection

of the British Museum. By Arruur G. Burier, F.Z.S.,

Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

(Plates XXIX., XXX.)

The last synopsis of this genus was made in 1847 by Mr. E.

Doubleday, in his ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ The number

of species at that time amounted to thirty-seven; in the present

monograph it will be seen that the species are more than doubled.

A great proportion of them have hitherto been undescribed *.

I have endeavoured in the present paper to arrange the species as

nearly as possible in a regular gradual series, so as to bring together

the more closely allied forms. I have also made an effort to sepa-

rate the numerous species into divisions and subdivisions, in order

to facilitate their determination; these sections are, however, to

some extent necessarily arbitrary, owing to the variations to which

some of the species are subject, and to the difficulties arising from

the knowledge of only one sex.

Genus Evpia@a, Fabricius.

Euplea, Fabricius (Illiger’s Mag. 1807), Horsfield, Boisduval,

Doubleday, Moore.

Terpsichrois, Crastia, Salpinz, Didonis, Hibuer, Verz. bek.

Schmett. (1816).

Danaus, p., Latreille.

Danais, p., Godart.

Danaida, p., Guérin.

Division I.

Ale supra fusce, plerumque elongate et carulescentes; apice

acuto, raro obtuso, plerumque maculis submarginalibus albis ceruleisve

serie duplici positis: subtus maculis discalibus ceruleis aut albis, et

plerumque submarginalibus albis. .

Subdivision 1.

Ale plerumque magne et caerulescentes: antice subtus maculis,

postice punctis discalibus, punctoque uno in cella posito.

1. EveL@a PROTHOE.

Danais prothoé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 177. n.1 (1816).

Papilio midamus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 266. f. A, B (1780).

Terpsichrois alea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

* Several species, which I had overlooked whilst writing the present paper,

will be found in the Appendix.

NEW SPECIES OF EUPLGA

1866. PL X

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 269

Euplea pavette, Zinken-Sommer, in Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios.

xv. p. 189 (1831).

Hab. North Ceram ; Amboyna. B.M.

Euplea semicireulus.

2. EuPLa@A SEMICIRCULUS.

3. Ale marginibus externis costisque subdirectis, supra cupreo-

Susce, purpurascantes: antice serie macularum violacearum sub-

marginalium apud costum bifurcata maculaque una indistincta in

cella apud finem posita: postice maculis duabus subapicalibus

violaceis ; margine antico late albo; vena subcostali fascia lata

ochrea pene cellum replente inclusa ; margine anali quasi inuncto:

corpus fuscum, antice nigrescens et ochreo punctatum; antenne

nigre.

Ale antice subtus cupreo-fusce, extus fuscescentes, costa fusca,

margine interno ochreo-albo, margine postico serie punctorum

ceruleorum submarginalium, punctisque duobus marginalibus sub

nervulo tertio mediano positis; serie interna macularum qua-

tuor magnitudine crescentium, post cellam posita, duabus infimis

albis maximis, unaque in cella violacea albo pupillata: ale pos-

tice cupreo-fusce, extus fuscescentes, margine postico serie punc-

torum ceruleorum submarginalium apud apicem magnitudine cres-

centium, punctisque duobus marginalibus sub nervulo tertio me-

diano positis, serie interna macularum cerulearum arcuata post

cellam posita maculaque una apud celle finem, basi punctis non-

nullis minoribus albis : corpus thorace nigro, ochreo punctato ; ab-

domine fusco pallido ; antenne nigre.

Exp. alar. unc. 45.

Hab. ? B.M.

Allied to the preceding species, but proportionally much shorter

270 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

in the wings, the costa and outer margin of the front wings much

more direct, and the apex more pointed ; darker and more completely

shot with purple; the spots smaller, less numerous, and violet. Below,

the front wings with only one complete submarginal row of spots.

3. EUPL@A PH@BUS, sp. n.

Euplea prothoé, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 87. n. 12 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p. 130. n. 289 (1857).

Ale antice elongate, supra aureo-fusce, costa fusca ; area interiore

Suscescente ; margine postico seriebus tribus macularum albarum

submarginalium, maculaque una apud celle finem; serie externa

maculis oblongis parvis, serie media maculis apud costam magni-

tudine crescentibus et linea arcuata currentibus, serie interna

angulata, maculis oblongis, apud costam magnitudine crescentibus :

ale postice purpurascentes, area costali ochreo-alba, mediaque

cella ochrea, areis externa et interna rufo-fuscis ; margine postico

Semine seriebus tribus macularum albarum rufescentium submar-

ginalium continuis, maris autem seriebus tribus interruptis nec

angulum analem attingentibus ; margine anali maris quasi inuncto.

Ale antice subtus basi fuscescentes, medio certo situ purpurascentes ;

margine interno pallido, macula permagna subanali alba ; margine

postico seriebus macularum ut supra, duabus maculis autem eater-

nis minoribus serieque interna post celle finem aliquando obsoleta

maculisque majoribus: postice cupreo-fusce ; margine postico

maris fuscescente, serie punctorum alborum marginali, tribusque

subapicalibus ; serie punctorum quinque violaceorum arcuata post

celle finem; femine seriebus punctorum duabus, serie interna

macularum septem violacearum arcuata, unaque apud celle finem:

corpus thorace nigro, ochreo punctato ; abdomine cinereo ; antenne

nigre.

Exp. alar. unc. 8 44, 2 44.

Hab. Penang; Java. B.M.

This species is quite distinct from FE. prothoé of Godart, being

much smaller, of a more golden colour, and quite differently spotted.

4, EupLa@a Enis, sp. n.

Ale antice supra aureo-fusce margine interno fuscescente, seriebus

macularum alburum tribus, serie interna brevi maculis tribus inter

nervulos medianos positis, serie externa apicem non attingente,

serie media maris valde interrupta, femine autem continua apud

costam arcuata; macula una apud celle finem: postice maris

cupreo-fusce area costali ochreo-alba mediogue celle ochreo;

punctis tribus discalibus post cellam positis; margine postico

Fusco ; margine anali quasi inuncto: postice femine aureo-fusce,

margine costali pallido, margine postico seriebus punctorum albo-

rum duabus submarginalibus, apud angulum analem indistinctis,

serieque macularum trium post cellam posita : corpus fuscum, an-

tice fuscescens alboque punctatum ; antenne nigre.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 271

Ale antice subtus velut supra, maculis autem majoribus serieque

submarginali externa maris continua: ale postice maris palli-

diores ; margine postico serie media punctorum quingue margi-

nalium serieque punctorum violaceorum angulata post celle finem ;

basi punctis nonnullis minimis albis: ale postice femine velut

supra, serie autem interna punctorum sex post celle finem posita

unoque apud celle finem: corpus thorace nigro, albo pupillato ;

abdomine fusco ; antenneé nigre.

Exp. alar. unc. 3 43, 2 44.

Hab. Ceylon. B.M.

5. EupLa@a OCHSENHEIMERI.

Euplea ochsenheimeri, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 315;

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 132. n. 264 (1857).

Hab. East India (Lucas); Java. B.M

Var. (a.) Alis posticis supra pene immaculatis.

Hab. Borneo. B.M.

Var. (b.) Alis posticis supra seriebus duabus macularum albarum

submarginalium continuis.

Hab. Madyjico Sima, Borneo ; Penang; Siam. B.M.

This last appears to be the normal form of the species, and the

true E. ochsenheimeri the variety.

6. EuUpL@A CAMARALZEMAN, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 1.)

3. Ale supra nigro-fusce : antice area basali viridi-cerulescente,

puncto uno indistincto albo sub celle extimo, postice margine

costali pallidiore, anticarum medio viridi-cerulescente ; maculis

duodecim marginalibus ochreo-albis, serieque submarginali anali :

corpus nigro-fuscum, antice albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivacee, antice area basali medio fuscescente, et viridi-

cerulescente ; area interna pallidiore ; maculis duabus uiscalibus,

puncto uno ad celle extimum tribusque minimis analibus, albis :

postice maculis submarginalibus velut supra, punctis quingue dis-

calibus unoque ad celle extimum ochreo-albis: corpus thorace

nigro, albo punctato ; abdomine fusco, maculis mediis ceruleis.

Exp. alar. unc. 4t.

Hab. Siam. B.M.

7. EUPL@A CHLOE.

Euplea chloé, Guérin, in Delessert, Souvenirs d’un Voyage dans

l'Inde, App. 72 (1843).

Hab. Pulo Penang ; Sumatra. B.M.

8. EvpLa@a SUPERBA.

Papilio superba, Herbst, Pap. t. 119, 120 (1783-95).

Euplea superba, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 87. n. 14 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p- 131. n. 260 (1857

272 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

2. Papilio midamus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. 39. n. 116 (1793).

(Vide Banksian Collection.)

Limnas mutabilis midamis, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett.

Bd. i. pl. 24. f. 3, 4 (1806). ;

Danais alopia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 177 (1819).

Hab. China; North India; Cape of Good Hope ?*. B.M.

Fabricius (Ent. Syst. iii. i. 39. n. 116 (1793)) refers to (Cramer,

pl. 266. f. A, B, D, & E) three distinct species as representatives of

his midamus; but in the Banksian Collection I find 2. superba, 2,

as midamus.

9. EvpLa@A SPLENDENS, sp.n. (#. superba, var.?)

3. Ale antice supra nigro-fusce omnino viridi-ceruleo mutabiles ;

margine postico seriebus macularum albarum duabus, externa

apicem non attingente, interna antice arcuata de costa currente nec

marginem analem attingente; serie brevi angulata macularum septem

violacearum oblongarum post cellam posita et de costa super cellam

angulis duobus currente; macula una apud celle finem ; striga pal-

lida sub nervulo mediano primo posita: ale postice pallidiores,

paulo cerulescentes, area costali pallida ; macula permagna ochrea

in vena subcostali posita, margine postico seriebus duabus macula-

rum valde indistinctarum : corpus fuscum, albo antice punctatum.

Ale antice subius cupreo-fusce@, margine interno pallido seriebus

macularum submarginalium velut supra, serie autem interna ma-

culis minoribus ; macula post coste medium, una apud celle finem,

una sub celle fine, unaque magna oblonga inter nervulos me-

dianos, albis : postice cupreo-fusce seriebus duabus macularum

submarginalium albarum, interna serie utringue de punctis mini-

mis, serie angulata macularum violaceo-albarum post celle finem

maculaque una in cella; basi punctis albis: corpus fuscum, tho-

race albo punctatum. :

Exp. alar. unc. 33.

Hab. Nepaul. B.M.

Allied to Z. superba, Herbst, but more brilliantly shot with variable

blue green ; the outer margin of front wings more arched ; the costa

of hind wings not so angular; the discoidal spots of the front wings

much larger and oblong, and the submarginal spots smaller; the

submarginal spots of hind wings nearly obsolete. Below, the dis-

coidal spots are much more distinct and larger, the submarginal spots

of the front wings more numerous, and the inner submarginal series

of the hind wings very small, especially towards the apex and anal

angle.

10. EvpLa@a CALLITHOE.

Euplea callithoé, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 93 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 13 (1847).

Hab. New Guinea.

* We have a female specimen registered as from this locality but it may very

likely be an error.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 273

Var. a.? o, Q.

Hab. Northern India. B.M.

Var. 6.2 3. Ale postice seriebus duabus macularum albarum

continuis.

Hab. Sylhet. B.M.

11. EupLa@a KLUvuGII.

Euplea klugii, ¥. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 130.

n. 258 (1857).

Hab. Bootan. B.M.

12. EuepLa@a KINBERGI.

Euplea kinbergi, Wallengren, Wien. Entom. Monats. iv. (1860).

Hab, China. B.M.

Subdivision 2.

Ale plerumque minores ; supra raro cerulescentes vel apice acuto ;

maculis submarginalibus instabilibus, interruptis, aliquando obsoletis.

13. EupLa@a MODESTA, sp. n.

3. Ale supra fusc@ rufescentes, antice area basali cerulescente :

postice area costali pallidiore macula permagna subcostali fusca,

margine postico seriebus macularum submarginalium ochreo-alba-

rum duabus, serie interna maculis elongatis, nec apicem attingente :

corpus rufo-fuscum, capite albo punctato, antennis nigris. Ale

subtus pallidiores ; antice area interna antice ochrea, margine late

cinereo ; macula una discali punctisque duobus, uno costali, macu-

laque ad celle extimum ceruleo-albis: postice maculis submar-

ginalibus velut supra, punctis septem discalibus serie arcuata,

maculaque ad celle eatimum violaceo-albis ; basi albo punctata :

corpus thorace cinereo, albo punctato, antennis nigris ; abdomine

Susco, maculis elungatis mediis ochreis.

Exp. alar. unc. 33%;.

Hab. Siam. B.M.

14. Evpitaa JANUS, sp. n.

Salping eleusina, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. ii. pl. 9.

f.1, 2 (1806).

Ale supra cupreo-fusce, antice maris area basali paulo fuscescente,

serie subapicali punctorum alborum, puncto uno post coste@ medium,

unoque sub celle fine: postice serie marginali punctorum alborum

serieque interna macularum trium subapicalium: antice femine

serie marginali punctorum parvorum, serie subapicali pene ad

angulum analem continuata ; postice seriebus macularum submar-

ginalium duabus: corpus cupreo-fuscum, antice fuscescens et albo

punctatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice margine interno pallido ; tribus quin-

queve maculis discalibus albis unaque in cella; aliter velut supra :

274 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

ale postice punctis quinque sexve discalibus serie arcuata unoque

in cella, aliter velut supra.

Alar. exp. unc. 3 23, Q 212,

Hab. Java*. Allied to the next species.

15. EupL@a HUEBNERI.

Euplea hiibneri, F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 129.

n. 255 (1857).

Hab. Java (Horsf. Coll.).

Var. intermediate. Ale antice supra maculis subapicalibus inter-

ruptis, puncto discali obsoleto: postice serie punctorum mar-

ginalium continuata, serieque trium subapicalium.

Hab. Java. B.M.

16. EvpL@A AMYMONE.

Euplea amymone, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 179. n. 10 (1819) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 20 (1847).

Hab. Amboyna ; Cochin China. B.M.

16a. EvpL@A HAWORTHII.

Euplea haworthii, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 317.

Hab. Java.

17. EUPL@A TISIPHONE, sp. 0.

Ale supra nigro-fusce, area apicali pallidiore, serie angulata punc-

torum alborum quingue minimorum submarginalium: postice

nigro-fusce, area apicali pallida olivaceo-fusca ; margine costali

late alba ; macula triangulari ochrea in cella sub vena subcostali po-

sita: corpus nigro-fuscum, albo antice punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ala@ subtus olivaceo-fusce, antice macula permagna anali cinerea,

fascia elongata ochrea ad vene submediane basim posita; mar-

gine interiore ochreo-albo ; puncto uno costali albo, duobusque

discalibus inter nervulos medianos ; margine postico seriebus punc-

torum alborum duabus, serie interna punctis quinque: postice

olivaceo-fusc@, serie punctorum violaceorum marginali punctisque

quatuor minutis apud apicem submarginalibus ; bast albo punctata :

corpus nigrum, antennis nigris, thorace albo punctato, abdomine

cinereo fasciato.

Alar. exp. unc. 3535.

Hab. Philippine Islands. : B.M.

Possibly this species may be closely allied to Z. midamus ; but at

present we only possess the male sex. Above very similar to EF. amy-

mone (God.), but with the purple gloss scarcely distinguishable.

Subdivision 3.

Ale antice supra vir cerulescentes, maculis submarginalibus obso-

letis indistinctisve ; postice maculis submarginalibus continuis, serie

interna elongatis.

* I think it possible that if we had a large series of this insect it might prove

to be only a variety of the next species.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 275

18. EvpLa@aA MENETRIESII.

Euplea ménétriesii, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv. p. 398 (1860).

Hab. Malayan peninsula.

19. EupLa@a ALCATHOE.

Danais alcathoé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 178 (1819).

Euplea aleathoé, Boisduval, Faune de l Océanie, p. 99 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 16 (1847);

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 131. n. 261 (1857).

Hab. Northern India. B.M.

20. EupL@A FELDERI, Sp. n.

Q. Ale supra fusce, antice area basali cerulescente, maculis duabus

discalibus, una ad celle extimum, una costali, quinque subapicali-

bus serie arcuatu, rarogue tribus submarginalibus punctisque

nonnullis marginalibus albis: postice immaculate seriebusve

duabus macularum indistinctarum apud apicem albarum : corpus

nigro-fuscum, antice albo punctatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice area interna pallida, aliter velut supra,

maculis autem submarginalibus minoribus: postice punctis sex

discalibus serie angulata, uno ad celle extimum maculisque sub-

marginalibus velut supra positis albis ; basi albo punctata: cor-

pus cinereum, albo maculatum.

Exp. alar. unc. 3}.

Hab. Sumatra. B.M.

21. EUPL@A ALECTO, sp. n.

Ale supra cupreo-fusce, medio paulo fuscescente, antice puncto uno

costali, uno sub celle extimo, duobus subapicalibus indistinctis

quatuorque marginalibus apud angulum analem albis: postice

seriebus duabus macularum oblongarum submarginalium albarum,

serie externa maculis minoribus: corpus fuscum; caput albo

punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice macula una in cella, maculis duabus

magnis et quingue parvis discalibus serie arcuata apud apicem

albis, punctisque septem marginalibus nec apicem attingentibus :

ale postice maculis septem violaceo-albis serie arcuata circa cel-

lam positis maculisque duabus in cella; maculis submarginalibus

velut supra: corpus fuscum, abdomine albo punctato.

Exp. alar. unc. 32.

Hab. Ceram. B.M.

22. EupL@A GoDARTII.

Euplea godartti, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 319.

Ale supra fusce, margine postico pallescente: untice apice late

roseo-violaceo, punctis albis velut in KE. alcathoé : postice velut

in E. core.

Ale subtus velut in E. core, maculis discalibus autem majoribus.

Alar exp. une. 3 3%, Q 33.

Hab. Java (Lucas); Philippines ; Siam. B.M.

276 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

23. EuprpLa@a CORE.

Papilio core, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ili. t. 266. f. E, F (1780).

Euplea core, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88.

n. 31 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 131.

n. 262 (1857).

Crastia core, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Papilio corus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. ry 41 (1793).

Danais coreta, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p- 182 (1819).

Var. Danais cora, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 178. n. 7 aaa

Hab, Ceylon.

Var. maculis submarginalibus parvis.

Hab. Java (Horsf. Coll.).

i=]

Subdivision 4,

Ale supra plerumque maculis submarginalibus instabilibus, raro ob-

soletis ; antice maculis subapicalibus semper distinctis, plerumque ob-

longis.

24, EUPL@A VERMICULATA, sp. n. (LZ. core, var. ?)

Lemnas mutabilis cora, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. 1.

pl. 25. f. 1, 2 (1806).

Ale antice supra fusce, margine postico pallidiore, maculis novem

submarginalibus, apicalibus permagnis maculisque marginalibus

multis minoribus albis: postice pallidiores, basi fuscescentes,

seriebus macularum albarum submarginalium duabus, serie interna

maculis elongatis magnis: corpus fuscum; caput nigrum, albo punc-

tatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice macula una costali, duabus discalibus,

una apud celle finem, albis ; maculis submarginalibus velut supra,

majoribus autem:. ale postice maculis submarginalibus, apud

apicem et angulum analem confusis ; aliter velut supra; punctis

quinque discalibus serie angulata post cellam positis unoque apud

celle finem.

Exp. alar. une. 34.

Hab. Northern India. B.M.

This species appears to be allied to FZ. core of Cramer, of which it

may possibly be the northern form; it differs from it chiefly in

having the submarginal spots exceedingly large and distinct, espe-

cially near the apex.

25. EUPL@A MEGZERA, Sp. n.

Ale antice supra saturate brunnee, margine postico pallido, maculis

quinque subapicalibus albis serie obliqua positis; maris fascia

discali nitente, femine macula una discali apud marginem posticum;

puncto uno costali, uno discali post cellam unoque in cella albis ;

serie punctorum marginalium partim indistinctorum, nec apicem

attingente : postice maris pallidiores, maculis tribus subapicalibus

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPLG@A, 277

albis ; femine margine postico late pallido, seriebys macularum

submarginalium duabus continuis : corpus fuscum ; caput nigrum,

albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice maris maculis septem subapicalibus

punctisque tribus marginalibus albis, macula una discali sub ner-

vulo mediano primo, quasi inuncta, punctis insuper duobus discali-

bus ceruleis unoque in cella: postice punctis sex discalibus serie

arcuata, unoque in cella, maculis sex submarginalibus, punctisque

quinque marginalibus albis: antice femine margine interiore

ochreo, maculis submarginalibus velut supra, punctis undecim mar -

ginalibus distinctis duobusque sub costa post medium, maculis

tribus discalibus serie obliqua, una apud cella finem fasciaque

apud marginem interiorem roseo-albis : postice punctis sex disca-

libus serie arcuata unoque in cella roseo-albis, seriebus macu-

larum duabus submarginalium albarum.

Exp. alar. unc. $ 3, Q 33. —

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

26. KupL@a &GYPTUS, sp. n.

Ale elongata, supra fusce, antice striga discali nitente brevi, maculis

quingue subapicalibus albis unaque subcostali rosea indistincta,

strigis duabus minimis costalibus: postice seriebus punctorum

duabus submarginalibus alborum aliquando indistinctorum, margine

costali albo: corpus fuscum, antice nigrescens alboque punctato ;

antennis nigris +

6. Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce, antice margine interiore albo, strigis

costalibus maculisque subapicalibus albis velut supra; serie punc-

torum marginalium valde interrupta punctoque uno submarginali

apud angulum analem, macula una discali, una in cella, fasciaque

discali quasi inuncta: postice seriebus punctorum duabus sub-

marginalibus alborum, serie interna brevi ; serie discali punctorum

violaceorum arcuata punctoque uno in cella: corpus thorace nigro,

. albo punctato ; antennis nigris ; abdomine fusco, albo fasciato.

Exp. alar. unc. 47

16°

Hab. Borneo; Sumatra. B.M.

27. EvpLa@a CRAMERI.

Euplea crameri, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 319; F.

Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East India Comp. p. 129, n. 256 (1857).

Hab. Manilla (Lucas); Borneo. B.M.

28. EupL@A BREMERI.

Euplea bremeri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsschr. iv. p.398 (1860).

Haé. Malayan peninsula ; India. B.M.

29. EvpLa@A MOOREI, sp. n.

Q . Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, antice cerulescentes, maculis velut in

E. bremeri, Felder : postice seriebus punctorum alborum duabus,

interna subapicali, externa marginali continua: corpus fuscum,

antice nigrum alboque punctatum.

278 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

Ale subtus_paulo pallidiores, antice maculis velut in E. bremeri:

postice maculis marginalibus velut supra albis, maculis septem

discalibus serie arcuata unaque ad celle extimum violaceo-albis ;

basi albo punctata: corpus nigrum, albo maculatum.

Exp. alar. unc. 3+.

Hab. Sumatra. 7 B.M.

Closely allied to C. bremeri, Felder, but much smaller ; the costa

of the front wings more direct, the subapical spots smaller and more

distinct, the inner submarginal row of spots in the hind wings not

continuous.

30. EupL@aA SWAINSONII.

Danais swainsonii, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p.815. n. 17-18, Suppl.

(1823) ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 33

(1847),

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

31. EUPLa@A CRASSA, sp. 0.

Ale supra cupreo-olivacee, basi paulo fuscescentes et cerulescentes,

antice apice valde acuto, seriebus macularum submarginalium al-

barum duabus, serie interna ad apicem permagnarum violaceo-

albarum ; punctis tribus discalibus post celle extimum unoque

costali violaceo-albis : postice costa alba, seriebus macularum al-

barum duabus, interna apud apicem paulo majoribus: corpus fuscum,

abdomine cerulescente ; caput ochreo punctatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice seriebus macularum duabus, interna

apicali, externa marginali continua, macula una interna magna,

una costali duabusque plerumque post celle extimum roseo-albis :

postice seriebus macularum duabus submarginalibus ; basi albo

punctata : corpus thorace fusco, albo punctato ; abdomine cinereo,

maculis albis mediis.

Exp. alar. unc. $ 3%, 2 33.

Hab. Siam. B.M.

32. EUPLG@A NOX, sp. n.

9. Ale supra nigro-fusce, margine postico pallido, antice maculis

quingue subapicalibus albis serie arcuata positis ; postice maculis

septem submarginalibus albis punctisque decem indistinctis mar-

ginalibus ochreis : corpus fuscum ; caput albo punctatum, antennis

nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice margine interiore albo, maculis sub-

apicalibus velut supra, puncto uno submarginali punctisque duobus

marginalibus albis ; puncto uno post coste medium ochreo, uno in

cella unoque discali, ceruleis: postice maculis octo submargina-

libus, punctis decem marginalibus, duobus discalibus, uno apud

celle finem basique nonnullis albis: corpus fuscum, thorace

ochreo-punctato, antennis nigris ; abdomine pallidiore, maculis tri-

bus mediis quadratis albis.

Exp. alar. unc. 33.

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 279

Division II.

Ale late, breves, supra nigro-fusce, maculis submarginalibus albis

distinctis, subapicalibus anticarum oblongis: subtus maculis discalibus

posticarum interruptis, raro obsoletis.

33. EupLa@a GAMELIA.

Salpine gamelia, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. ii. pl. 10.

f. 1, 2 (1806-27).

Euplea gamelia, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 88. n. 29 (1847).

Euplea faber, Zinken-Sommer in Nova Acta Acad. Curios. xv.

t. 16. f. 18, 19 (1831).

Hab. Java. B.M.

Division III.

Ale supra fusce, raro cerulescentes ; antice plerumque immaculate,

raro punctis discalibus; ale subtus maculis discalibus distinctis.

Subdivision 1.

Ale elongate, supra cerulescentes, antice apice leviter subangulato,

plerumque puncto uno costali punctisque nonnullis minimis discalibus

ceruleo-albis ; postice aliquando maculis submarginalibus albis, serie

interna elongatis: subtus pallidiores, maculis discalibus violaceo-albis.

34. EupLa@A MARGARITA, sp. n.

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, antice fuscescentes, ceruleo viridique va-

riabiles, puncto uno costali albo, maris maculis duabus discalibus

ceruleis, puncto uno subapicali, uno anali unoque submarginali

ochreis ; femine puncto uno discali albo: postice maris margine

costali ochreo-albo, macula permagna subcostali ochrea ; mar gine

postico seriebus macularum ochreo-albarum duabus submarginali-

bus ; femine seriebus macularum duabus, maculis ad angulum

analem confusis, serie interna elongatis: corpus Suscum, antice

nigrescens alboque punctatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice punctis nonnullis sparsis submargi-

nalibus albis, unogue costali, maculis duabus discalibus, inferiore

elongata magna lunulaque in cella iridescentibus, margine inte-

riore pallido ; femine striga elongata discoidali ochrea apud mar-

ginem posita: postice maris punctis quinque, femine sex disca-

libus duobusque in cella albis iridescentibus, maculis submar-

ginalibus velut supra, basi albo punctata: corpus nigro-fuscum,

albo punctatum ; antennis nigris.

Exp. alar. unc. 3 32, 9 4,\,.

Hab. East Indies. B.M.

Allied to Huplea deione, Westwood.

35. EurpL@A DEIONE.

Euplea deione, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Entom. p- 76, pl. 37.

f. 3 (1847); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl.

280 MR..A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

p- 931 (18527) ; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 132.

n. 263 (1857).

Hab. Assam (Westw.); Darjeeling ; Sylhet. B.M.

36. Evpiaa picina, sp. n. (Pl. XXX. fig. 1.)

3. Ale antice supra nigro-fusce, certo situ purpurascentes, strigis

duabus apud marginem interiorem : postice fusce, margine costali

albo, margine postico pallido: corpus nigro-fuscum ; caput albo

punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, untice margine interiore albo, strigis brunneis

velut supra; serie macularum quatuor discalium viridi-albarum

obliqua angulata post cellam posita, ad costam magnitudine de-

crescentium, maculaque una apud celle finem: postice maculis

quinque discalibus c@ruleis serie arcuata post cellam positis

unaque in cella: corpus nigro-fuscum, abdomine albo punctato.

Exp. alar, unc. 34,

Allied to the preceding species.

Hab. Sumatra. B.M.?

37. EvpLa@a waLuacet, Felder, sp.

Euplea wallacei, Felder, Wieu. Entom. Monatschr. iv. (1860).

Hab. Gilolo. ©, B.M.

Subdivision 2.

Ale breviores, supra rarissime punctis nonnullis submarginalibus ;

plerumque area apicali pallescente: subtus maculis discalibus distinctis

ceruleis pallidis, raro maculis submarginalibus similibus.

38. EupL@A MELANCHOLICA, sp. Nn.

3. Ale supra nigro-fusce, postice margine anali paulo pallidiore,

margine custali cinerascente ; margine postico seriebus macularum

Sulvarum duabus, ad apicem obsoletis : corpus fuscum, antice ni-

grescens fulvoque punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice striis duabus internis maculisque qua-

tuor quinqueve discalibus serie obliqua et magnitudine antice de-

crescentibus, punctis tribus costalibus tribusque minimis apud mar-

ginem analem albis: postice seriebus macularum submarginalium

ochreo-albarum duabus, maculis septem discalibus serie angulata

unaque ad celle extimum roseo-albis, basi ochreo punctata « corpus

nigro-fuscum, thorace ochreo punctato, antennis nigris, abdomine

medio ochreo punctato.

Exp. alar. unc. 33-313.

Hab. Bourw; Amboina (B.M. and Salvin Coll.).

39. EUPL@A ANTHRACINA, sp. n. (Fig. 1, p. 281.)

Ale supra saturate fusce, margine postico pallidiore, antice maculis

submarginalibus serie una valde indistinctis, maris striga elongata

nitente apud marginem interiorem : postice femine punctis tribus

albis indistinctis subapicalibus: corpus fuscum; caput nigrum, albo

punctatum ; antennis nigris.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 281

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice serie punctorum viridi-alborum sub-

marginalium apud apicem arcuata: antice maris macula magna,

punctis quatuor discalibus serie directa, uno in cella unoque costali.

viridi-albis ; antice femine punctis nonnullis marginalibus mini-

mis indistinctis, striga, macula punctisque quatuor discalibus,

macula una in cella punctoque uno costali viridi-albis : postice

maculis octo novemve submarginalibus, octo discalibus serie an-

gulata, una in cella, femineque serie marginali, viridi-albis ; basi

punctis nonnullis ochreis: corpus fuscum, albo punctatum; antennis

nigris.

Exp. alar. une. 3 333,-33, 2 3575.

Hab. Amboina (¢ B.M., 2 Salvin Coll.).

Fig. 1. Huplea anthracina, p. 280.

2. morosa, p. 282.

3. —— mesta, p. 284.

39a. EvpL@A ANTHRACINA, var.? (! E. climena, 3 .)

dle antice subtus maculis solum tribus discalibus: postice seric

macularum submarginalium marginem analem non atlingente.

Exp. alar. unc. 34.

Hab. Ceram (Coll. Salvin). aS PINT,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XIX.

282 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

40. KupLa@a CLIMENA.

Papilio climena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 389. f. E, F (1782).

Crastia climena, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Euplea climena, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

. 88. n. 18 (1847).

Danais algea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 178. n. 8 (1819).

Hab. Amboina; Ceram. B.M.

4]. Evepra@a meuina. (Fig. 1, p. 283.)

Danais melina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 179. n. 9 (1819).

Euplea melina, Boisduval, Faune de POcéanie, p. 89 (1832) ;

Westw., Doub]. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 17 (1847).

Hab. New Guinea (Doudl.); Aru Islands; Ceram. B.M.

42, Evpta@a Morosa, sp.n. (Fig. 2, p. 281.)

Ale supra fusce margine postico paulo pallidiore : antice maris apice,

acuto, margine interiore brevi; margine postico convexo ; maculis

duabus apud marginem interiorem nitentibus, una parva alteraque

insuper ovali magna: corpus fuscum; caput albo punctatum, anten-

nis nigris.

Ale subtus rufescenti-fusce ; antice margine interiore pallido,

striga elongata interna, macula punctisque duobus discalibus serie

obliqua, maculaque ad celle extimum, ceruleo-albis : postice punc-

tis septem discalibus serie arcuata post cellam positis, tribus sub-

apicalibus maculaque ad celle extimum ceruleo-albis : corpus tho-

race nigro, albo punctato ; antennis nigris; abdomine fusco-pallido.

Exp. alar. unc. 3.

Hab. Gilolo (B.M. and Salvin Coll.).

43. EupL@A DUPONCHELII.

Euplea duponcheli, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 97. n. 6

(1832); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 7

(1847). |

Hab. Bouru.

44, EuvpLa@a AGLIDICE.

Euploa aglidice, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 96. n. 5 (1832);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 6 (1847).

Hab. Rawack.

45. EvUpL@A LAPEYROUSEI.

Euplea lapeyrousei, Boisduval, Faune de ’Océanie, p. 97 (1832);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 27 (1847).

Hab. Bouru (Bdv.) ; Aneiteum. B.M.

46. EupL@A SEPULCHRALIS, sp.n. (Fig. 2, p. 283.)

Euplea melina, F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind, Comp. p. 128.

n. 204.

”

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPLE@A. 283

3. Ale supra olivaceo-fasce margine postico pallidiore, antice raro

puncto uno discali albo ; margine anali posticarum albicante: cor-

pus fuscum, caput albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice maculis tribus discalibus serie obli-

gua, una in cella, punctis duobus subapicalibus duobusque mediis

submarginalibus c@ruleo-albis: postice seriebus punctorum albo-

rum subapicalium duabus, serie interna punctis majoribus, maculis

sex discalibus serie arcuata, unaque ad celle extimum, albis :

corpus thorace cinereo, albo punctato; abdomine ochreo.

Q. Apice anticarum acuto ; postice supra pallidiores, maculis sub-

apicalibus : antice subtus strigis duabus edongatis internis, puncto

uno costali, tribus subapicalibus minimis albis : postice puncto

uno subcostali; serie macularum marginalium pene ad angulum

analem continuata.

Exp. alar. une. 23.

Hab, Java (Horsf. Coll. §& B.M.).

Fig. 1. Euplea melina, 8, p. 282.

2. —— sepulchralis, 3; Pe 282,

confusa, 2, p. 2

Note.—The true LZ. melina of Godart is similar in size to Z. climena

of Cramer, from which it chiefly differs in having no subapical spots

284 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

on the underside of the hind wings. The ZF. melina of Horsfield’s

collection, however, is a much smaller insect, and has subapical spots

on the hind wings as in £. elimena.

47. EupLa@a PALLA, sp. n.

Ale supra nigro-fusce, certo situ cerulescentes ; antice maculis

septem submarginalibus albis ad apicem majoribus, striis duabus

internis nitentibus: postice area anali rufescente ; margine cos-

tali rufescente ; margine interno cinereo ; maculis decem submar-

ginalibus ochreo-albis, punctis minimis marginalibus brunneis :

corpus nigro-fuscum, antice albo punctatum ; antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, rufescentes, maculis submarginalibus velut

supra, antice autem uno minimo costali: antice punctis duobus

discalibus novemque marginalibus minimis albis: postice punctis

undecim marginalibus minimis, basi punctis duobus albis minimis :

corpus thorace nigro-fusco, punctis nonnullis albis, antennis ni-

gris ; abdomine olivaceo-fusco, punctis mediis albis.

Exp. alar. une. 34.

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M

48. EUPL@A TRISTIS, sp. 0.

Ale supra nigro-fusce purpurascantes, antice maculis quinque mar-

ginalibus albis : postice costa pallida, margine postico rufescente,

_margine apicali maculis sex irregularibus albis submarginato :

corpus nigro-fuscum, collo albo punctato, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce, antice area basali fuscescente, certo situ

purpurascentes, punctis quingue discalibus maculaque in cella sub-

violaceis ; maculis duabus apicalibus, duabus mediis submarginali-

bus punctisgue nonnullis marginalibus sparsis albis: postice

punctis sex discalibus unoque in cella subviolaceis ; punctis nonnul-

lis minimis valde indistinctis submarginalibus sparsis: corpus

nigrum, abdomine ceruleo punctato.

Exp. alar. unc. 21.

Hab. Aneiteum. B.M.

49. EupLta@a Masta, sp.n. (Fig. 3, p. 281.)

3. Ale supra nigro-fusce certo situ purpurascentes, postice extus

pallescentes : antice maculis duabus subapicalibus punctisque

duobus oblongis submarginalibus c@ruleis: corpus nigro-fuscum ;

capite collo albo punctato, antennis nigris.

Ale antice subtus area basali nigro-fusca; costa areaque postica

rufescentibus ; margine interno albo-cinereo ; maculis duabus dis-

calibus unaque ad celle extimum ; striis duabus internis sericeis :

postice fusco-rufescentes, marginibus paulo pallescentibus, punctis

quatuor discalibus ceruleis serie arcuata post cellam positis

unoque ad celle extimum: corpus nigro-fuscum, abdomine medio

cinereo punctato.

Exp. alar. une. 33. :

Hab. Dory ; Sumatra (ale supra immaculate). B.M.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 285

3. Var. Antice supra immaculate ; postice margine postico fusco

marginato: antice subtus punctis tribus minimis discalibus post

cellam positis : postice margine costali obscuriore.

Exp. alar. unc. 34.

Hab. Amboina, B.M.

50. EuPL@A &THIOPS, sp. n.

3. Ale antice supra nigro-fusce, margine postico rufescente : pos-

tice medio nigrescentes ; area costali cinereo-fusca; area anali

et margine apicali olivaceo-fuscis: corpus nigro-fuscum, antice

albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce, antice medio fuscescente, margine inte-

riore striga magna interna alba, puncto uno subcostali unogue dis-

cali sub celle extimo strigaque interna exiqua elongata albis :

postice punctis nonnullis minimis subapicalibus albis, punctis

guingue discalibus serie arcuata post cellam unoque ad celle exti-

mum violaceis.

Exp. alar. une. 3%.

Hab. Waigiou. B.M.

Division IV.

Ale fusce, breves, antice maris et raro femine macula una discali,

sub nervulo mediano primo posita: ale subtus plerumque maculis sub-

marginalibus distinctis ; antice maculis discalibus plerumque distinctis.

Subdivision 1.

Ale antice supra striga media lata pallida roseo-ferruginea: ale

subtus sine maculis submarginalibus ; punctis discalibus indistinctis

obsoletisve.

51. EvpLa@A USIPETES.

Euplea usipetes, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. pl. 12. f. 4 (3)

(1857-61).

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

52. Eupta@a conrusa, sp.n. (Fig. 3, p. 283.)

Q. Ale antice supra ochreo-fusce, striga discali interna elongata

confusa roseo-pallida, costa basi fuscescente: postice obscuriores,

margine costali pallido, fascia triangulari nigro-fusca de margine

abdominali ad celle extimum currente: corpus fuscum, antice ni-

grescens alboque punctatum ; antennis nigris.

Ale subtus velut in E. usipete (Hewitson), postice autem margine

anali pallidiore : corpus thorace nigro, abdomine cinereo-fusco.

Alar. exp. unc. 34.

Hab. Waigiou (Coll. Salvin and B.M.).

This insect may be only a local form of £. usipetes; I have only

seen female specimens.

286 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

Subdivision 2.

Ale antice margine postico pallido; antice et aliquando postice

subtus maculis discalibus distinctis ; antice maculis subapicalibus dis-

tinctis.

53. EUPLG@A EURYPON.

Euplea eurypon, sens Exot. Butterf. ii. pl. 12. f. 3 (2)

(1857-61).

Hab. North Ceram ; Ké iiteid: B.M.

Subdivision 3.

Ale supra sine maculis submarginalibus : postice subtus maculis

discalibus obsoletis.

54. Eupta@a uisme. (Fig. 1 infra.)

Euplea hisme, Boisduval, Faune de lOcéanie, p. 95 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 4 (1847).

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

Fig. 1. Euplea hisme, 9 , P. 286.

2. eunice, 9, p. 287.

3. -—— iphianassa, 9 , p. 287.

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 287

Subdivision 4.

Ale supra maculis submarginalibus violaceis albisve serie una;

postice subtus sine maculis discalibus.

55. EvpLa@a WERBSTII.

Euploca herbstii, Boisduval, Faune del Océanie, p. 95. n. 3 (1832);

Westw., Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 8

(1847).

Hab. New Guinea.

56. Evpt@a eunice. (Fig. 2, p. 286.)

Danais eunice, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 177 & p. 815. n. 2

(1819).

Euplea eunice, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 94 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 1 (1847);

F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 129. n. 257 (1857).

? Danaida eunice, Guérin, Icon. du Régne Animal, p. 474, pl. 77.

f. 4 (1829-44).

Timnas mutabilis nemertes, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett.

(1806-27).

Salping nemertes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 17 (1816).

Hab. Ceram; Amboina; Java (Westwood, Moore), Pinang

(Moore). B.M.

57. EuvpLa@a 1pHtanassa, sp. n. (Fig. 3, p. 286.)

Ale supra fusce, marginibus pallescentibus ; antice maris macula

subapicali alba a venis interrupta, maculis tribus parvis submar-

ginalibus, una costali unaque ovali magna discali, albis: postice

area costali cinerea, macula permagna subtriangulari ochreo-fer-

ruginea: corpus fuscum, albo antice punctatum.

Ale antice subtus fusce, ad marginem posticum pallidiores, maculis ”

sex submarginalibus, una costali unaque discali magna globosa

albis ; margine interno ochreo: postice fusca, margine postico

paulo pallidiore, maculis septem submarginalibus serie angulata

positis nec angulum analem attingentibus, ceruleo-albis ; basi

albo punctata: corpus cinereo-fuscum, antennis nigris.

Exp. alar. une. 32.

Ale antice femine subtus maculis septem submarginalibus puncto-

que uno costali albis : postice margine costali albo ; maculis qua-

tuor subapicalibus albis aliisque submarginalibus valde indistinctis :

antice subtus margine interno ochreo-albo, macula una discali alba,

aliter velut supra: postice maculis decem submarginalibus albis

serie angulata positis ; basi albo punctata ; aliter velut supra.

Exp. alar. une. 3+4¢

Hab. Aneiteum. B.M.

Note.—Allied to the preceding species, of which it may be only a

local form; it differs from it chiefly in having only one discal spot

on the front wings below, and none on the bind wings, also in the

288

MR. A, G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

female having ‘no discal spet above ; the latter may bea variable cha-

racter, but it appears to be constantly the case with the females of

E. mazares (Wiubner).

Fig. 1. Huplea vestigiata, 9, p. 288.

2. inquinata, $, p. 291.

3. hyems, 2, p. 292.

58. EKupLa@a vesTiciaATA, sp.n. (Fig. 1 supra.)

Ale antice supra nigro-fusce, marginibus paulo rufescentibus ; ma-

culis submarginalibus octo novemve, una costali striaque brevi in-

terna discali violaceis : postice olivaceo-fusce, medio fuscescente,

margine costali albido; maculis tribus subapicalibus albis; ale

maris macula permagna subtriangulari ochrea apud costam posita :

corpus nigro-fuscum, albo antice punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivacee, margine interiore ochreo-albo, maris punctis

sex submarginalibus, novem marginalibus maculaque una permagn«

ovali discali albis; macula una ovali discali interna cinerea ;

macula una parva costali duabusque discalibus post cellam positis

violaceo-albis: antice femine maculis novem submarginalibus,

punctis quatuor subanalibus, duabus subapicalibus minimis unaque

discali magna ovali albis ; macula una costali violaceo-alba: pos-

tice maculis decem submarginalibus et novem decemve analibus

marginalibus albis, punctis duobus elongatis discalibus inter

1866.]° MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 289

venas subcostales violaceo-albis: corpus thorace nigro, albo ma-

culato, antennis nigris, abdomine cinereo-fusco.

Exp. alar. unc. 3 33%, Q 33.

Hab. Java. B.M.

Note.—This species is also allied to Z. ewnice, Godart, and is pro-

bably the insect intended in the ‘Genera’ and in the ‘ Catalogue of

the East India Company.’ Our present specimens of FE. eunice are

named from insects that had been determined by Dr. Boisduval, and

agree with the original description of the species.

59. EUPLa@A ELEUSINE.

Papilio eleusine, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 266. f. D (1780).

Euplea eleusine, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 87. n. 9 (1847).

Danais eleusine, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 177 (1819).

Salpine eleusina, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. ii. pl. 9.

f. 3,4 (2) (1806).

Terpsichrois eleusina, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 16 (1816).

Luplea elcusine, F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind.Comp. p. 127.

. 252 (1857).

Luplea mazares, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 87. n. 10 (1847).

Hab. Java (Horsf. Coll.).

Var.? Danais darchia, M‘Leay, King’s Survey of Australia, ii.

App. p. 462 (1827); Westw., Doubl. & ilewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 87.n. 2 (Lup. darchia) (1847).

Hab. Australia.

Hubner (Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. ii. pl. 9) figures two species

under the name of Sa/pinx eleusina ; he considers them to be the

sexes of the species; they, however, belong to two distinct groups.

—

Division V.

Ale supra fusco-cerulescentes : antice sine macula interna discali

obsoleta ; maculis submarginalibus, ad apicem majoribus : postice raro

maculis submarginalibus. Ale subtus maculis submarginalibus ; antice

aliquando macula discali ; postice rarissime maculis discalibus.

Subdivision 1.

Ale postice supra punctis nonnullis subapicalibus albis.

60. EupLasA MAZARES.

Euplea mazares, F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp.

p. 127. n. 253 (1857) (but not of Doubleday).

Hab. Java (Horsf. Coll.).

Var. Alis majoribus, obscurioribus, femine sine puncto costali.

Hab. Java; New Guinea. B.M.

Note.—Hiibner’s figures of Salpinx eleusina are certainly taken

from a variety of Cramer’s insect, the discal spots above being only

290 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

partially obscured, the subapical spots not running so obliquely to

the costa, and the subapical spots of the hind wings becoming very

large at the apex. In the ‘Genera,’ however, they are quoted as L.

mazares.

61. EupLa@a PuMILA, sp. n.

Ale antice brunneo-rufescentes et certo situ paulo purpurascentes ;

margine postico dilutiore, femine roseo-albicante ; antice maculis

septem submarginalibus violaceo-albis : postice maris area costali

cinerea, macula permagna ochrea dpud costam posita; maculis

duabus subapicalibus albis: postice femine margine costali

ochreo-albo, maculis tribus subapicalibus albis: corpus fuscum,

albo antice punctatum.

Ale subtus brunneo-rufescentes, antice maris margine interno ma-

cula permagna ochrea ; punctis quatuor subapicalibus albis: pos-

tice maculis quatuor subapicalibus punctisque decem minimis in-

conspicuis marginalibus albis ; basi albo punctata: antice feming:

margine interno pallidiore, margine postico punctis plurimis sub-

marginalibus albis serie duplici positis ; postice maculis quatuor

subapicalibus punctisque decem conspicuis marginalibus albis.

ap. alar. unc. § 23, 9 23.

Hab. New Guinea. ’ BLM.

62. EupLa@a PoLuuita.

Eupilea pollita, Erichson in Noy. Acad. Nat. Curios. xvi. pt. 2,

pl. 40. f. 6. p. 282 (1833) ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 88. n. 21 (1847).

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

Note.—This species may be alocal form of F. tulliolus, Fabricius. —

63. EupLa@a SYLVESTER.

Papilio sylvester, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 41. n. 124 (1793).

Euplea sylvester, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 88. n. 25 (1847).

Danais sylvestris, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 182. n. 20 (1819).

Hab. Australia?

I think it doubtful whether this species is rightly placed; the

description of it is so poor that it is impossible to recognize the in-

sect by it.

Subdivision 2.

Ale postice supra punctis subapicalibus obsoletis.

64. EupL@A TULLIOLUS.

Papilio tulliolus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. 1. p. 41. n. 123 (1793).

Euplea tulliolus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 88. n. 26 (1847).

Danais tulliola, Godart, Enc. Méth. p.181. n. 19 (1819); M’Leay,

King’s Survey of Australia, p. 461. n. 148 (1827).

Hab. Australia; Aneiteum. B.M.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPLE@A. 291

Var. ZL. saundersii, Bdv. MS. Maculis punctisque albis multo mi-

noribus, puncto costali obsoleto.

Hab. Aru Islands (Sylvester Coll.). B.M.

Subdivision 3.

Ale antice supra punctis nonnullis ceruleis apud costam positis.

65. EvpL@a 1nquinaTA, sp. n. (Fig. 2, p. 288.)

3d. Ale antice supra area apicali et costali nigro-fuscis, cerules-

centibus ; area interna rufescenti-pallida, macula una oblonga api-

cali obliqua, maculis quatuor submarginalibus, una costali, una sub-

costali, una apud costam discali unaque ad celle extimum ceruleis :

postice ochreo-fusco-pallide, apud basim fuscescentes, area costali

albicante ; macula permagna subcostali ochrea, punctis tribus sub-

apicalibus indistinctis : corpus fuscum, rufescens, pallidum ; an-

tennis nigro-fuscis. 1

Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce, antice margine interno cinereo, macula

permagna ochrea, punctis plurimis minimis submarginalibus ma-

culisque tribus mediis serie directa, una costali, una ad celia

eatimum unaque discali ceruleo-albis : postice maculis punctisque

submarginalibus velut in K. mazares (Moore), basi fulvo punc-

tata: corpus thorace cinereo, fulvo punctato ; abdomine ochreo-

cinereo.

Ep. alar. unc. 23.

Hab. India. B.M.

This species has somewhat the appearance of having been stained ;

the coloration of the front wings is not quite regular.

66. EupL@A LEDERERI.

Euplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. iv. p. 397

(1860).

Hab. Malayan peninsula.

This species does not appear from the description to have any con-

nexion with the /edereri of Dr. Boisduval, MS.

Subdivision 4.

Ale postice fascia submarginali marginalive alba, a venis interrupta.

67. EupLa@a priapus, sp. n. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 2.)

6. Ale supra nigro-fusce, cerulescentes, fascia macularum api-

cali obliqua, maculis quatuor submarginalibus unaque costali

roseo-albis : postice costa pallida, maculis sex albis difformibus

submarginalibus, macula magna subcostali ochrea: corpus nigro-

Suscum, antice albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus rufescentes, maculis submarginalibus et subapicalibus

velut supra, punctisque nonnullis minimis sparsis marginalibus

albis ; margine interno pallido, macula permagna ochrea : postice

maculis decem submarginalibus, una discali interna punctisque

292 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. __[{ May 8,

plurimis marginalibus albis : corpus thorace nigro, albo punctato ;

abdomine cinereo, ochreo maculato.

Exp. alar. unc. 28.

2. Ale antice supra fusce, rufescentes, paulo cerulescentes, ma-

culis velut maris : postice olivacee, basi rufescentes, sine macula

subcostali, punctis nonnullis marginalibus albis, aliter velut maris.

Ale subtus pallide olivacee, antice maculis duabus discalibus plu-

rimisque marginalibus albis, aliter velut maris: postice punctis

quatuor discalibus unoque in cella, aliter velut maris.

Exp. alar. unc. 242.

Hab. Australia. B.M.

Obs. This species had the name £. darchia attached to it, but

is, I believe, a very distinct insect.

68. EvpLta@a ures, sp.n. (Fig. 3, p. 288.)

Ale antice olivaceo-fusce, certo situ cerulescentes ; macula una

apicali obliqua magna a venis intersecta, maculis quingue tribusve

submarginalibus unaque costali albis: postice paulo pallidiores,

margine costali pallido, apice pallido, fascia lata marginali alba

maculisque tribus subapicalibus albis; femine margine externo

Jusco margineque interno dentato, maris margine apicali externo

Jusco; ale maris macula permagna subapicali ochrea: corpus

Juscum, antice albo maculatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice maculis submarginalibus velut supra

aliisque minoribus marginalibus albis, margine interno pallido :

postice fascia marginali paulo confusa, maris brunneo interrupta ;

maculis subapicalibus minoribus ; basi albo punctata: corpus fus-

cum, thorace albo punctato, antennis fuscis, abdomine punctis albis

mediis.

Exp. alar. une. $ 23, Q 28.

Hab. Timor; Australia. B.M.

Division VI.

Ale viridescentes, antice maris margine interno monstrose lobato.

69. EupLa@aA TREITSCHKEI.

Euplea treitschkei, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 98 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 87. n. 5. pl. 11.

f. 2d) (1847).

Hab. New Ireland. ' B.M.

Division VII.

Ale elongate, supra nigro-fusce, cerulescentes, antice maculis

submarginalibus magnis, postice plerumque maculis subapicalibus

ceruleo-albis : ale antice subtus maculis discalibus distinctis ceruleo-

albis, postice punctis maculisve discalibus.

70. EurLa@a Lztirica, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 3.)

3. Ale antice supra nigro-fusce, cerulescentes, maculis sex sub-

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 293

marginalibus albis ceruleo inclusis tribusque quatuorve ad apicem

maculam unam permagnam formantibus, striis duabus internis

nitentibus, margine postico certo situ viridescente: postice mar-

gine anali dilutiore, area interna viridi-cerulescente, area costali

alba, maculis tribus subapicalibus albis: corpus nigro-fuscum,

antice albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale suhius olivacee, antice area basali medio fuscescente et certo

situ cerulescente, margine interno albo, maculis tribus subapi-

calibus punctisque tribus submarginalibus albis ; maculis duabus

discalibus, una ad celle extimum, puncto uno costali unoque discali

post celle extimum punctisque duobus subanalibus minutissimis

ceruleo-albis: postice punctis quinque discalibus serie irregulari

unogue ad celle extimum ceruleo-albis, punctis duobus subapi-

calibus aliisque minimis marginalibus albis, basi fulvo punctata :

corpus nigrum, thorace fulvo punctato; abdomine ceruleo macu-

lato.

Q. Ale antice supra purpurascentes, maculis subapicalibus macu-

lam unam formantibus ; postice maculis duabus subapicalibus :

antice subtus macula una permagna subapicali velut supra, puncto-

que uno submarginali; postice punctis duobus discalibus, nullis

subapicalibus, aliter velut maris,

Hab. Philippine Islands. : B.M.

71. EurL@aA DOLESCHALII.

Euplea doleschalii, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. iii. p. 267.

n. 14 (1859).

Hab. New Guinea.

The following species may belong to the next Division ; in pattern

it much resembles HL, muisgechii ( 3 ) of Felder on the upperside.

72. EurLa@a GLoriosa, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 4.)

3. Ale supra nigro-fusce, cerulescentes, antice maculis septem

magnis violaceo-albis, punctis quatuor minimis analibus albis,

striis duabus nitentibus internis : postice costa pallida, maculis

septem submarginalibus de costa magnitudine decrescentibus punc-

tisque quingue marginalibus analibus albis : corpus nigro-fuscum,

antice albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivacee, antice area basali medio fuscescente et certo

situ cerulescente, margine interno albo, maculis septem submar-

ginalibus albis de costa magnitudine crescentibus, punctis septem

marginalibus albis analibus, puncto uno costali, tribus subcostali-

bus serie obliqua, maculis duabus discoideis tnaque ad celle exti-

mum albis iridescentibus : postice maculis novem submarginali-

bus de costa magnitudine decrescentibus punctisque novem mar-

ginalibus analibus albis, punctis sex internis discoideis post celle

extimum unogue in cella albis iridescentibus : corpus thorace nigro,

albo punctato ; antennis nigris ; abdomine cinereo, albo maculato.

Exp. alar. une. 344.

Fab. Celebes. B.M-

294 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

Division VIII.

Ale maris et femine valde discrepantes.

73. EurpLa@A DIOCLETIA.

Amaura diocletia, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. ii. pl. ?

f. 3, 4 (2) (1806).

Euplea megilla, Erichson in Nova Acta Acad. Curios. xvi. p. 282,

pl. 40. f. 7 (2) (1834); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 88. n. 22 (1847).

Hab. Philippines. 3, 9, B.M.

74. EurpL@A DUFRESNII.

Danais dufresnii, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 815. n. 12-13

(1819).

Euplea dufresnii, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

pp- 87, 88, nos. 3 & 28 (1847).

Hab. Philippines.

75. EUPL@A DRYASIS.

Papilio dryasis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 39. n. 117 (1793).

Danais dryasis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 179. n. 10 (1819).

Euplea dryasis, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 88. n. 19 (1847).

Hab. Indian Islands.

76. EvpPL@A MIDAMUS.

Papilio midamus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. il. p. 765. n. 108 (1766) ;

Act. Stockh. (1748) t. 6. f..1, 2.

Danais midamus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 179. n. 12 (1819).

Euplea midamus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 87. n. 11 (1847); FMoore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East India Comp.

p- 133. n. 265 (1857), pl. 4. f. 10, 10 @ (metamorph.).

Papilio mulciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 127. f. C, D (1776);

Guérin, Bonnat. Entom. i. p. 268, pl. 20. f. 7. :

2. Papilio claudius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. 1. p. 40. n. 119

(1793).

Danais claudia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 180.

Papilio basilissa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 266. f. C (1780) ;

Guérin, Bonnat. Entom. i. p. 268, pl. 36. f. 2.

Hab. Java; Penang; Borneo; Sumatra. B.M.

Linnezeus’s specimen appears to have been somewhat different to

the normal form of Z. midamus, 3. He describes it as follows :—

“‘ Alis integerrimis nigris albido punctatis : primoribus supra ceru-

lescentibus ; posticis punctorum alborum linea.

Corpus atrum punctis albis: ale atro-cerulescentes, posticé serie

intra marginem e punctis albis, et alia serie interiore punctis ma-

joribus albis. Habitat in Asia.”

This description agrees with the figure which he quotes (Act.

Stock. 1748, t. 6. f. 1, 2).

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 295

Note.—-The Javan specimens of ZL. midamus are the nearest to

Linneeus’s type; they differ from the Indian ones in having the

wings slightly shorter and the spots larger; the Bornean specimens

are very small.

7. Evpta@a wewitsonu, sp.n. (Pl. XXX. fig. 2.)

Euplea eunice, Boisduval, Sp. Géu. Lép. (1836) pl. 24. f.1, 3.

Danais eunice, Guérin, Icon. du Régne Animal, p. 474, pl. 77.

f. 4,¢; Lucas, Lép. Exot. p. 45. f.1, ¢.

Q. Ale supra nigro-fusce, cerulescentes ; antice serie macularum

octo ceruleo-albarum submarginali, apud apicem arcuata; macula

una costali duabusque discalibus medium versus, inferiore per-

magna subovali, superiore raro obsoleta, ceruleo-albis: postice

rufescentes, margine costali albo, serie macularum sex submargina-

lium ceruleo-albarum ad apicem magnitudine crescentium, maculis

duabus discalibus post celle finem punctisque sex minimis analibus

marginalibus ceruleis: corpus nigro-fuscum, medio rufescente,

antice nigrum albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus cupreo-olivacee ; antice margine interno pallidiore, ma-

cula una costali cerulea, serie macularum albarum marginalium

continua serteque subapicali macularum quingue interna, macula

una subanali unaque magna discali interna albis : postice serie-

6us macularum albarum submarginalium duabus, serie interna

coste medium attingente, basi albo punctata: corpus nigrum, albo

maculatum, antennis nigris.

Exp. alar. unc. 4-25.

Hab. Philippines. B.M.

I have named this insect after Mr. Hewitson, as a small acknow-

ledgment of the kind interest which he has always taken in my

efforts to acquire a knowledge of the Diurnal Lepidoptera.

78. Eupta@a vioua, sp.n. (Pl. XXX. fig. 3.)

3. Ale supra rufescenti-fusce, cerulescentes : antice serie macula-

rum submarginalium subcarulearum apud apicem bifurcata ma-

culaque una discali interna oblonga: postice macula permagna

subcostali ochrea, margine costali cinereo, maculis duabus api-

calibus parvis ochreis, maculis quinque magnis submarginalibus

magnitudine decrescentibus subceruleis, punclis sex ceruleis mar-

ginalibus : corpus fuscum ; capite nigro, albo punctato ; antennis

nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice margine interno cinereo-albo, macula

permagna ochrea, macula una discali magna ovali, quinque dis-

calibus minoribus, una costali, tribus marginalibus, punctis insuper

tribus punctisque septem marginalibus albis: postice maculis

decem submarginalibus punctisque undecim marginalibus sub-

ceruleis, maculis quingue discalibus subviolaceis unaque subcostali

brunnea, basi albo punctata: corpus thorace nigro, ochreo-punc-

tato; antennis nigris ; abdomine fusco.

Lap. alar. unc. 45%;.

296 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

Q. Ale supra rufescenti-fusce, purpurascentes ; antice serie ma-

cularum submarginalium oblongarum subviolacearum apud apicem

bifurcata: postice margine costali albo, macula una apicali

magna albida albo pupillata, maculis quinque elongatis magnis

interruptis submarginalibus subviolaceis, magnitudine decrescenti-

bus ; punctis sex subviolaceis marginalibus : corpus velut maris,

sed brevius.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice margine interno albo; fascia media

septem-maculata, interrupta, roseo-alba ; maculis septem submar-

ginalibus de costa magnitudine crescentibus punctisque duodecim

marginalibus minimis albis: postice maculis decem submargina-

libus undecimque marginalibus, quinque magnis discalibus unaque

in cella roseo-albis, una magna subcostali ochreo-alba: corpus

thorace nigro, ochreo punctato ; antennis nigris ; abdomine fusco,

maculis tribus analibus ceruleis.

Exp. alar. unc. 43.

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

This species is closely allied to HL. muisgechii of Felder, which it

greatly resembles in the coloration of both sexes; it differs from it

chiefly in its much greater size. We have a curious female variety

with a rosy blush in the hind wings below.

79. EupLa@a MUISGECHII.

Euplea muisgechii, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monatsschr. Bd. iti.

(1859) p. 182. n. 4.

Hab. Celebes. : B.M.

80. HupL@a HYACINTHUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5.)

Q. Ale supra cerulescentes, antice nigro-fusce, fascia media

irregulari alba medio interrupta et a venis nigris intersecta,

punctis septem submarginalibus albis: postice olivaceo-fusce,

margine costali pallido, macula media permagna alba a venis inter-

rupta, punctis octo submarginalibus albis: corpus nigro-fuscum,

antice albo punctatum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, ochreo-cinere@, serie macularum marginalium

albarum continua ; anticeé margine interno ochreo-albo, aliter velut

supra: corpus thorace nigro, albo maculato; abdomine cinerco,

albo maculato.

Exp. alar. unc, 243.

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

81. EupL@A RHADAMANTHUS.

3. Papilio rhadamanthus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p.42 (1793);

Jones, Icon. t. 45. f. 2.

Euplea rhadamanthus, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 88. n. 23 (1847); F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East India

Comp. p. 126. n. 250 (1857).

2. Danais diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 40 (1793) ;

Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 181 (1819).

1866. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 297

3. Terpsichrois thodsa, Hubner, Sammi. exot. Schm. (1806-27).

3. Danais alcidice, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 181 (1819).

$ . Danais rhadamia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 180 (1819).

Hab. India; Java; Penang; Borneo. B.M.

82. EvpLa@a EUPATOR.

Euplea eupator, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. p. 23, pl. 12. f. 1

(1857-61).

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

Division IX,

Ale supra punctis submarginalibus maculisque discalibus albis.

Subdivision 1.

Ale antice supra, margine interno stria oblonga violacea submar-

ginato.

83. EvpL@a DIANA, sp. n. (Plate XXIX. fig. 6.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, basi fuscescentes et cerulescentes, antice

maculis duabus punctoque uno mediis. discalibus, macula una ad

celle extimum, stria discali interna punctisque duobus subcostali-

bus albis violaceo cinctis, punctis sex septemve submarginalibus

aliisque marginalibus minimis albis: postice area costali pallida ;

maculis tribus quatuorve mediis, decem submarginalibus punctisque

plurimis marginalibus albis: corpus nigro-fuscum, antice nigrum

albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, postice fascia media lata arcuata pallida ;

antice fascia macularum roseo-albarum media, macula ad celle

extimum plurimisque submarginalibus velut supra albis: postice

maculis septem discalibus serie arcuata maculaque una ad celle

extimum roseo-albis, maculis submarginalibus velut supra albis ;

basi ochreo-punctata: corpus nigrum, thorace ochreo punctato,

antennis nigris.

Exp. alar. unc. 3 3735, 2 33.

Hab. Celebes. B.M.

Not closely allied to any known species ; below somewhat similar

to the next species.

Subdivision 2.

Ale antice supra sine stria violacea, maculis discalibus apud costam

distinctis.

84. EupLa@a cratis, sp.n. (Fig. 1, p. 298.)

Q. Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, antice maculis quatuor punctisque

duobus post celle finem maculaque una in cella roseo-albis, ma-

culis sex subapicalibus, duabus mediis discalibus apud marginem

posticum, puncto uno subanali plurimisque marginalibus ochreo-

albis: postice area basali crassa, costa pallida, fascia discali

macularum, excipe apud apicem, oblongarum punctisque marginali-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XX.

298 MR. A, G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. [May 8,

bus plurimis ochreo-albis : corpus nigro-fuscum, untice albo punc-

talum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores ; antice margine interno cinerascente, stria

irregulari discoidali in cella maculisque septem post cellam serie

angulata positis roseo-albis, aliter velut supra: postice maculis

quatuor radiatis supra cellam positis, stria lineisque duabus in

cella roseo-albis, aliter velut supra, basi albo punctata: corpus

thorace nigro albo punctato, antennis nigris, abdomine cinereo

albo maculato.

Exp. alar. unc. 3325.

Hab. Philippine Islands.. B.M.

Fig. 1. Sia cratis, 8, p. 297.

melpomene, 3, p- 300.

Division X.

Ale supra fusce, antice plerumque punctis marginalibus albis, fascia

maculari subapicali alba maculisque submarginalibus magnis ; postice

plerumque fascia maculari alba a venis plus minusve interr upta: sub-

tus punctis discalibus aliisque submarginalibus.

Subdivision 1.

Ale fusce maculis elongatis valde interruptis : subtus punctis dis-

calibus pene obsoletis.

1866.] MR, A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 299

85. EupLaa ABJECTA, sp. n.

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, antice punctis maculisve tribus subapica-

libus elongatis punctoque uno costali ochreo-albis: postice margine

costali pallido, maris maculis quatuor elongatis apud disci medium

submarginalibus ochreo-albis, femine velut maris punctis quoque

discalibus et quinque marginalibus similibus : corpus fuscum, collo

albo punctato, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, rufescentes, antice margine interno pallido,

maculis velut supra, femineé stria interna, punctis quatuor sub-

marginalibus albis, duobusque subcostalibus linea obliqua subvio-

laceis: postice maris puncto uno maculisque quatuor velut supra

discalibus, punctis duobus marginalibus valde indistinctis ochreis ;

postice femine maculis submarginalibus punctisque marginalibus

confusis, puncto uno subcostali subviolaceo: corpus thorace nigro

albo punctato, antennis nigris, abdomine fusco albo lineato.

Alar. exp. unc. 3 244, 9 213.

16?

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

This species in form much resembles EZ. mitra of Moore.

Subdivision 2.

Ale antice fascia lata obliqua subapicali nivea, maculis apicalibus

unaque subanali albis, postice immaculate ; sublus punctis octo disca-

libus aliisque submarginalibus serie duplici violaceis,

86. EurpLa@a MITRA.

Euplea mitra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Comp. p. 127.

n. 251 (1857).

Hab. ——? B.M.

Subdivision 3.

Ale postice supra maculis fasciave submarginalibus semper dis-

tinctis.

87. EuPL@A ROGERI.

Crastia rogeri, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Zutrage, pl. ?

f. 947 (1806).

Hab. 2

88. EuprpLa@a OROPE.

Euplea orope, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 100 (1832); Sp.

Gén. Lép. (planches) pl. 11. f. 9 (1836); Westw., Doubl. & Hewits.

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 35 (1847).

Hab. Taiti (Bdv.) ; Timor. B.M,

Var. Antice fascia submarginali valde interrupta : postice margine

postico pallido seriebus macularum albarum duabus, serie interna

maculis majoribus.

Hab. Sumatra? B.M.

Note.—I should have been utterly unable to recognize this insect

300 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPLG@A. [May 8,

from the description given in the ‘ Faune de ]’Océanie ;’ it does not

at all suit the figure in the ‘ Spécies Général des Lépidoptéres ;’ it is

therefore not impossible that I may have redescribed one or two of .

Dr. Boisduval’s insects on account of the incomplete manner in which

they are noticed. I have, however, carefully gone through all our

specimens of Euplea with his descriptions, and in most cases have,

I think, satisfactorily determined the species which they represent.

89. EupLa@a ELEUTHO.

Danais eleutho, Quoy & Gaim. in Freycinet, Voy. t. 83. f. 2

(1815); Godt. Enc. Méth. (Suppl.) ix. p. 815. nos. 17, 18 (1823).

Euplea eleutho, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie, p. 100 (1832) ;

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 36 (1847).

Hab. Taiti; Navigators’ Islands; New Caledonia. B.M.

Var. (a). Antice maculis subapicalibus magnis: postice maculis

submarginalibus fasciam latam formantibus.

Hab. ? B.M.

Var. (b). Antice apice acuto producto, maculis subapicalibus mag-

nis: postice fascia submarginali lata apud alarum medium.

Hab. North Australia. B.M.

90. EupL@A PROSERPINA, Sp. n.

3. Ale supra nigro-fusce, antice ad marginem paulo pallescente,

stria interna nitida, maculis quinque punctoque uno subapicali-

bus, maculis duabus submarginalibus, una subtriangulari alteraque

magna claviformi, albis, punctis nonnullis minimis marginalibus

valde indistinctis : postice costa pallida, fascia maculari submar-

ginali punctisque nonnullis marginalibus ochreo-albis: corpus

nigro-fuscum, antice albo punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice margine interno pallido, maculis velut

supra, punctis quatuor apicalibus, quatuor marginalibus mediis,

uno discali interno, uno post celle extimum unoque costali albis,

uno in cella subviolaceo : postice costa ochrea basi albo punctata,

punctis quingue discalibus unoque ad celle extimum ceruleis,

maculis submarginalibus velut supra: corpus nigrum albo punc-.

tatum, antennis nigris.

Exp. alar. une. 24.

Hab. Figi Islands. B.M.

Allied to #. pelor of Doubleday and £. eleutho of Quoy.

91. EupLa@a PELOR.

Euplea pelor, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88.

. 34. t. 11. f. 1 (1847) ; Chenu, Ene. d’ Hist. Nat. (Papillons) p. 64.

153 (1851-53). .

Hab. North-western Australia. B.M.

rec

92. EupL@A MELPOMENE, sp.n. (Fig. 2, p. 298.)

¢. Ale supra nigro-fusce cerulescentes, antice punctis tribus

subcostalibus albis, macula magna apicali a vena una interrupta

le as Fs I i i i

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPL@A. 301

tribusque marginalibus analibus ochreo-albis: postice fascia ma-

culari submarginali ochreo-alba punctisque marginalibus indi-

stinctis : corpus fuscum antice albo-punctatum, antennis nigris.

Ale subtus olivacee, antice paulo rufescentes, area basali fuscescente

certoque situ viridescente, punctis sex septemve mediis serie ar-

cuata positis unoque in cella ceruleo-albis, maculis apicalibus et

submarginalibus velut supra punctisque plurimis marginalibus

albis: postice punctis septem discalibus roseo-albis serie arcuata

positis unoque in cella, fascia submarginali velut supra, punctis

marginalibus distinctis albis: corpus thorace nigro albo punc-

tato, antennis nigris, abdomine fusco albo maculato.

Exp. alar, unc. 244-37%5-

Hab. Australia. B.M.

93. EupL@A EUPHONE.

Euplea euphone, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. Suppl. v. p. 423. nos. 184,

185 (1793).

Danais euphone, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 181. n. 18 (1819).

Euplea euphone, Boisduval, Faune ae de Madag. t.3. f.1(1833) ;

Lucas, Hist. Nat. Anim. Articul. ii. p. 434, pl. 9. f. 1 (1840);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. ie Lepid. p. 88. n. 37 ead

Hab. Mauritius. B.M

94, EUPL@A DESJARDINSII.

Danaida desardinsii, Guérin, Icon. du Régne Anim. texte, ii.

p- 474 (1829-44) ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. “Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 88. n. 38 (1847).

Hab. Island of Rodriguez.

95. EvpLa@a GOUDOTII.

Euplea goudotii, Boisduval, Faune Ent. de Madag. t.3. f.2(1833);

Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 88. n. 30 (1847);

‘Trimen, Rhop. Afric. Austral. i. p. 83 (1862).

Hab. Mauritius. B.M.

96. EUPLG@A EURIANASSA.

Euplea eurianassa, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. p. 23, pl. 12. f. 2

(1857-61).

Hab. New Guinea (Coll. Hewitson).

P.S. Since writing the present paper I have detected the following

species :—

95a. EUPL@A EBENINA, Sp. 0.

3. E. pallee simillima. Ale supra nigro-fusce paulo cerulescentes,

antice sine striis internis, maculis submarginalibus ochreo-albis,

apud apicem serie obliqua velut in EK. crameri posilis : postice

area costali paulo dilutiore, serie punctorum marginalium albo-

rum aliaque macularum interna: corpus nigro-fuscum antice albo

punctatum, antennis nigris.

302 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW SPECIES OF ACCIPITER. [May 8,

Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce ; antice medio fuscescentes, margine in-

terno pallescente, striis duabus albidis indistinctis, puncto ma-

culaque discalibus ochreis, puncto uno in cella violaceo, maculis

submarginalibus velut supra: postice maculis marginalibus velut

supra, punctis nonnullis minimis basalibus albis : corpus nigro-

Suscum, thorace albo punctato.

Exp. alar. unc. 35%.

Hab. Aru Islands. B.M.

Resembling Z. palla; but differing from it in the form of the

wings, the position, colour, and number of the submarginal spots,

the absence of the internal discoidal streaks above, &c. It is allied

to E. goudotit, the form of the wings being nearly identical.

10a. EvpLa@a DEHAANI. :

Euplea dehaani, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 313.

Hab. Java.

9a. EUPL@A GYLLENHALII.

Euplea yyllenhalii, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 316.

Hab. Java.

90 a. EUPL@A BOISDUVALII.

Euplea boisduvalii, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 321.

Hab. Australia.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Piatt XXITX.

Fig. 1. Euplea camaralzeman, 8 ,p.271.| Fig. 4. Euplea gloriosa, g , p. 298.

2. priapus, 8, p. 291. 5. —— hyacinthus, 8, p. 26.

3. —— letifiea, 9, p. 292. 6. —— diana, g, p. 297.

Puatre XXX.

Fig. 1. Euplea picina, g , p. 280. Fig. 3. Euplea viola, g , p. 295.

2. hewitsonii, 2 , p. 295.

8. On a New Species of the Genus Accipiter from New Gra-

nada. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secre-

tary to the Society.

Mr. J. H. Gurney has kindly placed in my hands for examination

a skin of a small species of Accipiter from New Granada which is

unknown to him. During a recent visit to Paris I have taken the

opportunity of comparing this specimen with the fine series of Rapa-

cious Birds belonging to the Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle in the Jardin

des Plantes, in doing which J had the advantage of the assistance of

my friend M. Jules Verreaux, Aide-Naturaliste to that establishment.

ee OO ee

1866.) MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW SPECIES OF ACCIPITER. 303

In that magnificent collection are two specimens evidently of the

same species, transmitted from Bogota by M. Leydig. As, however,

the bird does not as yet appear to have received a name, I propose

to call it, from the conspicuous chestnut colouring of the belly,

ACCIPITER VENTRALIS, Sp. nov.

Supra obscure plumbeus, subtus castaneus gula albicante, pectore

plumbescente: alis nigris, subtus albo transfasciatis ; cauda

nigra, fasciis transversis quinque, subtus albis, supra plumbeis,

item margine apicali albo : rostro nigro, pedibus flavis, ungui-

bus nigris: long. tota 10 poll. Angl., ale 6°8, caude@ 5°5, tarsi

2, dig. med. cum ungue 1°6.

2. Similis mari, sed major et gula dilutiore, fere albida : pec-

tore viz plumbeo tincto.

Hab. in Nova Granada interior.

Mus. Parisiensi et dom. Gurney.

This is a typical Accipiter with rather elongated wings and long

middle claw as in Ace. erythrocnemis. It is readily distinguishable

from every other American species of the group by its chestnut belly

and plumbeous thorax. In Mr. Gurney’s skin the breast is suffused

with plumbeous, and there are faint shaft-stripes on the throat and

breast. The plumage is in moult, but the third and fourth primaries

appear to be nearly equal and longest. The tarsi are long and very

slender. The under wing-coverts are white, spotted with black and

suffused with rufous. Mr. Salvin and I propose to give a figure of

this bird in the second number of ‘ Exotic Ornithology.’

Tam acquainted with nine American species of Accipiter, namely :—

1. AccipiTeR FUSCUS.

Falco fuscus, et dubius, Gm.

Accipiter fuscus, Baird, B. N. A. p. 18.

Falco velox et F. pennsylvanicus, Wilson.

Hab. Whole of North America and Mexico down to Guatemala,

where specimens were obtained by Mr. Salvin.

2. ACCIPITER ERYTHROCNEMIS.

Falco nisus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 111.

Nisus striatus, D’Orb. Voy. p- 88; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 71

(see Jard. Contr. 1850, p. 64).

Aceipiter erythronemis, Gray, List of Accipitres (1848), p. 70;

Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 134, et 1860, p- 96; Sclater et Salv. Ibis,

1859, p. 218; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p- 140.

Nisus fringillarius, subsp. erythronemius, Kaup, Arch. f. Nat.

(1850) xvi. Bd. i. p. 34,

Nisus chionogaster, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p- 41.

Hab. Whole of South America and northwards to Guatemala,

where numerous examples were obtained by Mr. Salvin. The per-

fect adult in both sexes appears to be white below, with narrow shaft-

stripes, which are occasionally absent, in which stage the bird is N.

chionogaster, Kaup. A specimen marked as the type of ‘ Sparvius

304 MR. P.L.SCLATER ON A NEW SPECIES OF ACCIPITER. [May 8,

guttatus, Vieill.,” and ‘ Nisus variatus, Cuv.,” Less., in the Paris

Museum, appears to be a young bird of this species, for which, how-

ever, it is more prudent to retain the better-known name imposed

upon it by Mr. Gray.

3. ACCIPITER VENTRALIS, sp. nov.

Hab. Interior of New Granada.

4, ACCIPITER TINUS.

Falco tinus, Latham,

Accipiter tinus, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 10.

Nisus tinus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 70.

Accipiter fontanieri, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 810 (juv.).

Hab. New Granada (Fontanier) ; Veragua (drcé).

The type specimen of Aceipiter fontanieri is now in the gallery of

the Jardin des Plantes, and is certainly referable to the rufous stage

of this species.

5. ACCIPITER PILEATUS.

_ Falco pileatus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 107; Temm. Pl. Col. 205.

Hab. Brazil, Cayenne, and northwards to Guatemala, where fine

specimens of both sexes were obtained by Mr. Salvin. The adult of

this bird is correctly figured by Temminck, J. ec. It is difficult to

understand how it has come to be confounded with A. cooper.

6. ACCIPITER COOPERI.

Falco cooperi, Bp. Am. Orn. ii. p. 1, pl. 10. f. 1.

Falco stanleyii, Aud.

Accipiter cooperi, Baird, B. N. A. p. 16.

Hab. North America, and southwards to Guatemala, where ex-

amples were obtained by Mr. Salvin.

7. ACCIPITER PECTORALIS.

“ Falco pectoralis, Cuv.,” Bp. R. Z. 1850, p. 474.

Accipiter pectoralis, Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 313, pl. 10.

Hab. South America.

8. ACCIPITER COLLARIS.

Accipiter collaris, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pl. 6.

Hab. New Granada.

9, ACCIPITER CASTANILIUS.

Accipiter castanilius, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 578 ; Compt. Rend.

xxxvil. p. 810 (1853).

Hab. Vicinity of Santa Martha, New Granada.

M. Verreaux informs me that he received several examples of this

very distinct species from his collector at Santa Martha. One of

them is now in the British Museum, and is the only specimen I have

seen of this bird.

1866. ] DR. J, E. GRAY ON AMERICAN TESTUDINES. 305

May 22, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater, Secretary to the Society, called the attention of

the Meeting to a specimen of a rare American Monkey (Pithecia

leucocephala), figured in Audebert’s ‘ Singes,’ pl. 6. fig. 2, lately

added to the Society’s Menagerie. The example in question had

been presented to the Society on the 15th instant by Mr. W. H.

Barton of the R. W. I. M.S.8. Wye, and was stated by that gen-

tleman to have been obtained from the Buck-Indians of Demerara,

by whom it had been brought from a locality about 300 miles distant

in the interior of that country. Mr. Sclater stated that this Monkey

appeared to be of some rarity, there being no specimen of it in the

National Collection.

Mr. W.H. Flower exhibited two specimens of the Common Death’s-

Head Moth (Acherontia atropos), taken on board the ‘ Hotspur,’

East Indiaman, Captain Henry Toynbee, on her homeward voyage,

in lat. 40° 29' N., long. 15° 00! W., 260 miles from the coast of

Portugal, after an easterly gale: also a specimen of Sphynx convol-

vuli, 2, which flew on board the same ship in lat. 12° 09! N. and

long. 21° 17! W.,—the prevailing winds being westerly and northerly.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on some Young Specimens of Tortoises (Testudo).

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

The British Museum has lately received a number of specimens

of Tortoises ( Testudinata), preserved in spirits, which formerly formed

part of Prof. Lidth de Jeude’s Museum at Utrecht, in Holland.

They are interesting as containing series showing the growth of

some of the species which are found in the Dutch colonies.

Among others there are two specimens of South American species

of Testudo, proving that there must be two species, which differ in

the coloration of the head of the animal and in the general colour of

the shell, though the adult skulls have been regarded as all belong-

ing to a single species.

This is an instance showing how important it is in distinguishing

species to study the animal in all its ages. A species, as in this case,

may be very distinct in its young state, and the characters which

separate them appear to gradually disappear as the animal increases

in age, so that the adult specimens of the two species cannot be di-

stinguished.

TESTUDO DENTICULATA.

Thorax pale yellow; the margin sharp, with small deep notches.

Nuchal plate none. Legs dark, yellow-spotted. Head pale brown;

two plates over the nose oblong, large, yellow ; crown yellow-varied,

306 DR. J.E.GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF PORCUPINES. [May 22,

with rather darker edges to the plates; temple with a large subtri-

angular oblong spot over the tympanum.

Hab.

The front and hinder lobes of the sternum broad ; the sides of the |

front lobes straight and nearly parallel. The hinder vertebral plate

is as wide as the three hinder marginal plates. The hinder lateral

marginal plates are small; that is to say, they have the typical cha-

racters of the American Testudines called Gophers.

TESTUDO TABULATA.

Shell dark brown ; the margin sharp, entire. Nuchal plate none.

Head dark brown ; the front of the crown with a large subtriangular

spot with rounded angles, surrounded in front by many series of

small oblong spots, the front spots over the nostrils being the largest;

the hinder part of the crown with three series of small transverse

spots, and with a series of somewhat similar-sized and -shaped spots on

each side of the crown. The front and hinder lobes of the sternum

narrowed at the end, with straight converging sides.

CHERSINA ANGULATA.

Head of young black brown above, with a small white spot over

each nostril, a white streak over each eye to the temple, and a large

round white spot on each side of the crown, with a streak behind,

and sometimes confluent, with the hinder part of the spots rather

diverging from each other on the occiput; side of the head dark,

with a very narrow white streak from the nostril to the front edge

of the eyes, and two narrow streaks on the temple ; chin, throat, and

sides of the neck pale, with some dark streaks.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

2. On the Species of Porcupines in the Gardens of the So-

ciety and in the British Museum. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp

Gray, FRIS:, V-E-Z8.,. BOS.) 2c.

(Plate XXXI.)

Having observed a living Porcupine in the Gardens sent from

India by Mr. Arthur Grote, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., which is yery un-

like the Crested Porcupine of Europe, Africa, and India, and the

Non-crested Porcupine of Java and Nepaul, I was induced to com-

pare it with the specimens in the British Museum, and was rather

surprised to find that it is nearly identical with a Porcupine which I

noticed in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1847, p. 103,

and which, as I was informed by Mr. Bartlett, was a hybrid between

the female Crested Porcupine and a male of the Non-crested Por-

cupine of Java—more than one animal, the result of this mixture of

the species, having been born in the Surrey Zoological Gardens.

_I had no doubt of the accuracy of the account of the origin of the

specimen which I received from Mr. Bartlett. But Mr. Bartlett

J Smit lith M.&N Hanhart imp

HOCH@RUS GROTEI

1866.] DR. J. E.GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF PORCUPINES. 307

is as much surprised as myself to observe that the animal that was

sent from India by Mr. Grote and a stuffed specimen which we re-

ceived from India as a wild Porcupine are scarcely to be distinguished

from the male which was said to be bred between the two species or

rather genera of Porcupines.

Are the two specimens from India to be regarded as a distinct

species, bearing an external resemblance to the hybrid? or are they

a mixed breed which has established itself in India? If the latter,

are they hybrids between the Crested Porcupine of the Plains and.

the Crestless Porcupine of the Himalayas? If so, the slight differ-

ence in coloration between the specimens I described, born in the

Surrey Zoological Gardens, and the two from India may be explained

by one having been produced from the Javan and the others from

the Nepalese Crestless Porcupines.

It would be very interesting to know if the specimens received from

India are a hybrid race that has established itself in the country and

is reproduced, or if it is the result of artificial domestic culture ; or is

it possible, which I think most probable, that there may be some

‘mistake about the history of the animal received from the Surrey

Zoological Gardens? for we know that formerly keepers of menageries

were not as careful as they might have been respecting the history

of the animals which they exhibited, or as careful of preserving the

history of them as we now are in the Gardens of this Society *.

Until more is known of the history of the animal, it would be very

unsafe to form any theories on the subject.

Whether the animal, or rather the form of Porcupine, under con-

sideration is a mule or a distinct type, as it appears to be permanent

and the form to have occurred in two very distant localities, I believe

that it is well that it should have a generic name and a place in the

systematic catalogues.

In my “ Monograph of the Porcupines of the Eastern Hemi-

sphere,” published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’

for 1847, before referred to, I divided the species into three genera,

according to the structure of the skull and teeth, viz. Hystrix, Acan-

thion, and Atherura. :

I then believed that the Acanthions were separated from the Hy-

strices by their being destitute of any vertical or nuchal crest ; but

the more extended series of animals which have come under my

examination since that paper was written has shown that the Acan-

thions, as there defined from the skull, include animals which have a

large nuchal crest, and which can hardly be distinguished externally

from the species of Hystriz, others without any indication of a

crest, as A. javanicum, and, thirdly, some specimens which have a

small and low nuchal crest of short spines, as the “‘ Hybrid Porcu-

pine”’ and the one received from Mr. Grote from India, now living

in the Zoological Gardens.

* Since the above was read I have seen Mr. Warwick, who had the care of the

animals in the Surrey Zoological Gardens ; and he seems to think that there must

have been some mistake in the account. He never recollects any hybrid Porcu-

pines being born in the Gardens; if any had been born he would have noted it,

as he is interested in such matters.

308 DR. J.E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF PORCUPINES. [May 22,

The species of Hystriz, as defined in my monograph (P. Z.S8.

1847, p. 99), are as follows :—

Hysrrix cristata, Linn.; Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p. 99; Blainy.

duis tarde

Hystriz cristata de Syrie, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2.

? Hystrix hirsutirostris, Brandt.

Hab. Italy; Xanthus (G. Scharff.) ; South Africa (Burchell).

2. Hysrrix LEUCURUS, Sykes, P. Z. 8S. 1831, p. 103; Gray,

P. Z. S. 1847, p. 100.

Hystriz cristata de Bengal, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull).

Hab. India, Dukhun (Dickinson ; Sykes).

3. Hysrrix MALABARICA, Day; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 353,

pl. xvi.

Hab, India, Malabar.

I may here observe that the Red-quilled Porcupines (H. mala-

barica, Day & Sclater), now in the Zoological Gardens, do not show.

any appearance of red quills. The red quills fell out when the ani-

mals moulted, and have been replaced by black-and-white quills, like

those of the common Indian species.

The species is very like H. leucurus of Colonel Sykes, which also

has some of the spines banded with red brown; and, like the Dukhun

species, it has long white tips to the longer slender dorsal spines.

The typical specimen in the British Museum indeed chiefly differs

from the Dukhun specimens in not having a white half collar on the

front of the chest.

The genus Acanthion, as defined from the skulls in the monograph

in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1847, p. 161, must be divided into three

groups or genera, according to the general appearance of the animal.

1. CEpocEPHALUS.

Acantuion, § * tt, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 102.

Crown and nape with a large compressed crest formed of elongated

slender cylindrical spines. The skull very ventricose. The nasal

very large, dilated behind, and reaching to a line with the middle

of the orbit.

CEDOCEPHALUS CUVIERI.

Pore-épic d’ Italie, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. ix. t. 20*. f. 1 (skull).

Hystriz cristata, Brandt, Mém. Pétersb. 1835, t. 8. f. 1, 2.

Acanthion cuvieri, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 102, 128.

Hystrix africe australis, Peters, Mossamb. Mamm. t. 32. f. 6,7,

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865.

H. cristata d’ Algérie, Caffrérie, Sénégal, Europe, Blainv. Ostéogr.

t2 2:

H. cuvieri, Waterhouse, N. H. Mamm. ii. p. 448, t. 20. f. 1, 2

(skull) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 190.

Hab. North Africa: Algiers; Gambia (Fraser); Tunis (Fraser).

1866.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF PORCUPINES. 309

South Africa (Peters; B.M., skin); Southern Europe, Portugal

(B.M., stuffed skin and skull).

I am not aware of any external characters by which this species

can be distinguished from the Hystrix cristata, though the skull

is so different ; indeed I am daily more convinced that there are

three classes of species. 'The most numerous class consists of those

which can be distinguished by their external and their osteological

characters; others can only be distinguished by their osteological

characters, the outer appearance being common to two or more species;

and, thirdly, there are species which are very different externally, but

which have skeletons that are so similar that they would not be di-

stinguishable except for the external differences,—that is, speaking

of the adult animal. But there are also species, as I have shown this

evening respecting the South-American Tortoises, which are only to

be distinguished when the animals are studied in all their ages—for

example, which are to be distinguished in their young, but not in

their adult age, or vice versd.

M. de Blainville regards all the Crested Porcupines as a single

species ; for he represents the skulls with the wide and the narrow in-

termaxillaries all under the name of H. cristata of Algeria, Caffraria,

Senegal, Syria, Europe, and Bengal, the Bengal and Syrian skull

being Hystrices, and the others Acanthia, or rather Cdocephali.

If the figures are accurate copies of the skulls, the hinder part of

the intermaxillaries in the specimen figured from Senegal is wider

than in that from Caffraria; but the skull from Algeria seems to be

intermediate in form between the other two.

Dr. Peters, in his description of his H. africe australis, in the

‘Reise nach Mossambique,’ p. 170, published in 1852, entirely over-

looks the fact that the skull figured by Schreber, Cuvier, and several

other authors is exactly similar to the one he figures, and to which

he gives a new name—overlooking also my paper in the ‘ Proc. Zool.

Soc.’ for 1847, where the distinctions are pointed out.

Dr. Sclater, when describing the Orange-spined Porcupine (H. ma-

labarica) in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1865, p. 356, gives a list of four

species of Crested Porcupines. He separates H. malabarica from H.

leucura of Sykes, and in the synonymy of the latter species has most

erroneously included the Hystrix cristata of my Monograph, which

is found in Europe and North Africa and is very distinct externally

(by the length and form of the spines) from the Indian species. On

the other hand, he has separated the Acanthion cuvieri of my Mono-

graph (from Europe and Africa) as distinct from the H. africe aus-

tralis of Peters, from South Africa, which I do not think he would

have done if he had examined and compared carefully the skulls and

stuffed specimens of the animals in the British Museum Collection.

2. ACANTHOCHGRUS.

The nape with a short, thin, compressed crest, formed of a tew

short spines. The skull elongate ; crown slightly arched. The nasal

bones broad, truncated behind, reaching to the front of the orbit.

The spines of the front part of the body flat, subtriangular, grooved.

The dorsal spines cylindrical, white, with a single central black ring.

310 DR. J, E. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF PORCUPINES. [May 22,

ACANTHOCHGRUS BARTLETTII.

The spines in the front of the body black, with short white tips ;

the crest extending the whole length of the nape; spines on the

head slender, brown.

“The Hybrid Porcupine,” Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 103.

Hab.

‘«* Bred in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, between a male Acan-

thion javanicum and a female Hystrix cristata.” —Bartlett.

ACANTHOCHGRUS GROTEI. (Pl. XXXI.)

Spines of the front of the body black ; the small nuchal crest of

a few elongated spines only on the front part of the nape; spines of

the head black ; sides with some scattered elongated slender white

arched spreading spines.

Hab. India (Grote) ; specimen in the British Museum ; a speci-

men living in the Zoological Gardens.

Animal black, white-varied ; nape with a very slight compressed

crest, of rather longer black, white-tipped spines ; the spines of the

back elongate, thick, strong, very acute, white, with a single broad

black band rather above the middle of the spine. The spines in the

front part of the body flattened, grooved, whitish at the base and

black at the ends, appearing black ; some of those on the head and

neck with a white tip, the latter forming a narrow lunate half collar

round the lower part of the throat in front of the chest. The lower

part of the sides of the front of the body with exserted, elongated,

slender, curved, white spines, much longer than the usual spines of

those parts. The tail rather elongated, covered with white spines ;

the spines on the end of the tail truncated, with long slender cylin-

drical cup-like cavities. Whiskers black, cylindrical.

3. ACANTHION.

The nape covered with short grooved spines, without any indica-

tion of a crest.

* The nasal bones very long and broad, to the middle of the orbit.

Acanthion.

1, ACANTHION HODGSON, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 101, 128.

Hystrix hodysonii, Waterh. Mam. ii. p. 461, t. 20. f. 3.

H. daubentonii, Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull).

H. alophus, Hodgson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, 1847, p.772, t.22.

H. nepalensis, Hodgson.

Hab. India, Nepal (Hodgson).

There are two stuffed specimens and four skulls of the species in

the British Museum.

** Nasal bones moderate, to the front edge of the orbits.

Acantherium.

2. ACANTHION JAVANICUM, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. ix. t. 1. f. 3, 4;

Gray, P. Z.S8. 1847, p. 102.

¥)

XXX

S66. Pt

Mé&NZanhart ump

RWINIT.

TRACHICTHYS

,i >

1866.] MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII. 311

Hystrix brevispinosus, Wagner.

H. javanica, Waterh.; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull).

Brown; throat whitish.

Hab. Java; a stuffed specimen and skull in the British Museum.

This animal was regarded as the male parent of the “ Hybrid Por-

cupine.”

3. ACANTHION FLEMINGII, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1847, p. 103.

From a skull in the British Museum, perhaps the same as the

former, Mr. Bartlett called it ‘‘ the square-spined, not crested, Por-

cupine.” This makes me more doubtful of the history of the former

specimen.

Mr. Waterhouse, in the observations on this skull in his ‘ History

of Mammalia,’ vol. ii. p. 468, seems to have confounded it with the

skull of the “ Hybrid Porcupine,” said to have been bred in the

Surrey Zoological Gardens; but both these skulls are in the Mu-

seum, and they appear to be distinct. The “ Hybrid Porcupine”

has a distinct nuchal crest ; and this is said distinctly to be the skull

of an animal without any crest ; so I do not see how they can be the

skulls of the same species and the result of the same interbreeding.

Unfortunately Mr. Gerrard, in the ‘ Catalogue of Bones in the

British Museum,’ p. 199, has copied and adopted Mr. Waterhouse’s

observation.

The Hystricide have been generally characterized by being desti-

tute of any clavicle or collar bone; but this is true only as far as

the genera belonging to the eastern hemisphere. The skeletons of

the other genera have not been described, but they are contained in

the British Museum Collection.

The skeletons of the genera Hrethizon, Sphiggurus, and Chetomys

each have a well developed clavicle, attached to the keel of the sca-

pula and to the front of the chest-bone. The bones vary in thick-

ness and strength in the different genera.

Professor Brandt calls one of the species of Hystrix H. hirsuti-

rostris ; but I have not seen any Porcupine that has not a hairy

muzzle.

3. Description of Trachichthys darwinii, a new species of

Berycoid Fish from Madeira. By James Yate Jounson,

C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XXXII.)

Family Berycrp.

TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII, sp. n. (Pl. XXXII.)

eid ela Ae MIG. 11+ 10. MoH e:

Sq. lin. lat. 27.

Body elliptical, compressed, high, clothed with broad scales some-

. what irregularly disposed, the exposed surfaces and margins of which.

312 MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII. [May 22,

are rough with spinulz, giving a frosted appearance to the fish.

The head and all the fins are of a bright-red colour; the back is

brownish red, passing into grey on the sides; the belly is white.

Compared with the length between the snout and the base of the

caudal fin, the height is as 1 to 23.

The head is obtuse truncate and arched between the eyes; the

muzzle short, rounded, and protrusile. Compared with the total

length, the head is as 1 to 33. The mouth is very large and nearly

vertical ; its superior border is formed by the styliform premaxillary,

which is widely notched at the symphysis. The stouter and longer

maxillary is much dilated below, where it is furnished with a large

supplementary striate plate, as in Beryz. The maxillary reaches

backwards to the vertical from the middle of the eye. The lower

jaw fits inside the upper one, and its bones are strongly and deeply

striate ; there are two bony knobs at the chin. The premaxillary

and mandibulary bones are armed with narrow bands of villiform

teeth, those of the innermost row being a little longer than the rest.

The greater part of the band on the upper jaw remains outside the

mouth when it is closed. The band on the lower jaw is interrupted

at the symphysis, and is there much broadened, this part of the

band being also left outside of the mouth when it is closed. The

bands of villiform teeth on the palatine bones are recurved in front,

and there is a very small round patch of similar teeth on the vomer.

The toothless black tongue is adherent throughout. The floor and

sides of the mouth and the inner sides of the gill-covers are black,

or marked with black patches, whilst the palate is red. From the

chin there extends along the throat a broad band of corrugated

scales, and this band forks behind.

The nostrils are close together near the upper anterior part of the

orbit, the hinder one being larger. The nearly round and mode-

rate-sized eye is placed high up, but does not take part in the pro-

file; its diameter is to the head as 1 to 43 nearly. The suborbitary

bones carry several broad radiating crests, which are less prominent

than in Hoplostethus. The scales of the nape do not quite reach to

the posterior part of the orbit. On the top of the head are several

flat roughened bony crests, two of which extend from the nape to

the front of the snout, where they terminate in short stout blunt

spines in front of the anterior nasal orifice ; and here each sends off

a short transverse crest. The former crests converge in front of the

middle of their length, and include posteriorly to the point of con-

vergence an elongated subtriangular depression, and anteriorly an-

other triangular depression. In the nasal region, between these and

other crests lying near the superciliary margin, there is a lozenge-

shaped depression on each side. The superciliary margin is formed

of a similar crest.

The cheeks are scaly, and the preopercle bears a striate crest near

to, and parallel with, its serrulate posterior border, which inclines

obliquely downwards and forwards. The under border of the pre-

opercle is straight and serrulate; and at the angle a long stout

striated spine, with spinulose edges and a crest along a portion of its

middle, projects backwards, across, and beyond the interopercle, but

1866.] MR. J.¥. JOHNSON ON TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII. 313

not so far as the edge of the branchiostegal membrane. The height

of the operc/e is not quite twice its width; its surface is traversed

with strong roughened crests, radiating for the most part from a

point high up near the anterior margin. A higher and broader crest

crosses the upper part of the opercle, and projects beyond the border

as a strong but short spine. Above this transverse crest is another

series of smaller radiating crests. The edge of the opercle is irre-

gularly serrate or sinuous. The sudbopercle is narrow, and closely

applied to the lower and hinder edge of the opercle ;. its border is

entire, and its surface is set with numerous serrulate crests, except

at the upper part, where it is clothed with small scales. At the

lower end there is a spine projecting backwards and forming the

lower side of a sinus. The large interopercle is very rough with

serrulate crests, and has a deep and wide sinus, which is covered by

the great spine of the preopercle. Between the anterior extremity

of the interopercle and the posterior angle of the lower jaw there

intervenes a stout membrane, in which are implanted some rough

bony plates, which seem at first sight as if they formed part of the

interopercle.

All the branchiostegal rays, eight in number, are exposed, and the

lowest three rays carry a serrulate crest. Pseudobranchiz are present.

The hinder border of the suprascapula is serrulate, and its lower

part is obliquely crossed by a low crest, which terminates in a very

short spine. The scapula is narrowly elliptical, and wider above

than below; its surface is striate, but it is destitute of a spine. The

strong humeral bone is broad above, and its surface is striate.

The large imbricated striate bony plates (ten in the specimen)

forming a ventral keel extending from the root of the ventral fins to

the vent, increase in size from each end of the series to the middle ;

and each plate consists of a broad wing with spinulose edges, bent

down upon each side so as to embrace the abdomen, and of a central

elevated ridge, which projects backwards as a sharp spine.

In front of the dorsal fin there is a row of glossy scales along the

ridge of the back from the occiput to the fin; they have something

of the shape of, but are much smaller than, those of the ventral

keel; each has a short spine at the middle of the exposed margin.

The dorsal fin rises from a groove, is much longer than high, and

commences behind the root of the pectoral fins, but nearer to the

snout than to the base of the caudal fin. The spinous portion is a

little shorter than the soft part, and it falls in posteriorly as far as

the seventh spine, which is shorter than the eighth. The fourth is

the longest spine. The soft portion of the fin, which has all its rays

branched, is higher anteriorly than the spinous part, the third and

fourth rays being the longest. At each side of the base of both the

dorsal and anal fins there is a series of large rough scales, which are

somewhat trapezoidal in shape.

The pectoral fins are inserted in the same horizontal line as the

lower ends of the maxillary, and considerably below the middle of

the height. They are ovato-lanceolate in shape, and they do not

reach nearly to the vent, not extending beyond the vertical of the

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1866, No. XXI.

314 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII. [May 22,

seventh dorsal spine. They are much longer than the ventral fins,

which are inserted under their roots. These fins, which have

rounded apices, are supported by a long stout and striated spine and

six branching rays. The space between and in front of their roots

is flat. The vent is placed a little in advance of the anal fin, about

three-fourths of the total length behind the snout. ‘The trapezoidal

anal fin commences under the seventh soft ray’ of the dorsal fin, and

terminates at some distance from the base of the caudal fin, a little

behind the end of the dorsal. The first of its three stout spines is

very short; and the third, though much longer than the second, is

only half as long as the soft portion of the fin is high. The lobes

of the deeply forked caudal fin are rounded at the tips, and the

membrane between the rays is clothed with rows of small seales. At

both the upper and under edges of the tail, and supplementary to the

caudal fin, is a series of six glassy spines, which become gradually

larger backwards.

The spines of the fins are striate but not roughened, whilst the

exposed sides of the rays are strongly echinulate. The lateral line

is a slightly elevated and oblique ridge on the upper part of the

body, not following the curve of the back. It is formed of twenty-

seven perforated and rather distant scales, which are somewhat

larger than those clothing the body.

Only a single specimen of this interesting addition to the marine

fauna of Madeira has been hitherto obtained. It was taken in the

month of April of the present year ; and, from the protruded stomach

and inflated membranes about the eyes, it may be inferred that it

came from a great depth. I have named it in honour of that ac-

complished man of science, Charles Darwin, Esq., to whom natural-

ists are greatly indebted, amongst many other labours, for an excel-

Jent monograph on the Cirripedia. The fishermen from whom I

procured the specimen stated that they had never previously seen

anything similar; the name of “Serra do alto,” or Sawfish, allu-

ding to the ventral keel, was therefore merely an impromptu appel-

lation.

From Hoplostethus mediterraneus, C. & VY. (of which I have ob-

tained a few specimens at Madeira), it is distinguished generically

by the possession of vomerine teeth. Even if it were congeneric

with that fish (and some ichthyologists may think that Hoplostethus

should not be separated from Trachichthys), several well-marked

differences would point it out as a distinct species: e.g., 1, the pos-

session of eight spines and fourteen rays in the dorsal fin in place

of six spines and thirteen rays, and of three spies and twelve rays

in the anal fin in place of three spines and nine or ten rays; 2, the

scaly cheeks; 3, the absence of a series of oblong cells near the

posterior border of the preopercle; 4, the exposure of the whole

branchiostegal membrane, which in Hoplostethus is entirely con-

cealed by the gill-covers ; 5, the shortness of the pectoral fins, which

do not reach, as in Hoplostethus, to the vent.

With the two known species (both of them Australian) of the

genus Trachichthys it agrees in having teeth on the vomer; but

1866.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON TRACHICHTHYS DARWINII. 315

from 7’. australis, Shaw, it may be distinguished, 1, by differences

in the fin Ble par D. 8.14 and A. 3.12 in place "of Vast

and A. 2.10; 2, by the scales of the ventral keel being ten in num-

ber instead of eight; 3, by the height of the body, compared with

the length from the snout to the base of the caudal fin, being as 1

to 23, not as 1 to 2; 4, by the smallness of the suprascapulary spine.

Again, from 7. elongatus, ee (Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. i. 10),

it is abundantly distinct: e. g., 1. In that species the formula of the

dorsal fin is 4.11, and of the a fin 3.9. 2. In the species now

described the dorsal fin is much hand ba high, whereas in 7’.

elongatus its height equals its length. 3. The spines of that fin

become shorter backenrds's in the case so T. elongatus, longer.

4. The ventral fins are much shorter than the a geese whereas in

T. elongatus these fins are of equal length. The anal fin com-

mences under the middle of the soft portion of is dorsal fin, whereas

in T.. elongatus it begins under the end of that fin. 6. The spine

at the upper angle of the opercle is large, but in the case of the

Australian species it is scarcely visible. 7. The lateral line has 27

in place of 65 scales.

The following are the dimensions of the individual upon which

the species is founded :—

inches.

Total length (the mouth being closed) ...... 193

Height in the pectoral region.....-%........... 65

Thickness in the same es Sea a webaa. 2 ste.) ; 2

Head (mouth closed) .... 53

Eye, diameter ...... es

Distance from eye to eye 0 over the arched head . 2

Upper-jawslengtli, o26 cane ae te ae x 33

Width of open mouth . : 38

Snout, length of . bam seersn 4 ahr 11

Dorsal fin, distance from snout’ = bac «ee ne 63

——— —, length.. - he beter 63

——- —, length of fourth spine mit; 14

——— —, length of third and fourth rays. 23

Pectoral fins, length Sy. tt GER a IawND DOU 34

——, width of base .. By Se 4

—-, distance behind-snout. ....0se8.. 0 53

Ventral fins, length .. BR Masiswseue js oe

—-, width ae nese Mats, einiewg ho: 2 3

——, length of spine Sic iy Slayer ata ed te. 21

Vent, distance of its vertical from snout...... .... 103

PranloH CR etR Ce lak Same RRL Jomitideas LS a. 25

—, height ...... 23

Tail, lowest height ...... es

Caudal, length. . oats aie 38

pVEMPANISEM Seren td selec obs 6 SPs eehs Naretict ahs 5

tweniraivicgels length. <Joec jo ea. oe oe es 4

—-, width of middle plates ........ Ie

316 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS. [May 22,

4. Descriptions of Fifteen New Species of Land and Fresh-

water Shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe,

Esq., Consul at Taiwan im that Island. By Henry

Apams, F.L.S.

(Plate XXXIII.)

1. Nanina (Acusra) asstmitis, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 1.)

N. testa aperte umbilicata, depressa-globosa, tenui, irregulariter

striata et confertissime leviter decussata, subpellucida, nitida,

pallide fulva; spira subconica, obtusa; anfr. 53, convexiusculis,

ultimo ventricoso; apertura lunato-circulari; perist. simplici,

acuto, margine columellari arcuato, dilatato, ad umbilicum reflez-

tusculo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 18, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

This species much resembles N. sieboldtiana, but is more widely

umbilicated, more depressed, and of a lighter colour.

2. Hexix (PLectotroris) rutvicans, H. Ad. (PI. XXXIII.

fig. 2).

H. testa umbilicata, trochiformi, tenuiuscula, oblique leviter striata,

et liris spiralibus tenuissimis decussata, breviter pilosa, pallide

fulva; spira conoidea, acutiuscula, sutura simplici; anfr. 63,

subplanatis, ultimo subacute carinato, antive descendente, basi

convexiore ; apertura obliqua, subrhombea; perist. tenui, margi-

nibus convergentibus, dextro expanso, antrorsum subsinuoso, colu-

mellari peracuto, reflexo, umbilicum non claudente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 9.

Hab. Tamsui, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

3. Hevrx (Camana) BarrpI, H. Ad. (PI. XXXIII. fig. 3.)

H. testa umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, oblique plicato-striata,

fulva, fascia peripherica nigro-castanea luteo-marginata ornata ;

spira breviter conoidea; anfr. 6, convexiusculis, lente accrescen-

tibus, ultimo antice descendente, umbilico mediocri profundo ;

apertura diagonali, auriformi-lunari; perist. fusco-carneo, ex-

panso et breviter reflexo, marginibus remotis, utrinque in medio

flexuoso et obsolete tuberculato, externe indentato ; margine colu-

mellari dilatato.

Diam. maj. 41, min. 36, alt. 23 mill.

Hab. Tamsui, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

4, Hevrx (Camana) succinera, H.Ad. (Pl. XX XIII. figs. 4, 4a.)

H. testa umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, solidula, oblique striata,

lineis spiralibus rugosis irregulariter decussata, luteo-fulva,

fascia peripherica pallido-marginata ornata; spira conoidea ;

anfr. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo antice vix descendente, obtuse

carinato, basi compresso ; umbilico angusto, interdum intus cas-

Wayt

P.Z.5 .1866.P1 XXXII.

— Thee

M.&N Hanhartimn .

NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS

1866. ] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS. 317

taneo ; apertura obliqua, lunato-elliptica, intus pallidiore ; perist.

albido, expanso, breviter reflexo, margine columellari dilatato.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 26, alt. 30 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

5. Butimus (AmMpHipromus) FrorMosensis, H. Ad. (PI.

XXXIIL fie. 5.)

B. testa umbilicata, ovato-turrita, solida, oblique leviter striata,

striis spiralibus confertissimis decussata, pallido-rufa, strigis

castaneis irregularibus et fasciis spiralibus ornata; spira con-

vewo-turrita, apice acuta; anfr. 74, viv conveviusculis ; apertura

obliqua, elonyato-ovali, 2 totius longitudinis adequante, intus pal-

lido-cerulea; labro crasso, breviter reflexo, purpureo; columella

brevi, albida, late reflexa, umbilicum fere obtegente.

Long. 55, lat. 25 mill.

Hab. Tamsui Mountains, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

6. Cuaustni1a (Lacinraria) exiuis, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII.

fig. 6.)

C. testa vir rimata, fusiformi, tenuiuscula, confertim striata, sericea,

rufo-fusca; spira sensim attenuata, apice obtusa; anfr. 10, con-

veriusculis, ultimo latere subcompresso; apertura subovali; la-

mellis parvis, supera tenui; lunella distincta, angusta, arcuata,

extus conspicua ; plica palatali 1, tenui, marginali, elongata, sub-

columellari inconspicua ; perist. continuo, reflexo, albido.

Long. 28, diam. 7 mill.

flab. Tamsui, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

7. CLausttia (PHzpusA) rormosensis, H. Ad. (PI. XXXIII.

fig. 7.)

C. testa viz rimata, ventricoso-fusiformt, solida, subtiliter costulato-

striata, sericea, albida ; spira ventricosa, sursum attenuata, apice

obtusula, sutura impressa; anfr. 10, conveviusculis, ultimo an-

gustiore, basi rotundato ; apertura verticali, ovata ; lamellis for-

tibus, supera marginali, infera validiore oblique ascendente ;

lunella imperfecta ; plicis palatalibus pluribus, suprema elongata,

subcolumellari emersa; perist. continuo, superne breviter soluto,

undique expanso et reflexo.

Long. 26, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

8. Ennea (Evma) swinuoer, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 8.)

E. testa cylindracea, anguste umbilicata, tenui, albida, nitida, leviter

striata; spira oblongo-turrita, apice obtusa, sutura conspicua ;

anfr. 83, viv convexiusculis ; apertura parum obliqua, semiovali,

4 totius longitudinis ade@quante, antice arcuatim ascendente, plica

parietali nulla ; perist. tenui, breviter reflexo, marginibus remotis,

dextro flexuoso, ad insertionem subito attenuato et sinuato.

Long. 16, lat. 5 mill.

Hab. Tamsui, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

318 MR H. ADAMS ON NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS, [May 22,

_ This species appears to be the type of a new group, possessing a

strong sinus at the insertion of the outer lip, the aperture being

edentulous. It may be designated Elma.

9. Cyc.torus swinnor!, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 9.)

C. testa umbilicata, subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striatula

et elevatim spiraliter lirata, fulvida ; spira parum elevata, apice

acuminata, purpurea, sutura profunda ; anfr. 43, convexis, ultimo

rotundato, descendente ; umbilico conico, profundo ; apertura ob-

liqua, subcirculari, superne leviter angulata; perist. simplici,

continuo, expansiusculo, ad anfractum penultimum breviter adhe-

rente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

10. CycLorus minutus, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 10.)

C. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, minutissime striata, luteo-

fulva, nitidula; spira parum elevata, apice acuta, fusco-cornea ;

anfr. 4, conveais, ultimo cylindrico, parum descendente ; apertura

subverticali, circulari; perist. simplici, recto, continuo, breviter

adnato.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

“This species appears to grow larger further south.’”’—Swinhoe.

11. Atycawus (Droryx) swinnoer, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII.

figs. 11, 11a.)

A. testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, dense ob-

lique tenuissime striata; pallide fulva; spira turbinata, apice

acutiuscula, sutura profunda; anfr. 45, convexis, ultimo ventri-

coso, ad aperturam valde constricto, e strictura canalem elongatam

in sutura retrocedentem emittente; apertura verticali, spira bre-

viore, circulari ; perist. continuo, vix adnato, undique expanso.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 5, alt. 63 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

12. Puprne.ia (Pupinopsis) swinnoes, H.Ad. (Pl. XXXIII.

figs. 12, 12a.)

P. testa perforata, pupeformi, solida, sub-lente subtilissime striata

et lirulis spiralibus distantibus sculpta, fulvo-cornea ; spira con-

vewo-conica, apice acutiuscula, sutura simplict, conspicua; anfr.

7, summis convexiusculis, sequentibus planioribus, ultimo infra

medium sulcato, circa perforationem valde cristato ; apertura sub-

verticali, circulari, + totius longitudinis equante, callo parietali

prominente, arcuato; columella profunde incisa; perist. incras-

sato, expanso, reflexo, albo, margine externo sulco superficiali

circulatim bipartito, superne subito atienuato, cum callo juncto.

Long. 14, diam. 53 mill. -

Hab. Tamsui, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

This species is allied to P. mindorensis, humilis, &e., meluded by

1866.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW FORMOSAN SHELLS. 319

my brother and myself in the genus Pupinella, from which, however,

on further consideration, I think it would be well to separate them.

These species form a natural group having the texture of Pupinella,

but with a posterior sinus in the aperture as in Pupina, and for which

I would suggest the name Pupinopsis.

13. Limnama swinuoet, H. Ad. (PI. XXXIII. fig. 13.)

L. testa ovata, fragili, irregulariter striata, pallide cornea ; sjira

acuminata; anfr. 4, convewiusculis ; apertura oblongo-ovata,

totius longitudinis equante ; columella valde sinuata; labro flex-

uoso, in medio subsinuato.

Long. 21, lat. 12 mill.

Hab. Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

14. SeGMENTINA SwINHOE!, H. Ad. (Pl. XXXIII. figs. 14,

14a.)

S. testa depressa, orbiculari, concavo-convexa, nitida, luteo-cornea,

late umbilicata ; anfr. 5, apicalibus arctissimis, excavatis, ultimo

declivi; sutura impressa; apertura obliqua, lunata, fauce in

fundo dentata.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Tungkang (fifteen miles below Takow), also in ponds and

rice-fields at Takow, Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

15. Unio swinnoet, H. Ad.

U. testa tenui, ovali-elongata, inequilaterali, convesiusculu, antice

circulari, postice dilatata, subrotundata ; epidermide fusco-cas-

tanea induta; margine dorsali subrecto ; umbonibus parvis, undu-

latis, erosis; dentibus exilibus, rectis, ad marginem parallellis ;

margarita argentata.

Long. 60, alt. 39, lat. 22 -nill.

Hab. Formosa (Mus. Brit.).

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Fig. 1. Nanina (Acusta) assimilis, p. 316.

2. Helix (Plectotropis) fulvicans, p. 316.

3. (Camena) bairdi, p. 316.

4, 4a. (Camena) succincta, p. 316.

5. Bulimus (Amphidromus) formosensis, p. 317.

6. Clausilia (Laciniaria) evilis, p. 317.

7. Clausilia (Phedusa) formosensis, p. 317.

8. Ennea (Elma) swinhoei, p. 317.

9. Cyclotus swinhoei, p. 318.

10. Cyclotus minutus, p. 318.

11, lla. Alyceus (Dioryx) swinhoei, p. 318.

12, 12a. Pupinella (Pupinopsts) swinhoe?, p. 318.

13. Limnea swinhoet, p. 319.

14, 14a. Seqmentina swinhoet, p. 319.

320 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [May 22,

5. Descriptions of Six New Species of American Oscines.

By P. L. Sctarer, M.A., Ph.D., Secretary to the Society.

1. TURDUS SUBCINEREUS, Sp. nov.

Supra obscure cinereus, alis caudaque fuscis, extus cinereo mar-

ginatis : subtus albo-cinereus, gutturis et pectoris plumarum

rachidibus fusco-cinereis, crisso fulvescente lavato ; subalari-

bus cinerascenti-albis fulvo vix tinctis : rostro corneo ; mandi-

bula inferiore pallida; pedibus obscure fuscis: long. tota 8°2

poll. Angl., ale 4:6, caude 3°8, rostri a rictu 8°5, tarsi 1°15.

Hab. (ut dicitur) in rep. Chiliana.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Affinis T. chiguanco, Lafr. et D’Orb., et fere ejusdem forme,

sed statura valde minore, pectore obsolete striato et subalaribus non

cinnamomeis distinguendus.

I have a single skin of this Thrush in my collection, purchased of

M. Verreaux of Paris, and marked “ Chili.’ I have not met with

other specimens. The species is not very closely allied to any other

that I am acquainted with, but seems to go best in the series allied

to Turdus chiguanco. The first (or spurious) primary is rather

large, measuring 1-5 inch from the insertion. The fourth and fifth

primaries are equal and longest, slightly exceeding the third and

sixth. The bill is rather short and more compressed than in most

species of the genus.

2. CINCLOCERTHIA MACRORHYNCHA, Sp. Nov.

Supra obscure cinerea, fere unicolor, capite precipue ad latera

nigricantiore : subtus lactescenti-alba, pectore et crisso cum

lateribus et subalaribus fusco-cinerascentibus : rostro paulum

incurvo, nigro ; pedibus corylinis: long. tota 10°35, ale 4:1,

caude 3°3, rostri a rictu (lin. dir.) 2°0, tarsi 1°15.

Hab. in ins. 8. Lucia, Antillensium (Bonnecourt).

Mus. Parisiensi.

Obs. Species a C. ruficauda corpore supra omnino cinereo, a C.

guttural colore corporis inferi dilutiore, ab utraque rostro elongato

incurvo distinguenda.

This bird forms a very distinct third species of the Antillean

genus Cinclocerthia, of which two species are given in my “ Synopsis

of the Turdide” (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 338). As we should have ex-

pected, it comes from a different island from those which the other

two species inhabit. While C. ruficauda is found in Nevis and

Guadeloupe, and C. gutturalis in Martinique only, as far as we know,

the present species is from the island of Santa Lucia. I am indebted

to my friend M. Jules Verreaux, Aide-Naturaliste to the Museum of

Natural History at the Jardin des Plantes, for the opportunity of

describing this species—the only specimen I have yet met of it oc-

curring in that collection, to which it was transmitted by M.Bon-

necourt in 1850.

1866.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 321

At the same time I may remark that I was already aware of the

existence of a species of this form in Santa Lucia, from its being repre-

sented in some drawings of the birds of that island by Lieut. Tyler,

which are in the Society’s Library, and which I now exhibit. It

will be remarked that the bird is called ‘The Trembler” in Lieut.

Tyler’s MS., ‘La Merle Trembleuse”’ being the name applied in

Martinique to its representative species.

There is little difference in general form, except in its more elon-

gated and incurved bill, between C. macrorhyncha and its two allies.

The first (spurious) primary is large as in the other two species,

measuring 1*5 inch from its insertion, and being rather more than

half the length of the second primary. The third is slightly shorter

than the fourth, fifth, and sixth, which are equal and longest. The

present specimen of C. macrorhyncha has the tarsus covered ante-

riorly with a continuous horny sheath, the divisions of the tarsal

scutes having become obsolete. In specimens of C. ruficauda and

C. gutturalis, which I now exhibit, these divisions are distinctly in-

dicated and the scutes are five in number, which is probably the

normal form of the genus.

3. THRYOTHORUS MARTINICENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Supra murino-brunneus, uropygio et lateribus capitis rufescenti-

bus, alis et cauda saturate fuscis, extus subobsolete nigro trans-

JSasciatis : subtus fulvus, fere unicolor ; tectricibus subalaribus

pallide fulvis : mandibula superiore cornea, inferiore flavida ;

pedibus pallide fuscis: long. tota 4:3, ale 2:2, caude 1:4,

rostri a rictu 0°8.

Hab. in insula Martinicensi.

Mus. Parisiensi et P. L. 8. ;

Obs. Similis Troglodyte furvo, quoad colores corporis superi, sed

rostro multum longiore, et subtus unicolor rufescens.

[have had specimens of this Wren in my collection for several

years ; but as they were purchased of the dealers in Paris I was never

certain of their true patria. I was first induced to believe that they

were from Martinique, from seeing similar examples in the small col-

lection of birds from that island exhibited by M. Belanger, Director

of the Botanical Gardens of St. Pierre, in the International Exhibi-

tion in 1862*. I have been recently confirmed in this opinion by

having had the opportunity of examining specimens of the same bird

from Martinique in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes, obtained

by M. Alexandre Rousseau in 1842, and by M. Plée in earlier years.

I have little doubt also that this Wren, or a form closely allied to it,

is likewise found in Santa Lucia, as among Lieut. Tyler’s drawings

alluded to above is an unfinished one marked “ Le Rossignol,’ which

has every appearance of having been intended for the present species.

4, HyLopHILUS PECTORALIS, sp. nov.

Olivaceus, capite cinereo, subtus albus, pectore hypochondriis et

subalaribus limonaceo-flavis: alis caudaque fuscis olivaceo

* See Ibis, 1862, p. 288,

322 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [May 22,

marginatis: rostro pallide corneo, pedibus dilute corylinis :

long. tota 4°3, ale 2°3, caude 1°9, tarsi 0°7.

Hab. in Brasil. merid. proy, Matto Grosso et Rio de Janeiro

(Natterer, sp. no. 152).

Mus. Vindob. et P. L.S.

Obs. Similis H. thoracico, Temm. (Pl. Col. 173. f. 1), sed fronte

cinerea nec flavicante et colore pectoris saturatius flavo, pedibus quo-

que pallidioribus distinguendus.

I obtained a single example of this species in exchange from the

Vienna Museum in 1864, through the kind offices of Herr von Pel-

zeln. The only described Hylophilus which resembles it is H. tho-

racicus, from which it is easily recognizable by the differential cha-

racters given above. The first (spurious) primary in the present

species measures about 0-8 inch from the insertion, and is 0°7 inch

shorter than the second. The third is rather shorter than the next

four following, which are nearly equal and longest.

Natterer’s MS. notes upon this species (his no. 152), as obligingly

communicated to me by Herr von Pelzeln, are as follows :— “ Sapa-

tiba, 28 March, 1818, adult female, found on low trees in the forest:

Iris light reddish grey ; bill blue grey ; feet bright reddish-blue grey

or dirty liliac ; feet strong and, like the bill, very Parus-like. A male,

which had moulted all its tail-feathers, was of the same colours.’’

At Rio de Janeiro, in February 1821, Natterer obtained another

example of this species from trees in a garden, out of a flock of

three, and further remarks, ‘ Nostrils round, uncovered; tongue

fleshy and pointed.”

5. HyLoruitus BRUNNEICEPS, Sp. Nov.

Olivaceus, capite toto cum cervice brunneis; alis obscure fuscis

olivaceo limbatis: subtus albus, gutture et pectore brunneo

parum tinctis: subalaribus flavicantibus: rostro et pedibus

Suseis: long. tota 4:0, ale 2°2, caude 1°6.

Hab. in Brasil. merid., Ypanema (Natterer).

Mus. Vindob. et P. L. 8.

‘I am not acquainted with any species of Hylophilus nearly re-

sembling the present bird, for an example of which I am again in-

debted to Herr von Pelzeln and the authorities of the Imperial Ca-

binet. The first (spurious) primary in this species measures about

0°8 inch from its insertion. The second is about 0°65 longer. The

third is slightly shorter than the four next following, which are nearly

equal and longest.

Natterer’s notes on this species (his no. 371) are as follows :—

** Ypanema, April 1819, in the underwood, on middling-sized trees,

out of a little flock—wmale; irides dark brown; beak above dark

grey, below bluish grey; nostrils oval, exposed; feet strong, light

lead-colour.’’ Other localities for the same species are Curytiba,

Ytararé, and Jaguaraiba.

6. SPODIORNIS JARDINII, gen. et sp. nov.

Spodiornis, genus novum ex familia Coerebidarum, affine generi

1866.] MR. P.L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS, 323

Conirostro, sed rostro valde crassiore, alis caudaque breviori-

bus et pedibus fortioribus distinguendum. Remex primus longus,

longior quam quintus, et secundum tertium et quartum fere

a@quales et longissimos subequans: cetera fere ut in genere

Conirostro.

Spodiornis jardinii.

Typus et sp. unica S. yardinit.

Grisescenti-plumbea, alis caudaque nigricantibus, dorsi colore

limbatis: subtus vix dilutior, crisso albicante striato: rostro

nigricanti-plumbeo tomiis pallidis, pedibus corylinis : long. tota

4:7, ale 2:85, caude@ 1-9, rostri a rictu 0°5, tarsi 0°65.

Had. in sylvis reipubl. Aquatorialis.

Mus. P.L.S. et Gul. Jardine, Baronett.

I am greatly indebted to my friend Sir William Jardine for allow-

ing me to abstract from his collection a skin of this interesting bird,

which must, I think, be referred to a new form of the family Cere-

bide, distinguishable by its thickened, almost Conirostral bill. A

second example of the same species, obtained, like the former, by

Professor Jameson in the Quitian Andes, remains in Sir William’s

possession.

The whole plumage of Spodiornis is plumbeous or dark cinereous,

the wings and tail being blackish, edged, except in the primaries

and outer rectrices, with plumbeous. The colour below is rather

paler, especially on the crissum, where there are faint whitish stria-

tions. The general appearance of the bird reminds one at once of the

very similarly coloured Finch found in Bogota collections, which in

my ‘American Catalogue’ I have called Phrygilus geospizopsis (op.

324 DR. H. DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE’S ISLAND. [June 12,

cit. p. 110), though it is perhaps hardly distinct from the Peruvian

P.unicolor. But looking at the bill of Spodiornis, with its perfectly

straight culmen and gonys, it would, I think, be impossible to place

this little bird otherwise than in the neighbourhood of Conirostrum.

There can be no doubt, however, to my pine of the close connexion

of the Cerebide with the Tanagride, and through them with the

Fringillide.

June 12, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in-the Chair.

Mr. A. D. Bartlett made some observations on the singular bird

of prey described by Mr. J. H. Gurney on the 14th of November,

1865, before the Society under the name Stringonyx anderssoni*,

and suggested its identity with the Machaerhamphus alcinus of

Westerman, Bijdr. t. d. Dierk. i. p. 29. Mr. Westerman had given

the locality of this bird as “ Malacca,” which had, no doubt, pre-

vented Mr. Gurney from recognizing it in a specimen coming from

Damaraland.

The following papers were read :—

1. Synopsis of the Birds of Ilha do Principe, with some Re-

marks on their Habits and Descriptions of New Species.

By Dr. H. Donrn, C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XXXIV.)

Two of the islands in the Bight of Benin have been pretty well

explored by ornithologists. Mr. Fraser has given large accounts of

the birds of Fernando Po; and during several years’ stay in San

Thomé, Mr. Weiss has collected a number of birds sufficient to show

the peculiarities of the ornithological fauna of that island. During

six months’ stay in Ilha do Principe I have collected birds, and notes

upon their habits, which, I hope, will not be without interest, the

more because this island forms an intermediate link between the

two above-mentioned localities.

It seems to me the most remarkable feature in the fauna of Ilha do

Principe is that not a single bird of prey exists on the island, whilst

they are abundant on the two other islands and on the nearest part of

the continent. I saw hundreds of Milvus parasitus in San Thomé ;

Gypohierax angolensis and some other species are not uncommon in

Fernando Po ; but the whole tribe avoids Principe. The inhabitants

* See P.Z.S. 1865, p. 618.

1866.] DR.H.DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE'S ISLAND. 329

of the latter place and of San Thomé assert that there is a deadly

hatred between the Grey Parrots (Psittacus erythacus) of Principe

and the Kites of San Thomé, and that, if ever a Milvus visits the

neighbouring island, hundreds of Parrots fall upon him and kill him,

and that the Kites take revenge if perchance a Parrot should ven-

ture a trip to their kingdom. There must be some family reason

for this strange degree of enmity, for they seem to live in tolerable

peace together on the coast.

I observed and collected the following birds :—

1. CypseLus AaByssinicus, Licht.

Common in the neighbourhood of the town.

2. CoryLe Eques, Hartlaub, n. sp.*

Noteo toto cum alis et cauda fuscis ; tectricibus caud@é superiort-

bus pallidioribus : subtus alba, abdomine subflavescente ; fascia

pectorali lata dorso concolore; subaluribus albidis ; rectrice

extima pallida, apice late albo, macula pogonu interni brunnea

notato; rostro nigricante, pedibus plumbeis ; iride nigra.

Long. circa 0°14, rostr. a fr. 0°09, alee 0°12, caudz 0-06, tars.

0°013 m.

Very rare; I saw only a few specimens near the sea-shore, and

got one female for my collection.

3. Hatcyon pryas, Hartlaub.

The manner of life of this bird reminded me of our Owls. I often

observed them in the daytime sitting motionless on a branch, as if

they were fast asleep, in dark shady localities. The small birds

strongly dislike them; I suppose that sometimes their children are

not refused by the Halcyones for a meal. As soon as they are dis-

covered in their retreat, lots of Nectarinee, Zosteropes, &c., are

around them and amuse themselves with abusing them ; finally the

Halcyon leaves the place with a short shrieking outery. If not

annoyed, he has a soft melancholic tune, which sometimes appeared

to me like soft and weeping cries of a child. They usually feed

upon big insects ; and I found often in their stomach pieces of snails,

especially of Columna flammea.

They live in the woods, in the neighbourhood of small streams.

Their name on the island is ‘ Chocho.”

4. ALCEDO CHRULEOCEPHALA, Gmel.

Common on the shore ; in a few instances I saw single specimens

flying about in the interior of the island. The colour of the young

bird is little different from that of old specimens; the bill is black,

and the white spots on the throat and on the sides of the neck are

very small.

This species is as lively as H. dryas is indolent. The native name

is “ Pica-peixe.”’

* Dr. Hartlaub, our first authority for African birds, has had the kindness to

send me cescriptions of the new species which I collected.—H. D.

326 DR. H. DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE’S ISLAND. [June 12,

5. NEecTARINIA HARTLAUBI, Verreaux.

Not uncommon ; the male birds seem to occur more frequently

than the females. The colouring of adult birds is known; young

birds are very much like old females; by-and-by the yellow feathers

of the throat and breast are changed into grey, and soon after begin

to show blue metallic spots. Having observed these different stages

of growth at the same time, I think that the time of hatching and

breeding of these birds must be very irregular. According to the

assertion of the natives they keep their nests during the whole year.

I found great difficulty in getting a specimen ; they build it in well-

protected spots, hidden among bushes ; it hangs down from a branch ;

and it is egg-shaped, with a small circular aperture on one side some-

what above the centre. It is 7-8 inches long, the diameter of the

centre about 4 inches, of the aperture only 13 inch. Its outside is

woven of grass and pieces of dead leaves ; inside it is well fitted with

a thick and soft layer of cotton collected from different plants.

I doubt if this species has been found in Angola, mistakes in

locality in these parts being very common ; for cruisers and merchant

vessels usually touch at several places of the coast and the adjacent

islands, and, if special care be not taken, collections from different

places are easily mixed up together.

6. NECTARINIA FRASERI, Jard.

This species lives in higher regions than N. hartlaubi, and fre-

quents the branches of trees. The male bears a strong resemblance

to the female of the former species, with the exception of the yellow

axillary feathers, the greyish-brown legs, and the rather grey breast.

Also the iris is less dark than in NV. hart{aubi. ‘The female is smaller,

without the yellow feathers. I have not seen the nest, nor young

birds, nor eggs.

The name for these two species in the island is ‘‘ Beixa-flores.”’

7. CUPHOPTERUS DOHRNI, Hartl., nov. gen. et nov. sp. (PL

XXXIV.)

Char. gen. Rostrum mediocre, subrotundatum, carinatum, viz

emarginatum, tomiis pallidis, subpellucidis; culmine apicem

versus arcuato, deflexo, gonyde ante apicem adscendente ; vi-

brissis vie ullis. Ale breves, caude basin parum superantes ;

remige primo spurio, quarto longissimo, quinto vie breviore.

Cauda longiuscula. Pedes satis robusti; tarsus longiusculus,

scutellatus ; digitus externus et internus subequales ; ungues

parvi, debiles.

Char. spec. Supra obsolete olivaceo-cinerascens, pileo magis cine-

rascente ; uropygio subolivascente ; ulis et cauda dorso conco-

loribus, subalaribus et flexura ale albis ; remigum marginibus

internis basin versus albis ; gutture circumscripte albo ; loris

obscurius tinctis ; abdomine albido-flavescente ; hypochondrio-

rum maculis nonnullis longitudinalibus fasciaque pectorali me-

dialiter angustata cinerascentibus ; rostro brunnescente, man-

1866.] DR. H. DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE'S ISLAND. 327

dibula pallidiore ; pedibus brunnescentibus ; iride obscure cas-

tanea.

Long. 0:16-0:17, rostr. a fr. 0°013, alee 0-071, caudze 0-068, tars.

0°025 met.

No difference in the colour of the sexes,

These birds build their nests in the beginning of June, among

bushes, about 4 to 8 feet high above the ground, like those of some

of our Sy/vie, about 0-1 in diameter and 0°07 met. deep. The female

lays two eggs, dirty white, brown-spotted, 0-025 m. long, 0-016 m.

large. Their song is like that of Sylvia cinerea, but louder-and some-

what sharper ; when quarrelling they make a noise like Parus major.

The native name is “ Sibi fixe.”’

8. Parinia LEUCOPH&A, Hartl.

No difference between male and female. The bill of the living

bird is uniform dark grey; the feet are greyish brown; the iris

sepia-coloured. The nest, composed of fine grasses and attached to

two branches with the silk of moths, is comparatively small, no more

than 0:09 m. in diameter and 0°06 m. deep. They hatch in June

and July; the eggs are two in number, white, 0-019 m. long and

0-016 m. wide.

They live in small flocks in restricted localities.

9. ZosTEROPS FICEDULINA, Hartl., n. sp.

Supra dilute olivaceo-virescens, uropygio et supracaudalibus fla-

vioribus : subtus dilute flavida, subcaudalibus letius flavis, loris

pallide flavis ; remigibus et rectricibus fuscis, dorsi colore fim-

briatis ; subalaribus albidis, flavido tinctis ; pedibus pallide

brunneis ; rostro brunnescente, mandibula pallida ; iride brun-

neo-flavescente.

Long. 0°13, rostr. a fr. 0°09, alae 0-052, caudee 0°04, tars. 0-014 m.

Very different in colour from all congeneric species; its colour

and voice bear some resemblance to Phyllopneuste trochilus. Lives

in the hilly parts of the interior.

10. Dicrurus mopeEstus, Hartl.

Young specimens are uniform black, without a white spot on the

abdomen ; the older they grow the more the tops of the feathers of

the abdomen and breast are white-bordered. They build their nest

in September, when the rainy season sets in. Its shape is like that

of Oriolus galbula.

The native name is “ Maria Palu, feiticeira’’ (translated, Maria

Palu, the sorceress). - The bird is black, with red eyes; seems very

indolent in daytime, and shows a great ability in the imitation of

some other birds’ voices. Of course there must be some “ feiticeiria ”’

in it: therefore, sitting on the roof of a house and singing in its

melancholy manner, it prophecies the death of one of the inhabi-

tants ; and this, of course, takes place, but often a long time after

this prophecy.

328 DR. H.DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE’S ISLAND. [June 12,

11. Lamproco.tivus 1Gn1Tus, Nordm.

The female is about 2 or 3 inches smaller than the male, and a

little less brilliant in colour. The metallic lustre in the plumage of

the young bird begins at the tips of the feathers on the back, the breast

and abdomen being greyish brown; the upper side being nearly

finished, the feathers of the throat and the breast begin to change,

but not in the same way as those of the back. These feathers change

from the base up to the tip.

These birds live in high trees, and are very common in the high

parts of the interior, where they are seldom disturbed. They are

said to hatch in January and February, which I suppose to be true,

judging from the development of young birds which I got.

12. LAMPROCOLIUS SPLENDIDUS, Vieill.

Very rare, in the same localities with the last species.

13. Buserinus ruFILatus, Hartl., n. sp.

Supra in fundo fulvo-rufescente, longitudinaliter fusco varius ;

capitis maculis minoribus; uropygio et supracaudalibus vir

maculatis ; remigibus et rectricibus fuscis, ilis dorsi colore

limbatis : subtus letius fulvo-rufescens, pectore indistincte ma-

culato; subalaribus et subcaudalibus concoloribus ; pedibus et

rostro brunnescentibus, mandibula pallidiore ; iride brunnea.

Fom. vix diversa, minus nitide tincta.

Long. 0°14, rostr. a fr. 0-014, alee 0°08, caudze 0-038, tars. 0-016 m.

I found a few specimens of this rare bird in a very restricted loca-

lity of the large western bay, living in bushy uncultivated places.

The wings cover half the tail. They are very nice singers.

14. NiGriTa BIcoLoR, Hartl.

Uncommon. The iris is red. My female specimens do not quite

agree with Dr. Hartlaub’s description, the throat, breast, and abdo-

men being slightly brown, and not whitish. I suppose that Dr.

Hartlaub has been misled by a young specimen; at least one of

those I collected, which begins to change its plumage, exhibits, be-

sides chestnut-brown feathers on the breast, many which are greyish

white.

15. SyMPLECTES PRINCEPS, Bonap.

Adult males are olivaceous on the back, with some darker spots ;

the head is brownish orange, less dark at the sides, with a yellow

ring round the eyes; throat, breast, and abdomen light orange ;

the feathers of the wing blackish, bordered with yellow, those of the

tail olivaceous, with a straight yellow border ; the bill is black; the

feet light brown.

Adult females differ in the olivaceous colour of the head and the

yellow colour of the throat and breast ; their abdomen is dirty white,

and their bill of the colour of the feet. The iris of both sexes is

yellow.

1866.] DR. H.DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE'S ISLAND. 329

Young males are very much like the females; but as soon as the

bill is full-grown it is much darker than that of the other sex, and

from that moment they begin to change in plumage.

They are very zealous for the multiplication of their race ; I ob-

served them building nests and hatching in May and again in June,

and I conclude from my specimens that they are also occupied with

the propagation of their family in February. Their nest is always

attached to the eud of long and thin branches, or leaves of a palm

tree. It forms a cone, 15 to 18 inches long and about 9 or 10 inches

in diameter at the base; the small aperture is underneath, and just

large enough for the old bird. It is very thick, and constructed of

a flat kind of grass in such a manner that not a drop of rain can

pass through the roof. The eggs are two in number, light blue.

16. Foup1a eryrHrops, Hartl.

Swarms of from thirty to eighty specimens of this widely spread

species are common. They usually live together with

17. AMADINA CUCULLATA, Swains.

This species hatches from May to July; builds a large nest between

the branches of small trees, 6—8 inches in diameter and 5—6 inches

deep ; the eggs (four to seven in number) are white, very oblong, of

the size of the eggs of Sylvia trochiloides.

18. Psirracus ErytTHacus, L.

Exceedingly common; usually flying about in odd numbers, some-

times three or five together. When in town I observed them daily

about half an hour before sunset crossing the northern part of the

island in a southern direction ; and early before sunrise they used to

return to the northern district, I do not know for what purpose,

large quantities of food as well as of trees, well fitted for sleeping-

places, being in every part of the island.

19. PsrrracuLa PULLARIA, L.

Said to occur on the island. I never observed it.

20. CHRyYSOCOCCYX SMARAGDINEUS, Swains.

These birds live during the dry season (from April to September )

in the southern mountainous parts. They vary in size and in the

colour of the tail. It seems to me that C. intermedius, Verr., is not

different from this species.

Their name in San Thomé and Principe is ‘ Sobo.”’

21. TrRERON cALva, Temm.

Very common all over the island. Hatches in September. The

young bird exhibits no remarkable difference. The iris of this species

is light blue.

22. CoLuMBA CHLOROPHZA, Hartl., n. sp.

Supra obscure nigricanti-virescens, nitore viridi ; nucha, collo

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No..X XII.

330 DR. H DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE’S ISLAND. [June 12,

postico et interscapulio pulchre viridi-smaragdineo resplenden-

tibus ; sincipite dilute cinereo ; cauda ardesiaco-nigricante :

subtus unicolor cinerea ; subcaudalibus ochraceo irroratis ;

collo antico nitore nonnullo virente; subalaribus ardesiacis ;

capitis lateribus cinereis; rostri dimidio basali nigricante,

apicali flavido ; pedibus carneis.

Long. 0°30, rostr. a fr. 0:02, alee 0°18, caudze 0°10, tars. 0°02 m.

Very rare; I saw only a few specimens, the skins of which were

with one exception spoiled by humidity and insects.

23. PERISTERA PRINCIPALIS, Hartl., n. sp.

Supra brunnea, nitore eupreo-rubente et virescente ; sincipite

cano; nucha vinaceo-purpurascente ; remigibus fuscis, 2°-5™

valde emarginatis ; subalaribus ardesiacis ; mento niveo ; pec-

tore vinaceo-rubente ; abdomine sensim albicante ; subcaudali-

bus canis; colli lateribus lete rubentibus ; rectricibus, 2 mediis

exceptis, nigris, apice late et dilute cinereis ; rostro nigro, pe-

dibus nitide rubris.

Long. 0°26, rostr. a fr. 0°018, alee 0°156, caudee 0:08, tars. 0:03 m.

Uncommon ; nearly allied to P. simplex from San Thomé.

24. GLAREOLA NORDMANNYI, Fisch.

One specimen, not different from Russian specimens.

25. ARDEA GULARIS, Bose.

Common on the rocks of the shore. Breeds in March and April.

Young birds are not white, as Hartlaub asserts, but dark grey ; their

head is adorned with a crest of hairy feathers, which disappear in

older specimens. Adult birds exhibit white feathers on their wings,

varying sometimes on the right and left wings of the same bird, and

show a tendency to grow white. I got one specimen, a very old

one, nearly quite white; in some parts of the body the colour is

somewhat greyish and dirty white, and some feathers are as dark as

usual in this species.

-26. ARDEA ATRICAPILLA, Afzel.

Less common than the preceding species ; not different from coast

specimens.

27. GERONTICUS OLIVACEUS, Dubus.

Soon after my arrival on the island I was informed by some natives

that there was a very remarkable bird in the island called ‘‘ Corvad.”

One told me that it was a kind of raven with splendid metallic wings;

another described the bird “ with the head of an owl and the feet of

a duck, climbing up and down trees ;” and others gave me other ex-

travagant descriptions of it; but all of them agreed that the bird

lived in almost inaccessible rocky and wooded localities of the

southern district, and that if ever a specimen passed over the town

it was a bad omen for the white inhabitants, who in such case were

exposed to heavy disease or death. Of course I was very curious

1866.] DR. H.DOHRN ON THE BIRDS OF PRINCE'S ISLAND. 331

to see this species, and settled for a fortnight in a negro’s hut in

those desert parts of the island. Whoever has visited those large

tropical forests knows the difficulty of proceeding there. I enjoyed

the special favour of heaven in arriving there when the rains set in a

month before they usually do, and it was very hard work to run after

these birds. I saw them daily at great distances, and heard them

crowing like a Raven; but as soon as I entered the forests the mon-

keys made so much noise, barking and howling, as to alarm all the

animals in the neighbourhood. Thus I was finally very glad when

one of my native hunters appeared with a female specimen of the

Corvaé, which turned out to be Geronticus olivaceus.

My specimen is not different from those described by Dr. Hart-

laub ; the naked parts of the head are black ; the feet are dirty yel-

lowish ; the long feathers of the head are not metallic; under the

eye is a spot with very light-brown feathers ; the iris is dark brown.

The measurements are—Long. circa 0°60, rostr. a fr. 0°95, alee 0°37,

caude 0°17, tars. 0°07 m. They feed apon snakes, snails, and large

worms and insects.

28. NuMENIUS ARQUATUS, Linn. )\

29. Toranus Gtortis, Linn.

30. AcTITIS HYPOLEUCUs, Linn.

31. TRInGA suBARQUATA, Gm.)

These four species all live in the swamps in the neighbourhood of

the town. They are not common; the last, killed in June or July,

exhibits winter plumage.

32. STERNA MELANOPTERA, Swains.

Rare. I observed this species in Bahia d’Oeste, and never saw it

in any other part of the island.

33. PHAETHON ZTHEREUS, L.

I saw this bird a few times flying about the coast of the island.

34. Sua FIBER, L.

Common on the west coast of the island, where some rocks are .

quite white with their excrement.

These are the birds which I observed during my stay (from Apri!

to September 1865) in the island. A typical collection of all my birds

is in the possession of the Museum at Stettin. I have no doubt that

there are a few more species, especially Sylviade, Turdide, and water

birds; but I am sure that the following birds mentioned by Lopez

de Lima and Erman do not occur in Prince’s Island. These are—

Neophron pileatus, Burch. (Lopez de Lima.)

Nectarinia splendida, Shaw. (Erman.)

senegalensis, Linn. (Erman.)

Lamprotornis eneus, Linn. (Erman.)

Pogonias vieilloti, Leach. (Erman.)

332 MR. J. COUCH ON AUSONIA CUVIERI. [June 12,

Lopez de Lima has written-a book on the statistics of San Thomé

and Principe, in which he gives a short account of the natural history

of the two islands ; but he never visited them. Erman received some

skins of birds from Bissao and Principe from a Brazilian, and ran

the risk of mentioning those from Bissao as having been collected in

Principe, and vice versd. Their notes are therefore without value.

2. On the Occurrence on the Coast of Cornwall of an Exam-

ple of the Fish called Cuvier’s Ausonia or Luvaru. By

JonaTHaN Coucn, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &c.

Adusonia ecuvieri, Ginther’s Catalogue of Fishes in the British

Museum, ii. p. 414.

Luvarus imperialis, Rafinesque, Caratteri di aleuni Nuovi Generi

e Specie di Animali della Sicilia, p. 22.

Proctostegus, Nardo, Inaugural Dissertation in Prodromus Ob-

servationum Ichthyologize, Patavii, 1827.

Ausonia cuvieri.

This fish is now for the first time known in the British islands ;

and it is of the rarest occurrence even in the districts where it has

been met with, as may be seen from the scattered notices we have of

it in the writings of the Italian naturalists above referred to, as also

in the volume of Dr. Giinther, where we find a description, communi-

cated by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, of an example, supposed to be of the

same species, obtained in Madeira.

The circumstances under which our example of this fish was met

with in Cornwall appear to include a portion of its natural history,

since something similar is related of one which formed the subject

of Nardo’s observations ; and as our specimen has been added to the

collection in the British Museum, after it had incurred considerable

risk of being lost to science, it may be of some interest to relate a

portion of the particulars, the more especially as they will account

for the injury which it received at the time of its capture, and which

would have been greater but for the skill bestowed on its preserva-

tion by Mr. William Laughrin, A.L.S.

On the last day of April in the present year (1866), whilst the

1866.] MR. J. COUCH ON AUSONIA CUVIERI. 333

wind was strong from the east and waves rough, this fish was thrown

on shore alive, on a small beach near the Dodmen, on the south

coast of Cornwall; and besides some bruises which it then received,

and wounds from the attack of a Gull, a further and more formida-

ble danger was encountered from a fisherman who offered a price

for it, that it might furnish bait for his crab-pots—an ignoble fate,

from which the Sturgeon has not always escaped, and which I have

reason to believe that ether things of no small esteem to naturalists

have not unfrequently suffered. It happened, however, in the pre-

sent instance that a fisherman of greater intelligence was able, in my

behalf, to offer a higher price ; and I had the gratification of receiving

this fish in a condition in which I was able to perceive that it had

suffered nothing in its shape, its general condition, or colour.

The length of this example was, in a straight line to the fork of

the tail, 3 feet 9 inches, which may be regarded as about the usual

length of this flsh, since, while the specimen described by Rafinesque

is said to have measured 5 feet, that which is described by Nardo

did not exceed 23 feet, with a weight of 20 pounds, and that of

Rafinesque 110 rotuli. Of our fish, the depth where greatest was

14 inches; the body and head much compressed, smooth, without

the slightest appearance of scales ; and where portions of the surface

have been described as rough, as if sprinkled with bran, nothing like

it appeared, except slightly on the underside near the tail; but the

absence of this may, have been produced by the rough usage it had

received when thrown on shore by the waves. No mark of a lateral

line ; the gape restricted, but for its size the mouth capacious within ;

the jaws injured by violence, the lower a little protruded ; mystache

short and wide ; teeth none, either in the jaws or palate. Eye large,

round, low on the side of the head, in a line with the opening of

the mouth; nostrils close to the front, near the upper jaw, and

above them a falling in of the outline; a shallow depression running

backward from it along the border of the gill-covers, and continuous

with it a depression on the side, in which the pectoral fin may be

received. Gill-covers smooth, firm, shutting close, the hindmost

border elliptical, and not reaching to the root of the pectoral fin.

Above the falling in of the front the outline rises steeply in a circular

form, and is carried back in a moderately thin ridge to the dorsal

fin, which is behind the middle of the body, and opposite the anal.

The line of the belly is also firm and thin; the vent far forward

from the anal fin and under the pectoral, where it is covered with a

valve which moves on a hinge. Behind the dorsal and anal fins the

body becomes narrow and broader ; and on each side of this, near the

root of the tail, is a prominent carination, and slightly beyond this

a lower elevation on each side of it, resembling what is found on the

tail of the Mackerel. The termination of the body is a little ex-

panded, and at the insertion of the caudal fin slightly crenated. The

dorsal and anal fins have each thirteen stout rays; the pectoral,

whose origin is at a foot from the front, measures 10 inches in length,

narrow towards the end, with twenty rays, of which the lower are

short and slight; caudal fin forked, with twelve rays above and

334 MR. J. COUCH ON AUSONIA CUVIERI. (June 12,

pe: and between these portions a pair widely apart and more fan-

shaped.

Colour along the upper line of the head and body dark, with a

cast of blue; all besides bright silvery; and I was informed that

when first obtained, as the sun shone upon it, the brillianey was such

as to dazzle the eyes. Pectoral fins, caudal, and for the most part

the anal brilliant red, the first ray with its membrane of the latter

thicker than the others; the dorsal also a brilliant red, but the first

three rays of this fin, with their membrane, firmer and redder than

the others; the membrane between the other rays of this fin bor-

dered with dark. The upper pharyngeal bones were numerous,

hooked, slender, sharp, projecting, in, as usual, two pair of beds.

Air-bladder large. Nothing in the stomach; but its inner surface

studded over with projecting fleshy processes. I was not able to

ascertain the weight of this fish; but while by the fisherman who

obtained it it was judged to be about forty pounds, by others it was

believed to be at the least double that weight.

In the account which Rafinesque gives of his example of this fish

he makes the absence of a lateral line to be a character of the genus,

with the vent situated under the pectoral fin, and having on its an-

terior border a valve to cover it. His specimen was obtained in the

middle of June, in the year 1808, near Solanto, in Sicily; and in

describing it he especially notices the absence of teeth and the limited

extent of the mouth; the branchial rays fours rays of the dorsal

and anal fins fourteen, of the pectoral twelve, in which probably he

did not count such as were of small size, or they might have been

lost. And he adds that it was called by the people ‘“ Luvaru Im-

periale,” from the resemblance of its colour in some particulars to

that of the fish Luvaro, which is the local name of the Sparus pa-

gellus ; but whether this name was imposed on it at the moment or

from long usage he does not say.

Dr. Gulia, in his enumeration of the fish of his native island

Malta, says nothing of this species, except in a MS. note written in

a copy of the work kindly presented to me by himself (Tentamen

Ichthyologize Melitensis) ; but in another work (Repertorio di Storia

Naturale, 1864) he mentions it on the authority of Professor

Terafa, who appears to have seen even more than one example in that

island. 3

But it is to Nardo, in his Inaugural Thesis, that we are in-

debted for a more extended account of this fish, as well of its ex-

ternal as of its internal structure, together with a figure, which, if

not in the best style of art, is sufficiently exact to assure us of the

form of the species. It appears, however, to have been drawn after

the specimen had passed under the hands of the preserving artist ;

but in referring to his description I shall notice only those promi-

nent particulars which throw some light on my own description

and observations. It was in September 1826 that his example was

caught, by some boys with their hands as it wandered among some

rocks close to the shore in the harbour of Palestrina; and at the

time when he wrote, it was preserved in a private museum at that

a ae

1866. ] MR. J. COUCH ON AUSONIA CUVIERI. 335

place. As it was entirely unknown (as far as he could learn) to all

naturalists, he assigned to it the generic and specific name of Proc-

tostegus, from Greek words which are expressive of the remarkable

valve that covers and conceals the vent—a character which seems

to be singular in this family of fishes. It was observed that this

valve or covering was raised or let down by a voluntary action of

the fish. The shape of the fish he compares in some degree to

that of the Coryphena, which is the Dolphin of sailors: the body

without scales, but with some roughness on the surface; the mouth

small and half circular, and without teeth; branchial rays three or

four. He assigns to it, both in his description and figure, a lateral

line, which became more distinct when the skin was dry; and he

notices a rosy tinge on the lower surface of the body. The anal fin

had fourteen rays, pectoral sixteen, and the vertebrae were counted

as twenty. The inner surface of the stomach was studded with

fleshy processes such as I have described; and in its cavity was

found seaweed mingled with slime, a circumstance which explains

the nature of its food. The substance of this fish is said to resemble

. beef, and to be of delicious flavour.

In Dr. Giinther’s ‘Catalogue,’ already referred to, there is a

lengthened description of a species of this genus, which is supposed

to be the same as that described by the Italian naturalists, and

consequently as the Cornish example; but between the latter and

that which had come under the observation of Mr. Lowe there are

some important differences, which appear to point to a difference of

species. Thus in the fish of Madeira, in front of the dorsal fin a

separate spine was seated in a groove, into which it could be received,

and there is also mention of a spine in front of the anal; but neither

separate spine nor groove existed in our fish. Also, instead of a

single and somewhat thickened cover, which, perhaps, in its ordi-

nary condition lay flat on the vent (which portion of its body, from

its apparent tenderness, seemed to require protection), in Mr. Lowe’s

fish this covering was double, being formed of “ two short bony tri-

angular prismatic spines, covering the vent like a pair of folding-

doors.” There were also “ perfectly distinct” teeth in a single row

in both jaws, and the hindmost rays of the dorsal fin were feebly

branched.

Variation of colour is less to be regarded when occurring in fishes

from different regions; but in this case the specimen is described as

of a uniform iridescent pale steel or lead, reflecting rosy, lilac, or

purple tints towards the back, silvery towards the belly and about

the head ; the dorsal and anal fins black in the membrane, with

vermilion rays; pectoral fin 7 inches long, bright vermilion, as also

the caudal; ventrals, as they are termed, flesh-coloured ; the spine

in front of the dorsal and anal fins whitish. The patches of the

crust of the body were of a pale pink or dirty white tint ; ‘inside of

the mouth purplish or dark mulberry-red. In none of these parti-

culars did it resemble our fish.

336 DR, A. GUNTHER ON AUSONIA CUVIERI. [June 12,

3. Remarks on the Skeleton of Ausonia cuvieri.

By Auzert Ginruer, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.

Several years ago, when on a visit at Frankfort to examine typical

specimens of the Senckenbergian Museum, my attention was directed

to a skeleton of Ausonia cuvieri, perhaps the only osteological ex-

ample of this fish existing in a Museum of Natural History, for

which, as for most of its zoological treasures, Frankfort is indebted

to the indefatigable zeal of Riippell. Not only did Dr. Riippell allow

me to make notes from the specimen, but gave me, besides, a drawing

of the skeleton, which is reproduced in the accompanying woodcut,

and his notes on the splanchnology. The latter, however, do not

contain anything not previously observed in Nardo’s memoir “ De

Proctostego.”

As I am not aware that any notice of the osteology of this unex-

pected visitor to the British seas has been published, I think it right

not to pass by this occasion of appending my notes to the preceding

paper of Mr. Couch.

I infer, from the feeble development of the whole osseous structure,

and particularly from the relatively small quantity of inorganic sub-

stance, that Ausonia is a deep-sea fish, inhabiting not that deeper

zone in which Plagyodus (Steller, = Alepidosaurus, Lowe) and other

carnivorous fishes live, and where a vegetable-eater, such as Auso-

nia evidently is, could not subsist, but a zone at a depth of perhaps

a hundred fathoms, perhaps in company with Centrolophus and

Pomatomus*.

The configuration of the bones of the skull will be seen from the

accompanying figure. The prefrontal is elongate, straight, extend-

ing from the upper margin or the orbit to the extremity of the snout,

where it terminates in a slight swelling which is the union with that

of the other side. The fronto-parietal crest is subtriangular, and

commences immediately behind that swelling; it is slightly thick-

ened. Maxillary extremely feeble. Vertebree 11/11. The first

interneural spine is very strong, much longer and stronger than the

others (which are thin and styliform), flat, sabre-shaped, and de-

scends to above the occipital foramen, in front of the first neural

spine, which is still stronger than the bone just described. The

second neural spine has a broad basal portion which passes abruptly

into the upper thin and styliform portion. One interneural gene-

rally corresponds to a neural. All the interneurals are so much

dilated above that their upper extremities appear to be united by

one semiossified ligament, which extends from the parietal crest to

the end of the dorsal. The first rib is attached to the third verte-

bra, the tenth vertebra is without rib; all the ribs are anchylosed

with the centra of the vertebrae, opposite to the base of the neural

spines. The hzmal of the eleventh vertebra is extremely long and

slender, arched forward, and passing into a semiossified ligament

* Dr. Riippell has also presented to the Senckenbergian Museum a skeleton of

Pomatomus telescopium; it has 13/13 vertebra.

1866.]

DR. A. GUNTHER ON AUSONIA CUVIERI.

Skeleton of Ausonia cuwert,

337

338 LIEUT. ANNESLEY ON GONODACTYLUS CHIRAGRA. [June 12,

which, similarly to that on the dorsal outline of the skeleton, unites

the extremities of the interhemals, extending from the end of the

anal to the pubic bones, and forming a complete but feeble ring

round and supporting the abdominal cavity. The pubic bones are

very short and coalesced, but slightly divergent behind, so as to

leave a narrow opening for the vent, which can be entirely closed by

the rudimentary and coalesced but ossified ventral fins, which serve

in this fish as a sphincter ani.

The formula of fin-rays of this specimen are:—D. 13. A. 14.

C.7+16+6. P.15.

4.. Notes on the Habits of Gonodactylus chiragra. By Lieut.

O. F. T. Annestey, R.A. (Communicated by Dr. J. E.

Gray.)

In May 1865, while stationed at Aden, I caught by a small hand-

dredge in a rock-pool an animal which I have since learnt is most

probably the “ Gonodactylus chiragra,” and for rather more than a

month I kept it, sometimes in a small tumbler, sometimes in a large

glass lamp, one of those which are occasionally used in halls, hanging

from the ceiling, and which when arranged form by no means a bad

aquarium.

The colour of the animal, which was of a brownish yellow, has

greatly faded since its death.

Perhaps what strikes one most is the two curious prehensile claws

with which the creature is provided. These are, I believe, used as

instruments of defence and offence, and are really most powerful

weapons. The animal seems to possess the power of darting them for-

ward with very great force; and so beautifully are they constructed

that they appear never to suffer any injury, however hard may be

the substance against which they are driven.

I have not forgotten how I first became acquainted with the fierce

propensities of the animal. I was moving one of the objects in the

aquarium with a long pencil; in doing so I passed the pencil along

the bottom near the animal, which, without further provocation,

darted at it, nearly striking it out of my hand and astonishing me

not alittle. And afterwards, whenever the pencil was moved towards

it, the animal invariably attacked it furiously ; in fact I think his

temper grew worse from our continually provoking him.

Frequently when sitting at the end of the room I have heard

repeated knocks against the sides of the glass, occasioned by the

attacks of this animal against the harmless Ophiuri, who, when tra-

velling round the sides of the aquarium, inadvertently touched him

with one of their curious rays, which, though composed of hard cal-

careous matter, were always severed by a single blow from the claw

of the Gonodactylus.

For the sake of experiment I enclosed an Ophiurus (each of whose

rays measured about 4 inches) and the animal in a tumbler, when the

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 339

former had no means of escape, and in a short time it was literally

cut to-pieces by the repeated attacks of the animal.

I do not believe he fed upon any portion of the Ophiurus, but

merely destroyed it because it came in its way.

Though possessing a voracious appetite, feeding greedily on dc-

tinié and similar forms, it can live very well upon animalcula in the

water, as I have kept it without food for days together.

When swimming about, the fins or gills, five rows of which are

placed under the belly of the creature, present a most beautiful ap-

pearance, resembling the finest feathers.

The Gonodactylus chiragra’s death was caused by the poisonous

gases evolved from a Holothurium which died one night in the

aquarium.

5. On a Collection of Coleoptera from Formosa, sent home

by R. Swinhoe, Esq., H.B.M. Consul, Formosa. By

H. W. Bares, F.Z.S.

Mr. Swinhoe having kindly forwarded to me a collection of Coleo-

pterous Insects made by himself in different parts of the island of

Formosa, with a request that I would report upon its contents to the

Zoological Society, I now proceed to give the results of my examina-

tion. The collection, although consisting of a very large number of

specimens, contains only 285 species ; the materials therefore cannot

afford us so ample an illustration of the Coleopterous Fauna of the

island as could be wished, seeing that a region so varied in its phy-

sical conditions and lying partly within the tropics must nourish

many thousand species of this order of insects. The following is an

enumeration of the representatives of the different families ;—

Cicindelide.... 8 | Histeride .... 1 | Rhynchophora.. 27

Carabide .... 18 | Lamellicornes.. 47 | Anthribide.... 3

Dyticide...... 6 | Lucanide...... 7 | Longicornes.... 34

Gyrinide...... 1 | Serricornes.... 16 | Phytophaga .. 62

Brachelytra.... 1 | Malacodermes.. 7 | Langurie...... 1

Dermestide.... 2 | Cleride ...... 4 | Coccinellide .. 7

Bostrichide.... 1 | Heteromera.... 32

In a first collection made by a person not especially occupied with

entomology there must necessarily be a considerable proportion of

common and widely distributed species, as these, in tropical countries,

are such as are found in the neighbourhood of dwellings and planta-

tions, and therefore are the first to attract attention. This is so in

the present case, about one-half of the species sent being already

known as inhabiting the neighbouring continent or the islands of the

Malay archipelago. The other half are probably new; but many

of them belonging to difficult and hitherto unworked groups, cannot

be at present satisfactorily decided upon. I do not find in the col-

lection, what I had hoped for, any traces of great peculiarity in the

340 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

Formosan fauna as regards the Coleoptera. Of thirty-eight new

species which I have to describe (excluding for the present the ob-

scure groups as already mentioned), sixteen are closely allied to known

Chinese specific forms, fourteen to species more widely distributed

over Eastern Asia, two to Philippine Island forms, and six only are

not very closely allied to any known species; these latter, however,

are not strikingly peculiar, and have their nearest allies in Tropical

Asian forms. The relations of the known species are not very different

from those of the new ones. Thus, out of the sixty-nine known

species which I have determined with the help of a few entomolo-

gical friends who study special groups, no less than forty-seven are

Chinese, twenty-six of wider distribution, or found in other parts of

Tropical Asia, but not in China, and three Japanese or Japanese and

Chinese. It must be borne in mind that we are at present very im-

perfectly acquainted with the insects of China ; and consequently the

relations of the two faunas may be still more intimate. In the letter

which accompanied the collection, Mr. Swinhoe mentioned a species

of Damaster, a highly peculiar Japanese generic form, as contained

in the boxes. I have not succeeded in finding this insect in the col-

lection, and am afraid it is. lost, as the boxes were opened in transit.

The discovery of a Damaster in the island of Formosa would have

been the most interesting fact to record in a paper on the Coleoptera

of the island.

The friends who have assisted me in the determination of the new

species are Major F. J. S. Parry in the Lueanide, Mr. J. S. Baly

in the Phytophaga, and Mr. Janson in the Elateride. All these

gentlemen kindly allowed me to examine the type specimens of de-

scribed Chinese and Asiatic species in their collections.

CICINDELID.

CICINDELA KALEEA.

Gracilis, thorace angustato, subcylindrico, medio paulo latiore ;

capite thoraceque minutissime crebre punctatis, opacis, obscure

cupreis; elytris nigris, opacis, leviter viridi-eneo tinctis, sparsim

punctatis, macula parva humerali, tribus discoidalibus quarum

duabus posterioribus interdum conneais, lineola marginali alte-

raque apicali virguliformi albis; capite inter oculos modice

depresso, multistrigoso ; labro testaceo (3 ), medio producto

et sinuato-truncato, dente parvo acuto ; antennis modice elon-

gatis; corpore subtus pedibusque elongatis, viridi-eneis.

Long. 43 lin., 3.

A slender species, allied to the group to which C. argentata (Fab.)

belongs, but of a more elongate form, with head more depressed be-

tween the eyes, and thorax more elongate and cylindrical. The

colours are obscure, and the surface of the elytra very opake. The

labrum (in the male) is transverse, produced in the middle, with the

front edge of the produced part sinuate truncate, and having a small

tooth in the middle of the truncature; but the lateral angles of the

truncature are not dentiform. The elytra have a sutural spine ; their

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 341

surface is marked with a number of shallow scattered punctures,

having a brassy greenish tinge. The white spots are sometimes more

and sometimes less developed; the anterior discoidal spot is some-

times linear, and clavate at its posterior end ; it is the hinder portion

of what in other species is the humeral lunule; the lateral line is

sometimes absent ; the apical virgula narrows off, and does not reach

the sutural angle.

CICINDELA PSILICA.

Gracilis, thorace cylindrico, angusto ; capite thoraceque tenuiter

strigosis, aureo-cupreis, late cyaneo marginatis ; elytris obscure

cupreis, sutura viridi, lateribus eyaneo limbatis, equaliter di-

stincte punctatis, lunula humerali brevi, macula parva trans-

versa laterali apud medium alterisque duabus apicalibus albis ;

capite inter oculos valde depresso, utrinque multistriato; labro

utroque sexu testaceo, medio dente valido, margine anteriore

recto, angulis lateralibus distinctis ; antennis gracilibus, elon-

gatis ; elytris dente suturali acuto; subtus pedibusque elon-

gatis viridi-eneis.

Long. 43 lin., ¢ 2.

Closely allied to C. eraspedota, Schaum, from Celebes, differing

in being rather more elongated, with the elytra opake instead of

shining, and in having a humeral lunule and a spot at the sutural

apex of the elytra. The thorax is elongate, narrow, and almost per-

fectly cylindrical. The head is strongly depressed between the eyes ;

the labrum has in both sexes a longish central tooth, and its front

edge forms a straight line from the tooth to the lateral angles, which

are distinct. The antennz are long and slender; the palpi pale

yellow, with the terminal joints brassy green. The head and thorax

are of a rather bright coppery hue with a golden tinge, and with

their sides broadly margined with greenish blue. The elytra are dull

copper, and uniformly covered with largish and distant punctures ;

the suture is shining green, and the lateral borders dark greenish

blue; the humeral lunule is short and slender, the marginal spot in

the middle is broader than long, the subapical marginal spot is small

and reniform.

CoLLyRIS FORMOSANA.

Cyanea, nitida, elytris viridi-ceruleis, capite et thorace lete vio-

laceis, labro chalybeo ; antennis subelongatis, articulis basali-

bus cyaneis, 3°—7™ rufo-piceis (cetera desunt); capite pone ocu-

los subquadrato, angulis rotundatis, fronte bisulcata, interstitio

longitudinaliter elevato; thorace capite paulo longiore, prope

apicem et basin modice strangulato, parte media rotundata ;

elytris equaliter usque ad apices punctatis, apice ( 2) flexuoso-

truncutis, angulo suturali producto ; femoribus anticis et inter-

mediis rufis, geniculis cum tibiis et tarsis piceis ; pedibus pos-

ticis nigris, femoribus basi rufis, trochanteribus omnibus rufis.

Long. 7 lin., 2.

Similar in shape to C. filiformis, Chaud. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864,

342 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

pl. 8. f. 9); head distinctly longer behind the eyes, but similar in

outline; thorax rather more abruptly narrowed anteriorly, smooth

and glossy violet (together with the head), and having very few

punctures, with sides greyish hirsute. Elytra gradually widening

from base to apex, clear dark blue, becoming greenish towards the

suture, uniformly closely and distinctly punctured ; apex transversely

sinuate truncate, rounded exteriorly and sinuated near the suture ;

sutural angle forming a distinct tooth.

The other species of Cicindelide in the collection are—

C. puncratisstma, Schaum.

Found also at Amoy.

C. nrvercincra, Chevr.

A Hong Kong species.

C. AURULENTA, Fab.

A widely distributed species in South-eastern Asia.

C. semivittata, Fab.

Also widely distributed, from India to Celebes and the Philippines.

C. sexpuncratTa, Fab.

Found also in India and the Philippines.

CARABID.

Cuianius (DIAPHEROPSOFHUS) SWINHOEI.

Robustus, supra niger opacus, ereberrime punctatus ; elytris sin-

gulis paulo ante medium macula magna transversa fulva, striatis,

striis viz distinete punctatis ; antennis medio dilatatis, arti-

culis tribus basalibus rufis; tibiis anticis et intermediis basi

extus flavo-testaceis.

Long. 83 lin., ¢.

Robust, and with stout, moderately short legs. Head large, con-

tracted behind, the eyes (which are prominent) closely punctured,

slightly shining, black ; labrum, palpi, and antenne, except the three

rufous basal joints, black. Thorax quadrate, with the sides regularly

rounded and hind angles indistinct, as wide in the middle as the base

of the elytra, very closely and coarsely punctured, dull black ; longi-

tudinal line distinct anteriorly; basal depressions elongated and

shallow. ‘The elytra are striated, and the striz scarcely perceptibly

punctured, except near the base. The fulvous spot of the elytra has

its posterior edge in the middle of the elytra, and extends from the

eighth to the third interstice inclusive, widest on the sixth, and very

narrow on the third. Body beneath shining black, coarsely punc-

tured on the sides; legs black, basal half of anterior and middle

tibize on the outside flavescent.

This species differs from C.(Diaph.) mellyi (Chaudoir), an Indian

1866.) MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 343

species, in the strize of the elytra being scarcely punctured; the

punctures are visible only with a lens, and chiefly near the base.

The elytra are also more elongated than in C. mellyi. I do not

know whether it may not be the C. planicornis (Laferté), also an

Indian species ; but the author has never published its characters.

LAMELLICORNES.

ANOMALA CORRUGATA.

Oblongo-elongata, prope apicem paulo dilatata, supra viridi-enea

testaceo marginata, passim grosse creberrime confluenter punc-

tata; clypeo marginibus elevatis, testaceo; thorace antice vir

angustato, medio longitudinaliter impresso ; elytris utrinque

costis quatuor angustis levibus; corpore subtus pedibusque

rufo-testaceis ; abdomine fusco-eneo ; tarsis piceis.

Long. 63-73 lin.

An elongate species, widest close to the apex of the elytra; above

fine light brassy green and shining, notwithstanding the coarsé con-

fluent punctuation with which the surface is covered, with the ex-

ception of the suture and ribs of the elytra. The borders of the

clypeus, lateral margins of the thorax, and deflexed edges of the

elytra are yellowish testaceous. The body beneath and legs are

reddish testaceous, with the abdomen darker and brassy, and the

tarsi pitchy.

ANOMALA INCONCINNA.

Oblonga, postice dilatata, sordide rufo-testacea eneo tincta,

capite thoraceque medio eneis ; clypeo refleco-marginato, grosse

confluenter punctato, marginibus rufo-testaceis, vertice minus

dense confluenter punctato; antennis piceo-rufis, clava (2)

parva; thorace crebre punctato, nitido, linea dorsali leviter

impressa ; scutello lateribus grosse punctatis ; elytris oblongis

(2), strits 13 fortiter impressis, grosse punctatis, stria secunda

a sutura latiore multipunctata, striis 5“ et 8° minus profunde

impressis, interstitiis punctatis, colore sordide rufo-testaceis,

@neo leviter micantibus; corpore subtus pedibusque passim

punctatis, sordide rufo-testaceis, parce pilosis ; abdomine eneo

micante ; unguiculis majoribus, anticis et intermediis apice

fissis.

Long. 6 lin., 2.

EUCHLORA EXPANSA.

Magna, ovata, convera, supra viridis leviter aureo micans, minute

punctata, glabra ; infra viridi-enea, lateribus tenuiter pubes-

cens, pedibus violaceis, elytris utrinque margine postico in lobum

foliaceum reflerum expansis. 12!".

Large, ovate, and convex ; above green, with a slight golden tinge,

finely punctulate, less densely so towards the suture of the elytra,

and the longitudinal lines very faintly indicated. Beneath the colour

is dark brassy green, glabrous, except a few hairs on the sides ; legs

344 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

violet, tinged here and there with brassy. The hind margin of each

elytron, before it curves to the apex, is expanded into a thin reflexed

lobe, the underside of which is black.

Euchlora expansa.

EUCHLORA CASTANEOVENTRIS.

Oblonga, supra viridis paulo micans, infra cum pedibus fusco-

castaneis ; capite subrugoso-punctato ; thorace crebre punctu-

lato; elytris grossius punctatis, hic illic plicatis, lineis longi-

tudinalibus distinctis.

Long. 8—9} lin.

Distinguished from the allied species by the under surface of the

body and legs being of a chestnut hue without any trace of metallic

lustre, the tarsi and sometimes the tibie being darker. The shape

of the body is more oblong than ovate; the pygidium is of the same

green colour as the whole of the upper surface. The surface of the

elytra is somewhat uneven, the punctures irregular and interrupted

here and there with transverse wrinkles, the longitudinal lines of

punctures and the ribs which they form are rather distinctly marked.

EUCHLORA TRACHYPYGA.

Elliptica, vix conrexa, viridis paulo nitens, crebre equaliter sed

haud grosse punctata ; thorace antice valde angustato ; elytris

a medio distincte angustatis, margine membranaceo latissimo ;

pygidio magno, fere plano, obliquo, densissime subtiliter punc-

tato-rugoso, opaco; segmento dorsali penultimo nigro ; corpore

subtus cupreo, pectoris et abdominis lateribus tomentosis ; pe-

dibus supra viridibus, infra cupreis.

Long. 103 lin.

Judging from the description, this species seems to be closely allied

to E. albopilosa (Hope, Burm.), a Japanese insect ; but this is re-

presented as having distinct coste on the elytra and a hairy pygi-

dium: the remarkable form and sculpture of the pygidium, too, is

not noticed. The general form is elliptical and flattened above ; the

elytra are narrowed from before the middle, and from this point com-

mences the membranous border, which is very broad in this species.

1866.) MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 345

MIMELA SIMPLEX.

Ovata, omnino @eneo-olivaceo-viridis, nitidissima ; clypeo creber-

rime, vertice cum thorace minus dense, elytris sparsim punctu-

latis ; elytris interstitiis linearum punctorum levibus, plicis

nonnullis lateralibus ; thorace lateribus trifoveolatis.

Long. 94 lin.

An ovate species, broader than Mimela splendens. The entire

body and legs uniform olivaceous brassy green, brightly shining.

The whole surface is minutely punctured ; but the punctures are few

and scattered on the elytra, and the spaces between the pairs of lon-

gitudinal lines of points are quite smooth ; a few transverse wrinkles

exist near the sides.

MIMELA IGNICAUDA.

Breviter ovata, supra viridi-enea nitens, elytrorum marginibus

precipue apicalibus aureo-cupreis ; clypeo maris angustissime,

femine late testaceo marginato, minute punctulato ; *thorace

lateribus irregulariter late foveolatis, sulco utrinque basali pro-

Sunde impresso, maris unicolort, femine testaceo marginato ;

elytris grosse, parum profunde et subsparsim punctutis, inter-

stitiis angustioribus levibus, latioribus interdum transverse pli-

catis ; corpore subtus obscure eneo-piceo; pedibus maris ob-

secure eneis, femoribus testaceis, femine pedibus testaceis eneo

tinctis.

Long. 5-54 lin.

A small species, broadly ovate in the male, more elongate in the

female, with the elytra, in both, dilated near the apex. The colour is

dark brassy green, passing gradually into coppery on the sides of the

elytra, and of a brilliant golden copper below the apical callus. The

thorax is very minutely punctured ; but the sides are occupied with

a number of shallow irregular depressions, and there is a deep sulcus

running obliquely near the hind margin on each side. The male has

scarcely any trace of pale-testaceous margins; and, beneath, the femora

are only sometimes of this colour ; the female, however, has broadish

pale margins to the clypeus and sides of thorax, and the under sur-

face and legs are in large part of the same hue. The pygidium is

brassy green and sparsely punctured.

MIMELA CHRYSEIS.

M. splendenti colore similis, sed in utroque sexu oblongior, gros-

sius punctata, oblonga, testacea ; capite thoraceque viridi vel

aureo-viridi micantibus, nitidissimis ; elytris auratis ; clypeo

densissime rugoso-punctato ; thorace grosse subsparsim punc-

tato ; elytris grossius punctatis, singulis sutura et costis (non-

dum elevatis) quatuor levibus lineis punctorum marginatis ;

pygidio glabro, splendente, convexo, grosse distincte punctato,

punctis rotundis ; corpore subtus et pedibus testaceis, viridi-

aureo micantibus, pectore lateribus coxisque posticis dense ru-

goso-punctatis, abdomine interdum cupreo.

Long. 74-9 lin.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1866, No. XXIII.

346 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

Very similar in general colour and other characters to M. splendens,

but much more oblong in figure and more coarsely punctured ; the

punctures of the elytra are large and distinct ; the pygidium is con-

vex and covered, but not closely, with large round punctures, its

sides are distinctly sinuated, and its surface glabrous and brilliant.

The male is relatively shorter and broader behind than the female.

I have compared this species with type specimens of Mimela chv-

nensis, Kirby (= splendens, Sch.), in Major Parry’s collection.

PECTINICORNIA.

NEOLUCANUS SWINHOEI.

I am indebted to Major F. J. S. Parry for the following diagnosis

and description of this fine insect :—

“ Latus, levis, niger; mandibulis capitis longitudine arcuatis,

interne irregulariter serratis, supra ante apicem dente parvo

suberecto armatis ; capite ad angulos anticos subquadrato ;

prothoracis angulis posticis subtruncatis; elytris castaneo-

fSulvis, basi extrema et scutello nigris ; tibiis anticis latis, den-

ticulatis, quatuor posticis inermibus. 3.

“Long. ¢ (mandib. excl.) 1! 4!'-1" 6".

Neolucanus swinhoet.

‘Closely resembling N. castanopterus of Northern India; its

general form, however, is somewhat broader, the elytra more elon-

gated, of different convexity, and less rounded at their extremity.

The prothorax is wider in proportion, more depressed; head broader,

with subquadrate angles more produced, less polished ; the form of

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 347

mandibles (in well-developed males) is totally different, the apical

suberect tooth resembling that of other species found in China, such

as N. sinicus and N. championi.”

To this description I will add that the feebly developed males have

scarcely any trace of the erect tooth, and therefore do not much differ

from the same form in N. castanopterus ; the side of the head before

the eyes remains, however, always much more dilated laterally than

in NV. castanopterus. The convexity of the elytra culminates at one-

third of their length, and then gradually slopes to the apex; in NV.

castanopterus the elytra are convex to about three-fourths of their

length, and then dip rather abruptly to the apex.

The female resembles the male in colour and form; but the sides

of the head are much more dilated exterior to the eyes, and angulated.

/EGUS FORMOS. |

go levicolli simillimus, differt tantum ( 3 ) elytris ad basin an-

guste et apud latera late crebre punctatis, interstitio tertio a

margine etiam multo latiore.

This apparently common Formosan species is so closely similar to

A’. levicollis of China that it can scarcely be considered more than

an insular modification of it. In the punctuation of the elytra it

is almost identical with 4. capitatus of Malacca and Borneo; but

it differs much from that species in the shape of the thorax, position

of the mandibular teeth, and in other points, in which it agrees

exactly with 4. levicollis.

NIGIDIUS PARRYI.

Oblongus, niger, nitidus ; capite quam thorax paulo angustiore,

lateribus ante oculos rotundato-dilatato haud angulato, fronte

depressa sparsim minus grosse punctata ; mandibulis ( 3) por-

rectis, apice recurvatis, supra rugoso-punctatis absque dente

erecto, intus obtuse dentatis; thorace angulis anticis obtusis,

margine laterali antice incrassato, medio valde emarginato, an-

gulis posticis late rotundatis, supra levi, nitido, sulco dorsali

abbreviato rugoso, plaga parva utrinque laterali punctata:

elytris late punctato-sulcatis.

Long. (mand. excl.) 113 lin., mand. 14 lin. ¢.

A more elongated insect than the other two continental Asiatic

species (JV. cornutus and N. odesus), and differing from all the allied

species in entirely wanting the erect tooth or horn-shaped dorsal

apophysis of the mandibles. The sides of the head are rounded

before the eyes, and not produced into a point. The thorax has the

lateral margin excavated in the middle. The sulci of the elytra are

wide and deep, and have a chain of fovez, but are destitute of the

lines of fine punctures seen in N. /evicollis ; the interstices are nar-

row, polished, and impunctate.

NIG1DIUS FORMOSANUS.

Oblongo-elongatus, niger ; capite ante oculos dilatato, angulis

—

348 MR. H, W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

acutis, supra lituris parvis curvatis impresso, lateribus rugosis ;

mandibulis brevibus, intus bidentatis, supra cornu suberecto

curvato obtuso armatis, dense foveolatis; thorace lateribus

medio emarginatis, supra passim punctato ; elytris presertim

dorso minus profunde sulcatis, sulcis fundo serie punctorum

ocellarium impressis, interstitiis punctulatis.

Long. (mand. excl.) 6 lin., mand. } lin.

Much more slender and proportionally narrower than J. levicollis;

head very similar in shape, but the lateral dilatation not so much

prolonged or retrocurved, the hind edge from the acute apex being

transverse to the axis of the body ; surface of the head covered with

small semicircular impressions; mandibles thickly, coarsely, and

deeply pitted ; the dorsal apophysis is directed obliquely forward,

curved inwards, and obtuse at the apex. The sulci of the elytra are

wide and shallow towards the suture, the foveee in their bottoms are

ocellated and distinct one from the other ; the sides of the interstices

have a row of fine punctures.

The other species of Lucanide are :—

OpDONTOLABIS CARINATUS, Linn.

A Silhet or North-east Indian insect.

CLADOGNATHUS INCLINATUS, Motschoulsky. n

Hitherto known ouly from Japan.

EURYTRACHELUS PLATYMELUS, Saund.

A Chinese species.

SERRICORNES.

LACON FORMOSANUS.

L. bipapulato simillimus quoad formam et colorem; thorace an-

tice latiore magis rotundato, ante basin magis sinuato angulisque

posticis productis quasi lobatis; eorpore toto brunneo, tomento

fulvo-brunneo plagiatim vestito; capite thoraceque grosse crebre

punctatis ; elytris grosse striato-punctatis, interstitiis crebre

punctulatis.

Long. 83 lin.

Much resembling L. bipapulatus (Candéze, Monogr. Elatérid.

Suppl. p. 11), a Chinese species, and differing almost solely in the

form of the thorax, which is more rounded on the sides anteriorly,

more sinuated towards the base, with the hind angles more pro-

duced; the latter form almost lobular projections, truncated at their

apices,

LACON SETIGER.

Elongatus, postice subabrupte attenuatus, corpore supra setis

brevibus erectis brunneis dense vestito; capite grosse et pro-

Sunde punctato, nigro, fulvo squamoso ; antennis rufis, articulis

quatuor basalibus piceo-nigris, articulis 2° et 3° subequalibus

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 349

quam 4S multo minoribus : thorace elongato-quadrato, medio

vir dilatato, angulis anticis et posticis late truncatis, supra

convexo, profunde punctato, nigro, fulvo-griseo squamoso, ma-

culis duabus rotundatis et vitta abbreviata longitudinali nudis ;

elytris a medio subabrupte angustatis, striato-punctatis, inter-

stitiis punctulatis, rufo-castaneis, fulvo-griseo nebulose squa-

matis ; corpore subtus fuliginoso, rugoso, griseo squamato ; pe-

dibus piceis.

Long. 9 lin.

This species is remarkable in the genus to which it belongs for the

setose clothing of the upper surface of the body. It is one of the

most peculiar insects in the collection.

MELANOTUS UMBER.

Modice elongatus, convexior, fuliginosus, subnitens, pube saureo-

Sulva subdecumbente minus dense vestitus ; capite parvo, supra

convexo, crebre punctato, nitido, carina frontali fortiter cur-

vata; antennis piceo-rufis ; pedibus pallide rufis ; thorace valde

convexo, dense nec grosse punctato, lateribus antice modice ro-

tundatis ; elytris minus nitidis, aspere punctulatis, fortiter

punctato-striatis ; corpore subtus concolori. |

Long. 7 lin.

MELANOTUS TAMSUYENSIS.

Elongatus, depressus, piceo-fuliginosus, subnitens, pube grisea

suberecta minus dense vestitus; capite supra grosse crebre

punctato, carina frontali late rotundata, epistomate cum labro

fuliginosis, palpis piceo-rufis; antennis omnino fusco-piceis ;

pedibus piceo-rufis ; thorace lateribus subrectis, antice paulo

angustato, supra vix convexo crebre punctato ; elytris striato-

punctatis, interstitiis punctulatis ; corpore subtus piceo-fuligi-

noso.

Long. 73 lin.

SILESIS MUTABILIS.

S. absimili vicina, colore variabilis, testacea cum thoracis disco

nigricante, vel brunneo-testacea, vel obscure fusca thoracis an-

gulis posticis solum obscure testaceis, yel denique tota nigro-

fusca; pube grisea decumbente vestita, nihilominus nitida :

capite thoraceque dense punctatis ; elytris punctato-striatis,

interstitiis punctulatis ; pedibus rufo-testaceis ; antennis piceis,

articulis basalibus rufis.

Long. 23-3 lin.

Much resembles S. absimilis (Cand. Mon. Elatér.), a Hong Kong

species ; differs in being more slender and very variable in colour.

There are a dozen specimens in the collection, no two of which are

alike in respect of colour. The pubescence is not very dense; and

the surface is shining, especially the disk of the thorax, which is very

glossy.

350 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [Juve 12,

The following Chinese species of Elateride are also contained in

the collection :—

CAMPTOSTERNUS FULGENS, Fab.

AGRYPNUS POLITUS, Candéze.

AGONISCHIUS OBSCURIPES, Gyll.

All three found also in Cochin China, the Himalayas, &c.

Hemrioprs riavus, Laporte.

Also Malay archipelago, Himalayas, &c.

MELANOXANTHUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Thunb.

Widely distributed over the tropical parts of the Old World.

LONGICORNES.

PHILUS PALLESCENS.

Elongatus, subcylindricus, pallide fusco-cervinus, pube pallida

subdecumbente vestitus ; capite pone oculos elongatulo et leviter

angustato, supra creberrime punctato ; oculis magnis ; tuberi-

bus antenniferis incrassatis ; antennis leviter serratis, rufo-

cervinis, articulis 3°°-11™™ subequalibus, maris corpore multo,

femine paulo, longioribus ; thorace parvo, subrotundato, supra

inequali, crebre punctato ; elytris subcylindricis, maris apice

subacuminatis, supra minute crebre punctatis, carinulis indi-

stinctis dorsalibus duabus ; corpore subtus pedibusque obscure

rufo-cervinis, articulo ultimo tarsorum tenut.

Long. 8-9 lin., dQ.

Differs from the North China Philus inconspicuus (Saunders) by

its paler colour, much less hirsute body, and longer and slenderer an-

tennz, especially in the female.

ERYTHRUS FORMOSANUS.

E. championi simillimus, multo magis elongatus, scutello nigro ;

capite supra, antennis, corpore subtus (capite prothoraceque

rufis exceptis) et pedibus nigris ; thorace tuberculis duobus

solum nigris ; elytris elongatis, apice serratis, angulo suturali

spiniformi, medio unicostatis.

Long. 9 lin.

Closely allied to E. championi (White, Cat. Long. Brit. Mus.

p- 142, pl. 4. f. 4) of Hong Kong, but much more elongated, and

the scutellum black instead of red. The face is clothed with reddish

hairs.

PRAONETHA BINODOSA.

Elliptica, convexa, cinerea, fusco varia ; capite dense cinereo-

cervino tomentoso; antennis corpore multo brevioribus, obscure

Suseis, articulis basi cinereis, articulis 3° et 4° elongatis infra

curvalis ; thorace cylindrico, elytris multo angustioribus ; dorso

=... 2°".

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 351

paulo convexo, punctato, cinereo, lateribus late fuscis ; elytris

subtrigonis, convexis, apice truncatis, supra lineatim grosse

punctatis, bicostatis, prope basin tuberculo magno compresso

apice cristato, fusco et cinereo vartis, prope apicem macula

magna communi cinereo; corpore subtus pedibusque fusco et

cinereo variegatis.

Long. 43 lin.

The species which the present one most resembles in this extensive

genus is P. bigibbera (Newman) of the Philippine Islands.

PRAONETHA KALEBEA.

Elongato-elliptica, modice convexa, fusca, elytris lateribus plaga

magna et disco pone medium macula transversa cinereo-albis ;

capite tomento fulvo vestito, vertice late depresso; antennis

corpore multo brevioribus, cinereo et fusco maculatis, articulo

basali infra valde planato, tertio et quarto rectis ; thorace

parvo, quadrato, fusco-cinereo nebuloso ; elytris oblongis, prope

apicem angustatis, apice ad suturam breviter oblique truncatis,

supra grosse et crebre sublineatim punctatis, bicostatis, tuber-

culo basali paulo elevato nigro; corpore subtus pedibusque

Suscis, cinereo variegatis.

Long. 3 lin.

Ropica FORMOSANA.

Elongato-elliptica, capite et thorace elytris angustioribus, cinereo-

Sulva, passim punctata ; thorace lateribus paulo rotundato,

fulvo bivittato ; elytris oblique breviter truncatis, pone me-

dium utrinque macula discoidali pallide cinerea.

Long. 4 lin.

More elongate than the typical species, but of the same elliptical

general outline ; head and thorax of equal breadth and narrower than

the elytra. Closely punctured ; elytra more coarsely so, and clothed

with dingy ashy-fulvous tomentum, with two clearer tawny stripes

along the dorsal surface of the thorax, and a rounded discoidal ashy

spot on each elytron, a little after the middle. The elytra are elon-

gate-elliptical, and have the apical margins abruptly flattened out,

with the apex obliquely truncated. Antenne a little longer than the

body ; joints gradually diminishing in length from the fourth, and

of a uniform ashy brown. Body beneath and legs dingy ashy.

Claw-joint of the tarsi long and strong, with claws semidivergent.

SYBRA PUNCTATOSTRIATA.

Elongata, sublinearis, depressa, capite thoraceque grossissime sub-

dense punctatis, elytris punctato-striatis, stria suturali valde im-

pressa ; sordide cinereo-fusca, thorace fulvo indistincte quadri-

vittato ; elytris lateribus fulvo strigatis, apice valde oblique sub-

sinuato-truncatis.

Long. 44 lin.

Belongs to the second section of the genus, as divided by Mr.

Pascoe, in which the elytra have the apex “ wedge-shaped, with the

352 MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

sutural side concave.” The body above is covered with very large

punctures, which are irregular and rather close together on the head

and thorax, and arranged in regular, slightly impressed rows on the

elytra; the sutural row deeply sunk. The elytra are dingy ashy

brown, with dull fulvous streaks along the interstices, and a few

rounded scattered ashy spots. Body beneath, legs, and antennz

dull ashy brown.

SYBRA BACULINA.

Elongata, apicem versus attenuata, depressa, fusco-cinerea, vitta lata

thoracis alteraque suturali elytrorum obscure fuscis ; capite sparse

punctato, fulvo-cinereo tomentoso, tuberculis antenniferis elevatis

inius acutis ; antennis fuscis, articulis basi cinereis ; thorace sub-

cylindrico, supra postice depresso, grosse crebre punctato ; elytris

apices versus attenuatis, apice breviter oblique truncatis, supra re-

gulariter striato-punctatis, cinereo-fuscis, vitta lata suturali a basi

usque pone medium obscure fusca ; corpore subtus pedibusque sor-

dide fusco-cinereis.

Long. 2? lin.

PARAGLENEA, noy. gen.

A Glenea differt hoc genus novum elytris apice rotundatis, simplici-

bus. Typus Glenea fortunei, e China septentrionali.

Fig. 3.

Paraglenea swinhoct.

PARAGLENEA SWINHOEI.

Elongata, parallelogrammica, supra depressa, tomento lete viridi-

cinereo vestita, maculis duabus thoracis, et tribus elytrorum, sci-

licet una transversa laterali subbasali, altera obliqua ante medium

alteraque magna annuliformi ante apicem, nigris ; corpore subtus

pedibusque lete viridi-cinereis ; antennis filiformibus, nigris, arti-

culis basalibus viridi-cinereo maculatis.

Long. 63-8 lin.

This species is very distinct from P. fortunec (Saund. Trans. Ent.

Soc. 2nd ser. ii. pl. 4. f. 1), the only other as yet known of the genus,

both in its form of body and markings, although there is a great

general resemblance, and the colours are clear pale ashy green and

1866.] MR. H.W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. 353

black in both. The antennz in both sexes of P. swinhoei are longer

than the body ; the thorax is scarce perceptibly narrowed behind ;

and the elytra taper towards the apex extremely little in either sex ;

the spots on the disk of the thorax are large and nearly semicircular,

being separated by a narrow line; the deflexed margins of the elytra

have a black streak between the second and third black spots. There

is a small black patch on the occiput ; otherwise the head is wholly

light green.

PHYTOPHAGA.

LEMA POSTREMA.

Oblonga, ferrugineo-flava ; antennis (articulo basali excepto), tibiis

apice et tarsis nigris, elytris ceruleis ; thorace medio valde an-

gustato, sulco dorsali obsoleto, foveola prope marginem posticum

impresso, supra sparse distincte punctato ; elytris oblongis, pone

scutellum transverse depressis, lateribus subplicatis, punctis validis

in seriebus decem ordinatis, interstitiis levibus ; corpore subtus

nudo.

Long. 33 lin.

LAMPROSOMA ALIENUM.

Parvum, breviter ovatum, modice convexum, nigrum, nitidum, gla-

brum, supra regulariter haud profunde punctatum ; occipite paulo

convexo ; fronte subplana, levi, linea longitudinali impressa ; an-

tennis prothorace brevioribus, nigris, articulis duobus basalibus

magnis, 3°-6'"™ tenuibus, ceteris yradatim incrassatis ; thorace

ante scutellum producto acuto, scutello latiusculo triangulari ; cor-

pore subtus pedibusque nigris nitidis, prosterno medio angustato.

Long. 1+ lin. °

This is one of the most interesting insects in the collection, being

the only Asiatic species at present known of a genus almost peculiar

to America. The only exception to the purely American range of

the genus hitherto made known was the European L. concolor. The

present species is more nearly allied to the typical forms of Lampro-

soma than that insect, having the median projection of the hind

margin of the thorax more pronounced and pointed. The scutellum,

however, is broader than in the Lamprosome, forming nearly an

equilateral triangle, and plane on the surface. The antenne are

shorter than the prothorax, and gradually clavate from the sixth

joint. The prosternum is formed as in the Lamprosomata, but is

much narrower than is customary.

CHLAMYS FORMOSANA.

Parva, breviter oblonga, castanea, corpore subtus nigro opaco ; capite

crebre grosse punctato, fulvo ; antennis basi fulvis ; thorace ele-

vato, elevatione simplici, rotundata, utrinque a limbo postico-laterali

distincte separata, crebre grosse punctato, disco antice lineis non-

nullis brevibus elevatis, colore nigro, fulvo et rufo-castaneo varie-

gato ; scutello nigro ; elytris grossissime punctato-rugulosis, costis

transversis flexuosis irregularibus utrinque circa 8, colore rufo-

354

MR. H. W. BATES ON FORMOSAN COLEOPTERA. [June 12,

castaneis, partibus depressis obscurioribus, sutura nigra ; corpore

subtus nigro opaco, creberrime foveolato ; abdomine castaneo ma-

culato ; pedibus rufo-castaneis ; pygidio vage punctato, lineis ele-

vatis longitudinalibus tribus.

Long. 13 lin.

CRrYPTOCEPHALUS SWINHOEI.

Breviter oblongus, niger, parum nitidus, subtus pilis brevibus argenteis

subsparsim vestitus, antennarum articulis tribus basalibus, labro et

palpis rufo-testaceis nitidis ; cupite punctis grossis sparsis, ad

margines densioribus et in rugis confluentibus, medio fovea oblonga;

thoracis marginibus antico et lateralibus stria profunda impressa,

angulis posticis longe productis, dorso levi, limbo laterali leviter

punctato ; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis postice subobsoletis,

interstitiis planis levibus.

Long. 2 lin.

AORIA QUINQUEMACULATA.

Subquadrata, convexa, castaneo-rufa, pilis cinereo-argenteis vestita ;

capite thoraceque grosse et dense punctatis, hoc medio macula

magna nigra; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis (maculis posticis

exceptis) punctatis, maculis quingue (scilicet una utrinque medio

basis, altera communi medio suturali alteraque utrinque subdis-

coidali pone medium) nigris ; pedibus valde elongatis, rufis ; an-

tennis pallide rufis ; pectore, lateribus, covis posticis et maculis

abdominis nigris.

Long. 2% lin.

Mr. Baly has received this species also from the north of China.

LINA FORMOSANA.

Oblonga, postice vie dilatata, paulo convexa, lete viridi-enea, antennis

(articulis apicalibus fuscis exceptis) pedibusque flavis ; capite

medio late depresso, irregulariter subruguloso-punctato ; thorace

supra inequali, irregulariter (lateribus grossius) punctato ; elytris

dense punctatis ; corpore subtus eneo, nitido, levissimo, abdominis

margine testaceo.

Long. 3 lin.

Allied to the European L. enea ; but distinguished by the yellow

legs and base of antennee.

Hispa CALLICANTHA.

Oblonga, nigra, elytris chalybeo-nigris subnitidis ; capite subtiliter

ruguloso, opaco, medio canaliculato ; antennis subclavatis, nigris

opacis, articulo basali supra prope apicem spina longa flecuosa

armato: thorace crebre fortiter ruguloso, medio sulco longitudi-

nali brevi sublevi, postice transverse impresso, anlice spinis dua-

bus a basi furcatis, lateribus spina antica furcata alteraque poste-

riore simplici ; elytris foveolis magnis seriatim ordinatis, margi-

nibus spinis acutis porrectis in serie regulari ordinatis, disco spinis

1866. } ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 355

utringue circa 25 a tuberculis orientibus ; corpore subtus pedibus-

que nigris opacis.

Long. 23 lin.

ADORIUM CHRYSOMELOIDES.

Ovatum, flavum, antennis pedibusque piceis, capite maculisque qua-

tuor thoracis transverse ordinatis nigris ; elytris viridi-eneis ni-

tidis, dense punctatis.

Long. 4 lin

Ovate, yellowish shining; middle of breast and abdomen darker,

reddish ; the abdomen with a row of black spots down each side ;

femora and base of antennze pitchy red; the rest of the antenne,

tibiee, and tarsi darker and blackish. Head shining black, with a

very few punctures in a depression between the eyes. Thorax glossy

and very faintly punctured, with four large black spots arranged in

a row across the middle, and having a smaller spot behind between

the two middle ones. Scutellum glossy, dark red. Elytra ovate,

not much wider than the thorax at the base ; epipleuree narrow and

plane, thickly but not coarsely punctured, shining dark brassy green.

SEB2ZTHE BALYI.

Breviter ovata vel suborbicularis, testacea, glabra ; elytris macula

supra callum humeralem, altera prope scutellum alteraque majore

subapicali nigris (macula scutellari interdum majore et per sutu-

ram continuata, vel absente); antennis longitudine corporis, nigris,

articulis duobus basalibus rufo-piceis ; capite sulco transversali

~ inter oculos ; thorace impunctato, limbo laterali explanato ; mar-

gine reflexo, ad angulos anticos incrassato ; elytris subtilissime

punctulatis.

Long. 2-23 lin.

The genus Sebethe (subfam. Halticine) was described by Mr.

Baly in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for December

1864. .

6. List of Lepidopterous Insects collected at Takow, For-

mosa, by Mr. Robert Swinhoe. By Atrrep R. Wattace,

F.Z.S., and Freprric Moore.

This small collection comprises forty-six species of diurnal, and

ninety-three of nocturnal Lepidoptera, and bears internal evidence of

having been chiefly formed in a cultivated district. It cannot, there-

fore, be taken as furnishing any adequate idea of the productions of

the island of Formosa in this order of insects. The large majority

of the species are those which are widely spread over the Eastern

Tropics, and they generally present no striking differences from spe-

cimens collected in India or the Malay islands. There are not want-

ing indications, however, that a rich harvest of these beautiful insects

could be obtained in the forests of the interior; for the only two

356 MESSRS, A. R, WALLACE AND F. MOORE (June 12,

species which occur in the collection belonging to the forest-haunting

genera Huplea and Pontia appear to be quite distinct from any yet

described. There is also a Pieris which exhibits sufficient depar-

ture from the allied Indian and Malayan forms to deserve a separate

- specific name, and a small Lycena which seems quite uew. It is

probable that at least four times as many species as are here given

exist in Formosa; and it is to be hoped that Mr. Swinhoe may yet

have an opportunity of continuing his researches. Some notes on

the habits of the various species sent by that gentleman have been

incorporated in the accompanying list; and the five new species of

Butterflies which the collection contains have been described as a

first instalment towards the insect-fauna of a new and most pro-

mising region. The new species dre Pontia niobe, Pieris formosana,

Terias vagans, Euplea swinhoei, and Lycena nisa. Mr. Frederic

Moore, who has paid much attention to the nocturnal Lepidoptera

(Heterocera), has furnished the list of that part of the collection, in

which, however, it has not yet been possible to determine all the

obscurer species.

Section RHOPALOCERA.

1. Papriio pipHitus, Esper (polydorus, Bd.).

A common Butterfly in India, the Philippines, and the Malay

islands. The Formosan specimens most nearly resemble the Indian

form.

Mr. Swinhoe says, “ Found near villages; I have not observed

this species in China.”

2. PAPILIO ANDROGEUS, Cr.

The Formosan specimens of this very variable species are nearly

the same as some from India and China.

‘Very variable ; two seldom seem alike. Sume females have no

tails.””—Swinhoe.

3. Papitio PAMMON, L.

‘Found in gardens ; not common.’’—Swinhoe.

4, PAPILIO ERITHONIUS, Cr.

Agrees with Chinese specimens.

“Very common.’ —Swinhoe.

Mr. Swinhoe mentions seeing a tailed species like this, which he

supposes to be P. machaon. It is more likely it would be P. de-

molion, Cr., or perhaps a new species altogether.

5. PreRIs FORMOSANA, 0. 8.

Male. Above, exactly asin P. hippo, Cr. (eleonora, Bd.). Beneath,

the apical spot on the upper wings is larger ; the disk of the lower

wings is white washed with yellow, which is deepest at the base and

outer angle; and the marginal dusky band is narrower.

Female. Above, like P. hippo, Cr., but the hinder wings dusky,

1866. ] ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 357

with diffused whitish stripes, and powdery yellowish marks between

the nervures along the hinder margin. Beneath, differs from P.

hippo in the under wings being white, with dusky nervures and band

on outer margin, and a yellow edging at the base and the outer

angle.

This is a local modification of the Indian P. hippo.

Expanse 23—2$ inches.

Hab. Formosa.

* Frequents banyan trees.”’—Swinhoe.

6. PoNTIA NIOBE, 0. Ss.

Form and size of P. nina. Wings whiter ; the apical patch en-

tirely absent ; the discoidal spot very small, as in some specimens of

P. nina. Beneath paler and less irrorated, and the transverse

posterior band interrupted and less distinct than in the allied species.

Extreme tip of the antenne orange.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Formosa.

*‘ Found in the dark shade of groves and lanes. Flies low, with a

slow dodging flight.’’—Swinhoe.

7. CALLIDRYAS PYRANTHE, L.

** Abundant among rank overgrown herbage.”’— Swinhoe.

There is one specimen of avery small form of this species (1? inch

expanse), which Mr. Swinhoe seems to consider distinct. It is,

however, identical in form and marking with the larger specimens.

8. CALLIDRYAS ALCMEONE, Cramer.

“ Scarcer than the last, wilder flight.’’—Swinhoe.

9. TertAS HECABE, L.

*«Common among grass.” —Swinhoe.

A variety occurs much smaller than usual, and in which the black

margin of the upper wings is hardly sinuated, indicating a transition

to 7’. drona, Horsf.

10. TERIAS VAGANS, 0. 5s.

Wings with the anterior angle nearly square, but slightly rounded;

hind wings subangular. Male: pure yellow, with a black border on

the uppers, nearly as in 7’. /eta, stopping abruptly before reaching

the oute¥ angle ; hind wings with a very faint mark at the outer

angle; beneath yellow, with an indistinct dusky transverse band

across the middle of the hind wings. J'emale: pale yellow, faintly

powdered with dusky scales; dark border as in the male; a very

minute dark mark at the end of the discoidal cell of the uppers, a

dusky patch at the outer angle of the lower wings, and the ends of

the nervures between it and the anal angle each with a transverse

black mark ; beneath nearly as above in colour, but without mark-

ings, except the mark at the end of the cell of the uppers, a black

358 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND F. MOORE [June 12,

dot near the base between the costal and subcostal nervures of the

hind wings, and a very minute black dot at the end of each nervure

on the hind margin.

Expanse 13 inch.

Hab. Formosa; North India. °

A single female specimen of this insect was sent from Formosa,

and one male exists in the British Museum Collection from India,

showing it to be a very distinct species, which is probably widely

distributed, but rare and local. It comes very near 7’. venata, Moore,

from Northern India.

11. Danais pLexiprus, Godart.

* Searce in Formosa.’’—Swinhoe.

12. Danats curysippus, Linneus.

Mr. Swinhoe notices the resemblance of this species in appearance

and habits to the female of Diadema bolina, L.

13. EurpL@A SWINHOET, n. 8s.

Above—brown black, velvety, with a dark purple gloss ; hind wings

near the anterior margin and anal angle browner ; upper wings with

a submarginal row of six white oval spots edged with blue, the second

from the top largest and nearly touching the first ; two dead-black

stripes parallel to the lower margin. Hind wings with the anterior

margin ashy white ; a row of eight small round white spots close to

the hinder margin, not reaching the anal or outer angles, and a sub-

marginal row of four blue-edged spots, the largest near the outer

angle. Beneath—deep brown; upper wings with three spots on the

disk, the two upper ones blue (the smallest in the cell), the lowest

larger and ashy white; a marginal row of eight small round white

spots beginning at the outer angle, and within it a row of five spots,

commencing opposite the space between the third and fourth of the

marginal row ; the four first very small; the last elongate, situated

below the apex. Hind wings with the marginal row as above, but

of nine or eleven spots ; the submarginal row of three small white

spots, and four small bluish spots arranged in a curve outside the

extremity of the cell. Wings all finely white-edged between the ner-

vures. The body beneath is white-spotted, and there are five white

spots on the base of the wings, close to it, on each side. Abdomen

blue black, with a group of bluish-white scales at the base of each

segment.

Expanse 37 inches.

Hab. Formosa.

A single specimen was taken by Mr. Swinhoe at the foot of a hill

a few miles inland. It most resembles a new species from Celebes,

near LE. doleschalii, Felder.

14. Messaris ERYMANTHUS, Drury.

‘© A solitary species: frequents flowers.’”’—Swinhoe.

1866.) ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 359

15. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linneus.

This agrees in markings with Indian specimens, but in form makes

an approach to the Malayan species, J. aonis, L.

«Common in grassy places and hedgerows.” —Swinhoe. .

16. JUNONIA ORYTHIA, L.

This more resembles the Malayan than the Indian form of the

species.

“Common where stones abound and the grass is short.”’—

Swinhoe.

17. JUNONIA ASTERIA, Linnzeus.

“* Most abundant in rank and marshy places.’’.—Swinhoe.

18. DriADEMA AUGE, Cramer.

Suns itself about hedges, and has a stately sailing flight.’’—

Swinhoe.

19. DiapEeMA BoxiNnA, Linneeus.

«The male is a very lively creature, basking on plants and stones,

flitting about and taking long excursions, and fighting with all But-

terflies that come near its beat. The female appears to be much

scarcer, or rather perhaps shows herself less. In habit she is quite

distinct, lazying all day about bushes, and seldom flying far. When

a female is observed, several males rush at her at once. Before I

learnt the sexes I was sorely scandalized to see a blue-black and a

red in copuld. I thought I had discovered a libertine among

Butterflies. But I have seen the thing so frequently now that I am

convinced the two are merely sexes of the same species. I have

never observed the males on flowers, though I have seen some hun-

dreds.” —Swinhoe.

20. Hestina ASSIMILIS, Cramer.

“Not uncommon, but very local and difficult to capture.””—

Swinhoe.

A Chinese species.

21. Nepris acerts, Esper.

A widely distributed species.

“Common about tall grass and sides of grass-grown streams.’’—-

Swinhee.

22. ArHyMA LEUCOTHOE, Linnezus.

“Common on bushes and grassy places, fluttering and sailing

through the air. Suck the sap of wounded trees. Males fight for

the females.”’—Swinhoe.

23. MeuLANITIS UNDULARIS, Fabricius.

** Loves shaded lanes, sluggish and never flies far.”, —Swinhoe.

360 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND F. MOORE [June 12,

24, ERGouis coryta, Cramer.

“‘Frequents hedgerows and places overgrown with rank herbage.

Has a slow floating flight.””—Swinhoe.

25. CyLLo LEDA, Linneus.

«Common; frequents trunks of trees and the ground in dark

shady places.” —Swinhoe.

26. Dresis EUROPA, Fabricius.

‘«< Loves to cluster on bamboo joints.’’ —Swinhoe.

27. Mycaesis prusta, Cr. (? mineus, L.).

28. Mycauesis samBa, Moore, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. p. 233 (Ja-

lassis, Hew.).

29. Myca.esis oTREA, Cramer.

This differs from Cramer’s figure in having a whitish band on the

underside ; but these insects vary so much that it would not be safe

to describe it as distinct. Mr. Swinhoe says the species of Myca-

lesis are common about grassy places in Formosa.

30. Lycana Exris, Godart.

One specimen only of this species was sent by Mr. Swinhoe.

31. Lycmna cnursus, Fabricius.

32. Lyc“”NA KANDARPA, Horsfield.

33. Lyca#Na PLUTO, Fabricius.

‘Rather plentiful; very desultory and dodging in flight.””—

Swinhoe.

34. Lycana pLinivs, Fabricius.

** About long grass.’’—Swinhoe.

35. Lyca#na pARRuHASIUS, Fabricius.

36. Lycazna vARuNANA, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 772,

plexnrt, f. 6

37. Lyca#Nna sANGRA, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 772,

pl, Eki te g. 8

38. Lyc#na KARSANDRA, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505,

pl: exer Aye

39. LyC@Na NISA, ND. s.

Small; wings rounded; in the male violet-blue, with broad dusky

margins; in the female pale ash-colour, with faint golden and violet

iridescence and a few traces of azure scales; the upper wings with

dusky, the lower wings with white ciliated fringe. Beneath, in both

af Pisa, -

1866. | ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 361

sexes, ashy white with a golden gloss; a fine dark line on the edge

of the outer margin, and within it an obscure band of very faint

brown lunules ; on the lower wings a small round black spot on the

lunulate band between the second and third median nervules. An-

tennee black-and-white ringed.

Expanse 10 lines.

Hab. Formosa.

A pair only of this species was sent by Mr. Swinhoe.

40. PrerycosprpEA Fouus, Cramer (cicero, Fab.).

41. IsmEeNE LADON, Cramer.

42. Hesperia pivopasa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 791.

43. Hesperia aGna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 791.

44. Hesperia cinnARA, Moore, MS.

This species will, I believe, shortly be described by Mr. Moore.

Tt is closely allied to the last, but has larger and more numerous

transparent spots, eight on the upper and three on the lower wing.

Like all the other Hesperide in this list, it is a common Indian

species.

45. Pampuica Aaueias, Linneus.

46. Pampuita masa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 509.

Sect. HETEROCERA.

This section is represented in the collection by examples pertain-

ing to 72 genera, all the species of which that have been determined

being found also either in China, North-eastern India, or Ceylon.

The total number of species is 93, these occurring in the several

tribes as follows :—

Sphingites...........-. 3 genera 3 species.

Bombycites .......:. Oy 33 ile ate ee

INGCEULLES. «5 +. A LOU 35 31 -

Te er a re Li eee PPA te

Geometrites .......... 9 45; 10 ee

Oramities:. .0 Ment as 258, 55

Partpeoules.; 56 pr te eee Let ss as

Pineites... cc ssa 4

” 4 bP)

72 93

Sect. HETEROCERA.

Tribe SpHINGITES.

1. Lopnura uyas, Walker, List Lep. B. M. Het. pt. viii. p. 107.

2. ACHERONTIA SATANAS, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 16. f. 1

(Acherontia lethe, West. Cab. Orient. pl. 42. f. 2).

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1866, No. XXIV.

362 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND F. MOORE (June 12,

3. CHHROCAMPA SWINHOEI, Moore, n. sp.

Male. Ochreous brown: fore wing suffused with greenish ochreous,

and slightly black-speckled, with a greyish-brown exterior band,

which is minutely black-speckled and with an inner speckled border

and a slight posterior black spot, an indistinct small black discal

spot; cilia alternate ochreous and black. Hind wing dull cupreous

black, slightly ochreous along the exterior border; cilia ochreous.

Abdomen ochreous at the sides, and with a series of subdorsal paler

short streaks. Underside of the wings reddish testaceous, minutely

black-speckled ; base and exterior band of fore wing dusky brown.

Exp. 23 inches.

Tribe BomByYCcIrEs.

Fam. LiryHosiipz&.

4. Hypsa aucieHon, Cram. t. 133. f. E.

5. Hypsa eGEns, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 453.

6. Hypsa pxana, Walk. ib. p. 450.

7. Hypsa rntacta, Walk. ib. p. 451.

8. UrerHEsiA PULCHELLA, Linn. (Cram. t. 109. f. E).

Fam. CHALCosIIDz.

9. CLELEA SAPPHIRINA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 465.

10. PHALANNA POLYMENA, Linn. (Cram. t. 13. f. D).

11. Synromis ATEREUS, Cram. t. 400. f. A.

12. NycreMERA VARIANS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 400.

13. Gen. undetermined. —

Fam. Liparip&.

14. LyMANTRIA, sp.

Fam. ARCTIIDA.

15. ALOA LACTINEA, Cram. t-1335h Dz

16. Atoa prrrons, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iii. p. 705.

Tribe NocrvuirTEs.

Fam. GLOTTULID2.

17. Cuasmina CyGnus, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ix. p. 147,

Fam. XYLOPHASID.

18. PRopENIA RETINA, Guen. Noct. i. 163.

1866.]

19.

20.

22.

ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 363

Fam. HeLiorHipD2£.

Hetioruis armicerRA, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 79. f. 370.

Fam. ACONTID.

XANTHODES TRANSVERSA, Guen. Noct. il. p. 211.

XANTHODES INTERSEPTA, Guen. ib. p. 212.

AcontiA MACuLosa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 795.

Fam. ANTHOPHILID2.

23. ANTHOPHILA RosEIFAsciA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. Suppl.

p- 803.

24,

25.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Fam. PLusip.

PLUSIA VERTICILLATA, Guen. Noct. 1. 344.

Puiusia FuRCIFERA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xii. p. 927.

Fam. CALpip&.

. OreEsSIA EMARGINATA, Fabr. (Guen. Noct. ii. 363).

. Oresia RECTISTRIA, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 363.

Fam. GONOPTERIDE.

. ANOMIS FULVIDA, Guen. il. p. 397.

Fam. ToxocaMPIDz.

. ToxocaMPa METAsPILA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xiii. p.1032.

Fam. HoMmoprTerRiIDz&.

Homoptera INFLIGENS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xiii. p. 1068.

Fam. CaTEPHIDZ.

ANOPHIA ACRONYCTOIDES, Guen. Noct. iii. 47.

Fam. OPpHIDERIDZ.

OpHIDERES FULLONICA, Linn. (Cram. t. 77. f. C).

OPHIDERES CAJETA, Cram. t. 30. f. A.

OPpHIDERES SALAMINIA, Cram. t. 174. f. A.

Fam. Opuiusip&.

OpHIODES TRIPH&NOIDES, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xiv. 1358.

OpuHIusA ARCTOTENIA, Guen. Noct. iii. 272.

Opuiusa stuposa, Fabr. (Cram. t. 273. f. E).

364 MESSRS. A. R. WALLACE AND F. MOORE (June 12,

38. AcCH#ZA MELICERTA, Drury, Ins. i. pl. 23. f. 1.

39. GRAMMODES AMMONIA, Cram. t. 250. f. D.

* 40. GRAMMODES MyGpon, Cram. t. 156. f. G.

41. TriGoNoDES HyppasiA, Cram. t. 250. f. E.

Fam. REMIGID&.

42, ReMIGIA ARCHESIA, Cram. t. 273. f. F, G.

43. REMIGIA GREGALIS, Guen. Noct. iil. p. 320.

44-47. Four species undetermined.

Tribe PyRALITES.

Fam. HypPenip&.

48. Hyprna, sp.

Fam. Asoprpz&.

49. HymeniA ReEcuRVALIS, Fabr. (Guen. Delt. et Pyral. 225).

Fam. Hypocampip&.

50. OLIGOsTIGMA ORBITALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xvii. p. 432.

Fam. SPILOMELIDZ.

51. LepyropEs GEOMETRALIS, Guen. Delt. et Pyral. 278.

52. ZERRONIA PERSPICUALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B.M. Suppl. 1347.

53. ZEBRONIA ABDICALIS, Walk. ib. xvii. p. 480.

Fam. MARGARODIDE.

54, GLYPHODES BIVITRALIS, Guen. Delt. et Pyral. p. 293.

55. GLYPHODES ZELINCALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. Suppl.

56. MARGARONIA PSITTACALIS, Hiibn. Samml. exot. Schmett.

i. f, 523.

Fam. Botypz.

57. Borys sELLALIS, Guen. Delt. et Pyral. 330.

58. Borys THyAsALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xvii. p. 734.

59. Borys pAMASALIs, Walk. ib. p. 668, ¢.

Botys adhesalis, Walk. ib. p. 664, 2.

60. Borys 1LuisaLis, Walk. ib. p. 653.

61. Borys ADMENSALIS, Walk. ib. p. 652.

62. Borys pAMOALIS, Walk. ib. p. 656.

63-69. Seven species undetermined.

1866.] ON FORMOSAN LEPIDOPTERA. 365

Tribe GEOMETRITEs.

Fam. ENNoMID2.

70. Drepanonpes scrraria, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xxv. p. 1488.

Syn. Anisodes pyriniata, Walk. ib. p. 1582.

Fam. PaLtyap2.

71. Evme ta aurRe1aTa, Guen. Phal. i. p. 394, pl. 22. f. 6.

Fam. ErHyRIDz&.

72, Epuyra mMonocHromata, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxvi.

p- 1754.

Fam. ACIDALID.

73. TIMANDRA AVENTIARIA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 3.

74, AcIDALIA ATTENTATA, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxii. p. 754.

75. ACIDALIA L1GATARIA, Walk. ib. p. 748.

Fam. Micronipz.

76. Micronra ACULEATA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 26, pl. 13. f. 8.

Fam. Macarip.

77. Macaria pivisarta, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxiii. p. 927.

78. OrsonosBa RaAJACA, Walk. ib. xx. p. 219.

Fam. LARENTIDZ.

79. SAURIS REMODESARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xxii. p. 1253.

Tribe CRAMBITES.

80. CHILO, sp.

81, 82. Crameus, two species.

Tribe TortTRICITES.

83-89. Seven species undetermined.

Tribe TINEITES.

90. ATTEVA NIVEIGUTTELLA.

Corinea niveiguttella, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxviii. p. 542.

91. AZINIS HILARELLA, Walk. ib.

92, 93. Two species undetermined.

366 THE SECRETARY ON CATHARTES CALIFORNIANUS. [June 26,

June 26, 1866.

Dr. J. Hamilton, F.L.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to a fine speci-

men of the Californian Vulture (Cathartes californianus, Shaw),

recently added to the Society’s living collection. This scarce bird

had been presented to the Society by Dr. Colbert A. Canfield, of

Monterey, California, through the intervention of Prof. Baird of the

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and kindly assisted in its pas-

sage across the Isthmus of Panama by Capt. J. M. Dow.

Cathartes californianus.

iis

_ 1866.] MR. L. FRASER ON CERVUS MARIANNUS. 267

Mr. Louis Fraser exhibited a pair of Horns of a Deer, which had

been killed near the village of Bosa-Bosa, near Manilla, in the island

of Luzon, one of the Philippine group, and stated that he considered

them to belong to the Cervus mariannus of Desmarest, and that they

were the first fragments of this species ever exhibited before the

Society. The species had not been obtained by the late Hugh

Cuming, Esq., during his sojourn in that country.

Cervus mariannus.

Quoy and Gaimard, the first discoverers of this animal, had stated

that they found upwards of a thousand specimens of this Deer

in the Island of Guam, one of the Mariannes Islands, into which

place it had been imported from the Philippines, and was doing

well.

Mr. Fraser could not help believing this animal to be very distinct

from the Cervus philippinus of H. Smith, which is described as

having the horns raised upon long peduncles like the Muntjac’s,

whilst the present species most certainly belongs to the Rusa group.

The references to the species were stated to be as follows :—

Cervus mariannus, Desm. Mamm. p- 436, 1820.

Cerf des Iles Mariannes, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Uranie, Zoo-

logie, p. 33, 1824.

Cervus mariannus (Desm.), Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 45, pl. 5. figs. 30,

37, 38, 46, 1825; H. Smith, Griff. Anim. King. iy. p. 115, 1827;

368 MR. T. J. MOORE ON CHAUNA DERBIANA. [June 26,

Fisch. Syn. Mamm. p. 453, 1829; Desmoul. Dict. Class. ii. p. 384.

23; Sundevall, Pecora, p.57; Gray, Proc. Zool. Suc. 1350, p. 232.

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Habitat of the Derbyan Crested Screamer (Chauna

derbiana, G.R. Gray). By Tuomas J. Moorz, C.M.ZS.,

Keeper of the Derby Museum, Liverpool.

The type specimen and one other example of this rare bird, both

in this Museum, are, I believe, the only hitherto distinctly recog-

nized specimens of Chauna derbiana. This species, which was

named and figured in January 1845 by Mr. G. R. Gray, in his

«Genera of Birds,’ from a specimen brought from Belize to England

by Mr. J. Bates (not Mr. H. W. Bates of the Amazons), who had it

some months alive, appears to have been unhesitatingly and not un-

naturally looked upon as a native of Central America. And though

Mr. Gray, in pursuance of his general plan, gives no locality to

the species in his text, he is clearly speaking of this when in his

notes on the genus he gives Central as well as South America as

habitats.

Dr. Sclater, in February 1864, being specially desirous of ascer-

taining its native country, wrote to me for any information I could

give him on this point, and my reply will be found in his paper on

the genus in the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1864, p. 75. That reply

endorsed the received opinion, notwithstanding that our second bird

claimed to be from Bogota. I could, indeed, hardly have come to

any other conclusion. 1 had no other evidence to bring forward in

support of Bogota, while the type specimen, a stuffed bird, bore a

label by the stuffer inscribed “J. Bates, Peten, Sept. 1843,” and,

far more important still, the following label in Bates’s own hand-

writing :—‘ Kept this alive by cramming it with food upwards of

four months. Died while I was at Peten.”

Now Bates was sent by the late Lord Derby to Guatemala and

Honduras to collect mammals and birds both living and dead. His

first duty was, if possible, to procure living examples of Meleagris

ocellata. He returned, after an absence of fifteen months, with a

large collection living and dead, including one living female, and

several skins of both sexes, of the Meleagris, and, greater prizes

still, a skin of each of two previously unknown remarkable birds, the

Oreophasis derbiana and this Chauna. The locality of ‘* Peten”’

seems to have been at once accepted by Lord Derby for the latter,

and it was so recorded in the ‘ Knowsley Catalogue.’ I had seen no

reason to doubt the localities ascribed to other specimens of Bates’s

collecting ; and of the still more remarkable Oreophasis, inhabiting

an exceedingly limited district, additional examples had been ob-

tained in the same country by subsequent collectors.

And yet, in spite of all this strong circumstantial evidence in

favour of the conclusion that the Chauna derbiana was a-native, if

1866.] | MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CHAUNA NIGRICOLLIS. 369

not of Peten, at least of Guatemala or Honduras, the conclusion is

utterly erroneous. And the mystery is thus solved. Mr. Bates,

some time since, passed through Liverpool on his way from Chicago,

and he fortunately visited this museum. In reply to my eager in-

quiries on the subject he told me, to my great surprise, that the bird

was not a native of that country at all, but that ‘it was purchased

alive by him at Belize, from a ship which had arrived from a port

JSurther south! though he thinks not very far south.”

The only reason for considering the bird a native of Central Ame-

rica at all being thus exploded, there remains for more respectful

consideration the locality given with our second specimen, that pur-

chased from Mr. Leadbeater. This locality is ‘‘ Bogota ;” and, re-

markably enough, the label bears the same date as that of Bates’s

specimens, both having been received in September 1843, though

there is no entry whatever of this second bird in the ‘ Catalogue’

spoken of above. But neither Bogota, situate at the base of two

lofty mountains and nearly 9000 feet above the sea-level, nor any

district immediately subjacent to it, is likely to afford very suit-

able haunts for a bird of this kind; but that its true home will be

found to be in low and swampy parts of New Granada may, I think,

ultimately be proved to be true. This view receives countenance at

least from the occurrence of the most closely allied, more recently

discovered, Chauna nigricollis of Dr. Sclater, of which the four known

specimens have all been received from the neighbourhood of Carta-

gena, New Granada. The description and figure of this species, as

given in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1864, p. 75, pl. x1., are so applicable

to C. derbiana that actual comparison is, I think, desirable satis-

factorily to determine their identity or distinction,—the contrast

between the black of the neck and the paler colour of the body

of C. nigricollis being distinct enough in the specimens of C. der-

biana, though not sufficiently brought out in the figure in Gray’s

‘Genera,’ owing doubtless to the allowance made for the dingy

state of Bates’s specimen consequent on its long captivity and rough

treatment. i

2. Note.on Chauna nigricollis. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.

Along with the communication which has just been read to the

Meeting, Mr. Moore was kind enough to send up to the care of Mr.

G. R. Gray the two original specimens of Chauna derbiana belonging

to the Derby Museum. On comparing these with the typical ex-

ample of my C. nigricollis in the British Museum, I at once came to

the conclusion that the two species were identical; and I may state

that Mr. Gray, who most obligingly requested my assistance in

making the comparison, was of the same opinion.

As some apology for having made the error of constituting the

Chauna nigricollis as distinct, I may urge, first, that, as Mr. Moore

370 MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SNAKES, [June 26,

has already shown, the locality heretofore assigned to it is quite in-

correct ; and secondly, that in comparing my bird with Chauna

derbiana I had only the figure (Gray & Mitchell, Genera of Birds,

pl. 161) to go by, no description ever having been published of this

species, and that the figure is much too darkly coloured, particu-

larly on the lower parts.

It follows, therefore, that there are only two known species of

this curious form :-—

1. C. chavaria of South-eastern Brazil and Paraguay.

2. C. derbiana (=C. nigricollis) of the northern littoral of New

Granada.

3. Descriptions of Three Species of Snakes of the Genus

Hoplocephalus. By Gerarp Krerrt, Curator and Se-

cretary of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.,

C.M.Z.S.

1, HopLGCEPHALUS ATER, sp. nov.

Scales in 17 rows. Anal entire. Subcaudals 47. Ventrals 162.

Coloration.—Black ; chin-shields whitish on outer margin; be-

neath bluish black, clouded with a somewhat lighter tint on the

posterior part.

Head scarcely distinct from trunk, high, quadrangular, obtuse in

front ; anterior frontals as large again as the posterior ones, vertical

five-sided, just as long as broad ; occipitals very large, widely forked;

six upper labials, fifth largest, leaving but one narrow temporal

shield above it ; there are two more temporals behind this one, of

which the upper one is the largest. The occipitals do not come into

contact with more than three scales on each side; whilst one scale

is wedged in between the fork, making seven scales in all. There

are seven lower labials, one nasal, one anterior, and two postoculars ;

the pupil is rounded.

Hab. Flinder’s Range, South Australia. Discovered by Mr.

George Masters, who found but one specimen.

2. HopLoCEPHALUS MASTERSTI, sp. nov.

Seales in 15 rows. Ventrals 136. Subcaudals 40, or more.

Head triangular, distinct from trunk, and pointed in front ; ver-

tical three times as long as broad ; all the scales of the head much

elongate ; six upper and seven lower labials, one anterior, two post-

oculars, the first (anterior one) grooved.

Coloration.— Dark olive-green above and below, with the exception

of a yellowish-white elongate patch in the middle of each ventral

scale ; all the scales very finely striated or keeled (which is not ob-

servable to the naked eye), and more or less finely black-dotted.

Head darker than the body, a whitish band crossing the nape, a

1866. ] MR. E. BLYTH ON AFRICAN BUFFALOS. 371

second white band spotted with black beneath the eye from the

rostral to the last upper labial.

In young specimens the ventral scales in the middle of body are

red.

Hab. Flinder’s Range. Collected by Mr. George Masters, who

found seven specimens.

3. HopLoceruaLus GouLpII, Gray (var.).

Scales in 15 rows. Anal entire. Ventrals 148. Subcaudals 34;

in others 26, 27, 33, 31, and 29.

Head depressed, scarcely distinct from trunk ; vertical five-sided,

with acute angle behind ; occipitals large, not much forked ; anterior

frontals triangular ; posterior frontals quadrangular, somewhat larger

than the former. Seven upper and seven lower labial scales, smooth,

rather short, six-sided, lighter on the outer margin.

Coloration.—Greyish brown above, yellowish white below; the

marks upon the head vary in different individuals ; rostral, nasal, and

anterior part of first pair of frontals marked with black ; remaining

portion of anterior frontals and whole of posterior ones reddish, after

which another black patch covers the vertical superciliaries and part

of the occipitals, a faint star marking all the scales around the inner

margin of the eye; pupil subelliptical, erect ; a third black spot covers

the nape of the neck, about four scales wide, but not reaching to the

sides. In some of the specimens before me the second black patch

is continuous, leaving only the tips of the occipitals and the scale

between them reddish. ;

Hab. Port Lincoln. Collected by Mr. George Masters.

4. A Note on African Buffalos.

By Epwarp Bryru, C.M.Z.S8.

More than a quarter of a century ago, when the Society main-

tained its Museum in Leicester Square, it was in possession of the |

skin of a Buffalo from the Galla country south of Abyssinia, received

from Dr. Riippell, by whom the race was considered to be identical

with the well-known Budalus caffer of South Africa. To me it pre-

sented certain differences which seemed indicative of its being a di-

stinguishable race, characterized by. much smaller size and horns of

greatly inferior development when fully grown; moreover the latter

did not bend decidedly downwards and then curve upwards as in the

Cape animal, but were nearly on a level throughout, approximating

to those of the B. planiceros, nobis, figured in the Society’s ‘ Pro-

ceedings’ for 1863, p. 158. Although still possessing a carefully

drawn figure of the frontlet of the Galla specimen, formerly in the

Society’s collection, I intentionally refrained from noticing it when

exhibiting the frontlet of B. planiceros, figured in the Society’s

‘ Proceedings’ for 1863, in the hope and expectation, which has now

372 MR. E. BLYTH ON AFRICAN BUFFALOS. (June 26,

been realized, of confirming the impression founded upon that single

specimen ; and I have now the pleasure of exhibiting two frontlets

of mature growth, which were procured in Equatorial Africa by Mr.

Petherick, and together with them two splendid heads of the southern

B. caffer for comparison. Of the latter I have seen a very consider-

able number of skulls and frontlets, of all ages and stages of deve-

lopment, but never one that resembled the specimens from Equa-

torial Africa now exhibited ; and the living animal at present in the

Society’s Menagerie is distinctly of the southern race as distinguish-

able from the other, as shown by the much greater elongation as

well as thickness of that terminal portion of its horns which consti-

tutes their upward curvature. The accompanying figures (1, 1a) of

the two frontlets from Equatorial Africa and that (fig. 2) of the superb

Cape specimen, one of the two exhibited before the Meeting, were

photographed at the same focus, and therefore present exactly the

relative size which the specimens bear towards each other; and the

difference is so very considerable, not only as compared with the noble

example of B. caffer represented, but with all that I have ever seen

of the latter from South Africa, that I think the equatorial race

should at least be recognized as B. caffer, var. equinoctialis, if not

more decidedly as Bubalus equinoctialis. By Mr. 8. W. Baker, who

possesses two fine skulls of the Equatorial Buffalo, I am informed

that the species is not common on the banks of the White Nile, but

1866.] DR. J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. 373

considerably less so than the true B. caffer with which it associates.

He considers the two to be decidedly distinct; and one of his two

specimens is from the Galla country, the other from the White Nile.

In my collection of drawings I have found a characteristic repre-

sentation, taken from the living animal, of the cow of Bubalus bra-

chyceros, Gray, the great-eared Buffalo of Western Middle Africa.

Bubalus brachyceros.

This animal was from the Foulah country, north of Sierra Leone,

where the species is abundant. It was met with by Capt. Clapperton

in the vicinity of Lake Tchad, and more recently by M. du Chaillu.

The colouring of the species much resembles that of the Red River-

Hog (Potamocherus penicillatus, Gray) of the same region.

5. Characters of Six New Australian Land-Shells.

By James C. Cox, M.D., Corr. Memb.

HeEuix PorRTERI, mihi. M.C.

H. testa profunde et subobtecte umbilicata, depresso-circulari,

tumidiuscula, tenui, rubida, sub lente obsolete plicato-striata,

minutissime granulata setisque brevissimis confertim bullata ;

spira obtusa; anfractibus quatuor et semisse (45), convexius-

culis, ultimo tumido, ad os constricto; apertura subquadrato-

lunari ; peristomate tenui, expanso, reflexo, intus albido, umbi-

licum semitegente.

Diam. maj. 0°75, min. 0°63, alt. 0°50 unc.

Hab. Upper Clarence River, at Guy Faux Station (Porter) ; Upper

374 DR. J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. [June 26,

Richmond River, at Cowlong (in cedar-brushes under logs) (Mae-

gillivray).

This shell bears much general resemblance to specimens of H.

mansueta from the Pine Mountain, Lismore, Richmond River (which

are darker than Queensland specimens); but the pilose surface, the

white lip, the narrower and more covered umbilicus are very di-

stinctive characters in H. porteri, which is besides closely allied to

the more diminutive H. drevipila, and occupies a place between it

and H. mansueta.

HELIX CONSCENDENS, mihi. M.C.

H. testa imperforata, globoso-turbinata, pertenui, pellucida, semi-

vitrea, nitidiuscula, sub lente obsolete striata, albida, fascia

plus minusve colorata ornata ; sptra conoidea, apice colorata ;

anfractibus sex, convexiusculis, ultimo peramplo, paululum de-

flexo, carina obsoleta ; apertura lunato-ovata; peristomate

tenui, margine externo subsinuato, columellari supra tenuiter

reflexo.

Diam. maj. 0°60, min. 0°50, alt. 0°55 une.

Hab. Lismore, Upper Richmond River (on trees in the pine-

brushes) (Macgillivray).

The band varies in intensity of colour from deep black bordered

with red to reddish brown or pinkish, and in old specimens is very

faintly indicated.

HeEL1x FENESTRATA, mihi. M.C.

H. testa minute umbilicata, globoso-conica, carinata, tenui,

cinereo-fulva, lineis rugosis elevatis plurimis irregulariter cos-

tata ceterisque spiralibus decussata, speciem fenestratam for-

mantibus presertim versus apicem ; spira conica, apice obtusa ;

anfractibus sex, convexiusculis, ultimo subacute carinato ; aper-

tura subangulato-lunata, intus margaritacea; peristomate tenui,

acuto, ad columellam modice expanso et umbilicum subtegente.

Diam. maj. 0°33, min. 0°30, alt. 0-27 une.

Hab. Pine Mountain, Lismore, Upper Richmond River (on trunks

of trees) (Macgillivray).

HELIx CORTICICOLA, mihi. M.C.

H. testa aperte umbilicata, depresso-circulari, nitidiuscula, epi-

dermide fulvo-rufescente vestita, penicillis pallidioribus supra

irradiata, irregulariter subcrasse costata, infra leviuscula,

lineas spirales obsoletas sub lente exhibente; spira depressa ;

anfractibus quinque, declivi-convexis, pergradatim increscenti-

bus, ultimo obtuse carinato, ad os obsolete; apertura lunato-

subcirculari ; peristomate tenui, simplici, non ad columellam

dilatato.

Diam. maj. 0°30, min. 0°25, alt. 0°15 unc.

Hab. Lismore, north arm of Richmond River (under bark) (Mac-

gillivray).

Closely allied to H. urarensis.

1866.] MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM CENTRAL AFRICA. 375

HELICINA DIVERSICOLOR, mihi. M.C.

H. testa globoso-turbinata, obsolete subcarinata, solida, superne

subconica, inferne depresso-convexiuscula, basi albida, gradatim

anfractu penultimo violaceo tincta, postqguam violacea, denique

rubida, apice albido, sub lente transverse plicato-rugosa, an-

Sractu ultimo pluribus lineis spiralibus obsoletis ; spira obtusa;

anfractibus quinque, planato-convexiusculis ; apertura obliqua,

lunata ; peristomate incrassato, modice reflexo, albo, ad colu-

mellam angulo prominente.

Diam. maj. 0°23, min. 0°20, alt. 0°20 une.

Hab. Pine Mountain, Ipswich, Queensland (Masters); Pine

Mountain, Lismore, Upper Richmond River (on leaves and trunks

of trees) (Macgillivray).

A somewhat variable shell in colour: it frequently has a dead and

chalky instead of a porcellanous appearance ; and the red and violet

of the spire are sometimes greenish, or bluish, or wanting altogether.

The throat is occasionally reddish or yellowish instead of white.

Queensland specimens are not in general so brightly coloured as

Richmond River ones.

PUPINA PINETICOLA, mihi. M.C.

P. testa ovata, nitidissima, polita, solidiuscula, hyalina; spira

obtusa ; anfractibus quinque, ultimo maximo, plusculum quam

dimidium teste equante, proximo latitudine equali, ceteris

celeriter decrescentibus ; apertura modice obliqua, fere orbicu-

lari; peristomate albo, crasso reflexoque, canalibus duobus

interrupto, canali superiore externoque angusto, intus plica con-

cava prominente alba formato, canali altero ad medium oris

externe aperto et columellam separante ; operculo corneo, pauci-

spirali.

Long. 0°20, diam. 0°12, apert. 0°09 une.

Hab. Pine Mountain, Lismore, Upper Richmond River (on the

ground, burrowing in dry weather) (Macgillivray).

6. List of the Shells collected by Samuel White Baker, Esq.,

during his recent Explorations in Central Africa. By

Henry Apams, F.L.S.

1. LiMIcoLARIA TENEBRICA, Reeve.

2. PLANORBIS, sp.? 4. wa

This species was also brought by Capt. Speke from the Victoria

N’yanza and White Nile, but I have not been able to ascertain

whether it has been described.

_ 3. VIVIPARA UNICOLOR, Oliv.

376 MR.H.ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM CENTRAL AFRICA. [June 26,

4, LANIsTES, sp.?

Too immature for the species to be determined.

. BrrHyNIA BADIELLA, Parr.

a o

. MELANIA TUBERCULATA, Mill.

. CoRBICULA RADIATA, Phil.

. CorBICULA PUSILLA, Phil.

coe 0b Sy

. Unio xGyptiacus, Caill.

10. Unro carLuaunt, Fer.

11. Unio spakert, H, Ad.

U. testa transversa, ovata, tenui, subinflata, inequilaterali, antice

rotundata, postice dilatata, subangulata, valde undulato-pli-

cata, epidermide olivacea induta; umbonibus subprominenti-

bus, ad apices nodosis ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, sulcatis,

lateralibus subrectis, in valva sinistra duplicibus ; margarita

argentea et iridescente.

Long. 30, alt. 21, lat. 14 mill.

From the Albert N’yanza.

This species bears much resemblance to U. aferula, Lea, from the

Victoria N’yanza, but is less ineequilateral, thinner, and more corru-

gated. I have much pleasure in dedicating it to Mr. Baker.

12. Unto acuminatus, H. Ad.

U. testa ovali-elongata, valde inequilaterali, antice rotunda,

postice subrostrata, ad umbones undulato-plicata costaque

umbonali instructa, epidermide fulvo-viridi induta ; umboni-

bus parvis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, sulcatis, lateralibus

subrectis ; margaritacea et iridescente.

Long. 29, alt. 15, lat. 10 mill.

From the Albert N’yanza.

This is an elongate species partaking of the form of U. cail-

laudi, but the ventral margin is convex and not incurved as in that

species, and the surface of the valves towards the umboes is cor-

rugated.

With the exception of the last two species, viz. U. bakeri and U.

acuminatus, which are new to science, the shells in the preceding

list are not of peculiar interest. The other species of Unio and the

Corbicule are well kuown Nile shells ; the Limicolaria is found at

Ibu and in Guinea; and the remainder are also met with in Asia and

in Northern Africa.

ne ee a

1866. | MR. H. E. DRESSER ON THE BOOTED EAGLE. 377

7. Notes on the Breeding of the Booted Eagle (Aguila pen-

nata). By H. E. Dresser, F.Z.S8.

On my return to England this year from a journey through

Southern Europe I remained a few days at Madrid, chiefly with the

view of obtaining the eggs of some of the rarer birds frequenting the

neighbourhood of that town.

I obtained great assistance from Manuel de la Torré, the chasseur

who had accompanied Lord Lilford ; and as I and Manuel became

very friendly, I was soon made acquainted with the haunts of most

of the rarer birds.

I was especially wishful to take the eggs of the Booted Eagle

( Aquila pennata) with my own hands ; and Manuel, on being applied

to, at once agreed to act as guide, fixing an early day for the trip,

and at the same time promised me that he would not think of re-

turning to Madrid before we had obtained at least one nest of this

Eagle.

Accordingly on the 15th of May, 1866, I was up early, and ready

for a start by half-past six a.m., at which time Manuel, true to his

appointment, came to my room fully equipped for the trip.

We left Madrid by rail, taking tickets to Aranjuez; but, meeting

some of Manuel’s friends in the train, with whom we talked matters

over, it seemed from what they said that we should stand but a poor

chance of success there, and we therefore determined to proceed to

some station near Toledo. At Castellejo we left the train, and started

off towards a belt of trees on the banks of the Tagus, some distance

from the railway station. On our way we were stopped by one of

the Royal keepers, who, however, on recognizing Manuel, apologized

for stopping us, and, hearing on what errand we were, accompanied us

for some distance. He told me that he had seen many Great Spotted

Cuckoos (Cucu/us glandarius), and had already found some of their

eggs in a Magpie’s nest, some miles distant from where we then were.

I told him I would purchase any eggs he could procure for me; and

he left us to seek for some, promising to meet me at the station in

the evening if he could possibly get back in time.

On our way to the grove we saw not a few Bee-eaters and some

Goldfinches, but nothing else. On entering the thicket we noticed

several Sylvie cetti and a Sylvia bonelli, and found two or three

colonies of Passer hispaniolensis. These Sparrows build their nests

on the outer branches of the highest trees, quite out of the reach

of any stray egg-collector who might take a fancy to their contents.

In some trees I counted ten or a dozen of their nests, all built of

light-coloured grasses and the cotton of the white elm tree.

Here seemed to be the very place for a naturalist ; for he would

certainly find no lack of specimens, and no small variety. We saw

several Black Kites, Common Kites, and a Buzzard before we had

walked any great distance, and on pressing through the underwood

flushed a pair of Scops Owls, who, after taking a good look at

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXV.

378 MR. H. E. DRESSER ON THE BOOTED EAGLE. [June 26,

us from an old dead tree, flew noiselessly into a gloomy-looking

thicket. é;

Manuel took me to the nest of Aguila pennata from which Lord

Lilford procured his first eggs of this bird; but as it showed no

signs of being tenanted we did not attempt to climb the tree.

Not far distant from this tree we found a nest of the Black Kite

(Milvus migrans), from which we scared the bird, and therefore had

reason to suppose that it contained something, probably eggs. How-

ever, the tree was one which promised such an amount of hard work

that neither of us considered a couple of eggs of Milvus migrans a

sufficient inducement to attempt to climb it. We therefore pro-

ceeded to force our way through the rank undergrowth, keeping a

good look-out for nests, and before long were rewarded by seeing a

large nest which Manuel thought looked like that of a Booted Eagle.

I carried only a walking-stick gun, for the benefit of the warblers,

sparrows, &c.; so Manuel posted himself close to the tree with his

gun cocked, and I proceeded to kick the tree by way of giving the

tenant of the nest notice to quit. I had not to kick long; for the

next moment a large bird flew off the nest and was instantly knocked

over by Manuel. It fell into a large bramble brake, into which we

had some trouble to penetrate, but on doing so found a splendid

female Booted Eagle, which, being only winged, showed fight, and

gave us some trouble before we secured it.

Having secured our bird, we proceeded to examine the tree, which

I had to climb, having agreed with Manuel that I should take the

first and he the second. The tree was a huge and very high white

elm, almost too thick to swarm up, and there was not a bough of any

sort for a great height from the ground. Not getting much conso-

lation from looking at the tree, I stripped to my shirt and trowsers

and proceeded to go up. At first I mounted with great difficulty,

the tree being so thick; but making use of the old knots, &c., I

managed to get up until I could clasp the tree with some degree of

ease, and was then soon at the first branch. The nest was placed

nearly at the end of a stout limb at the top of the tree, and I had to

rest several times before I reached it, but on doing so was delighted

to find that it contained two eggs. These I carefully packed in a

box that I carried fastened behind me to my belt ; and, sitting down

in the nest itself, proceeded to take notes; for I always make it a rule

to take up my pencil and note-book with me.

The nest was firmly placed between three branches, was built en-

tirely of thin sticks, twigs, and some dead bramble-branches, and

was lined to the depth of about 2 inches with fresh green leaves off

the tree itself. These must have been plucked that same morning ;

for some, which I put into my collecting-box, were quite hard and

dry in the evening. This puzzled me not a little; for it looks as if

the bird relined the nest every morning, as the leaves would not re-

main fresh over the day. In diameter the nest was two spans and

a knuckle (193 inches) outside, and just one span (97) inside, not

much depressed inside, and rather bulkily built. In the foun-

1866. ] MR. H. E. DRESSER ON THE BOOTED EAGLE. 379

dation of the nest itself were two nests of Passer hispaniolensis,

neither of which, however, contained eggs, the one being only half

finished.

In the branches close to the Eagle’s nest were several more

Sparrows’ nests; and in a rotten limb a few feet below was a

new nest of Picus minor, and close to it an old nest of the same

bird.

The eggs of Aquila pennata, which now are (with the exception

of the nest-stains) pure white, were, when quite fresh, white with a

faint greenish tinge. In shape and size they much resemble the

eggs of Astur palumbarius ; but the shell is somewhat more coarse-

grained. The above-mentioned eggs were quite fresh, one of them

having probably been laid the previous day.

Having rested myself and scribbled down the above notes, I de-

scended the tree, getting down with much greater facility and speed

than I ascended. Manuel had gone off; so I sat and waited for him,

and in the meantime noted down the colours of the cere, iris, &c. of

the bird itself, which I copy as follows :—Cere and feet light wax-

yellow; claws black ; beak at cere light blue, darkening towards the

tip into a dark horn-blue colour ; iris light brown.

Having done this I sat down and watched what birds were to be

seen. In the distance I could hear the “ hoop, hoop”’ of the Hoopoe ;

and a Roller came and perched on a tree not far off.

Before long Picus minor made his appearance, and seemed not a

little satisfied that his home had remained undisturbed. High above

me the mate of the wounded Eagle was circling, keeping, however,

so far off that there was no chance of obtaining a shot at him. After

waiting a short time I heard some one pushing his way through the

brambles ; and soon after, Manuel appeared, bringing with him a nest

and four eggs of Fringilla carduelis that he had found.

He proposed that we should skirt along the river-bank, and thought

that he knew of a place where we might find Caprimulgus rujicollis.

We were, however, not fortunate enough to find any, although we

searched carefully for some time.

At one place on the river-bank we found a colony of Merops api-

aster, numbering some 200 or 300, preparing their nests in a sandy

bank, but we were too early to find any eggs.

After walking along the river-side for nearly an hour, and finding

three nests of Milvus migrans aud two of Milvus regalis, we saw, ina

huge old white elm tree overhanging the river, a nest which Manuel

assured me was that of a Booted Eagle, and which he thought pro-

bable might contain something. We pelted the nest for some time,

but no bird left it; and getting tired of pelting, I at last fired a

charge of dust-shot at the nest, with, however, no effect beyond that

of driving out several Sparrows, which evidently had nests in its

foundation. I therefore concluded that there was no bird on the

nest, and proposed that we should search further ; but Manuel re-

fused, saying that he thought it worth while to climb up to the

nest, it being his turn.

380 DR. J. MURIE ON CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. [June 26,

The tree was so bulky that he could not climb up the trunk ; but

with my assistance he managed to reach the first branch, which was

not far from the ground. Here he was again unable to climb up the

trunk, and had to go to the end of a branch, and pulling down the

branches above dragged himself up by them. However, to cut

matters short, he succeeded after some time in climbing to the limb

on which the nest was placed, and then, to my great astonishment,

out flew the Eagle, which had sat quiet during the whole time we

had pelted and fired at the nest.

Manuel soon reached the nest, and reported that it contained two

eggs, and in structure &c. was similar to the last nest, being also

lined with fresh green leaves off the same tree in which the nest was

placed, some of which he threw down for me to examine. Just

below, in a hollow hole, was a nest of Strix flammea, but Manuel

could not get at it. The old bird flew out, and I shot it.

In the foundation of the Eagle’s nest were three nests of Passer

hispaniolensis, one of which contained five, and another six eggs.

Manuel had great difficulty in descending, and in one place slipped,

unfortunately smashing one of the Eagle’s eggs in such a manner

that we had to throw it away. These eggs were slightly incubated.

During the whole’ time that Manuel was in the tree, the Eagles

circled round above, far out of shot; but as we were going away the

female flew so close that Manuel shot her, which I was sorry for, as

I did not wish her to be shot. As it was we did not get her, as she

fell into the river and was carried down by the current.

It being now late in the afternoon we turned our faces towards the

railway station, taking, however, another route back, in hopes of

finding another nest of Aquila pennata, but met with nothing, ex-

cepting one nest of Milvus migrans. We saw a Black Stork (Ci-

conia nigra), several Kestrels, three or four Scops Owls, many Serin-

finches and Goldfinches, Woodchats, Bee-eaters, and other common

birds, but nothing of note.

8. Supplementary Notes on the,Red-bellied Monkey (Cerco- .

pithecus erythrogaster, Gray). By James Muriz, M.D.,

Prosector to the Society.

With the typical specimen of a species, as a matter of future re-

ference, it is useful to collect and put on record all details concern-

ing it. For this purpose I contribute the following additional slight

data on the new species of West African Monkey (Cercopithecus

erythrogaster), of which a notice was given by Dr. Gray in March

last (P. Z. S. 1866, p. 168). His short graphic diagnostic characters

well point out the external peculiarities, leaving nothing to be desired

in that respect.

The admeasurements taken of the dead animal furnish the accom-

panying table :—

——— ae

2 eee

1866.] DR. J. MURIE ON CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. 38]

< inches.

Body: length from nose to end of tail (in a straight line)... 292

»» length from nape of neck to root of tail.......... 11

salt pinth-of Chest (at-widest) ia)... jc. es cs sic spiky ae

girth of abdomen (at widest)............ des moet G

Tail, in length (its point being imperfect)... «ty 6

Fore limb : length from shoulder to tip of middle digit eit 40

5 length from shoulder to elbow ast hgh.

*% length from elbow to wrist .

ss Jevigth Of manus. canta. 2) Wb Rist ahcole

Hind limb: length in a straight line. .

length from hip to knee................

length from knee to ankle............

s length of foot . lehie

Head: length from nose to occiput (following curve) dee

43 breadth between the ears .. At 4. take ydto

% width between the malar bones . :

», width between the outer angles of the orbits. .

width between the centres of the two orbits ......

» distance from tip of nose to meatus auditorius Bt

distance from top of skull to the inferior edge of the

lower jaw (following the curve) . BA

girth of head before ears, including mandible . mci

» ears in length . ehenarea tyes ea toe

> ears in Gandy, Boh Eee eee 2 - aheoees bik roe

—

NoeK NFO LOR NN &

eho],

tole

»”»

fine

Soe NTO

WH |vo

H\eo

To preserve the form of the head in the stuffed specimen (now

deposited in the British Museum) the skull was retained in the skin ;

consequently the cranial bones were unable to be examined. The

dentition, however, corresponds to the immature condition of the

genus Cercopithecus, the canines (laniarii) being very moderately

developed.

Dental formula :—Incisors — Canines =. Premolars =.

3—3

Molars —

The opportunity fortunately occurred of comparing its viscera,

side by side, with those of a specimen of Cercopithecus diana, Linn.,

and of C. cephus, Erxl. There is a correspondence between the three;

but the first two agree most closely in several particulars.

In C. erythrogaster, as in them, the right lung has four lobes, the

left one only two, of which the upper lobe is deeply cleft. The heart

presents nothing remarkable.

The stomach is ovoid in figure, with the fundus bulging slightly

upwards. There are no sacculations as in the genera Colobus and

Semnopithecus. The cesophagus enters nearly midway between the

cardiac and cesephageal ends. ‘The transverse diameter from the

fundus to the cardiac extremity measures 3} inches—in a specimen

of C. diana about the same age and size, "3h inches—and in the

Moustache Monkey (C. cephus), with a body greater in dimensions,

only 3 inches. ‘The opposite diameter, viz. from the cesophagus to —

382 DR. J. MURIE ON CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER. [June 26,

the greater curvature, is 24 inches in C. erythrogaster, 2 inches in

C. diana, and 14 inch in C. cephus, showing this organ to be com-

paratively the smallest in the last-named species.

The ductus communis choledochus enters into the small intestines

an inch beyond the pylorus in the first of these three specimens. In

it also the small intestines measure 73 inches in length, while in C.

diana they have a length of 60 inches, and but 52 inches in C.

cephus, although the last animal is the largest. The cecum in each

of the species is of the same simple cylindrical shape, but it is a

quarter of an inch longer in C. cephus than in the other two, in which

its length is 1} inch. The great intestines, including the ceecum,

measure 222 inches in C. erythrogaster. For about 13 inches from

their commencement they are of equal diameter, viz. an inch; then

they diminish to half that diameter, which continues onwards to the

anus. The sacculations formed by the constricting transverse fibres

are narrow and not at all prominent. The differences observed in the

great intestines of C. diana are these—their being half an inch

shorter, and the commencing wide portion also correspondingly of less

length than that already given of the new species. C. cephus has

the great intestines even | inch shorter than the last mentioned, and

their diameter is altogether somewhat greater than in either of these

Cercopitheci ; the more capacious portion towards the cecal end

is as much as a couple of inches shorter.

The liver in C. erythrogaster is composed of five distinct lobes, as

in the two allied species. The right lobe is of moderate size, with a

thickish lobus caudatus situated at its base. The cystic lobe is rather

larger than the right lobe, and with the gall-bladder sunk into a

sulcus in its substance. The fourth lobe lies between the cystic and

left lobe ; it has a deep cleft or pit for the insertion of the round liga-

ment. The left lobe is rather smaller than the right, and is con-

joined with the main part of the body of the liver by a narrow neck.

The kidneys are each 13 inch long. There is nothing peculiar in

the other organs.

The point of interest in the comparison of the viscera of the three

specimens referred to appears to be, that in some species of Cercopi-

thecus there is a variation in the size and length of the alimentary

canal; but whether this corresponds to the minor grouping of the

species which some have adopted is a matter requiring more ex-

tended examination than the present imperfect observation affords.

The morbid appearances observed in this specimen of Red-bellied

Monkey were miliary tubercles of the spleen, with hardening of the

pancreas and enlargement of the mesenteric glands.

With respect to its habits during the two months it lived at the

Gardens, the following may be said:—Its nature appeared mild and

harmless, by no means grave or sedate, indeed rather inclined to be

lively and playful, but with little disposition to be quarrelsome. ‘The

keeper noticed that it appeared timid, aud somewhat distrustful of

its more romping companions, but freely approached him, aud when

taking food out of his hand seemed pleased and gently played with

his fingers without attempting to bite.

1866. | ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 383

9. On the Anatomy of the Crested Agouti (Dasyprocta cris-

tata, Desm.). By Sr. Gzorer Mivart, F.Z.S., Lecturer

on Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital, and

James Muniz, M.D., Prosector to the Zoological Society.

The animal, the dissection of which forms the subject of the pre-

sent communication, died lately in the Society’s Gardens. It had

lived above four years in the collection, having been originally pre-

sented to the Society by Captain M. D. Stewart in October 1861.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.

With reference to general appearance, our specimen correspouded

to Mr. Waterhouse’s* description of the variety of Dasyprocta

cristata—the crest of the head being black, the loins and hinder

portions of the body bright rust-colour, the hairs of the latter parts

very slightly annulated with black.

Professor Rymer Jonest says that there are in the Agouti as many

as from twelve to fourteen nipples ; and Mr. Waterhouse f notes that,

according to Desmarest, there are in D. cristata six mamme, whilst

D. aguti has twelve; but he himself found eight teats both in D.

punctata and in D. acouchy. The specimen brought under our con-

sideration confirms Mr. Waterhouse’s observations, possessing as it

does four pairs of teats, the foremost (as in D. punctata) being axil-

lary, while the hindmost are situated in the inguinal region.

It may be interesting to note some of the outward differences ex-

hibited by the feet of Dasyprocta cristata as compared with those

of Cavia aperia and Lepus timidus, corresponding as they do to

some extent with the distribution of the muscles and tendons.

In the first-named species the back of the fore foot is sparsely

clothed with hair, which on the inner side is shorter, finer, and

lighter in colour. The nails are nearly straight, solid, and broader

than in the Hare. The sole, which is bare, has three pads (see

fig. 1, _4)—a large semilunar one posteriorly, a small roundish one

at the base of the index, and another larger irregularly oval-shaped

and slightly divided one (also proximally situated) between the third

and fourth digits. There are likewise numerous wrinkles, running

in the main transversely, producing on the toes somewhat the ap-

pearance of scales. The pollex is a mere tubercle hidden by a por-

tion of the posterior pad, so that externally four toes only are to be

observed.

The foot of the Guinea-pig, besides its smaller size, differs from

that of D. cristata in the less wrinkled condition of the sole, in hay-

ing four distinct pads, the anterior one being the largest, and in all

of these having a thicker cushion of fat (fig. 1, B).

* Nat. Hist. Mamm, vol. ii. pp. 584, 385.

+ Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1852), vol. iv. p. 396.

t Loc. cit. p. 384 (footnote) and p. 393 (text).

384 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE_ [June 26,

Fig: t.

A, Sole of left fore foot, and C of left hind foot, of Crested Agouti. B. Sole of

left fore foot, and D of left hind foot, of Guinea-pig. Natural size.

In the Hare there are five toes visible, which are much longer and

hairy; and there are no pads perceptible, even when the hairs are

removed.

In the hind foot of the Crested Agouti, which has but three toes,

the tarsus is long, narrow, and bare. On the sole are two small

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 385

oblong pads, situated at the base of the innermost toes, the smaller

one being internal, having at a distance of less than half an inch

behind it a trace of a third pad. Beneath the metatarsals there is

a good deal of transverse wrinkling, and underneath the digits the

same scaly appearance as in the digits of the fore foot (fig. 1, C).

The Guinea-pig has a hind foot in some respects very like this ;

but the pads are comparatively larger, and the external one much

the larger of the two; the three toes also are of nearly equal length

(fig. 1, D).

The Hare has four toes, with fur on the sole; and when the fur is

removed neither pads nor wrinkles are to be distinguished. In the

length and shape of the sole and toes the Hare’s foot approaches that

of the Agouti’s ; but the number of digits, with the other differences,

are marks of the separation between Lepus and the two genera of

the Hystricide.

Morsip APPEARANCES.

Those exhibited on opening the visceral cavities were the follow-

ing :—Congestion of the lungs, more particularly the lobes of the

right one. In both lungs, moreover, were innumerable specks of

melanotic deposit, each spot not above the size of a pin’s head, but

the whole giving to the pulmonary tissue the characteristic appear-

ance of incipient melanosis. All the other viscera, as well as the

brain, seemed healthy; but there was a more than natural effusion

of serum in the cavity of the abdomen.

VISCERA AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.

A good account of the viscera of Dasyprocta acuschy (Illig.) has

already been given by Professor Owen*; and, a few years later

(1834), in some notes also read before this Society, Mr. Rymer

Jonest described with considerable minuteness those of Dasyprocta

aguti, Illig. A complete redescription may therefore be considered

unnecessary.

Prof. R. Jones mentions that, in the specimen of D. aguti dis-

sected by him, the stomach had a remarkable constriction between its

cardiac and pyloric orifices, which gave it the appearance of consist-

ing of two distinct cavities. Our observation of this viscus in D.

cristata agrees with that of Prof. Owen, who found it in D. acuschy

altogether simple and without such a contraction.

The shape and relative position of the intestinal tract in D. cris-

tata resembles the description given by these authors of the species

dissected by them. But we found in it that the small intestines were

about 4 feet shorter than in D. aguti, namely 208 inches in total

length. The large intestines, on the other hand, measured 45 inches,

being thus almost double the length of the same in D. aguti accord-

ing to Prof. R. Jones. The ceecum also differs from that of D. aguti,

being both longer and wider—10 inches in length, and about 4 inches

in circumference.

* P. Z. 8. 1830-31, p. 75. +t P. Z. 8.1834, p. 82.

386 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J.MURIE [June 26,

There is little difference in the liver, except that the posterior sur-

face of the left lobe has several superficial sulci, possibly a mere in-

dividual peculiarity. The gall-bladder is 13 inch long, extending

beyond the margin of the right division of the cystic lobe, and not

deeply buried in a fissure as in D. aguti.

The heart * has the slight tendency to a double apex remarked by

Prof. Owen in D. acuschy.

The lungs have the same number of divisions as in the allied species.

The kidneys answer Owen’s description of these organs in D.

acuschy, rather than that of Jones in D. aguti, not possessing the

separated portion spoken of by the latter observer.

The external organs of generation and anus are closely approxi-

mated, indeed almost forming a cloaca. The urethra (p. 406. fig. 4,

U) opens about ‘2 inch in front of the vulva. The latter (fig. 4, V)

lies -4 inch in front of the anus, and its lips exhibit numerous folds.

The anal opening (fig. 4, 4) has immediately behind it a semilunar

fold of skin, the convexity of which is posterior. On either side of

the anus the fold of membrane forms a deep pouch lined with short

hairs, and having numerous minute openings of muciparous glands,

and others which give exit to the ceruminous secretion of the anal

scent-glands (pp. 406, 410. figs. 4&5, 4.g). These anal glands are

two in number, and prominently situated one on each side of and

rather behind the external genitals.

They are almond-shaped, and each about an inch in length, and

their structure consists of many larger and smaller cavities divided

by fibrous walls. The interiors of these cavities or loculi are lined by

mucous membrane, whieh abundantly secretes the viscid yellow sub-

stance which is not unlike the cerumen of the eart. Each gland

opens, as above said, by numerous apertures into one of the pouches

of the semilunar-like fold.

The figure (fig. 4) which we have given shows the appearance of

these glands and the neighbouring parts in a partially dissected condi-

tion, and ina female specimen. Their outward or tegumentary aspect

in the male animal is admirably depicted by John Hunter’s artists,

Bell and Rymscyk, in the fourth volume of the ‘ Illustrated Physio-

logical Catalogue of the College of Surgeons,’ plates 52 and 53.

The urinary bladder is a narrow elongated pyriform-shaped viscus,

about 3 inches in the length of its cavity ; but the distance from the

fundus to the orifice of the urethra is altogether about 6 inches,

the part, however, which may be regarded as the neck being com-

paratively wide: this at least was the case in our female specimen.

The ureters open on either side of the bladder, not far from the

fundus.

The vagina is rather wide, and 33 inches in length from the os to

the vulva. The mucous membrane is longitudinally plicated all this

distance.

* Dr. Crisp states that this organ in the Hare is nearly five times the weight

of that of the Rabbit, the lungs of the former nearly four times as heavy, and

the calibre of the trachea nearly four times as great (P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 86).

+t As Prof. Rymer Jones has already remarked (P. Z. 8. 1834, p. 82).

eh ie de®

1866.| ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 387

The uterus is nearly an inch long from the fundus to the os tincz,

and its cavity is divided by a median septum to within 0°2 of an

inch of the latter part. Each cornu is continued from the fundus of

the uterus for 14 inch, and is almost as wide as each of the divisions

of the body of this viscus.

The ovaries are small. The broad ligaments as a whole are thin,

but have a great number of parallel slightly contorted tubules run-

ning from each Fallopian tube towards the pelvic attachment of the

ligament. These evidently represent the remnants of the Wolffian

ducts.

VASCULAR SYSTEM.

The arch of the aorta is short and narrow, the arteria innominata,

left carotid, and left subclavian arteries are given off close together,

and they are of nearly equal size. The arteria innominata is 0-4 inch

long to where it gives off the right carotid. About 0°25 inch from

this is the vertebral artery, which is of narrow calibre ; immediately

beside it to the right, and from the same (anterior and inferior) side

of the subclavian the inferior thyroid, supra- and posterior scapular

branches are derived. These can hardly be said to spring from the

thyroid axis, but diverge along with the vertebral artery from the

main trunk. The internal mammary arises on the opposite (pos-

terior or superior) side of the subclavian to those above mentioned,

and it proceeds into the thoracic cavity behind the whole of the rib-

cartilages.

The superficial femoral artery is given off from the larger and

deeper femoral artery below the crural arch. It divides half an inch

below this,—one, moderate-sized division going outwards, which at

about an equal distance again divides into two—one of these last

branches supplying the tensor vaginz femoris, the other piercing the

rectus muscle superficially and vastus internus beneath, also sending

off slight twigs to the inside of the glutens maximus.

The second, larger and longer division, accompanied by the saphe-

nous nerve, passes quite superficially down the limb, crossing at an

acute angle the shaft of the femur. It is adherent to the gracilis

muscle opposite to the head of the tibia, and just where its fibres

become aponeurotic (see fig. 4). Crossing the lower fifth of the

shaft of the tibia it reaches the dorsum of the foot beneath the

tibialis anticus tendon, and it then proceeds forwards between the

inner and middle metatarsal bones. Previously to crossing the tibia

a branch is sent to the inner side of the os calcis.

The deep femoral artery is much greater in calibre than the super-

ficial femoral. There are numerous small muscular branches given

off in the groin. As it continues downwards it lies upon the adductor

maguus, but does not pierce the muscle ; so that there is no Hunter’s

caual.

Twigs are given to the adductors and sartorius. At the lower

border of the adductor magnus it sends a large off-shoot to the semi-

membranosus, while the main trunk continues to the popliteal space

close behind the femur.

388 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J. MURIE [June 26,

The popliteal artery is but a series of branches of the femoral,—the

main arterial trunk, the continuation of the femoral, being hardly

distinguishable by size from the numerous usual muscular and arti-

cular branches. The divisions commence just above the origin of

the gastrocnemius muscle.

Besides the (four) superior aud inferior articular branches there

is a middle or azygos artery of small size which pierces the fascia

close to the tibia. The two larger branches, supplying the gastro-

cnemius and other muscles of the calf, are given off highest.

The posterior tibial, anterior tibial, and recurrent arteries are given

off together from the popliteal, and about opposite the condyles of

the femur. The first of these runs alongside the highest and deepest

branch of the ischiatic nerve, and about the upper one-fifth of the

shaft of the tibia it pierces the deep flexor muscles of the leg, and

then proceeds downwards.

The second or anterior tibial artery passes deeply over the po-

pliteus muscle and between the tibia and fibula, running down the

anterior surface of the interosseous ligament to the ankle-joint.

The third or recurrent artery passes outwards beneath the external

head of the gastrocnemius.

The continuation of the anterior tibial at the ankle-joint inoscu-

lates with the inferior extremity of the superficial femoral artery, and

then proceeds between the two inner metatarsal bones from the dor-

sum of the foot to the sole near their distal extremities, and there

supplies three digits on their plantar aspect. A branch at the mal-

leolus comes from the above and dips between the cuboid and external

cuneiform, forming a deep palmar arch of two branches. This com-

municates with the superficial plantar arch above described.

NERVOUS SystTEM.

The great sciatic nerve, which is large, passes beneath the pyri-

formis muscle. Emerging from below this and through the great

ischiatic notch, it passes down the back of the thigh beneath the

flexor muscles, but not close to the thigh-bone. Opposite the lower

end of the shaft of the femur it divides into the smaller (external)

and larger (internal) popliteal nerves.

The external popliteal is continued as the peroneal nerve, and goes

beneath a small tendinous slip of the outer head of the gastrocnemius,

and also the peroneal muscles just below the projecting processes of

bone on the outer head of the fibula; thence it descends in front of

the interosseous membrane alongside of the extensor muscles to the

ankle, and onwards to the dorsum of the foot, branches being given

off at the ankle-joint.

The internal (or posterior tibial) nerve divides into two branches :

—one, the outermost, supplying the large superficial flexor muscles ;

the other dividing lower down opposite the joint into an internal

deep branch going to the deep flexor muscles, and a more superficial

one which proceeds to the inner side of the projection of the os calcis

and then splits into smaller branches.

tf ee ee

1366. | ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 389

The lesser sciatic nerve is comparatively large, and is given off

from the sacral plexus and great sciatic beneath the pyriform muscle.

It lies upon the tuberosity of the ischium, and separates into several

branches, which supply the conjoined gluteus maximus and biceps,

the semitendinosus and semimembranosus, besides several other

muscles.

~ Muscuuar System.

The anatomical structure of the genus Dasyprocta, in so far as

the muscular system is concerned, has hitherto only been described

in a somewhat fragmentary manner, principally by Meckel. More-

over, as the comparative relation of the myology in the Rodentia is

interesting, we have thought this portion of the record of our dis-

section of D. cristata might be useful as helping to form a ground-

work for further investigations with regard to that group; for which

purpose we have more particularly compared it with dissections

made by us of the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit, availing ourselves

at the same time of the labours of other observers on certain species

of the order.

We may remark en passant that the flesh of the body of the

Crested Agouti has a resemblance to that of the Common Hare, both

in colour and in the absence of interstitial fat.

Muscles of the Head and Neck.

The temporal, compared with some of the muscles of mastication,

is small, as it is in most of the Rodents. Its origin and insertion

present nothing remarkable, excepting in its perpendicular pulley-like

position and action round the posterior base of the zygomatic process.

In the Guinea-pig it appears to be single and like the above.

In the Hare this muscle is also feeble, but somewhat divided into

two bellies, as Meckel* has stated.

Masseter. This muscle in the Crested Agouti, as in many of the

Rodents, is composed of more than one layer. We found it divided

into three distinct portions, somewhat in the manner described in

the notes to the French translation of Meckel+.

The first portion (jugo-maxillien) is the largest and most super-

ficial. It arises from the whole length of the zygomatic arch, as far

forwards as opposite the first molar tooth ; and it is inserted into the

outer surface or ridge and lower margin of the mandible, some of the

fibres turning round and being fixed into the inner face of that bone.

The anterior border of this portion has a very strong superficial

tendon.

The second, smaller portion (mandibulaire) lies beneath the first,

and is a muscular slip, also stretching from the zygomatic arch (its

anterior end) to the mandible (its outer surface).

* Anat. Comp. traduit par MM. Riester et Alph. Sanson, Paris, 1829-30,

vol. viii. p. 577. ,

+ Loc. cit. p. 580 (footnote). At p. 328 in the same volume it is noticed that

in its complete state the masseter is divisible into three muscles, viz. the jugo-

maxillien, the mandibulaire, and the mandibulo-maxillien.

390 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE_ [June 26,

The third portion (mandibulo-maxillien of notes to Meckel) forms

a flat muscuiar arch, with an anterior peak, attached to the side of

the superior maxillary bone and partly beneath the orbit. The fibres

converge and end in a very powerful glistening tendon, which is in-

serted into the anterior end of the external ridge of the mandible

nearly opposite the first molar.

With regard to the action of this muscle, our observation corrobo-

rates Meckel’s annotators, who state that the first portion produces

both an antero-posterior and up and down movement of the man-

dible, while the third portion, from its pulley-like position and attach-

ments, only raises the lower jaw.

Mr. Waterhouse* particularly calls attention to the constancy of

the double arrangement of the masseter in the Hystricide, and

figures that of the Agouti and others; but he does not speak of the

other, smaller slip mentioned in Meckel’s work.

The d4uccinator is very largely developed, and extends from the

mandible to the maxilla.

It is also large in the Guinea-pig.

The digastric muscle is large, normal in origin and insertion, and

has a median tendon.

It is the same in the Guinea-pig, where it lies very deeply.

In the Hare this muscle is very remarkable, as it possesses no pos-

terior fleshy belly, but its hinder half is merely a long tendon.

Cuvier? remarks that there is but one belly in the digastric of the

Rabbit.

The sterno-mastoid arises from the outer side of the elongated

manubrium, immediately beneath the third part of the pectoralis

major (p. 396. fig. 2, St.m). Passing forwards and upwardst it is

inserted by a strong tendon into the anterior aspect of the parocci-

pital process.

The cletdo-mastoid is smaller than the preceding, and arises from

about the middle of the clavicle (p. 401. fig. 3, Cl. m) §, being inserted

broadly into the paramastoid process behind and beneath the sterno-

mastoid.

In the Rabbit and Hare the sterno-cleido-mastoid is also separated

into two distinct portions as in D. cristata. _ In the Guinea-pig, ac-

cording to Meckel||, with whom we agree, the cleido-mastoid, or

posterior half, differs from the above in being the larger portion of the

two. Moreover he says, “elle se confond tout-a-fait avec le deltoide

dans sa partie inférieure ;’”’ but what he takes as part of the deltoid,

we are inclined to consider a clavicular part of the pectoralis major.

The sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles arise in common

* Nat. Hist. Mamm. vol. ii. p. 151 and pl. 6a. f. 1-4.

+ Lecons d’Anat. Comp. tome iv. premiere partie, p. 93.

¢ It must be understood that in our use of the terms “ forwards,’’ “upwards,”

“anterior,” “inferior,” &¢c., we describe the animal as in the horizontal position

of a quadruped: therefore what in human anatomy would be spoken of as

“superior” is here “anterior ;” and in the same manner “ posterior” becomes

“ superior,” and vice versd.

§ Meckel, Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 164.

|| Loc. cit. p. 164.

ee i

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 391

from the inside of the sternum, opposite the cartilage of the first rib,

and, continuing forwards (upwards) closely united in part, ultimately

separate and have their usual insertions.

The same in the Hare and Guinea-pig.

The omo-hyoid is wanting.

The levator clavicule is very remarkable in having an origin by

tendon from the basis cranii, immediately to the inner side of the

auditory bullee and directly behind the tendon of the anomalous sca-

lenus anticus. It is inserted into the clavicle, towards its outer end,

immediately opposite the origin of the fourth part of the pectoralis

major.

On the right side we found this muscle closely adherent to the

cleido-mastoid above; but near the clavicle the external jugular

vein and carotid artery separated them, after which the two muscles

proceeded side by side to the somewhat rudimentary clavicle, the

levator claviculze being inserted outermost.

On the left side we found no such union with the cleido-mastoid

above ; but instead the muscle divided (at the anterior third of the

distance between the atlas and clavicle), its broader portion, partly

adherent to the trapezius, passing over the shoulder-joint onwards as

far as the proximal end of the forearm, simulating a cephalo-

humeral (figs. 2. & 3, L.c). But we believe it cannot be a cephalo-

humeral, because there is a distinct cleido-mastoid, as before described,

entirely distinct and superficial to this abnormally enlarged portion

of the levator claviculz.

It is this portion which evidently has led Meckel* to consider

this muscle to be represented by the anterior part of the trapezius

in the Agouti.

Prof. Owen+ makes mention of the levator clavicule being pre-

sent in two specimens of the Dasyprocta acuschy (Ill.) dissected by

him.

We ourselves noted its existence in the Guinea-pig, Hare, and

Rabbit,—in the former being inserted into the metacromion process

of the scapula; in the two latter it is carried, along with the trape-

zius, over the shoulder-joint, fibres passing to the upper part of the

humerus.

In the Hare the levator claviculz is like that which we found on

the left side of Dasyprocta cristata, but without the long descend-

ing portion to the forearm, rather stopping short at the metacromion

process.

The rectus capitis anticus major is but indistinctly separated from

the longus colli, unless what we have called the scalenus anticus

should in reality be this muscle, the insertion { of which, however,

it must be remembered, is into the first rib, therefore entirely different

from that of the rectus capitis anticus major as it ordinarily exists

in man. Should our interpretation be correct, the muscle in ques-

* Op. cit. vol. vi. p. 239. + P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 76.

t Speaking generally, the insertion is oftener to be relied on as indicative of

homology than the origin of a muscle—although, perhaps, this rule is more

strictly applicable to the limbs than elsewhere.

392 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE_ [June 26,

tion is probably represented by what has much the appearance of

the most anterior (upper) part of the longus colli. This arises by

tendon and muscular fibre from the transverse processes of the

second and third cervical vertebree, and is inserted partly into the

hypapophysis of the atlas, and partly into the basis cranii in front of

the tendon of origin of the scalenus anticus.

It is the same and strongly developed in the Guinea-pig.

The rectus capitis anticus minor 1s more easily defined than the

preceding muscle. Its attachments of origin are the transverse pro-

cess of the atlas and part of the body of that vertebra; it is inserted

into the basis cranii, immediately behind the origin of the levator

claviculee, with which, moreover, it is more or _ fused.

It is alike in the Guinea-pig.

The rectus lateralis is large and fleshy ; it passes, as usual, from

the transverse process of the atlas to the skull.

Longus colli. If we consider the muscular belly described as the

rectus capitis anticus major to be really such, and not a part of the

muscle now under consideration, then the longus colli extends be-

tween the transverse processes and bodies of the vertebree from the

seventh dorsal to the atlas—no fibres, however, being attached to the

transverse processes of the dorsal or first three cervical vertebree.

It is exactly the same in the Guinea-pig.

Scalenus anticus. This presents very interesting characters, both

as to its form and origin. It is a very long thin band of muscle,

tendinous on its lower surface, and arising by a strong tendon from

the basis cranii, immediately in front of the origin of the levator cla-

vicule, but rather nearer the middle line. It is inserted upon the

anterior margin of the first rib, between the subclavian vein and ar-

tery, and altogether beneath (in front of) the bronchial plexus.

Meckel* says that this muscle is absent in the Agouti.

This muscle is the same in the Guinea-pig; and here the tendon

of origin from the basis cranii is very delat:

In the Hare this muscle seems to be wanting.

The scalenus medius and s. posticus are one very large posteriorly

expanded and conjoined muscle in the Agouti. It arises from the

whole of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebre, including

the atlas, and not, as Meckel+ says, from only the last five. It is

inserted into the first five ribs.

In the Guinea-pig it is very similar, and strongly developed.

In the Hare there are two muscles, the external superficial one of

which arises from the transverse process of the fifth cervical vertebra

and is inserted into the three foremost ribs. The deeper and shorter

one arises from the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra,

and is inserted into the first rib, outside and superficial to the vessels

and nerves.

Muscles of the Back and Abdomen.

Panniculus carnosus. The very lean condition of our specimen

permitted this muscle to be well seen in its entire extent (figs. 2 & 3,

* Op. cit. yol. vi. p. 157. t Loc. cit.

Oe te ee a

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 393

P.c). It corresponds very nearly to our description of the same

muscle in Hyrax*. It is also wonderfully strong in the Rodents

selected for comparison, most so perhaps in the Guinea-pig.

The latissimus dorsi takes origin from the dorsal and lumbar ver-

tebree, and is likewise attached by a fascia to the surface of the infra-

spinatus muscle. It has an insertion by tendon, as usual, in common

with the teres major (figs. 2 & 3, Z.d.). It sends off a small dorso-

epitrochlear slip (figs. 2 & 3, D.e.) to the ulnar side of the olecra-

non. This last we noticed in the Guinea-pig, but not clearly in the

specimens of Rabbit and Hare.

The ¢rapezius is very extensive and elongated (fig. 3, Tva.). Mus-

cular fibres come from the spines of the fourth to the eleventh dorsal

vertebrze, covering the latissimus dorsi, and proceeding outwards and

forwards are partially inserted into about the middle of the spine of

the scapula.

A strong tendinous fascia continues onwards, joining the almost

distinct anterior portion, which may he said to arise from the occiput

and ligamentum nuche, to be inserted into the anterior edge of the

spine of the scapula and metacromion process, a slip of fibres pro-

ceeding down the side of the limb as far as the middle of the humerus.

In the neck the fibres join those of the levator clavicule,

There is no characteristic difference in the Guinea-pig.

In the Hare the nuchal portion is very thin, and the dorsal por-

tion goes as far backwards as the twelfth or thirteenth vertebra.

In the Rabbit this muscle appears to join the latissimus dorsi

posteriorly, In neither of these three animals is the long humeral

slip so strongly developed as in the Agouti.

Rhomboideus. There is no distinction between the rhomboideus

major, minor, and capitis ; but one continuous sheet of muscle arises

from the paramastoid process of the occiput, the median line of the

neck, and the dorsal vertebree. Its insertion is into the vertebral

border of the scapula.

Meckel says (loc. cit. p. 242), “Le Pore-epie et la Marmote parmi

les Rongeurs n’ont qu’un rhomboide, mais il y est trés-développé, il

vient de l’arcade de l’occipital,”’ &c.

In the Hare, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig we find a distinct rhomboi-

deus capitis muscle, which arises by delicate narrow fibres from the

occiput, and, broadening as it proceeds backwards and outwards, is

inserted into the anterior end of the vertebral border of the scapula.

In them also the rhomboideus major and minor are interblended.

The serratus magnus and the levator anguli scapule, indivisibly

united together, form another extensive layer of muscle. Origin: the

transverse processes of all the cervical vertebree and the first eight

ribs. Insertion: the spinal border of the scapula beneath the rhom-

boideus.

In the Guinea-pig, Rabbit, and Hare there is a line of separation

between the serratus magnus and levator anguli scapule, opposite

the third rib; the last portion has the greatest amount of attach-

ment to the scapula.

* PZ. S. 1865, p. 335.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXVI.

394 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE [June 26,

Serratus posticus. This is one single sheet of muscle and fascia,

answering in all respects to the description given of that in Hyrawx*,

with the exception that it reaches only to the fifth rib. Its fibres,

moreover, have a uniformly oblique direction, and take origin from

the ligamentum nuche by a strong tendon.

Meckel*+ avers that in some Rodents, principally the Agouti, Mar-

mot, and Beaver, it goes to all the ribs except the first. It was not

so in our specimen, and the alteration in the direction of the fibres

was not so clearly shown as Meckel has described.

We have found it in the Hare and Rabbit very thin and delicate,

almost like a fascia, except at the anterior part, where there are a

few muscular fibres. It appears to go to most of the ribs in the

Hare, indeed to all except the three anterior ones. In the very fleshy

old male Guinea-pig examined by us it was distinct and strong from

the third to the eighth or ninth rib.

The sacro-lumbalis has its usual attachments, and, emerging from

the mass of the erector spine, is prolonged, as the cervicalis ascen-

dens, to the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. In the

other three Rodents it did not seem to reach further than the seventh

cervical.

The longissimus dorsi is very much larger and more fleshy than

the preceding, but also has the ordinary attachments. It is pro-

longed into the neck as a transversalis cervicis as far as the atlas,

strong tendons going to all the cervical vertebrae. It is the same in

the Guinea-pig. In the Hare, only as far as the axis? But in the

Rabbit it is, as Professor Huxley} has observed, very powerful and

attached to the large metapophysial processes.

The external oblique is a most extensive sheet of muscle, and

almost of a uniform thickness from the median line of the abdomen

nearly to the back. It springs by digitations as far forwards as the

fourth rib, and its fibres blend with the rectus over the cartilages of

from the fifth to the tenth ribs. Posteriorly it is fixed to the an-

terior spine of the ilium; and its insertion is by muscular and tendi-

nous fibres into the brim of the pelvis from the ilio-pectineal promi-

nence to the symphysis. It is in close connexion with the insertion

of the rectus, which it covers; but the main part of its inguinal

fibrous insertion proceeds down the median line of the symphysis to

about.its middle, and rather nearer to the posterior than to the ante-

rior end of the origin of the very broad gracilis (figs. 4 & 5, #.0.).

The two most peculiar points of interest in this muscle are, Ist,

its attachment and close adherence to the rectus ; and 2nd, its having

the aponeurotic semilunar fascia stretching from the anterior spine

of the ilium to the ilio-pectineal eminence and symphysis so strongly

tendinous as to form well-developed Poupart’s and Gimbernat’s

ligaments.

It is altogether a thin muscle in the Hare; and neither in it, the

Guinea-pig, nor Rabbit, notably differs from that of the Agouti in its

attachments.

* P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 335. t Loc. cit. p. 107.

¢ Hunterian Lectures, Royal College of Surgeons, 1865.

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 395

The internal oblique and transversalis are so closely adherent as

to seem but one. They have the usual attachments of the internal

oblique, their only peculiarity being their relation with regard to the

rectus muscle. In the Hare there is also a close relation between

these two muscles, but in some parts the fibres are much more easily

separated from each other.

Rectus abdominis. This muscle is nearly inseparable from the

external oblique over the cartilages of the ribs, and is also conjoined

to the serratus magnus at its anterior part. Its fibres, moreover, can

be traced onwards as far as the first rib. It is distinct and well de-

fined from the ensiform cartilage to about the umbilicus; but from

this last point to the symphysis it is closely united with the internal

oblique and transversalis, with fibres, however, which are clearly

longitudinal.

At the pelvic attachment the muscles of the right and left sides

cross each other precisely in the manner so well described by Prof.

Owen * as occurring in Capromys fournieri, and afterwards by C. L.

Martin in Myopotamus coypus+ and Octodon cumingiit.

The belly of the psoas parvus is small in volume, but it has a long

tendon of insertion. It arises by muscular fibres from the bodies of

the antepenultimate and penultimate lumbar vertebre ; its narrow,

strong tendon expands just as it is inserted into the brim of the

pelvis.

It is nearly alike in the Hare and Guinea-pig.

The psoas magnus, on the contrary, is exceedingly large, and is

more or less separated behind (below) into distinct fleshy fasciculi,

especially where the anterior crural nerve pierces it. It arises from

the vertebral surfaces of the bodies of the whole of the lumbar ver-

tebree, and is inserted as usual.

This muscle has the same apparent division in the Guinea-pig ;

but the fleshy fasciculi are not so distinct in the Hare.

The zdiacus takes origin from the inferior surface of the blade of

the ilium, and, joining the psoas, has its ordinary insertion (figs. 4 & 5,

Il.). It is very thick and fleshy. It possesses the same characters

in the Guinea-pig ; but in the Hare it is very intimately united with

the psoas magnus.

Quadratus lumborum. This is a remarkably elongated muscle,

extending beneath the bodies of the vertebrz as far forwards as the

eighth dorsal one. It gradually broadens backwards until its fibres

reach the transverse process of the last lumbar vertebree, whence it

narrows, and, running upon the ventral surface of the sacrum, is in-

serted by a single tendon into its outer margin, namely on the

surface of the sacro-iliac synchondrosis, a strong tendon extending

to the posterior end of that surface.

In the Hare, beautifully distinct tendons are sent to the ventral

surfaces of each of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebree ;

they are present also in the Guinea-pig, but not so well defined, by

reason of the colour of the flesh and diffused fat.

* P. ZS. 1832, p. 68. + P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 173,

t P. ZS. 1836, p. 70.

MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J.MURIE [June 26,

396

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the Crested Agouti.

1866. ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 397

Muscles of the Fore Limb,

Pectoralis major. Perhaps the most striking difference between

the posterior fibres of this muscle and that of the conjoined panni-

culus carnosus is the darker colour of the former. The pectoralis

major is extensive, but on the whole of moderate thickness. Al-

though peculiar, we did not find it to answer the description given

by Prof. Owen of the same in Capromys fournieri* ; for it seemed

to have four distinct origins, and as many insertions.

The first and largest portion consists of a very broad sheet of

muscular fibre arising from the posterior two-thirds of the sternum,

and, as already stated, is intimately blended with the panniculus

carnosus (see fig. 2, P. m. 1); while it is also much adherent to the

posterior portion of the sterno-scapular muscle. Its insertion extends

from halfway down the deltoid ridge, upwards as far as the tendon

of the coraco-brachialis; and a small slip of its fibres passes over

this tendon to the surface of the fascia covering the subscapularis.

The second portion arises from the anterior fifth of the sternum,

almost as far as the end of the manubrium. Its posterior border is

closely connected with the anterior border of the first portion, so that

these two together almost, if not quite, cover the sternal origin of

the sterno-scapular. It is inserted into the shaft of the humerus, its

whole length external to the insertion of the preceding portion (figs.

2& 3, P.m. 2).

The third portion is a narrow band of muscle arising from the

manubrium, and inserted into the lower end of the shaft of the hu-

merus, immediately external to the second portion of this muscle

(figs. 2 & 3, P. m. 3).

The fourth portion is a still narrower band, which arises from

almost the outer end of the clavicle, and joining the third portion is

inserted in common with it; and it is this junction and common in-

sertion with an undoubted part of the pectoralis major which decides

us to regard it as part of the pectoral, and not as a part of the

deltoid (figs. 2 & 3, P. m.4).

In the Hare, the Rabbit, and the Guinea-pig this muscle exists in

a slightly modified condition from the above; and although the

several portions spoken of are in them more adherent, nevertheless

they are without much difficulty separable into nearly similar slips.

What answers to the first and second portions in D. cristata may in

them be regarded as but one sheet folded on itself at its sternal and

humeral attachments. The insertion into the humerus of the third

portion is neither so extensive nor so muscular in the three rodents

in question.

In Dasyprocta cristata the pectoralis minor is wanting, or included

in the p. major; the slip of the first portion of the latter muscle

going to the subscapularis, possibly representing the insertion of the

fused pectoralis minor,

Meckel+, in his description of a small muscle underneath the

pectoralis major in the Marmot &c., says, ‘Il est possible, au reste,

* P, Z. 8. 1832, p. 74. +t. Loc. cit. p- 251.

398 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE [June 26,

que ces muscles allant 4 l’humerus, ne représentent pas le petit pec-

toral mais seulement certaines parties du grand pectoral, dans ce cas,

ma manitre de voir serait encore plus exacte.”’

This muscle, however, seems distinct in the Rabbit, Hare, and

Guinea-pig, where it is seen as an elongated band, with an origin

adherent to and intermediate between the first portion and the sterno-

scapular. Its insertion, however, is quite separate, namely into the

ulnar tuberosity of the humerus, fibres also proceeding to the sub-

scapularis.

Sterno-scapular. This muscle has a double origin. The larger

portion arises from the sternum, between the origins of the first and

second portions of the pectoralis major, and is closely invested by

them as before stated. As it passes upwards it becomes slightly

connected with the distal end of the clavicle, about an inch beyond

which it unites with the second and smaller portion of muscle, being

inserted together with it close to the anterior vertebral angle of the

scapula. Some fibres pass over the supraspinatus, and are attached

by fascia to the spine of the scapula.

The second and rather smaller portion arises from the outer side

of the base of the manubrium and from the cartilage of the first rib.

Passing forwards it joins the first portion as already mentioned

(figs. 2 & 3, S.s.).

The sterno-scapular is an exceedingly long and narrow muscle.

The second, smaller portion resembles by its origin, and indeed may

be, the subclavius, as Meckel* suggests ; but it is the larger, and not

the smaller part which is unmistakeably connected with the outer

end of the clavicle, the lesser part having only an-aponeurotic attach-

ment to that bone.

In the Hare there is but one, broad origin to this muscle, a small

portion of its outer edge adhering firmly to the humeral extremity

of the rudimentary clavicle as it passes beneath ; while its insertion

is very extensive, viz. from the vertebral angle of the scapula to the

coracoid process, upon the surface of the supraspinatus. In the

Rabbit and Guinea-pig there are two slips as in D. cristata.

The deltoid consists of two semidistinct portions—one arising from

the inferior border of the metacromion process (tendinous superfi-

cially), the other investing the fascia of the infraspinatus immediately

behind that process. These two portions have a common insertion

into the lower half of the deltoid ridge, immediately external to the

summit of insertion of the second part of the pectoralis major

(fig. 3, D.).

This corresponds with our dissection of the same muscle in the

Rabbit, Guinea-pig, and the Hare.

Meckel+ considers the deltoid in the Agouti and Porcupine to

consist of a clavicular as well as a scapular portion; but what he

describes as the former is our fourth portion of the pectoralis major.

This may indeed be described as part of the deltoid ; but, on ac-

count of its very different insertion from that of the ordinary clavi-

cular part. of the deltoid and its insertion in common with the third

* Loc, cit. pp. 259, 260. t Loc, cit. p. 255.

1866.) ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 399

part of the pectoralis major, we are led, as before stated, to regard

it as a portion of the last-named muscle.

The supraspinatus is larger in bulk than the infraspinatus. There

is nothing unusual in its attachments.

The infraspinatus stretches from the infraspinous fossa to the

summit of the outer border of the great tuberosity of the humerus.

The subscapularis is normal, but does not occupy the whole of the

subscapular surface of the bone. Its condition approximates very

much to that found in Hyrax*.

The teres major arises from the upper half of the posterior margin

of the scapula, and is inserted as usual, but in common with the

latissimus dorsi.

The ¢eres minor has an origin from the inferior third of the poste-

rior margin of the scapula; and its insertion is into the base of the

tuberosity of the humerus. It is altogether very small and closely

adherent to the infraspinatus.

Meckel+ seems to have failed in detecting this muscle in Rodents,

possibly confounding it with the infraspinatus.

The last-mentioned five scapular muscles present no further dif-

ference worthy of mention, either in the Guinea-pig, the Rabbit, or

the Hare.

The diceps has only a single head, and is inserted into the poste-

rior border of the ulna by a strong tendon passing deeply between

the muscles, and fixed to the ulnar side of the ridge immediately in

front of the greater sigmoid cavity (fig. 2, B).

According to Meckelt{ this muscle also goes to the ulna in the

Poreupine and Beaver; we have found this also to be the case in

the Guinea-pig, Rabbit, and Hare; there is the usual attachment

of the superficial fascia in the forearm; and in addition a strong

fibrous band unites it to the neck and shaft of the radius.

The coraco-brachialis consists of two parts, the longer of which

descends only to about the middle of the shaft of the humerus ; the

short part is inserted above the tendon of the teres major § (fig. 2, C.0.).

In the Hare, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig this muscle does not descend

so far down the shaft of the humerus as in D. cristata, and it is

likewise less clearly, if at all, separable into two than in them.

Meckel || considers it simple and short in the Hare, very long and

strong in the Porcupine, and double in the Marmot.

The brachialis anticus (figs. 2 & 3, B.a.) is peculiar in being

divided into two distinct parts, one of which arises at the back of

the head of the humerus, much as in Hyrax 4, curving round the

outside of the shaft. Its insertion is by a flattened tendon (much

* P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 338. t Loe. cit. p. 78.

t Loe. cit. p. 288.

§ Since the above was read, Mr. John Wood has published a paper in the

first number of the ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ published at London

and Cambridge, 1866. He therein proposes three names for the three portions

of the coraco-brachialis. The two parts in the Agouti answer respectively to his

coraco-brachialis proprius and coraco-brachialis superior vel brevis (loc. cit.

pp- 48 & 49).

|| Loe. cit. p. 280. @ P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 339.

400 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J. MURIE [June 26,

thinner than that of the biceps) into the radial side of the shaft of

the ulna, lower than the insertion of the biceps, but higher than that

of the biceps in the Hare, Guinea-pig, and Rabbit.

The second portion, which also exists in the Hare and Rabbit, is

much smaller in size, and has a separate origin and insertion. It

arises from the front of the shaft of the humerus, immediately within

the first part of the brachialis anticus, and below the deltoid ridge ;

it is a laterally compressed band of muscle, and has an insertion im-

mediately adjacent to and to the inner side of the first part.

In the Rabbit the two portions of the brachialis anticus (which

are more equal in size than in D. cristata) are separated from each

other by the insertion of part of the pectoralis major, which runs far

down the humerus, this part in Dasyprocta being inserted between

the inner portion of the brachialis anticus and the biceps.

In the Guinea-pigs examined by us there was no second and sepa-

rate portion to the brachialis anticus.

The ¢riceps consists of three heads as in Man, and with the usual

origin and insertions ; the scapular head is large, and, moreover, has

in addition a slight origin from the fascia investing the infraspinatus

muscle (figs. 2 & 3, T.).

The other Rodents used for comparison do not vary from the above

description.

The supinator longus, as Meckel observes, appears to be entirely

absent, unless the inner parts of the brachialis anticus be considered

a displaced supinator longus; but such can hardly be the case, on

account of its very different insertion.

The Guinea-pig resembles the Agouti in this respect.

It is certainly wanting in the Hare.

The supinator brevis has an origin from the annular ligament of

the radius, and is inserted as usual into the shaft of that bone

(fig. 3, S. 0.).

It is present and similar in the Guinea-pig.

In the Hamster, Agouti, Marmot, Beaver, and Rabbit, according

to Meckel*, it is inserted entirely, or almost so, into the upper half of

the radius.

In the Hare and Rabbit we found it very small.

The pronator radii teres (figs. 2 & 3, P.r. t.) arises from the in-

ternal condyle, and has an insertion into the middle of the shaft of

the radius as in the Hare, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig—not, however,

extending to the lower end of this bone, as Meckelt+ asserts is the

condition this muscle assumes in the Rodents.

On the left fore limb of-the Agouti we did, however, notice a thin

fascia-like tendon, which seemed to spring from, or be a continuation

of, the pronator teres, and to run on as far as the carpus.

The flexor carpi radialis has origin from the internal condyle, and

an insertion by a long tendon which passes to the groove inside the

styloid process of the radius, thence over the scaphoid, dipping deeply

beneath the short flexor muscles of the pollex, and ending in the base

of the first phalanx of the index (fig. 2, F.c.7.). It is similar in

the three Rodents examined for comparison,

* Loc. cit. p. 506. + Loe. cit. p. 500.

ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 401

1866.]

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rested Agouti.

(Photographed by Dr. Murie.)

Dorsal aspect, shoulder and left fore limb of C

402 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J.MURIE [June 26,

The flecor carpii ulnaris is but moderately large; it arises from

the ulnar aspect of the olecranon, and for a very short distance from

the back of the shaft of the ulna. Its tendon, which is broad and

flat, commences about halfway down the forearm, and has an in-

sertion into the pisiform bone (fig. 2, F. ¢. u.).

In the Hare and Rabbit this muscle has likewise a slip of origin

from the inner condyle in common with the flexor sublimis and pro-

fundus.

The Guinea-pig has this muscle relatively larger in the belly than

the Agouti; its origin and insertion are similar.

Palmaris brevis (fig. 2, P.6.). This muscle, so diminutive in

Man and the higher Quadrumana, is in Dasyprocta cristata very

remarkable by reason of its great strength, and also from there being

a very large palmar ossicle so developed as almost to divide it into two

portions. The muscular fibres stretch across, taking origin from the

first and the fifth digits for the whole length of the metacarpals.

The ossicle (fig. 2, P.o.) is nearly as long as the rather diminu-

tive pollex, its proximal attachment being to the trapezium and base

of the pollex ; it looks, in fact, like an extra digit laid obliquely across

the palm. The distal extremity reaches to the middle of the palm,

but points towards the fifth digit ; it terminates anteriorly in a some-

what sharp-pointed cartilaginous apex, its base alone being osseous.

In the Rabbit there is a double palmar cartilage, approaching in

shape to the ossicle in the Agouti, not attached to the sides of the

palm by muscular fibre as in Agouti, but only by a tendinous fascia.

In the Hare we find no ossicle or cartilage, but only a strong fascia.

In the Guinea-pig there is a palmar ossicle very nearly corre-

sponding to that described in the Agouti, but the muscular fibres

on either side are much paler and fewer in number.

Under the head of flexor brevis manus we may mention a small

muscular mass superficial to the flexor tendons. The median nerve

distributed to the palmar surface of the manus is closely embraced

and surrounded by this muscle, which arises from the surface of the

deep tendons on either side of the middle line, and has an apparent

attachment or insertion into the proximal end of the fifth digit.

This muscle evidently agrees more or less with what we found in

the Hyrax*—with this difference, however, that in the latter it

ended in three tendons.

What Prof. Huxley has described as a separate belly of muscle

proceeding from the tendons of the flexor sublimis in the Rabbit may

be the representative of this muscle, with but a single tendon, going

to the fifth digit.

In the Guinea-pig we failed to detect any such structure.

In the Hare this muscle is wanting.

All that we noticed as representing the Palmaris longus was a

small slip adherent upon the voluminous flexor sublimis. This slip

arises from the internal condyle, and seems to be continued into the

palm of the hand by the superficial fascia.

There is a similar diminutive tendon in the Rabbit; but in the

* P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 341. + Hunterian Lectures, 1865.

1866.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 403

Guinea-pig dissected, an old fleshy male, there was a good-sized

fleshy belly to the muscle above the tendon, which latter ended in the

thick palmar fascia.

The flexor sublimis digitorum is quite a small muscle; it arises

fleshy from the internal condyle along with the flexor profundus

digitorum, lying rather to the ulnar side of this last. At the wrist

it divides on the right limb into three rather delicate tendons, which

form the perforated tendons of the second, third, and fourth digits ;

on the left limb it sends a division to the fifth digit (fig. 2, F.s.d.).

In the Hare we find it to have three tendons, going to the same

digits as in the right limb of Dasyprocta; while in the Guinea-pig

there are four, as in the left limb of D. cristata. The Rabbit, as

Prof. Huxley has observed, is peculiar in having the flexor sublimis

dividing into three tendons, with an extra muscle and fleshy belly to

the ulnar side of these tendons, which itself sends a tendon to supply

the fifth digit.

Flexor profundus digitorum and flexor longus pollicis (fig. 2,

F. p.d. and F. l. p. 1, 2, 3,4). These are represented by a complex

muscle consisting of four parts: the first, and much the larger part,

arises from the internal condyle; the second, outer part arises from

the shaft of the ulna, its middle three-fourths; the third part, the

smallest, arises in common with the first head, but rather deeper ;

the fourth part (which we take to represent the flexor longus polli-

cis?) arises from the middle three-fourths of the shaft of the radius.

The first, large portion is fleshy down close to the wrist, and so

are the second and fourth portions; but the smallest portion becomes

tendinous as far up as the middle of the forearm.

The whole of these tendons form an extraordinarily strong, hard,

flat, single tendon, filling the entire interspace between the pisiform

and scaphoid bones. In the palm of the hand this mass divides

into four very broad tendons, inserted respectively into the second,

third, fourth, and fifth digits; but no tendon goes to the pollex.

The component parts and distribution of the tendons of this muscle

are the same in the Guinea-pig ; but in the Hare and Rabbit there

is an additional tendon to the thumb; in them also the fourth divi-

sion, and not the third, is the smallest one.

LIumbricales (fig. 2, L.). These seem to be three in number.

The first (radial) one arises from the radial side of the conjoined

mass of tendon of the flexor profundus and longus pollicis, and also

in part from the index tendon; it is inserted into the proximal end

of the first phalanx of the secoud digit. The second (middle) one

comes from the superficies of the same large conjoined tendon, and

partly from the tendons of the index and third digits; it goes to the

radial side of the third digit. The ¢hird (ulnar) one has a similar

superticial origin from the conjoined tendon and those of the third

and fourth digits; it is inserted into the ulnar side of the proximal

phalanx of the third digit.

In the Rabbit, Hare, and Guinea-pig there are likewise three

lumbrical muscles. Each of these is given off from, and attached to,

the radial sides of the third, fourth, and fifth digits,

404 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J.MURIE [June 26,

The pronator quadratus is very extensive, having attachments to

the shaft of the radius and ulna for nearly their whole length, and

not for half only as Meckel says*. But at the same time he also

states that it is found in some other Rodents in the same condition

in which we find it in Dasyprocta cristata.

In the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit this muscle is very small,

from the approximation of the bones.

The extensor carpii radialis longior arises from the humerus above

the external condyle; its fleshy belly extends about halfway down

the forearm, and ends in a tendon which is inserted into the proxi-

mal end of the metacarpal of the index (fig. 3, H. c. 7. /. and 6.).

There is no difference in the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit.

The extensor carpii radialis brevior arises beneath the last, and is

inserted into the radial side of the metacarpal bone of the third digit

(fig. 3, Z.c.7.1. and 6.).

The same in the Guinea-pig and Hare; the muscular bellies in

all are very closely applied.

The extensor communis digitorum has origin from the external

condyle, the muscle being strongly tendinous beneath. Passing

downwards it divides into three separated tendons, which are respec-

tively inserted into the second, third, and fourth digits. There is a

second part, which gives rise on the ulnar side to a much more deli-

cate tendon, which passes down beneath the tendon of the other part,

and, dividing, goes to the third and fifth digits.

Meckel+ remarks that in the Marmot there are two extra extensor

muscles which supply the third and fourth digits.

In the Guinea-pig it is as in the Agouti, except that the tendons

of the larger part are inserted into the third, fourth, and fifth digits ;

while the smaller part sends two tendons to the index and third

digits respectively.

In the Hare this muscle sends four tendons—namely, to the index

and the three outermost digits; that going to the fifth digit forms a

muscular belly rather distinct from the rest, and which appears to re-

present the smaller part above described in the Agouti and Guinea-pig.

The extensor carpii ulnaris springs from the external condyle and

the contiguous part of the ulna ; its insertion is into the base of the

fifth metacarpal bone (fig. 3, HB. c. u.).

Alike in the Guinea-pig and the Hare.

Extensor ossis metacarpii pollicis. ‘This is a very large and strong

muscle, with an exceedingly broad tendon. It arises from the conti-

guous surfaces of the radius and ulna, and is inserted into the hase

of the metacarpal bone of the pollex (figs. 2 & 3, E.0.m.p.).

In the Guinea-pig it is similar, except that its tendon (the pollex

being absent) runs on to the base of the metacarpal of the index,

though mainly inserted into the rudimentary trapezium.

In the Hare, as in the Agouti, the tendon goes to the metacarpal

bone of pollex.

Both the extensor primi internodii and extensor secundi internodit

pollicis ave absent in the Crested Agouti and in the Guinea-pig.

* Loe, cit. p. 302. + Loe, cit. p. 522.

1866. | ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 405

The extensor primi internodii pollicis is also absent in the Hare

and Rabbit ; but the extensor secundi internodii, Prof. Huxley * says,

is, together with the extensor indicis, represented by one muscle.

However this may be, in the Hare an extraordinarily small muscle

arises from the ulna, and it sends an extremely delicate tendon to

the second phalanx of the pollex; on one side it also sends a very

delicate slip to the index.

The extensor minimi digiti comes from the external condyle and

the upper half of the outer border of the ulna; its strong tendon

divides into two, these going respectively to the fourth and fifth

digits (figs. 2 & 3, FE. m. d.).

‘It is the same in the Guinea-pig.

According to Prof. Huxley+ this muscle in the Rabbit supplies

three digits, and thus in a manner forms a double set of extensors.

In the Rabbit dissected by ourselves there are only two tendons given

off from the extensor minimi digiti, which go to the fourth and fifth

digits, that to the fourth coming chiefly from the external condyle.

In the Hare this muscle appears to be almost entirely double: the

superior belly, which goes up as high as the condyle, supplies the

fourth digit ; the deeper belly, which does not reach the condyle,

supplies the tendon of the fifth digit. The two tendons cross.

The extensor indicis is a very small muscle, arising from the middle

of the ulna, interosseous membrane, and opposite part of the radius;

its tendon is inserted into the proximal phalanx of the index (jig. 3,

E.i.).

In the Guinea-pig it arises from the ulna, outside the extensor

ossis metacarpi pollicis, and is inserted into the same part as above.

In the Hare it is absent, unless, as Professor Huxley suggests, it

is represented by the extensor secundi internodii pollicis.

Muscles of the Hind Limb.

Gluteus maximus. We found a difficulty in assigning exact limits

to this muscle, as what may be considered the tensor vaginze femoris

is for a considerable distance inseparably united with it, while poste-

riorly the gluteus maximus is in close relation with a portion of the

biceps.

It arises by aponeurosis from the spines of the last lumbar and all

the sacral vertebree, and by muscular fibre from the anterior spine

of the ilium and from the surface of the posterior border of the glu-

teus medius.

This extensive sheet is more or less divisible into two portions,

the anterior of which probably represents the tensor vaginze femoris,

and it is inserted by aponeurosis immediately superficial to the outer

end of what we take to be the sartorius. The posterior portion is

inserted exclusively into the outside of the shaft of the femur, by

strong tendinous fibres, especially into the prominence below the

third trochanter¢ (figs. 4 & 5, T. v. f.and G. maz.).

* Hunterian Course of Lectures, College of Surgeons, 1865.

+ Lectures above cited.

¢ As Meckel observes, vol. vi. p. 355.

406 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J.MURIE [June 26,

In the Guinea-pig the arrangement is similar, but the prominence

on the femur is less marked.

In the Hare it is inserted into the third trochanter.

The gluteus medius is an enormous mass arising by muscular fibres

from the anterior spine and crest of the ilium, and from its inferior

(anterior) margin as far as the scansorius, also from the anterior

Fig. 4.

TN Afi: G.max

\ —

Ei hdis

Left groin and hind leg to ankle of Crested Agouti.

(From a photograph by Dr. Murie.)

T.v. f. and G. max. Tensor vaginz femoris and gluteus maximus. P.c. Inser-

tion of panniculus carnosus. £. 0. External oblique. JZ/. Tliacus. 2B. f.

Rectus femoris. V.2. Vastus internus. Sa. Sartorius. A. mag. Adduc-

tor magnus. A./. and br, Adductor longus and brevis. Sim. Semimem-

branosus. Gr. Gracilis. S¢. Semitendinosus. 2B. Biceps. Ga. Gastro-

enemius. So. Soleus. P. Plantaris. J’. /.h. Flexor longus hallucis. F. 7. d.

Flexor longus digitorum. TZ\a. Tibialis anticus. £./.d. Extensor longus

digitorum. Z. p.h, Extensor proprius hallucis. Art. Superficial and deep

femoral arteries. U. Urethra. V. Vagina. 4, Anus, 4.g. Anal gland of

right side,

ef 5 ~

1866.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 407

sacral vertebrae. It is inserted by one large tendon into the summit

of the peroneal trochanter, and by several smaller ones (slight fascize

intervening) into the outer and posterior surface of the same tro-

chanter (fig. 5, G. med.). f

It is precisely similar in the Guinea-pig, even to the several pecti-

nated-like tendons of insertion on the peroneal trochanter. In the

Rabbit and Hare it is very thin, but the insertion presents more of

a single flat tendon.

We found the gluteus minimus to be a very small muscle arising

from the concave outer surface of the ilium, and having an insertion

by a single strong tendon into the extremity of the peroneal tro-

chanter (fig. 5, G. min.). This also answers to what is present in

the Guinea-pig. The Hare and Rabbit, however, differ, as in them

this muscle is largest, and in great measure covers the scansorius.

Scansorius. This muscle is present in Dasyprocta cristata, and

is about the same size as the gluteus minimus, but is hidden by the

gluteus medius. It arises by muscular fibres from the whole inferior

(anterior) margin of the ilium, and is inserted by a very strong ten-

don, which passes down underneath the upper extremity of the

vastus externus into the anterior margin of the greater (peroneal)

trochanter (fig. 5, Se.).

This muscle is relatively smaller in the Rabbit, Hare, and Guinea-

ig.

¥ “The pyriformis has origin from the ventral surface of the sacrum,

and, passing out superficial to the sciatic nerve, is inserted within

the peroneal trochanter towards its summit. The anterior border of

the muscle is intimately connected with the posterior border of the

gluteus minimus.

In the Guinea-pig it is also connected with the scansorius.

The obturator internus is applied to the inner surface of the obtu-

rator foramen or fascia thereon, and, turning outwards, its strong

tendon has an insertion into the trochanteric fossa immediately ex-

ternal to the quadratus femoris.

The gemelli muscles adhere closely to each other. One arises a

little above the spine of the ischium ; the other takes origin between

that spine and the tuberosity of the ischium. They are inserted toge-

ther into the trochanteric fossa, along with the obturator internus.

These muscles and the obturator internus Meckel* mentions as

existing ordinarily in Rodents.

Quadratus femoris. This is but a very small muscle, with an

attachment between the tuberosity of the ischium and the acetabu-

lum ; its insertion is into the trochanteric fossa (fig. 5, Q. f.).

The obturator externus is large and fleshy, occupying the front of

the pelvis as high as the upper margin of the obturator foramen ; it

proceeds into the trochanteric fossa.

The above five muscles present no important difference as to

attachments in the other. Rodents examined.

‘The diceps, strictly speaking, consists of two parts, although ex-

ternally they are indistinguishable, and indeed they are for the most

* Op. cit. vol. vi. p. 364.

408 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J. MURIE |June 26,

part very intimately united (figs. 4 & 5, B.). The anterior portion

arises from the sacral vertebrze, and is strongly muscular at its origin;

superficially fibres pass on to the outside of the heads of the tibia

and fibula, mingling with those of the broader second portion ; but

deeply this portion of the muscle terminates in a flat, thin and nar-

row tendon, which is inserted into the outer side of the patella.

The second portion originates by a very strong but short tendon

from the outer side of the tuberosity of the ischium, and, expanding

into a broad sheet of muscle, is inserted by aponeurosis into the out-

side of the leg down to the ankle.

It thus seems that the tensor vaginze femoris, gluteus maximus,

and the two parts of the biceps form together an almost continuous

investment or sheet of muscle from the crest of the ilium to the

caudal vertebrae and ischium, and from the patella to the ankle:

together most powerfully flexing the limb.

In the Guinea-pig the arrangement is very similar, except that

the two parts are rather more distinct and that the anterior portion

is narrower.

In the Hare the two parts are very distinct, and the tendon of the

anterior portion to the patella is much stronger and longer. The

posterior portion presents no essential difference in attachments ; but

the muscular sheet, which in the two former animals extends to the

ankle, in the Hare is much more aponeurotic.

The semimembranosus, unlike the condition of this muscle in

Hyrax*, arjses singly ; but it agrees in being an uncommonly large

muscle. It has origin from the whole of the triangular space (or

tuberosity) of the ischium, and is inserted broadly from the inner

condyle of the femur to the head of the tibia (fig. 4, 8. m.). A

slight dissection, moreover, shows a division at its insertion into three

portions, as in Man. The middle one is more or less formed by a

distinct round and strong tendon, which springs from a separate

belly of muscle more or less surrounded and enclosed by the rest of

the semimembranosus.

In the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit this separation, as it were,

into two muscles is more strongly marked ; in the two last the fleshy

insertion of the largest portion into the tibia is not so extensive as in

the Agouti and Guinea-pig. It is relatively very large in the latter.

Semitendinosus. Strong and bulky, it has two origins. The

first arises by fleshy fibres from the caudal vertebre as far back as

opposite the tuberosity of the ischium, the fibres adhering to the

deep fascia in the interspace between these two points.

A second head, much smaller than the preceding, but also mus-

cular, comes from the tuberosity of the ischium, and immediately

joins the larger head.

The anterior border of the first head is closely adherent to the

posterior border of the gluteus maximus. Insertion: by a broad

translucent strong sheet of tendon the whole length of the shaft of

the tibia to os calcis (figs. 4 & 5, S¢.), as mentioned on the opposite

page in the description of the gracilis.

* P. Z. S. 1865, p. 347.

° a

1866.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 409

This muscle is similarly arranged in the Hare and Rabbit, but has

the fascia which goes to the tendo Achillis relatively weaker than in

the Crested Agouti and the Guinea-pig.

Sartorius (fig. 4, Sa.). This muscle is very broad and fleshy. It

is entirely different in its origin to that of Man, and seems to have

for its office the rotation of the limb inwards. Its position (at the

origin) somewhat resembles that of the pectineus muscle in the hu-

man subject. It arises from the ilio-pectineal eminence and the

symphysis pubis, as far as its middle, a portion of the gracilis lying

superficial to the posterior part of the origin of the sartorius. It is

inserted by a tendinous fascia between the superior point of the elon-

gated patella and the head of the tibia.

This tendinous fascia is in close relation at its insertion with the

semimembranosus. A very long superficial femoral artery (fig.4, drt.)

crosses this muscle about its middle.

In the Guinea-pig this muscle has nearly the same position, rela-

tion, and attachments as in D. cristata. It differs considerably in

the Rabbit and Hare. In the former of these two, besides having

an origin from the ilio-pectineal eminence and slightly from the sym-

physis, it has another from the outer side of the anterior superior

crest of the ilium, these different origins being connected by a strong

fascia. In the Hare the main origin is from the anterior superior

spive of the ilium, and but slightly from the ilio-pectineal eminence.

The gracilis is very powerful, from its extensive insertion, although

it is but a moderately thick muscle. It arises (fleshy) from fully

the posterior half of the symphysis, and is inserted by a fascia from

the head of the tibia as far down as the ankle, the sheet of fascia

joining that of the semitendinosus. The two together spread out

between the internal malleolus and the tuberosity of the os calcis

(fig. 4, Gr.).

This has a similar origin and insertion in the Rabbit, Hare, and

Guinea-pig ; but the fascia which proceeds down the leg is relatively

weaker in the two first-mentioned.

The pectineus arises from the ilio-pectineal eminence and the adjoin-

ing brim of the pelvis, covered by the sartorius ; its insertion is into the

shaft of the femur, immediately beneath the insertion of the iliacus.

In the Hare and Rabbit it can hardly be said to be covered by the

sartorius, and it is scarcely so in the Guinea-pig.

The vastus externus is very large, and with an origin from the

upper half of the shaft of the femur as high as the rudimentary third

trochanter ; the insertion, which is by muscle, is on the outside of

the patella, into the tendon common to the extensors of the thigh.

The vastus internus is small, and has a similar origin and insertion

to the preceding, but on the inner side of the shaft of the femur. It

arises as high as the tibial trochanter (fig. 4, V.7.). The vasti are

similar in the Guinea-pig and Hare.

The rectus femoris is equal to the vasti muscles in thickness and

bulk. It has the common origin by a double tendon, but a little

muscular fibre extends beneath the lowest one; insertion as usual.

In the Guinea-pig there is no marked difference.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXVII.

410 MR, ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J. MURIE [June 26,

Outer view of the left hind limb of the Crested Agouti, with the various muscles

partially drawn aside to display the deeper layers. (Photographed from

the dissection by Dr. Murie.)

P.c, Panniculus carnosus; its posterior fascia is partly removed to show por-

tion of Z. 0., the external oblique. Z./. Portion of lumbar fascia. G. med.

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 411

Gluteus medius. G. min. Gluteus minimus. Z/. Iliacus. Sc. Scansorius.

R.f. Rectus femoris. T.v.f. § G. max. Conjoined tensor vaginze femoris

and gluteus maximus; the tendinous part continuous with the lumbar fascia

is removed to exhibit the deeper muscles. B. Biceps. @.f. Quadratus

femoris. §S.¢. Semitendinosus ; and lower down the same letters apply to its

fascia continued towards the ankle. 7g. e, Tendon of combined quadriceps

extensor going to patella. 7a. Tibialis anticus. P./. Peroneus longus.

P.q.d. Peroneus quarti digiti. 2. 7. d. Extensor longus digitorum. E. p. h.

Extensor proprius hallucis. Jz. Interossei. So. Soleus. Ga. Gastrocnemius.

P. Plantaris. F.2d. Flexor longus digitorum. /./.4. Flexor longus

hallucis. A, Anal opening. A.g. Anal gland.

In the Hare and Rabbit the rectus is much less in size than the

vastus externus, but about equal to the vastus internus.

The erureus covers the front of the femur as high as the surgical

neck. This muscle is very large and most unusually distinct in all

the four Rodents.

What we take to be the adductor magnus, by reason of its inser-

tion, is a long and narrow muscle, in appearance not unlike an ad-

ductor longus as it exists in Man and some Quadrumana (fig. 4,

A.mag.). It has origin by a narrow strongish tendon from the

ischium towards the posterior extremity of the pubic symphysis, and

has an insertion by tendon into the top of the lowest third of the

shaft of the femur at its back.

The deep femoral artery passes over this muscle ; so that no Hun-

ter’s canal exists, except what is formed by the fibres of the semi-

membranosus.

The Guinea-pig agrees most nearly with the Agouti. In the

Rabbit and Hare the adductor magnus is broader and more fleshy,

it has also a larger insertion into the shaft of the femur.

Adductor longus and brevis (fig. 4, A. 1. § br.). These, at their

origin from the symphysis pubis and brim of pelvis, form but one

mass, and so proceed to the femur. At their insertion into the back

of the bone, extending from its head to about the middle of the

shaft, there is a very slight interval, indicative of separation; this

partial division is denoted by glistening tendinous fibres of the upper

and larger portion of the muscle.

In the Hare and Rabbit these muscles are equally fused together ;

but, on the other hand, they are more separated in the Guinea-pig.

Tibialis anticus. Instead of its having, as is so often the case, a

single origin and double insertion, this remarkable muscle has a

double origin and a single insertion. The greater part arises by

muscular fibres from the outer side of the upper fifth of the tibia

and the head of the fibula. The smaller division arises by a very

long and strong tendon from the front of the femur, on the outer con-

dyle, just outside the rotular surface.

The two portions become intimately united a little below the middle

of the tibia, and are inserted by a quite single but exceedingly strong

tendon into the proximal end of the metacarpal bone of the index of

the foot, 7. e. the inner toe (figs. 4 & 5, T.a.).

It has the same peculiarities in the Guinea-pig*; but in the Hare

* Tn one specimen of the Guinea-pig this muscle had but a single head.

412 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR.J.MURIE [June 26,

and Rabbit (according to our dissections) this muscle has but a single

head of origin, which arises from the upper portion of the tibia, thus

differing widely from the condition present in the Agouti and Guinea-

ig.

A ‘Meckel* says that in the Porcupine it is united with the extensor

proprius hallucis; but in our specimen that muscle existed in addi-

tion to the double tibialis anticus. He further observest that in the

Marmot the tibialis anticus is divided into a large tibial and a small

peroneal head ; but there is no mention of any origin from the femur.

The extensor longus digitorum arises by avery broad tendon from

the femur, just external to the long tendon above-mentioned of the

tibialis anticus. Proceeding downwards, it divides into three tendons,

which are respectively inserted into the second phalanges of the

only digits present, 2. e. second, third, and fourth (figs. 4 & 5, £.1.d.).

The Guinea-pig appears to have a similar disposition in this

muscle, although in one foot we noticed the inner tendon bifurcating,

the double tendon going to the same digit. In the Hare and the

Rabbit it arises by along, round (instead of flattened), strong tendon

from the front of the outer condyle of the femur; this tendon then

runs through that groove which the femoral tendon of the tibialis

anticus traverses in the Agouti. It divides into four tendons, which

are inserted into the four digits ; that to the index or inner toe sends

a branch to the third digit.

The extensor proprius hallucis is rather a delicate muscle (fig. 5,

E.p.h.). Jt arises from the upper two-thirds of the fibula and

interosseous membrane, gives origin to a slender tendon, which ends

in an insertion into the second phalanx of the index. The same in

Guinea-pig.

This muscle is absent in the Hare and Rabbit.

The muscular fibres of the extensor brevis digitorum extend for-

wards over about the posterior third of the metatarsal bones, arising

also from the dorsum of the tarsus above the cuboid and os calcis.

These give rise to two tendons, which are inserted respectively into

the two inner toes, namely the index and third digits, joining at the

side the tendons of the long extensors.

It is the same in the Guinea-pig ; but this muscle is wanting in

the Hare and Rabbit.

Peroneus longus. This is a small muscle arising, as in Hyrazf,

from the head of the fibula, on each side of the lateral ligament ; so

that at first sight it appears asif it arose by a tendon from the femur,

like the extensor longus digitorum. Passing down behind the ex-

ternal malleolus it sinks beneath the foot, passing through the groove

on the outer side of the cuboid, crosses the sole deeply (hidden by

* Loc. cit. p. 410. + Ibid. p. 411.

t See P. Z. S. 1865, p. 348, and fig. 12. p. 349, where, by an error of the

artist (pardonable by reason of the very deceptive appearance of the external

lateral ligament), the peroneus longus has been figured as if arising by tendon

from the femur, which, as may be seen in the description, it does not; while

the extensor longus digitorum, which really does arise from the femur, is repre-

sented as coming only from the tibia.

1866. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 413

the distal end of the elongated plantar surface of the naviculare), and

is inserted into the proximal end of the metatarsal of the index

(fig. 5, P.1.).

In the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit it is similar; but in one

specimen of the Guinea-pig the tendon passed altogether in front of

the malleolus.

The peroneus quarti digiti (fig. 5, P.q. d.) is a much longer ana

rather larger muscle than the preceding; it arises by muscular fibre

from the outer side of the fibula, its whole length almost to the mal-

leolus. Its tendon goes beneath that of the peroneus longus, and is

inserted into the proximal phalanx of the outermost, 7. e. fourth

digit,

In the Guinea-pig, except that the origin is not. quite so extensive,

it is similar ; but in the Hare and Rabbit its fleshy origin is much

shorter, it still arises, however, from the whole length of the much

shorter fibula. It is inserted also into the proximal phalanx of the

fourth digit.

In the Crested Agouti and Guinea-pig there is no peroneus quinti

digiti present. In this respect they differ from the Common Rabbit,

where, according to Prof. Huxley * (whose observation we have veri-

fied), there are four peronei muscles, which he suggests may be, along

with the tibialis secundi, remnants of another set of extensors.

In the Hare, where there are also four peronei muscles, the pero-

neus quinti digiti arises from the head of the fibula above the origin

of the peroneus quarti digiti. Passing behind the malleolus and be-

neath the tendon of the peroneus longus, it is inserted into the proxi-

mal phalanx of the fifth digit.

The peroneus brevis is absent in Dasyprocta cristata. In the

Hare and Guinea-pig it is present, and arises from the upper end of

the anterior surfaces of both the tibia and the fibula, being inserted

into the outer side of the proximal end of the outermost metatarsal

(that is to say, the fifth) in the Hare; but in the Guinea-pig with

a sesamoid bone beneath the proximal end of the outermost (i. e.

fourth) metatarsal. b

The peroneus tertius is absent in all the four animals compared ;

but in one specimen of the Guinea-pig the peroneus longus seemed,

as has been said, to assume to a certain extent the appearance of a

peroneus tertius, inasmuch as it’ passed in front of the malleolus.

The gastrocnemius is very large, and has much the appearance of

the same muscle in man. It arises as usual and partly from two

sesamoid bones, that head which springs from the internal condyle

being slightly the larger of the two; insertion the tuberosity of the

os calcis (figs. 4 & 5, Ga.).

The Guinea-pig has also sesamoid bones to this muscle; differing

in this respect from the Hare, in which we have found them absent.

In the latter animal the tendon of insertion in the os calcis is di-

stinct from that of the soleus. .

Plantaris. This arises by a strong tendon from the sesamoid

bone of the external condyle, and passing downwards beneath the

* Hunterian Lectures for 1864-65.

414 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART AND DR. J. MURIE_ [June 26,

gastrocnemius, its tendon becomes superficial to that muscle ; wrap-

ping round it, and proceeding beneath the tuberosity of the os calcis,

it becomes continuous with the plantar fascia, and forms the perfo-

rated tendons of the three digits (figs. 4 & 5, P.). In the Rabbit

and Hare it terminates in four tendons; but the Guinea-pig has

three, as in the Agouti.

Prof. Huxley, in his Hunterian Lecture, 20th March, 1865, said,

“The extensor muscles of the leg in the Rabbit are inversely de-

veloped ; for the flexor brevis is represented by a muscle which arises

in the leg—namely the plantaris, which springs, as usual, from the

outer condyle, wrapped up in the heads of the gastrocnemius and

soleus, and it is relatively immense. It ends in a tendon which

spreads on the pulley-like end of the caleaneum, and divides into

four perforated tendons, thus replacing the flexor brevis, as in Da-

sypus sexcinctus.”

The soleus has origin from the external side of the head of the

tibia. Its tendon has an insertion in common with the tendo Achillis

into the os calcis (figs. 4 & 5, So.).

Alike in the Guinea-pig ; but in the Hare the tendon of insertion

continues perfectly separate from that of the gastrocnemius to the

very os calcis itself.

The popliteus comes by a strong tendon from the external condyle

of the femur. It is inserted as usual, but lower down, occupying as

much as two-fifths of the tibia, which it also does in the Guinea-pig,

the Hare, and the Rabbit.

The flexor longus digitorum is, comparatively speaking, a small

muscle, certainly much less in volume than the flexor longus hallu-

cis is in Hyrax*. It arises by a few delicate fibres from the head

of the fibula, but mainly from the back of the tibia, except the part

covered by the popliteus. It becomes tendinous superficially above

the middle of the leg, and the tendon, as it becomes round in form

at the ankle, glides through a groove behind the internal malleolus

and joins in the sole of the foot the broader tendon of the flexor

longus hallucis; but the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum is

seen of itself to form the principal part of the tendon going to the

index (figs. 4 & 5, F.1.d.). In the Guinea-pig the conditions are

the same. In the Hare this muscle is intimately connected with

the flexor longus hallucis, both in the fleshy bellies and in the ten-

dons ; but it appears to supply mainly | the perforating tendons of the

ade middle, and fifth digits.

The flexor longus hallucis, as in Hyrax+, is much larger than the

flexor longus digitorum. It has origin from the upper two-thirds

of the fibula and the interosseous membrane. Below, it forms a very

large tendon, which, passing in a deep groove at the back of the

tibia, unites with ghe preceding muscle, and terminates as the per-

forating tendons, forming, however, almost exclusively those of the

third and fourth digits (figs. 4 & 5, F.1.h.).

The same in the Guinea-pig. In the Hare it is, as. before said,

elosely united with the flexor longus digitorum, both in its belly and

* P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 350. t Ibid.

1866.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. 415

tendon; but the latter forms mainly the perforating tendons of the

third and fourth digits, sending small slips, however, to the larger

tendons of the flexor longus digitorum going to the index and fifth

digits.

Tibialis posticus. This muscle in the Guinea-pig is of fair size,

and is inserted into the proximal end of the metatarsal of the index :

but in the Agouti it is wonderfully small, consisting of a minute

fleshy belly which arises from the back of the tibia, at its upper part ;

its extremely delicate tendon passes down behind the internal mal-

leolus, and is inserted into the proximal end of the plantar surface

of the naviculare.

Prof. Huxley, in his Hunterian Course of Lectures for 1865, said

that there is no proper tibialis posticus in the Rabbit ; but a muscle

arises from the inner and front face of the tibia, and passes through

a groove at the inner malleolus, then runs beside the second meta-

tarsal and joins the extensor tendon. For this muscle he proposed

the name of tibialis secundi.

Our dissection of the Rabbit corroborates his observation, and we

have also found a similar arrangement in the Hare. In this last the

muscle comes from the inner surface of the tibia, and has fleshy

fibres for a third of the length of the shaft of the bone; its tendon,

which is flat and closely appressed to the periosteum, is with diffi-

culty distinguishable from that until it reaches the malleolus. Its

insertion on one foot was into the distal end of the first metatarsal

of the index or innermost digit; but in the other foot the tendon

bifurcated opposite the distal end of the immer metatarsal bone, the

extra smaller-sized tendon passing to the third metatarsal bone at

its distal end,

The lumbricales of the hind foot are at most but two in number.

One arises between the tendons going to the third and fourth digits,

and is inserted into the peroneal side of the third digit. Another

muscle arises from the tibial side of the tendon of the third digit ;

but, as it is inserted into the deep surface of the tendon of the plantar

portion of the plantaris muscle, this may very probably represent the

aecessorius which we found so well marked in the foot of Hyraz*.

In the Guinea-pig the above muscles are two in number. In the

Hare there are three lumbricales—one arising from the tendon going

to the third digit, the second from the tendon common to the fourth

and fifth digits ; the third comes from the tendons of the fourth and

fifth digits, where these bifurcate.

The interosseous muscles occupy only the plantar surface of the

hind foot ; they are so very large in size as to cover deeply the en-

tire surface of the sole (fig. 5, In.); they are true flexors of the

three digits. There are also three pairs in the Guinea-pig; these

lie so closely appressed as to appear but three single muscles. In

the Rabbit, as well as in the Hare, there are four pairs of interossei

muscles in each foot, corresponding to the number of the metatarsal

bones. They arise in common by a very strong fascia from the

tarsus, and are inserted respectively into the sesamoid bones on the

* Loc. cit. p. 351, fig. 13, A.

416 ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CRESTED AGOUTI. {June 26,

plantar surface of the joints, between the metatarsal bones and the

digits.

Summary or Facts.

Before concluding our observations on the Crested Agouti, we

must express our regret that circumstances occurred which caused

us to forego a description of the brain, part of the nervous and the

vascular systems, and the muscles of the back and neck.

Of the facts here recorded we may recall, as more or less note-

worthy, the unconstricted condition of the stomach of D. cristata,

the much greater length of its large intestine as compared with

that of D. aguti, the tendency towards a double apex of the heart,

the approximation of the ureters to the fundus of the bladder, and

the presence of a superficial long femoral artery.

As regards the comparison instituted between the Crested Agouti,

the Guinea-pig, Hare, and Rabbit, we find that the first differs from

all the others, and stands alone, in the following particulars :—1, the

number and arrangement of the pads of the pes and manus; 2, the

great extension of the levator clavicule ; 3, the absence of the rhom-

boideus capitis ; 4, the more extensive insertion into the humerus of

the third part of the pectoralis major; 5, the absence of the pecto-

ralis minor; 6, the more distinct separation of the coraco-brachialis

into two, and its extension further down the shaft of the humerus;

7, the insertion of the brachialis anticus below the biceps; 8, the

presence of a flexor brevis manus; 9, the less marked division of the

semimembranosus; 10, the absence of the peroneus brevis.

_ On the other hand, the Agouti agrees with the Guinea-pig, and

differs from the Hare and Rabbit (as far as our observations go) in

the subjoimed conditions :—1, the presence of the pads beneath the

pes and manus; 2, the two fleshy bellies to the digastric; 3, the

peculiar scalenus anticus; 4, the single posterior scalenus; 5, the

more distinct division of the psoas magnus; 6, the less intimate

union of the psoas and iliacus; 7, the large size of the supinator

brevis ; 8, the remarkable palmar ossicle ; 9, the fact that no tendon

of the deep flexor goes to the pollex; 10, the great size of the glu-

teus medius ; 11, the gluteus minimus being smaller than the gluteus

medius; 12, the less strong and distinct tendon of insertion of the

biceps femoris ; 13, the larger rectus femoris; 14, the smaller and

less fleshy adductor magnus; 15, the double head of the tibialis an-

ticus; 16, the presence of an extensor hallucis; 17, the absence of

a tibialis secundi; 18, the presence of an extensor brevis digitorum

pedis; 19, the absence of a peroneus quinti digiti; 20, the presence

of sesamoids at the origin of the gastrocnemius; 21, the union of

the tendon of the Jast with the soleus; 22, the separate conditions

of the bellies of the flexor longus digitorum and flexor longus hallu-

cis; 23, the presence of a tibialis posticus,

How far these myological distinctions may extend, whether any

are due to mere individual variation, or whether some may serve

to characterize the respective genera or even families, more extended

observations can alone determine. It is difficult, however, not to

1866.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 417

incline to the belief that some of these differences may be coexten-

sive with the families Hystricide and Leporide respectively ; but

even should they prove to be only distinctive marks of subordinate

groups, these observations will not be destitute of some slight zoolo-

gical and classificatory value, in addition to whatsoever they may

express of anatomical interest.

November 22, 1866.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. A. Grote of Calcutta, F.Z.S.,

stating that the Porcupine transmitted to the Society on April 18th,

1866, and subsequently described by Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1866,

p- 306, Pl. XXXI.) as Acanthocherus grotei, had been received from

Malacca. It had been procured for him by Capt. Maddison, Com-

mander of one of the Straits Mail Steamers, from the jungles behind

Malacca. Mr. Grote promised to endeavour to obtain other examples

of this animal for the Society.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a young specimen of Chauna derbiana* in

spirits, which had been forwarded to him by Dr. W. Huggins of San

Fernando, Trinidad, C.M.Z.S., with the following note :—

** This is a species of Wader, apparently a young bird; the people

here call it ‘ Wild Turkey. These birds are very rare here, being

found now and then in a large lagoon. I saw one some forty years

ago, a large one, and have never met with one since until now, though

I have shot in a great many places over the island. Three young

birds of this species were brought to a friend of mine some little time

ago, one of which I now send you.”

Mr. Sclater remarked that the only species of the group of Pala-

medeide given as occurring in Trinidad in M. Léotaud’s recently

published work on the ornithology of that islandt was Palamedea

cornuta (p. 488), and that he strongly suspected that the so-called

Palamedea cornuta of Trinidad would turn out to be the present

species, which was now ascertained to extend its range from the lit-

toral of New Granada and Venezuela into that island.

The following extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., and dated Sydney, July 20th, 1866, was

read :—

“« Respecting the Whistling Ducks in the Botanic Gardens here, I

observe in the ‘ Proceedings’ for March last, just received (p. 149),

* See P. Z. S. 1866, p. 369.

t Oiseaux de l’isle de Trinidad, par A. Léotaud. Port d’Espagne, 1866,

418 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 22,

you quote my letter; but the fact is still more extraordinary, since

I find, now that the birds are in full plumage, that instead of Den-

drocygna vagans, they are of a species never, I believe, before seen

so far south (and these were captured near Port Macquarie), viz. the

D. (Leptotarsis) eytoni. They are now in fine plumage in our Aviary

in the Gardens, and I hope Broughton will be able to take them to

you next time he leaves for England.”

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to several ad-

ditions to the Society’s Menagerie which had been made during the

past summer, amongst which were particularly noticed as being of

special interest the following :-—

1. Two Cocks of the Rock (Rupicola crocea) from Demerara, pre-

sented July 4th by J. Lucie Smith, Esq., R.W.1I.M.S.S. ‘Tamar.’

2. Two males of the Pallas’s Eared Pheasant, Crossoptilon auri-

tum, presented July 13th by Dudley E. Saurin, Esq., recently at-

tached to the British Embassy at Pekin. Mr. Saurin had unfor-

tunately lost the females of this remarkable species of Pheasant

during the journey home; but the Society had more recently ac-

quired two examples believed to be of the latter sex from the Jardin

d’ Acclimatation of Paris.

3. Six Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa, Gm.), two spe-

cimens of an Australian Artamus (A. superciliosus), and a Straw-

necked Ibis (Geronticus spinicollis), presented by the Acclimatation

Society of Melbourne, July 20th, 1866.

4. Three Ruddy Flamingos (Phenicopterus ruber) from North

America, purchased August 3rd, 1866 ; not previously exhibited in

the Society’s Menagerie.

5. A White-necked Stork (Ciconia leucocephala, Gm.), presented

by Mrs. D. Campbell, August 10th, from Western Africa; believed

not to have been previously exhibited in the Society’s Gardens.

6. A pair of the Markhore Goat (Capra megaceros), presented to

the Menagerie by Major F. R. Pollock, and received August 24th

last. The male had been obtained for Major Pollock by Lieut.

Cavagnari from the hills north of Dera Ismail Khan, in February

1863, when about four or five days old. The female had been ob-

tained in the same locality in May 1864, when it was apparently

about a month old.

7. A Blue-cheeked Barbet (Megalema asiatica) and four speci-

mens of the Himalayan Lezothrix lutea imported from Calcutta,

both species being new to the Society’s collection.

8. A fine adult male example of the Jew-Monkey (Pithecia sa-

tanas), purchased October 15th.

9. A Formosan Bear, purchased for the Society by Mr. R. Swinhoe,

F.Z.S., as typical of his species Ursus formosanus (Swinhoe, P. Z. 8.

1864, p. 380, and Gray, ibid. p. 689), and received October 25th.

As far as could be told by external appearance of the living animal,

this specimen appeared quite identical with the Himalayan Bear

(Ursus tibetanus, F. Cuv.), of which two examples were in the So-

ciety’s Menagerie.

1866.| DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEW ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 419

10. Three Formosan Pigs (Sus taivanus, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8S. 1864,

p- 383), received along with the preceding. Two of these specimens

were of uniform brown coloration, as described by Mr. Swinhoe, /. e.

The third bore a conspicuous white patch, and gave one the idea of

a domesticated animal.

A communication was read from Dr. H. Schlegel, F.M.Z.S., con-

taining the following list of the most remarkable species of Mam-

mals and Birds collected by Messrs. Fr. Pollen and D. C. van Dam

in Madagascar, and about to be described in a work entitled ‘ Re-

cherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances, par

MM. H. Schlegel et Fr. Pollen’ :—

MAMMALS.

Lemur Macaco (male). Lemur leucomystax, Bartlett (female).

See Schlegel, Contrib. in Ned. Tydschrift voor Dierkunde, iii. p. 74.

Only observed on the north-west coast of Madagascar. A series of

both sexes, young and adult ones, obtained.

Lemur MAyoTTENs!Is, Schlegel, Contrib. 7.c. Only observed in

the Isle of Mayotte.

Lemur carta. Obtained from St. Augustin’s Bay. This species

is restricted to the southern part of Madagascar.

HAPALEMUR GRISEUS Sive OLIVACEUS, Geoffroy. A series ob-

tained at the north-west coast.

LEPILEMUR MUSTELINUS, Geoffroy. Several specimens obtained

at the north-west coast.

CHEIROGALEUS FURCIFER, Gervais. A series obtained at the

north-west coast.

MicroceBus COQUERELI, Pollen (nov. spee.). North-west

coast.

VIVERRA SCHLEGELII, Pollen; Schlegel,-Contrib. 7. c. Mayotte

and north-west coast of Madagascar.

GaLrpicTis stK1ATA, Geoffroy. Eastern coast, collected by Mr.

Lantz.

CrYPTOPROCTA FEROX, Bennett. North-west coast of Mada-

gascar. A very old male obtained. This is the true Fossa of the

inhabitants of this coast, the Viverre being comprised by them under

the name of ‘Sabady.’ This form is a modification of the genus

Felis. Body and skull more elongated; feet shorter; claws half

retractile ; grinders in the upper jaw exactly as in the Cats; in the

under jaw one grinder more (sc. 4), a circumstance sometimes occur-

ring also in Cats (one of our skulls of Felis tigrina presenting at

the left side of the under jaw a fourth, although very small, poste-

rior grinder).

Preropus EDWaRpDsiI. Madagascar and Mayotte.

PTEROPUS DUPREANUS, n. sp., Pollen. Allied to _P. stramineus

420 DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEW ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [ Nov. 22,

from Sennaar and Senegambia; but tail longer (7 lines), and the

general colour of fur greyish yellow.

Sorex. Two species. Mayotte and Madagascar.

CrenTETES ECAUDATUS. Madagascar ; introduced into Mayotte,

Réunion, and Mauritius.

Ericuuvs spinosus. Tintingue, collected by Mr. Lantz.

Mus aLexanprinus. North-west coast.

Birps.

Fatco communis. Falco radama, Verreaux, is nothing but the

common dark variety of this species.

FaLco NEwTon!, Gurney.

Nisus FRANCEsII. Old males often with indistinct rust-coloured

bands on the underside. Nisus madagascariensis is founded upon

the females and young of this species.

Nisus Lantz, Verreaux. Represents Nisus fringillarius, to

which it is closely allied in its form, long and slender toes, and small

head; colours darker; tail with more numerous (ten) dark bands.

An adult female collected.

Nisus mMoreui. Nisuoides morelii, Pollen, Bullet. d. Sciences

de ile de la Réunion, année 1866. A rather small species, and

well defined by the quite straight margins of its upper mandible.

Nisus Brutus, Pollen, in Schlegel, Contrib. 7.c. From Mayotte ;

nowhere else observed.

Circus MAILLARDII. From la Réunion. Dr. Hartlaub’s de-

scription of Circus melanoleucus is taken from a specimen of Circus

maillardit. Circus melanoleucus has not yet been observed in Ma-

dagascar and its dependencies, and must be rejected as belonging to

the fauna of this region.

Ha LiaETUS VOCIFEROIDES. Distinct from H. vocifer; but not

in the character taken from the colour of the tail.

Buteo BRACHYPTERUS. A considerable series collected, even

young ones in down-plumage. We must reject as a Madagascar

species the Buteo tachardus of Hartlaub, his specimens being iden-

tical with B. brachypterus.

BAZA MADAGASCARIENSIS. Pernis madagascariensis, Smith?

A very interesting species, coloured like a Buteo ; very different from

Avicida cuculoides, which, on the contrary, is identical with 4. ver-

reauxtt or A. cafer.

MIiLVUS 4GYPTIUS S. PARASITICUS. Common in Mayotte and at

the north-western coast of Madagascar.

GyYMNOGENYS RADIATUS. The Madagascar specimens are not

specifically distinct from those of Africa. See Schlegel, Muséum,

Astures, p. 54.

1866.] DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEW ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 421

Nocrva PouieEnNl, Schlegel, Contrib. 7. c. Madagascar. Allied

to Noctua sonneratii, but with spotted primary quills and a dark

band crossing the under part of throat.

Srrrx FLAMMEA. Four specimens collected. A little larger than

the European specimens. Colouring pale.

Scors MENADENS!S, of which Scops rutilus, Pucheran, is a red

variety.

CapRIMULGUS LONGIPENNIS, Shaw. Only noted to remark that

Semeiophorus vexillarius of Gould is based upon specimens freshly

moulted, when part of the long quills has not yet been used.

CyprseLus parvus. The only species of Swift observed in Mada-

gascar and Mayotte. Not found in Réunion and Mauritius. We

do not know Cyps. unicolor, Hartlaub, which at all events differs

from Cyps. unicolor, Jardine, observed at Madeira and on the Gold

Coast.

CHZTURA GRANDIDIERI, Verreaux.

CottocaLia FRANCICA. Réunion.

HiRUNDO BORBONICA.

EURYSTOMUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. See Pollen, Album de la Ré-

union, 1866.

DACELO MADAGASCARIENSIS. Ispidina madagascariensis, Kaup.

Western coast of Madagascar. Exactly described by Brisson and

Hartlaub. It appears that Halcyon gularis does uot inhabit Ma-

dagasear. See Dacelo fusca, Schlegel, Muséum, Alcedines, p. 28.

ALCEDO VINTSIOIDES. Common in Mayotte and Madagascar.

_ Merops suPERciILIosus. Common in Madagascar and Mayotte.

Hardly to be distinguished from M. agyptius, M. savignyi, and M.

vaillantii. Young specimens from Mayotte are like those of North-

ern Africa. Merops viridissimus was never heard of in Madagascar.

Upupa MARGINATA. Not very rare on the north-west coast of

Madagascar.

Favcuiia pALuiATa. A fine series, including very young ones,

collected on this coast.

NeECTARINIA ANGLADIANA and N. sOUIMANGA. Madagascar

and Nossi-bé. The latter more common than the former.

NECTARINIA COQUERELI, J. Verreaux. Comes from Mayotte,

not from Madagascar.

Drynoica ELLIsit. Ellisia typica, Hartlaub. In ferns, Mada-

gascar.

CIsTICOLA MADAGASCARIENSIS. Drymoica madagascariensis,

Hartlaub.

CaLAMODYTA NEWTONI. Madagascar.

BERNIERIA MAJOR and B. minor. In ferns, on the north-west

coast of Madagascar.

422 DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEWANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [ Noy. 22,

Erogrssa TENELLA, Hartlaub= Damia pusilla, Pollen, in litteris.

Form of bill somewhat like Zosterops ; but wings rounded, the fourth

quill being the longest. Small; wing 20 lines. Upper part yel-

lowish green, but the neck greyish; throat and. breast yellow.

North-west and north-east coasts of Madagascar.

Copsycuus pica. Madagascar. Females very rare.

SAXICOLA RUBICOLA. As mentioned many years ago, it is quite

impossible to find out constant differences between Motacilla rubi-

cola, Linné, from Europe, M. sybilla, Linné, from Madagascar,

Savicola pastor from South Africa, S. hemprichii from North Africa,

Motacilla maura, Pallas, from Siberia, and Pratincola indica, Blyth,

from India. All the Madagascar specimens belong to one species.

The colouring (white and dark) of the rump is individual. Those

from Bourbon differ more conspicuously than those from any other

country, their throat remaining of a pure white when the rest of

the head has already taken the black colour. We hope to be able,

in our work, to decide the question whether the Bourbon specimens

should stand as a proper conspecies under the epithet of borbonica,

already given to this bird by Bory de St. Vincent.

NEWTONIA BRUNNEICAUDA, Pollen. Erythrosterna(?) brunnei-

cauda, Newton. North-west and north-east coasts of Madagascar.

GERVAISIA ALBISPECULARIS. North-eastern coast of Madagascar,

collected by Lantz and Grandidier. The genus Gervaisca will hardly

stand.

ZosTEROPS MADAGASCARIENSIS. North-west coast of Madagascar.

ZosTEROPS BORBONICA.. Certhia borbonica, Gmelin. Réunion.

Not observed in Madagascar.

ZosrERops H#SITATA, Hartlaub. Not different from Certhia

olivacea, Linné. Réunion; not found in Madagascar.

ZOSTEROPS CHLORONOTUS. Appears to be found only in Mau-

ritius.

ZosTEROPS MAYOTTENSIS, Pollen=Zosterops flavifrons, Pollen.

See Schlegel, Contrib. 7.c. Only in Mayotte.

PHILEPITTA SCHLEGELI, Pollen. The adults with the whole eye

surrounded by large fleshy blue and green lobes; under parts and

fore part of the back yellow; head black; the other upper parts

yellowish green. Young without lobes.

PuILePiTra JALA. Observed by Messrs. Lantz and Grandidier

on the eastern coast of Madagascar. The males proved to be the

Philepitta sericea, Geoffroy, Merula madagascariensis aurea, Bris-

son, Phyllornis jala, auct. ex Boddaert, Turdus nigerrimus, Gmelin,

Brissonia nigerrima, Hartlaub ;.the females and young birds Phile-

pitta geoffroyi, Desm. et Fl. Prevost.

HypsIPETES MADAGASCARIENSIS. Merula madagascariensis ci-

nerea, Brisson; Turdus ourovang, Gmelin; Hypsipetes ourovang,

Hartlaub. Madagascar and Mayotte. Feet and eyes brown.

1866.] DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEW ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 423

Hypsireetes BorBOoNICA. Merula borbonica, Brisson. Réunion.

Feet orange ; eyes white.

TsCHITR&A BORBONICA. Only from Bourbon and from Mauri-

tius; not in Madagascar and Mayotte. Underparts grey; upper

parts red brown; head black. Never attains long tail-feathers, and

never becomes white and black.

TscHiTR#A MuTATA. Madagascar and Mayotte.

CrBLEPYRIS CANA. North-eastern and north-western coasts of

Madagascar.

OXYNOTUS FERRUGINEUS, from Mauritius, and Oxynorus NEw-

TONI, from Réunion. See Pollen, Ibis, 1866, p. 275.

ARTAMIA LEUCOCEPHALA. North-western coast of Madagascar.

ArtTaAMIA (LEPTOPTERUS) virIDIs. North-western and eastern

coasts.

ARTAMIA BICOLOR. Cyanolanius bicolor, Bonaparte. North-

westeru coast.

Dicrurvus rorricatus. North-western and eastern coasts.

Dicrurvs waLpEnt, Schlegel, Contr. in Tydschrift, 7.e. May-

otte. An Indian form. Dr. Kirk (see Dr. Sclater, Ibis, 1864, p. 299)

mentions D. forficatus as inhabiting Anjouan. We saad not

wonder if the Anjouan bird, when closely examined, turns out to be

D. waldeni.

CALICALICUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. North-western and north:

eastern coasts.

VANGA CURVIROSTRIS. North-western and north-eastern coasts.

VanGa pAmit. Xenopirostris damii, Pollen; Schleg. Contrib.

Tydschrift, 7. c. North-eastern coast.

Corvus scapuLatus. Corvus madagascariensis, Bonaparte.

Madagascar and Mayotte.

Pasror Tristis. Introduced in Réunion and Mauritius, also on

the eastern coast of Madagascar (E. Newton).

HARTLAUBIA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Bonaparte. North-western

coast.

Ptoceus pensitis. North-western coast. Note that. Ploceus

sakalava, Hartlaub, certainly does not come from Madagascar, and

that the name of Soui-di-Seye given to this bird should be Foudicé,

which is the Sakkalava name of Ploceus pensilis.

PLocEus ALGOND, Pollen. A beautiful new species from

Mayotte. Larger than P. madagascariensis, and bill longer ; head,

breast, and upper tail-coverts orange; rest of the underparts oliva-

ceous grey washed with yellow; back olivaceous.

PLocEUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. Lozxia madagascariensis, Linné:

In Madagascar in the wild state. Introduced into Bourbon and

Mauritius.

424 DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEWANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Noy. 22,

PLoceUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Mauritius; not seen in Réunion

and Madagascar.

Puoceus FLavicans. Foudia flavicans, Newton. Only from

Rodriguez (Newton). Note that Foudia eminentissima, Bonap., a

large species from Zanzibar, has never been observed in Madagascar

and its dependencies.

SPERMESTES NANA. Madagascar and Mayotte.

EstrELDA ASTRILD. Not in Madagascar. Introduced from

Africa into Réunion and Mauritius.

Monza punctutaria, M. AMANDAVA, and M. oryzivora. Not

in Madagascar. Introduced from India into Mauritius and Ré-

union.

Serinus ictervus (Crithagra chrysopyga) and CHLORIS CANI-

couuis. Réunion and Mauritius. Not observed in Madagascar.

Passer pomesticus. Introduced from Frauce into Réunion.

AtaupDA Hova. © Mirafra hova, Hartlaub. Madagascar and

Nossi-bé.

Psirracus opscurus. North-western and north-eastern coasts.

Psirracus NIGER. In the same localities as the former, and more

common.

PsirracuLa CANA. Common in Madagascar. Introduced in

Mauritius and Bourbon.

CENTROPUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. C. folu, Gmelin, C. super-

ciliosus, Hartlaub.(juv.), nec Riippell, and C. lafresnayz, Verreaux.

Like many other species (see Schlegel, Muséum, Cuculi, p. 67),

very variable in size and colouring. Common in Madagascar.

Cova C#RULFA and C. crisTaTA. Common on the north-western

and north-eastern coasts.

Cova REYNAUDII. Very rare.

Cucutus rocuu, Hartlaub. Cuculus canorus, Desjardins (Hart-

laub), nec Linné. North-western coast.

Leprosomus AFER. Common in Madagascar; very common in

Mayotte.

PTILOPUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. Observed only in Madagascar.

PrILOPUS SGANZINI. Observed only in Mayotte.

TRERON AUSTRALIS. Common in Madagascar.

CoLUMBA POLLENI, Schlegel, Contrib. in Tydschrift, 7. c. Only

observed in Mayotte.

TurtTur picturAtTus. Madagascar; Mauritius; Réunion; May-

otte.

GrOPELIA STRIATA. More common in Réunion than in Mada-

gascar.

1866.] DR. SCHLEGEL ON NEW ANIMALS FROM MADAGASCAR, 425

Gina capensis. Madagascar.

PERISTERA TYMPANISTRIA. Only observed in Mayotte,

Numipa TraArRATA. Madagascar and Nossi-bé. Introduced in

Mayotte.

Perprx striATa. Madagascar; introduced in Réunion. Note

that P. spadicea, P. madagascariensis, and P. ponticerianus are not

found in the wild state in Madagascar or its dependencies.

TURNIX NIGRICOLLIS. Very common in Madagascar.

CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI. North-western coast.

CHaRaprivus Nivirrons. Char. tenellus, Hartlaub. North-

western coast.

STREPSILAS INTERPRES. Mayotte, Madagascar, and Réunion,

TRINGA SUBARQUATA. North-western coast.

ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS. Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion, and

Mauritius.

NumeENius pH#oprus. North-western coast of Madagascar ;

Mayotte; Réunion ; Mauritius.

RHYNCH2ZA CAPENSIS. North-west coast.

ARDEA ATRICOLLIS. Mayotte.

ARDEA GARZETTA. A. xanthopoda, Pelzeln; A. elegans, Ver-

reaux. Madagascar.

ARDEA 1BIs. 4. ruficrista, Verreaux; A. bubuleus, Savigny.

Mayotte and Madagascar.

ARDEA SCHISTACEA. Madagascar.

ARDEA GULARIS. Bluish-black and white specimens. Mada-

gascar and Mayotte.

ARDEA LEUCOPTERA. See Schlegel, Muséum, Ardea, p. 35.

Ardea ide, Hartlanb. Madagascar.

ARDEA ATRICAPILLA. Mayotte; Madagascar; Bourbon; Mau-

ritius.

ARDEA MINUTA AUSTRALIS, Schlegel, Muscum, Ardea, p. 39.

Ardeola podiceps, Bonaparte. Madagascar.

ANASTOMUS LAMMELIGERUS. North-western coast of Madagascar.

PLATALEA TELFAIRI. North-western coast of Madagascar.

Ipis cristata. North-western coast.

Isis RELIGIOSA. North-western coast.

PARRA ALBINUCHA and P. arricana. North-western coast.

Rawuvs Guuaris or R. BERNIERI. North-western coast.

RALLINA KIOLOIDES. North-western coast, rare, in forests.

GaLLINULA cHLoRorus. G. pyrrhorrhoa, Alf. Newton, P. Z.S.

1861, p.19. Madagascar, Réunion, and Mauritius.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXVIII.

426 DR. W. PETERS ON MAMMALS FROM BURMAH. [Nov. 22,

ANAS MELANOTA. Sarcidiornis africana, Eyton. Madagascar.

ANAS ERYTHRORHYNCHA. Eastern coast of Madagascar (Lantz).

ANAS ASSIMILIS, Forster. Querquedula bernieri,Verreaux. North-

western coast.

DeENDROCYGNA viDUATA. Madagascar; Réunion; Mayotte.

Nerrapus auritus. Madagascar.

Dromas ARDEOLA. North-western coast.

SrERNA GALERICULATA, Lichtenstein. Sterna velox, Hartlaub,

nec Riippell. North-western coast,

Srerna arrinis, Riippell. North-western coast of Madagascar.

STERNA DoUGLASII. Réunion, Mauritius, and Nazareth-bank

(north of Mauritius and Rodriguez).

SreRNA PANAYENSIS. North-western coast.

STERNA STOLIDA. Anous rousseaui, Hartlaub. Réunion.

Puafton canpipvus. P. flavirostris, Brandt. Réunion.

Gracuuus arricanus. North-western coast.

PLoTus MELANOGASTER, Gmelin. See Schlegel, Muséum, Pele-

eani, p. 26. North-western coast of Madagascar. It is a curious fact

that the Indian, and not the African, species occurs in this island.

Mr. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., read a memoir on

the skeleton of Inia geoffrensis and on the skull of Pontoporia blain-

villii, to which were added remarks on the systematic position of

these animals in the Order of Cetaceans.

This paper will be published entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. On some Mammalia collected by Capt. A. C. Beavan,

C.M.Z.S., at Moulmein, Burmah. By Dr. W. Persrs,

F.M.ZS.

(Plate XXXV.)

1, PayLLORHINA DIADEMA, Geoffroy.

«No. 1. Rhinolophus, July 29, Moulmein.”

A single male, agreeing in every respect with Geoffroy’s original

description and figure of this fine species.

2. RHINOLOPHUS C@LOPHYLLUS, n. sp. (Pl. XXXYV.)

R. supra brunneus, subtus pallidior ; auriculis latis acuminatis ;

prosthemate postico transverso lanceolato, cavitatem pilosam

continente ; verruca infralabiali quadripartita; alis talum

haud attingentibus.

Long. tota 0°064m., caud. 0°019m., antibr. 0°042m., tib. 0:019m.

“No. 2. Vespertilio, August, Salween valley.”

This very remarkable small species approaches in size the R. ma-

P,Z.5 .1866, P1.XXXV.

M&N Hanhart imp

RHINOLOPHUS COELOPHYLLUS.

1866.] DR. W. PETERS ON MAMMALS FROM BURMAH. 427

erotis and subbadius, Hodgs., from Nepal, but is very easily to be

distinguished from all other species by the peculiar form of the

saddle and the lancet. It agrees in every other respect with the

true Rkinolophi; but if any one wishes to make a genus of it, he

may call it Coelophyllus, with the same name for the species.

Ears large, pointed, a little shorter than the head, with seven or

eight transverse folds, and the notch above the antitragus acutely

triangular; horseshoe large, in front triangularly notched, sides

covering a single rudimentary secondary leaf; front part of saddle

bent forwards rectangularly, dilated at the base into a disk cover-

ing the nostrils, rounded but not dilated at the point; the upper

margin of the saddle is lengthened, without a pointed process, and

not united with the lancet, but entering with its hinder part into the

cavity of the lancet. The latter is very peculiarly formed,—convex

from behind, and containing a long hairy cavity open in front,

where on each side are to be seen the usual two lower cells, as in FR.

Serrum-equinum; but the septum between these two cells is cleft to

make room for the hinder part of the saddle; and instead of the

upper third pair of cells there is a transverse slit, joined by a longi-

tudinal fissure descending from the apex of the lancet. The front

part of the lower lip has the usual naked swollen prominence,

divided by three longitudinal furrows into four divisions. The

wings are large, the fifth finger being a little longer than the fourth,

and do not reach the ankle, but leave the lowest part of the tibia

free, as in R. ferrum-equinum.

Teeth = ++" +=; the first small upper premolar is short,

pointed, and placed in the row of the other teeth; the second rudi-

mentary lower premolar lies on the outside, in the angle formed by

the first and second premolars.

The upper parts are brown, the underside paler, the hair being

whitish with brown tips; and the wings are black brown.

metre.

“eid Rent hee Bee et OREO aR aetttiod Onld an foridoad aC co neeaenoee erelefacestd 0-064

UD MEV GRICE INGE Gono don Seale DBSOIOU pute 5.Juecbe Comoe uaedado or 0-020

WOME EAN ayers Giclee. is. ace Ota cre ois wlndNs ORANG sje eid Wis edie cia's w/t aeterare siete a) OOL5

BPRS STING eG) CHIS® atch oye csc, Sai sidee < Ride Rio sth eroded sew Bla rd ate STAG) o's) idles leis wee 0-0125

fenetb of the wholemose-leaf 66.0.6 26 «coc 0c eclsieee cn ce cievniss sipsiaieels fey na 0-013

Breadth of the horseshoe «.. 2... va0s0000 008 cose sa Staaereatetrine, even Nos Slate ie wisse ara 0:0087

Length of tail ...... Eve Yar ve otey- ale a ance aia) st oMbaeiedets af acct chnhave sVeia ave ofeasd. 6, 00°04. 0-019

MEMNTINITOITIS’ <co%s'e ac c’arcielele +f tiave Wave Gd cfd Wiha wt s/ffo di cleres. dove ereketer ela ties, '38 0:0235

GILORP REMI Tele staid che Gl arelalas pleikld oy Spamrataere Mic siould@ biara Whe dire. sscle wie.oferw 0-042

Ist finger. Metacarp. 0:004 .. 1st ph. G-0@28.. 2nd ph. 00017 ............ 00085

2nd finger. 5 0:0335.. PLES) yr 5 oA SE AER Iter 0-0345

8rd finger. A 0-031 .. ee Oly. 5 0:°0205.. Last 00027 0-065

4th finger. * 0-0322.. » 0:0085.. 3° OOL2 S. - 55 “00010 0053

5th finger. 45 00315. . vn PODLON: » 00116.. ,, 00013 0-054

PRCMIPGO NOL SONNE .0:016:\s\e olaie\aye (ale 8iaje\eraieidiale tide alesse astute tiorord Bataterate male toiaiaa 001651

BERNA Talay a atatcis’ crsacioiote diel oie sve iaerctag Sialet Sia oie \e.dieyels eiainseicys' siene,ehe mgianion ests 0-019

MEAT sha e' c'eieimne sis v0 BN ieee inre. steasvare ste vie sietesielcudscarste, v0 wa levalaind wicie ailele 0:0105

S378 a not obooanigoncnte dopo boe deCte: NSAI ORIG econ ooDe 0:010*

* In the same bottle with the Bats were two specimens of a fish (labelled

“ Anabas scandens, common on trees in water and mud-banks of Salween tidal

waters”) referable to Periophthalmus koelreutert, Tschudi.

428 DR. W. PETERS ON MAMMALS FROM BURMAH. [Nov. 22,

3. Scrurus aTRoporsALis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 213,

1842.

Sciurus atrodorsalis et S. hyperythrus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.

1855, xxiv. pp. 474 & 477; 1862, xxxi. p. 333.

“Nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, Salween valley, August.”

‘No. 7, Moulmein, July 28th; No. 8, Moulmein, July 29th.”

Capt. Beavan has added the following notes :—

* Blyth, in ‘J. A. 8.’ for 1862, p. 333, thus describes the differ-

ence between S. atrodorsalis and S. hyperythrus.

«8. hyperythrus, nobis (said to be from Moulmein, but more pro-

bably from the hills bordering the Sitang valley), is very like S. atro-

dorsalis; but has black whiskers, the back, sides, and exterior of

limbs quite uniformly coloured, and no trace of the black patch upon

the back.’ And in a note, with reference to specimens in the museum

of the Asiatic Society: —‘ We have specimens of S. atrodorsalis with-

out the black dorsal patch; but the whiskers are white, and the

general colouring, especially that of the tail, readily distinguish them

from 8. hyperythrus.’ In the collection now sent will probably be

found specimens of both species, if indeed they are distinct, which I

am inclined to doubt. In some the whiskers are mixed black and

white. They are all, pending a further comparison, labelled S. atro-

dorsalis. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 were killed on my re-

cent trip up the Salween, where they were abundant in high trees

about the villages on the proper left (Amherst) bank of the river.

Nos. 7 and 8 were killed in Colonel Brown’s garden in Moulmein,

and are thus noted :—

“Description of a specimen in the flesh, killed at Moulmein,

July 28th, 1865 :—

“No. 7. S. atrodorsalis, Gray. Full-grown male. Total length

18 inches ; tail 104. Irides dark brown; ears round, small ; teeth

yellowish orange, rather dull-coloured ; face, ears, and the tip of nose

reddish ; black patch on back slight ; belly, inside of forearm, and

hind legs rufous maroon’; tail grizzly rufous, lighter at tip; inside

of paws brown; claws brown, with white tips; whiskers, the hinder

pair large, strong, and pure white, with black hairs nearer the nose ;

testes well developed.

“Forearm (elbow to wrist) 12; wrist to tip of nails 1} nearly ;

hind leg, tibia 22 ; foot 2, to end of elbow.

“No. 8. July 29th, Specimen in flesh ; a male, older than the

preceding, of a deeper rufous maroon dinderhesth nose, ears, and

face more rufous ; tail more bushy; paws, both hind and fore, griz-

zled black; the back pure black for 5 inches; tail more rufous.

Length 18 inches ; tail 10 inches, the tip of which is rufous white.

No black hairs at all amongst the white whiskers.”

The interesting series collected in such a judicious manner by Capt.

Beavan proves clearly that he is quite right in uniting S. hypery-

thrus, Blyth, with S. atrodorsalis.

According to Mr. Blyth no. 8, with white whiskers, would be a

typical specimen of S. atrodorsalis ; no. 3, 11, and 13, with black

whiskers, a specimen of S. hyperythrus. But not only the specimen

1866.] DR. W. PETERS ON MAMMALS FROM BURMAH. 429

no. 7, described by Mr. Beavan, with black and white whiskers, but

also no. 4, with the whiskers partly yellow-pointed, nos. 5, 10, and

no. 12, with yellow-ringed whiskers, represent combining forms. The

same is to be seen in the different colouring of the tail of the dif-

ferent specimens, which varies from olive-yellow to orange and red-

orange.

4. Scrurus puayret, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. 1855, xxiv. p- 476.

“No. 6. Sciurus, August, Martaban, bank of the Salween, near

the junction of Yunzalin River.”

The specimen, a male, belongs without doubt to this beautiful and

well-described species *.

5. Scrurus curysonotus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. x. p. 920;

1847, xvi. p. 873; 1855, xxiv. p. 474.

“No. 21, male, no. 23, female, July; no. 22, male, September,

Moulmein.

“No. 21. Specimen in flesh, S. chrysonotus, Blyth ; male.

Length : tip of nose to insertion of tail 9 inchés; insertion of tail to

end of tail 11 inches (total 1 foot 8 inches). For 43 inches the tail

is thick and bushy, the remaining 6} being composed of longer,

thinner, and altogether fewer hairs, with a conspicuous black tip.

General colour fulvous grizzled ; no black mark on back ; greyer on

thighs, legs, and belly. Tip of nose and paws glistening white ;

whiskers black ; ears small and rounded ; teeth dirty orange-yellow;

irides dark brown. The female a little smaller, with tail bushy the

whole length, and black-tipped of course. The peculiarity in the tail

of the male is probably exceptional.

“No. 22. This specimen shows a slight patch or two of golden

fulvous on back of neck.

“This species is very domestic, frequents a small grove of Mesua

JSerrea, Linn., near the house, on the ripe nuts of which it feeds

in July ; occasionally descends to the ground to pick up some frag-

ments thrown from the house, but never stays there long. Founda

nest of this species early in July, with one young one in it, in a Ca-

thartocarpus, the Cassia florida of Vahl.”

The specimens sent with the foregoing interesting information

leave no doubt about their determination.

Capt. Beavan also noticed a species of Tupaia about clumps of

bamboos in gardens of Moulmein, but has not yet been able to se-

cure a specimen.

* The Zoological Museum at Berlin received a long time ago a red-bellied

Squirrel from Tenasserim, together with the Semnopithecus chrysogaster, Licht.

(S. potenziani, Bonap.), which appears to be different from all hitherto described

species. It may be called

Scrurvs PICcEUS, n. sp.

8. piceus ; gula, pectore, ventre artuumque latere interno rufis.

Long. ab ap. rostri ad caudex bas. 0°70 m., cap. 0:060m., aur. 0-018 m., caud,

0-90 m., palm. 0-035 m., plant. 0-062 m

This species belongs to the group of 8. hippurus, atrodorsalis, erythrogaster, &c.

430 DR. W. PETERS ON BATS FROM TRINIDAD. _[ Nov, 22,

2. On Taphozous flaviventris, Gould, a new Species of Bat

from Australia. By Dr. W. Prerers, F.M.ZS.

T. nigro-fuscus, subtus pallide ochraceus ; calcari tibia longiore.

Above black brown; beneath pale ochraceous yellow; hair uni-

color, the hairs on the belly whitish at the base ; wings blackish, at

the posterior margin whitish. Male with a large fossa between the

hinder parts of the branches of the lower jaw; ears rounded, exter-

nally slightly emarginate ; tragus as long as high, securiform ; wings

on the dorsal side naked, on the under side, above and below the

arm-bones, woolly ; femora on the dorsal side naked, on the ventral

side covered with a thin woolly fur, which descends on the base of

the interfemoral membrane. Also the point of the tail shows some

hair. metre.

Total length, about..... SAGE Epes YO 0°130

Sieneth of ead: > uss n.cop eee eked ns 0°035

GREET oe cise onte'e Ce ea Meer tetra 0°018

rade Qe: +o: asco eae se oe 0-011

PUG Woe Pease ace eens oe eae te . 0°025

GRISEA. eetetete ators. ahelerane at cei ta aiatene's 0-075

Wirt teers Vater cs be Perec ee ae ate Sere? ee

Secu Mager twee se ie ce Seas oe 0°074

PEG MUTCE ae ree coe eee re Paes 4 0°144 -

Pout waeer y.Me cece tenes Gee tee 0°087

DE EO ET Tre erate oats antes Reena wit 0°072

Riba foe es Ba ean ay 0:028

Foot (with claws) ...... Peaxtes. weet 0:016

pur yg pacele eet ee ee eels ose. oO OSS

This species, represented by a single male submitted to my exa-

mination by Mr. Gould, is, although nearly related to 7. australis,

Gould, different in colour and in its superior size.

3. Note on a Collection of Bats from Trinidad.

By Dr. W. Perers, F.M.Z.S.

The collection of Bats formed by Dr. W. Huggins, C.M.Z.S., at

San Fernando, Trinidad, which Mr. Sclater has kindly put into my

hands for determination, contains the following species (they are

all also known from the Brazils and Surinam) :—

1, PHyLLostoMa HASTATUM, Geoffroy.

. HeMIDERMA BREVICAUDUM, Wied, sp.

. DeRMANURA QUADRIVITTATA, Peters,

. CHIRODERMA VILLosuM, Peters.

oO & oo

. STURNIRA LILIUM, Geoffr., sp.

1f\

NWS Nay

VOTO Sta eter a

OLYHO

ps apd

ee4

Id 9981’

pe)

Lies;

1866.] MR. G. KREFFT ON THE AUSTRALIAN DASYURIDA. 431

6. NoctiL1o Leporinus, Linné,

7. Furia HorRRENS, F, Cuv.

8. Motossus opscurvus, Geoffr.

9. VESPERTILIO PARVULUS, Temminck.

4. On the Classification of the small Dasyuride of Australia,

with Descriptions of Two New Genera and One New

Species. By Gurarp Krerrt, Curator and Secretary of

the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales,

Corr. Memb.

(Plate XXXVI.)

Few groups of animals have been so little understood as the small

Marsupial Insectivores of Australia; the difficulty in procuring a

number of specimens of these nocturnal creatures, and the carelessness

of some authors, who will not take the trouble to examine a species

properly before assigning it a position in the genus to which it appears

to belong, have caused a confusion which I will try to correct.

The Marsupial Insectivora have hitherto been divided into three

genera :—Phascogale (Temminck), Antechinus (MacLeay), and Po-

dabrus (Gould). Of these, only two, namely Phascogale and Ante-

chinus, have been defined by their respective founders; while of

Podabrus I cannot ascertain the true characters beyond what Mr.

Waterhouse tells us, that it comprises the Phascogale with slender

feet. Whether this is sufficient for the establishment of a new genus

without giving some information regarding the teeth of the animal, I

do not know ; but for the present it will perhaps be better to retain

the genus. - 1 now propose to divide these small Insectivores as fol-

lows :—

PHASCOGALE, Temminck.

Dasyuride with the two foremost incisors of the upper and lower

jaw larger than the others, with short broad feet, more or less naked

tarsi, rather long and soft fur, and with five toes to each foot, the

inner toe of the hind foot being a nailless prehensile thumb.

Habits arboreal. Pouch absent. Mamme ten. Apical portion

of tail clothed with long bushy hair. Dentition:—I. =$; C. 5;

3—3 4—4

=P: 3-3? M. pi 46.

1. PaascoGALE PENIcILLATA (Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. pl. 31).

Hab. The coast districts from Swan River to New South Wales.

2. PHASCOGALE CALURA (ibid. pl. 32).

Hab. The interior of Australia, from the Williams River to the

Lower Murray, including Victoria, South Australia, and New South

Wales.

270. ite,

wre

A432 MR. G. KREFFT ON THE AUSTRALIAN DASYURID. [Nov. 22,

ANTECHINUS, MacLeay.

Dentition as in Phascogale. Fur rather harsh and short. Tail

clothed throughout with short hair. The feet broad and robust.

Tarsi more or less naked. First pair of incisors equal to, or but

slightly larger than the other front teeth; canines more developed

than any of the premolars; and the articulating condyle of the lower

jaw more elevated than in the genus Phascogale. Provided with

a pouch, which is sometimes very shallow; with ten mamme; and

_arboreal in their habits.

1, ANTECHINUS FLAVIPES (Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. pl. 40).

2. A. LeucoGasTER (ibid. pl. 38).

3. A. uNIcOLOR (ibid. pl. 37).

4, A. FERRUGINIFRONS (ibid. pl. 36).

These three species are probably all local varieties of the first, 4.

flavipes. Ihave removed a number of skulls from specimens an-

swering to Mr. Gould’s description of the above species, but could

detect no difference in the shape of the skull or the dentition. Be-

sides, 4. flavipes has a very wide distribution, and is found from Cape

Horn to the Tropics on the east coast; it is also a common animal

in the interior of South Australia and New South Wales.

5. A. swarnsonti (ibid. pl. 34).

Hab. Tasmania.

6. A. aprcatis (ibid. pl. 39).

Hab. West Australia.

7. A. AFFINIS,

Hab. Tasmania.

8. A. macuLatus (ibid. pl. 44),

Hab, Queensland.

9. A. minuTissimus (ibid. pl. 45).

Hab. Queensland.

Some of these species, as 4. affinis and A. maculatus, I have not

seen; but they belong probably to the broad-footed section of this

genus.

Popasrus, Gould.

Antechini with small, slender feet, five toes to each foot, the small

nailless thumb situated still further back than in the genus Ante-

chinus proper. Fur very soft and dense, of a woolly texture. Canines

small, seldom exceeding the largest premolar in size. Pouch with

generally ten, sometimes with only eight mamme. Terrestrial in

their habits.

1866.] MR. G. KREFFT ON THE AUSTRALIAN DASYURIDE, 433

1. Popasrus macrourus (Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. pl. 46).

Hab. The east coast of Australia.

2. P. crasstcaupatus (ibid. pl. 47).

Hab. The interior of South Australia, Victoria, and New South

Wales ; in the last two colonies the Lower Murray district.

Mamme ten.

3. P. ruticinosus (ibid. pl. 41).

Hab. West Australia.

Mamme eight.

The last-mentioned species, I am informed by Mr. George Masters

(who collected during the last nine months at the head of Spencer’s

Gulf and King George’s Sound), is truly terrestrial iu its habits,

never climbing, and being generally found in deserted ants’ nests.

Of the forty or fifty specimens obtained, more than thirty were

females, and all have eight mamme ; while Antechinus albipes, which

is common on the Lower Murray and near Sydney, has ten mammez

in the pouch.

4, P. avprrss (ibid. pl. 42).

5. P. murinus (ibid. pl. 43).

These two species are no doubt varieties of each other: a few

white or black hairs on the tail, ora ‘‘ wash of brown,”’ as Mr. Gould

often has it, are not sufficient to distinguish one animal from another;

besides the two plates of these little creatures in the ‘ Mammals of

Australia’ are so much alike that I am sure the artist himself could

not tell which was P. murinus and which P. albipes.

6. P. Leucopus (ibid. pl. 35).

This, according to Mr. Waterhouse, is also a variety. Its habitat

is stated to be Tasmania.

7. P. MITCHELLI, sp. nov.

This new species is by far the largest of the small Dasyuridz with

thick woolly furs. A single, much mutilated specimen, with a note

attached that it was obtained by the great Australian explorer, I

found in a heap of rubbish some years ago. I always thought that

it was a new animal; and having now closely investigated the whole

family, I no longer hesitate to describe it.

_ The fur is similar to that of Phascogale lanigera of Gould—long,

~ thick, woolly, and beautifully soft hairs slate-grey at the base, light

brown on the apical portion, and tipped with black. The ears are

long, covered with short brownish hairs. The feet white. The tail

is longer than the body ; and what remains of the covering shows that

the hair was long and probably ended in a tuft. The under part of

the body is whitish. Total length 11 inches, the tail being about

one-half of it or 53 inches, the ears ¢ inch, tarsi 1 inch. The mea-

surement is not strictly accurate, on account of the dried condition of

434 MR. G. KREFFT ON THE AUSTRALIAN DASYURID&, [Noy, 22,

the skin ; a well-preserved full-grown animal would probably mea-

sure more. The skull is perfect, the form of the teeth approaching

those of P. lanigera; the first two incisors in the upper jaw are

slightly pushed forward, though not longer than the others ; there

is a space about the size of a tooth between the last incisor and the

canine, which has been broken at the root, but, as far as I can see,

has not been larger than the third premolar. The molars present

the usual triangular shape; the second is the largest ; the fourth

narrow and transverse. There are three incisors, of almost equal size,

in the lower jaw; a pair of slender rather curved canines, which are

not so broad at the base as those of Phascogale proper; three pre-

molars, of which the second is the largest, the first and third being

about equal; and four molars, the middle two of equal size and

larger than the first and fourth.

Hab. The interior of New South Wales?

ANTECHINOMYS, gen. nov.

The Dasyuride which I propose to arrange under the above name

will comprise those truly terrestrial animals which are provided with

only four toes on the hind foot, without any indication of a thumb,

which have the tarsi completely covered with hair, and the under-

side of the toes and foot alone naked. They move by a succession of

jumps, and have a tail longer than their body.

Dentition like Podabrus, with the canines still less developed.

At present this genus would comprise a single species only, namely,

the animal described by Mr. Gould as Phascogale lanigera.

ANTECHINOMYS LANIGERA (Gould, Mamm. Austr. i. pl. 33).

I think that naturalists will agree with me, that an animal so dif-

ferent in its habits, the structure of its limbs, and the form of its

teeth from Phascogale should have long ago been separated there-

from. Ihave not the least doubt that the little animal figured in

the ‘Mammals of Australia’ upon the branch of a tree with only

four toes is identical with another in this Museum, presented by the

late Sir Thomas Mitchell; and as I have had many opportunities of

observing it alive, I can confidently state that it is a truly terrestrial

species.

Hr The Lower Murray River district, near the junction of the

Darling.

CHZTOCERCUS, gen. noy.

This new genus, which will conclude the small Dasyuride of

Australia, has been founded upon a very singular animal, approaching

in its dentition Dasyurus proper much more than any other known

genus, and may be defined as follows :—

Dasyuridz with short, broad, almost triangular head and strongly

developed auditory bulla, which equals that of Phascogale penicil-

lata in size. Canine teeth in the upper jaw strong and elongate, not

so broad at the base as in the genus Phascogale. Incisors long and

D 7Vc 1ece DI ¥yYywit

PZ.S 1866 PL Axevil

M&N HANHART IMP

SMIT. LITH

CRATEROPUS MELANOPS.

1866. } DR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW CRATEROPUS. 435

narrow as in Dasyurus ; the first pair directed forwards, and slightly

longer than the others. Premolars three in the upper jaw, the

middle one largest, the first somewhat smaller, and the third and

last very diminutive and tubercular. Molars of the usual triangular

form, with rather blunt tubercles, increasing in size from the first to

the third, the fourth being narrow and transverse. The lower jaw is

short and strong, and the articulating condyle placed still higher

comparatively than in any other species of this group. The incisors

are three in number, the first pair being the largest. Canines smaller

than those of the upper jaw, but sharp and pointed, without the

broad base common to other small Dasyures. Of premolars only

two are found in the lower jaw, the second larger than the third.

There are four molars, the first and last being the smallest, the two

middle ones of about equal size; on the first the anterior tubercle is

scarcely indicated, showing, with the absent third premolar, a close

approach to the genus Dasyurus. Tail thick, compressed, with a

erest of black hair upon the apical half, similar to the tail of Chw-

ropus.

1. CH&TOCERCUS CRISTICAUDA, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVI.)

General structure similar to that of Phascogale calura; limbs

strong, furnished with long claws; five toes to the fore and hind

feet, the inner toe of the latter a short nailless thumb ; the hair upon

the fore feet is very long and shaggy.

General colour a leaden grey at the base of fur, tipped with sandy

and rufous. Tail: basal portion reddish, darker towards the tip.

Total length 8 inches, tail 33, head to base of ear 1, tarsi and

toes 1}.

Hab. South Australia, probably the neighbourhood of Lake Alex-

andrina.

The Australian Museum received a specimen of this animal, which

is not in very good condition, from Fr. G. Waterhouse, Esq., of the

Institute Museum, Adelaide, a gentleman who has done much to

investigate the fauna of South Australia.

5. On a New Species of the Genus Crateropus, Sw.

By Dr. G. Harrravs, F.M.Z.S.

(Plate XXXVI.)

CRATEROPUS MELANOPS, Sp. nov.

Dorso et alis obsolete fuscis, cauda intensius fusca, sub certa luce

quasi fasciolata ; interscapulio colloque postico nonnihil pal-

lescentibus ; pileo conspicue cinerascente, plumularum apicibus

albicantibus ; mento summo nigro; gutture, capitis lateribus

striolaque supraciliari cerulescenti-canis; macula inter rostrum

et oculum subquadrata holosericeo-nigra ; pectoris plumis pal-

lide brunneis, pallidius marginatis ; abdomine subflavescente,

436 MR. D. SAURIN ON THE PHEASANTS OF PEKIN. [Nov. 22,

immaculato ; subalaribus et subcaudalibus ejusdem coloris ;

rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. cirea 102", rostr. 10!", al. 4" 3!", caud. 4" 3!", tars. 123".

Hab. Damaraland (Andersson).

Obs. A typical species, allied to C. jardinii. One example has

been submitted to my examination by Mr. P. L. Sclater.

The true Crateropi known to me are the following ;—

1. C. bicolor, Jard. Afr. mer.

2. OC. reinwardtti, Sw. Afr. occid.

3. C. platycercus, Sw. Afr. occid.

. C.jardinii, Sw. Afr. mer. et inter.

. Limbatus, Harr. Afr. orient.

. plebejus, Riipp. Afr. orient. et inter.

cinereus, Heugl. Afr. orient.

swainsonii, Sw. Afr. mer.

gymnogenys, Hartl. Afr. mer. occid.

leucocephalus, Riipp. Afr. or.

leucopygius, Riipp. Afr. or.

melanops, Hartl. Afr. mer. occid.

. apicalis (Licht.). Afr. occid.

. chalybeus, Bp. Palestina.

. rubiginosus, Riipp. Afr. orient.

. C. rufescens, Heugl. Afr. or.

17. C. fulvus (Desfont.). Algeria.

18. C. acacia, Ripp. Afr. sept. orient. (less typical).

19. C. squamiceps, Riipp. Arabia (less typical).

20. C. atripennis, Sw. Afr. occid. (less typical).

aaagaasaasaa

10.

Ils

Crateropus melodus, Heugl., is very nearly allied to (if not iden-

tical with) Parisoma frontale of Ruppell. Crateropus guttatus,

Heugl., is congenerical with my Bradyornis spekei (= Cichladusa

arquata, Peters). Neither of them belong to this group.

6. Notice on the Pheasants found in the Neighbourhood of

Pekin. By Duprey E. Savurin*.

The Pheasants I am acquainted with as occurring near Pekin are

the following :—

1. The common Chinese Pheasant, in Chinese Yeh-chi, or ‘‘ Wild

fowl” (Phasianus torquatus), which is found everywhere in the

north of China. I am not aware how much further south they are

found than Shanghai; but in that neighbourhood, since the devas-

tation of the country by the Tai-pings, they are shot by hundreds.

Thousands are brought down to the Pekin market in a frozen state

by the Mongols from as far north as the Amour. At the new

* Mr. Saurin, to whom we are indebted for two fine males of the Pallas’s Eared

Pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum), has kindly drawn up these notes at my request.

—P.L.S.

1866.] | MR. D.SAURIN ON THE PHEASANTS OF PEKIN, 437

Russian port of Poussiet, conterminous with Corea, the same Pheasant

abounds. I myself have seen them wild in the Imperial hunting-

grounds north of Jehol, and in the mountains near Ku-peh-kow.

2. The Pucrasia xanthospila*, by the Chinese called Sung-chi,

or *‘ Pine-fowl.”? This bird is always to be found in the Pekin market,

though in far inferior numbers to the Common Pheasant ; they are

brought unfrozen, and sometimes alive, and never, as far as I have

seen, by the Mongols; they consequently are probably confined to

the mountains enclosing China proper on the north and west. The

only place from which, to my knowledge, they have been brought is

the Tung-lin, or eastern woods, where are the tombs of the present

dynasty, about 100 miles north-east of Pekin, amongst the issues of

the mountains which run down into the plain east of Ku-peh-kow,

or the old north gate through the Great Wall. The Sung-chi is

considered very good eating, and its flesh has a rather peculiar aro-

matic flavour.

3. The Reeves’s Pheasant (Ph. reevesii), called by the Chinese

Chi-chi, is seen very rarely in the Pekin market. For a long

time I failed to discover from what quarter they came, as some spe-

cimens had been obtained at Tientsing, and some people pretended

they were brought from Shantung. Last winter, however, I ascer-

tained that they, too, came from the Tung-lin ; and I have reason to

suppose that they are to be found nowhere else in the province of

Chi-li. About twenty birds were brought down alive last winter.

They are never brought in frozen, or by Mongols. Their flesh is

very delicious, and superior, to my taste, to that of any other Pheasant.

4. Pallas’s Hared Pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum) is found rarely

in the market, though perhaps oftener than the Reeves’s Pheasant.

It is not found in the Tung-lin, but in the mountains to the north-

west of Pekin, within the Great Wall, about 100 miles distant. The

place is well known for its coal-mines, and has frequently been

visited by Europeans, amongst others by the French Minister, M.

Berthéney, the French Missionaries, and several of our Student In-

terpreters. M. Berthéney, who is a sportsman and fond of natural

history, thinks that, taking into consideration the comparative tame-

ness of the bird, and the fact that since Europeans have come to

Pekin the peasants have always found a good market for the nests,

this rare bird, which, so far as we know, is only to be found at this

one spot, cannot fail soon to become extinct. Chinese guides, it is

true, have assured me that it is to be found in the Wei-chung, or

Imperial hunting-grounds, which I passed through last autumn ; but

no reliance can be placed on their statements, even if the bird were

called by the same name in so very distant a part of the country. ~

The Chinese name is Ho-chi, either “‘ River-fowl”’ or “ Fire-fowl.”

The translation depends on the character; and the peasants, who

give it the name, know nothing of characters; while the students,

who know characters, are quite ignorant of natural history.

Pallas’s Pheasant is never brought by Mongols, or frozen ; there-

fore ‘mantchuricum’ (the name applied to it by Mr. Swinhoe) is a

* Described and figured by Mr. G. R. Gray, P. Z, S. 1864, p. 259, pl. xx.

438 MR. £. P. RAMSAY ON A NEW ATRICHTA. _ [Noy. 22,

* misnomer. The hen lays towards the end of May ; the egg is larger

than a common fowl’s, and, as far as I recollect, rather bluish in tint.

The Chinese, who bring these birds in, feed them with a kind of

millet-cake ; they are also very fond of barley, which is grown in

quantities in the mountain-valleys.

7. Description of a New Species of Atrichia from the Rich-

mond River, New South Wales. By E. P. Ramsay,

C.M.Z.S.

ATRICHIA RUFESCENS, nov. Sp.

All the upper surface rufous brown, becoming rufous on wings and

tail; each feather, except those of the wings and tail, crossed by three

crescent-shaped lines of blackish brown ; underside of the wings and

inner webs of primaries and secondaries dark brown, tertiaries and

outer webs of primaries and secondaries crossed with wavy zig-zag

lines of black ; under wing-coverts brown, edged with rufous ; upper

tail-coverts and both the upper and under side of all the tail-feathers

deep rufous, crossed by numerous distinct wavy lines of black; ear-

coverts, cheeks, and sides of the throat and neck rufous, barred in-

distinctly with dark brown, becoming more distinct on sides of chest,

which is rufous; throat whitish; rest of the under surface deep

rufous, becoming brighter and of a much deeper tint on centre of

abdomen and under tail-coverts; flanks deep rufous, crossed with

narrow wavy lines of blackish brown; irides dark brown; bill dark

horn-colour, becoming whitish on lower mandible; legs and feet

light reddish brown ; claws light horn-brown.

Total length 6-2; inches ; bill ;4, in length, in height ;2,, width =;

tarsi 8} tenths; claw of hind toe 33 tenths; claw of middle toe =4;;

wing 2,4, inches; tail 2,°,.

_ I propose the specific name of rufescens for this species, as being

most appropriate. Two males were all that were procured. These

were shot in the thick brushes on the borders of the Richmond

River, about the end of December 1865, by that well-known orni-

thologist Mr. T. MacGillivray, from whom I purchased the present

specimen. Atrichia rufescens may at once be distinguished from

A, clamosa of the west coast by its smaller size and the rufous tint

which pervades the whole plumage. The legs and claws are much

larger in proportion to the size of the bird than those organs in the

much larger species 4. clamosa ; the claw of the hind toe is exactly

the same in size as that in 4. clamosa.

A specimen of 4. clamosa, now before me, kindly lent to me by

G. Krefft, Esq., Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, being

one of those procured in Western Australia by Mr. G. Masters in

March 1866, differs slightly from Mr. Gould’s description given in

his ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia’ (vol. i. p. 345), in the

following particulars, viz.:—The throat, chest, and abdomen pure

white; an irregular triangular patch of black feathers edged with

1866.] MR. E. P, RAMSAY ON A NEW ATRICHIA. 439

white runs down from the centre of the throat, widening on the chest

and spreading out at its base, joins the sides of the neck above the

shoulders; underside of the tail-feathers dark brown, outer webs

only freckled with a darker hue; under tail-coverts brown, barred

with blackish brown, and margined with rufous brown. Total length

8 inches, wing 2,°, inches, tail 4 inches.

It is a curious fact that the specimens of 4. clamosa and A.

rufescens, procured by Gilbert, MacGillivray, or Masters are all

males,

8. Remarks upon the New Species of Atrichia and on A. cla-

mosa of the West Coast. By E. P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S.

Since I last forwarded my description of the new Africhia, for

which I proposed the specific name of rufescens, I find that Mr.

James F. Wilcox procured the birds during an excursion made by

Messrs. Wilcox and MacGillivray to the brushes of the Richmond

River. Mr. Wilcox, therefore, is its discoverer, and not Mr.

MacGillivray as I had stated.

I have just received a very interesting note from Mr. J. F. Wilcox,

in which he gives us the following valuable account of his discovery,

which, I think, I cannot do better than give in his own words :—

‘In answer to your inquiries respecting the dtrichia, I have much

pleasure in sending you all the particulars, which I take from my

notes made at the time, November 17, 1865:—‘In the Bowling

Creek, Richmond River, in a dense scrub, in pursuit of Rifle-birds

(Ptiloris paradisea), my attention was drawn to the note of a bird

I had never before heard, and from that moment I knew it would

prove a prize should I have the good luck to procure it. I followed

it up on my hands and knees (for the scrub was too thick to stand

up in) until the voice appeared almost at the muzzle of the gun; here

I remained fixed quite half an hour, and during that time I can

scarcely describe my feelings. I was almost inclined, although not

superstitious, to think some evil spirit was playing me a trick ; for at

one moment it would give out its own notes apparently just in front

of me, and the next minute mimic the Spine-tailed Orthonyx (0.

spinicauda) in another direction ; then the Scrub-Robin’s note would

be imitated in some other place ; and even sometimes its voice seemed

to come from the ground, at other times from the trees above me.’

“This state of things lasted until I became painfully cramped

from the position I had to lie in, and my eyes painful from staring

about so long. I was just about to give up, when, to my delight,

I saw my tormentor hop from one bush to another, not more than

7 or 8 feet from where I had been lying the whole time. But the

scrub was so densely thick I could not bring the gun to bear on it ;

but marking well the spot where the bird was sitting, I managed to

back a little through a narrow open place, fired, and to my intense

satisfaction succeeded in bringing it down. During the whole time

440 MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM EASTERN PERU. [Noy. 22,

I am positive the bird kept in the same place ; and yet its mimicking

voices were heard in different places.”

In a former note from Mr. T. MacGillivray, that gentleman remarks,

“They were both noisy enough, mimicking Sericornis citreogularis

and several other brush-birds, besides having a note peculiarly their

own. Both were males.”

This is a great source of regret, as neither did the late Mr. Gilbert,

nor Mr. G. Masters during his recent trip to Western Australia, pro-

cure the other sex of 4. clamosa; so we are still in the dark as to

the females of either species. But now that we have an Aérichia

inhabiting a district so near Sydney I hope we shall not long remain

in ignorance upon this point.

The same wonderful power of ventriloquism noted above shows

itself also in Atrichia clamosa. Mr. Masters informs me that he

was greatly perplexed in searching for this species in Western Aus-

tralia, where it inhabits dense masses of vegetation consisting of tall

reedy grass and thick-growing low bushy shrubs. A whole morn-

ing was spent without a single glimpse of the bird, although its note

was frequently heard within a few feet of where he was standing,

first seeming to come from one side, then from another, then sound-

ing loud and clear a few feet in front.

Upon another occasion, while passing a thicket of reeds, grass, and

scrub, Mr. Masters observed one run in and disappear in a moment,

without giving him a chance of bringing his gun to bear on it. As it

was useless, even if possible, to follow it, he lay down at a short

distance from the edge and determined to wait until the bird reap-

peared ; after a considerable time he was rewarded by seeing its head

poke out; and after looking round to see if the coast was clear, the

bird came out and commenced to scratch in the sand, giving him an

opportunity which was not lost.

Ventriloquism is not confined to the Atrichie. I have myself

been sorely at a loss to find Oreoica gutturalis. I have also ob-

served ventriloquism in the Cincloramphi, as well as in Ptenoedus

rufescens.

9. List of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Mr. E.

Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Uca-

yali, Eastern Peru, with Descriptions of New Species.

By Henry Apams, F.L.S.

(Plate XXXVIII.)

Fam. AMPULLARIID&.

1. Pomus yATesr, Reeve.

2. Pomus nosi is, Reeve.

3. Pomus aMAzonicus, Reeve.

G SOWERBY LiTH

P.Z.S .1866.Pl. XXX VIII

M&N.UANHART IMP

NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS

1866.] MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM EASTERN PERU. 441

4. Pomus nzmaAstomus, Reeve.

5. Pomus tyMN2Z1FORMIS, Reeve.

6. Pomus papyRAtivs, Spix.

. Pomus nusitus, Reeve.

Fam. HELicip2.

8. Rumina (OBELiscus) RIPARIA, Pfr.

9. Rumina (OBELISCUS) PUSILLA, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII.

fig. 1.)

R. testa imperforata, turrita, tenuiuscula, striata, parum nitente,

pallido-fulva ; spira elongata, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa,

non marginata; anfr.7, planiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis equante,

basi rotundato ; columella superne vix torta; apertura parva,

ovali ; perist. simplici, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, co-

lumeilari reflexiusculo.

Long. 8, diam. 2 mill.

10. Rumina (Susutina) octrona, Chem.

11. Craustt1a (NENIA) BARTLETTI, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII.

fig. 2.)

C. testa non rimata, pupiformi, solidula, longitudinaliter oblique

undulato-striata, haud nitente, purpurascente ; spira convexo-tur-

rita, apice obtuso, sutura pallidiore ; anfr.7, convexiusculis, ultimo

angustato, deorsum soluto, basi rotundato, antice confertim striato ;

apertura subverticali, ampla, pyriformi; iamellis convergentibus,

superiore valida, inferiore flecuose ascendente ; lunella distincta ;

plica palatali 1, supera, elongata, subcolumellari inconspicua ;

perist. continuo, libero, paliidiore, undique late expanso, reflexius-

culo.

Long. 24, diam. 6 mill.

-12. LaByRINTHUS FURCILLATUS, Hupé.

13. LABYRINTHUS BIFURCATUS, Desh.

14. LABYRINTHUS LEPRIEURII, Petit.

15. AMMONOCERAS GUAYAQUILENSE, Pfr.

16. OpH1oGyRA STENOGYRA, Pfr.

17, OpH1oGyRA STENOSTREPTA, Pfr.

18. Buntimus maximus, Sow.

19. Butimus (Dryrerus) MELANOCHEILUS, Nyst.

20. Butimus (Eurytvs) prreritus, Sow.

21. Butimus (Euryrvs) rioccosus, Pfr.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXIX.

442 MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM EASTERN PERU. [Nov. 22,

22. Butimus (OrPHNUS) TENIOLUS, Nyst.

23. OrosTOMUS CRICHTONI, Brod.

A single example only, and in bad condition. The typical speci-

men in the British Museum has hitherto been unique.

24, OTosTOMUS EXPANSUS, Pfr.

25. OTosTOMUS CANALICULATUS, Pfr,

26. OrosromUS PULCHERRIMUS, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII.

fig. 3.)

O. testa subperforata, fusiformi, tenuiuscula, obsolete irregulariter

striata, levigata, albida, strigis nigricanti-castaneis albo punc-

tatis, supra fleruosis, infra disjunctis et macularum series 2 for-

mantibus, ornata; spira turrita; anfr.?, modice conveais, ultimo

basi compresso et valde obtuse carinato ; columella arcuata; aper-

tura parum obliqua, rhombeo-ovali ; perist. roseo, marginibus callo

tenui junctis, dextro expanso, columellari reflexo, superne adnato.

Long. circa 45, diam. 17 mill.

One example only of this beautiful species has been obtained ; and

of that unfortunately the upper whorls are deficient.

27. OTOSTOMUS BARTLETTI, sp. nov. (Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 4.)

O. testa umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striata

et lineis minutissimis spiralibus confertim decussata, albida, fascia

castanea interrupta albo punctulata et flammis fuscis picta;

spira conica, obtusiuscula ; anfr. 5, planiusculis, ultimo ventricoso,

ascendente, spiram paulo superante, basi obtuse carinato ; apertura

subverticali, obliqua, subovali ; perist. tenui, undique late expanso.

Long. 25, diam. maj. 26, min. 18 mill.

Two examples, one in good condition, of this very finely marked

and interesting species were obtained by Mr. Bartlett.

28. Orosromus scitTus, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 5.)

O. testa rimato-perforata, ovato-pyramidata, tenuiuscula, irregula-

riter subrugoso-striata et lineis spiralibus minutis obsolete decus-

sata, luteo-alba, striga interrupta fusca et maculis sparsis ornata;

spira conica, apice acuto; anfr. 6, planiusculis, ultimo spiram

paulo superante, rotundato, busi compresso, circa perforationem

obtuse carinato ; columella contorta; apertura verticali, lata, ro-

tundato-auriformi, intus violacea ; perist. simplici, undique late

expanso.

Long. 28, diam. maj. 17, min. 13 mill.

One example only.

29. Orostomus (DryM£vs) mustvus, Pfr.

30. Orosromus (DrRyMzus) montaAGneEt, D’Orb.

31. Orosromus (LEpTOMERUS) HELOICUs, D’Orb.

22. Orostomus (Mormvus) ExoRNATUS, Reeve.

1866.] MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM EASTERN PERU. 443

33. Orosromus (Mormus) Troraytit, D’Orb.

34. Orostomus (LEIosrracus) MAcULATUS, Lea.

35. ToRNATELLINA (LEPTINARIA) LAMELLATA, Pot. & Mich.

36. ORTHALICUS GALLINA-SULTANA, Chem.

37. ORTHALICUS BENSONI, Reeve.

38. Orruaricus (Corona) REGINA, Férus.

39. OrrHaicus (PoRPHYROBAPHE) YATESI, Pfr.

40. OrrHaicus (PORPHYROBAPHE) LABEO, Brod.

The single example collected by Mr. Bartlett is the third known

of this peculiar species. The typical specimen was once in the pos-

session of the Society, but mysteriously disappeared. The second,

which was sent home by Mr. Lobb from Limabamba, Peru, formed

part of the collection of the late Mr. Cuming, and is now in the Bri-

tish Museum.

Fam. OLEACINID.

41. GLANDINA DACTyLUs, Brod.

42, GLANDINA CARMINENSIS, Morel.

43. SrREPTAXIS DEFORMIS, Férus.

Fam. CycLoPpHORID.

44, APEROSTOMA BLANCHETIANUM, Moric.

45. APEROSTOMA CONNIVENS, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 6.)

A. testa late umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula et inequa-

liter lirata, albida, epidermide flavide brunnea induta ; spira parum

elevata, apice prominulo, levi, rufo-corneo, sutura canaliculata ;

anfr. 43, convexis, ultimo non soluto; apertura fere circulari,

diagonali ; perist. continuo, recto, superne subangulato et breviter

adnato.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 7 mill. ; apert. diam. 43 mill.

This species is closely allied to A. perdistinctum, Gund. ; but the

suture is less deeply canaliculated, the last whorl is not separated in

front as in that species, and the raised spiral lines on the whorls are

reduced to one on the inner side within the umbilicus.

Fam. Hexicinip2.

46. Hexicina (Oxteyra) sprucet, Pfr.

47, Heticina (PacuysToMA) CONCENTRICA, Pfr.

Fam. UNIoNID.

48, ANoponta (LamprRoscAPHA) WHEATLEY], Lea.

444 MR. H. ADAMS ON SHELLS FROM EASTERN PERU. [Nov. 22,

49, ANopONTA (LAMPROSCAPHA) ENSIFORMIS, Spix.

50. MonoconpyL#a (PLaGiopon) ? isocaRDIOIDES, Lea.

Fam. Mycetorip&.

51. Mycrerorus soLentrormis, D’Orb.

Fam. MutTEeLip2&.

52. CasTALIA CORDATA, Humph.

53. LEILA GIGANTEA, Lea.

54, LEILA BLAINVILLIANA, Lea.

55. TRIQUETRA CORRUGATA, Lam.

Several examples of this very fine species in most perfect condition.

56. TRIQUETRA OBLIQUA, Schum.

Fam. AUTHERIIDE.

BaRTLETTIA, gen. nov.

Testa libera, equivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa ; superficies valva-

rum rugosa vel foliata, epidermide olivaceo-viridi induta. Cardo

edentulus ; ligamentum breve, crassum, precipue internum, laminis

validis, curvatis, prominentibus suffultum ; impressiones muscu-

lares due, anterior elongata, angusta, posterior ovalis, ampla ;

linea pallialis simplex. Intus margaritacea.

57. BARTLETTIA STEFANENSIS, Moric. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 7.)

B. testa falcata, solidiuscula, antice irregulariter producta, angusta,

torta, postice rotundata, margine ventrali valde sinuato, anteriore

lobato; superficie valvarum antice irregulariter rugose plicata,

postice angulata, concentrice crasse striata.

Long. 75, lat. maj. 35, minor 20, alt. 27 mill.

Etheria stefanensis, Moric. Journ. Conch. vy. (1856) p. 178.

This singular shell was first met with by M. Porte in the Amazon,

near its embouchure, and was described by M. Moricand as a species

of Aitheria. M. Moricand supposed it to be adherent like the other

species of that genus, and probably by a small portion of the surface

of one valve near the beak, which was broken away in both of the

specimens received by him. ‘There are no traces, however, of any

such adherence in the more perfect examples collected by Mr. Bart-

lett ; and the shell, not possessing this peculiarity, and differing also

materially in other respects from Atheria, forms, in my opinion, the

type of a distinct genus. The other differences to which I allude

are :—the ligament being marginal like that of Anodonta, and not

sunk in a groove of the area of one valve; the internal surface being

without the blisters present in both the species of the African genus;

1866.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 445

and the form being nearly eequivalve (which is, I think, in itself

strong evidence of its not being attached either to other individuals

or to foreign substances).

This shell is probably rare, and therefore valued by the natives in

the localities where it has been found, as some of the valves sent

home by Mr. Bartlett are perforated at the small ends, apparently

for the purpose of being worn as ornaments.

10. Descriptions of Six New Species of Shells, and Note on

Opisthostoma de-Crespignii. By Henry Apams, F.L.S.

(Plate XXXVIII.)

Fam. BucciniD&.

NASSODONTA, gen. nov.

Testa ovalis ; spira brevis, anfractu ultimo antice sulcato; aper-

tura antice sinuata, postice canaliculata ; columella callosa, antice

plicata; labrum acutum, intus incrassatum et dentatum, extus

antice denticulo instructum.

1. NASSODONTA INSIGNIS, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 8.)

N. testa ovata, solida, levi, luteo-alba, fasciis fuscis tribus inter-

ruptis ornata; spira brevi, apice obtusiusculo, sutura simplici ;

anfr. 5, convexis, ultimo 2 longitudinis teste adequante, basi

transversim |-sulcato ; apertura subovali, angusta; columella valde

arcuata, callosa, alba, postice callo mediocri munita ; labro acuto,

albo, intus incrassato et 2-dentato ; sinu siphonali amplo.

Long. 11, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. River Peiho, China, in company with Velorita.

Fam. CHITONIDz.

FREMBLEYA, gen. nov.

Testa ovalis, convera. Valve transverse, late, carinate; apex

posterioris valve terminalis, producta, fissa. Limbus angustus,

postice fissus, setis corneis dense obsitus.

The covering of the mantle, the form of the visible portions of the

valves, and the peculiarity of the terminal valve render this species

distinct from any form of Chitonidee yet described. It has the ap-

pearance of a Lorica with the mantle covered with long bristles

instead of imbricate scales.

2. FREMBLEYA EGREGIA, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 9.)

F. testa ovata, antice paululum angustiore, viridi-fusca, ad latera

pallidiore ; valva antica radiatim costata, costis pustulosis, inter-

446

MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [Nov. 22,

stitiis oblique liratis ; valva postica et valvis mediis subcarinatis,

areis dorsalibus dense longitudinaliter liratis, areis lateralibus ra-

diatim costatis, costis pustulosis. Limbus mediocris, spiculis bre-

vibus corneis instructus.

Long. 15, lat. 9 mill.

Aaé.

Fam. Heicip#.

3. Cuausitia (PH2ZDUSA) SIMILARIS, sp.nov. (Pl. XXXVIII.

fig. 10.)

C. testa vir rimata, fusiformi, solida, confertim striata, sericea, rufo-

Susca ; spira sursum attenuata, apice obtuso ; anfr. 10, convexius-

culis, ultimo basi rotundato; apertura subverticali, pyriformi ;

Jamellis inequalibus, supera tenui, marginali, infera fere immersa;

lunella distincta, extus conspicua ; plica palatali 1, elongata, sub-

columellari ad marginem peristomatis producta ; perist. continuo,

superne breviter soluto, expanso, albido.

Long. 18, diam. 43 mill.

Hab. Formosa.

This species, which was collected by Mr. Swinhoe in Formosa, I

have placed in the subgenus Phedusa. It is closely allied to C. ewilis,

described by me in a former paper, and referred to the subgenus La-

ciniaria, but which must also be included in Phedusa.

Fam. CycLoeHorRID2&.

4, DrpLomMatiNa (DIANCTA) MARTENS], sp.nov. (Pl. XX XVIII.

fig. 11.)

D. testa sinistrorsa, rimata, pupiformi, gibbosa, tenui, flavida, sub-

remote minutissime striolata ; spira conica, sutura impressa, apice

obtusiusculo; anfr. 6, convexis, penultimo angustiore, ultimo ad

antepenultimum ascendente ; apertura subverticali, plica columel-

lari obsoleta ; perist. duplici, expanso ; callo parietali crasso, late

expanso, appresso.

Long. 31, diam. 2 mill.

Hab.

Fam. UNIoNIDz&.

5. ANODONTA SWINHOEI, sp. nov.

A. solidula, transversa, oblongo-ovata, subventricosa, concentrice

obsolete plicata ; margine dorsali elongato, subrecto ; margine

ventrali arcuato; latere antico rotundato; latere postico sub-

angulato, superne obsolete radiatim plicato ; umbonibus ante-

medianis, inconspicuis ; epidermide olivaceo-picea induta ; mar-

garita cerulente, postice iridescente.

Long. 90, alt. 50, lat. 28 mill,

Hab. Formosa.

Several examples of this species, which does not appear to have

been hitherto described, were obtained by Mr. Swinhoe.

1866.] MR. W.T. BLANFORD ON OPISTHOSTOMA. 447

Fam. Mure.ip2z.

6. SPATHA BAIKII, sp. nov.

S. testa solidula, transversa, ovata, ventricosa, antice angusta,

rotundata, postice lata, subrotundata; margine dorsali areuato ;

margine ventrali in medio sinuato ; epidermide nigro-fusca ;

umbonibus antemedianis, inconspicuis, erosis ; margarita sal-

monaceo-purpurea.

- Long. 120, alt. 80, lat. 45 mill.

Hab. River Niger.

I have named this species after my lamented friend Dr. Baikie, by

whom it was collected. It differs from S. rubens, to which it ap-

proaches most nearly in form, in being more ventricose, broader and

more rounded posteriorly, and in having a greater sinuation of the

ventral margin. It is also a larger shell, and the epidermis is of a

darker colour,

Note on Opisthostoma de-Crespignii.

Since describing the shell of this species, some examples having

the animal dried within them have come into my possession; and

by breaking one of them carefully and extracting the animal I have

ascertained that it is provided with an exceedingly minute and very

thin horny operculum. As, from its helix-like appearance and very

elongated and porrected mouth, it is more singular even than the

type of the genus, O. nilgiricum, a figure of it is now given

(Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 12), none having hitherto been published.

M. de Crespigny has suggested that this genus may be identical

with the fossil Scoliostoma, which, however, has hitherto been re-

garded as marine. Its resemblance to the type of Scoliostoma, S.

dannenburgi, is very strong; and if they are not generically the

same, the very singular fact must certainly be admitted that a group

of recent land-shells exists possessing this peculiar form in common

with a group of extinct marine shells.—H. Apams.

11. On Opisthostoma, H. Blanford, with the Description of

a New Species from the Neighbourhood of Bombay, and

of the Animal and Operculum. By Wiuram T. Buan-

FrorD, Assoc. Roy. Sch. Min., F.G.S.

(Plate XXXVIII.)

To the keen search of one of the most indefatigable and success-

ful collectors of land shells in India, the Rev. S. Fairbank, is due

the very interesting discovery of a second species of the remarkable

Cyclostomaceous genus Opisthostoma, the type of which was first

found by my brother, Mr. H. F. Blanford, on the Nilgiri hills of

448 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON OPISTHOSTOMA. __[Nov. 22,

Southern India in 1857. The rediscovery of the genus is none the

less fortunate, that specimens of the original species are so exces-

sively rare that it has been impossible to distribute them so as to

make the form known in Europe. I have on two separate occasions,

in 1859 and 1864, searched the neighbourhood of Pykara, on the

Nilgiris, without success, and, owing to an unfortunate accident,

by which most of the original specimens were lost, I believe that

but two now remain, one of which is in my own collection, and an-

other in Mr. Benson’s. Several specimens of the new species have,

fortunately, been obtained; and it is to be hoped that the number

may be increased, as the locality is easy of access.

The new form is a very near ally of O. nilgiricum*, H. Blanf.

(Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 13), but still readily distinguished by several not

unimportant characters. Specimens have, fortunately, been obtained

living, enabling me to complete the characters of the genus, and to

confirm the opinion expressed by my brother, in our joint paper, of

its being an operculated form. Although I have not succeeded in

examining the animal so closely as 1 could have wished, I have been

able to note the form of the tentacles, with the position of the eyes,

and to see the operculum. All tend, I think, to bear out the views

I expressed, in 1864, as to the affinities of the genus.

Before proceeding to any further remarks, it will be well to de-

scribe the new species, and to give the generic characters as now

ascertained.

OpritstHostoma, H. Blanf.

Testa anguste umbilicata, umbilico interdum ab anfractu ultimo

obtecto, irregulariter pupeformis, costulata, anfractibus api-

calibus deflexis, anfr, ultimo constricto ibidem angulo acuto

deflexo, retro curvato, denique sinistrorsum ascendente. Aper-

tura retrorsa, circularis vel subcircularis. Operculum tenue,

corneum, concentrice paucispirale, profunde retractum. Ani-

mal tentaculis brevibus, cylindricis, obtusis, oculis ad basin

externam tentaculorum sessilibus, lateraliter positis sed Cyclo-

phoridarum altioribus. Pes brevis. Proboscis brevissima.

OPISTHOSTOMA FAIRBANKI, n. sp. (PI. XXXVIII. fig. 14.)

Testa irregulariter ovata, albida, confertim costulata, lineis im-

pressis spiralibus minutis, vix sub lente conspicuis, seepe obso-

letis, inter costulas signata. Spira breviter subcylindrica,

apice perobtuso, sutura profunda. Anfr. 5, rotundati, duo

apicales parum exserti, ex axi deviantes, tertius multo major,

quartus maximus, quintus brevissime constrictus, ad stricturam

angulo acuto versus umbilicum deflecus, in figuram litere §

curvatus, umbilicum omnino tegens, denique sinistrorsum ascen-

dens, anfractus penultimus undique junctus. Apertura postica,

* Described and figured in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’

vol. xxix. p. 121, 1860. The figures are very good.

+ Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. vol. xiii. p. 444.

1866.] MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON OPISTHOSTOMA. 449

verticalis, subtrigonali-rotundata ; peristoma simplex, undique

expansum. Operculum normale.

Diam. incl. peristom. 1°5 mm.; perist. non incl. ] mm.; alt.

1-5 mm.; aperturee diam. circa 0°5 mm.

Hab. prope Khandalla ad summos montes ‘‘Syhadri”’ sive West-

ern Ghats appellatos, inter Bombay et Poona, Indiz orientalis.

The animal was very difficult to observe, on account of its extreme

shyness and minute size. Only a very small portion of the body

was extruded from the shell. The foot is very short and apparently

rounded, but could not be seen fairly, as the animal would not crawl

up a glass but appeared to endeavour to hide itself amongst decayed

leaves. The tentacles are short and blunt, the eyes at their outside

base, rather high in position, but not nearly so much so as in the

Aciculacee. The whole animal is white and translucent, the eyes

appearing as black specks, perfectly sessile. After two or three

failures I succeeded in examining an operculum by breaking back

the whorls of a specimen carefully until I came to it. It is lodged

at the constriction in the last whorl, as long since suggested by Mr.

Benson, and is distinctly horny, concentric, and paucispiral, resem-

bling the figure of the operculum of Diplommatina folliculus given

in Adams’s ‘Gen. Rec. Moll.’ This entirely confirms the views I

long since expressed as to the close affinity of Opisthostoma to Di-

plommatina, and shows the former, moreover, to be nearer to the

typical costulate Diplommatine of the Himalaya than to the smooth

or spirally lirate species (Arinia, H. & A. Ad.) of Hindustan, as the

latter have the spiral structure apparently obsolete*. It is worthy

of remark that some of the Pupinide (e. g., Pupina artata, Bens.),

when their opercula are examined by transmitted light, show an

apparently paucispiral structure, due to the whorls increasing in size

more rapidly near the centre; but the construction of the spiral in

Pupina and Cataulus has been shown to be different from that

which obtains in other forms of operculated land shells.

The characters which serve to distinguish Opisthostoma fairbanki

from O. nilgiricum are :—

1. The greater exsertion and smaller excentric deflection of the two

apical whorls of O. fairbanki.

2. The simple expanded peristome and subtrigonally rounded

aperture—O. nilgiricum having a non-expanding duplicate peristome,

the outer portion retro-relict, and a circular aperture.

3. The more distant sculpture.

4. The manner of curvature of the last whorl, the posterior bend

of which is much more acute in the present species. In O. nilgiri-

cum the posterior half of the sigmoid curve of the last whorl is more

open than the semicircular curve nearer the aperture, the umbilicus

being fully exposed within the former. In O. fairbanki the anterior

curve is the more open, and the last whorl just in front of the pos-

* T have just cut out the opercula of two specimens of Diplommatina pachy-

cheilus, Bens., from Darjiling, and find the spiral structure much less distinct

than it usually is in the Cyclophoride.

450 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON OPISTHOSTOMA. [Noy. 22,

terior half of the curve passes across and completely conceals the

umbilicus.

I have, with some difficulty, detected in O. fairbanki the minute

decussating strie observed by my brother between the costulations

in O. nilgiricum. They are very difficult to see, even under a high

power and strong light, and appear to be frequently obsolete. I

cannot detect them in my specimen of O. nilgiricum, which is in

good order.

The bluntly trigonal form of the aperture in O. fairbanki does

not appear to be quite constant; the mouth in some specimens is

nearly round.

The locality at Khandalla, at the top of the well-known Bhore-

Ghat incline on the railway between Bombay and Poona, is some

distance down a ravine behind the graveyard, below the hill known

as the Duke’s Nose. The mollusk lives amongst dead leaves, in the

same manner as Diplommatina, but, except in very wet weather, it

appears to bury itself in the ground.

In the paper already referred to, published in the ‘Annals and

Magazine of Natural History’ for June 1864, I gave my reasons for

believing in the affinity of Opisthostoma and Clostophis to Diplom-

matina, instead of to the Pupinide, to which Dohrn had referred

the first named (in ‘ Malakoz. Blatter,’ vol. x. p. 39), and I also

showed that the position assigned by Dr. Pfeiffer to Diplommatina

in his valuable ‘ Monograph’ was unnatural. In the Second Sup-

plement to the ‘ Monograph,’ which has since appeared, Dr. Pfeiffer

follows my opinion only so far as to assign Clostophis to the Di-

plommatinidee, while he leaves this family with the Aciculid in

the suborder Opisthophthalma, and relegates Opisthostoma together

with Arinia to the subfamily Pupinine of the family Cyclophoridee,

under the suborder Ectophthalma. To Arinia he, moreover,

assigns the two species described by my brother and myself as Dé-

plommatine, from the hills of Southern India, D. nilgirica and D.

kingiana. Had Dr. Pfeiffer seen the two last-named species, he

would, I think, scarcely have dissociated them so widely from their

nearest relatives the Western Himalayan Diplommatine, one of

which, it should be remembered, is the type of the genus. It may

be correct to class Arinia with Pupina; but I cannot help doubting

whether the smooth Diplommatine of South India belong to the

same genus as the Philippine Cyclostoma minus of Sowerby, the

type of Arinia; and I am persuaded that the association of Diplom-

matina with Acicula and Truncatella is an utter violation of all na-

tural affinities. In no single character of shell, animal, or opercu-

lum does Diplommatina approach to the Opisthophthalma, so far as

I am aware. Its affinities are most unmistakeably with the Ectoph-

thalma; and 1 believe that its proper position is as the type of a

subfamily of the Cyclophoride, which subfamily would include

Opisthostoma and the smooth species of Southern India, and proba-

bly Clostophis. Whether Arinia should be classed with it or not, I

am not prepared to say.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. 451

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. Rumina (Obeliscus) pusilla, p. 441.

2. Clausilia (Nenia) bartletti, p. 441.

. Otostomus pulcherrimus, p. 442.

bartletti, p. 442.

scitus, p. 442.

. Aperostoma connivens, p. 443.

Bartlettia stefanensis, p. 444.

. Nassodonta insignis, p. +45.

. Frembleya egregia, p. 445.

. Clausilia (Phedusa) similaris, p. 446.

11. Diplommatina (Diancta) martensi, p. 446.

12. Opisthostoma de-crespignit, p. 447.

nilgiricum, p. 448.

14, —— fairbanki, p. 448.

SLO CONT OP Co

12. Corrections and Addenda to certain Papers on Lepidoptera

published during the years 1865-66; with Additional

Notes on some of the Species described. By Arruur

G. Butter, F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoological Department,

British Museum.

I regret to find that, having relied too much upon the complete-

ness of a recently published list of Diurnal Lepidoptera, I have, in

several of my: papers, overlooked species. This error has in some

cases been the means of leading me to redescribe insects; and to

these I propose in the present paper to restore their rightful names.

As I have lately had the advantage of seeing several types, and

additional specimens, of insects which I have mentioned, I am now

enabled to correct or add to any remarks which I may have made

with regard to them.

Papriuio.

In a paper published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural

History,’ June, 1866, ‘On the Identity of certain Species of Lepi-

doptera,” I supposed that P. caudius might possibly be an Ama-

zonian form of P. argentus. However, I have since detected a male

of P. caudius amongst our specimens of P. torquatus: it differs from

the P. torquatus of Brazil in having a broader subapical band on the

front wings, and greenish instead of yellow submarginal spots on the

hind wings ; the outline of the wings, too, with the exception of the

tails, exactly corresponds to the outline of the wings of P. caudius ;

therefore, although very closely allied, I think these two species may

stand. Although the sexes in this group differ considerably in colo-

ration, the outline of the wings is almost identical.

HEeEsPEeROcuHARIS.

I have seen the type specimen of Hesperocharis graphites, Bates,

in Mr. Salvin’s collection, and I must confess that it seems to me

452 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. [Noy. 22,

sufficiently distinct from my Pieris avivolans, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 457.

n. 4, pl. xxvi. f. 4, to justify their separation as species. They

may very possibly be local forms of one type; but in avivolans the

submarginal lunulate marks of the underside are all distinct, whilst

in graphites they form a continuous line; the orange streaks also are

more defined, and the basal black spots larger and less numerous*.

ANTHOCHARIS.

My 4. leo is only a variety of A. halimede, 3, Klug.

ANTHOCHARIS HALIMEDE.

Anthocharis halimede, Klug, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. Ins. (1-5) 10.

94-19-15, 3, 9.

Var. g. Anthocharis leo, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. De-

cember (1865).

Hab. Arabia Felix (Klug); White Nile (Butler). B.M.

RHODOCERA.

I feel satisfied that my Gonepteryx urania can be nothing more

than Mr. E. Doubleday’s wallichii, and may even be described from

the type of that species ; this species has been for years confounded

with a smaller insect described last year by Mr. F. Moore in the

‘ Proceedings’ of the Society.

RHODOCERA WALLICHII.

Gonepteryx wallichii, E. Doubleday, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. t. 5,

Proc. p. 47 (1848).

Gonepteryx urania (wallichii?), Butler, P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 458,

pl. xxvii o.

Hab. North India. B.M.

EuPLe@a.

The following species are omitted in my ‘ Monograph,’ antea,

p- 268 :—

EurLea KADU.

3. Euplea kadu, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, p. 210. n. 15, pl. 6.

figs. 15a, 156 (1821).

Hab. Guam.

This may be identical with the eunice of Boisduval (Sp. Gén.

Lép. pl. 24. f.1), and probably the male of E. hewitsonii.

EUPL@A NOVARZ.

Euplea novare, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 482. n. 108 (1863).

Hab. Nicobar.

Allied to Z. eunice, Godt. ; should come, according to Dr. Felder,

next to his H. ledereri.

* Mr. Salvin does not consider these insects to be distinct species.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA, 453

Evurta@a espert (£. crameri, Lucas, local var.).

Euplea esperi, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 482. n. 109 (1863).

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

The former of these may be identical with some species in the

National Collection ; but I cannot find anything to suit the descrip-

tion to my satisfaction.

£. crassa may be a local form of FL. klugii, Moore.

EuprpL@aA SCHERZERI.

Euplea scherzeri, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 479. n. 88 (1863).

Hab. Ceylon.

Dr. Felder describes this insect as being, at first sight, like Z.

climena of Cramer, but larger ; underneath like 2. melina of Godart,

but with two discal streaks. It may be my L. picina; but the loca-

lities are different; and as no figure is given, it is impossible to be

sure of the identity of the two insects.

EvupLa@a FRAUENFELDI (£. crameri, Lucas, local form).

Euplea frauenfeldi, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 479. n. 87 (1863).

Hab. Ceylon.

Very near EF. bremeri, Felder.

E. felderi may be a local form of EL. kinbergi, Wallengren.

EuPLa@a ADYTE.

Euplea adyte, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. p. clvi. n. 8 (1859).

Hab. New Caledonia.

Must be placed next to Z. eleusine, Cramer. Dr. Boisduval seems

to consider the locality of H. eleusine to be Amboyna; we have

several specimens of it from Java, but none from that locality.

Cramer’s figure is certainly meant to represent the insect subse-

quently figured by Hiibner, and not the ¢ mniszechii of Felder.

Judging by the description, I should think #. adyte must more

nearly approach EL. eleusine than EL. saundersii (tulliolus, var.).

E. letifica is probably only the Z. dufresnii of Godart.

E. corinna, M‘Leay (King’s Survey of Australia, ii. App. p. 462

(1827), is most likely only a local variety of Z. core.

Evreia@a Hetcita (£. eleutho, var.?).

Euplea helcita, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. p. clvi. n. 7 (1859).

Hab. New Caledonia.

I do not think this can be more than a local variety of Z. eleutho;

I have regarded it as such in my ‘Monograph.’ L. eleutho varies

very much in form, and in the shape and position of the spots upon

the wings, in specimens from the same locality; and therefore it is

but natural to suppose that some more definite alteration in the size

and position of the spots would occur in a different habitat.

454 MR. A.G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 22,

DaNaIs.

Danais xanthippus should in my ‘Monograph’ have been placed

after D. eresimus, to which it is closely allied.

Since sinking Mr. Bates’s species D. jamaicensis into a synonym

I have seen more specimens of that insect ; and it appears to be about

as constant as any of the allied forms. Unless the line be drawn

somewhere, the whole of the species of Danais from derenice to cleo-

phile might be considered one species, the difference between one

form and another being generally almost imperceptible. Thus spe-

cimens of D. berenice from the north-western coast of America only

differ from D. strigosa (Bates) in being slightly larger and duller in

colouring, and with the nervures not margined with grey ; dark spe-

cimens of D. jamaicensis cannot conscientiously be separated from

D. strigosa, and only differ from D. gilippus in having no central

white spots and the nervures margined with grey. D. gilippus dif-

fers from D. eresimus in having several additional white spots and a

wider submarginal black border ; D. eresimus has several white spots

more than D. cleothera, which it otherwise entirely resembles ; D.

cleothera scarcely differs from the Brazilian form of D. erippus ; and

the small Venezuelan form of D. erippus only differs from D. cleo-

phile in having a narrower marginal border, and the subapical spots

of the front wings pale ferruginous instead of yellow and placed a

little closer together. Considering these facts, it would perhaps be

as well to regard D. strigosa and D. jamaicensis as distinct from

the other allied forms.

DANAIS MANUSJA.

Idea manya, Eschscholtz, in Kotzebue’s Reise um die Welt, pl. 7.

f. 13 a, 136 (1821).

Hab. Brazil.

Omitted in my paper ; probably only another form of D. gilippus.

It seems chiefly to differ in its greater expanse of wing and larger

white spots ; it should come after D. gilippus, Cramer. This species

is not noticed in Mr. Doubleday’s ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

Idea plexippus, Eschscholtz, in Kotzebue’s Reise um die Welt,

pl. 7. f. 14a, 146 (1821), synonym of D. erippus: also omitted in

the ‘ Genera.’

Danals cratippus (D. chrysippus, local var.).

Danais cratippus, Felder, Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der

Wissenschaften zu Wien, p. 449 (1860).

Hab. Amboyna.

A very slight local variety of chrysippus, the dark form mentioned

in my ‘ Monograph’ as from Ceram, Java, and Greece.

My D. pullata proves to be identical with Felder’s D. mitylene,

DANAIS MITYLENE.

Danais mitylene, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr, iy, p. 232. n. 78

(1860).

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. 455

Danais pullata, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 47.

Hab. Oceania. B.M.

DANAIS ABIGAR.

Idea abigar, Eschscholtz in Kotzebue’s Reise um die Welt, pl. 7.

f. 12a, 126 (1821).

Hab. Manilla (Coll. Hewitson ’).

This species is not mentioned in the ‘Genera.’ It must be placed

after D. fulgurata. In some respects it resembles D. affinis, Fabri-

cius, in others D. melanippus, Cramer.

Danats nesrppus (D. hegesippus, var.? B.M.).

Danais nesippus, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 486. n. 123 (1863).

Hab. Sambelong.

This is omitted in my ‘ Monograph’ of the genus. It seems to me

to be an intermediate form between D. hegesippus and D. conspicua;

but as far as I can judge from the description, it appears not to be

identical with the latter insect. Dr. Felder considers it to be “a

local variety of D. hegesippus and D. melanippus of Cramer, and a

loeal subspecies of D. lotis.’”’ I do not pretend to understand such

a term as “local subspecies ;”? but perhaps some people may be found

to appreciate the meaning of it.

D. nesippus should be placed after D. conspicua.

D. similis, var. chinensis, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-

botan. Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 486 (1863).

Hab. Hong Kong.

Probably the true similis of Linneeus.

The following species was inserted in the manuscript of my paper ;

but by some accident the page was lost :—

DANAIS JUVENTA.

Papilio juventa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. t. 188. f. B (1779).

Danais juventa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 193 (1819); E. Doubl.

List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. i. p. 50 (1844) ; Westw., Doubl. & Hewits.

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 93. n. 34 (1847) ; F. Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus.

East Ind. Comp. p. 122. n. 240 (1857).

Hestia juventa, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 15 (1816).

Hab. Java; Borneo; Lombok; Philippines ; Celebes. B.M.

The position of this species is after D. meganira (Godart).

Danals CEYLANICA (D. aglea, var.).

Danais ceylanica, Felder, Cat. Nov. Voy., Verhandl. zool.-botan.

Vereins in Wien, xii. p. 479. n. 90 (1863).

Hab. Ceylon. B.M.

Having now seen Mr. Hewitson’s Danaide, I have become aware

of the fact that the phyle of Felder is the insect described and figured

in the ‘ Proceedings’ as D. erebus. It would have been quite im-

possible for me to have discovered this without either seeing the insect

456 MR. A.G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 22,

itself or a figure of it; for descriptions of these closely allied forms

differ so little from one another that distinctions of outline or pat-

tern can scarcely be appreciated. ©

DANAIS PHYLE.

Danais phyle, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. p. 105. n. 65 (1863).

Danais &ebus, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p.-54,

Hab. Philippine Islands. B.M.

T have lately seen specimens of D. vitrina, Felder, in Mr. Bates’s

and Mr. Hewitson’s collections ; and it seems to me to differ from my

D. enone (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 433, pl. xxv. f. 6, 1866, p. 56) in being

larger and with fewer marginal spots; there can, however, be no

doubt that it is the same species with mine.

Euplea philomela of Zinken-Sommer, hitherto placed as a synonym

of D. eleona of Cramer, must be kept separate from it. This species,

excepting in form, bears a more general resemblance to my D. crocea ;

it is intermediate between the two species; and the male, two speci-

mens of which I] have discovered in the Museum Collection, is of the

same form as my D. gloriola, §. It may be easily distinguished

from D. crocea, not only by its different form, but by the male having

the entire basal portion of the front wings yellow, and the subapical

streaks much broader and shorter.

DANAIS PHILOMELA.

Euplea philomela, 2, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. Nat.

Curios. xv. t. 16. f. 17 (1831).

- Hab. Java; Nepaul. 3, B.M.

The two next are identical :—

DANAIS PUMILA.

Danais pumila, Boisduval in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 156 (1859).

Danais mariana, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p.397 (1865);

P. Zo S:\1866,' ps 50; Pl. TV ii. 7.

Hab. New Caledonia. B.M.

The following also prove to be synonymous :—

_ Danais CHLORIS.

Danais chloris, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. p. 300. n. 11 (1861);

Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 58.

Danais salvini (chloris, Felder’), Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 172

(9 fig.).

Hab. Celebes. 2, Baie

VICTORINA.

By comparison of the types I find that my Victorina aphrodite,

P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 483, isidentical with Mr. Bates’s Amphirene superba,

Ent. Month. Mag. (1864); yet, judging from the description alone, I

had concluded that they must be distinct. This shows how necessary

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. 457

figures are for the determination of species of Lepidoptera, even when

the insects are carefully described.

VICTORINA SUPERBA.

Amphirene superba, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag., List Butterfl.

Guatem. & Panam. (1864).

Victorina aphrodite, Butler, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 483.

Hab. Polochic Valley, Guatemala; Mexico. B.M.

The Mexican form which I described is somewhat longer and

narrower in the wings than the one described by Mr. Bates. We

now have specimens of both insects in the Museum Collection.

CHARAXES.

The following alterations should be made in my monograph of

this genus (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 422 et seq.) :-—

Charazes euryalus and C. latona should come after C. affinis, C.

latona being included in the same division with C. afinis and its

allies, as it is evidently the female of an insect belonging to that

group.

Charaxes jahlusa (Trimen) and O. argynnides (Westwood), p. 637.

n. 59, must, I think, be separated as distinct species; I have lately

seen specimens of two species, probably typical of these forms, in

Mr. Bates’s collection.

According to M. Lucas, the Nymphalis pleione of Godart, which

in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ is placed in the genus Paphia,

should properly belong to Charaxes, where it would come near C.

horatius, the anticlea of Drury.

M. Lucas has examined the type specimen described by Godart ;

he considers that the proper locality of the insect should be the coast

of Africa, and not the Antilles as stated in the ‘ Encyclopédie Mé-

thodique.’ The synonymy of this species therefore will stand as

follows :-—

CHARAXES PLEIONE.

Nymphalis pleione, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 366. n. 56 (1819).

Paphia pleione, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 319. n. 23 (1830).

Charaves pleione, Lucas, Bull. Soc. Ent. de France, p. xx (1861).

Hab. Antilles (Godart); coast of Africa (Lucas).

CHARAXES FABIUS. (Synonym of)

Papilio euphanes, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. i. pl. 59. f. 1 (1801).

C. eavaxta of my ‘ Monograph’ has been supposed by some to be

a mere variety of C. pyrrhus; but having lately seen a specimen of

the true pyrrhus in the collection of Mr. Bates, I am enabled to say

distinctly that the two insects are vastly different, C. pyrrhus having

been very well represented by Clerck, Cramer, and others. The

specimen in Mr. Bates’s collection is from Amboyna.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXX.

458 MR, A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noy. 22,

BRAHMAA.

By the kind assistance of Mr. Frederic Moore I have discovered

that my Brahmea petiveri is identical with B. lunulata of Bremer,

figured in the third part of Ménétriés’s catalogue, the habitat of that

insect being stated as North China. B. whitei I believe goes under

the name of hearseyana, which I imagine must have been the name

intended for it by Mr. Adam White, the specimen which he figured

having been brought over by General Hearsey.

BrAuMZA LUNULATA.

Brahmea lunulata, Bremer, Etud. Ent. de Motschulsky, p. 64

(1852); Ménétriés, Reis. und Forsch. in Amur-Lande, Bd. ii. p. 55.

n. 134 (1859) ; Cat. Lepid. Mus. imp. Petrop. iti. pl. 15. f. 5.

Brahmea petiveri, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 120.

Saturnia undulata, Bremer, Beitr. zur Schmett.-Fauna des Nordl.

China’s, p. 16. n. 78 (1853).

Hab. Isle of Chusan (Petiver); North China (Bremer, Ménétriés).

13. A Monograph of the Genus Euptychia, a numerous race

of Butterflies belonging to the Family Satyride; with

Descriptions of Sixty Species new to Science, and Notes

on their Affinities &. By ArrHur GarpInER BurLer,

F.Z.S., Assistant, Zoological Department, British Mu-

seum.

(Plates XXXIX., XL.)

The very numerous genus which I have now taken in hand has

for some years remained comparatively untouched by entomologists.

The species are confined exclusively to the New World, the majority

of them being natives of South America. They are generally rather

sober in colouring ; but some species are exceedingly brilliant, and

often varied on the underside with silvery spots and streaks which

appear embossed, as though molten metal had been dropped upon

the wings.

Euptychia is closely allied to several other Satyride genera, from

some of which it seems scarcely to differ except in colouring or loca-

lity. Professor Westwood, in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’

has separated it under two names, Neonympha and Euptychia, fol-

lowing the example set by Hiibner in his ‘ Verzeichniss der bekannten

Schmetterlinge;’? but most entomologists now agree that the two

genera are synonymous. In the ‘Genera,’ although great trouble

has been taken in dividing them, several species are placed under

both heads.

In the present paper I have placed the insects as nearly as pos-

sible in natural consecutive order, and divided them under sections,

to render their determination less difficult.

This Monograph includes all the species in the National Collection,

Por So - 1866. By ALLA

AGHBUTLER LITH M&N HANEART . IMP.

NEW SPECIES OF ERUPTYCHIA

P a res 1866 P] ole

WAN. HANIART LMP

NEW SPECIES OF EUPTYCHIA

1866.) MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 459

of which more than forty are new to science—besides three new

species in the collection of Mr. Osbert Salvin, and fifteen in that

of Mr. H. W. Bates. Mr. Hewitson has also kindly lent me several

typical specimens, and has given me permission to describe his new

species, which I intend to do as soon as possible in a supplementary

aper.

Sone two or three of the new species here described may prove

to be only varieties of insects described by Godart; but I have

strictly followed out each of his descriptions with every new species

before describing it ; so that any error of this nature must be attri-

buted to the absence of figures of his insects.

Genus Evprycuia, Hiibner.

Euptychia, Neonympha, and Megisto, Hibner, Verz.

Euptychia, Neonympha, and Cissia, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit.

Mus.

Euptychia and Neonympha, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

Oreades strigate, Hiibner, olim.

Satyrus, Godart, Enc. Méth.

Division I.

Ala supra fusce, rarissime albo violaceove varie ; postice plerumque

ocedlo subanali distincto : subtus pallidiores, ocellis forma regula-

ribus, plerumque distinctis, lineis duabus mediis, interna anticarum

raro obsoleta.

1, EupTYCHIA OCIRRHO#.

Papilio ocirrhoé, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 260 (1776) ; Ent. Syst.

iii. pt. 1. p. 96. n. 297 (1793).

Euptychia ocirrhoé, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 373.

n. 1 (1851).

Satyrus ocyrrhoé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 489. n. 41

(1819).

Oreas (strigata) ocyrrhoe, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. i.

pl. 85. f. 1-4 (1806).

Papilio hesione, Sulzer, Gesch. der Inseckt. t. 17. f. 3, 4, p. 144

(1776).

Papilio cissia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p. 3, pl.194. f. D, E (1782).

Euptychia cissia, E. Doubl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 122 ( ce

Hab. Panama; Brazil; Honduras; Caraccas.

la. EuprycHia ocIRRHOS, var. (sp. n.??).

Ale magis producte, linea submarginali anticarum subiategra, area

basali fuscescente, fasciisque angustis.

Hab. Polochic Valley, Guatemala (Coll. Salvin).

Ale basi subtus solum fuscescente.

Hab. Obydos (Coll. Bates); Panama. B.M.

Unless I had seen intermediate varieties, I should have been in-

460 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noy. 22,

clined to consider this form a distinct species, the appearance of

the underside being so unlike that of ocirrhoé proper that it would

be impossible to place the two insects under one name without such

proofs of their apparently specific identity. Even now I am not sure

that the two insects might not be separated, as this form differs even

from those most closely allied to it in having the front wings more

produced, and the submarginal line of the front wings entire to near

the apex.

2. EvprycuiA typiA. (EZ. ocirrhoé, 2?)

Papilio lydia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 148. f. C, D (1779) (but

not of Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. pt. 1. p. 135).

Euptychia lydia, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 2 (1851).

Satyrus lydius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 489. n. 40

(1819).

Hab. Surinam.

The representation of this species may be intended for the female

of E£. ocirrhoé ; but it is impossible to decide whether it is so or not ;

and until we know more of the Lepidoptera of Surinam, this and

many other Butterflies figured by Cramer must be considered distinct

species.

3. EupryCHIA OCYPETE.

Papilio ocypete, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. Mant. 260 (1776) ; Ent.

Syst. ui. pt. 1. p. 96. n. 296 (1793).

Euptychia ocypete, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 506

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 10

1851).

: Satyrus ocypete, Godart, Euc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 488. n. 34

(1819).

Hab. Surinam.

Var. Ale supra paulo glauce ; postice macula anali nigra fusco

pallido cincta.

Hab. Venezuela; Para; Tapajos (Coll. Bates). B.M.

This species is not perfectly identical with Z. helle of Cramer ;

although Fabricius refers to Cramer’s figure of that insect, his de-

scription does not in all points agree with it.

4. EupTyCHIA HELLE.

Papilio helle, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 194. f. F, G (1782).

Papilio ocypete (synonym), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 96.

n. 296 (1793).

Euptychia ocypete (synonym), Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 373. n. 10 (1851).

Hab. Surinam.

Var. Ale postice supra macula anali distincta bipupillata et

ochreo cincta.

Hab, Para. B.M.

1866.] MR. A.G, BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 461

’ This species differs from ocypete in being longer in the wings and

not so distinctly glaucous, in having the anal ocellus above distinctly

bipupillated, the bands of the underside broader and becoming red-

dish at the anal angle of the hind wings, and also in having three

apical ocelli instead of two in the front wings; this last, however, is

a variable character in Z. ocypete.

5. EuprycHIA MYNCEA.

Papilio myncea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 293. f. C (1782).

Euptychia myncea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 516

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 5 (1851).

( Satyrus myncea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 488. n. 36

1819).

‘ Neonympha clerica, Herrich-Schiffer, Lep. Ind. Syst. (1864).

Hab. Guiana (Westw.); Brazil. B.M.

Var. a. Postice supra macula anali minus distincta ; antice subtus

macula postica flava distinctiore, postice ocellis minoribus.

Hab. Para. B.M.

This variety of myncea has hitherto stood in the National Col-

lection under the name of crantor of Fabricius—a species which, if

the figure of Donovan be correct, it is wholly unlike, and which we

do not possess.

Var. b. Ale subtus cinerascentes.

Hab. Para (Coll. Bates).

Var. c. Ale subtus fasciis rufescentibus ; antice macula flava

valde distincta; postice margine postico latiore intusque fulvo

marginato, ocellis mediis parvis.

Hab. Honduras. B.M.

This has also been considered a variety of C. crantor (vide Gen.

Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 7, localities). Fabricius’s description does

not, however, suit either of these forms; he describes the underside

as having two ocelli in the front wings. Both of these varieties have

three apical ocelli, the highest of which is the only pupillated one,

the other two being merely silvery spots with indistinct dusky irides.

6. Evprycuta PALLADIA, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 21.)

Ale supra fusce, fasciis duabus apud basim (interna indistincta)

obliquis integris ; margine postico, linea marginali aliaque sub-

marginali undulata fuscis ; margine anali posticarum albicante :

antice ocello apicali, postice uno anali, nigris flavo cinctis et

argenteo bipupillatis: corpus cinereo-fuscum, antennis pallidis

rufo-fuscis.

Ale subtus albide, fasciis duabus mediis, posticarum minime con-

vewis ; lineis duabus marginalibus aliaque submarginali undulatis

Suscis, externa anticarum integra, interna angulis alternis, lineis

internis ad angulum analem posticarum latioribus flavescenti-

busque: antice ocellis tribus ochreo cinctis et fusco circumeinctis

subapicalibys, maculisque duabus insuper parvis piriformibus

462 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUpTYcHIA. [Noy. 22,

‘ochreis, fusco cinctis ; ocello primo magno nigro, argenteo bipu-

pillato, aliis fuscis argenteo bipupillatis ; macula permagna sub-

anali flava: postice ocellis quinque unoque anali minimo, ochreo

cinctis, fusco circumeinctis et argenteo bipupillatis, primo, se-

cundo, quinto et anali nigris, primo parvo, secundo et quinto

magnis, aliis fuscis : corpus albido-cinereum.

Exp. alar. unc. 155;

Hab. Tapajos (Coll. Bates).

This insect is not closely allied to any other known species; in

general coloration it most nearly resembles the Honduras form of EB.

myncea, but differs from it in many particulars.

7. Evptycuia TERRESTRIS, sp.n. (PI. XXXIX. fig. 1.)

Ale supra fusce, fasciis duabus mediis obliquis, linea una submar-

ginali undata duabusque marginalibus directis nigro-fuscis ; pos-

tice macula anali parva argentea brunneo cincta.

Ale subtus pallidiores, fasciis mediis fuscis rufescentibus ; lineis

marginalibus velut supra fuscis; antiee ocello apicali consueto

maculisque duabus argenteis ; postice maculis quinque ocellatis,

primo secundo quintoque nigris ochreo cinctis argenteoque bipu-

pillatis, tertio quartoque argenteis ochreo cinctis, ocellis omnibus

Sascia lata indistincta submarginali inclusis.

Lixp. alar. une. 145.

Hab. Para. B.M.

Var. Oceilis nigris majoribus.

Hab. Lower Amazons (Coll. Bates).

Underside uniform greyish brown ; central ocelli of hind wings

large and oval; otherwise very similar to Z. myncea, but smaller.

8. EuprycHIA CLARISSA.

Papilio clarissa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 293. f. D, E (1782).

Euptychia clarissa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 503

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 6 (1851).

Papilio penelope, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 96. n. 298

(1793); Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 496. n. 39 (1819).

Hab. Guiana (Westw.); Para. B.M.

This species may readily be distinguished from EZ. myncea by the

distinct apical ocellus in the front wings above ; below by the bril-

lance and number of the silver spots, which are almost destitute of

iris, the pale hind marginal edge, and doubly dentated submarginal

lines.

9. EuprycHia CAMERTA.

Papilio camerta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iy. pl. 293. f. F (1782).

Neonympha camerta, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 3 (1851).

Hab, Guiana, Brazil (Westw.); Surinam (Cramer).

This species, although closely allied to several acknowledged

ELuptychie, has been placed in the genus Neonympha. It appears

1866.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA, 463

to me that if questionable microscopical distinctions are to be the

means of widely separating species which are evidently related to one

another, it would be much better not to pay attention to them.

10. EvprycuiA THEMIS, sp. n.

In the collection of Mr. Hewitson.

11. Evprycuta usitaTa, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 2.)

Ale supra fusce linea media fuscescente continua post cellas posita,

tribusque marginalibus undatis ; antice ocello apicali parvo nigro,

flavo cincto et albo bipupillato; postice ocellis duobus similibus

analibus, interno majore.

Ale subtus pallidiores, lineis duabus mediis fuscis distinctis lituraque

ad celle extimum, area apicali pallida ad apicem anticarum fus-

cescente, lineis marginalibus velut supra distinctioribus ; antice

ocello apicali consueto punctisque minimis argenteis, macula

magna subanali indistincta ; postice ocellis velut in EK. myncea,

minoribus.

Exp. alar. une, 13.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.,

Var. a. Antice subtus immaculate, postice ocellis minus distinctis.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

Var. b. Lineis mediis subtus rufescentibus.

Hab. Polochic Valley, Guatemala (Coll. Salvin).

12. EuprycuIA SIMILIS, sp. 0.

Ale supra fusce ; postice lineis tribus marginalibus fuscescentibus,

media latiore, ocello uno subanali nigro ochreo cincto ceruleoque

pupillato: corpus fuscescens.

Ale subtus pallidiores cinereo varie, lineis mediis velut in E. usi-

tata; area apicali cinerascente lineis tribus tenuissimis margina-

libus undatis, media ad angulum analem posticarum dilatata ;

fascia submarginali lata ochreo-fusca; postice macula subanali

nigra ochreo cincta, punctisque tribus submarginalibus fuscis :

corpus pallidum; antennis supra fuscis nigro acuminatis, subtus

pallidioribus rubro nigroque acuminatis.

Exp. alar. unc. 144.

Hab. Guatemala ‘(central valleys) (Coll. Salvin).

Allied to the preceding species, but very distinct.

Var. Ale subtus pallidiores nec cinerascentes, lineis marginalibus

margini propioribus, antice ocellis tribus fuscis pallidis valde in-

distinctis, postice ocellis quinque majoribus (secundo et quinto

maximis) nigris.

Hab. Nicaragua. B.M.

13. Euprycuia PIERIA, sp.n, (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 3.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce ; antice puncto subapicali, lineis tribus

464 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EupTycHiA. [Nov. 22,

marginalibus mediaque valde indistinctis fuscis ; postice linea

media paulo distinctiore et apud angulum analem subungulata,

ocello subanali nigro flavo cincto et albo bipupillato, lineis tribus

marginalibus distinctis undatis fuscis : corpus cinereum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, lineis duabus late separatis et margini sub-

parallelis, externa paulo latiore ad costam anticarum incurrente,

apud angulum analem posticarum subangulata ; lineis tribus sub-

marginalibus fuscis, interna anticarum sinuata, posticarum sinuata

et deniata, aliis anticarum subintegris, posticarum sinuatis: an-

tice puncto subapicali parvo, nigro, ochreo pallido cincto argen-

teoque pupillato ; postice ocellis quinque ochreo pallido cinctis,

tertio et quarto argenteo sparsis, aliis nigris argenteo bipupillatis,

puncto subanali ochreo: corpus pallidum,

Exp. alar. une. 13.

Hab. Wonduras. B.M.

Allied to the preceding species.

14. Euprycnta ausTerRA, sp. n. (Pl, XXXIX. fig. 4.)

Ale supra oliviceo-fusce ; antice ocello anali nigro argenteo bipunc-

tato fulvoque cincto; postice paulo sinuate, ocellis duobus sub-

analibus analique majore, similibus, fascia indistincta media ar-

cuata fusca, puncto anali, duobus apud apicem valde indistinctis

Sasciaque marginali ochreo-fuscis, ciliis fuscis: corpus paulo ob-

scurius.

Ale subtus cinerascentes, fascia subcontinua cellarum media oblique

transerrante aliaque latiore obliqua post cellas posita ochreo-

Suscis ; antice linea submarginali ochrea fasciam adjacente, ocello

velut supra, lineisque tribus marginalibus, interna dentata; pos-

tice maculis quingue, prima tertia et quarta indistinctis argenteis

ochreo cinctis, secunda et quinta ocellatis, fascia tenui marginali

ochrea aliaque interna fusca, ciliis velut supra fuscis : corpus

cinereum, antennis fuscis, subtus rufescentibus.

Exp. alar. unc. 14.

Hab. Bogota. B.M.

15. Euprycnia pIveRGENS, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, lineis tribus marginalibus fuscis ; antice

costa basali ochracea; postice linea media obliqua indistincta

ocelloque subanali indistincto: corpus olivaceo-fuscum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, margine postico ochreo, lineis tribus margi-

nalibus nigro-fuscis fasciaque submarginali ochracea, fasciis

duabus mediis subferrugineis, apicibus divergentibus ; antice ocello

apicali, fasciis mediis latius separatis; postice ocellis quinque

submarginalibus, secundo et quinto majoribus nigris argenteo bipu-

pillatis fulvoque cinctis, aliis argenteis fulvo cinctis, fasciis

medits plus approximantibus, eaterna medio paulo angulata:

corpus olivaceo-fuscum.

Exp. alar, une, 12.

Hab. Rio Negro (Colls. Salvin and Bates).

This insect is something like a very small specimen of Z. antinoé.

1866.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 465

16. EurprycuIa EURYTUS.

Papilio eurytus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 487. n. 194 (1775-78).

Papilio eurytris, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 157. n. 485

(1793).

Neonympha eurytris, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 1 (1851).

Satyrus eurythris, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 495. n. 57

(1819); Boisduval et Leconte, Hist. Lép. Am. Sept. pl. 61 (1833).

Papilio cymela, Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 132. f. C, D (1779).

Megisto cymelia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.54. n.517(1816).

Hab. United States. B.M.

17. EupTYCHIA PERIPHAS.

Satyrus periphas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 495. n. 62

(1819).

Neonympha periphas, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 5 (1851).

“ Alis integerrimis, fuscis, supra ocello unico, subtus striga ferru-

ginea ; posticis ocellis tribus punctisque quatuor interjectis.

“Tt differs from eurythris in being smaller, the upperside and the

underside of the front wings having only a single ocellus, and the

underside of the hind wings only three ocelli—one near the margin,

and two (the outer one very small) near the anal angle,—finally i in

that it only has one brown line, instead of two, in the middle of the

disk of each wing.”’—Znc. Méth.

Hab. Brazil (Coll. Hewitson).

18. EvprryCHIA LETHE, sp. n.

3. Ale supra fusce, linea marginali alteraque submarginali in-

distinctis obscurioribus subintegris ; postice ocello subanali nigro

brunneo cincto, linea media discali undulata indistincta : corpus

nigro-fuscum, antennis nigro-fuscis.

Ale subtus paulo pallidiores, area apicali pallescente, lineis duabus

mediis valde separatis fuscis, interna angulata, externa undulata,

lineis marginalibus velut supra distinctioribus ; antice ocellis

duobus nigris favo cinctis et albo pupillatis, uno subapicali, alioque

subanali majore ; postice ocellis quatuor, uno apicali, duobus

analibus minimis unoque subanali maximo nigris flavo cinctis et

albo pupillatis, punctis duobus ocellatis inter ocellos apicalem et

anales positis indistinctis fuscis: corpus nigro-fuscum.

Exp. alar. unc. 13.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

19. EuprycHiIA MZ&PIvS.

Satyrus mepius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 490. n. 45

(1819).

Euptychia mepius, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 21 (1851).

466 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noy. 22,

“Alis integris, fuscis: subtus strigis tribus ferrugineis dimidioque

apicali grisescente ; posticis ocellis quinque bipupillutis, 2°, 4°, 5°

supra conspicuis.

“About 13 inch in expanse. The upperside of the wings dark

brown.

“The underside is of a pale shade, nearly of the same brown from

the base to the middle, with two ferruginous transverse lines; be-

coming greyish towards the apex, with a row of four ocelli in the

front wings, and a row of five in the hind wings, the second, fourth,

and anal ones visible above ; these ocelli, which are bounded in front

by a ferruginous waved line and a double blackish line, are very dark,

with yellowish iris and double silver pupil; of those in the front

wings only two (the first and last) are visible above.”’—Enc. Méth.

Hab, Guiana.

Var. Ale supra ocellis primo et quarto indistinctissimis, micro-

scopio solum manifestis.

Alar. exp. une. 13.

Hab. Para. B.M.

If measured as it is when set, this insect would only expand

12 inch; but taking each wing separately the expanse is 12 inch.

This fact perhaps may account for many errors into which authors

have fallen with regard to the measurement of Lepidoptera.

20. EuprycHIA ERIGONE, sp. n. (KE. mepius, var.?) (Pl.

XXXIX. fig. 5.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, linea media obliqua fusca post cellam

posita; antice lineis tribus marginalibus indistinctis fuscis ;

postice lineis tribus distinctioribus, interna apud apicem angu-

lata, ocellis quingque submarginalibus nigris ochreo cinctis, se-

cundo obsoleto, quarto magno c@ruleo pupillato, quinto minimo

argenteo pupillato. ‘

Ale subtus pallidiores, lineis duabus mediis apud angulum analem

posticarum angulatis, lineis tribus marginalibus fuscis, interna

undulata; antice area apicali ochreo-fusca, fascia lata media

fusca, ocellis tribus subapicalibus fuscis ochreo cinctis, infimo

majore ceruleoque bipupillato ; postice area apicali cinerea, fascia

media lata fusca ocellisque quinque submarginalibus argenteo-

ceruleo bipupillatis, primo secundo et quinto nigris flavo cinctis,

aliis fuscis flavo cinctis, secundo et quinto majoribus: corpus

olivaceo-fuscum, antennis fuscis.

Exp. alar. une. 12,

Hab, S*®° Paulo. B.M.

Var, Postice supra, ocellis parvis, indistinctis.

Hab. Ega (Coll. Bates).

Allied to 2. mepius. It chiefly differs in the number of ocelli

upon the upperside, in #. mepius only three being visible in the

hind and two in the front wings, in this insect none in the front

and five in the hind wings, one of which is, however, very indistinct;

1866.] MR. A.G, BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA, 467

on the underside it differs in the number of ocelli in the front wings,

E. mepius having four instead of three.

21. EuprycHIA ARGYROSPILA, sp. 0.

Ale supra fusce ; antice lineis duabus marginaiibus obscurioribus,

interna undulata, margine ipso nigro-fusco, ciliis fuscis puncto

apud angulum analem nigro minimo ; postice ocellis tribus sub-

analibus nigris ochreo cinctis, medio magno distincto, violaceo

pupillato: corpus fuscum, antennis fuscis.

Ale subtus ochreo-fusce, lineis duabus mediis obscurioribus, ex-

terna posticarum medio indentata; margine postico, linea mar-

ginali alteraque submarginali nigris, posticarum undatis, interna

anticarum angulis alternis undulata ; antice ocellis quatuor fulvo

cinctis, primo et quarto minoribus nigris, primo argenteo bipupil-

lato, secundo et tertio fuscis violaceo pupillatis ; postice ocellis

quingue fulvo cinctis, apicali minimo, primo secundo et quinto

nigris, aliis fuscis, quinto argenteo bipupillato, aliis violaceo pu-

pillatis : corpus pallidius.

Exp. alar. unc. 15%.

Hab. Ega (Coll. Bates).

22. EupTYCHIA CRANTOR.

Papilio crantor, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 158. n. 489

(1793); Donovan, Insects of India, pl. 37. f. 4 (1800).

Satyrus crantor, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 488. n. 37 (1819).

Euptychia crantor, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 7 (1851).

Hab. ?

This species is said by Fabricius to come from India. Westwood

gives the localities ‘ Brazil, Pernambuco, Honduras.’ I think,

however, he must have intended another species, as he quotes it as

in the Museum Collection, and I have not been able to find anything

like it amongst our species of Luptychia.

23, EUPpTYCHIA OCNUS, sp. n.

Ale supra fusce, margine extremo nigro; linea marginali alteraque

submarginali fuscis, posticarum et interna anticarum undulatis ;

postice macula subanali nigra ochreo cincta: corpus cinereo-

Suscum, antennis supra fuscis, subtus albidis pre flavescentibus et

apud apicem fusco fasciolatis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, paulo violascentes, fasciis duabus medtis

rufescentibus, interna anticarum ad costam extus currente, posti-

carum paulo irregularibus, externa ad marginem analem angulo

incurrente, margine ipso lineaque marginali nigris, posticarum

undulatis, linea submarginali fusca angulis alternis undata, ciliis

cinereo-fuscis ; antice fascia submarginali fusca, ocellis tribus

subapicalibus, primo nigro fulvo cincto et argenteo bipupillato,

aliis minimis fuscis indistinctis argenteo pupillatis; postice

ocellis quinque, primo secundo et quinto nigris fulvo cinctis et

468 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

argenteo bipupillatis, primo minimo, aliis fulvis linea media

argentea, omnibus fusco circumcinctis: corpus pallide ochreum.

Exp. alar. unc. 143.

Hab. Tapajos (Coil. Bates); Villa Nova. B.M.

24, EUPTYCHIA ERIPHULE, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 6.)

Ale supra fusce, postice lineis tribus undatis marginalibus fuscis

punctoque valde indistincto subanali fusco: corpus fuscum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, linea tenuissima fusca apud basim. posita,

lineaque post medium extus violaceo marginata et ad angulum

analem posticarum angulata, margine postico pallido lineis tribus

marginalibus nigris ; postice area basali paulo cinerascente, area

apicali ocellis quinque submarginalibus, primo secundo et quinto

nigris albo pupillatis et fulvo cinctis, tertio et quarto ovalibus

argenteis fulvo cinctis, primo minimo.

Exp. alar. une. 15%

Hab. Pernambuco. B.M.

Something like a small suffused specimen of E. myncea, but, I

think, quite distinct from that species.

25. EurrycHIA CELMIS.

Satyrus celmis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp.463 & 489. n.38 (1819).

Euptychia celmis, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 374.

n. 26 (1851).

‘‘Alis subintegris, fuscis, subtus strigis tribus obscurioribus ; pos-

ticis ocellis quinque, 2° et 3° obsoletis, 4° bipupillato majoreque.

** Nearly 2 inches in expanse. The upperside of the wings is black-

brown, without spots on the front wings ; a black ocellus encircled

with yellow, and with a white pupil, near the anal angle of the hind

wings. The underside isa little paler than the upperside, with three

very obscure transverse bands ; between the outer and central ones

in the front wings is a small very distinct ocellus, and in the hind

wings a row of five ocelli, the second and third nearly obsolete, the

other three black, having a yellow iris and white pupil, the fourth

and largest ocellus bipupillate. The outer margin of each wing is

also bordered by a double blackish flexuous line, rather more distinct

on the upperside.”’—Ene. Méth.

Hab. Brazil.

26. EuvprycuiaA ELECTRA, sp. n. (L£. celmis, var.??) (PI.

XXXIX. fig. 7.)

6. Ale supra fusce, postice lineis tribus marginalibus nigro-fuscis

ocelloque subanali nigro brunneo cincto ceruleoque pupillato.

Ale subtus minime pallidiores, linea transversali obliqua post cellam

posita tribusque marginalibus nigro-fuscis, interna apud apicem

paulo undulata ; postice lineis duabus mediis tribusque marginali-

bus paulo undulatis, nigro-fuscis, ocellis quinque submarginalibus

ceruleo-argenteo pupillatis, apicali minimo, secundo et quinto

1866.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 469

nigris flavo cinctis, aliis fuscis brunneo cinctis, tertio, quarto et

quinto bipupillatis : corpus olivaceo-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 14.

2. Ale antice subtus puncto apicali fulvo ocellisque tribus sub-

apicalibus, primo magno, aliis minoribus indistinctioribus.

Hab, Bahia. B.M.

At the first glance this species might almost be taken for a variety

of eriphule ; it, however, differs from that insect in coloration, mar-

ginal lining, and spotting.

27. Euprycuia vaRIABILis, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 8.).

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, ciliis pallidis ; antice linea post alarum

medium valde indistincta, linea submarginali paulo irregulari

aliisque duabus marginalibus, fuscis ; postice linea submarginali

undulata duabusque similibus marginalibus fuscis, ocellis duobus

subanalibus nigris albo pupillatis brunneoque iridatis, anali mi-

nimo, alio magno bipupillato.

Ale subtus pallidiores ; antice area apicali fusco sparse, lineis dua-

bus mediis late separatis, interna indistincta, Suscis, aliisque mar-

ginalibus velut supra nigro-fuscis, ciliis pallidis ; postice paulo

violascentes, area basali obscuriore, olivaceo sparsa, lineis duabus

mediis fuscis, externa apud medium subangulata, area apicali

minus olivaceo sparsa, lineis marginalibus velut supra fuscis,

ocellis sex submarginalibus ochreo cinctis, tertio obsoleto, secundo

quinto et sexto nigris, aliis fuscis, primo secundo quarto et quinto

bipupillatis: corpus fuscum, antennis supra fuscis, subtus Jlaves-

centibus.

Exp. alar. unc. 18,

Hab. Pernambuco ; Rio Janeiro. B.M.

Var. Ale subtus pallidiores ; postice ocellis primo tertio et quarto

obsoletis minimisve.

Exp. alar. une. 13-143.

Hab. Rio Janeiro. B.M.

28. EuprycHia ANGULARIS, sp. n.

To be described in a supplement to the genus.

Coll. Hewitson.

29. EupTycHIA STRAMINEA, sp. n.

Coll. Hewitson.

30. Euprycuta arrinis, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 9.)

Ale supra fusce pallide ; antice linea submarginali angulis alternis

undulata duabusque marginalibus continuis fuscis indistinctis ;

postice lineis tribus marginalibus fuscis unaque ochrea undulatis,

ocello subanali nigro cerulev pupillato flavoque cincto: corpus

Suscum.

Ale subtus pallidiores, ochracee, lineis duabus mediis anticis, in-

terna directa, externa de nervulo mediano primo ad costam oblique

470 MR, A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noyv. 22,

divergente, posticis obliquis valde irregularibus et ad marginem

interiorem stria terminali conjunctis, lineis tribus marginalibus

Suscis, posticarum et interna anticarum angulis alternis undulata,

fascia submarginali obscura; antice ocellis tribus subapicalibus

argenteo bipupillatis, primo nigro aliisque fuscis ochreo cinctis ;

postice ocellis quinque submarginalibus ochreo cinctis et argenteo

bipupillatis, primo secundo et quinto nigris, aliis fuscis: corpus

ochreo-fuscum, pallidum, antennis albido fasciolatis.

Exp. alar. une. 12.

Hab. Rio Janeiro ; Pernambuco. B.M.

31. EurrycHia VESTIGATA, sp. n.

To be described in the supplementary paper.

In the collection of W. C, Hewitson, Esq.

32. EuprycHIA PIMPLA.

Neonympha pimpla, Felder, Wien. ent, Monatschr. vi. p. 177.

n. 156 (1862).

«‘Alis supra brunneo-fuscis, subtus brunneis cano atomatis, strigis

binis discalibus, margini subparallelis, litura interjecta brevi,

striga submarginali undata alteraque marginali integerrima fus-

cescentibus, margine ipso ante cilia fusco, anticarum ocellis

quingue, posticarum sex nigris, ochraceo iridatis, argenteo pupil-

latis, secundo, quinto et sexto posticarum distinctioribus, ¢ .”—

Felder.

Hab. Rio Negro, New Granada (Felder).

33. EvprycHIA RENATA.

Papilio renata, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 326. f. A (1782).

Neonympha renata, Herrich- Schaffer, Lep. Ind. Syst. Gee

Hab. Surinam (Cramer) ; Rio Janeiro. 5

I can find no mention made of this species in the mei of

Diurnal Lepidoptera ;’ yet there is not the slightest doubt that it

belongs to this genus.

Var. a. E. pimpxa, var., Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi.

p. 177. n. 156 (1862).

Hab. Bahia. B.M.

Var. b. Ocello supra parvo, lineis marginalibus indistinctis ; subtus

ocellis anticarum parvis, apicali nec nigro; ocellis posticarum

parvis, linea media externa medio subangulata.

Hab. Tocantins River, Brazil (Coll. Salvin).

34, EuprycHIA PHRONIUS.

Satyrus phronius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 466 & 496. n. 65

(1819).

Neonympha phronius, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 376. n. 21 (1851).

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 471

“‘Alis integris, supra fuscis, limbo saturatiore: subtus flavidis,

undis strigisque tribus fuscis; anticis puncto, posticis quatuor

albis.

** About 14 inch inexpanse, The upperside of the wings is blackish

brown, with the outer area very dark.

“The underside is yellowish, with a number of waves and three

transverse lines dark brown ; the outer line is flexuous, preceded in

the front wings by a single white spot, and in the hind wings by four,

the two outer ones encircled with black.”—Enc. Méth.

Hab. Brazil.

35. EuprycHIA PZON.

Satyrus peon, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp.464 & 498. n.43 (1819).

Euptychia peon, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p, 374.

n. 23 (1851).

Hab. Brazil.

36. EuprycHIA OCHRACEA, Sp. n.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

37. Euprycuia MARMORATA, sp. n. (Pl. XL. fig. 2.)

Ale supra fusce ; antice fascia post alarum medium unaque ad celle

extimum brevi fuscis indistinctis, linea submarginali unaque mar-

ginali undulatis fuscis ; postice margine postico ochreo, puncto

apud angulum analem fusco: corpus cinereo-fuscum, antennis

supra fuscis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale antice subtus pallidiores, lineis velut supra distinctioribus ;

postice ochreo albido, fusco ochreoque marmorate, fasciis duabus

mediis valde irregularibus ochreo-fuscis, linea submarginali

unaque marginali undulatis fuscis, ocellis sex, duobus subapicali-

bus duobusque subanalibus nigris ochreo cinctis, punctis minutissi-

mis albis bipupillatis, duobus obsoletis fuscis intermediis : corpus

cinereum.

Exp. alar. une. 13.

Hab. Rio Janeiro; Rio Grande (Coll. Bates). B.M.

Allied to £. peon.

38. EupTycHIA NECYS.

Satyrus necys, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 466 & 511. n. 100

(1819).

Euptychia necys, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 14 (1851).

« Alis integerrimis, supra nigricantibus, immaculatis ; subtus nebu-

loso-cinereis, strigis tribus fuscis serieque punctorum sex albi-

dorum.

** About 14 inch in expanse. Wings above black brown, and with-

out spots. ‘The underside is ashy, spotted with brown, with three

dark lines, transverse and wavyed—two between the base and the

A472 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [ Nov. 22,

middle, the third submarginal and preceded internally on each wing

by a row of six whitish spots. The body is of the same colour as

the wings ; the antennze are brownish, and annulated with grey above

and ferruginous below.” —Enc. Méth.

Hab. Brazil (Godart) ; Venezuela (Westwood).

Although this species is stated, in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepi-

doptera,’ to be in the British Museum Collection, I have not been

able to find any specimens that agree with the description; it may

possibly be allied to #. byses, Godart.

39. EuprycHIA GRIMON.

Satyrus grimon, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 490. n. 44

(1819).

Neonympha grimon, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p.33

(1847) ; Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375. n. 10 (1851).

“‘Alis subintegris, fuscis: subtus strigis tribus obscurioribus unda-

tis ; posticis ocellis duobus alteroque bipupillatis, maculis flavidis

duabus interpositis.

“ About 1} inch in expanse. Wings slightly dentated, brown,

rather dark in some parts; upperside without spots. The underside

shows three very dark lines, transverse and waved; between the

central and outer ones the hind wings have a row of five spots, only

the three exterior ones black, with a double white pupil and orange

iris ; the third and fourth yellowish, and at times somewhat reniform;

the front wings also have two similar yellowish spots surmounted by

a bipupillate ocellus. There is a double blackish line along the

posterior margin of all the wings, scarcely perceptible on the upper-

side.”’—Linc, Méth.

Hab. Brazil. B.M.

40. EuprycHIA ARGANTE.

Papilio argante, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 204. f. C, D (1782).

Euptychia argante, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 374.

n. 27 (1851).

Satyrus argulus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 488. n. 35

(1819).

Hab. Surinam.

This insect is intermediate between H. grimon and the next species.

41, Euprycuta AMBIGUA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 10.)

Ale supra fusce, lineis tribus marginalibus fuscis valde indistinctis,

interna alterne dentata ; postice linea marginali indistincta ochrea.

Ale subtus pallidiores, area apicali pallida, linea apud basim valde

irregulari alteraque post alarum medium obliqua continua apud

angulum posticarum analem subangulata, lineis marginalibus velut

supra fuscis distinctis; antice et postice ocellis quinque linea

Susca circumeinctis et argenteo minutissime bipupillatis serie an-

gulata positis, anticis paulo minus distinctis, secundo anticarum

et primo secundo cuintoque posticarum nigris, aliis fuscis :

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 473

corpus fuscum pallidum, antennis fuscis albido fasciolatis et nigro

flavoque acuminalis.

Exp. alar. une. 13.

Hab. Rio Janeiro. B.M.

42. Euprycuia MODESTA, sp. 0.

Ale supra fusce, lineis duabus marginalibus aliaque submarginali

undulata obscurioribus, anticis valde indistinetis : corpus fuscum,

pre olivaceo virescens ; antennis supra brunneis albido fasciolatis

et nigro acuminatis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, cinerascentes, fasciis duabus mediis obliquis

paulo irregularibus rufo-fuscis, lineis duabus marginalibus alia-

que submarginali undulata fuscis: antice ocellis tribus ochreo

cinctis, primo nigro, argenteo bipupillato; aliis fuscis: postice

ocellis quinque fulvo cinctis et argenteo pupillatis, primo minimo,

quinto maximo, primo secundo et quinto nigris, aliis fuscis, tertio

quarto et quinto bipupillatis: corpus cinereum.

Exp. alar. une. 14.

Hab. Para (Coll. Bates).

Var. Ale subtus ocellis minoribus lineisque tenuioribus.

Hab, Cameta (Coll. Bates).

Allied to #. ambigua.

43. EuprycHIA HUEBNERI, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 11.)

Ale supra velut in E. ambigua, subtus autem area basali paulo

brunnescente, area apicali cinerascente, margine postico ochraceo,

ocellis distinctioribus, lineis mediis rufescentibus, interna regulari,

externa apud angulum analem paulo undulata, posticisque additur

ocellus subanalis minimus: corpus fuscum, antennis velut in E.

ambigua. .

Exp. alar. unc. 1Ie

Hab. Para (Coll. Bates and B. M.).

Allied to the preceding species.

44, EuprycuIA GALESUS.

Satyrus galesus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 496. n. 64

(1819).

Neonympha galesus, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 376.

n. 20 (1851).

Euptychia canthe, var., Herrich-Schiiffer, Ind. Syst. (1864).

“« Alis integris, fuscis, supra immaculatis : subtus strigis tribus ob-

scurioribus ; anticis punctis nullis, posticis quinque nigricantibus.

“About 15 inch inexpanse. All the wings entire and of a rather

dark brown ; upperside without spots ; the underside shows three

very dark lines, the central one relieved in front by greyish violet,

the outer one very delicate and festooned ; this last line is separated

from the preceding one, but only in the hind wings, by a row of five

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXI.

474 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EuPTycHIA. [Nov. 22,

blackish points ; the front wings have no spot, at least in the speci-

men from which this description is taken.””—Ene. Meth.

Hab. Brazil.

I cannot agree with Dr. Herrich-Schiffer in considering this a

variety of EZ. canthe: it is much too large for that species—although

in this respect it does not differ from Hiibner’s figure, and conse-

quently I suppose that some specimens may attain to the size of

14 inch; but the unspotted front wings seem certainly to indicate

another species.

45, EupTYCHIA VESPER, Sp. 0.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

46. EvprycHIA ARMILLA, §p. 0.

Tn the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

47. EupryCHIA LITURATA, Sp. 0.

In the collection of W. °C. Hewitson.

48. EupTyCHIA SOSYBIUS.

Papilio sosybius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p.219.n.684 (1793).

Satyrus sosybius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 495. n. 63

(1819); Boisduval et Leconte, Icon. Lép. Am. Septr. t. i. pl. 63.

f. 1-4 (metamorph.) (1829).

Neonympha sosybius, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 2 (1851).

Hab. 3, 9, East Florida; 9, Nicaragua. B.M.

49. EupryCHIA FALLAX.

Neonympha fallax, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 177.

n. 157 (1862).

« Alis supra fuscis, subtus pallidioribus, strigis binis fuscis subrec-

tis [anticarum marginem internum versus convergentibus], litura

discali, striga submarginali undulata alteraque marginali integer-

‘rima fuscis, margine ante cilia nigro-fusco, anticarum ocellis

quingue obsoletis, posticarum sex atris, anguste ochraceo iridatis,

argenteo pupillatis, in posticis secundo, quinto et sexto distinctio-

ribus. ¢ .”—Wien. ent. Monatschr.

Hab. Rio Negro (Felder); 3, Venezuela. B.M.

Var. Ale subtus obscuriores ; antice lineis mediis latius separatis,

litura discali obsoleta; postice linea interna apud basim marginis

terminata, externa magis irregulari.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

Var. Ale paulo majores ocellis lineisque subtus obscurioribus.

Hab. Ega (Coll. Bates).

50. EuprycHIA ATALANTA, sp. n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 12.)

Ale apice anticarum acuto, angulo anali posticarum minime obtuse

producto: supra fusce margine postico obscuriore, postice lineis

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 475

duabus- marginalibus analibus nigro-fuscis: subtus pallidiores,

ocellis velut in E. herme dispositis, lineis duabus mediis fuscis,

anticarum de alarum medio excurrentibus, ad costam minime con-

vergentibus, interna posticarum brevi subarcuata, externa bisinuata

apud angulum analem subangulata ; lineis tribus marginalibus,

interna anticarum apud apicem bisinuata, posticarum sinuata

medio angulis alternis ; ciliis longis.

Exp. alar. unc. & 153, 2 14.

Hab. 3, 9, Venezuela. B.M.

Var. Alis brevioribus, subtus ocellis fuscis distinctioribus, lineis

mediis minus irregularibus.

Hab. 9, Para. B.M.

51. EurrycHIaA HERMES.

Papilio hermes, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 158. n. 486

(1793).

Satyrus hermes, var., Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 487. n. 33 (part.)

(1819).

Neonympha hermes, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 138

(1844) ; Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375. n. 11 (1851).

Oreas (strigata) canthe, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. i.

pl. 87. f. 1-4 (1806).

Euptychia canthe, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 22 (1851).

Hab. Pernambuco; Rio Janeiro; Para; Nicaragua ; Honduras.

I have referred to the type specimen of E. hermes, three wings of

which still exist in the Banksian Collection, and I find that it is

identical with Z. canthe of Hiibner.

52. EuprycHia uNDULATA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 13.)

Q. Ale supra fusce, subtus pallidiores, cuno atomatis et paulo

cinerascentes ; lineis duabus mediis, margini subparallelis, anticis

late separatis et paulo irregularibus, posticis valde dentatis ;

linea submarginali sinuata aliaque marginali integerrima; mar-

gine nigro: antice aliquando ocellis quatuor valde indistinctis ;

postice ocellis sex paulo indistinctis parvis, secundo quarto et

quinto nigro punctatis : corpus cinereum.

Exp. alar. unc. 12-12.

Hab. Para. B.M.

Chiefly differs from the preceding species in its slightly greater

size, shorter wings, and very irregular central lines.

53. EuprycuiA BINALINEA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 14.)

Ale supra fusce pallide, lineis duabus mediis, duabusque marginali-

bus fuscis, interna sinuata, externa subintegra; margine fusco :

postice margine postico ochreo ; ocellis duobus analibus (interno

majore) nigris ochreo cinctis argenteoque pupillatis, aliisque tribus

submarginalibus valde indistinctis: corpus cinereum.

476 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noy. 22,

Ale subtus pallidiores, lineis duabus binis mediis margini subparal-

lelis ; aliisque tribus marginalibus unicis, interna autem ad angu-

lum analem posticarum geminante, lineis mediis ochreum includen-

tibus, interna posticarum paulo undulata, externa apud marginem

internum sinuata apud costam undulata ; linea marginali anticarum

interna apud costam angulis alternis dentata, duabus externis

integerrimis ; lineis posticarum sinuatis: antice ocellis tribus

indistinctis subapicalibus ochreo-fuscis fuscoque cinctis, infima

punctis duobus minutissimis argenteis, albis, fusco pupillatis :

postice ocellis sex nigris, ochreo pallido cinctis, fusco circumcinc-

tis, et atomis argenteis pupillatis, primo, secundo et quinto bipu-

pillatis : corpus ochreo-cinereum, antennis ferrugineis.

* Exp. alar. unc. 13.

Hab. Venezuela; Pernambuco. B.M.

54, EuprycuIA POLTYS.

Neonympha poltys, Prittwitz, Entom. Zeit. herausg. von dem

entom. Vereine, Stettin, p. 311 (1865).

“Size of a moderately large edipus*. Wings lobed, costa folded

over. Body and thorax blackish; antenne the same. Palpi and

underside of the body light brownish. All four wings ochreous

(pierre de feu), the base sprinkled with dark atoms.

“Front wings: in the middle two dark oblique streaks, between

them near the costa a darker angular line (upon which the discoidal

cell terminates), close to the outer margin a more slender bent line,

in front of the greyish fringe two parallel lines, all three dark reddish

brown. Hind wings: adarker oblique streak, anal angle much pro-

duced ; outer margin with its lower portion emarginate, with four

sinuations ; in front of the greyish fringe two sinuated brown bands,

a little further inwards a third broader and darker one; between the

three lines the ground-colour is lighter; at the inner angle in the

left wing two, in the right wing one black spot encircled with yellow ;

Underside grey, dusted with brown. Front wing: markings as above,

but more delicate; both of the central lines doubled ; fringe and a

shade near the outer oblique line violet-brown. Hind wings the

same. ‘I'he shade near the outer oblique line reaching from the costa

to near the middle of the wing continued near the outer margin by

six very small ocelli, the second and fifth of those within the cell have

slender silver pupils. All the fringe brown, darker than the ground-

colour.” — Ent. Zeit.

Hab. Corcovado (South America).

55. EupTyCHIA ACMENIS.

(Oreas strigata) Megisto acmenis, Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett..

Zutr. f. 233, 234 (1806).

Neonympha acmenis, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n, 14 (1851).

flab. Baltimore.

* edipus is a Cenonympha, not a Neonympha.

1866.]| MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 477

This species may be allied to Z. grimon ; but the central lines are

very dissimilar in form to those of that insect, they much more nearly

resemble those of the next species.

56. Evprycara rots, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 15.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce ; antice linea undulata submarginali valde

indistincta fusca, margine eatremo nigro: postice puncto subanali

nigro ochreo cincto, lineis duabus marginalibus alteraque sub-

marginali fuscis : corpus thorace cinereo, abdomine olivaceo-fusco.

Ale subtus pallidiores, lineis duabus mediis valde irregularibus, anti-

carum apud costam angulatis, posticarum externa ochreo marginata

in medio valde producta, linea submarginali, apud apicem anti-

carum angulis alternis undata, in posticis sinuata et dentata

ochreoque marginata, lineis duabus marginalibus ochreum inclu-

dentibus, anticarum integris, posticarum undulatis : antice punctis

tribus minutissimis subapicalibus, apicali nigro, secundo nigro

argenteo bipupillato, tertio argenteo ; postice ocellis quinque sub-

marginalibus ochreo cinctis, primo minimo, quinto maximo, tertio

et quarto obsoletis, aliis nigris argenteo pupillatis, primo et quinto

bipupillatis : corpus cinereo-fuscum, antennis fuscis nigro acumi-

natis.

Exp. alar. unc. 1375.

Hab. Brazil; Para. B.M.

57. EupryCHIA PHARES.

Satyrus phares, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 491. n. 47

(1819).

Neonympha phares, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375.

n. 18, pl. 66. f. 4 (1851).

“Alis integris, supra fuscis : subtus anticis grisescentibus, strigis tri-

bus ferrugineis : posticarum utraque pagina ocellis sex, 3° didymo.

*‘ About 13 inch in expanse. The upperside of the wings blackish

brown ; front wings without spots; hind wings with six ocelli, the

second and fourth very large, the third double. These ocelli are

black, with a double silver pupil and yellow iris.

“The underside of the front wings is orange, with the apex rosy

grey, and marked by one or two small ocelli; the underside of the

hind wings is grey mottled with brown, with the same ocelli as on

the opposite side; there are besides on each wing three dark-ferru-

ginous distinctly waved lines—to wit, two near the base, and a third

near the outer margin, which is bordered by a black festooned line.”’

—Ene. Meéth.

Hab. Brazil; Venezuela. B.M.

The Museum specimens of this species vary considerably in size,

the largest measuring lve inch in expanse of wings, whilst the

smallest only measures 13 inch. We have only one specimen that

has no spots in the front wings on the upperside ; all the others have

one distinct subapical ocellus.

The MS. name of pharella, applied to Mr. Doubleday’s species

478 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EvPTycHiA. ([Nov. 22,

by Dr. Herrich-Schiffer in his ‘ Index Systematicus,’ was not needed,

as the insect figured in the ‘ Genera’ is undoubtedly Godart’s species.

58. EuprycHIA PHARELLA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 16.)

Ale corpusque supra olivaceo-fusca.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice ochreo suffuse ; linea indistincta fer-

ruginea post alarum medium posita et margini subparallela, lineis

duabus submarginalibus fuscis, interna sinuata, margine ipso nigro,

ciliis olivaceo-fuscis : antice ocellis tribus subapicalibus ochreo

cinctis violaceoque pupillatis, apicali nigro, aliis fuscis: postice

ocellis quatuor ochreo cinctis, duabus externis nigris albo pupil-

latis, apicali majore, aliis fuscis violaceo pupillatis: corpus

cinereo-fuscum, antennis ferrugineo-olivaceis.

Exp. alar. unc. 1.

Hab. Rio Janeiro. B.M.

This species differs from Z. phares in its much smaller expanse of

wings, the absence of any ocelli on the upperside, the more regular

rounded hind wings,—on the underside in the smaller and fewer ocelli

with differently coloured pupils, and the differently formed central

lines on the hind wings.

59. EuprycuHiA HARMONIA, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 17.)

Ale supra olivaceo-fusce ; corpus nigrescens.

Ale subtus pallidiores, antice lineis duabus mediis lituraque inter-

media fuscis apud costam divergentibus tune subangulatis, lineis

tribus marginalibus valde indistinctis fuscis ; ocellis quatuor sub-

marginalibus, ochreo cinctis fuscoque circumeinctis, externis nigris,

apicali ulbo pupillato, intermediis fuscis via distinguendis : pos-

tice basi fuscescente, lineis duabus mediis, interna extus trisinuata,

externa medio et apud angulum analem angulata; lineis duabus

subapicalibus, tertioque marginali fuscis ; ocellis quinque submar-

ginalibus ochreo cinctis, secundo maximo, tertio indistincte parvo,

primo secundo quarto et quinto nigris albo pupillatis: corpus

cinereum.

Exp. alar. une. 13.

Hab. Quito (Ecuador). B.M.

Var. Ale subtus distinctioribus, ocellis anticis duobus.

Hab. Ecuador (Coll. Bates).

60. EuprycHia PHINEUS, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 18.)

Ale supra fusce obscure, corpus cinerascens, antennis fuscis.

Ale subtus paulo pallidiores nitentesque, lineis mediis ocellisque

posticarum iis Harmonie simillimis sed paulo distinctioribus ; an-

tice lineis tribus marginalibus distinctis fuscis, ocello uno sub-

apicali nigro, ochreo cincto alboque pupillato, margine postico sub-

concavo : postice lineis tribus marginalibus fuscis undatis, mar-

gine postico undulato: corpus cinereo-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 14. :

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 479

Allied to the preceding. species, but darker ; the underside mark-

ings more distinct, only one ocellus in the front wings; the hind

margin of the front wings slightly concave, of the hind wings sub-

sinuate.

61. EuprycHIA NEBULOSA, sp. n.

Ale@ supra olivaceo-fusce, postice lineis duabus marginalibus alia-

que submarginali fuscis indistinctis: corpus cinerascens ; an-

tennis supra fuscis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus pallidiores roseo tinctis, lineis duabus mediis irregulari-

bus fuscis, margini subparallelis, lineis duabus marginalibus

aliaque submarginali sinuata fuscis: antice ocello apicali parvo

indistincto nigro ochreo cincto alboque pupillato ; postice ocellis

quinque, secundo quintoque magnis, primo, secundo quintoque nigris

ochreo cinctis alboque bipupillatis, aliis ochreo-fuscis: corpus

cinerascens.

Exp. alar. unc. 1-8;.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

Allied to the preceding species, but quite distinct.

62. EuprycHIA NOSSIS.

Euptychia nossis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. iii. pl.? f. 1 (underside

view) (1862).

Hab. Quito (Coll. VW. W. Saunders and W. C. Hewitson).

63. EuprycHIA PRONOPHILA, sp. 0.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

64. Evprycuia saTurNvs, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 19.)

6. Ale supra olivaceo-fusce, margine obscuriore: postice macula

apicali fusca; ocello subanali nigro, albo pupillato albidoque

cincto : corpus cinereum.

Ale subtus nivee, apud basim paulo fuscescentes, fascia submargi-

nali lata fusca, lineis duabus mediis tribusque marginalibus fuscis,

posticarum sinuatis: antice ocellis duobus nigris ochreo cinctis

Suscoque circumcinctis, apicali majore albo pupillato: postice

ocellis quingue, primo, secundo quintoque nigris fulvo cinctis al-

boque pupillatis, tertio quartoque fuscis brunneo cinctis argen-

teoque bipupillatis, primo minimo, quinto mazimo: corpus albido-

cinereum.

Exp. alar, unc. 144.

Hab. Venezuela; Brazil (Coll. Bates). B.M.

Allied to E. nossis (Hewitson).

65. Evprycuta vesta, sp.n. (Pl. XXXIX. fig. 20.)

3. Ale supra olivaceo-fusce : antice margine postico fuscescente ;

stria apud celle extimum fasciaque de costa post cellam currente,

margini subparallela, de lunulis elevatis formata, lineis tribus

marginalibus fuscis, interna apud apicem sinuata: postice lineis

tribus marginalibus fuscis duabusque inter eas albidis; ocellis

480 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EvPTyCHIA. [Noyv. 22,

duobus subanalibus nigris flavo cinctis argenteoque bipupillatis,

anali minimo.

Ale subtus pallidiores : antice area apicali paulo pallidiore, maculis

quatuor indistinctis submarginalibus ochreo-fuscis ; ocello apical

nigro, ochreo cincto alboque bipupillato ; linea post medium alarum

obliqua irregulari fusca; linea submarginali undata duabusque

marginalibus nigro-fuscis : postice lineis duabus submediis Suscis,

basali trisinuata, externa biconcavata, sinu medio alteroque in-

terno ; fascia media albida ; margine postico late olivaceo-fusco ;

fascia media irregulari ochrea, ocellis sex argenteo bipupillatis

interrupta, secundo duobusque analibus nigris ochreo cinctis, aliis

fuscis albido cinctis ; lineis tribus marginalibus undulatis nigro-

fuscis : corpus ochreo-cinereum.

Exp. alar. une. 13.

©. Alis latioribus : antice fascia post alarum medium obliqua fusca,

continua nec elevata: postice ocello apicali distincto nigro, flavo

eincto nec pupillato : antice subtus punctis duobus apud apicem

submarginalibus albis ocelloque velut in mari, linea media externa,

sinu interno irregulari: aliter velut in mari.

Exp. alar. une 12.

Hab. Venezuela. B.M.

Allied to the preceding species; the male has on the front wings

a row of lunular spots, raised above the surface of the wings, as if

embossed.

66. EuprycutA ENYO, sp.n. (PI. XXXIX. fig. 22.)

Ale supra pallide : antice fusce, fasciis duabus mediis obliquis, una

submarginali alteraque marginali, fuscis indistinctis, macula sub-

apicali fusca: postice fusce, area apicali rufescente, fasciis dua-

bus mediis obliquis, una submarginali, lineaque marginali fuscis

indistinctis ; macula subanali fusca: corpus cinereo-fuscum, an-

tennis fuscis pre fulvescentibus.

Ale subtus ochree, fasciis rufo-fuscis ; postice ocello anali minimo

ad angulum extremum posito, macula anali rubra, oeellis nigris

majoribus ; aliter velut in BK. mollina, Huebneri.

Exp. alar. une. 12.

Hab, Cuenca. B.M.

This species is quite unique in appearance, the reddish colouring

of the hind wings giving it the look of a very distinct species; it is,

however, closely allied to #. mollina.

67. EupryCHIA MOLLINA.

(Oreas strigata) Euptychia mollina, Hibner, Samm. exot.

Schmett. Zutrage, f. 105, 106 (1806).

Euptychia mollina, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p. 31

(1847).

E. molina, Wiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 509 (1816).

Hab. Para; Ega.

This species is not identical with the one from Venezuela and the

West Indies; it differs from it in size, pattern, and coloration.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 481

68. EurrycHiIA WESTWOODII, sp. n.

Neonympha mollina, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n.17 (1851).

Ale supra albe, margine postico et antico anticarum paulo fusces-

centibus: antice ocello subapicali fusco, distincto, albido cincto ;

fasciis ut in EB. mollina dispositis: postice lineis duabus irregu-

laribus marginalibus apud apicem connexis fuscis ; maculis fas-

ciisque aliis velut in BK. mollina: corpus ochreo-cinereum ; anten-

nis supra fuscis cinereo-fasciolatis, subtus ferruginosis.

Ale subtus albe, fasciis rufo-fuscis, nec ad costam anticarum ap-

proximantibus, linea marginali anticarum valde irregulari, ocellis

duobus nec quatuor apicalibus.

Exp. alar. unc. 17; ; aliter velut in EK. mollina.

Hab. Honduras. B.M.

Var. Ale supra fasciis maculisque indistinctis, fasciis subtus rufo-

olivaceis ; antice ocello uno maculisque duabus albidis.

Exp. alar. unc. 13.

HTab. Venezuela. B.M.

This species, although somewhat resembling the mollina of Hiibner,

is far too distinct to be considered a mere variety; the different

coloration, regular reddish central bands, more irregular double mar-

ginal lines, and small number of ocelli are quite characters enough

to warrant its separation as a species.

Division II,

Ale supra subtusque violaceo, ceruleo viridive varie.

69. EuprycHIA PICEA, sp. n.

Ale supra nigro-fusce, margine postico paulo dilutiore, minime vio-

lascentes : antice fasciis quinque nigris, prima basali brevi obli-

gua vene subcostalis basim marginante, secunda tertiaque mediis

obliquis ad costam approximantibus, quarta submarginali apud

costam intus currente, ad marginem internum tertiam approzi-

mante, quinta marginali : postice fasciis nonnullis vix distinguen-

dis lineisque duabus marginalibus nigris : corpus fuscum.

Ale subtus albide, violascentes, ciliis fuscis : antice linea marginali

nigra, fasciis aliis velut supra rufo-fuscis, ocellis tribus subapica-

libus nigris ochreo-albo cinctis, apicali maximo alboque pupillato :

postice fasciis quatuor, duabus basalibus, una media quartaque

submarginali lunulata ad costam et angulum analem tertiam ad-

jungente, linea marginali nigra; ocellis quatuor nigris albo

pupillatis et flavo cinctis inter fascias apicales positis, secundo

quartogue magnis, tertio quartoque iride una inclusis : corpus albi-

dum; antennis supra fuscis, subtus albidis.

Exp. alar. unc, 13.

Hab. Ega. B.M.

Var. a. Ale supra obscuriores, subtus fasciis mediis latius separatis.

Hab. Brazil. B.M.

482 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

Var. 6. Ale antice subtus ocellis apicalibus contiguis iride una in-

clusis.

Hab. Tapajos. B.M.

Var. c. Ale antice ocellis duobus, postice tribus, interna anali

puncto solum indicato.

Hab. Para (Coll. Salvin and B.M.).

70. EuprycHIA LYSIDICE.

Papilio lysidice, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 169. f. C, D, fg (1779);

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 2. p. 156. n. 480 (1793).

Erycina lysidice, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 583. n. 92 (1819).

(Oreas strigata) Lysidice, Hitbner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. i.

pl. 86. f.1, 2(3), 3,4 (2) (1806).

Euptychia lysidice, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 507

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 12 (1851).

Papilio doris, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 8. f. B, C (2) (1779); -

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 101. n. 314 (1793).

Euptychia doris, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 373. n. 13 (1851).

Hab. Surinam (Cramer); Para, Tapajos, Ega, Nauta, Brazil

(Coll. Bates and B.M.); Trinidad, Cassim R. (Coll. Salvin).

71. EuprycHIA GLAUCINA.

3. Euptychia glaucina, H.W. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 202.

n. 76 (1865).

Hab. Duenas (Guatemala) (Coll. Salvin).

This species is allied to Z. lysidice, but is very distinct from it.

72, EvpTYCHIA £GROTA, Sp. nN.

3. Ale supra cerulee : antice margine late et regulariter nigro,

fascia media lineaque breviore adjacente subbasali nigris subdi-

rectis integris: postice apice, margine tenui maculaque subanali

ovali nigris : corpus albido-cinereum ; antennis supra fuscis, sub-

tus albidis, apud apicem flavescentibus et nigro acuminatis.

Ale subtus albido-cerulee, lineis duabus mediis distinctis nigris

ferrugineo tinctis, linea submarginali lunulata duabusque tenuio-

ribus subintegris nigris: antice ocellis tribus punctoque costali

nigris, ocello subapicali nigro, ceruleo (ochreo tincto) cincto et

nigro circumcincto, aliis duobus de circulis nigris, atomos nigros

lunulas indistinctas formantes includentibus : postice ocellis tri-

bus (primo minimo) nigris ochreo cinctis, nigro circumcinctis et

argenteo bipupillatis, duobus subapicalibus tertio post disci medium

posito ; inter hos circulis duobus nigris piriformibus, seriem effi-

cientibus ; litura maculaque basalibus nigris: corpus albicans.

Exp. alar. une. 15%.

Q. Ale supra velut in lysidice 2; subtus brunnescentes fasctis

tenuibus ; antice ocellis quatuor indistinctis ; postice ocellis sex

distinctis ; aliter velut in E. lysidice, 9° . E

Hab. Para (d, Coll. Hewitson; 9, Coll. Hewitson and B.M.).

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 483

This beautiful little insect seems to be intermediate between F.

glaucina and EF. pilata; the female is very like £. lysidice, 2; the

male is of the same form as my Z. pilata, but totally differs from it

in marking; it will be figured in a supplementary paper.

73. Euprycata PIuaTa, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 3.)

3. Ale late, breves, supra cerulee: antice violascentes, macula

interna discali fulva de pilis formata, marginibus costali postico-

que fuscis, celle extimo venisque paulo fuscescentibus : postice

certo situ virescentes, apice nigro, linea submarginali, altera mar-

ginali indistincta et margine ipso nigris ; cilits albidis: corpus

cinereum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus cerulee, certo situ paulo virescentes ; lineis duabus mediis

obliquis nigris, rufo sparsis ; linea submarginali duabusque tenuis-

simis marginalibus undulatis nigris : antice ocellis quatuor obso-

letis, apicali iride flava: postice sew, tertio quartoque obsoletis,

aliis nigris iride flava : corpus ceruleum, pre cinerascens.

Exp. alar. une. 15%.

Hab. Ega. B.M.

74. EvupTycuiA BRIXIOLA, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 4.)

Ale supra pallide, maris cinerea, femine fusce, stria basali, duabus

mediis, quarta discali, quintu submarginali sextaque tenui margi-

nali, regularibus obscurioribus ; margine ipso nigro : stria quarta

posticarum et ocellis duobus indistinctis nigris, tride alarum colore,

Fusco circumeinctis, minime albido pupillatis: corpus cinereum ;

antennis supra nigro-fuscis, subtus paulo flavescentibus.

Ale subtus albide, fasciis velut supra distinctioribus fuscis : antice

maris ocello subapicali obsoleto, famine distincto nigro ochreo

cincto et argenteo bipupillato, aliisque duobus valde indistinctis

argenteo pupillatis : postice ocellis quingue, primo minimo, secundo

et quinto maximis, his nigris fulvo cinctis et argenteo bipupillatis,

tertio et quarto argenteis flavo cinctis, quarto elongato : corpus

cinereum.

Exp. alar. unc. 13.

Hab. Para (Coll. Bates).

Allied to Z. drivius, but smaller and differently coloured.

75. EvpryCHIA BRIXIUS.

Satyrus brixius, Godart, Enc. Meéth. ix. pp. 464 & 490. n. 42

(1819). -

Euptychia brivius, Westw., Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 374. n. 24 (1851).

' « Alis integris, teneris, cerulescentibus, strigis utringue sex fuscis ;

posticarum quarta subtus ocellis quinque bipupillatis.

«‘Expanse of wings about 1} inch. The upperside of the wings

is ashy blue, with six transverse streaks, and a double black-brown

marginal line.

‘On the underside the design of the upperside is repeated ; but

484 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Noyv. 22,

the ground-colour is paler, and the fourth streak of the hind wings

has five ocelli, only the first, second, and last with whitish iris, the

other two without iris: all the ocelli are black and bipupillated with

silver.”’—Ene. Méth.

Hab. Brazil.

76. Euprycuia ca@estis, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 5.)

g. Ale supra cerulee: antice area apicali fasciisque duabus

mediis brevibus fuscescentibus : postice lineis marginalibus dua-

bus distinctis submarginalique indistincta nigris, apice alarum

Suscescente : corpus ochreo-cinereum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus

flavis, nigro acuminatis.

Ale subtus cerulee: antice area anali paulo violascente, costa media,

Sasciis duabus mediis, breviore apud marginem posticum, una sub-

marginali irregulari duabusque marginalibus subintegris fuscis :

postice fasciis duabus mediis, externa undulata, ad marginem inter-

num linea tenuissima junctis, fascia apud marginem posticum bre-

viore, una submarginali undulata duabusque marginalibus undatis

Suscis : antice ocellis duobus subapicalibus nigris iride cerulea

Susco circumcinctis, apicali majore ; postice quingue, secundo et

quinto magnis, nigris albido cinctis, aliis ceruleis fusco cinctis :

corpus albido-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 143.

9. Ale supra cerulee: antice area apicali fasciisque duabus mediis

brevibus fuscis: postice tinea marginali tenuissima duabusque

distinctis, apice, puncto subanali circuloque ad celle extimum

Suscis, fasciis marginalibus nigro-fuscis : corpus ochreo-cinereum ;

antennis supra albidis, subtus flavis.

Ale subtus antice ocello uno ; postice quinque distinctioribus ; mar-

gine interno anticarum albido ; aliter velut in mari.

Exp. alar. une. 2.

Hab. Ega. B.M.

@. Var. Minor, ceruleo-lucescente, fasciis anticarum circuloque

posticarum minus distinctis, subtus fasciis tenuibus minus distinctis

ocellis parvis ; ocellis duobus, secundo quintoque distinctis, secundo

parvo, aliis vix distinguendis.

Exp. alar. unc. 12.

Hab. Para (Coll. Salvin).

This may possibly prove to be the female of another species ; but

it is very closely allied to the Ega female.

77. Evprycuia uRANIA, sp.n. (PI. XL. fig. 6.)

3. Ale supra viridi-cerulee, nitide : antice costa et margine pos-

tico olivaceo-fuscis, stria post celle extimum olivaceo-fusca : pos-

tice margine postico fusco marginato, lineis duabus indistinctis

marginalibus fuscis : corpus cinereo-fuscum, atomis ceruleis ro-

ratum ; antennis ferrugineis.

Ale subtus cerulee, costis, lineis duabus mediis obliquis, tertia apud

marginem posticum interrupta, quarta submarginali et quinta

1866.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA, 485

marginali fuscis ; margine ipso fusco ; apice anticarum et angulo

anali posticarum olivaceo fuscescentibus : antice ocello subapicali

indistincto nigro ; postice ocellis duobus nigris, aliis tribus haud

indicatis, striis marginalibus undatis ; corpus olivaceo-albidum.

Exp. alar. une. 14.

Hab. Cameta (Coll. Bates).

Closely allied to 2. celestis.

78. EuprycHiIaA LEA.

Papilio lea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 151. f.C, D (2) (1779).

Satyrus lea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 492. n. 50(1819).

Euptychia lea (ebusa, part.), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54.

n. 515 (1816).

Euptychia lea, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 17 (i851).

Hab. Surinam.

79. EupTycuHIA JUNIA.

Papilio junia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292. f. D( 3 upperside),

E (2 ?underside) (1782).

Euptychia junia, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Zutrige, f. 627,

628 ( 2 ) (1806), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 511 (1816); Westw.

& Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 18 (Z. lea, alt. sexus ?)

1851).

( Te lea, var., Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 492. n. 50 (1819).

Hab, Surinam (Cramer) ; Bahia (Westwood) ; Brazil, ¢. B.M.

Var, 2. Area apicali anticarum supra vir fuscescente, posticarum

paulo fuscescente.

Hab. Para (Coll. Salvin and B.M.).

This species, although allied to Z. lea, is, I think, far too distinct

to be a mere variety of it. I do not believe that the two insects are

merely sexes. We possess a slight variety of the female of FL. junia

which certainly is not the lea of Cramer; and Hiibner’s figure of

the female of £. junta differs considerably from Cramer’s figure of

lea —more, I think, than can be accounted for by the age of the book.

80. EuprycHIA PHILIPPA, sp. n.

Ale@ supra fusce ; area apicali posticarum maris et areis basalibus

femine cinereo cerulescentibus ; lineis duabus marginalibus fuscis

indistinctis, anticis apud costam, posticisque undulatis : corpus

cinereo-fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus Serrugineis, apud

apicem nigro fasciolatis albidogue acuminatis.

Ale subtus fasciis duabus mediis : postice subintegre, ocellis majo-

ribus : aliter velut in E. junia.

Exp. alar. unc. 274.

Hab, Ega (Coll. Bates).

This species is closely allied to Z. junia, and scarcely differs from

it on the underside; the colouring of the upperside, however, is. so

totally distinct that it must be considered a good species.

436 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EvPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

Division III.

Ale magne, supra fusce, subtus fasciis duabus mediis ; ocellis magnis

regularibus.

81. EuprycHIA ANTONOE.

Papilio antonoé, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 59. f. E, F( d) (1779).

Satyrus hermes (part.), Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 487 (1819).

Hab. Para; Bolivia (2, B.M.) ; 2( 3, Coll. Salvin).

This insect is quite distinct from the antonoé of the ‘Genera of

Diurnal Lepidoptera ;’ that species is the /ibye of Linnzeus. It is also

widely distinct from the insect generally supposed upon the conti-

nent to be Cramer’s species, and which I have here described and

figured as E. erichtho.

82. Euprycuia GiGas, sp. n. (PI. XL. fig. 7.)

Q . Ale supra fusce, fascia media obscuriore valde indistincta, lineis

duabus undulatis marginalibus unaque submarginali fuscis, posti-

carum nigrescentibus : postice ocello permagno subanali nigro, ,

rubro cincto alboque pupillato: corpus fuscum; antennis flavis,

apice nigro, albo acuminatis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, roseo tinctis, fascia media alleraque apud

basim rufo-fuscis ; area apicali paulo pallidiore, anticarum ochreo

variegata ; linets duabus marginalibus undulatis unaque submargi-

nali angulis alternis undata fuscis: antice ocellis tribus subapi-

calibus, apicali distincto, nigro, flavo cincto alboque pupillato, alits

minimis brunneis, pupilla violacea, indistinctis: postice ocellis

quingue paulo piriformibus, quinto maximo, primo, secundo quinto-

que nigris flavo cinctis alboque pupillatis, tertio quartoque brun-

neis, iride obsoleta, albido pupillatis : corpus ochraceo-fuscum.

Exp. alar. unc. 24.

Hab. Mexico. B.M.

This species is of the same size as antonoé of Cramer, to which it

is allied; it more nearly resembles Z. libye in the pattern of the

underside.

83, EUPTYCHIA LIBYE.

Papilio libye, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 772. n. 146 (1766);

Sulzer, Gesch. pl. 17. f. 7; P. lybie ejusd. p. 145 (1776).

Neonympha? antonoé, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 138

1844).

‘ Neonympha antonoé, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

un. 12 (1851).

Euptychia antonoé, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 374.

n. 30 (1851).

Hab. Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio, Honduras, Para, Quito (B.M.) ;

Jamaica; Polochic Valley, Guatemala (Coll. Salvin).

Var. Parva, obscura.

Hab. Quito. B.M.

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 487

84. EuprrycHIA LIBYOIDEA, sp. n.

3. Ale supra fusce immaculate, lineis marginalibus velut in EK.

libye dispositis : subtus pallide, albido-cineree, lineis duabus me-

diis integris obliquis rufo-fuscis : antice ocellis quatuor apud mar-

ginem posticum nigro-fuscis, flavo cinctis et irregulariter atomis

albis pupillatis ; serie ocellorum ad costam punctis duobus fuscis

continuata ; linea submarginali nigro-fusca irregulari, apud

costam angulis alternis arcuata ; lineis duabus marginalibus tenui-

bus nigro-fuscis : postice ocellis quinque submarginalibus pirifor-

mibus, secundo et quinto majoribus, quinto maximo, flavo cinctis

et albo pupillatis, tertio et quarto fuscis, aliis nigris ; ocello simili

minimo ad marginem internum, fasciam externam mediam termi-

nante ; linea submarginali irregulari rufo-fusca; dimidio apicaii

angulis alternis undato ; duabus marginalibus tenuibus undulatis

nigro-fuscis : corpus ochreo-fuscum ; antennis albido-ferrugineis,

Susco subacuminatis.

Exp. alar. unc. 2-°;.

Hab. Nicaragua. B.M.

This species is closely allied to Z. ibye, Linn., of which at first

I imagined it to be a variety ; but I am now quite satisfied that it is

a good and distinct species ; it differs from it as follows :—-in being

about a quarter of an inch larger in expanse of wing ; the front wings

more produced at the apex, with no pale discal spot* ; the hind wings

not so abruptly scalloped ; on the underside it differs in being of a

much more uniform colour, with narrower and more distinct central

bands, the submarginal lines also being more irregular ; in having

four more or less distinct ocelli in the front wings; and the ocelli of

the hind wings very much larger and more distinctly pupillated.

85. EupryCHIa OBSCURA, Sp. n.

Q. Ale supra velut in BK. libye; subtus antice colore simili, linea

irregulari sinuata et dentata post medium posita, altera submargi-

nali undata duabusque marginalibus integris nigro-fuscis, punctis

tribus subapicalibus minutissimis albis serie angulata positis :

postice obscuriores, linea apud basim angulata, altera post medium

irregulari undata, tertia submarginali sinuata ad marginem inter-

num secundam adjungente duabusque marginalibus undulatis nigro-

Suscis ; ocellis quingue, secundo quintoque nigris iride tenuissima

flava pupillaque alba, aliis reniformibus ochreo-fuscis, apicali

albo pupillata.

Exp. alar. unc. 23.

Hab. Bolivia. B.M.

Allied to #. libye, Linneus.

86. EupTyCHIA VASTATA, sp. Nn.

Ale supra fusce cupreo nitentes : corpus fuscum, pre nigrescens ;

antennis supra nigro-fuscis, subtus albido fasciatis flavescentibus.

Ale subtus olivaceo-fusce : postice et area apicalis anticarum undis

* This is also the case with Panama specimens of £. libye.

488 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUpTycuHtA. [Noy. 22,

plurimis variegate ; lineis duabus marginalibus aliaque submar-

ginali sinuata fuscis: antice linea discali lunulata fusca ; punctis

tribus subapicalibus fulvis : postice lineis duabus mediis irregula-

ribus ; punctis quingue submarginalibus fulvis: corpus cinereo-

Suscum.

Exp. alar. une. 142,

Hab. Rio Grande (Coll. Bates).

Allied to the preceding species.

87. EuPTYCHIA QUANTIUS.

Satyrus quantius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 487. n. 31

(1819).

Neonympha quantius, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 376.

n, 23 (1851).

« Alis fuscis, supra immaculatis : posticis subtus fascia media lim-

boque posteriore violaceo-cinereis, striga punctorum flavescentium

interposita.

**Searcely 2 inches in expanse. Wings entire, dark brown; the

upperside without spots.

“‘ The underside of the hind wings has two bands of ashy violet, —

‘one discoidal, transverse, and margined by two lines a little darker

than the eround- colour; the other quite terminal, dentated on its

inner edge, and separated from the preceding one by a transverse

row of six yellow spots: the underside of the front wings has the

hind margin cinereous, and preceded by four spots of the colour of

those in the hind wings, but smaller.”,— Enc. Méth.

Hab. Brazil (Godart) ; Venezuela. B.M.

? Var. a. Antice apice paulo subangulato, subtus punctis quinque

fSulvis : postice puncto apicali magno.

Hab. Rio Grande (Coll. Bates).

Var. b. Ale sna ans subtus valde obscuriores : antice punctis quin-

que fulvis.

Hab. Rio Janeiro. B.M.

88. EupTyCHIA POLYPHEMUS, sp. n.

Ale supra fusce : corpus fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus mi-

nime pre ferruyineis.

Ale subtus paulo pallidiores, lineis duabus mediis obliquis bene sepa-

ratis, interna irregulari, externa anticarum intus angulariter bisi-

nuata, posticarum ad costam angulis duobus alternis, ad marginem

internum intus profunde bisinuata; linea submarginali sinuata ;

linea submarginali et margine ipso subintegro, nigro-fuscis : antice

punctis tribus minimis subapicalibus albidis: postice ocellis quin-

que submarginalibus, primo, secundo, tertio et quarto microscopio

solum distinguendis, primo et secundo albo pupillatis, quinto sub-

anali nigro, distincto, albo pupillato: corpus fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 2.

Hab. Bogota. B.M.

1866.) MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 489

This species seems to be most closely allied to 2. quantius ; with

a magnifying-glass three indistinct brown ocelli with white pupils

may be seen on the front, and five on the hind wings below.

Division IV.

Ale supra fusce, plerumque violascentes ; subtus maculis ocellatis

mediis, posticarum plerumque elongatis, argenteis.

Subdivision 1.

Ale subtus ocellis regularibus nec elongatis.

89. EuprycHIA CLUENA.

Papilio (Nymph.) cluena, Drury, Il. iii. p. 9, pl. 7. f. 5, 6 (1782).

Luptychia cluena, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 3 (1851).

Papilio clueria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 229. n. 716

1793).

: Satyrus clueria, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 492. n. 51 (1819).

Euptychia clueria, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 122

(1844).

Hab. Brazil. B.M.

The figure given by Drury of this species does not agree entirely

with the specimens in the National Collection ; the ocelli of the

upperside are pupillated, with small central irides, and in our speci-

mens with simple white spots; the underside bands are quite different,

those in Drury’s figure being placed near together, and the outer one

angulated in the middle. In all the specimens that I have seen the

outer central band is entire, excepting at the inner margin, where it

takes a sudden angle inwards; the ocelli of the underside are also

represented as being all alike, and only one in the front wings. It

is just possible that these differences may be owing to incorrect draw-

ing, especially as he describes the insect as 2} inches in expanse (the

usual size of the females), but figures it 23 inches, and as the colour-

ing of the figure does not altogether agree with the description.

90. EuprycHiA SERICEELLA.

Euptychia sericeella, U. W. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 202.

n. 75 (1865). 3

Hab. Vera Paz, Guatemala (Coll. Salvin).

This species appears to be intermediate between ZL. cluena, Drury,

and JZ. ebusa, Cramer.

91, EuprycHIA EBUSA.

Papilio ebusa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292. f. F, G (1782).

Luptychia ebusa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 515

(1816); E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 123 (1844); Westw.

& Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 16 (1851).

Papilio aranea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt.1. p.97.n. 299 (1793).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXII.

490 MR, A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

Satyrus aranea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 492. n. 49

(1819).

Hab. Guiana (Westwood); Pernambuco; Bahia; Para; Vene-

zuela. B.M.

92, EupryCHIA BYSES.

Satyrus byses, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp.466 & 496. n.67 (1819);

Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 9 (1851).

Hab. Rio Janeiro.

Var. Ale supra magis cerulescentes, ocellis subtus minimis; ale

aliquando purpureo, albo, viridi, ochreove varie.

Hab. Brazil. B.M.

This species is very accurately described by Godart ; it, however,

varies exceedingly in the size of the ocelli and the ground-colour of

the underside ; in some specimens the ocelli are hardly perceptible,

and there are purplish and white patches near the apices of the

wings.

Subdivision 2.

Postice subtus maculis mediis ocellaribus elongatis et-irregularibus.

93. EuprycHia CHLORIS.

Papilio chloris, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 293. f. A, B (1782).

Euptychia chloris, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 20 (1851).

Satyrus tolumnia, 2 , Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 491. n. 48 (1819).

Euptychia chlorimene, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n.514

(1816).

Hab. Surinam (Cramer); Brazil; Bahia; Para. B.M.

Note——Some specimens of this species have no ocellus on the

underside of the front wings.

94. EupTycHIA HERSE.

Papilio herse, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 10. f. C, D (1779).

Satyrus herseis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 495. n. 60

(1819).

Euptychia herseis, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 11 (1851).

Hab. Guiana (Westwood); Brazil; Venezuela; Para. B.M.

Var. Ale paulo majores, fasciis anticarum ad costam minime ap-

proximantibus, fasctis posticarum flavescentibus, ocellis magis

elongatis.

Hab. Para; Tapajos (Coll. Bates and B.M.).

95. Euprycur1a CALLICHLORIS, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 10.)

Ale supra fusce, area basali pellucescente et violascente: antice

fasciis duabus mediis obliquis fuscis, tertia harum externam ap-

proximante, lineisque duabus marginalibus fuscis indistinctis : pos-

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 491

tice fascia basali indistincta, altera media medio valde angulata,

lineisque duabus marginalibus indistinctis fuscis ; stria marginali

ad angulum analem albicante ; ocello subanali magno, nigro, ochreo

cincto, aliisque indistinctis per alas conspicuis : corpus cinereo-

Suscum, antennis fuscis ochreo acuminatis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus albicantes : antice fasciis velut supra distinctioribus ;

ocello subapicali nigro, ochreo cincto, argenteo bipupillato: postice

basi fusca, fascia media flavescente medio valde angulata, area

apicali violaceo-cerulescente ; margine apicali albicante, anali fla-

vescente, margine ipso nigro lineis duabus marginalibus nigris ;

ocellis quinque submarginalibus fulvo-cinctis, secundo tertioque, et

quarto quintoque iride una inclusis ; apicali minimo, anali maximo,

primo, secundo et quinto nigris argenteo bipupillatis, aliis argen-

teis elongatis : corpus albido-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 14.

Hab. Ega (Coll. Bates).

Most closely allied to H. herse, but very distinct from all the

neighbouring species.

96. EupryCHIA HEWITSONII, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 4.)

3. Al@ supra area basali apud basim pellucida : antice fusce, area

anali cerulea nitida, apud basim paulo virescente ; ciliis albis :

postice cerulee nitide, apud basim virescentes; ciliis albis: corpus

cinereum, antennis cinereis.

Ala subtus albide violascentes, area apicali posticarum aliquando

cerulea: antice fasciis duabus mediis, unaque submarginali fer-

rugineo-fuscis ; tribus tenuibus marginalibus nigris ; ocello sub-

apicali nigro, argenteo pupillato ochreoque iridato: postice fasciis

duabus mediis, externa sinuata et dentata, ferrugineis ; una sub-

marginali, apud apicem nigra, apud marginem internum rufescente,

dilatata et mediam externam approximante ; duabus marginalibus

tenuibus nigris ; ocellis quinque flavo cinctis, tertio et quarto ar-

genteis elongatis, altis nigris argenteo bipupillatis, quinto maximo :

corpus cinereum.

Exp. alar. unc. 1575.

2. Ale supra fusce violascentes, lineis tribus marginalibus indi-

stinctis fuscis : postice una intermedia ochrea, maculaque magna

subanali nigra: corpus fuscum ; antennis fuscis, ad apicem flaves-

centibus.

Ale subtus violacee roseeve, fasciis ocellisque velut maris : corpus

albidum.

Exp. alar, une. 1-?,-155.

Hab. Para (Colls. Bates, Salvin, Hewitson, and B.M.).

Var. 5. Ale supra virescentes, postice paulo elongate; subtus

pallidiores paulo virescentes violascentesque.

Hab. Ega. B.M.

This is one of the most lovely little Butterflies in the genus, and

not very closely allied to any other species that I have seen ; in some

respects it agrees with E. chloris.

492 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

97. EuprycHia aGATHA, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 8.)

3. Ale antice supra fusce violascentes : postice cyanea, area costali

Susca violascente: corpus fuscum, antennis flavo-ferrugineis.

Ale subtus pallid@ nitentes viridescentes, fasciis duabus mediis obli-

quis, externa posticarum medio angulata, unaque submarginali ir-

regulari ad apicem coarctata, conjuncta: antice fascia submargi-

nali indistincta fusca, altera marginem approximante unaque mar-

ginali fuscis ; ocello subapicali nigro, ochreo cincto alboque pupil-

lato: postice margine anali fusco, linea media marginali albida ;

ocellis quinque, primo, secundo et quinto nigris fulvo cinctis albo-

que pupillatis, altis elongatis argenteis flavo cinctis, quinto maz-

imo, primo minimo : corpus albidum.

Exp. alar. une. 18.

Q. Ale supra violacee subpellucide, marginibus rufo-fuscis, lineis

marginalibus velut in mari: subtus ocellis per alas conspicuis.

Ale subtus fasciis posticarum mediis, approximantibus : aliter velut

in mari.

Exp. alar. une. 18.

Hab. Para (Coll. "Bates and B. M.).

This species is closely allied to H. chloris, Cramer. The male

differs in having the outer margin of the front wings less sinuated,

being of a duller aud darker colour, with the hind wings longer and

more broadly suffused with blue; on the underside the ocelli are

larger and nearer to the outer margin, the second one being placed

very near the margin, as in #. herse, Cramer ; and the central bands

are orange. The female is of a brighter colour above, with the mar-

ginal lines less distinct ; below the differences are the same as in the

male.

98. EKuprycHIA TOLUMNIA.

Papilio tolumnia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 130. f. F, G (3)

(1779) ; Fabricius, Gen. Ins. il. p. 85. n. 374 (1776); Ent. Syst.

iii. pt. 1. p. 107. n. 330 (1793).

Euptychia tolumnia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54. n. 513

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 19 (1851).

Satyrus tolumnia, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 491. n. 48

1819).

( ee Guiana; Bahia (/Festwood ; Coll. Hewitson).

The specimen referred to in the ‘Genera’ as in the British Museum

is probably the female of ch/oris, which, however, is not the insect

intended by Cramer; his figure more nearly resembles E. agatha,

but is quite distinct from it.

99. EuprycHIA Ayaya, sp.n. (PI. XL. fig. 11.)

Ale supra cerulescentes, apud marginem violascentes ; margine ipso

nigro, linea marginali alteraque submarginali indistinctis fuscis :

postice macula magna ad celle finem nigra: corpus olivaceo-

fuscum ; antennis flavo-fuscis, subtus flavis.

Ale subtus argenteo-cerulee, fasciis duabus mediis obliquis oliva-

1866.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 493

ceis ; margine externo tenuissime nigro ; linea marginali alteraque

submarginali olivaceo-fuscis, anticis apud costum undulatis, pos-

ticis angulis alternis: antice fascia apud marginem olivacea

purpurascente ; ocello subapicali nigro, ochreo cincto argenteoque

pupillato: postice ocellis quinque fusco circumcinctis, primo,

secundo et quinto nigris fulvo cinctis et argenteo bipupillatis, tertio

et quarto piriformibus violaceo-argenteis et flavo cinctis : corpus

ochreo-albidum.

Exp. alar. une. 24.

Hab. Tapajos (Coll. Bates).

100. Evprycuia TRICOLOR.

Euptychia tricolor, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 440

(1850); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 15, pl. 65.

f. 3 (1851).

Hab. 3, Tapajos; Fonteboa. B.M.

Q, Tapajos (Coll. Bates).

This is one of the most distinct and beautiful species of Huptychia:

specimens from Fonteboa are even more exquisite in colouring than

the one figured in the ‘Genera ;’ they have a broad ill-defined sub-

costal streak of metallic blue green in the front wings. The only

specimens of the female of this insect which I have seen are in Mr.

Bates’s collection; they are very similar to the females of EZ. chloris.

101. Evprycura BaTesu, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 16.)

3. Ale supra fusce, omnino viridi purpureoque micantes : corpus

olivaceo-fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, albido fasciolatis, pre

flavescentibus, nigro acuminatis, subtus flavis nigro acuminalis.

dle subtus albide, minime roseo micantes, fasciis duabus mediis 0b-

liquis rubris ; fascia lata apud marginem posticum fusca, ocellos

includente ; linea submarginali fusca, anticarum apud apicem an-

gulis alternis undata, posticarum undata ; lineis duabus marginali-

bus fuscis, posticarum undulatis: antice ocello uno subapicali

nigro, fulvo cincto argenteoque pupillato, punctisque duobus mini-

mis intersectis argenteis: postice ocellis quinque fulvo cinctis,

primo, secundo et quinto nigris argenteo pupillatis, primo minimo,

quinto maximo et bipupillato, tertio et quarto ferreo-argenteis

iridibus fusco conspurcatis : corpus ochreo—fuscum.

Exp. alar. unc. 237;.

Hab. Tapajos (Coll. Bates and B.M.).

Q. Ale supra pallide violascentes, lineis marginalibus distinetis :

postice macula subanali uvali nigra brunneo cincta.

Hab. Tapajos (Coll. Bates) ; Para (Coll. Salvin).

The female of this species bears a strong general resemblance to

our variety of HZ. ocypete, and even more closely resembles LZ. helle,

but may be at once distinguished from these by the form and posi-

tion of the central bands, which in Z. ocypete and EH. helle are rather

nearer to the outer margin; the central ocelli also are bipupillate in

these two species.

494 MR. A..G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

102. EuvprycHiIA NORTIA.

Euptychia nortia, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. iii. pl. 44. n. 2. f. 2

(1862).

Hab. Tapajos. B.M.

103. EuprycHiA GERA.

Euptychia gera, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 439

(1850) ; Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 4. pl. 63.

f. 4 (1851).

Hab. Tapajos (Colls. Bates and Hewitson).

104. EuprycHIA METAGERA, Sp. n.

Ale supra fusce, medio albicantes, fasciis duabus mediis indistinctis

Suscis ; lineis tribus marginalibus nigro-fuscis : postice macula

subapicali nigro-fusca, alteraque ocellata subanali per alas con-

spicua : corpus cinereo-fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, pre flaves-

centibus et ad apicem fusco fasciolatis, subtus basi cinereis pre

avis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, area apical roseo tincta ; fasciis velut supra,

sed distinctioribus: postice ocellis sex flavo cinctis, primo, se-

cundo, quinto et sexto nigris argenteo pupillatis, primo et sexto

minimis, quinto maximo, tertio et quarto argenteis elongatis :

corpus fuscum pallidum.

Exp, alar. unc. 18.

Hab. Upper Amazon (Coll. Bates).

Allied to #. gera and LE. nortia.

105. EuprycHIa HIEMALIS, sp. n.

Ale supra nivee, costa et margine postico anticarum fuscis, lineis tri-

bus marginalibus indistinctis fuscis : postice lineis tribus margi-

nalibus, maculis duabus apicalibus unaque subanali fuscis : corpus

Suscum ; antennis supra cinereis albo fasciolatis, pre flavescenti-

bus, subtus flavis pre nigrescentibus.

Ale subtus nivee, fasciis duabus mediis, anticarum brevibus, externa

medin angulata, externa posticarum ad angulum internum irregu-

lari ; coste apiceque anticarum fuscescentibus ; lineis tribus mar-

ginalibus fuscis, posticis undulatis: postice ocellis sex fulvo

cinctis, primo, secundo, quinto et sexto nigris albo pupillatis, aliis

ovalibus argenteis: corpus thorace fusco, abdomine albido.

Eup. alar. une. 2.

Hab. River Amazon; Rio Negro (Coll. Bates). B.M.

Allied to #. nortia, Hewitson ; but at first sight it might appear

to be only an extreme variety of E. ocirrhoé.

Division V.

Ale supra fusce, aliquando parte albida: subtus maculis ocellaribus

diverse formatis, aliquando piriformibus ; quandoque sparsis, ar-

genteis, macula magna subanali nigra; rarius mediis, elongatis ;

aut marginalibus, nigris argenteisque.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 495

Subdivision 1.

Ocellis subtus piriformibus.

106. EuprycuHia FURINA.

Euptychia furina, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ii. pt.44. n.4 (1862).

Hab, Tapajos. 3, B.M.

Mr. Hewitson, at the end of his description of this species, sug-

gests the possibility of H. itonis and L. furina being merely sexually

distinct. I cannot agree with him in this particular, as we have

female insects very much more nearly allied to furina, such as E.

gemmula; but even these are so unlike furina and its male allies

that I should not dare to place them together without some proof

of their identity.

Swainson says of his Satyrus argenteus, an insect allied to itonis,

*« the two sexes are perfectly similar.”

107. EupTycHIA JUNONIA, sp. n.

3. Ale antice elongate, margine postico angulo medio, concavato ;

ale supra fusce immaculate, postice lineis tribus marginalibus

nigro-fuscis duabusque intermediis pallidis : corpus cinereo-fus-

cum ; antennis supra cinereis, subtus flavescentibus, fascia subapi-

cali nigra.

Ale subtus cinereo-fusce, fasciis duabus mediis, posticarum valde

irregularibus fuscis, interna posticarum marginis interni medium

viv attingente, externa ocello sexto interrupta; aliter velut in E.

furina, ocellis autem paulo minoribus, linea submarginali valde

undulata, marginalibusque tenuibus : corpus ochreo-cinereum.

Exp. alar. une. 2.

Hab. Tapajos. B.M.

Closely allied to Z. furina, Hewitson, but quite distinct.

108. EuprycHIaA GEMMULA, sp. n.

Neonympha gemmula, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. App. p.33

(1847); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375. n. 9 (1851).

Ale supra fusce, margine postico fuscescente: postice area anali

paulo dilutiore, maculis una duabusve apud disci medium nigro-

Juscis ; lineis duabus maris nigro-, femine ferrugineo-fuscis, et

margine ipso fusco : corpus thorace cinereo pre rufescente ; abdo-

mine fusco ; antennis cinereis, subtus albido fasciolatis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, fasciis duabus mediis ferrugineis tenuibus,

anticarum subdirectis, late separatis, irregularibus, posticarum

obliquis ; lineis duabus marginalibus, angulis alternis undulatis,

anticarum fuscis, posticarum ferrugineis ; margine ipso nigro te-

nuissimo, ciliis cinereis : postice ocellis maris quinque, femine sex,

ovalibus nigris late fulvo cinetis, secundo et quinto extus nigris,

intus viridi-argenteis, aliis viridi-argenteis : corpus cinereo-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 2.

Hab. 8, Rio Janeiro (Coll. Bates); 2, Brazil. B.M.

Allied to the preceding species.

496 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. [Nov. 22,

109. EuprycHiA DOXES.

Satyrus doves, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 493. n. 54

(1819).

Luptychia doxes, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 374.

n. 28 (1851).

** Alis cerulescenti-fuscis : subtus strigis duabus ferrugineis : pos-

ticis ocellis quinque ovatis et intus argenteo pulverulentis.

‘A little more than 13 inch in expanse. The wings brown, bluish

in some parts ; the upperside of the hind wings has near the anal

angle a large blackish spot, and near the outer margin, which is

more or less dentated, a double sinuated line, uniformly blackish.

Below, each wing has a similar marginal line ; and three ferrugi-

nous undulated transverse lines may be seen, the outer one separated

from the others, but only on the hind wings, by a row of five oval

ocelli, the second, third, and fourth very large; these ocelli, which

are surrounded by an iris of orange, are black towards the outer

margin of the wing, brown, and covered with silver atoms towards

the base. The body is of the same colour as the wings ; the an-

tennze are annulated with brown and white; the club reddish, with

its point black.” —Ene. Méth.

Hab. Brazil.

This species appears to be allied to Z. gemmula, but differs in size

and in several other more important particulars.

110. Euvprycuia ERYCINA.

3. Ale supra fusce : postice area basali pallidiore, apud apicem al-

bescentes ; maculis quatuor submarginalibus nigris, una ad apicem

parva, aliis subanalibus, media majore ; lineis tribus marginalibus

nigro-fuscis, media lata: corpus cinereo-fuscum ; antennis supra

cinereis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus fusce, postice cinereo-albescentes ; lineis duabus mediis,

anticarum subdirectis, externa valde irregulari, ab ocello sexto

posticarum interrupta, lineis tribus marginalibus velut in E. farina

undatis : postice ocellis sex, extus nigris, intus argenteis ; quinto

maximo, primo sextoque minimis : corpus cinereo-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 2.

Hab. Brazil. B.M.

Allied to E. junonia, but very different.

111. Euprycuia vatia, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 14.)

Q. Ale supra fusce: postice macula permagna subapicali ochrea ;

maculis quatuor submarginalibus nigris, secunda quartaque mini-

mis ; linea lunulata-submarginali ochrea: corpus cinereo-fuscum ;

antennis supra fuscis, subtus ferrugineis.

Ale subtus fusce, area apicali posticarum albicante ; lineis mediis

velut in E. erycina sed latius separatis externaque minus sinuata ;

lineis marginalibus velut in E. erycina, margine ipso posticarum

JSusco: postice ocellis sex ovalibus fulvo cinctis, primo, secundo,

1866.] MR. A.G, BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 497

quinto et sexto nigris, intus argenteis, aliis argenteis valde elon-

gatis: corpus fuscum.

Exp. alar. une. 12.

Hab. Bahia. B.M.

Allied to the preceding species.

Subdivision 2.

Ale subtus maculis ocellaribus sparsis argenteis, macula magna

subanali nigra, maculas argenteas includente.

112. Euprycuia COSMOPHILA.

(Oreas fimbriata) Neonympha cosmophila, Hibuer, Ex. Schmett.

Zutrage, nos. 255, 256 ( d ) (1806).

Neonympha cosmophila, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 375. n. 15 (1851).

Satyrus argenteus, Swainson, Zool. Ill. vols. iii. pl. 159 (2)

(1820-23) ; Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373. n. 8

(1851). £#. pagyris, syn.

Hab. Brazil; Bahia. B.M.

I think there can be little doubt that the above insects are sexes

of one species, they only differ in depth of colour.

113. EuprycHiA PAGYRIS.

Satyrus pagyris, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 464 & 491. n. 46

(1819).

Euptychia pagyris, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 373.

n. 8 (1851).

** Alis supra fuscis : subtus strigis duabus ferrugineis undatis ; pos-

ticis basi grisescentibus, tunc flavescentibus, maculis argenteis

nigraque bipunctata.

‘«*Expanse about 1} inch. The upperside brown, somewhat dark.

The front wings entire and without spots ; the hind wings dentated,

whitish towards the anal angle, with a series of three black spots,

the middle one very large.

“The underside of the front wings is the same colour as above,

with two ferrnginous lines, transverse and waved, independent of

which there is along the outer margin a series of nine or ten silver

spots, rather brilliant. The underside of the hind wings is greyish

towards the base, with two ferruginous lines, being a continuation

of those in the front wings ; becoming yellow towards the apex, with

- seven silver spots, five of them somewhat globose, placed parallel to

the outer margin; the two others, especially the one near the inte-

rior margin, elongated and touching the ferruginous line ; between

the fourth and fifth globose spots there is a large oval black one

placed transversely and enclosing two large silver spots ; upon the

outer margin, which is of the same grey as the base, is a double

blackish flexuous line.””—Hne. Meéth,

Hab. Brazil (Coll. Hewitson).

E. pagyris differs from HE. cosmophila in being larger, with the

498 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EupTyCcHIA. [Nov. 22,

black spots in the hind wings on the upperside more distinct, and

placed much further from the margin, they also do not slant down-

wards towards the anal angle. The underside differs in having the

elongate ocellate spots pupillated with silver spots and lunules, and

encircled by an interrupted brown line; the central bands reddish,

the inner one straight, the outer one curved outwardly ; the marginal

lines distinct, black, and bisinuate between each two nervures. The

hind wings have the central bands reddish, placed nearer to one

another, the outer one with zigzag waves ; the basal half brownish ;

the apical half broader and distinct from the outer central line; and

all the markings more defined ; the wings with long cilia, and the

hind wings deeply sinuated.

114. Euprycuia IToONIs.

Euptychia itonis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. ili. pt. 44. f. 3 (1862).

Hab. Para; Ega (Coll. Salvin). B.M.

115. EvprycHIA CLORIMENA.

Papilio clorimena, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. p. 60, pl. 13.

f. 2, 26 (1791).

Neonympha clorimene, Herrich-Schaffer, Ind. Lep. Exot. p. 59.

n. 12 (1864).

Neonympha clerimene, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 65. n. 624

(1816); Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375. n. 16 (1851).

Hab. Surinam.

The arrangement of the silver spots on the underside in this

species appears to be almost the same as in ZL. pagyris.

116. Evprycuia SALVINI, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 13.)

Ale supra fusce pallide, area apicali posticarum albicante, lineisque

duabus nigris : corpus cinereum, antennis ferrugineis.

Ale subtus albide; ale omnes fascia basali obliqua brevi, duabus

mediis subintegris minus obliquis, anticeque fascia ovali, maculas

tres serie contigua positas argenteoque atomatas includente, fuscis ;

margine postico anticarum lineis duabus nigris submarginato :

postice area apicali flava fusco marginata, maculas quinque sub-

apicales argenteas, duas apicales intus nigro punctatas ocellos-

que tres subanales argenteos late nigro cinctos includente, ocello

externo maximo globoso, aliis parvis elongatis ; lineis duabus mar-

ginalibus et margine ipso nigris : corpus albido-fuscum.

Exp. alar. une, 12.

Hab. Panama (Coll. Salvin).

Allied to E. itonis, but very dissimilar in pattern.

Subdivision 3.

Ale subtus maculis ocellaribus elongatis, mediis argenteo atomatis.

117. EvprycHIA AREOLATA.

Papilio areolatus, Smith & Abbot’s Lep. Georgia, p.25,t. 13 (1797).

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 499

Satyrus areolatus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 494. n. 58

(1819) ; Boisd. & Leconte, Icon. Lép. Am. Sept. pl. 63. figs. 5 & 6,

7&8 (metam. ) (1833).

Neonympha areolatus, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 375. n. 6 (1851).

Oreas ( fimbriata) helicta, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. Bd. i.

pl. 95 (1806).

Neonympha helicta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 65. n. 622

(1816).

Hab. Georgia, United States.

Var. Ale antice subtus immaculate, postice ocellis quatuor vel

quinque elongatis, tribus mediis longioribus.

Papilio phocion, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 218. n. 683

(1793).

Satyrus phocion, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 494. n. 59

(1819).

Neonympha phocion, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 6 (1851).

Hab. United States. B.M.

This species is exceedingly variable in marking, as the following

list of the number of ocellate spots in the various figures and de-

scriptions will show :—

Smith & Abbot’s ‘ American Insects,’ f. w. 4, h. w. 6.

Godart, ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ f. w. 4, h. w. 6.

Hibner, ‘Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge,’ f. w. 2-3, h. w. 5.

Boisduval et Leconte, ‘ Histoire des Lépidoptéres,’ f. w. 1, h. w. 4.

Fabricius (£. phocion), ‘Entomologia Systematica,’ f. w. 0, h. w. 3.

Coll. Brit. Mus. (EZ. phocion), three specimens, f. w. 0, h. w. 4-5.

The figure of this species given by Dr. Boisduval appears to have

been badly coloured ; it does not agree in tint with any of the other

figures or with our specimens.

Subdivision 4.

Ale subtus maculis ocellaribus marginalibus, nigris argenteisque.

118. EuprycHIA PYRACMON, sp. n.

Q. Ale supra fusce, linea post alarum medium posita fusca, extus

rubro marginata, anticarum subintegra, posticarum lunulata :

antice margine postico paulo fuscescente, ciliis cinereis : postice

margine apicali paulo fuscescente, margine anali rufescente, macu-

lis tribus submarginalibus nigris, interna minima : corpus cinereo-

fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus albidis, pre flavescentibus,

cinereo fasciolatis.

Ale subtus ochree cinereo varie, fasciis duabus mediis irregulari-

bus ferrugineis : antice linea submarginali undulata apicem non

attingente: postice linea submarginali lunulata argentea, apud

marginem analem intus ferrugineo marginata, ad apicem maculas

500 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTycalA. [Nov. 22,

duas binas argenteas formante, maculis duabus mediis marginali-

bus nigris, macula permagna subanali cinerascente : corpus ochreo-

cinereum.

Exp. alar. unc. 144.

Hab. Oajaca (Mexico). B.M.

Closely allied to E. gemma, from which it differs in being much

larger, having the apex of the front wings subangulated and the

outer margin of the hind wings sinuated ; the wings above reddish in

some parts, with much larger marginal black spots ; below, the cen-

tral streaks are more distinct, reddish, and different in outline.

119. EuprycHia GEMMA.

Neonympha gemma, Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. Zutr. f. 7, 8 (1806) ;

Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 375. n. 8 (1851).

Satyrus gemma, Boisduval et Leconte, Hist. des Lép. pl. 62.

f. 1-3, 4 & 5 (metam.) (1833).

Hab. United States ; Polochic Valley (Coll. Salvin). B.M.

Division VI.

Ale supra fusce immaculate ; antice subtus plerumque immaculate ;

postice ocellis nigris sepius ovalibus, atomis argenteis pupillatis.

120. EuprycuHi1a SAUNDERSII, sp. n. (Pl. XL. fig. 17.)

Ale supra fusce, lineis duabus marginalibus valde indistinctis :

corpus cinereo-fuscum, antennis ferrugineis.

Ale subtus pallidiores, violascentes, area apicali posticarum vires-

cente vel violascente, lineis duabus mediis fuscis, ad costam anti-

carum divergentibus, externa posticarum medio angulata, margine

tenuissime fuscescente, linea marginali tenui alteraque submar-

ginali fuscis ; postice ocellis quinque ovalibus et rarissime uno

minimo apicali, primo et quinto minoribus, nigris, brunneo cinctis,

Susco circumcinctis et atomis argenteis pupillatis : corpus cinereo-

Suscum.

Exp. alar. unc. 24.

Hab. Ega (Coll. Bates) ; Pernambuco. B.M.

Closely allied to Z, pacarus, but apparently differing in the posi-

tion of the lines below, and in size.

121. EvprycHIA MIMA, sp. n.

Precedenti simillima, sed minor, lineis mediis subtus ad costam anti-

carum magis approximantibus, externa posticarum medio excavata :

antice ocello parvo apicali : postice paulo violascentes, ocellis sex

minoribus marginem approximantibus.

Eap. alar. une. 144.

Hab. Tapajos (Coll. Bates).

Very like the preceding species, from which it differs in being

much smaller, with the lines below differently formed, and the ocelli

smaller and nearer to the outer margin.

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 501

122. EvprycHIA FUMATA, Sp. n.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

Very similar in general aspect to HL. saundersii.

123. EupTYCHIA PACARUS.

Satyrus pacarus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 & 495. n. 61

(1819).

Neonympha pacarus, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 4 (1851).

“ Alis integris, nigricanti-fuscis, supra immaculatis: subtus anticis

strigis duabus obscurioribus undatis, posticis tribus, ocellisque

quinque atomis pupillaribus argenteis.

** About 2 inches in expanse. Wings entire, brown, blackish in

some parts; upperside without spots. Underside, near the margin,

with two lines darker than the ground-colour; the hind wings have

a third similar line, placed transversely towards the middle, and

separated from the others by a row of five round ocelli, very black,

with a pupil formed of silver atoms, and a brownish iris surrounded

by a darker circle ; the front wings have no ocelli.’—Enc. Méth.

Hab. Brazil.

124. Euprycaia INSIGNIS, sp. n. (PI. XL. fig. 12.)

Ale@ supra fusce, linea marginali alteraque submarginali valde indi-

stinctis ; postice ocello subanali, per alas conspicuo: corpus fus-

cum, antennis fuscis.

Ale subtus pallidiores: antic@ lineis duabus velut supra fuscis aliaque

brevi interrupta indistincta post cellam oblique posita: postice

medio albicantes ; lineis duabus ante alarum medium oblique positis,

interna apud marginem internum paulo undulata, externa minime

irregulari ; linea marginali alteraque submarginali undatis ; ocellis

tribus discalibus serie recta positis, argenteis, nigro cinctis ochreo-

que promiscue circumcinctis, medio maximo : corpus pallidum.

Exp. alar. une. 142.

Hab. (Coll. Bates).

This species may be allied to EZ. nortia, but only agrees with it in

a few particulars of coloration.

Iam told that the following species has been mistaken for the

antonoé of Cramer, with which it has no connexion whatever.

Division VII.

Ale antice margine postico excavato ; postice margine postico sub-

directo, angulo anali distincto: supra fusce, subtus margine pos-

tico albicante, ocellis posticarum lunulis pupillatis.

125. EupryCHIA ERICHTHO, sp.n. (Pl. XL. fig. 15.)

Ale supra fusce, antice lineis duabus, postice tribus marginalibus

Juscis : corpus fuscum ; antennis supra fuscis, subtus ferrugineis.

502 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. ([Nov. 22,

Ale subtus pallidiores, margine postico violaceo-albicante ; lineis

duabus mediis, interna apud costam intus currente, fuscis ; lineis

duabus marginalibus nigris tenuibus, unaque submarginali, anti-

carum irregulari, posticarum sinuata: antice ocellis fuscis medio

nigris, pupillis violaceo-argenteis, ochreo cinctis et fusco circum-

cinctis: postice ocellis sex similibus, pupillis plerumque lunu-

latis : corpus fuscum.

Exp. alar. unc. 143.

Hab. Pernambuco, Rio, Ega, Para (B.M.); Ega (Colls. Bates

and Salvin).

126. EvprycuHia ARCHEBATES.

Satyrus archebates, Ménétriés, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou,

iii. p. 38.

Euptychia archebates, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 374.

n. 25 (1851).

Hab. Antilles.

The book in which this insect was described was, I am told, de-

stroyed in the great fire at Moscow; and I am therefore unable to

determine the species.

The following species probably do not belong to this genus :—

127. PapPILio FLORIMEL. 4

Papilio florimel, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 215. n. 673 (1793);

Donovan’s Drawings in Bibl. Hope. Oxford.

Satyrus florimel, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 469 & 512. n. 106

(1819).

Neonympha florimel, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 19 (1851).

Hab. ?

From the description given by Fabricius I should suppose this

insect to be an Erebia; I have, however, had no opportunity of

seeing Donovan’s drawings, and may therefore be mistaken. I know

of no species of Huptychia anything like it.

128. PapILio PERIBZA.

Papilio peribea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 234. n. 730 (1793).

Neonympha peribea, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 376.

n. 24 (1851).

Satyrus peribea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 463 & 486. n. 29

1819). ~

: Hab. Surinam (Fabricius).

If it were not for the locality, I should have imagined this insect,

from the description, to be a Mycalesis. I do not know of any species

of Euptychia with a large ocellus at the inner margin of the front

wings on the upperside.

129. PAPILIO HALYMA.

Papilio halyma, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 243. n. 758 (1793).

1866.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS EUPTYCHIA. 503

Satyrus halyma, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp- 463 & 487. n. 32

(1819).

Neonympha halyma, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 376.

n. 25 (1851).

Hab. in Indiis (Fabricius) ; West Indies (Westwood).

This species may be a Dedis. I believe that Fabricius occasion-

ally uses the locality “in Indiis” instead of “in India.”

130. Paprnio CANTHUs.

Papilio canthus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ii. p- 768. n. 129 (1766) ;

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p: 157. n. 484 (1793).

Satyrus canthus et cantheus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pp. 465 &

493. nos. 55, 56 (1819).

Neonympha canthus, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 375.

n. 13 (1851).

Papilio eurydice, Linn. Ameen. Acad. vi. p- 406 (Centuria In-

sectorum) n. 65 (1789).

Hab. United States. B.M.

This species appears to me to be allied to Lasiommata dejanira

(Europe) ; it bears a strong resemblance to Debis portlandia (United

States).

Linnzus, in his ‘Systema Nature’ (1766), briefly characterizes

this species, and refers for a fuller description of it to the ‘ Ameeni-

tates Academice,’ published in 1749. Fabricius refers to P. ar-

yanthe (sic), Cramer, i. pl. 17. t. 204. f. C, D, as his species. This

figure, however, does not at all agree with his description.

The following species does not belong to the genus Euptychia,

but is identical with Chionobas bore, Ochsenheim. See Fabricius’s

type in the Banksian Collection :—

131. PAapiILio POLIXENES.

Papilio polizenes, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii.1. p. 152. n.466 (1793).

Neonympha? polixenes, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 376. n. 22 (1851).

Hab. North America (Coll. Banks). B.M.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXIX., XI.

Puate XXXIX.

Fig. 1. Euptychia terrestris, p. 462. Fig. 12. Euptychia atalanta, p- 474.

2. usitata, p. 463. 13. —— undulata, p. 475.

3. pieria, p. 463. 14, —— binalinea, p. 475.

4, austera, p. 464, iD; cous, p. 477.

5. erigone, p. 466. 16. pharella, p. 478.

6. ertphule, p. 468. Le harmonia, p. 478.

de electra, p. 468. 18. —— phineus, p. 478.

8. —— variabilis, p. 469. 19. —— saturnus, p. 479.

9. —— affinis, p. 469. 20. vesta, p. 479.

10. —— ambigua, p. 472. 21. pulladia, p. 461.

11. —— huebneri, p. 473. 22. —— enyo, p- 480.

504 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Noyv. 22,

Prats XL.

Fig. I. Euptychia marmorata, p. 471.| Fig. 10. Euptychia callichloris, p. 490.

2. pilata, p. 483. 11. ayaya, p. 492

3. —— divergens, p. 464. 12. -—— insignis, p. 501.

4. hewitsonti, p. 491. 13. salvini, p. 498.

5. —— celestis, p. 484. 14: latia, p. 496.

6. urania, p. 484. 15, —— erichtho, p. 501.

ie gigas, p. 486. 16. batesti, p. 493.

. agatha, p. 492. 17. —— saundersii, p. 500.

brixiola, p. 483.

14, Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera collected in the Island

of Penang by James Lamb, Esq. By Francis P. Pascor,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., late Pres. Ent. Soc.

(Part II.)*

(Plates XLI., XLII, XLII.)

CERAMBYCIDZ.

LEPTURINZE.

CAPNOLYMMA.

Capnolymma, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 265.

CaPNOLYMMA SstyGIuM, Pascoe, op. cit. p. 266.

This insect has also been taken in Borneo, flying at sunset, by

Mr. Wallace, and in Java by Dr. Horsfield.

CAPNOLYMMA CAPREOLA. (Pl. XLII. fig. 1.)

C. testaceo-brunneum, pube grisescente tectum; humeris apice

rotundatis.

Pale testaceous brown; head and prothorax darker, with a coarse

pale grey pile; head narrowly elongate, very pubescent except be-

hind the eyes; prothorax scarcely constricted behind the anterior

margin, the lateral tooth prominent, disk covered with glossy black

granules, the pubescence forming two lines united anteriorly but

diverging behind; scutellum subseutiform but rounded posteriorly,

covered with a dense yellowish pubescence; elytra truncate at the

apex, not apiculate, closely punctured, each puncture with a setiform

hair crossing it longitudinally ; body beneath and legs pale testa-

ceous, finely pubescent ; antennze much longer than the body, the

basal joint slightly clavate. Length 6 lines.

A well-marked species, differing in size, colour, and certain struc-

tural points—notably in the rounded apex of the shoulder, not pro-

duced into a sharp tooth-like process as in C. stygium. The genus

* For Part I. see anted, p. 222.

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOK ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, — 505

is allied to Leptura, but is distinguished by several important cha-

racters, such as the elongate-ovate, not truncate, terminal joints of

the palpi, the large facets of the eyes, the long basal joint of the

antennz and its insertion considerably anterior to the eye—thus

making a very important step towards the curculionid type, and a

very marked departure from its own. The anterior coxee are scarcely

conical or elongate, but are inserted into their largely angulated

cotyloid cavities something after the manner of the Prionide.

ASILARIS.

Caput ante oculos angustatum, productum.

Antenne basi approximate, apicem versus lateraliter dilatate,

scapo breviusculo.

Palpi mazillares articulo ultimo elongato-ovato.

Femora in medio incrassata.

Head constricted directly behind the eyes, narrowed and produced

anteriorly. Eyes nearly entire, very prominent, the facets very

minute. Antenne shorter than the body, inserted between the

eyes, the scape rather short and slender; third joint longest ; fifth

at the apex and succeeding joints gradually unilaterally dilated from

the base; the last notched and simulating an additional joint.

Maxillary palpi slender, lengthened, the last joint elongate-ovate ;

labial palpi short, truncate. Prothorax subobconical, its posterior

angles produced, the base bisinuate. _Elytra gradually attenuated.

Legs unequal, the posterior longest ; femora thickened in the middle;

tarsi of the anterior and intermediate pair with the basal joint di-

lated in the male, of the anterior only in the female; basal joint of

the posterior tarsi long and compressed in both sexes. Anterior coxee

stout, subconical or subcylindrical. Abdomen slender, imperfectly

covered by the elytra. :

Nearly allied to Ocalemia; but in that genus the maxillary palpi

are truncate, the posterior femora elongate and linear, and the an-

tenn have the joints longer and only partially dilated towards their

apices. Both genera, owing to the structure of the prothorax, are

nearer Strangalia than Leptura.

AsILaris zonatus. (Pl. XLI. fig. 1.)

A. ater ; elytris quadrifasciatis, fascia postica flavescente, alteris

albis; antennis articulis ultimis sex ochraceis.

Deep black, very slightly pubescent, except the four coloured

bands on the elytra, and exceedingly closely and minutely punctured ;

muzzle rather glossy about the mouth; palpi and maxillary lobes

dull testaceous; prothorax rather longer than broad, considerably

narrowed at the apex; scutellum exactly triangular, and having the

white basal band of the elytra continuous across its whole surface ;

elytra obliquely truncate at the apex, the outer angle very acute,

the basal and two median bands white, the preeapical yellowish ;

body beneath with a scanty silvery white pubescence ; antennee with

the last six joints ochraceous. Length 7 lines.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXIII.

506 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Epuiess.

Antenne basi subremota, dilatate.

Oculi prominuli, fere integri.

Femora simplicia, basi paulo angustiora.

Elytra parallela.

Head constricted a little behind the eyes, moderately produced

anteriorly. Eyes prominent, nearly entire, with minute facets.

Antenne much shorter than the body, rather remote at the base,

inserted between the eyes; the scape short, obconical, slightly curved;

the third joint much larger and longer, and with the following di-

lated, principally on one side ; the last joint entire. Palpi small, the

last joint of the maxillary elongate and truncate. Prothorax shortly

subconical, its posterior angles produced, the base bisinuate. Elytra

elongate, their sides nearly parallel. Legs unequal, the posterior

longest ; femora not clavate; basal joint of the anterior tarsi short,

of the intermediate and posterior elongate. Anterior coxee conical.

Abdomen stout, embraced by the elytra.

In habit similar to Euryptera, a genus with which it might almost

be conjoined, but for its antenne. The type, described below, is

by far the broadest of the four species (all new) now before me.

Epuies cruentus. (Pl. XLI. fig. 9.)

E. ater, elytris, apice excepto, prothoraceque, vitta mediana ex-

cepta, lete sanguineis ; prothoracis lobo prope scutellum emar-

ginato.

Black, body beneath and legs glossy, elytra and prothorax bright

blood-red, except at the apex of the former and a median stripe on

the latter; head covered with a short woolly pubescence, a pale

brownish’ spot on the forehead and two on the neck; palpi and

upper lip pitchy black ; prothorax slightly angular at the side, the

base strongly bisinuate, the middle lobe broadly emarginate; scu-

tellum narrowly elongate and triangular ; elytra closely covered with

a very shaggy pubescence, the sides incurved but rounded towards

the apex, a slightly impressed line along the middle of each, the

apex emarginate ; antennz about half the length of the body, dull

black. Length 6 lines.

There is a true Leptura in the collection, belonging to a small

section of the genus, differing principally in coloration, and of which

I have two more undescribed species from Singapore and Macassar

respectively. The specimen, however, wants the hinder legs.

PuHILUs.

Philus, W. Wilson Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2. ii. p. 110.

PHILUS RUFESCENS (9).

P. rufo-ferrugineus ; prothorace utrinque rotundato, fere obsolete

marginato, disco linea elevata mediana longitudinal.

Reddish ferruginous, nearly glabrous; head closely and finely

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 507

punctured ; prothorax closely punctured, transverse, broader than

the head, its sides rounded, and only very imperfectly margined, the

disk with a median elevated longitudinal line not extending to the

apex or base; scutellum small, subtriangular; elytra much broader

than the prothorax, closely punctured, the punctures larger than

elsewhere, and occasionally confluent, two slightly elevated longitu-

dinal lines on each; body beneath brown; legs brownish ferrugi-

nous, slightly hairy ; antenne about half as long as the body in the

female, in the male probably longer than the body, as in P. anten-

natus, Gyll. (P. inconspicuus, W. W. Saund.).

Philus was referred by Mr. Saunders to the Prionide, near Erio-

derus and Tragosoma ; but I think it is more correctly placed by M.

J. Thomson with the true Lepturine, near Centrodera and Vesperus.

The marginal costa, marking the separation of the prothoracic pleure

from the pronotum, one of the most important characters of the

Prionida, is almost obliterated in the species just described, and,

according to M. Thomson, there is not the least trace of it in another

species from Northern India described by him (P. globulicollis).

Philus antennatus, Gyll. (Schon. Ins. App. p. 280), is an old Chi-

nese species, with which Mr. Saunders’s P. inconspicuus is said to be

identical.

STENODERINE.

DESJANIRA.

Dejanira, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 134.

DEJANIRA QUADRIPUNCTATA, J. Thomson, J. c.

M. Thomson’s specimen of this fine Longicorn and one in my

own collection are from Java. The antennez of the female are only

about two-thirds the length of the body.

DeEsANI RA BIAPICULATA.

D. rufo-ochracea ; elytris in medio oblique fulvo maculatis, apice

singulis biapiculatis.

Reddish ochraceous; head and prothorax covered with a rich

golden-yellow silky pubescence, the vertex with a short keel between

the eyes, and a few punctures; spines of the prothorax moderately

produced, triangular, the disk irregular, with two antemedian sub-

approximate tubercles; scutellum black, narrow, rounded behind,

slightly grooved in the middle; elytra rather narrow, finely punc-

tured, covered with a short dense pubescence, an oblique yellowish

patch on each towards the outer side, the apices shortly biapiculate ;

body beneath with a delicate yellowish pubescence; legs slender ;

antennze reddish ochraceous; eyes black. Length 7 lines.

There are three specimens, or perhaps species, in Mr. Lamb’s

collection, all differing in the prothorax, but otherwise, allowing for

the usual differences in sex and size, apparently identical. It would

be necessary to examine a larger series before this can be decided ;

and therefore I will only mention here that one of the three has a

508 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Noyv. 22,

large, very distinct, scar-like patch, strongly punctured, just above

the spine, and the other has the disk closely punctured, except a

smooth narrow stripe on each side advancing from the base.

Diosyris.

Caput antice transversum, inter antennas projectum, pone oculos

elongatum, haud angustatum.

Antenne basi subapproximate, inter oculos inserta.

Oculi rotundati, a basi antennarum remoti.

Prothorax suboblongus, antice posticeque latitudine equalis.

Femora abrupte clavata; tarsi breviusculi, subequales.

Head elongate and not narrowed behind the eyes ; face short and

transverse, antennary tubers approximate, forming a ridge in front,

situated between but not near the eyes. Antenne as long as or longer

than the body, plumiferous ; scape moderately long, clavate, curved ;

the third joint longer, also curved; fourth and fifth shorter; the

sixth longest of all; the rest very considerably shorter in the female,

much less so in the male. Eyes rounded, nearly entire. Palpi short,

equal, linear, obtuse. External maxillary lobe plumose. Prothorax

rather longer than broad, the anterior and posterior margins of

nearly equal width, toothed at the sides, the disk irregular. Elytra

broadest at the base, very irregular, the sides slightly narrowing

posteriorly, the apices rounded. Legs, the intermediate and pos-

terior pairs gradually longer; femora abruptly clavate, the posterior

much shorter than the abdomen; tibize slender; tarsi rather short,

nearly equal. Anterior coxe globose. Anterior acetabula largely

angulated. . Prosternum raised to the level of the coxee. Mesoster-

num declivous.

Evidently allied to Mythodes, J. Thoms., but differing in several

respects from the characters of the genus as given by its author.

This genus is as remarkable as any other in the series of nearly

isolated genera comprised in this and some of the allied subfamilies.

It seems scarcely advisable to retain the Rhagiomorphine, which can

only be recognized by their emarginate or lunate eyes from the Ste-

noderine, which have rounded entire or nearly entire eyes. The

plumosity of the antenne and of the posterior tibize of the species

described below is common to both sexes. The male is the smallest,

and has the last five joints of the antenne much more elongated

than the female: one of these measures 43 lines only, while a female

measures eleven. The whole insect looks as if highly varnished,

excepting, however, the last five antennal joints ; and the elytra seem

to have contracted or crumpled up in the process.

Diosyris MIRANDA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 7.)

D. fulva, polita, fusco variegata.

Fulvous yellow varied with dark brown, shining as if varnished ;

head finely punctured, above the mouth a deep ,-shaped impression,

antennary tubers divided by a narrow groove ; prothorax constricted

anteriorly and posteriorly, the disk with nine callosities, exclusive of

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 509

the two lateral teeth, the five middle nearly forming a quincunx, the

two foremost of which are elevated and conical; scutellum elongate,

triangular ; elytra very irregular, longitudinally marked with irregu-

lar raised lines, with smaller transverse lines between them, and

rather finely punctured, the brown principally forming three large

patches on each; body beneath dark glossy chestnut-brown; legs

yellowish, shining, the femora at the base, band on the clava, and

apex of the tibie brown ; antennz yellowish, the first six joints very

glossy, the rest pubescent, opake, the apex of the third beneath, the

fourth almost entirely beneath, and the sixth at the apex generally

tufted with dark fulvous hairs. Length 43-11 lines.

DIsTENIIN#.

No#émia.

Noémia, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 111.

No£MtA FLAVICORNIS, Pascoe, J. c., pl. 22. f. 8.

Found also by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak. A speci-

men from the latter locality has a slender vertical spine on each side

of the mesosternum, immediately above the coxa.

NoEMIA CHALYBEATA.

N. toto cyaneo-chalybeata ; capite transversim sulcato et punc-

tato; elytris apicibus bimucronatis.

Entirely bright steel-blue, with an almost imperceptible greyish

pile; head finely and closely punctured, behind the eyes the punc-

tures occasionally contiguous, forming slight transverse grooves ;

prothorax covered with small closely crowded irregular punctures,

the apex transversely striated; scutellum scutiform, concave, finely

punctured ; elytra strongly punctured at the base, gradually be-

coming impunctate posteriorly, the punctures in rows, the alternate

rows separated by a raised line, the apices bimucronate, the outer

mucro produced ; body beneath glabrous; legs with a few scattered

hairs ; antenne nearly linear, about half as long again as the body.

Length 10 lines.

A fine species, very distinct, inter alia, from the others hitherto

described in its mucronate elytra, a peculiarity which would put it

out of the genus as M. J. Thomson has defined it. The above de-

scription is from one of Mr. Wallace’s specimens taken at Sarawak.

NECYDALINZE.

MERIONGDA.

Merioneda, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 238.

MERIONGDA ACUTA.

M. capite nigro ; prothorace luteo ; elytris longiusculis, testaceis,

extus nigro limbatis; antennis articulis penultimis et ante-

penultimis flavidis, ceteris nigris.

510 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Head black, nearly impunctate; prothorax bright yellow, with

five oblong raised elevations on the disk, and a raised transverse an-

terior line ; scutellum transversely subquadrate ; elytra nearly as long

as the abdomen, rather suddenly narrowed behind the middle, finely

seriate-punctate, testaceous, the outer portion from the shoulders to

the apex black ; abdomen and postpectus black, antepectus yellow ;

legs black, femora at the base pale yellow. Length 4 lines.

There are a number of undescribed species in my collection ; it is

therefore only necessary here to say that the nearest ally of this

insect is M. scitella, which has much shorter elytra, not suddenly

narrowed posteriorly, with the /ast two joints of its antennze yellow-

. ish. The males in this genus have longer and more slender antennz

than the females; but the extraordinarily clavate posterior femora,

and the strongly spurred tibie of the same pair, appear, judging

from my examples, to be alike in both sexes. M. J. Thomson

places this genus in his ‘“ sous-tribe Callichromite,’ notwithstand-

ing that the anterior acetabula are strongly angulated.

OsRIINZE.

DEUTEROMMA.

Deuteromma, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 98.

DrvTEROMMA TESTACEUM, Pascoe, op. cit. p. 111.

To the short characters given in the above work, it is only neces-

sary to add here that this is well distinguished from three or four

other entirely testaceous species, not yet described, by the dark

brown colour of the two basal joints of the antennz.

CIoPERA.

Oculi fere integri.

Antenne setacee, scapo cicatricoso.

Prothorax elongatus.

Head short and subtriangular in front, rather longer behind.

Eyes oblong, nearly entire, prominent. Antenne setaceous, longer

than the body ; the scape strongly cicatricose ; the third joint longer ;

the fourth shorter than the third ; the remainder longer than the third

and subequal, or a little shorter towards the apex. Palpi with the

terminal joint thicker, truncate. Prothorax elongate, not wider

than the head. Elytra narrow, imperfectly embracing the abdomen

at the sides. Legs slender; anterior shortest, posterior longest ;

femora thickened beyond the middle ; tarsi much shorter than their

tibiae. Anterior coxe produced, subconical, their acetabula strongly

angulated.

A very distinct genus, like Deuteromma in habit, but with entire

eyes, or in the slightest degree emarginate, and the scape with a

strongly marked cicatricose apex. The posterior tarsi are, unfor-

tunately, absent, it being, like many others of its subfamily, a fragile

species,

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 511

Cropera pecoLoraTA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 10.)

C. testacea, subtiliter pubescens ; femoribus tibtisque basi infus-

catis.

Testaceous, a little darker anteriorly, covered with a loose delicate

pubescence; head and prothorax minutely and closely punctured, a

short median line between the antennze terminating in a semicircular

impression above the mouth; prothorax slightly constricted ante-

riorly ; scutellum oblong, narrow; elytra finely punctured, the

punctures finer and more dispersed posteriorly, apices slightly de-

hiscent and pointed; body beneath pale testaceous ; legs testaceous,

the femora and bases of the tibiee brownish ; antennz slight pilose.

Length 6 lines.

RHINOTRAGINZ.

EPIANTHE.

Antenne apicem versus incrassat@, scapo obconico.

Elytra integra, parallela.

Tarsi postici elongati.

Head not elongate anteriorly, slightly constricted behind, the

forehead rather broad. Eyes narrowly emarginate, lateral, not ap-

proximate above. Antennz thickened towards the apex, half as

long as the body ; the scape short, obconical; the second joint half

the length of the scape ; third longest of all; fourth, fifth, and sixth

short; the last five shortest and forming a thickened continuous

cylinder. Prothorax oblong, as broad as the head, slightly con-

stricted near the base and apex. Elytra flattish, entire, nearly pa-

rallel at the sides. Legs unequal; femora thickened towards the

apex ; tibiee slender; posterior tarsi with the basal joint as long as

the rest together.

No member of the Rhinotraging was known from Asia until M.

J. Thomson published his three genera Plutonesthes, Artimpaza,

and Cleomenes; four more are here added, all very distinct from

one another. These are all confined to single examples. Mr. Wal-

lace’s collections, too, contained but two specimens, each represent-

ing a genus; one of them, however, is Artimpaza odontoceroides,

J.Thomson. From the individual rarity of these insects it is very

likely that the group in Tropical Asia is much more extensive than

it appears to be at present. It is probable that, when more of the

species shall be known, some modifications of the characters of the

genera here given will be requisite, especially of the antenne. All

the genera in Mr. Lamb’s collection have the elytra entire—that is

to say, neither shortened nor dehiscent at the suture, although, as

in the subfamily generally, only imperfectly covering the abdomen

at the sides.

EpIaANTHE viripis. (Pl. XLI. fig. 5.)

E. viridi-metallica ; pedibus anticis rufis.

512 MR.F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Noy. 22,

Rich metallic green, scarcely shining, with numerous crowded

punctures; upper lip, mandibles, and fore legs red; prothorax

about half as long again as broad, the middle with a darker or bluish

stripe; scutellum black, triangular; elytra with a golden tinge

along the suture, the apex rounded; body beneath with silvery-

white pubescence ; antenne black ; legs, except the anterior, black-

ish, the tarsi paler. Length 4 lines.

MypastTa.

Antenne apicem versus incrassate, scapo obconico.

Elytra integra, postice angustata, lateribus haud declivibus.

Tibize vobuste ; tarsi subequales.

Head slightly produced anteriorly, not constricted behind. Eyes

shortly ovate, not approximate above, strongly emarginate. An-

tennze half as long as the body, distant at the base, arising close to

the eyes; the scape shortly obconic ; the third joint twice as long as

the scape ; the fourth considerably shorter ; the remainder thickened

and, as far as the penultimate, slightly produced at the apex; the

last joint conical. Prothorax oblong, strongly constricted at the apex

and base, the intermediate portion rounded. Elytra narrowed pos-

teriorly, contiguous at the suture, not bent down at the sides. Legs

very unequal, the posterior pair by far the longest ; femora strongly

incrassated towards the apex; tibize stout; tarsi subequal, mode-

rately dilated. Abdomen contracted at the base, the first segment

nearly as large as the rest together.

This genus has almost exactly the habit of Aeyphoderes, Serv.,

but, inter alia, is without its muzzle, and with non-dehiscent

elytra.

Myopasta piscoipEA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 4.)

M. capite chalybeato; prothorace aterrimo, antice posticeque,

scutello fasciisque (subtus) argenteo-albis ; elytris eneo-nigris,

Serrugineo plagiatis.

Head bluish black, strongly punctured, especially in front, where

the punctures are divided by short vertical lines; lip brown, bor-

dered with yellowish ; prothorax intensely black, deeply and closely

punctured, the anterior border dark blue, behind this border, on

each side, a band of silvery-white hairs, a similar band on the con-

stricted portion behind; scutellum oblong, with a dense silvery

pubescence ; elytra entirely glabrous, brassy black at the base, a

large patch of reddish ferruginous (varying in size) occupying the

middle and posterior portion, the apex rounded, deep bluish black,

punctures at the base almost contiguous, becoming smaller and more

distant posteriorly ; body beneath dark purplish blue, the meta-

sternum posteriorly and edge of the first segment of the abdomen

silvery white; legs brownish red, shining, the base of the posterior

femora and the middle of their tarsi dark brown; antenne reddish,

the last six joints black. Length 7 lines.

1866.] MR. F. P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 513

SESTYRA.

Antenne lineares, scapo pyriformi.

Caput collo constricto, prothorace latius.

Tarsi subequales.

Head broad, rather short anteriorly, constricted behind, the fore-

head concave. Eyes narrowly emarginate, lateral, not approximate

above. Antenne sublinear, nearly as long as the body; the scape

rather short, claviform ; third joint twice as long as the scape; the

rest gradually shorter to the eighth or ninth. Prothorax subcylin-

drical, narrower than the head, sulcately constricted at the anterior

third and at the base. Elytra narrow, entire, subparallel. Legs

unequal, slender; femora thickened towards the apex; tibiz slen-

der ; tarsi subequal.

The broad head, strongly constricted behind into a distinct neck,

and the pyriform scape are peculiarly characteristic of the curious

little Longicorn forming the type of this genus.

SESTYRA CEPHALOTES. (PI. XLI. fig. 3.)

S. nigra; prothorace albo bifasciato ; elytris fusco-nigris, basi

brunneo plagiatis ; pedibus articulisque duobus basalibus an-

tennarum nitidis.

Black, nearly glabrous ; head finely punctured, a few silvery hairs

in front ; prothorax closely punctured, silvery-white hairs lining the

grooves and forming two bands; scutellum narrow at the base, gra-

dually widening behind and truncate, covered with a silvery-white

pubescence ; elytra closely punctured, each puncture with a short

white procumbent hair, at the base an oblong patch of reddish

brown extending nearly to the middle, the apex pointed ; body be-

neath with a close silvery pile; legs glossy black, the anterior tibiz

and tarsi luteous ; antennze with the basal and second joints black,

shining, the remainder pale brownish. Length 4 lines.

MImMIstTEeNnaA.

Antenne setacee, scapo pyriformi.

Caput collo subconstricto, prothorace angustius.

Tarsi postici et intermedii elongati.

Elytra integra.

Head not elongate anteriorly, slightly constricted behind, the

forehead broad. Eyes lateral, narrowly emarginate, not approximate

above. Antenne setaceous, longer than the body, ciliated beneath ;

the scape pyriform ; third joint longest ; the fourth short; the next

two gradually increasing in length ; the seventh to the tenth slightly

decreasing ; the eleventh as long as the third. Prothorax broader

than the head, subcylindrical, but flattish above, constricted ante-

riorly. Elytra not wider than the prothorax, rather contracted be-

hind the shoulders, entire. Legs unequal ; femora thickened towards

the apex ; tibice slender; tarsi with the basal joint of the interme-

diate and posterior pair elongate.

514 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Noy. 22,

The longer setaceous antennee and entire elytra will distinguish

this genus from any of the Asiatic Rhinotragine. Whether the

South American genera Rhopalophora, Cosmisoma, Disaulax, and

others should be kept apart, as M. J. Thomson has done in his

‘ Essai,’ although not in his more recent ‘ Systema,’ is a question

that I will not at present undertake to decide. Certainly Mimistena

would point to their union.

MiMIsTENA FEMORATA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 6.)

M. nigra, nitida; scutello niveo; elytris viridi-metallicis ; an-

tennis in medio pallidis.

Black, glabrous, shining ; head finely punctured, with short raised

vertical lines in front and between the antenne ; prothorax impunc-

tate anteriorly, the disk behind the constricted portion irregular

and finely punctured; scutellum rounded, covered with a snowy-

white silky pubescence ; elytra dark metallic green, irregularly punc-

tured, the apex pointed; body beneath and legs glossy black; an-

tennz with the sixth, seventh, and eighth joints nearly white.

Length 5 lines.

PLUTONESTHES.

Plutonesthes, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 160.

PLUTONESTHES CRocATA. (Pl. XLII. fig. 2.)

P. nigra, pilosa; prothorace elytrisque aurantiacis ; corpore

infra cyaneo-chalybeato.

Black, with long scattered erect hairs; head closely punctured,

much constricted behind the eyes ; prothorax narrow, covered with

a silky orange pubescence; scutellum triangular; elytra four times

as long as the prothorax, the sides parallel at the base, but gradually

expanding before the middle, and rounded at the apex, covered with

a coarse silky orange-coloured pubescence, darker or brownish at the

apex ; body beneath bright steel-blue; legs glossy black; antennee

opake black, hairy at the base. Length 43 lines.

M. J. Thomson’s P. rufipennis differs from the above, according

to his description, in its roughly punctured prothorax. He makes

no mention of the long scattered hairs and glossy steel-blue of the

under surface ; and therefore I do not hesitate in considering it di-

stinct. Another nearly allied species is in my collection from Sin-

gapore with shorter legs and apex of the elytra blue black.

ERYTHRINZ,

ERyTHRUS.

Erythrus, White, Catal. Long. Brit. Mus. p. 142.

Pseudoleptura, J. Thomson, Essai, &c., p. 148.

ERYTHRUS IGNITUS.

E. niger ; prothorace coccineo, utrinque vittis duabus nigris ;

elytris coccineis, lateraliter fortiter declivibus, apice nigris.

1866.] MR.F.P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 515

Black ; head closely punctured; prothorax closely granulated,

bright vermilion, its anterior border and a lateral stripe on each side,

not reaching to the base, black ; scutellum small, transverse ; elytra

brilliant vermilion, posteriorly black, covered with finely granular

points, strongly declivous at the side, the sutural angle at the apex

slightly produced ; body beneath black, the sterna subnitid, the ab-

domen opake; legs and antennz black. Length 9 lines,

ERYTHRUS LACERTOSUS.

E. niger ; prothorace coccineo, nigro bimaculato ; elytris cocci-

nets, lateraliter fortiter delivibus, tertia postica nigris.

Black ; head small, finely and closely punctured ; prothorax ver-

milion, slightly nitid, rather coarsely punctured comparatively, the

intervals subgranulose, two black closely punctured round slightly

elevated spots on the middle, the space between them’shortly keeled;

scutellum subtriangular ; elytra bright brick-red, opake, minutely

punctured throughout, the intervals subgranulose, sides distinctly

declivous, the posterior third or nearly so black, the apex dehiscent,

the suture produced into a short triangular point; body beneath

from the anterior coxe black, the pectus anterior to them red; legs

and antenne short. Length 12 lines.

ERYTHRUS APICULATUS.

E. niger ; prothorace coccineo, nigro bilineato ; elytris coceineis,

lateraliter fortiter declivibus, apice nigris, ad suturam elongato-

productis.

Black, except the prothorax, scutellum, and elytra; head with a

few reddish hairs on the vertex and around the eyes ; prothorax red-

dish vermilion, covered with shallow punctures, the middle with two

mamilliform tubercles, and two black stripes with an intermediate

subobsolete spot, the sides black; scutellum transverse, rounded

behind, reddish; elytra vermilion, black at the apex, covered with

numerous shallow minute punctures and a fine sparse vermilion pu-

bescence, the sides declivous, apex at the suture strongly produced ;

body beneath opake black ; legs short ; antennze with the third joint

somewhat dilated. Length 8 lines.

ERYTHRUS ATRICOLLIS.

E. omnino niger, elytris exceptis ; prothorace carina postica in-

structo; elytris apice subchalybeato-nigris, lateribus vix decli-

vibus.

Entirely black, except the elytra; head more elongate below the

eyes, the neck granulose ; prothorax closely punctured, an elevated

median line or carina posteriorly; scutellum transverse, pointed

behind ; elytra vermilion, the apex black tinged with blue, closely

punctured, the intervals granulose throughout, the conjoined apices

rounded ; body beneath black, with a slight silvery pubescence on

the abdomen ; legs longer than in the preceding ; antennze with the

third joint nearly cylindrical. Length 7 lines.

516 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Erythrus differs from the next genus, Pyrestes, principally in its

short prothorax; in other characters there are variations: but the

two, although closely allied, are distinguishable at a glance. The

sculpture of the prothorax and elytra is somewhat peculiar. It con-

sists of minute crowded punctures, especially on the elytra, with the

intervals so raised as to give them the appearance of being equally

minutely granulated, shagreened as it were; pubescence is almost

wanting, except in Z. apiculatus. Erythrus used by Mr. Walker

for a genus of Chalcidide was never anything but a catalogue name,

and therefore it does not appear to me to be necessary to change Mr.

White’s.

PYRESTES.

Pyrestes, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 96.

Pyrestes pouitus. (Pl. XLII. fig. 6.)

P. niger, nitidissimus ; elytris impunctatis, apicibus subbimucro-

natis, lete coccineis, macula preapicali excepta; abdomine

rufo, nitido.

Deep black, except the elytra, and very smooth and glossy ; head

rather broad below the eyes, finely punctured ; prothorax at the apex

nearly as broad as the head, transversely striate anteriorly, and nearly

impunctate ; scutellum oblong, very convex, narrowed behind; elytra

less than twice as long as the head and prothorax, impunctate, rich

glossy vermilion, except a large black przeapical spot, the base irregu-

larly furrowed on each side of the scutellum, the sides with a strongly

marked raised margin, the apices emarginate, with the sutural angle

mucronate, and the external only slightly produced; abdomen dark

vermilion, shining, sterna black; legs rather stout ; antenne with

the third joint shorter than the scape, fourth shortest of all, except

the second. Length 10 lines.

Distinguished, zxter alia, from P. ewimius, which are the only

two glossy species at present known, by its bimucronate elytra.

Pyrestes scapuLaris. (Pl. XLII. fig. 5.)

P. niger, opacus; prothorace elytrisque (sutura, apice scapulisque

ewceptis) coccineis, his apicibus extus rotundatis, ad suturam

mucronatis ; abdomine nigrescente.

Head black, narrowed below the eyes and sparingly punctured, the

vertex closely punctured; prothorax at the vertex as broad as the

head, deep vermilion, black at the sides and the anterior border, with

deep crowded punctures; scutellum narrowly triangular, concave ;

elytra bright vermilion, the suture, shoulders, and apex black, closely

punctured, the punctures coarser at the base, the intervals subgra-

nulose, the apices rounded externally but slightly mucronate at the

suture; body black, but having a reddish tinge on the abdomen ;

legs short ; antennee with the third joint longer than the scape, the

fourth not shorter than the four or five terminal joints. Length

8 lines.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, 517

Pyrestes vircatus. (Pl. XLII. fig. 4.)

P. niger, opacus ; prothorace elytrisque coccineis, illo vitta nigra

mediana, his sutura apice scapulisque nigris, apicibus conjunc-

tim rotundatis.

Black, except the prothorax and elytra; head a little narrowed

below the eyes, and comparatively rather coarsely punctured ; pro-

thorax longer and narrower than in any of the above, its posterior

border scarcely broader than the anterior, vermilion, with a narrow

median stripe and its sides black, coarsely and deeply punctured, the

interstices anteriorly forming slightly waved transverse lines ; scu-

tellum narrowly triangular ; elytra rather narrow at the base, vermi-

lion, the suture, shoulders, and apex black, closely and deeply punc-

tured and much more coarsely at the base, the apex rounded and

without any mucro; body beneath black ; legs short ; antenne with

the third joint longer than the scape, the fourth as long as the pe-

nultimate, the sixth to the tenth inclusive broadly dilated. Length

42 lines.

PYRESTES NIGRICOLLIS.

P. niger, opacus; elytris (sutura, apice scapulisque exceptis)

coccineis, apicibus extus rotundatis, ad suturam submucronatis ;

abdomine apicem versus rufescente.

Black, except the elytra; head narrow and elongate below the

eyes, closely punctured on the vertex; prothorax black, rather sud-

denly constricted anteriorly and as broad as the head, covered with

deep somewhat crowded punctures; scutellum narrowly triangular,

raised at the sides ; elytra rather narrow, scarcely broader posteriorly,

vermilion, the suture, shoulders, and apex black, closely punctured,

the punctures much coarser at the base, the intervals subgranulose,

the apex of each rounded externally, but having a slight mucro at

the suture ; body beneath black, the last two or three abdominal

segments reddish ; legs rather slender ; antennz with the third joint

longer than the scape, the fourth as long as the last four or five joints.

Length 6 lines.

All the species (eight) of this genus are very distinct, as a com-

parison of their diagnostic characters will show. Mr. Wallace ap-

pears to have met with only a single example, P. eximius, at Sarawak.

Mr. Bowring found P. cardinalis not uncommonly at Hong Kong.

The other two, P. miniatus and P. hematicus are from Northern

India and Northern China respectively.

CALLICHROMINZE.

CHLORIDOLUM.

Chloridolum, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 174.

CHLORIDOLUM THOMSONI. :

Callichroma thomsoni, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. v. p. 24.

518 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Noyv. 22,

Taken also by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Sarawak. One of

Mr. Lamb’s specimens is an inch in length.

CHLORIDOLUM CINNYRIS.

C. angustatum, aureo-viride ; prothorace apice subtilissime trans-

versim striato ; scutello obsolete punctato ; elytris vittis tribus

cyaneo-viridibus ornatis ; antennis pedibusque chalybeato-

cyaneis.

Narrow, golden-green ; head finely punctured, and slightly ver-

tically striated between the eyes ; prothorax oblong, broader than

the head, finely transversely striated, on the depressed apical portion

the striee are nearly obsolete; scutellum triangular, scarcely punc-

tured ; elytra covered with small crowded punctures, the suture and

sides striped with bluish green; body beneath greenish golden-yel-

low; legs glossy chalybeate blue, the posterior very long, the inter-

mediate and anterior femora greenish ; antennee with the scape green,

the remaining joints purplish blue deepening into blackish. Length

6 lines; posterior legs 10 lines.

A more slender form than C. thomsoni, the apex of the prothorax

very faintly striated, not more strongly than the rest as in C. thom-

soni, and the scutellum so finely punctured that it might almost be

said to be impunctate, while in C. thomsoni the punctures are coarser

than those on the elytra. Chloridolum has been separated from

Aromia (Callichroma) on account of its more slender antennze and

legs. As in many other cases, this is only a question of degree ; but

these characters, vague though they be, appear to mark a tolerably

natural section of the old genus Callichroma. It is worth remarking

that, taking Callichroma in its widest sense, Mr. Wallace found twenty-

nine species scattered among the islands of the Malayan archipelago,

including New Guinea, while only a single specimen (C. cinderella,

White) is known from Australia. In other respects the genus is

cosmopolitan.

There is also in the collection a single female of a species belong-

ing apparently to M. Thomson’s genus Leontium.

PACHYTERIA.

Pachyteria, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, t.11. p. 553 (1834).

Nireus, Newman, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 194

(1840).

PACHYTERIA EQUESTRIS.

Nireus equestris, Newman, Entom. p. 79.

Mr. Newman described this magnificent insect from a specimen,

without a locality, in the then collection of this Society. It differs

from the next species in its more transverse prothorax strongly an-

gulated at the sides, the distinctly separated punctures, the rounded

non-dehiscent elytra, and antennee with the five terminal joints black.

In their bright and strongly contrasted colours they are otherwise

almost alike.

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG, 519

PacuytTeriA speciosa. (Pl XLIII. fig. 5.)

P. subglabra, coccinea, nitida ; capite dimidio apicali, elytris et

corpore infra viridi- vel cyaneo-chalybeatis ; pedibus atris ;

antennis flavis, articulis duobus basalibus luteis.

Nearly glabrous, shining ; head <ark metallic green, closely and

finely punctured; lips luteous; mandibles and eyes black; pro-

thorax bright scarlet, sharply sulcated anteriorly, closely punctured,

the punctures more or less confluent, the intervals, especially at the

sides, thrown up into well-marked transverse corrugations, sides

rounded and with a short tooth-like angle in the middle; scutellum

black, narrowly triangular; elytra with the basal half bright scarlet,

the rest dark metallic green, closely punctured, gradually tapering

from the base, the apices narrow, slightly dehiscent, and subtrun-

cate ; body beneath glossy bluish or greenish; legs black; antennze

lemon-yellow, the two basal joints luteous. Length 12 lines.

PACHYTERIA LAMBII. (PI. XLIII. fig. 6.)

P. subglabra, subnitida; prothorace rufo; elytris subflavis,

dimidio apicali pedibusque viridi- vel chalybeato-nigris ; an-

tennis subflavis, articulis quatuor basalibus nigris; corpore

infra violaceo.

Nearly glabrous, subnitid; head dark green, thickly punctured ;

lip and mandibles dark glossy brown; eyes black ; prothorax dull

red, slightly suleated anteriorly, closely punctured, the disk corru-

gated laterally, sides with a strong tooth-like angle ; scutellum black,

narrowly triangular ; elytra lemon-yellow on the basal half, the rest

black with a greenish tint, closely punctured, the dark posterior half

very minutely, gradually tapering from the base, the apices some-

what narrow and slightly dehiscent; body beneath and legs dark

blue- or violet-black ; antennz lemon-yellow, the four basal joints

black. Length 10 lines.

PACHYTERIA VIRESCENS. (Pl. XLITI. fig. 2.)

P. subglabra, viridi-metallica ; prothorace lete rufo-brunneo ; an-

tennis flavis, articulis quinque basalibus, scapo excepto, nigris.

Nearly glabrous, bright metallic green ; head closely punctured ;

mandibles black ; prothorax of a rich chocolate-brown colour, doubly

sulcated anteriorly, with well-marked transverse corrugations over

the entire disk, the intervals finely punctured, the sides strongly

angulated, the angle terminating in a short tooth; scutellum nar-

rowly triangular; elytra gradually narrowing from the base, finely

punctured throughout, the apices rounded; body beneath and legs

glossy metallic green; antenne with the scape dark green, the

four succeeding joints black, the remainder lemon-yellow. Length

14 lines.

PACHYTERIA SPINICOLLIS. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 4.)

P. hirsuta, brunneo-lutea; capite prothoraceque eneo-fuscis, hoc

520 MR. F. P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

confertim punctato et utrinque fortiter spinoso ; scutello nigro;

corpore infra toto violaceo.

Covered with minute erect stiffish hairs, dark but very clear lute-

ous, approaching to chestnut-red on the elytra ; head and prothorax

dark brassy brown, with numerous small crowded punctures, the

latter with a very strong angular spine on each side; scutellum nar-

rowly triangular, black ; elytra covered with minute crowded punc-

tures, each with three slightly raised longitudinal lines, the apices

broadly truncate ; body beneath and anterior and intermediate coxze

dark glossy violet ; antenne and legs uniformly brownish luteous,

the posterior cox black. Length 18 lines.

PACHYTERIA INSIGNITA.

P. hirsuta, brunneo-lutea ; capite prothoraceque eneo-fuscis, hoe

rugoso-punctato et utrinque angulato; elytris apicem versus

nigricantibus ; medi-pectore et abdomine violacets.

Resembles the last, but the prothorax with the punctures more or

less confluent, giving it a rugose surface, and its sides rounded an-

teriorly and produced into a broad angular process, terminating in a

blunt tooth or tubercle, the posterior third of the elytra bluish black,

their apices narrowly emarginate, the middle of the posterior thighs

and three terminal joints of the antennze black, the ante- and medi-

pectus of the same brassy colour as the prothorax, and the coxee more

or less luteous. Length 18 lines.

PacHyYTERIA stTRUMOSA. (PI. XLIII. fig. 3.)

P. hirsuta, brunneo-lutea ; capite eneo-fusco, prothorace rugoso-

punctato, utrinque valde rotundato, mutico, in medio eneo-fusco ;

elytris apicem versus nigrescentibus.

In many respects similar to the two preceding, but the prothorax

strongly rounded at the sides, without any spine or tooth, luteous

chestnut, with the greater part of the disk dark brassy brown, the

same colour as the head, and this portion as distinctly defined as if

it had been a piece let in; posterior third of the elytra or thereabouts

black, tinged with purple, their apices narrowly emarginate ; inter-

mediate femora and posterior legs, except their tarsi, blackish ; ab-

domen and postpectus glossy violet; medipectus and prosternum

dark brassy brown ; antennz luteous, with the last three and part of

the eighth joints black. Length 15 lines.

I am unable to separate in any way Mr. Newman’s genus Nireus,

founded on a species from the Tenasserim coast, from Pachyteria,

which was at that time probably unknown to him. The genus is

one of the handsomest among the Coleoptera, and hitherto has been

limited, excluding the Nirei, to P. fasciata, Fab., and P. bicolor,

Parry*. The latter, from Java, is allied to P. insignita. All the

species here mentioned discharged a yellowish acrid fluid when

handled—Mr. Lamb believes, from the abdomen. The genus is cha-

* Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 182, pl. 18. f. 5.

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 521

racterized, inter alia, by the clypeus or lowermost part of the face

being produced so as to form a kind of pedicel for the lip.

CLYTINA.

CLYTANTHUS.

Clytanthus, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb, p. 190.

Anthoboscus, Chevrolat.

CLYTANTHUS ANNULARIS.

Callidium annulare, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. i. p. 156; Olivier,

Entom. iv. no. 70. p. 48, pl. 7. f. 74.

This species ranges from India and South China to Sydney. It

is the type of M. Chevrolat’s genus Chlorophorus, which, according

to its author, only differs from the present in its more slender an-

tennz and very globose prothorax. Another species in the collection

is allied to Clytanthus glaucinus, Bois. (Perissus, Chev. ), and a third

species to C. sumatrensis, Lap. et Gory. A new genus, of which I

have four or five species, is also represented in the collection.

XYLOTRECHUS.

Aylotrechus, Chevrolat, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1860, p- 456.

XYLOTRECHUS AUSTRALIS.

Clytus australis, Laporte de Castelnau et Gory, Monog. du G.

Clytus, p. 99, pl. 19. f. 118.

This species is also very widely distributed. I have specimens

from Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Amboyna, Aru, and New Guinea;

latterly I have received it from Queensland.

DreMonax.

Demonax, J. Thomson, Essai, &c., p. 226; Syst. Ceramb. p. 191,

sub Acrocyrta.

DEMONAX MACILENTA.

Acrocyrta macilenta, Chevrolat, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. p. 82.

M. Chevrolat places this species, together with several others, in

my genus Acrocyrta; and, in his ‘Systema,’ M. Thomson sinks

Demonaz as a synonym of it. Iam not prepared at present to adopt

this view, as I think Acrocyrta, in the short broad basal joint of the

anterior tarsi, long anteunee, with the terminal hook in the males,

and the short elytra, is sufficiently distinct. M. Chevrolat, in his

*Clytides d’Asie,” &c., published in the ‘ Memoirs’ of the Liége

Society, misquotes the volume and page of the work in which my

description was published, and makes me write Apocyrta. Another

and much smaller species is in the collection.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXIV.

522 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Bicon.

Oculi rotundati, integri.

Antenne breves, articulis terminalibus septem dilatatis.

Prothorax ovatus.

Tarsi breviusculi, equales.

Head not constricted behind, quadrate in front, slightly prolonged

into a muzzle, a carina on each side below the antennary tuber.

Eyes round, entire. Antenne short, distant at the base ; the scape

shortly cylindrical ; third joint longest; the rest gradually shorter

and more or less dilated unilaterally, especially from the sixth ; the

last broadly ovate, pointed. Prothorax oblong, ovate, convex, bi-

sinuate at the base. Elytra rather elongate, narrow. Legs moderate;

femora rather thickened towards the apex, the intermediate and pos-

terior of equal length ; tarsi short, equal. Anterior acetabula nearly

entire. Pro- and meso-sterna simple.

Allied to Epipedocera, Chev., but with differently formed antennze

and prothorax. In the former respect it approaches Euryarthrum,

and so far serves to connect that genus with the more normal forms

of the Clytine.

Bicon saneuinevs. (Pl. XLI. fig. 8.)

B. niger ; prothorace elytrisque, upice excepto, sanguineis ; sub-

tus argenteo pilosus; abdominis segmentis tribus apicalibus

glabris, fuscescentidus.

Black ; prothorax and elytra, except at the apex, blood-red ; body

beneath covered with a close silvery pubescence, the last three seg-

ments of the abdomen glabrous, brownish; head finely and thickly

punctured ; antennz also punctured, towards the end paler, with a

delicate silvery pile; prothorax not much broader than the head,

covered with coarser and more crowded punctures; scutellum sub-

cordiform ; elytra subseriate-punctate, more irregularly posteriorly,

the intervals more or less granulose, the apices bimucronate ; femora

and tibie coarsely punctured, clothed with a few whitish hairs; in-

termediate and posterior tibize slightly curved; tarsi with a sparse

silvery pile. Length 5 lines.

DERE.

Dere, White, Catal. Long. Brit. Mus. p. 248.

DERE MARGINATA.

D. rubra; capite, lateribus prothoracis et elytrorum nigris.

Brick-red ; head, and prothorax and elytra at the sides, black ;

body beneath silvery white ; antennz black, greyish towards the

apex ; legs blackish, with a silvery pubescence, which is densest at the

base of the femora; head and prothorax covered with close shallow

punctures ; elytra with a closely granulated surface, the apices much

more decidedly bimucronate than in D. thoracica. Length 4 lines.

Dere thoracica, the type of the genus, was originally discovered

1866.] MR. F.P.PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 523

by Mr. Fortune in the north of China, and it has since been found

commonly on the coasts of Mantchuria mixed with numerous Euro-

pean or boreal forms. The occurrence, therefore, of a second species

so remote from the locality of the first is very interesting.

SIGEUM.

Caput inter oculos planatum, subdilatatum.

Antenne apicem versus serrate, art. tertio scapo longiore.

Pedes postici graciles, elongati.

This genus differs from Zuryarthrum, Bl. (Blemmya, Pasc.), in

its longer and narrower antennz, more distant at the base, the broader

flattish forehead, and long attenuated posterior legs, The elytra are

in no wise carinated ; and, owing to the weaker and more slender

form, the habit is notably dissimilar.

SIGEUM HUMERALE. (PI. XLI. fig. 2.)

Blemmya humeralis, Pascoe, Traus. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 99.

In Mr. Lamb’s specimen the lines on the elytra, instead of being

white, are yellow. Mr. Wallace once took it in Singapore.

EuURYARTHRUM.

Euryarthrum, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Insectes, t. ii. p. 149

(1845).

Blemmya, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 42 (1856).

No less than six new species are in this collection, all with the

terminal joints of the antenne from the sixth, or in two from the

seventh, inclusive, ochreous yellow. Two of these species, £. cari-

natum and £. lambii, are in other respects almost identical with £.

albocinctum and E. bifasciatum respectively, confined, so far as we

know at present, the former to Singapore and Sarawak, the latter to

Sarawak only. In general form and coloration they are strikingly

alike, and in the latter respect are imitated by Asmedia, which, as

we shall see, has the antenne of Pachyterta, some species of this

genus having those organs coloured precisely in the same remarkable

manner. All the Hvryarthra are intensely black, very closely and

finely punctured, especially on the prothorax, and are furnished

above with one or more bands of silky white or yellowish hairs. The

under surface is clothed with a thin delicate silvery pile, the shade

varying according to the light; but generally it is more condensed,

forming well-marked lines, on the edges of the abdominal segments

and sterna. The pubescence is so slight on the legs that it can only

be detected by a good lens. In many individuals the basal abdo-

minal segment is very large, the others being reduced to mere rings.

I am not satisfied whether this is merely sexual or not. The most

striking peculiarity, however, of this genus is a well-marked rim

round the elytra similar to that of some of the Tenebriontde amongst

the Heteromera, but not closely embracing the abdomen.

524 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Euryarturum nopicotie. (Pl. XLII. fig. 7.)

E. atrum; prothorace lateraliter subtrinodoso ; elytris bifas-

ciatis, supra planatis, apice singulatim biapiculatis ; antenna-

rum articulis ultimis sex rufo-ochraceis.

Black ; mesial line on the vertex nearly obsolete ; prothorax irre-

gular at the side, slightly trinodose, a yellowish line along the pos-

terior margin; scutellum small, triangular, yellowish; elytra flat

above, declivous at the sides, the apex of each biapiculate, the inner

apiculus a prolongation of the sutural line, two yellowish bands at

equal distances from each other and the base and apex; antennz

with the last six joints reddish yellow. Length 11 lines.

EuRYARTHRUM LAMBII.

E. atrum ; prothorace lateraliter obsolete nodoso ; elytris bifas-

ciatis, planatis, apice singulatim biapiculatis ; antennarum

articulis ultimis quinque rufo-ochraceis.

Black ; mesial line confined to a narrow well-marked impression

between the eyes; prothorax slightly irregular at the sides, a white

line along the posterior margin; scutellum subtriangular, black ;

elytra flat above, declivous at the sides, the apex of each biapiculate,

two white bands at equal distances from each other and the base

and apex ; antennze with the last five joints reddish yellow. Length

8-10 lines.

EurRYARTHRUM CARINATUM.

E. atrum ; prothorace latiore, lateraliter obsolete nodoso ; elytris

medio unifasciatis, planatis, depressis, utrinque carinato-de-

clivis, apice singulatim biapiculatis ; ant. art. ult. sex rufo-

ochraceis.

Black ; mesial line well marked between the eyes, and joining the

transverse impression below them; prothorax much broader and

more transverse than in the two preceding species, obsoletely nodose

at the side, bordered with a white line posteriorly ; scutellum tri-

angular, white; elytra flat or almost concave above, especially pos-

teriorly, the angle at the commencement of the declivous portion

strongly marked, or even ridged, the apex of each shortly biapicu-

late, a single whitish band nearly in the middle, slightly interrupted,

however, as it crosses the ridge; antennee with the last six joints

reddish yellow. Length 6-7 lines.

EuRYARTHRUM INTERRUPTUM.

E. atrum; prothorace lateraliter rotundato ; elytris bifasciatis,

planatis, depressis, utrinque minus declivis, apice obsolete trun-

catis ; ant. art. ult. sex rufo-ochraceis.

Black ; mesial line deeply cut between the eyes and joining the

transverse impression below them ; prothorax rounded at the sides,

bordered with white posteriorly ; scutellum small, triangular ; elytra

flat, particularly at the base, less declivous, and without trace of a

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 525

ridge, the apex nearly rounded or very slightly truncate, two white

bands, the anterior interrupted at the suture and declivous portion,

and placed midway between the base and posterior band, the latter

continuous or nearly so, and much nearer to the anterior band than

to the apex ; abdomen sometimes entirely black ; antenne with the

last six joints reddish yellow. Length 6-7 lines.

EuryarTHRUM EGENUM.

E. atrum ; elytris bifasciatis, basi paulo planatis, haud declivis,

apice rotundatis ; ant. art. ult. quinque vel sex rufo-ochraceis.

Black, with a narrow mesial line between the eyes, and a circular

impression beneath them ; prothorax slightly produced at the sides,

margined with white posteriorly ; scutellum small, triangular ; elytra

depressed at the base, very slightly flattened, not declivous at the

sides, the apex rounded, two white bands, the anterior interrupted

at the suture and side, the posterior continuous, the first a little

nearer the base than the second is to the apex; antennz from the

apex of the sixth or seventh joints reddish yellow. Length 6 lines.

EuRYARTHRUM ATRIPENNE,

E. supra totum atrum, margine postico prothoracis excepto; elytris

planatis, apice oblique truncatis ; ant. art. ult. sex rufo-ochra-

cers.

Black, with a deeply impressed mesial line between the eyes and a

circular impression beneath them ; prothorax somewhat oblong, the

sides nearly round, the posterior margin edged with white; scu-

tellum small, subtriangular; elytra entirely black, flattened, the

sides doubly declivous (forming two lines), the apex obliquely trun-

cate; antenne with the last six joints reddish yellow. Length

6 lines.

ASMEDIA.

Antenne apicem versus crassiores, articulis haud planatis.

Prothorax lateraliter angulatus.

Prosternum haud productum.

Head elongate, rather concave below the eyes; mandibles pro-

duced. Eyes large, lateral, narrowly emarginate. Antenne shorter

than the body, moderately distant at the base ; the scape short, ob-

conic ; the third joint longest ; the remainder gradually thicker to

the eighth, not flattened or produced at the apex. Prothorax short,

broader than the head ; the sides angulated. Elytra narrow; the

sides gradually receding to the apex. Legs unequal ; the posterior

pair elongate. Anterior coxe globose; their acetabula narrowly

angulated. Prosternum not produced. Mesosternum simple.

The species on which this genus is founded bears an extraordinary

resemblance to Euryarthrum, but its antennze are those of Pachy-

éeria, two genera certainly very different in general appearance,

notwithstanding many characters in common ; and, the latter being

closely related to Callichroma, we might be led to regard all these

526 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [ Nov. 22,

genera as portions of one group (Callichromine) as M. Thomson,

without any knowledge of the species before us, has done. Again,

looking to the genera connected with Zuryarthrum (such as Homalo-

melas and Prothema), and in a less degree with Dere, Obrida, and Ty-

phocesis, we are led away to the Clytine without being able to draw

any satisfactory line between them. Such facts may serve to show

the risk of our failing to recognize any affinity between two genera

apparently widely different, but connected by intermediate forms (in

many instances remaining to be discovered), and prepare us for the

discrepancies which may occur in the views even of the same author.

AsMEDIA MIMETES. (Pl. XLI. fig. 11.)

A. atra; elytris albo bifasciatis; antennis apicem versus ochraceis.

Deep black; head and prothorax finely and very closely punc-

tured; scutellum triangular ; elytra very minutely punctured, two

narrow white hairy bands dividing them into nearly three equal parts,

the apex rounded ; body beneath dark steel-blue, with a short silvery

white pubescence ; antennze gradually passing into ochraceous yellow

from the fourth joint, the last five entirely ochraceous. Length

9 lines.

CERAMBYCINZ.

CERAMBYX.

Cerambyz, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 12. i. s. 2. p. 621; Serville, Ann.

Soc. Ent. de Fr. iii. p. 13.

CrRAMBYX PRUINOSUS.

C. purpureo-fuscus ; elytris confertissime punctatis, pilis subtilis-

simis dispersis, apicibus emarginatis, extus mucronatis ; anten-

nis pedibusque rufescentibus.

Dark purplish brown, subnitid; head finely punctured, grooved

between the antenne, the middle of the groove with a short strongly

marked carina, below this a transversely impressed circular line ;

prothorax about equal in length and breadth, with a small promi-

nent spine on each side, the disk with numerous short irregular

corrugations; scutellum triangular; elytra minutely punctured, the

punctures very close together between very delicate short transverse

ridges, each mostly having at its base a short silvery hair (giving an

appearance to the naked eye suggestive of the bloom on the plum),

apices slightly emarginate, the outer angle with a short stout mucro ;

body beneath dark chestnut-brown, minutely pubescent ; legs yel-

lowish brown, the tibiee and tarsi paler, a dark ring at the extremity

of the femora; antenne not longer than the body (27), pale red-

dish, darker at the base. Length 11 lines.

The sole example in the collection appears to be a female, and is,

I think, more suggestive of C. denticornis* of Fabricius than of any

European species.

* This and a few other species will, however, scarcely fit into any of the ge-

nera into which latterly even the restricted genus Ceramdyx has been divided.

“NI

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 5

NEOCcERAMBYX.

Neocerambyz, J. Thomson, Essai, &e. p- 194.

NEOCERAMBYX LAMBII.

N. fuscus ; prothorace in medio longitudinalter bisulcato, trans-

verse profunde striato, striis subcurvatis, regularibus ; elytris

velutinis, griseo-argenteis, apicibus fortiter bispinosis.

Dark brown; head broadly grooved between the eyes, with a

strongly marked longitudinal crest dividing it, under each antennary

tuber a deep fovea; prothorax with two longitudinal grooves meet-

ing anteriorly, space between them and the sides regularly and

deeply striated transversely, the striee slightly curved, these and the

impressions on the head clothed more or less with glossy yellowish

hairs ; seutellum triangular ; elytra closely covered with a velvety

greyish-silvery pubescence, varying in large dark and silvery patches

according to the light, apices strongly bispinose ; body beneath and

legs dark brown, with a greyish pile ; antennze in the male very long,

the third and fourth joints nodose, the fifth and some of the folldw-

ing with a short spine at the apex. Length 16 lines.

Nearly allied to N. aurifaber, White, but the transverse strize on

the prothorax fewer, larger, and not at all twisted or intermixed as

in that species.

NEOCERAMBYX ? INTRICATUS.

N. fuscus; prothorace profunde Soveato-impresso, interstitiis in-

tricato-reticulatis ; elytris subtiliter griseo pubescentibus, se-

ricatis, apicibus oblique truncatis, ad suturam mucronatis.

Dark brown, mostly covered with a delicate greyish pubescence

having a silky texture, particularly on the elytra; head finely

grooved between the eyes, a transverse ring-like impression in front ;

prothorax covered with deep slightly oblique fovez, the intervals

forming a twisted net-like series of lines clothed with greyish hairs ;

scutellum triangular ; elytra somewhat silky, uniformly greyish, but

varying in certain lights, the apices oblique, with the sutural angle

mucronate ; body beneath and legs brown, shining, with a sparse

greyish pile; antennee (3) twice as long as the body, with the

third joint two or three times as long as the scape, scarcely nodose,

( 2) searcely longer than the body, third joint twice as long as the"

scape, the fifth and following joints dilated on one side. Length

17 lines.

This species can only be provisionally retained in Neocerambyx,

as it forms an exception on account of the long third joint of the

antenne, but the whole subfamily requires a thorough revision ; all

I can see clearly is that we have either too many or too few genera.

Since M. J. Thomson proposed Neocerambyz in his ‘ Essai,’ he has

separated from it Hoplocerambyz, Pachydissus, Newm., Conothoraz,

and Tapinolachnus, leaving the characters he would now assign to it

doubtful. N. /ambii, however, and several others, including the

528 MR, F. P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

type NV. paris, appear to form a natural group sufficiently distinct

from the European typical Cerambyces.

HorLocERAMBYX.

Hoplocerambyz, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 229.

HopioceRAMBYX RELICTUS.

H. fuscus, pube grisea tectus; capite pone oculos breviusculo,

JSronte haud impressa; prothorace transverse striato, inter-

stitiis interruptis, pubescentibus.

Dark brown, with a fine greyish pubescence; head but slightly

lengthened behind, rather strongly grooved between the eyes, with-

out, or with a very indefinite impression in front; prothorax with

transverse shallow strie, the interstices interrupted and pubescent,

except at the base and apex; scutellum triangular; elytra with a

delicate slightly silky pubescence, the light reflecting broad trans-

verse wavy bands, the apices oblique, mucronate at the suture ; body

beneath and legs dark brown, shining, with a thin greyish pile ;

antennze in the female about two-thirds as long as the body, the

scape slightly shorter than the third joint. Length 18 lines.

I have described this from a specimen in my own collection from

Singapore, but I am not certain that it may not turn out to be a

small example of H. morosus. It is quite evident that the species

of this and the two preceding genera are very variable ; and I ques-

tion, if a large series could be obtained, if many of them would be

found to have any reliable specific characters at all. The males of

this genus have, so far as I have seen, naked and strongly punctured

antennze, while in the females they are pubescent and, except the

scape, impunctate. :

DIALEGEs.

Dialeges, Pascoe, Trans, Ent. Soc, ser. 2. iv. p. 46.

DIALEGES PAUPER, Pascoe, op. cit. p. 47, pl. 16. f. 7.

Found also in Sarawak by Mr. Wallace.

IMBRIUS.

Antenne in utroque sexu plus minusve serrate ; scapo integro.

- Oculi grosse granulati, ad os approximantes.

Prothorax oblongus, muticus.

Pedes equales ; femora in medio incrassata.

Head small, narrow, more or less exserted. Eyes broadly emar-

ginate, almost contiguous above and approximating to the mouth

below, the facets large. Antenne as long as the body; the scape

short, entire at the apex ; third and fourth joints generally not longer

than the scape, more or less nodulous in the males ; the rest, except

the last, dilated unilaterally towards the apex. Prothorax oblong,

scarcely broader than the head, subcylindrical, the sides rounded

and unarmed, the base nearly straight or only slightly sinuated.

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 529

Elytra narrow, nearly parallel at the sides, the apex truncate or

entire. Legs short, equal; femora thickened in the middle ; tarsi

as long as their tibiz, the posterior with the three basal joints sub-

equal. Pro- and meso-sterna simple.

Among the Cerambycine with an unarmed prothorax this genus

will be distinguished by its serrated antennze, which cuts it off from

Calpazia, Dialeges, and others; and its large facetted eyes will pre-

vent its being confounded with Lachnopterus. I have already pub-

lished a member of this genus under the name of Cerambyx mica-

ceus (Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. iv. p. 237), at the same time pointing

it out as a “form apart”’ from the true species of Cerambyx. In

all there is a deep groove on the vertex extending to between the

upper portions of the eyes, which it just divides. The three species

here described are distinguished by the sculpture of the prothorax

and the form of its apex.

Imperius Lingeatus. (Pl. XLI. fig. 12.)

I. fusco-brunneus ; prothorace profunde et irregulariter sulcato,

inter sulcos tuberculis sitis, apice producto, bidentato; elytris

vittis griseo pubescentibus indutis.

Reddish brown ; head with scattered greyish hairs ; eyes separated

above only by the deep vertical groove ; palpi and antenne ferrugi-

nous, the latter with the third, fourth, and fifth joints nodulous in

the male, and the third longer than the second; in the female the

second is longest ; prothorax subcylindrical, slightly rounded at the

sides, the anterior and posterior borders of equal breadth, the disk

deeply grooved transversely and longitudinally, so as to present four

transverse series of tubercles; scutellum broadly triangular ; elytra

finely punctured, covered with several oblique stripes of greyish

pubescence ; body beneath and legs pale ferruginous, with a thin

greyish pile. Length 8 lines (3), 63 lines ( ).

IMBRIUS EPHEBUS.

I. ferrugineus, elytris omnino griseo pubescentibus ; prothorace

profunde in medio longitudinaliter bisulcato, lateribus trans-

verse sulcatis, apice subproducto, integro.

Pale rusty brown, the elytra with a delicate uniformly greyish

pubescence ; head with scattered greyish hairs ; eyes nearly approxi-

mate above; antennz with the second joint longest in the female

(3 unknown to me); prothorax subcylindrical, slightly rounded at

the sides, the disk with two longitudinal grooves including three or

four oblong tubercles ; the sides transversely grooved, all the tuber-

cles clothed with a yellowish woolly pubescence; scutellum trian-

gular; elytra finely punctured; body beneath aud legs ferruginous,

with a scattered greyish pubescence. Length 9 lines.

IMBRIUS STRIGOSUS.

I. fuscus, nitidus, pube interrupta grisea tectus; prothorace

transverse sulcato, apice haud producto.

530 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

Glossy brown, with an irregular or interrupted greyish silky pu-

bescence ; head with scattered greyish hairs, more condensed around

the eyes, which are nearly approximate above; antenne with the

third joint longer than the fourth, which is equal in length to the

fifth ; prothorax strongly rounded at the sides, the anterior border

narrower than the posterior, the disk grooved transversely, the

grooves slightly undulating ; scutellum semicircular ; elytra impunc-

tate, the hairs forming the pubescence oblique or occasionally trans-

verse, and sufficiently condensed in parts to assume the appearance

of stripes; body beneath and legs reddish ferruginous, the antennz

dark, all with a rather close greyish pile. Length 10 lines.

A female specimen of another species, differing slightly from the

genus, is in the collection.

CYRIOPALUS.

Antenne 12-articulate, pectinate.

Prothorax muticus, corrugatus.

Pedes breviusculi ; femora haud inerassata.

_ Head exserted, narrower than the prothorax. Eyes large, strongly

emarginate, the facets small. Antenne twelve-jointed ; the scape

short, triquetrous ; the second joint abbreviated ; the third nearly as

long as the scape, furnished like the rest, except the last, with a

long subulate spine at the apex ; fourth and fifth joints rather longer,

the sixth to the eleventh gradually increasing in length; the twelfth

simply subulate. Prothorax shortly subovate, corrugated, the sides

unarmed. Elytra depressed, subparallel. Legs rather short, nearly

equal, except that the anterior pair is the shortest; femora not

thickened. Pro- and meso-sterna simple.

The remarkable character of the twelve-jointed antenne will at

once distinguish this genus. Mr. Lamb has only a single specimen ;

and this is also the case with Mr. Wallace, who took it at Sarawak.

Without dissection there is nothing to suggest the sex, but there is

a breadth in the outline of both that looks feminine. In the event

of a second species being discovered, it is probable that the compa-

rative lengths of the antennal joints may be found to be somewhat

different. In both specimens there is a short strong tooth on the

lower margins of the intermediate and posterior femora, that seems

pinched out so as to leave a corresponding cavity in the site it would

have occupied had the femora been entire, and this cavity is filled

with a pale dense pubescence.

CyriopaLus watiacer. (Pl. XLII. fig. 3.)

C. fuscescens, pube grisea subtilissima dense tectus.

Brownish, everywhere covered with a very delicate greyish pu-

bescence ; head impunctate, deeply grooved on the vertex; eyes,

mandibles, and seape dark brown; prothorax rather longer than

broad, narrowest at the apex, transversely and irregularly corrugated ;

scutellum triangular ; elytra much broader at the base than the pro-

thorax, impunctate, their apices emarginate, the angles strongly

1866.] MR. F.P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 531

mucronate ; body beneath brownish luteous, finely pubescent ; legs

brown; antennze about as long as the body, brown, with subulate

processes luteous and finely fringed on each side in the direction

of their axis*. Length 20 lines.

RHYTIDODERA.

Hammaticherus, White, Cat. Long. Brit. Mus. p. 132.

RHYTIDODERA SIMULANS.

Hammaticherus? simulans, White, op. cit. p. 132.

It is difficult to say why this species, except for its transverse

instead of longitudinal prothoracic striz, was placed (even though

doubtfully) with Hammaticherus, seeing that Rhytidodera, to which

it naturally belongs, is proposed for a nearly cognate species imme-

diately after it, and to which indeed Mr. White compares it. Ham-

maticherus, a name coined by Megerle, in compliance with a most

faulty principle, to supersede the old name of Ceraméyz, was first

described and applied by Serville to Plocederus of Dejean, Ceram-

byx being properly retained by the same author for the European

species, which are naturally the most familiar, and, in the usual

sense, the most typical.

Ruytipopera cristata. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 1.)

R. supra pube purpureo-fusca dense vestita ; prothorace utrinque

longitudinaliter bicarinato, in medio crista pilosa elliptica in-

structo.

Densely covered above with a dark purplish-brown pubescence ;

head with a coarse irregular pubescence; prothorax broader than

the head, sulcated at the base and apex, the intermediate part with

three smooth longitudinal grooves on each side, enclosing two well-

marked ridges, between the two series of grooves an elevated ellip-

tical protuberance densely covered with perfectly erect hairs; scu-

tellum subtriangular, truncate at the apex; elytra more than three

times the length of the prothorax, broadest behind the middle, the

apices emarginate with each angle shortly mucronate; pubescence

slightly mixed with greyish hairs, especially at the sides; body be-

neath and legs reddish chestnut, with a thin greyish pile; antennz

considerably shorter than the body, the third to the eighth joints

nodose at the apex, scape more densely pubescent. Length 13 lines.

The clothes-brush-like crest on the prothorax is very remarkable

and peculiar. The protuberance that forms the basis appears to be

deeply constricted all round, and the upper surface to be somewhat

convex. The elytra are more or less clouded, according to the light,

the dark spots being more particularly visible on each side behind

* A nearly allied genus has been recently described by M. Kaup (Einige Ce-

ramb. der Grossherzog. Sammlung zu Darmstadt) under the name of Westwoodia.

This name has, however, been twice previously used; I have therefore to propose

Aprosictus in its stead, under which it has long stood in my cabinet waiting

publication in the ‘ Longicornia Malayana,’

532 MR. F, P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

the middle; but these characters probably vary according to the

individual.

EBURIINZ.

CERESIUM.

Ceresium, Newman, Entom. p. 322.

CERESIUM RARIPILUM, Newman, J. ec.

Mr. Newman’s type was from Manilla.

CrERESIUM VESTIGIALE.

C. nigrum, subnitidum, pilis sparsis griseis tectum ; prothorace

longitudine latitudine fere equali ; femoribus valde clavatis.

Black, subnitid, covered with rather long scattered greyish hairs ;

head and prothorax finely punctured, the latter about equal in

length and breadth, contracted anteriorly, a smooth central longi-

tudinal line and two irregular smooth spots on each side; scutellum

triangular, covered with white hairs ; elytra rather finely punctured,

nearly parallel at the sides, the apex rounded; body beneath and

legs glossy black, with a thin greyish pubescence; antennze about

as long as the body, the third and fourth joints shorter than the

seape and fifth joint. Length 5 lines.

A shorter species than the former and unicolorous, the third joint

of the antennze much shorter than the scape (as long or longer in

C. raripilum), and the femora much more clavate.

CERESIUM ZEYLANICUM, White, Cat. Long. Brit. Mus. p. 246.

The type is from Ceylon. Mr. Wallace has also taken it at

Sarawak.

CERESIUM SIMPLEX.

Stenochorus simplex, Gyllenhall in Schon. Syn. Ins. App. i. 3.

p- 178.

(mona philippensis, Newman, Entom. p. 247.

Very generally distributed in the Indian and many Pacific islands,

but is wanting in Australia. This species has also been published

by M. Blanchard under ‘the ill-judged name of Diatomocephala

maculaticollis. I cannot see that it is generically distinct from Ce-

resium.

CzrRESIUM? VERSUTUM.

C. brunneum, albo pilosum ; capite brevissimo ; prothorace fusco,

confertim foveolato ; art. tertio antennarum scapo longiore ;

pedibus rufo-ferrugineis, nitidis.

Reddish brown, covered with long scattered loose whitish or yellow-

ish-white hairs; head dark brcwn, rugosely punctate; palpi and lip

pale ferruginous; prothorax dark brown, with crowded irregular

impressions, the intervals intricately corrugated ; scutellum rounded

behind, brown; elytra considerably broader than the prothorax,

1866.) MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 533

closely punctured, the intervals at the base thrown into transverse

granulous folds, each puncture with a whitish hair at the base, apex

rounded ; body beneath glossy brown, paler on the abdomen; legs

reddish ferruginous, shining, clothed with a few long whitish hairs,

especially on the tibia and tarsi; antenn ferruginous, much longer

than the body, the basal joint paler, shining, punctured, all clothed

with loose scattered hairs. Length 52 lines.

This is one of a number of undescribed species allied to Ceresium,

which it will be necessary to separate when they are worked up.

It differs from the true Ceresia in the short broad face, and long

third joint of the antenna. It is also a native of Borneo.

PuRPURICENINE.

PURPURICENUS.

Purpuricenus, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent, de Fr. ii. p. 568.

Purruric ENUS SANGUINOLENTUS.

Cerambyx sanguinolentus, Olivier, Entom. iv. no. 67. p. 93, pl. 20.

£195:

This species occurs also in India. The genus, with which Mr.

White’s Cyclodera appears to me to be identical, is found all over

the world.

EurypHacus.

Euryphagus, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 700.

Lurycephalus, Laporte de Castelnau, Hist. Nat. des Ins. ii. p. 430

(nec G. Gray).

EuryYpPHAGUS MAXILLOSUS.

Cerambyz mazillosus, Olivier, Entom. iv. no. 67, pl. 20.f.147(¢).

Cerambyx nigripes, id. pl. 20. f.149 (2).

The male of this species has an unusually large head, with cor-

responding mandibles, and is generally paler and more unicolorous

than the female. The latter is bright red, with the posterior por-

tion of the elytra black ; the prothorax has sometimes a large black

spot on the centre of the disk. Mr. Wallace has specimens from

Borneo, Sumatra, and Lombok. It is also found in India and the

Philippine Islands.

Evurycrea.

Euryclea, J. Thomson, Syst. Ceramb. p. 196.

EURYCLEA CARDINALIS.

Eurycephalus cardinalis, J. Thomson, Essai, &e., p. 211.

There is no apparent difference in the numerous examples I have

seen of this magnificent species from Singapore and Sarawak, where

it was originally taken by Mr. Wallace. The male has the large head

and mandibles characterizing the preceding species. Ewuryclea has

534 MR. F. P, PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

been separated from Huryphagus by M. J. Thomson, principally on

account of the greater length of the posterior legs, and their simple,

almost linear femora.

CrERASPHORINE.

STROMATIUM.

Stromatium, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. iii. p. 80.

STROMATIUM ASPERULUM, White, Cat. Long. Brit. Mus. p- 300.

A common Malay species, found also at Hong Kong. In Mr.

Wallace’s collection there are specimens from Macassar, Amboyna,

Batchian, and Banda.

NosERIvs.

Noserius, Pascoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2. iv. p. 95.

NOSERIUS TIBIALIS, Pascoe, /. c. pl. 23. f. 4.

Mr, Lamb’s specimen differs from my type in being more rufes-

cent, the prothorax less transverse, and the third joint of the an- -

tennze only being dusky. It was one of Mr. Wallace’s captures in

Borneo.

GNATHOLEA.

Gnatholea, J. Thomson, Essai, &c., p- 375.

GNATHOLEA EBURIFERA, J. Thomson, J. c.

The male of this remarkable species has the mandibles prolonged

and their upper surface so raised as to enclose the lip behind them.

The elytra have two or more raised ivory spots, as in the South

American genus EHburia and its allies.

XYSTROCERA.

Aystrocera, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. iii. p. 69.

XYSTROCERA GLOBOSA.

Cerambyx globosus, Olivier, Entom. iv. no. 67. p. 27, pl. 12. f. 81.

A well-known insect, extending from the Isle of France to India

and Java.

XYSTROCERA ALCYONEA.

Viridi- vel cyaneo-metallica ; antennis articulis quinque basalibus

tuberculato-spinosis.

Glabrous, shining, metallic green or blue ; head with oblong pune-

tures between the eyes, the intervals with fine vertical corrugations,

the punctures on the vertex crowded, the intervening lines becom-

ing rather oblique towards the median groove; prothorax slightly

broader than long, transversely corrugated, the middle of the disk

near the anterior impressed line smooth and impunctate, on each .

1866.] MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. 535

side below the disk a longitudinal V-shaped scar-like depression ;

scutellum triangular; elytra covered with small crowded punctures,

divided by short transverse lines, or, in other words, transversely

corrugated, each elytron indistinctly marked with two raised lines,

its apex obliquely truncate ; body beneath glossy golden green; legs

blue, or violet-blue ; antennee dark blue, the first five joints covered

more or less with short tuberculate spines. Length 8 lines.

This seems to be a variable species, so far as size and amount of

spinosity on the antennz are concerned. Generally the coxze are

reddish ; but I have a small specimen, with much less rugose an-

tenne, in which the colour is scarcely to be distinguished from that

of the femora. The example described above is from Sarawak,

where, as well as in Singapore, the species was taken by Mr. Wallace.

PRIONIDZ.

REMPHAN.

Remphan, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soe, ser. 1. i. p. 67.

ReMPuHAN HOPEI, Waterhouse, J. c. pl. 8. f. 1.

Remphan appears to differ from Macrotoma solely in the greater

length of the scape, which is thus rather longer than the third joint

—a character directly opposed to the true Macrotome. The re-

marks of M. Guérin Méneville on this genus are so apposite, and

are so much more applicable at the present time, that we think we

are doing some service in calling attention to them here. He says,

“The genus Remphan of Mr. Waterhouse, it seems to us, ought to

be placed near Macrotoma. The author has forgotten to state its

affinities, after having given its generic characters, commencing

with the head and finishing with the abdomen, just as is the custom

with many entomologists, and which is very convenient for celerity.

In fact, in thus freeing one’s self from the researches which ought to

be really made in order to fix the place of a new genus, the task is

reduced to almost mechanical work ; for it is only to say all or almost

all that can be seen of an insect to describe it, and leave to the poor

reader the care and perplexity of picking out whatever seems good

to him’’*. Mr. Waterhouse is, however, one of the last that we

can complain of in this respect ; but the systematic determination of

some to content themselves with the barest descriptions, without

giving the slightest clue to the position of their new genera, ought

to disentitle them to the right of priority in the event of any of

these genera being afterwards described in a conscientious and re-

cognizable manner. Of course, it is a different matter when it is

stuted of any new genus that its affinities are doubtful or unknown

to its author. As M. Guérin Méneville observes, these mechanical

descriptions can be done by any one; the real test of competency

will be found in the observations which every conscientious writer

will feel it his duty to make in instituting, or proposing to insti-

tute, anew genus.

* Tconographie du régne Animal, Insectes, p. 212.

536 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE COLEOPTERA OF PENANG. [Nov. 22,

ZEGOSOMA.

Aigosoma, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. i. p. 162.

/EGOSOMA MARGINALE.

Cerambyx marginalis, Fabricius, Entom. Syst. ii. p. 264.

This appears to be a common species in Malacca. It is represented

in Europe by 4. scabricorne, and in North China by &. sinicum,

both very nearly allied. Mr. Bowring finds it at Hong Kong, and

Mr. Wallace at Macassar, as well as in Bouru and Amboyna.

Mecorpis.

Megopis, Serville, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. i. p. 161.

MEGOPIS PROCERA.

M. elongata, pallide ferruginea; elytris tricostatis, costis liberis ;

genubus concoloribus.

Elongate, pale ferruginous, glabrous, tips of the mandibles black ;

head and prothorax opake, covered with numerous small granules ;

scutellum subscutiform, rounded behind; elytra parallel, closely

punctured, each puncture with a small whitish scale at the base,

with three costs, exclusive of the raised suture and the submarginal

raised line externally, the inner costa shortest, but not connected with

the intermediate, nor the latter with the outer costa, apices mucronate

at the suture; body beneath with a short greyish pile; legs finely

punctured, glabrous ; antenne glabrous, half as long as the body, the

third joint three times as long as the scape. Length 13 lines.

Longer than M. costipennis, White, with the coste on the elytra

free throughout, not connected behind the middle, and the meta-

sternum with a short pile like the rest of the under surface. An

undescribed species is found at the Cape of Good Hope. The type

M. mutica is from the Isle of France.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XLI., XLIV., XLITI.

Puate XLI.

Fig. 1. Aszlaris zonatus, p. 505. | Fig. 7. Diosyris miranda, p. 508.

2. Sigeum humerale, p. 523. 8. Bicon sanguineus, p. 522.

3. Sestyra cephalotes, p. 513. 9. Ephies cruentus, p. 506.

4. Mydasta discoidea, p. 512. 10. Ciopera decolorata, p. 511.

5. Epianthe viridis, p. 511. 11. Asmedia mimetes, p. 526.

6. Mimistena femorata, p. 514. 12. Imbrius lineatus, p. 529.

Puate XLII.

Fig. 1. Capnolymma capreola, p. 504. | Fig. 5. Pyrestes scapularis, p. 516.

2. Plutonesthes crocata, p. 514. 6. politus, p. 516.

3. Cyriopalus wallacei, p. 530. 7. Euryarthrum nodicolle, p. 524.

4. Pyrestes virgatus, p. 517.

Puate XLITI.

Fig. 1. Rhytidodera cristata, p. 531. Fig. 4. Pachyteria spinicollis, p. 519.

2. Pachyteria virescens, p. 519. 5. speciosa, p. 519.

strumosa, p. 520. 6. —— lambii, p. 519.

1866.] VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 537

15. Notes on Birds collected in Tenasserim and in the Anda-

man Islands. By Artruur, Viscount Watpen, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S.

Dr. Sclater has placed in my hands for publication the ornitho-

logical portion of a zoological collection which Captain Beavan is en-

gaged in making in Tenasserim, and the firstfruits of which he has

recently transmitted to this country. With the exception of six

species obtained in the Andaman Islands, the specimens sent were

collected in the neighbourhood of Moulmein and in the valley of the

lower course of the Salween River. The collection is accompanied

by some interesting notes of observations made by the collector, most

of which, if, indeed, not all, convey new information. These notes I

have transcribed in full; and it is to be hoped that during his stay

in the Tenasserim provinces Captain Beavan will continue the useful

practice of recording such observations as it is only within the power

of the field-naturalist to make. An exhaustive catalogue of the Avi-

fauna of the Tenasserim provinces has yet to be compiled. The

identity of rarer species with the types from the neighbouring coun-

tries has in the majority of cases yet to be determined; and where

differences occur, the degree and nature of the variation have in many

instances still to be made known. Im nearly all the species the

exact Jimits of their areas of distribution remain a desideratum ; and

it is only by means of local collections, such as the one Captain

Beavan is now engaged in making, that any progress in these branches

of knowledge can become possible. Mr. Blyth, it is true, has

amassed a large number of facts bearing on these subjects ; but they

are scattered through so many papers and different periodicals, that,

until they are brought together and systematically arranged, much

time will have to be spent by the student before full benefit can be

derived from their undoubted value. In Europe little has been done,

chiefly in consequence of the want of authentic specimens from dif-

ferent localities, and sufficiently large series of the specimens sent.

As a result of this paucity of local specimens in our museums, or

rather in one and the same collection, many species inhabiting the

continent of India for instance, remain still bearing titles originally

bestowed on forms foreign to that country; and an absolute iden-

tity, as far as these species are concerned, is thus assumed to exist

between birds, not migratory, inhabiting regions widely apart. And

yet, on comparison being made between actual specimens from distant

localities, certain differences are frequently, and in many genera in-

variably, discovered, which, whether of specific value in the opinion

of some naturalists or not, still seem to go far in showing that ab-

solute stability and immutability of specific forms in birds does not

exist.

The numbers and sexes given at the head of each species in this

paper are those attached to the specimens by Captain Beayan. I

commence with the Tenasserim specimens.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXV.

538 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Noyv. 22,

1, HarpacrteEs orESKIOs, (Temm.) ?

Trogon oreskios, Temm. Pl. Col. 181.

No. 26. Salween Valley.

“Bill blue, also skin of eyes and feet. Found this beautiful Tro-

gon plentiful on Korkarit Island, Salween River. It lives in thick

forest jungle, where there is but little underwood; but the trees

above have their boughs matted together, and bound up by tangled

creepers, creating a deep shade below, to the great convenience of

the observer. These Trogons go about in parties of seven or eight,

sometimes more, and are very silent and quiet in their movements.

No call-note is heard; but a bird suddenly darts from a low bough,

seizes an insect near the ground, and, returning to its perch, leisurely

devours it before you, without showing any signs of alarm at the

presence of an intruder on its domains. He will then sit there so

quietly that, if once lost sight of, it is difficult to find his whereabouts

again, so similar is the colour of the plumage to that of the leaves.

The female is much like the male, but altogether duller in plumage,

especially about the under parts. In the same kind of forest may

frequently be seen, on the highest trees, the grand Hornbill (Buceros

homrai, Hodgs.) ; while on the damp ground below, wherever, here

and there, a passing shower has left a few small half-dried pools of

water, the Blue Ground-Thrush (Pitta cyanoptera) marches about

in all his glory, flying up to the nearest bough on your too near ap-

roach.”

I have no Javan specimen wherewith to compare. Mr. Blyth (Ibis,

1865, p. 32) considers the Burmese race conspicuously different.

Arakan is the furthest recorded northern limit of this species.

2. Merops vrrinis, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. p. 182. n. 2.

No. 52, 9. Moulmein.

‘Common in neighbourhood of Moulmein.”’ The specimen sent

belongs to the race named ferrugiceps by Hodgson (Gray, Zool. Mise.

1844, p. 82), and which, Dr. Jerdon observes, forms the prevalent race

in Burmah. Mr. Blyth has also remarked that M. viridis in Bur-

mah has a redder head than in India (J. A.S. B. 1863, p.74). The

entire head and nape of this specimen is of a bright rusty, with a

tinge of green ; the throat is green, edged with blue on the cheeks.

The upper plumage is darker green than in Candeish and Ceylon spe-

cimens ; and in them the throat is bright turquoise blue, with green

predominating over the rufous of the head and nape. But the vali-

dity of the specific distinctions cannot be satisfactorily established

from a single specimen, and therefore for the present I prefer retain-

ing the Tenasserim form under M. viridis. It seems, however, to be

a link of transition between the true M. viridis and M. quinticolor.

3. LoricuLus veRNALIs, (Sparrm.).

Psittacus vernalis, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. 1787, pl. 24.

Nos. 23, 24, 25, 9. Salween River.

“ Trides white in some, light brown in others, the latter probably

1866.] vISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 539

young birds; bill orange; legs yellow.’ Malabar, Subhimalayan,

and Burmese individuals are regarded as identical by Messrs. Blyth

and Jerdon. Mr. Blyth also, in his catalogue, identified Indian with

Javan specimens preserved in the Calcutta Museum—an interesting

fact ; for the intermediate countries of the Malay peninsula are inha-

bited by a distinct species, Z. galgulus, (Linn.). The line of contact

between the two species has yet to be recorded. An analogous fact

is the existence of a third distinct species (L. asiaticus) in Ceylon,

to which small area it is confined; while north of the Straits of

Manaar the country of L. vernalis commences.

4, GECINUS vIRIDANUS, (Blyth).

Picus viridanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1000, ¢; 1844,

p- 394,92.

No. 20. Schouay Goon, Salween River.

*Trides dark purple; bill dark horny above, greenish yellow be-

neath, except tip, which is darker ; legs and claws dull greenish yel-

low.” A male in full plumage with scarlet crest. Mr. Blyth (Cat.

Calc. Mus.) subsequently identified his G. viridanus, which was

founded on Arakan specimens, with the Javan dimidiatus, Temm.

But I cannot find any note of his having compared specimens from

the two localities, and Javan specimens did not exist in the Calcutta

Museum when the catalogue was framed. Malherbe has followed

Mr. Blyth, but without assigning a reason; and Sundevall (Consp.

Av. Picinarum) has adopted the same view. In the India Museum,

however, both Mr. Blyth’s type and the Javan bird are preserved ;

and in their catalogue of that collection Messrs. Horsfield and Moore

enumerate them as distinct, an opinion in which I concur. Pegu

specimens of the nearly allied G. striolatus, Blyth, are preserved in

the British Museum.

5. YUNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS, (Blyth).

Picus canicapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 197.

No. 29, 2. Schouay Goon, Salween River.

** Bill horny; legs greenish.” The presence of a red streak on

each side of the head of the specimen sent inclines me to regard

Captain Beavan’s determination of the sex as erroneous. ‘This bird

is nearly related to the Javan form, the moluccensis of Blyth and of

Horsfield and Moore, but not of Malherbe, which is, according to

that author, from the Philippines and Moluccas. According to Mr.

Blyth, the form which inhabits the peninsula of Malacca is identical

with the Java bird ; and specimens from both regions existed in the

Calcutta Museum. In the specimen sent the crown is of a light

greyish brown, readily distinguishable from the dark-rufous-brown

occiput of a Javan male in my collection. The bill is equal in length,

but much stouter; the wings are perceptibly longer; the longitu-

dinal streak on the breast-feathers is broader and of a darker brown ;

and the general shade of the brown plumage is deeper than in my

Javan specimen. Malherbe has omitted to notice the Javan form ;

but, on Mr. Blyth’s assertion of its identity with the Malaccan bird

540 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Nov. 22,

(an opinion shared in by Horsfield and Moore), it will probably have

to take the name of auritus, Eyton (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 228),

described from the Malacca species.

6. MecGaLtatma HopGsontt, Bp. Consp. 1850, i. 144. no. 19.

Megalaima lineata, (Vieill.) Jerdon, Birds of India, i. 309. no. 192.

No. 22, 2. Kyodan, Salween River.

«‘ Frequents tops of highest trees.’ Captain Beavan’s specimen

appears to belong to the Subhimalayan race, referred by Blyth,

Horsfield and Moore, and Jerdon to Vieillot’s Capito lineatus, a

species described by that author (Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. iv. 500) as from

“‘? Australasie.”’ Vieillot’s account is so vague that it will apply

equally well to other races of the Green Barbets. I therefore prefer

rejecting Vieillot’s title, and adopting that given by Prince Bona-

parte, founded upon Nipaulese specimens in the Leyden Museum.

Blyth and Jerdon give Sumatra as the origin of Vieillot’s type; but

I have failed in finding their authority for the statement. Prince

Bonaparte, with doubt, made it equal to Bucco corvinus, Temm. ;

but this is a very distinctly marked species, unlike any of the conti-

nental Green Barbets. It is possible, however, that the Subhima-

layan form, which extends into Assam and the countries east of

Bengal, and, according to Dr. Jerdon, into the whole Indo-Chinese

region, may prove to be the same as the B. faiostriatus, Temm. (Pl.

Col. 527), said to be from Cochin China; but the broad green

band under the eyes, which is a chief character in Temminck’s species,

is wanting in the Indian and Tenasserim birds. A Cambodja spe-

cimen in my collection agrees tolerably well with the Tenasserim

bird, especially in having the distinguishing pure albescent chin and

throat. The length of the wings is equal; but the bill is shorter

and much stouter. A second specimen from the same locality has

the wings three-fourths of an inch shorter and the bill less massive.

Neither possesses a green subocular band.

7. PotypHasia TENUIROSTRIS, (J. E. Gray).

Cuculus tenuirostris, J. E. Gray, Hard. Ill. Zool. 1833, ii. pl. 34.

a ee

No. 63, ¢. Moulmein.

*‘Trides dull red or brown red; legs yellow, with greenish tinge

on upper parts.’ An adult with chin and throat only grey; upper

breast, as well as entire under surface, pure rufous. Dr. Jerdon

does not record the colour of the iris in this race, but states that of

the grey-bellied Indian race to be “ fine ruby red, in some brownish

red.” He considers the species from Burmah to be identical with

that of Bengal.

§. ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA, (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris magna, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1837, p. 272.

No. 28, ¢. Kyodan. :

‘Shot this specimen at Kyodan, Salween Valley, whilst busily

feeding on the flower of the common plantain. Irides dark brown ;

'1866.] vISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. O41

legs bright orange-yellow; bill black.” Jerdon gives the irides as

light brown, but does not state in what locality his specimen was

obtained. Compared witha Darjeeling skin in my collection no dif-

ference is to be detected. The southern limits of this species have

yet to be determined.

9. ArHOPYGA MILES, (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris miles, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1837, p. 273.

Nectarinia goolpariensis, Royle, Ill. Him. Bot. 78, pl. 7. f. 1,1839.

Nos. 68, ¢, 43,2. Moulmein; Salween Valley.

“«Frequents Amherstia-trees in flower. Note, aloud piping. Ob-

served on Salween trip in villages feeding on the flowers of the

cocoa-nut palm.” ‘Not only frequents flowering trees, but low

bushes and annuals near the ground when in flower. Secured a spe-

cimen on the common Costus argyrophyllus.”’

No. 43 is marked a female; but as it has the feathers of chin,

throat, and breast strongly tinged with crimson, I am inclined to re-

gard it as a young male, the females of the species, according to

both Hodgson and Jerdon, being soberly plumaged, without any of

the brilliant colours of the male. I have been unable to compare

Himalayan specimens, which furnished Hodgson with his types; but

Jerdon states that the Himalayan bird is found in the Burmese coun-

tries. If Tickell’s Nect. seheria (J. A.S. B. 1833, p. 577), founded

on a Borabhiim specimen, should prove to be identical with the

Himalayan form, Hodgson’s title of miles will have to give way. The

utmost southern limits of this bird have yet to be defined. As yet

it does not appear to have been discovered in the Malay peninsula.

10. ARACHNETHRA FLAMMAXILLARIS, (Blyth).

Nectarinia fammazillaris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1845, p. 557.

Nos. 37, 45, 46, d; 38, 39, 51, 70, 2. Kyodan, Salween Valley;

Moulmein.

‘A distinct semicircle of dull brick-red on breast, below the steel-

blue neck-patch ; below it, again, a few black feathers ; irides reddish

brown ; feet and legs black. The female is pale olive-green, with a

yellow breast, and wants the steel-blue throat of the male.” Speci-

men no. 51 is assuming the steel-blue plastron, and has the orange-

coloured axillary tufts fully developed. It is therefore probably a

young male. The remaining three female specimens are in the sober

plumage described above. In the colouring of the whole upper sur-

face they closely resemble the male—so much so that, if specimens

of the two sexes are viewed together only from above, it is difficult

to detect any distinction. The tails in both, above and below, are

alike, the white tips of the outer rectrices being equally prominent

on the under surface. The only features which really distinguish

the males are the bright flame-coloured tufts, the steel-blue plumage

of the chin, throat, and breast, and the brick-red semicircle on the

breast, which is difficult to detect in skins that have not been care-

fully prepared.

This species is nearly allied to the Javan N. pectoralis, Horsf.=

542 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Nov. 22,

N. eximia, Temm., but is to be readily distinguished by the absence

of the frontal steel-blue patch of the Java bird, which, also, has the

abdominal plumage of a much deeper yellow, and consequently the

axillary tufts do not contrast so strongly as in the Tenasserim species.

The Philippine species, V. jugularis, (Linn.), founded on Brisson’s

Certhia philippensis minor, is not to be distinguished by description

from the Tenasserim bird; and Mr. Blyth, in 1843, identified spe-

cimens from Tenasserim with the N. jugularis, Vieill., of Sir W.

Jardine’s Nectariniade. Two years later he announced the Tenas-

serim form as belonging to an undescribed species, giving it the de-

signation I have adopted, but without stating his reasons for no

longer considering it the same as N. jugularis, Vieill., apud Jardine.

Having been unable to compare with a Philippine specimen, I cannot

form an independent opinion; but we may with almost certainty

assume that the specimens from the two localities will be found to

specifically differ ; indeed it will be a remarkable coincidence if they

do not. Meyen has regarded jugularis, Linn., and the Javan pecto-

ralis, Horsf., as young females of his NV. philippensis, which appears

to be equal to the NV. coccineogastra, Temm. ; but the two Philippine

birds are almost certainly distinct, and Horsfield’s title of pectoralis

was given to a mature Javan male. Cinnyris frenata, Mill., from

the Sula Islands, closely resembles the Tenasserim fammazillaris,

Blyth, in the distribution of its colours, but it is considerably larger.

On the upper surface, like the Tenasserim bird, it wants the steel-

blue frontal patch of the Javan pectoralis, Horsf. ; but on the under

surface the colour of the plumage is not distinguishable from that of

the Javan bird. N. solaris, Temm., from Flores, is another of the

same group ; but where in fammazillaris the abdominal plumage is

pale yellow, and in pectoralis and frenata it is deep yellow, in solaris

it is orange-red; while the frontal patch and the throat- and breast-

plumage are metallic green (and not blue) black.

I refer N. flammawillaris to the genus Arachnethra, of which

Certhia lotenia, Linn., is the type, in preference to separating it from

that group and making it form a fifth species of Dr. Cabanis’s genus

Chrysostomus, founded for the reception of C. jugularis, Linn., N.

pectoralis, Horsf., N. frenata, Miill., and N. solaris, Temm.; for

it, as well as these four species, seem to me to be closely allied to

the steel-blue Sun-birds of India and Ceylon, 4. lotenia and A. asia-

tica. The character of the plumage in all these species evinces a

common hereditary relationship. In A. asiatica, Lath., the entire

plumage is metallic black ; and in that species we find the blackness

at its maximum; in fammazillaris it is at its minimum, being con-

fined to the pectoral plastron. NV. zenobia, Less., exhibits an inter-

mediate stage ; for in it we find the whole under surface black, the

upper being barely distinguishable from that of the Tenasserim bird.

On Mr. Blyth’s authority, A. flammazillaris is very common in

Tenasserim. Arakan is its furthest known northern limit. Penang

specimens do not appear to differ. How much further south it ex-

tends remains to be determined. To the west, in India proper, it

is unknown.

1866.] VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 543

11. LeprocoMA BRAZILIANA, (Gm.).

Certhia braziliana, Gm. 8. N. ed. 13, 1788.

Certhia brasiliensis violacea, Briss. Orn. iii. 662. n. 30, pl. 32. f. 4.

Nectarinia hasseltii, Temm. Pl. Col. 376. f. 3,3.

Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1843, p. 1008.

No. 65, ¢.

“Moulmein. Irides dark brown; bill and legs black. Shot

feeding on low flowering shrubs. Note, a low piping call.” The

single specimen sent has some of the chin- and throat-feathers white,

the rest being of the brilliant amethystine purple of the species.

The metallic occipital feathers consist chiefly of blue-green plumes,

the outer only being yellow green. When compared with Sumatran

specimens its plumage does not appear quite so brilliant; and the

shades of the metallic portions somewhat differ in colour. It closely

resembles a Malaccan skin in my collection, and which is in perfect

plumage. In this also the occipital feathers are bluer green than

yellow green; and the throat-feathers appear to differ in their me-

tallic glance from those of the Sumatran race. The bill likewise is

slenderer, and all the dimensions are somewhat less.

Brisson described this bird in the clearest language from a skin in

Réaumur’s collection, to whom it was presented by M. de Vergéne,

who, according to Brisson, received it from the Brazils. Upon Bris-

son’s authority Gmelin founded its title draziliana, and, although

geographically inappropriate, I prefer adhering to the law of priority.

At some future time some authoritative body of naturalists will have

to agree upon those titles, of the older authors, which ought to be ex-

punged. Temminck’s type was from Java. Mr. Blyth’s N. phayree

was described from an Arakan specimen.

I concur with Dr. Cabanis in placing this species in his genus

Leptocoma. The female and young plumage is unrecorded. It has

not hitherto been found further north than Arakan, and is unknown

to the west in India proper.

12. ANTHREPTES SINGALENSIS, (Gm.).

The Green Warbler, Brown, Zool. Ill. p. 82, pl. 32. f. 2.

Motacilla singalensis, Gm. S. N. ed. 13. p. 964. n. 86.

Sylvia cingalensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 533. n. 92.

Nectarinia phenicotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 108. fA, $3388. fF. 29.

Anthreptes phenicotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 279.

Nos. 41, 42, 64,¢. Moulmein; Salween Valley.

«« Frequents the tops of flowering trees, and has much the habits

of a Diceum. Female a little duller-coloured than male; generally

seen in pairs. Irides dark red; bill brown; legs and claws dirty

greenish yellow.” The slightness of the distinction described by

Captain Beavan between the sexes is interesting ; but the three spe-

cimens sent are those of males. When compared with a Sumatran

skin they appear less brightly and richly coloured. In the latter

bird the rufous of the breast and throat is deeper in tone and descends

lower down; it is separated from the yellow of the abdominal region

544 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. | Nov. 22,

by a more trenchant line. In the Tenasserim specimens the rufous

dies away into the yellow; in them also the bill is decidedly longer,

while in all the other dimensions they are inferior to the Sumatran

bird.

Brown figured and described this species, in his ‘Illustrations,’ from

a specimen said to have been from the “ East Indies.’ Gmelin, in

error, gave Ceylon as its habitat, although he founded his M. singa-

lensis on Brown’s description and plate. Latham fell into the same

mistake ; and hence in all the authors we find Ceylon recorded as

the native country of Gmelin’s species. 'Temminck, fully aware that

Gmelin had previously described it, gave it another name; and

Mr. Blyth, in 1843, unconscious that it had been previously named,

gave it as a new name the one already used by Temminck. Mr.

Blyth was the first author who referred the species to Swainson’s

genus Anthreptes, instituted for the reception of Certhia malaccensis,

Scop. =Nectarinia javanica, Horsf., and chiefly characterized by the

stouter and straighter bill—with which species it appears to me to

be closely allied. Dr. Cabanis has, in the ‘Museum Heineanum,”

separated it from Anthreptes, and made it the type of a new genus,

Chalcoparia.

Tippera is the most northern region from which this species has

hitherto been recorded. It is unknown in India to the westward of

that country ; and we possess no authentic record of its occurrence

in Ceylon. Motley and Dillwyn state that this species occurs in

Labuan ; but specimens have to be compared.

13. DiczumM CRUENTATUM, (Linn.).

Certhia cruentata, Linn. 8. N. ed. 12, 1766, p. 187.

Certhia coccinea, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. Insub. 1786, pars 2.

p- 91. n. 63.

Nos. 56, 58, 66, 78, ¢; 49, 57, 69, 2. Moulmein.

hairs on the head mixed with the scarlet feathers. Has the usual

habits of the genus, frequenting high trees in flower. An especial

favourite is a Cathartocarpus (Cassia florida, Vahl) when in flower.

The call is ashrill piping, something like the ticking of a loud watch,

but of course not regular, and more quickly repeated. It occasion-

ally descends to flowering shrubs in the gardens. Tolerably common

about Moulmein, but very difficult to procure, as it is almost im-

possible to see it amongst thick foliage without the aid of glasses.

The note described above is generally uttered when starting in flight;

another note when at rest may be syllabized tee-tee-tee.”

Dr. Jerdon gives Scopoli’s title the precedence ; but that of Lin-

nzeus, founded on Brisson’s description of Edwards’s plate, is senior.

Sonnerat’s species, Scopoli’s type, was said by that traveller to be

from China. By Mr. Blyth (J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 558, in note) the

Indian species is said to be common at Malacca. Specimens from

that peninsula that I have seen slightly differ, by being smaller,

having a shorter bill, and by the black portion of the plumage being

deep blue (rather than deep green) black; the red plumage is also

1866.] vISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 545

of aricher tone. The complete range of the species has yet to be

determined.

14. Diczum TRIGONOosTIGMA, (Scop.).

Certhia trigonostigma, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. Insub. 1786, ii.

p- 91. n. 64.

No. 54, 9. Moulmein.

“Upper mandible pinkish brown, and tip of lower the same, eae

duating to yellow underneath ; irides dark brown; legs leaden.” In

another note the gape is described as orange. Does not differ from

Malaccan specimens of the female. This species has not been found

further north than Arakan, and is unknown on the continent to the

westward. Mr. Blyth states that it is found in Sumatra.

15. Pirra cyANOPTERA, Temm. Pl. Col. 218.

Pitta malaccensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 960, nec Scopoli.

Nos. 13, ¢, 14, juv. Korkarit Island, Salween River.

*Trides dark brown; skin behind eye leaden ; legs pinkish fleshy ;

bill brown-black. Young bird: gape and tip of bill crimson-red ;

legs fleshy.” Arakan, Tenasserim, and Malayan specimens of the

form to which the examples sent belong have hitherto always been

regarded by Indian ornithologists as of the same species as the Javan

bird which furnished Temminck’s type. But as yet no actual com-

parison with Javan specimens appears to have been made, and until

that is done the question of identity must remain in doubt. The

young bird is sordid in all its plumage, and has the first quill en-

tirely black, the second with only a white spot. A Sumatran spe-

cimen in the Indian Museum has the white on the primaries very

much restricted ; it is also a larger bird, and may be specifically se-

parated.

16. Gravucatus maceI, Less. Trait. d’Orn. p. 390.

No. 62. Moulmein.

When compared with specimens from Central India, the one sent

exhibits no difference of plumage ; and the dimensions are identical,

save those of the bill being somewhat less.

17. DisseMURUS PARADISEUS, (Linn.)?

Cuculus paradiseus, Linn. 8. N. ed. 12.

No. 19. Salween Valley.

A single specimen and in moulting plumage is sent. It represents

one of the numerous races of which C. paradiseus, Linn., may be

taken as the type. But it is in such indifferent order, the outer

rectrices being absent, that without further specimens it is impossible

to determine its position among the numerous races of the Racket-

tailed Drongos.

18. BucHANGA INTERMEDIA, (Blyth)?

Dicrurus intermedius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 298.

Nos. 27, 55, 60, 74, 79,6. Moulmein.

546 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Nov. 22,

«« This is the commonest species of Dicrurus in the gardens about

Moulmein, and extends to my knowledge some distance up the Sal-

ween Valley. It isa pretty songster. Irides crimson-red. On the

same trees as Chaptia enea.”’ These specimens belong to one of

the numerous races of which Dicurus leucopheus, Vieill.,=D. cine-

raceus, Horsf., ex Java, may be considered the type. They may be

termed Ashy Drongos, from the bluish ashy hue which, in darker or

lighter shades, characterizes their plumage. They are very closely

allied to another group of Drongos, the type of which is B. longt-

caudata, (A. Hay); and although between some of the races of the

two species the distinguishing characters are not at once apparent,

yet individuals belonging to the group of Ashy Drongos are always

to be recognized by their general ashy (rather than black) tone of

colour, by the upper surface of the rectrices, especially the central

pair, being greyish and only becoming black towards the tips, by

the entire under surface of the body being dull ashy, without any

silky gloss, save a slight indication on the breast, and by the tail

being much less deeply forked and its feathers considerably broader.

The entire body-plumage is also of a looser texture, the webs being

decomposed. At the same time the two groups possess many con-

necting links; and though the most superficial observer could not

confound a Malabar specimen of B. longicaudata with a Java spe-

cimen of B. leucophea, other races, such as this one from Tenas-

serim, have to be carefully examined before it can be decided to which

of the two groups they belong. At the foot of the Himalayas, cer-

tainly extending as far to the westward as the Deyra Doon, the two

groups are severally represented, and the divergence between the

two is very strongly marked ; yet the large Ashy Drongo of the Hi-

malaya has hitherto been confounded with B. longicaudata of Ma-

labar and its allied races by both Messrs. Jerdon and Blyth. I refer

Captain Beavan’s specimens to Mr. Blyth’s species with some doubt.

Dr. Jerdon, in his recent work, reduces D. intermedius, Blyth, to a

synonym of D. longicaudatus, A. Hay ; yet Mr. Blyth’s description

appears to agree better with some individuals of the ashy group.

Moreover he mentions that it is intermediate between D. cerulescens

(Linn.) and D. longicaudatus, A. Hay, whence doubtless his designa-

tion; and at the time, Mr. Blyth was unacquainted with the true Javan

D. cineraceus, (Horsf.). Mr. Blyth’s type came from Penang; and

as I have never met with a specimen of Ashy Drongo, or of the other

species, from so far south in the Malayan peninsula, I am unable to

identify Mr. Blyth’s bird; but in his ‘Catalogue of the Calcutta

Museum,’ he has enumerated under this title another specimen from

Moulmein. I have, however, good reason to believe that a race of

the longicaudatus group also inhabits Tenasserim; and it is not

impossible, it is even probable, that the Malay race is distinct from

that of Burmah. Until Penang specimens are actually compared

with the Moulmein race, the correct title of the latter must remain

undetermined. From the Javan species these specimens differ by

being altogether of a darker bluish ashy ; the wings are of a greenish

black, rather than a greenish ashy; the tail is more deeply forked,

1866.] vIscoUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 547

and not so decidedly cinereous on the upper surface; the bill is

more compressed. All these points evince an approach to D. longi-

caudatus, and excite a suspicion of hybridism. But they are pro-

bably nothing but the characteristics of an intermediate species—a

link of transition, many of which are to be found in the unstable

family of the Dicruride. The type of Vieillot’s genus Dicrurus

being Corvus balicassius, Linn. ( = Ldolius viridescens, Gould, = Ba-

licassius philippensis, Bp., ex Manilla), a totally distinct generic

form, the long Fork-tailed Drongos must be referred to the next

generic synonym, Buchanga, Hodgs., the type of which is Edolius

albirictus, Hodgs., ex Nipaul. The following are the principal

measurements of the Tenasserim race :—

Wing 51 inches; bill from nostril 2; bill from forehead 1; uro-

pygials 3£; outer rectrices 54.

Somewhat larger than the Javan bird, it is considerably smaller

than the Himalayan B. pyrrhops, Hodgs. The Himalayan race of

B. longicaudata has yet to be described and named. It is a well-

marked form, and very distinct from the Malabar type.

19. Mrxornis RUBICAPILLA, (Tickell).

Motacilla rubieapilla, Tickell, J. A. 8S. B. 1833, p- 576. no. 27.

No. 40. Salween Valley,

The type of this species was procured by Colonel Tickell in Burru-

bhoom, a district of Central India. When compared with specimens

from Maunbhoom, a neighbouring district of Central India, this Te-

nasserim specimen exhibits no difference beyond that of the bill being

perceptibly longer ; and when compared with Himalayan specimens

no difference whatever can be detected; and Mr. Hodgson’s specific

titles of chloris and ruficeps given to the Himalayan race have there-

fore been correctly superseded by Dr. Jerdon. In the ‘ Catalogue

of the Calcutta Museum’ Tenasserim is given as the habitat, not

only of this species, but also of M. gularis, (Horsf.). This last species

is very distinct, and was founded on the Motacilla gularis, Rafiles,

Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii., his type being from Sumatra, and not from Java

—a fact which has been overlooked by almost every writer, the mis-

take probably arising out of Raftles’s bird having been figured and

described by Horsfield in his ‘ Zoological Researches in Java.’ Sir

Stamford RafHles’s type specimen still exists in the India Museum.

It belongs to a species readily distinguishable from Tickell’s bird, by

being above almost uniform rufous brown, with a tinge only of olive

on the nape and rump. The head, wings, and tail are alike, and of

a still darker brown. Underneath it closely resembles the conti-

nental species, but is brighter yellow, and has the throat more boldly

streaked. A second and fresh specimen from Sumatra is in my col-

lection, and is identical with the type. Malacca possesses a species

which is very nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Sumatran

form. The Javan race, hitherto by all authors referred to Timalia

gularis, Horsf., is figured in the ‘ Planches Coloriées,’ and is there

described, as also by Prince Bonaparte in the ‘ Conspectus,’ as having

the throat white. From both these descriptions it also appears to

548 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Noyv. 22,

possess other characters which distinguish it from the true Sumatran

gularis and the continental rubicapilla. Of the Javan form I have

not seen a specimen; but should it prove really as distinct as the

descriptions make it, it will require a new designation; for we may

assume that it is not Timalia flavicollis, Mill., described by Bona-

parte in the ‘ Conspectus’ and ranked as a Miwornis. Temminck

(Pl. Col. pl. 442. f. 1), however, after an examination of thirty spe-

cimens sent to him from Java and Sumatra, considered the races

from those two islands to be identical.

Prince Bonaparte, having mistaken the Javan bird for Raffles and

Horsfield’s species, described, in the ‘ Conspectus,’ from a specimen

in the Leyden Museum, the Sumatran form as new, under the title

of M. sumatranus. This title must be expunged. The Malaccan

race supplied the type of Mr. Blyth’s Prinia pileata (J. A. S. B.

1842, p. 204, where he adds that it is also found in Tenasserim).

In his catalogue, while making P. pileata a synonym of Horsfield’s

gularis, he continues to cite the Tenasserim provinces as its habitat.

No Tenasserim specimens of the Malaccan form existed in the Cal-

cutta Museum when the catalogue was compiled ; and its occurrence

so far north probably will require further confirmation.

The following is a recapitulation of the synonyms of the three

species. In the absence of a greater number of examples for com-

parison, the permanent nature of the slight differences existing be-

tween the Tenasserim bird and that of Central India, and between

the Malaccan race and that of Sumatra, cannot be established :—

1, Motacilla rubicapilla, Tick. Central India.

Mizornis chloris vel ruficeps, Hodgs. Nipaul.

No. 40. Beavan’s Collection.

2. Motacilla gularis, Raffles. Sumatra.

Timalia gularis, Horsf. Sumatra.

Mixornis sumatranus, Bp. Sumatra.

Prinia pileata, Blyth. Malacca.

Mizornis gularis, Horsf. apud Blyth. Malacca.

3. Mixornis gularis, (Horsf.) apud Bp. Java.

Myjiothera gularis, Temm. Java.

20. GARRULAX BELANGERI, Less., Bel. Voy. aux Indes, p. 258,

pl. 4.

Nos. 15,¢, 17. Salween River; Kyodan.

“Trides dark red; bill black ; legs leaden.” According to Jerdon

the irides of the Himalayan G. leucolophos are red brown, and in

some brownish yellow. Although without a Pegu example for com-

parison (Lesson’s type being from that country), the specimen sent

agrees so well with Lesson’s description that I have little hesitation

in considering it of the same race. When compared with Darjeeling

specimens of G. leucolophos, Hardw., the distinctive characters of

these two closely allied forms are self evident. A third race, from

some part of Siam, is represented by a specimen in my collection.

In it the entire under surface is white, the thigh-covers and flanks

1866.] VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 549

only being rufous. The nape is considerably more ashy, and the

upper surface much brighter ferruginous, than that of the Tenasserim

race. The upper tail-coverts are olive-rufescent, and the primaries

are of a ruddier brown, their outer edges being tinged with olive.

The wing, which in @. leucolophos and G. belangeri measures 5 inches,

somewhat exceeds that length. The bill is equal in length to that

of G. belangeri, but is longer by an eighth of an inch than that of

G. leucolophos. The tarsus in all three is equal. I propose the

specific name of Jeucogaster for this race.

21. GARRULAX CHINENSIS, (Scop.).

Le petit geay de la Chine, Soun. Voy. aux Indes, ii. p- 188, pl. 187.

Lanius chinensis, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. ii. p. 86. n. 17.

No. 16, 2. Salween River.

“Shot in company with G. leucolophos, (Hardw.).” (G. belan-

gert, Less.). ‘ Irides crimson-red ; legs dirty brown.” Tenasserim

and, perhaps, some of the regions to the north appear to be the true

and only habitat of this species.

22. Pycnonorus? rrntaysontl, Strick].

Pycnonotus finlaysonii, Strickl. A. N. Hist. 1844, p. 411.

Nos. 53, d, 73,2. Moulmein.

* This bird is certainly very common, in small parties of three or

four; they seldom venture far from thick cover, and have a pleasant

call. Like P. nigropileus, Blyth, it occasionally frequents low

bushes. Irides brown; legs bluish plumbeous; Dill dark horny

plumbeous.” No distinction to be observed between the sexes. The

specimens sent most certainly belong to Strickland’s species, the type

of which was from, to him, some locality unknown, “ probably from

some of the Malayan islands.” The affinities of this Species seem

to point to Izos.

23. Pycnonotus niGRopiLevus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. 1847, p- 472.

No. 76, 3. Moulmein.

‘Common, in small parties, about Moulmein, searching for insects

amongst flowering creepers. Bill black, with slightly plumbeous

tinge ; legs more leaden.” A good species. P. hemorrhous ( Gm.)

is said by Mr. Blyth to replace it in Arakan (J. A. S. B. 1863), while

in Bengal we only find P. pygeus, Hodgs. But Dr. Jerdon inclines

to the opinion that Arakan individuals belong to a distinct race. It

would be interesting to know the extreme northern and southern

limits of the Tenasserim bird.

24. Iora Typura, (Linn.).

Motacilla typhia, Lin. S, N. ed. 12. i. p. 331. no. 13.

No. 59,3. Moulmein.

“ Plentiful in thick trees. Irides greyish white ; bill leaden blue,

darker only on ridge of upper mandible ; legs leaden blue; claws

brownish, and soles dirty yellow. This specimen agrees with Jer-

550 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [ Noy. 22,

don’s description of I. zeylanica (Gm.) in having the ‘ bill light

plumbeous, darker on the ridge, irides greyish white, and the central

tail-feathers partly green and partly black;’ but there is no black

on the head, and the measurements are nearer I. typhia.”’ In the

specimen sent the whole of the tail is black. The mixture of green

with the black of the tail in I. zeylanica, (Gm.), appears only to ac-

company an imperfect state of the upper plumage. Two specimens

from Candeish have the tail-feathers partially edged with green ; but

they are of moulting birds.

The bill in I. typhia is longer. This Tenasserim specimen agrees

in every respect with a Central Indian specimen of I. typhia. A

specimen of a female Jora, from Malacca, before me has the bill

longer and slenderer than that of the Tenasserim bird, and the wing

much shorter. Mr. Blyth gives in his Catalogue both typhia and

scapularis, Horsf., from Malacca; but I am inclined to doubt the

occurrence of both forms in the Malay peninsula. My long-billed

specimen may be the true scapularis, or else belong to a distinct and

undescribed Malayan race.

25. ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Linn.? 8S. N. ed. 12. i. p. 160.

n. 3.

No. 48,2. Moulmein.

“Common everywhere. A male in beautiful plumage is only

83 inches in length. Jerdon makes his 93. My bird, too, agrees

with the description of O. ceylonensis, Bp., in having the black patch

on central tail-feathers 14 inch in length, instead of 4 an inch, as

said by Jerdon to be the case with O. melanocephalus.”’ Asa female

specimen only is sent, it is difficult to decide to which of the two

nearly allied races this one, from Moulmein, belongs. I have com-

pared it with a number of female skins from Ceylon, and can detect

no distinction in either colouring or dimensions. It is also smaller

than Central Indian female specimens of true melanocephalus. Mr.

Blyth (J. A. 8. B. 1863, p. 79) remarks that the race found in Burmah

and extending down to the Malayan peninsula is quite similar to O.

melanocephalus of Bengal. But the variations of the Black-headed

Orioles throughout Southern Asia require further investigation.

26. Copsycuus sauLaris, (Linn.) ?

Gracula saularis, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. p. 165. n. 6.

No. 72, juv. Moulmein.

«* Abundant about Moulmein.”

27. KirraAcINcLa MACROURA, (Gm.)?

Turdus macrourus, Gm. 8. N. ed. 13. i. p. 820. n. 67.

No. 44, ¢ juv. Salween River.

«The specimen is two-thirds grown, and was killed in thick forest

jungle on the Salween at Meezain.”’

This and the last species are represented by specimens too imma-

ture to enable their identity with the types to be established.

1866.] VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 551

28. PRINIA BEAVANI, Sp. nov.

Nos. 35, 36,¢. Schouay Goon, Salween River.

“Trides reddish yellow ; legs fleshy ; beak black, horny. Shot

in low jungle.”

The two specimens sent belong to a species unknown to me; nor

do they agree with the descriptions of any of the Wren Warblers

inhabiting India given by Dr. Jerdon. And I have failed in find-

ing exactly similar specimens in the British Museum and other

London collections. It isa well-marked form, having the head and

nape dull cinereous brown, contrasting distinctly with the slightly

ruddy brown of the dorsal plumage. The upper surface of the wings

and tail is of a similar colour, the outer edges of the primaries being

edged with ferruginous. From the nostril, and extending over and

a little beyond the eye, a bold pure-white band. The chin, throat,

cheeks, breast, and belly pure white. The under wing-coverts, under

tail-coverts, thigh-coverts, and flanks fulvous. The rectrices, which

in the specimens sent are comparatively short, are tipped with dirty

white, which edges a dark brown terminal spot, showing through to

the upper surface. The remaining under surface of the rectrices is

pale brown, similar in hue to the under surface of the quills, the

inner edges of these latter being pale ferruginous. The tail consists

of ten feathers, which are graduated ; the first primary is about two-

thirds the length of the second, which is considerably shorter than

the third ; the fourth is longer than the third, and but slightly shorter

than the fifth, which and the sixth are equal and longest ; the seventh

is equal to the fourth.

Wing 1+} inch; tail 14; bill from forehead 4, from nostril =;

tarsus $; hallux 2; middle toe 54.

This species appears to be most closely allied to P. cinereo-capilla,

Hodgs.

29. CoRYDALLA RUFULA, (Vieill.).

Anthus rufulus, Vieill. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 1818, xxvi. p. 494.

No. 71, 2. Moulmein.

The specimen sent is not distinguishable from Central Indian ex-

amples. Anthus malayensis, Eyton, is a somewhat smaller bird ; but

although regarded as distinct from C. rufula by Messrs. Horsfield

and Moore, I find a difficulty in detecting the specific differences.

30. MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA, (Hodgs.).

Parus sultaneus, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. 1836, p. 31.

No. 21, 6. Kyodan, Salween River.

*< In small flocks, rather noisy, in dense tree-jungles. Irides dark

brown ; bill greenish black.” A young male in immature plumage,

the yellow crest hardly extending beyond the nape, and the dark

portion of the plumage being of a dull greenish brown. Specimens

from Penang and Darjeeling do not differ, and the geographically

intermediate Tenasserim race seems to be identical with them. I

give Mr. Hodgson’s designation precedence over that of Lafresnaye,

552 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Nov. 22,

on the authority of the date cited by Dr. Jerdon. Sumatran speci-

mens have yet to be compared with continental, and if found to be

specially distinct will have to take Lafresnaye’s title of flavo-cristatus.

Prince Bonaparte (‘Conspectus’) keeps the two separate, but gives no

other distinction than that of size, Hodgson’s species being, accord-

ing to the Prince, the smallest. However, this statement is not quite

reliable, for the Prince records them both from the Himalayas.

31. Munia acuricaupa, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 1836, p. 153.

No. 67, ¢. Moulmein.

A larger bird than Darjeeling specimens in my collection. Bill

stouter and longer; colouring much deeper. Above not to be di-

stinguished from Malabar specimens of M. striata, (Linn.), but

wanting the uniform deep-brown breast and pure-white belly of that

species. Formosan specimens agree much better with the Hima-

layan race.

32. Munia unbDuULATA, (Lath.).

Loxia undulata, Lath. Ind. Ornith. i. p. 387.

Nos. 30, 31, 50. Moulmein ; Schouay Goon, Salween River.

*Trides dark sienna; legs light violet ; beak plumbeous, and eye-

lids the same. Common along the banks of the Salween River.

Thérza or Tow-za, Burmese, 7. e. Jungle-Sparrow.” The continental

race is considered by Horsfield and Moore as distinguishable from the

Javan bird (Lowia punctularia, Linn., = F. risoria, Temm.) by the

whitish grey on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail of the Javan

race being exchanged for glistening fulvous in the continental species.

From want of authentic Javan specimens I am unable to confirm this

opinion ; but a Flores specimen in my collection has the upper tail-

coverts and margins of the rectrices glistening fulvous as in the In-

dian race, but of a paler hue. It is also a smaller bird than these

Tenasserim specimens.

33. CRYPSIRHINA VARIANS, (Lath.).

Corvus varians, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. 1790, p. 26.

Nos. 61,46, 47,2. Moulmein.

** Tolerably common in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, frequent-

ing large trees in parties of seven or eight. Has a rather harsh call.

Irides bright blue?’’ The sexes do not appear to differ. Compared

with a Javan specimen I can detect no further distinction than in the

greater lustre of the Java bird’s plumage. The dimensions are equal.

It has not been discovered lower in the Malay countries than Mergui.

34. ACRIDOTHERES Fuscus, ( Wagler).

Pastor fuscus, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827. sp. 6.

No. 75,¢. Moulmein.

*«Trides bright yellow ; bill and legs bright yellow, the former with

a bluish-green tinge at base of lower mandible.’’ Tenasserim indi-

viduals are regarded by Mr. Blyth as identical with those inhabiting

1866.] viscoUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 553

Bengal, and agree in having bright yellow irides; while those from

Southern India (P. mahrattensis, Sykes, P. Z.S. 1832), otherwise

nearly similar in plumage, are distinguishable by having the irides

white or greyish white.

From the Andamans.

1. Hatcyon capensis, (Linn.).

Alcedo capensis, Linn. 8. N. ed. 12. 1766, i. p. 180. no. 9.

Ispida capitis bone spei, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 488. no. 8.

No. 3. Port Blair, Andamans.

If we resolve to regard all the local races of this Kingfisher, or any

of them, as constituting so many distinct species, we must dissever

the A. capensis, Linn., from the 4. leucocephalus,Gm. Of the Lin-

neean species we possess a detailed description in Brisson’s ‘ Ornitho-

logia ;’ and with it this Andaman specimen very nearly agrees. The

upper part of the head is “ cinereous inclining to fulvous,”’ and forms

a distinct cap. Dr. Jerdon observes, when writing on the Indian

form, that specimens from the east, and especially from Tenasserim,

have the cap “‘albescent or dirty brown.” Its blues are not pure,

but greenish as in Brisson’s type. 4. leucocephalus, Gm., founded

on Buffon’s 757th plate, represents the form in which the occipital

plumage is uniform with that of the neck, nape, and under surface,

the cap being therefore absent, and in which the blues are pure, rich,

and brilliant. A Sarawak specimen in my collection fully answers

to Buffon’s account and plate, even to the brown striz of the occiput,

this appearance being the result of each feather having a dark brown

centre at its base, and being but narrowly edged with fulvous. When

these feathers normally overlap one another, the occiput appears of

a colour uniform with the nape, the brown centre of each feather

being invisible; but if any of them are disarranged the occiput

puts on the appearance shown in Buffon’s plate. Thus A. capensis,

Linn., forms the type of all the races with a coronal patch, and A. /eu-

cocephalus, Gm., of those in which the cap is wanting. To the first

belong the Hindostan and Ceylon birds, the Bengal race having been

accurately described by Captain Pearson (J. A. S. B. 1841, p. 633)

under the name of H. gurial; and if all the Indian specimens are,

as Dr. Jerdon states, uniformly brown on the head, Pearson’s name

must be applied tothem. A Flores specimen in my collection has

the head and crest dark brown, as in Ceylon specimens of mine.

But while in the Ceylon bird, which seems to be identical with H.

gurial, Pears., the scapulars and wing-coverts are dingy greenish

blue, in the Flores bird the blue is intense and perfectly pure, as in

the Sarawak specimen. The variations of this widely extended form

have yet to be studied. Dr. Cabanis observes (Museum Heineanum,

i. p. 156) that every degree of variation is to be found in a series of

specimens of this species; but he does not mention whether he was

certain of the localities from which each specimen came. My expe-

rience of the form is the same as that of the learned doctor, but with

this addition, that the varieties are coincident with changes of loca-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXVI.

554 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. [Nov. 22,

lity, but are never found occurring in specimens from one and the

same locality.

2. Haucyon smyrnensis, (Linn.).

Alcedo smyrnensis, Linn. 8. N. ed. 12. 1766, i. p. 181. no. 11.

Nos. 9,12. Port Blair, Andamans.

No. 9 specimen has the bill half an inch shorter than that of

no. 12, and yet does not exhibit any traces of adolescent plumage.

The bill of no. 12 specimen is much stouter and longer than that of

any one of a large series of Ceylon, Camboja, and Central Indian

specimens ; but does not exceed that of some collected in Candeish.

In colour and its distribution I can detect no distinction between it

and the specimens I have mentioned. Variation in the depth of

the chestnut-brown plumage is to be found in all specimens, but this

variation appears to be consequent on the age of the bird. Relying

on the opinion of Mr. Strickland, I have not separated the South

Asiatic from the West Asiatic forms.

3. TopIRAMPHUS COLLARIS, (Scop.) ?

Alcedo collaris, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. ii. (1786) p. 90.

no. 56?

No. 11. Andamans.

A single specimen of what I believe to be the same as the Bengal

and Malayan form has been sent from the Andaman Islands. The

group of local species, of which it forms one, has yet to be worked

out. Temporarily I follow Messrs. Jerdon and Blyth in referring

the Indian and Malayan race to Scopoli’s species, although it must

prove eventually to be distinct ; for Scopoli’s A. collaris was founded

on Sonnerat’s Martin-pécheur a collier blanc des Philippines. Al-

cedo chloris, Bodd., founded on Buffon’s 783rd plate, would take

precedence of Scopoli’s designation, could the origin of Buffon’s type

be shown. Buffon tells us that it is the same as a species seen by

Commerson in the island of Bouru, and described by him. If so,

A. chloris, Bodd., must belong to the Bouru form, and anyhow takes

precedence of 4. chlorocephalus, Gm., likewise founded on Buffon’s

783rd plate. A Bouru specimen in my collection differs widely from

the Andaman specimen sent. If the Philippine species does prove

to be distinct from the Bengal and Malayan bird, this last will re-

quire another title; and that of occipitalis, Blyth (J. A. 8S. B.

1846, p. 23), given by that author to young examples from the Nico-

bars, may perhaps have to be adopted, unless the Nicobars do

possess a race deserving of specific distinction; for, although Mr.

Blyth at a later date (Cat. Mus. A. 8. Bengal) cancelled the species,

according to him it does vary, both in the young and adult state,

from the common Bengal bird. If this variation be found to be

constant, the Bengal and Malayan will require another name. I

prefer following the majority of ornithologists in retaining this species

in Lesson’s genus rather than separating it under Dr. Cabanis’s

generic title Sauropatis.

1866.] VISCOUNT WALDEN ON BIRDS FROM TENASSERIM. 555

4, Patzornis nicoparicus, Gould, Birds of Asia.

Paleornis erythrogenis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 23, nec Fraser,

P. Z. S. 1850, p. 245.

Nos. 4, 5, 6. Andamans.

These three specimens appear to belong to this species. The type

came from the Nicobars, to which islands, according to Mr. Blyth,

in 1846 it was supposed to be restricted. Not having been able to

compare Captain Beavan’s specimens with Nicobar individuals, I am

unable to assert their identity positively.

5. ARTAMUS LEUCOPYGIALIS, Gould?, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17.

Nos. 7,¢, 10,2. Andamans.

The male specimen is that of a mature bird. The one marked a

female is in the usual dingy brownish speckled plumage of adoles-

cence ; it may, however, be a young female. At least four species

of Swallow Shrikes, with white rumps and under surface, have up to

now been regarded as distinct:—I1st, Lantus leucorhynchus, Gm.,

from the Philippines; 2nd, Lanius leucogaster, Valenc., ex Manilla

and Timor; 3rd, Ocypterus papuensis, Temm., ex New Guinea and

Timor (apud Bp.); 4th, drtamus leucopygialis, Gould, ex Australia.

Prince Bonaparte has distinguished the three first from each other

solely by their comparative dimensions.

Lanius leucorhynchus, Gm., was founded on Lanius manillensis,

Briss. (Orn. ii. p. 130), and is equal to Lanius dominicanus, Gm.,

founded on Sonnerat’s Pie-griesche Dominiquaine des Philippines

(Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 55, pl. 25, and also figured by Buffon, Pl.

Enl. pl. 9. f. 1). This species Valenciennes (Mém. du Mus. 1820,

vi. p. 27) partly includes under his Ocypterus leucogaster, the cha-

racters of which he appears to have drawn, not from Manilla, but

from Timor specimens at the time preserved in the Paris Museum.

He tells us that, as all the species of the genus have the bill blue,

and not white, he preferred altering Gmelin’s designation to that of

leucogaster. I have failed in seeing a Manilla specimen; but Bris-

son gives the colour of the bill as gris-blanc, and Sonnerat states it

to be grisdtre. Both these authors described the darker portions of

the plumage as very dark; the first uses the expression noirdtre,

while Sonnerat says that they are black; and they are represented

as black in both Buffon’s and Sonnerat’s plates. Valenciennes de-

scribed his specimens as having the head, throat, wings, and the

tail above ardoisées. He adds that there is no more reason for

adopting the title of /ewcorhynchus than there is for adopting that of

dominicanus. Thus it would appear that the Manilla species is

altogether a darker bird than that of Timor, and that Valenciennes

had not seen it.

Specimens obtained by Mr. Wallace, one in Mysol and the other

in Lombok, agree in every respect with the description of 4. papu-

ensis, Temm. (Consp. G. Av. i. p. 342), and the habitat of which is

there given as Timor and New Guinea. But may not these really

represent the true leucogaster, Val. ?

556 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. [Dec. 13,

The Javan and Sumatran races (Leptopteryx leucorhynchus, (Gm.),

Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 306) only have been referred by Prince

Bonaparte to /eucogaster, Val.; but as Valenciennes omits all men-

tion of specimens from those islands, the adoption of his designation

does not appear to be well founded. If this form does differ from

the two preceding, it would seem to be without a title, were it not

probable that the Andaman race is identical with it; for on com-

paring Captain Beavan’s specimens with a Moreton Bay example of

A. leucopygialis, Gould, I can detect no distinctions between them.

Actual comparison must, however, be made with Javan and Sumatran

individuals.

6. ONYCHOPRION MELANAUCHEN, (Temm.).

Sterna melanauchen, Temm. P]. Col. 427.

No. 8. Andamans.

In full plumage.

December 13, 1866.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read a letter addressed to him by Mr. R. Swinhoe,

F.Z.S., dated British Consulate, Amoy, China, September 7th, 1866,

announcing the shipment to the Society of a Monkey from the island

of North Lena, near Hongkong, supposed to be of a new species,

which Mr. Swinhoe described as follows :—

“ INUUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS, Sp. Nov.

«‘ Eyes bright hazel; face and ears flesh-coloured; cheeks with a

black tuft on either cheek like whiskers ; skin of under parts tinted

with blue, and sparsely covered with hairs of a light grey, the hairs

on the belly buff; fur of upper parts greyish brown, washed with

buff, which is lighter on the head, and brickdust-red round and

about the rump. Tail 43 inches long, blackish ; and callosities flesh-

coloured. Face narrow and somewhat projecting.

“Commander St. John writes to me under date Hong Kong,

27 June, 1866, ‘In one of my late cruizes in H.M. Gunboat ‘Opos-

sum’ I put into the North Lena Island, and was fortunate enough

to pick up this Monkey for you. It is a female about four months

old, and is already quite tame. I tried to shoot an old one, so as

to let you have the skeleton; but they were rather tough for the

shot I had, and a living specimen will be much better.’ ”’

Mr. P. L. Sclater exhibited specimens of Hustephanus fernan-

densis (Gould’s 'Trochilidee, vol. iv. pl. 267) and H. stokesi (ibid.

1866.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON CASUARIUS AUSTRALIS. 557

pl. 266), and read an extract from a letter addressed to him by

Herr E. L. Landbeck, Subdirector of the National Museum of San-

tiago, Chili, in which it was stated that these two apparently very

different birds must be regarded as sexes of the same species—E.

JSernandensis being the male, and Z. stokesi the female. The Museum

of Santiago had sent two expeditions to Juan Fernandez ; and on each

occasion these birds were observed paired, and the red and green

young ones found together in the same nest. It followed, therefore,

that the examples of each of these birds without the metallic crown,

spoken of by Mr. Gould, were to be regarded as in the young plu-

mage of each sex. Of these, examples had likewise been transmitted

to Mr. Sclater by Herr Landbeck.

Mr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a small bundle of feathers of a species

of Cassowary, supposed to be those of Casuarius australis, which

had been taken out of a native hut in Northern Queensland, and were

of great interest as being the only portion of this bird ever brought

to Europe, the skin of the original specimen procured by the late

Mr. Thomas Wall having been unfortunately lost*. Mr. Sclater

stated that he had been informed by Mr. Walter J. Scott, who

had an extensive sheep-run in the Valley of Lagoons on the Upper

Burdekin River, about 100 miles westward of Rockingham Bay, that

this bird was well known in the neighbourhood of Rockingham Bay

under the name of the Black Hmu, but was shy and very difficult to

obtain.

In relation to this subject, Mr. Sclater read the following extracts

from a letter addressed to him by Mr. Walter J. Scott :—

‘J fear I can tell you but little about the Black Emus or Casso-

waries seen in the neighbourhood of Rockingham Bay, Queensland.

I have never had the fortune to come across one myself, but have

received information of them being seen on three or four occasions,

in spots thirty or forty miles apart. I saw some black troopers of

the native police returning from an unsuccessful pursuit of one they

had seen about three miles from our Vale of Herbert Station (in

lat. 18° S.). They were of course perfectly familiar with the Com-

mon Emu, and they informed me the bird they had seen was quite

distinct from it. They described it as considerably smaller, and with

ared head. It was ona piece of open ground, near a scrub, along

arunning stream. When they got within about 100 yards of it, it

ran into the scrub, and they did not get a shot at it.

“The Superintendent of the same station told me on a former oc-

easion he had seen two Black Emus, thinking they were a mere

chance variety. Another person in our employment saw one on the

‘Separation Creek’ of Leichhardt, which is really a tributary of the

Herbert River. I think one was also seen in the immediate neigh-

bourhood of Cardwell. I have written to my brother Charles to use

every exertion to procure you a specimen, and have told him to offer

a reward for one, to stimulate the zeal of any one who may come

across one. The Common Emu is very plentiful with us; and my

* See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 270, and Gould’s Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 206,

558 DR. W. PETERS ON INDIAN MICE. [Dec. 13,

informants in each of the above cases were men thoroughly able to

distinguish them from a Cassowary.

“Our relations with the Wild Blacks are of so unsatisfactory a

nature that we can get no assistance from them.”

Mr. Gould exhibited, on the part of Sir William Jardine, a speci-

men of a new species of Honey-eater, of the genus Péilotis, from

Victoria, Australia, proposed to be called Péilotis cassidix, together

with some other rare Australian species, amongst which was a skin

of the rare Finch, Emblema pictum, from Northern Australia.

Mr. St. George Mivart read the first of a series of memoirs en-

titled “ Contributions towards a more Complete Knowledge of the

Skeleton of the Primates,’ of which the present related to the

“appendicular Skeleton of the Orang (Simia).”

This paper will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. Note on a Bat from the Azores.

By Dr. W. Peters, F.M.Z.S.

Mr. Osbert Salvin has had the kindness to send me four specimens

of a Bat, collected by Mr. F. Godman, F.Z.S., in Fayal. They are

in a very bad state, and they seemed at first sight to belong to a

new species of the genus Vesperugo, Keys. et Blas.* But on closer

examination they turned out to belong to Vesperugo leisleri, Kuhl,

a species very widely distributed through the Palearctic region.

This species has not the feet entirely free, as described by Blasius,

but the wings are extended either to the beginning or to the middle

of the metatarsus.

I do not know that any Bats have been described from the Azores ;

and therefore this notice may perhaps not be without some interest.

2. Note ona Collection of Mice, made by Captain A. C. Beavan

at Maubhoum in 1865. By Dr. W. Perers, F.M.Z.S.

Capt. Beavan’s collection of Mice contains three species, all be-

longing to the genus Mus, as now restricted.

Two of them are indeterminable, each being represented by a single

specimen in a very bad state—one being immature and without front

* Vesperugo and Vesperus are generally by English writers called Scotophilus.

But this is wrong; for I have lately very carefully examined the original specimen

in the British Museum, on which Leach founded his genus Scotophilus. I find

that it is without any doubt a very young specimen of Nycticejus temminckii

from India. The name Scotophilus, therefore, is to be reserved for the Old World

Nycticeji, while Nycticejus may be restricted to the American species, which

are in several respects different, and for which Rafinesque originally proposed

this name.

1866.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON THE NARWHAL. 559

teeth, and the other apparently full-grown, but without tail, and

with the head injured. Only so much is to be seen, that they belong

to the short-eared Mice, like our M. agrarius and M. minutus.

A third and seemingly hitherto undescribed species, of very dimi-

nutive size, fortunately is represented by numerous specimens in a

tolerable good state.

Mus BEAVANII, n. sp.

Above rusty brown, medially black ; lips and the whole underside

pale ochraceous ; feet white, all the hair being slate-coloured at the

base; tail above brown, below with white hairs; upper whiskers

black, lower white. Rather smaller and more delicately built than

our Common Harvest-Mouse. Ears rounded, and, when laid for-

wards, reaching to the eye. The proportions of the fingers, toes,

and nails appear to be the same as in Mus minutus; only the outer

toe is proportionally a little shorter. The hand-sole has five, and the

foot-sole six pads, which are much smaller and more pointed than

in that species. The female has five pairs of teats, two between the

legs, one before and two behind the armpit. Tail scantily covered

with short rigid hair. The teeth have exactly the same form and

the same relative proportions as in Mus decumanus.

Measurements of a full-grown female with very developed teats,

which show that she had been nursing :—

metre.

From snout to base of tail ...:........ 0°058

UCAS 2 5211 ES ON 0:054

GTR sae SAU na, tees 0-022

From the snout to the eye........ -»»» 0°009

From the.eye fo the er... cia. 2:25.» .0°006

Tengih. Gf CHR sz ot tise Sebi noire Or 010

SSreRAt hte Bake ing i sist alge <ouieio aie» 0-009

Length of hand with claws ..... ---+- 0°006

of foot with claws............ 0°014

OL BICBI Le taiaio tre Stnisl acim « s¥els 0:017

Ge TOM OL WIGISNS ois on ae phe «apne 0°0035

This species cannot be confounded with Mus minutus, which has

much shorter ears, only four pairs of teats, the outer toe longer, and

much broader pads on the soles.

3. Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Narwhal

(Monodon monoceros). By Prof. W. Litusnzore, F.M.Z.S.

In my ‘Synopsis of the Cetaceous Mammalia of Scandinavia,’

published by the Ray Society (1866), it is stated at page 245 that

‘there is a drawing at the Landbohogskola, at Copenhagen, repre-

senting a Narwhal that was stranded in. 1803 in the Kielerbugt.”’

This I find is a mistake, as Professor Reinhardt informs me that the

drawing in question really represents a Hyperoodon, the specimen

560 MR. A. MURRAY ON GALAGO MURINUS, [Dec. 13,

which, according to Voigt (F. Cuvier, Cétacés, p. 244) and Eschricht

(Zool.-anat.-phys. Untersuch. u. d. nérd. Wallthiere, p. 24), was

taken in the Bay of Kiel in December 1801. This supposed evi-

dence of the appearance of the Narwhal in the Baltic Sea has there-

fore no foundation.

4. On Galago murinus, Murr.

By Anprew Morraay, F.L.S.

In 1859 I described, under the name of Galago murinus, a small

Galago, of which I had received a specimen from Old Calabar through

my much valued friend the Rev. W. C. Thomson.

From the description and the figure which was published along

with it, Dr. Gray came to the conclusion that the animal I had de-

scribed was only the young of Galago demidoffii, Fisch. ; and in

1863, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, he referred to it as syno-

nymous with that species, saying ‘I am induced to suppose that

Mr. Murray’s Galago murinus from Old Calabar is the young of this

species, as the hind foot is figured about 12 inch long.” I should

observe that the figure was not very characteristic, and the hind foot

is represented in a position which makes it a trifle too long.

This synonymy is adopted by Mr. St. George Mivart in his paper

“on the Crania and Dentition of the Lemuride”—I presume, upon

the anthority of Dr. Gray’s conjecture ; and now that it has got into

the stream of synonyms, it will of course float on among them, un-

less I can drag it out before it has got much headway.

Having received two additional specimens, both in spirits, I have

presented one of them to the Museum of the Royal College of Sur-

geons ; the other I have taken out of the spirits and show it to the

Fellows of the Society this evening; and after it has undergone the

scrutiny of their inspection it will be deposited in the British Mu-

seum. Both specimens, as well as a third which I received some

years ago, although all received at different times, are identical in

size and appearance. These specimens will speak for themselves,

and I leave the characters which may be drawn from them to the

appreciation of mammalogists.

I wish to speak now only to the supposed synonymy with demi-

dof on the score of youth. On that point the case stands thus.

Specimens of a Galago of two sizes, not unlike each other, are re-

ceived from the same coast, the one being nearly as large as a Rat,

the other nearly as small as a Mouse; the larger is what is known

as ee demidoffit ; the smaller what I have described as G. murinus.

. Now my first answer to Dr. Gray’s conjecture is, that the ani-

te of both sizes are recognized as distinct species by the natives

and missionaries.

In a supplementary communication which I made regarding their

habits, and which was published in the ‘Edinburgh New Philoso-

phical Journal,’ in January 1860, I quoted the following passage

from a letter of Mr. Thomson’s :—

1866. ] MR. A. MURRAY ON GALAGO MURINUS. 561

«Young ones of both species are brought to us about this period

of the year (July 26). Mr. Robb has a young specimen of the

smaller species just now, and about this time last year I became

possessed of one of the larger. It was a most interesting and amu-

sing pet, not only quite tame, but manifesting strong attachment.

I had it for about six weeks in my possession, when, unfortunately

both for myself and it, it took a false leap into a water-barrel and

was drowned. It was a very epitome of zoology, of the size and

colour of a large rat ; it had the tail of a squirrel, the facial outline

of the fox, the membranous ears of the bat, the eyes and somewhat

of the manners of the owl in its cool odd way of peering at objects,

the long slender fingers of a lean old man, who habitually eats down

his nails, and all the mirthfulness and agility of a diminutive monkey.

It hated its cage at night, but delighted to leap among the bars of

the chairs ranged purposely round the table for it. It could clear a

horizontal distance of at least 6 feet at a leap; and whenever it fell,

as during its short apprenticeship it often did, and from alarming

heights too, it gave expression to its parenthetic chagrin by a rough

sort of purring. It possessed a curious power of folding its mem-

branous ears back upon themselves, and somewhat corrugating them

at pleasure; and it appeared to me that the palms of its hands, all

four, were endowed in some degree with the power of suction, such

as the walrus is said to possess in perfection. I have seen it main-

tain itself in positions where the mere lateral pressure of its limbs

appeared to be inadequate for the purpose; and I once applied it to

the side of a cylindrical glass shade, of which it could not embrace

so much as a third of the circumference, and sure enough it maiu-

tained its position for some time, gradually sliding down until it gave

way. The palm was very much depressed, always clean and glisten-

ing, surrounded by five papilliform growths, those near the roots of

the fingers serving as points of opposition to them, the fingers never

closing beyond the palm.

«Mr. Robb had one of your species in his possession for a consi-

derable while. It devoured grasshoppers and even the fierce Man-

tides greedily, as well as moths, little as it was; but I never saw

mine muster courage enough to attack either grasshopper or Mantis,

though nearly twice as large as Mr. Robb’s. No doubt mine would

by-and-by have become less particular and more daring.

“With its friends the smaller species, which we have figured, was

very familiar, and used to run over their persons with perfect free-

dom. A favourite place of refuge was up the coat-sleeve of its

master; anda still more frequent retreat was under his whisker, and

between it and his shirt-collar.”’

This sufficiently shows the views of those who have seen these two

species in their native country.

2. The next evidence I shall offer is the fact that the small ones

breed, which, although it may not absolutely indicate maturity, at

least implies nearly full size.

My friend Mr. Thomson has been invalided, and is now in this

country. Ihave not had the pleasure of seeing him since his return;

562 MR. A. MURRAY ON GALAGO MURINUS. [Dec. 13,

but in corresponding with him I took occasion to mention Dr. Gray’s

doubt, and to ask him if he could say whether the specimens which

he had sent to me, more especially those which I had last received,

were young ones of the larger species, or belonged to the smaller.

To this he replied :—‘‘ The Galago you speak of is most likely to

be a sample of your own species: we undoubtedly have two species

in Old Calabar, the other being much larger than yours; but of it

I have seldom got specimens. I have had individuals of both kinds

in captivity a long time. There were three or four of your species,

only one of the larger; the former, though they breed in captivity,

never grew more than about 3 or 4 inches long in the body, from

the tip of the muzzle to the root of the tail, the other fellow growing

within the year to the size of a large rat, 6 or 7 inches long. I think

I have sent you young specimens (one or more) of the larger species,

and hence dare not say positively which of the two the specimen in

your possession is. If I saw it I should know it at once.”

In consequence of this I forwarded the specimen, now on the

table, to Mr. Thomson for his opinion, and received the followin

reply :—‘‘I received the little Galago this morning, and have no

hesitation in pronouncing it to be one of your species.”

3. Another mark of distinction, which, however, is difficult to put

into words, is the voice. Mr. Thomson says, “The voice of the

little CalaBar species, once heard, is easily recognized, that of the

larger species being totally different and of very lugubrious tone.

Indeed I think the latter is the same that is ascribed to the Awuri

(Tiliqua fernandesi), the (supposed) venomous lizard of the same

place.”

I have elsewhere (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. i. 417) given an

account of the cry of this lizard, and the tale which the natives have

engrafted upon it.

It appears, from another part of the same letter, that we have not

yet exhausted all the treasures of Old Calabar, and that more novel-

ties await the adventurous explorer :—

“When last at Calabar I got possession for an hour or so of a

beautiful little creature of a kind rather between the Galago and the

Mouse than the Monkey and the Squirrel. It was altogether a

dumpier little creature than the G. murinus, with tail not so long in

proportion, and no remarkable disparity between the fore and hind

legs. All its hands were armed with claws. The fur had rather

less brown in it than that of the Galago. While I endeavoured to

get a cage for it, somebody removed the shade in which I had put

it for the time, and my little friend decamped without saying good-

bye. It was a pretty little thing.”

1866.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. 563

5. Further Observations relating to the Anatomy of the

Giraffe. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., &e.

It will be remembered that at two meetings of this Society I

have described some points connected with the anatomy of the

Giraffe (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 63 and p. 269). In my first paper I gave

the length of the intestinal canal of three Giraffes, in which I had

measured it, and also the length of the alimentary tube of many

other ruminants that I had examined, by way of contrast. In the

old female Giraffe (eighteen years of age) this canal measured

254 feet, in the young male 209 feet, and in a young male aged two

months 107 feet 11 inches. I mentioned in that paper that in the

length of the alimentary tube the animals examined by me differed

materially from those inspected by Professor Owen, the length of

the tube in the three adult animals dissected by him being only 124,

133, and 136 feet (‘ Transactions,’ ii. p. 227). I also in that paper

alluded to the account of an examination of a young Giraffe by

MM. Joly and Lavocat, as described in the ‘ Mémoires du Muséum

d'Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg. These gentlemen were asto-

nished at the great length of the intestinal tube, which they describe

as really extraordinary: it measured 65 metres 25 millimetres, or

about 211 feet ; but it must be remembered that this was a young

animal. MM. Joly and Lavocat express their belief that the Gi-

raffe, with the exception of the Sheep, has relatively a longer in-

testinal tube than any other mammal: but this is a mistake; many

mammals, including several ruminants, have, taking the length of the

body into account, a longer intestinal canal than the Giraffe: the Pig,

Seal, and Porpoise need only be mentioned as examples ; I could

adduce many others.

In my second paper I described other points relating to the ana-

tomy of the Giraffe, especially that in connexion with the intestinal

glands (so called), and also a peculiar ridged appearance of the

rectum, of which I showed wax casts, and which I thought at that

time was a natural appearance. These descriptions were taken from

a fourth specimen I examined, that died in the Society’s Collection,

probably from spasm of the glottis. In this animal, a young male

aged seven months, the alimentary canal measured 123 feet 6 inches.

The Society will pardon me for this repetition ; but it is necessary

for the proper understanding of the subject.

The recent death of a female Giraffe (the daughter of the one first

inspected), aged twelve years, at the Zoological Gardens from fire

has enabled me to obtain further information upon two points which

I was anxious to investigate, —1st, the length of the alimentary tube;

2ndly, the appearance and size of the so-called cecal gland in an

adult animal. I first ascertained by examination of the rectum that

there were no such ridges or elevations as I saw and described in the

young Giraffes ; so I infer that these ridges are peculiar to the young

animal, or that their presence was accidental. I have since seen in

several oxen that I have examined that were killed for cattle-plague

564 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. [Dec. 13,

the same ridge-like appearance of the rectum; but I had not pre-

viously seen it in any other ruminant excepting the young Giraffes

alluded to.

On this occasion I was fortunate in having the assistance of Dr.

Murie in the examination and measurement of the intestinal tube of

the Giraffe just spoken of, and we found the length as follows :-—

ft. {ut

CBO AOES coi). oid ee cs sun 61,2

SHGHTE ELEY eas as HR Sie ade 5 9

Small intestines ............ 130 6

Taree Antestanes «°.3. 2.89 wots a 83 0

225 5

It will be seen that, taking age into account, this animal had as

long an intestinal canal as its mother.

I have made a large number of measurements* of the alimentary

canal in old, adult, young, and foetal animals, the account of which

would occupy too long space in the present paper, but the physio-

logical deductions from which are of great interest. In the five

Giraffes alluded to, when the age and size of the animals are consi-

dered, the progressive increase of the alimentary tract is made out

with tolerable clearness.

I will now allude to the appearance of the cecal crypts in the

adult animal. In the young Giraffe, seven months old, mentioned

in my last paper, these crypts occupied a space of about 2 square

inches. In the adult animal they extended over a larger surtace ;

but their increase was not very considerable. It will be recollected

that this question, as to the rate of increase of these structures as

the animal advanced in age, was thought to be one of great interest

at a former Meeting of the Society.

On carefully examining the crypts and sacculi near to the pylorus

of the young Giraffe described in my last paper I find, on removing

the muscular coat from behind, a number of minute oval-shaped

glands, the mouths of which terminate in the sacculi.

The cecal aggregation of sacculi and crypts is called by Dr. Cob-

bold (Museum of Natural History, p. 156) acompound gland; and,

as I have before said, he compared seven of the pouches to the water-

bags of the Camel ; but they bear little or no resemblance to these, as

they are non-elastic and are not extended externally when inflated.

When I first examined these crypts I failed to detect their glan-

dular character ; but after a more minute microscopical examination

by daylight I have no doubt, respecting their glandular nature.

They are composed of globular-shaped crypts, jomed by their sides

to the neighbouring crypts; the parietes are composed of small

* In measuring the intestinal canal, as I have stated in former papers, I pull

the intestines from the mesentery. If two ruminants, Sheep for example, are

examined at the same time, one by the method just described, and the other

by carefully cutting close to every part of the intestines with scissors, the length

will be found to be nearly the same ; the latter method is tedious, and unnecessary

when the former can be practised.

1866.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE, 565

oblong glands, which terminate in open mouths something like the

proveutricular glands of a bird. The mouths of but few of them are

distinguishable ; but the preparation has been in spirits for two

years, and its normal structure is not so readily made out. I speak

therefore with some amount of hesitation.

The three agminated patches in the small intestines, alluded to in

my former paper (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 269), consist of large villi (as

seen in the woodcut fig. 1, magnified 20 diameters). Fig. 2 repre-

sents the duodenal glands and crypts of about half their natural

size ; a small portion of the duodenum only is depicted. The size of

the crypts has been diminished by immersion in spirits.

It will be interesting to compare these with the same structures

in an adult animal. Illiger and Swainson placed the Giraffe with

the Camels; and these glands, crypts, and villi bear some resem-

blance to those found in the Camelide ; but the blood-corpuscles of

the Camel and many parts of its anatomy differ widely from those

of the Giraffe.

As Ihave mentioned in a former paper, a large agminated ceecal

gland is seen’in the same situation in many animals; that in the

Nylgau (Antilope picta) and that in the Jaguar (Felis onca) are

very remarkable. Its use remains to be determined by future in-

vestigators ; but it is probably a secretory gland adapted for the

special requirements of this part of the tube.

It is worthy of note that in the mother of this Giraffe I found

several Echinococci in the spleen ; in this Giraffe the liver contained

one of these parasitic cysts.

Not wishing to interfere with the province of Dr. Murie, I leave

other matters to his description. As this animal was in good health

when suffocated I took a piece of its flesh and had it cooked in two

pieces,—the one as a chop, the other, after being prepared with

treacle, nitre, and spice, like the so-called Dutch or “hung beef.”

The fresh-cooked meat had rather a musky smell, and the flavour

was not so good as that of beef or mutton; the spiced meat was

excellent, and equal to that of any beef prepared in the way I have

described. I mention this for two reasons,—first, because the Giraffe

is not an unlikely animal to be kept hereafter during the summer in

some of our English parks; and secondly, because Dr. Livingstone

566 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [Dec. 13,

has stated in one of his works that the flesh of the Giraffe is not

good to eat, or that it has not an agreeable flavour.

P.S. Since this paper was read, I have had an opportunity of exa-

mining the Hippopotamus that was recently burnt at the Crystal

Palace ; and in this animal I find a still more remarkable intestinal

gland, of the same character as that of the Giraffe.

6. On some Additions to the Catalogue of Birds collected by

Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. By P. L. Sctarnr,

M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.LS.,

&e.

Since our previous communication to the Society on Mr. Bartlett’s

ornithological collections in Eastern Peru*, a second, small collection

has been received, amongst which are examples of twenty species

which did not occur in the former one, and of which the names with

some remarks are now given. We have no exact information as to

the locality of the present series; but they are probably from the

Lower Ucayali or the vicinity of Nauta. Mr. Bartlett has now

moved further up, to Yurimaguas on the Huallaga, and its vicinity.

Fam. TANAGRID.

1. PRocniAs OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater, C. A. B. p. 55. 1013-16.

Fam. FrRINGILLID2.

2. Gurraca CyANoIDES (Lafr.); Sclater, C. A. B. p. 101.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID2.

3. ANCISTROPS LINEATICEPS, Sclater, C. A. B. p. 157.

One example, agreeing with Sclater’s type specimen from the same

country.

4. AUTOMOLUS ERYTHROPTERUS, Sclater, C. A. B. p. 158.

A single example, agreeing well with Sclater’s type, which is a

Bogota skin.

5. XENOPS HETERURUS, Cab. & Hein.; Sclater,C. A. B. p. 159.

A single example of very diminutive size, but otherwise best agree-

ing with X. heterurus ex Bogota. Whether this form be really

distinct from the Brazilian X. rutilus is perhaps rather doubtful.

Fam. ForMIcARiIpD&.

6. CymBiLanius LInEATus (Vieill.) ; C. A. B. p. 170.

7. FoRMIcIvorA QuixeENsis (Corn.); C. A. B. p. 182.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 175.

1866.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 567

8. Hypocnemis FLAVESCENS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p- 609.

A single skin, agreeing with Sclater’s type specimen, collected by

Natterer at Marabitanas in 1831.

9. MyRMELASTES PLUMBEUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p- 274,

pl. cxnu.; C. A. B. p. 189.

One skin of this scarce species.

Fam. TYRANNID.

10. LerropoGoN AMAUROCEPHALA, Cab.; C. A. B. p- 213.

Apparently not different from Brazilian skins. Cabanis has lately

separated the northern form (from Mexico and Central America) as

L. pileatus (Journ. f. Orn. 1865, p. 414).

Fam. Cotincip.

11. Prpra auricapiuua, Licht.; C. A. B. p. 249.

Examples of both sexes of this species.

12. Macu#RopTeRus sTRIOLATUS (Bp.); C. A. B. p. 250.

Females, apparently of this species.

13. CurroMAcHz&RIS MANacus (Linn.); C. A. B. p. 252.

One skin, apparently referable to the female of this species.

14. PH@NICOCERCUS NIGRICOLLIS, Sw.; Sclater, C. A.B. p- 253.

A single skin seems referable to the female of this species.

Fam. Pstrracip.

15, CuRyYSoTIS P&CILORHYNCHA (Shaw).

Fam. CHARADRIID2.

16. Cuaraprivus vireinicus, Licht. Doubl. p. 70 (1823);

Baird, B. N. A. p. 690.

Fam. ScoLopacipz.

17. AcTiTURUS BARTRAMIUS (Wilson) ; Baird, Z. c. p. 737.

18. Himantopus NiGRICOLLIS, Vieill.; Baird, J. c. p- 704.

Fam. ARDEID&.

19. ARDEA AGamI, Gm. Ayamia picta, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 127.

Fam. Rauuip2.

20. Porzana Exiuis (Temm.). Radlus exilis, Temm. Pl. Col.

523. Gallinula rujicollis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 349.

Agrees with specimens of this species in the British Museum.

568 CAPT. BULGER ON INDIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 13,

7. List of Birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills,

about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the

months of April and May, 1866. By Captain G. E.

Buueer, 10th Regiment, F.L.S8., C.M.Z.S.

1, NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS, Linn. White Scavenger Vulture*.

Tolerably abundant.

2. TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS, Briss. Kestril.

I only saw four or five, near the top of one of the hills.

3. Micronisus Bapius, Gmel. Shikra.

Saw two only.

4, Haviastur 1npvus, Bodd. Maroon-backed Kite.

Apparently not numerous.

5. Mizvus govinpa, Sykes. Common Pariah Kite.

Plentiful.

6. Hrrunpo pomicora, Jerdon. Neilgherry House-Swallow.

Tolerably abundant.

7. Hrrunpo paurica, Linn. Red-rumped Swallow.

Appears to be common.

8. CoTyLE ConcoLor, Sykes. Dusky Crag Martin.

I saw only a few of these; but met with one nest, on the 15th of

April, which contained young ones: it was under a projecting crag,

near one of the mountain streams.

9. CypseLus MELBa, Linn. Alpine Swift.

These noble Swifts were abundant at Wellington and at Conoor ;

the contrast between their size and that of the common Indian

species (C. afinis) is very striking.

10. CypsrLus arrinis, Gray. Common Indian Swift.

Plentiful. Frequenting the same localities as C. melba.

11. PaLawornis scuisticeps, Hodgson. Slaty-headed Parrakeet.

I only saw one individual.

12. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS, Illiger. Common Coucal.

Abundant everywhere in the jungles, where its curious hooting

ery (which sounds like hooh-a-hooh-a-hooh, uttered slowly, with a

long stress upon the first, third, and fifth syllables) is constantly

to be heard. It is a showy bird, owing to the bright chestnut hue

of its back and wings.

* The nomenclature is that of Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of India.’

1866. ] CAPT. BULGER ON INDIAN BIRDS. 569

13. Taccocua LESCHENAULTII, Lesson. Southern Sirkee.

I only met with three of these birds, on one of the slopes of the

Dodabetta range of hills, about 6500 feet above the sea-level.

14. ARACHNECHTHRA asiATica, Latham. Purple Honeysucker.

A common bird at Wellington, and constantly about the gardens.

It has a feeble little song, which it frequently entertained us with.

15. DicmuM concotor, Jerdon. Neilgherry Flowerpecker.

This bird did not appear to be very plentiful, notwithstanding its

English name.

16. Upupa nigripennts, Gould. Indian Hoopoe.

A pair of these were daily visitants of our garden ; I saw no others.

17. Lanius ERyYTHRONOTUS, Vigors. Rufous-backed Shrike.

One of these Shrikes resided constantly in our garden, and he was

very rarely silent. From the earliest dawn to sunset his curious voice

was to be heard, uttering every variety of sound within his power.

He generally sat on one of the highest branches of an acacia tree,

twittering, and screaming, and chattering away until his harsh tones

became positively annoying. His chief note was like ‘* cover-it-up,”’

pronounced very quickly ; this was repeated several times, and then

he usually followed it with “ hee-up,”’ laying a great emphasis on the

first syllable, and running the second rather short. He was also

fond of another note, which sounded remarkably like “ give-us-a- bit,”

uttered with great rapidity. Occasionally he warbled like a Canary;

but it was not often that he condescended to anything so musical,

or varied his usual harsh utterances. He was an excellent mimic,

and amongst the calls of other birds which he imitated to perfection

was the ‘ did-he-do-it”’ of the Red-wattled Lapwing (Lodivanellus

goensis). All this time the female, for whose pleasure he doubtless

exerted his powers of making a noise so incessantly and successfully,

was the occupant of a nest which hung from one of the pendulous

branches of an acacia tree close by, completely inaccessible to me ;

otherwise I might have been tempted to appropriate the eggs.

18. Dicrurus MACRocERCUS, Vieillot. Common Drongo-Shrike.

The King Crow did not appear to be plentiful.

19. Levcocerca PecToRALIs, Jerdon. White-spotted Fantail.

This little bird, to my fancy, sings most melodiously and softly,

especially in the early morning, soon after sunrise. One paid our

garden at Wellington constant visits, and on such occasions he was

seldom silent, but continued to chaunt his sweet little song at inter-

vals of about a minute. His stay was never very lengthened, rarely

extending over half an hour or thereabouts. He was a busy, rest-

less little creature, hopping and flitting about amongst the branches

without intermission, and spreading out his tail like a fan repeatedly.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXVII.

570 CAPT. BULGER ON INDIAN BIRDS. [ Dee. 13,

His note, which was soft and weak, appeared to me to resemble the

words “pretty Bobby, sweet-oh-sweet : sweetly,” whistled slowly,

and with the first, third, fifth, and seventh syllables of the sentence

prolonged.

20. HypsipeTes NEILGHERRIENSIS, Jerdon. Neilgherry Black

Bulbul.

A few only came under my notice.

21. Orocompsa socosa, Linn. Red-whiskered Bulbul.

Perhaps the commonest bird about Wellington: I daily saw dozens

of them. They are perpetually on the move, and continually exer-

cising their sweet flute-like voices.

22. PycnonoTtus H&MORRHOUS, Gmelin. Common Madras

Bulbul.

Abundant about Wellington.

23, Prinza socrais, Sykes. Dark-ashy Wren Warbler.

One of these birds only.

24, Pratincoia aTRATA, Blyth. Neilgherry Black Robin.

A constant frequenter of the gardens and roadsides; it sings

sweetly, and does not manifest much fear of human beings.

25. ORTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA, Gmelin. Indian Tailor-bird.

I only met with one individual of this species.

26. CALOBATES SULPHUREA, Bechstein. Grey-and-yellow Wag-

tail.

I only saw two or three.

27. Parus cinEREUS, Vieillot. Indian Grey Tit.

These pretty, inquisitive little birds were very common; and I

constantly saw small parties of them wandering about the garden,

and even paying visits to the verandah of the bungalow. They are

very confiding and familiar in their habits, and I have had them come

within 2 feet of where I was sitting.

28. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieillot. Common Indian Crow.

Seemingly as abundant and as impudent as in other parts of India.

29. Corvus cuLmrnaTus, Sykes. Indian Corby.

Common.

30. DENDRociTTA LEUCOGASTRA, Gould. Long-tailed Magpie.

One only of these birds came under my observation. It had a

loud voice and a peculiar call.

1866.] MR. RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF CucKOOs. 571

31. AcrIDOTHERES TRIstIs, Linn. Common Myna.

Most abundant. Dozens were to be seen each day, following at the

heels of the natives who were engaged in ploughing up the fields.

32. MuniA MALABARICA, Linn. Plain-brown Munia.

Tolerably common.

33. EsTRELDA AMANDAVA, Linn. Red Waxbill.

Two flocks of Amaduvats passed close to me one day in the early

part of May, the only ones I met with.

34. Passer rnpicus, Jard. & Selby. Indian House-Sparrow.

Common, and familiar as usual.

35. ALAUDA GULGULA, Franklin. Indian Skylark.

Common. It sings very sweetly. But those I saw did not soar

above fifteen or twenty yards.

36. PALUMBUS ELPHINSTONEI, Sykes. Neilgherry Wood-Pigeon.

An inhabitant of the sholas, or forest-patches of the hills ; I only

saw one bird.

37. Turtur risoriA, Linn. Common Ring-Dove.

Apparently rare.

38. GALLUS SONNERATII, Temm. Grey Junglefowl.

One bird only.

39. PeERDICULA ERYTHRORHYNCHA, Sykes. Painted Bush-

Quail.

Abundant. I constantly flushed them from the sides of the roads,

especially towards evening.

40. LosrvaANeLLus GoErnsis, Gmelin. Red-wattled Lapwing.

The curious ery of this bird, resembling the words ‘‘ did-he-do-it,”’

is very shrill, and audible at a long distance. I found a pair of them

in a marshy valley at the foot of one of the higher hills.

8. Notes on the most frequent Fosterparents of the Cuckoos

of Australia. By Epwarp P. Ramsay, of Dobroyde,

New South Wales, C.M.Z.S.

1. Tue Lineatep AcAnTHIzA. <Acanthiza hneata, Gould’s

Birds of Australia, iii. pl. 61.

This pretty little species is one of the most common birds in the

neighbourhood of Sydney, and, with the exception of Acanthiza nana,

is the most diminutive of its genus yet known. It shows a decided

preference for the leafy tops of the Eucalypti and ends of the

572 MR. RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF CUCKOOS. [ Dec. 13,

branches of almost any tree or bush, where it seeks for minute in-

sects and the larvee of various minute Lepidoptera.

Nest of Acanthiza lineata.

The nest of the Lineated Acanthiza is one of the most beautiful of

those of our Australian birds. It is a neat, oval, compact, and re-

markably strong structure, in length 43 to 5 inches, by 3 inches

through, composed of fine shreads of stringy bark, closely interwoven,

and frequently ornamented with pieces of white spiders’ nests. It

is lined warmly with feathers, opossum-fur, or the silky down from

the seed-pods of the native cotton-tree.

The nest is suspended to a thin twig at the end of some leafy

bough by the top; and the small opening, about 2 inches down the

side, is neatly covered with a hood, which excludes both the sun and

rain. Some of the nests are without any ornament ; others are de-

corated with pieces of white paper-bark, or with green and white

spiders’ nests. Long streamers of bleached seaweed are also often

used ; and when the nests are placed in the gullies of the ranges, a

beautiful bright-green string-like Hypnum is employed.

1866.] MR. RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF CUCKOUS. 573

We find this species of Acanthiza usually the first to commence

breeding. I have taken its eggs in July, but for the most part find

them from August to September. They are three in number, rather

long, and of a beautiful pinky white, zoned at the larger end with

minute freckles and irregular markings of a light brownish red,

having also a few minute linear dashes of the same colour over the

rest of the surface. The zone at the tip of the larger end is extremely

characteristic ; few specimens are found without it ; but some, which

I believe to be the eggs of young birds breeding for the first time,

are of a pure white without any markings whatever. The average

length is 564 or 4 of an inch, by 53; in breadth. This species has

two, and sometimes three broods in the year, stragglers breeding

as late as December and January, and is perhaps more frequently

the fosterparent of the Bronze Cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus) than any

other species. Two Cuckoo's eggs of this species have more than

once been taken out of the one nest at the same time, but we have

never found more than one young Cuckoo hatched.

Except during the breeding-season, the Lineated Acanthiza is found

to assemble in small troops from five to eight or ten in number, tra-

versing the leafy boughs of the Eucalypti, turpentines (Syncarpia),

and almost all trees alike, showing no preference to any species.

This Acanthiza, although frequently found building its nests

within 2 or 3 feet of the ground, as well as among the higher branches

of the trees, is strictly arboreal.

Their song is a slight twitter, or rather a combination of twitter-

ings, very merry and lively, besides a pleasant little warble of short

duration, invariably emitted when engaged in conveying a fresh piece

of material to its nest.

2. Tue YELLow Acantuiza. Acanthiza nana, Gould, Birds of

Australia, ii. pl. 60.

This species, the smallest of its genus, and doubtless the most di-

minutive of our Australian birds yet discovered, with the exception

of Smicrornis flavescens, closely resembles Acanthiza lineata in its

habits and actions. Seldom, if ever, found on the ground, it may

almost always be observed among the thickest and most leafy boughs,

creeping about through the foliage, clinging, head downwards, to

the ends of the twigs—in every possible position—sometimes flut-

tering in front of a bunch of leaves, and darting into the midst of

them to capture some spider or grub.

It is a noisy little bird, especially during the early part of the

morning, at which time it is exceedingly lively and busy searching

for food.

The Yellow Acanthiza has no continued song ; but nevertheless it

is very delightful to hear its pleasant twittings among the flower-

beds and fruit-trees, its pleasing and varied sounds being occasion-

ally accompanied by a sharp note resembling ‘‘tsze,”’ “‘tsze,”” ‘“‘tsze,”’

“tsze,” “tsze,” “tsze,” &c., hissed through the teeth.

The nest of this species is not by any means as neat a structure

as that of A. lineata; it is, moreover, placed in situations quite dif-

574 MR. RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF Cuckoos. [ Dec. 13,

ferent. Itis of an oblong form, and placed among the topmost twigs

of some bushy shrub, composed of red shreds of stringy bark and

grasses, and often beautifully decorated with green mosses and lichens,

and lined with native cotton-tree down, feathers, or fine grasses.

The entrance, which is about 13 inch from the top, having its edges

but roughly finished off, and not covered by any hood, is 1 inch in

width. The Yellow Acanthiza shows a decided preference for the

tops of the native tea-trees; but its nest may also be found in vari-

ous other trees and shrubs, but always placed among the outside

twigs. We have taken nests from a species of Acacia overhanging

the creeks and rivers. Sometimes they are wholly composed of fine

strips of stringy bark, which, when new, give them a reddish-brown

appearance. At other times they are composed of dry grass, a great

quantity of white cobweb being used in all cases. The total length

of the nest of 4. nana is 3 inches, by 23 in breadth, being kos aa

narrower at the bottom. The eggs are three in number, from ;§; to

;{3 of an inch in length and +4; in breadth, strongly blotched,

dotted, or freckled with dark dull reddish brown, inclining to cho-

colate in some, to red in others, and having a few dots of dull lilac

towards the larger end.

In some specimens the markings form a zone on the thick end ;

in others they are equally dispersed over the whole surface, and take

the form of irregular blotches. The birds may be found breeding

in September and the three following months, and are frequently the

fosterparents of the Bronze Cuckoo.

3. Tue Scrus-Acantuiza. Acanthiza pusilla, Gould’s Birds

of Australia, ii. pl. 53.

To complete the list of Acanthizas I may make a few remarks upon

the present species ; but I am afraid I cannot add much to the stock

of knowledge already given in Mr. Gould’s valuable ‘ Handbook’ to

his ‘ Birds of Australia.’

A lover of the serubs and thick bushes, this species, although

plentiful, is not so often met with as the other members of its genus.

In its habits it seems to be intermediate between Geodasileus and

the true Acanthize, being frequently seeu on the ground as well as

in the trees. I have never noticed it mounting high among the

branches, nor does it appear to like thinly wooded districts, showing

a decided preference for the brushwood and edges of scrubs. Upon

every occasion that we have discovered its nest it has been placed

within a few inches of the ground. One I have at present before

me is suspended to the underside of a fern (Pterts aquilina): it isa

closely interwoven, dome-shaped structure, in form closely resembling

that of A. lineata, but differs from it in the outside being made as

rough as possible, with coarse pieces of strong bark and leaves of

grasses, which hang down and stick out from it in various directions ;

it is composed chiefly of stringy bark and the white paper-like bark

of the tea-tree, lined with cotton-tree down and feathers ; length

4 inches, by 3in breadth. The eggs, three in number, have a pure-

white ground, zoned at the larger end with freckles of light reddish

1866.] MR. RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF CUCKOOS. 575

brown (in tint duller than in those of A. lineata), which in some

specimens are also distributed over the rest of the surface. Its note

is much louder and more varied than that of any other species.

Besides being the fosterparent of the Bronze Cuckoo, this species

has frequently the pleasure of rearing the young of the Brown Cuckoo

(Cuculus cineraceus), three nests out of four lately found of this

Acanthiza having contained an egg of the C. cineraceus.

4. YELLOW-RUMPED GEOBASILEUS. Geobasileus chrysorrhous,

Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 32.

We can hardly claim the present species as a resident Sydney bird,

having met with it only upon rare occasions in this neighbourhood.

We found it breeding, however, at MacQuarie Fields in 1862; but

even there it was considered rare, although about twenty miles further

inland it is very plentiful. The Yellow-rumped Geobasileus is usually

met with in small troops of from five to ten in number, nearly always

upon the ground, where it searches for insects of various orders.

I found this bird one of the most common upon the banks of

the Hunter River, also in the Wellington and Lachlan districts. Its

nest is a bulky, rough, oblong structure, composed of grasses and

strips of bark interwoven in a loose ragged manner, with a little cob-

web and wool; it is lined with feathers and fine grasses. The en-

trance is about halfway down the side, with rounded and thickened

edges, but without any hood. The most peculiar characteristic of

the nest is a cup-shaped framework placed upon the top (often a

little to the one side), as if formed for the commencement of another

nest ; this, I found, is made when the framework of the true nest is

formed ; but I believe it is added to after the nest is lined and while

the bird is still laying. The whole structure is 8 inches high by 4

through, the framework on the top being 2 inches by 3 wide. The

breeding-season commences sometimes as early as July and ends in

December, during which time three broods are often reared; the

most usual months are from August to November. Three or four

eggs are the number laid for a sitting: they are of a beautiful pure-

white colour, having brownish-red dots, centred with a deeper hue,

and sprinkled over the surface or forming an indistinct zone upon

the larger end. Eggs of this species are often found without any

markings whatever. Length -£4 of an inch, by 5, in breadth.

Almost any bushy tree or bough affords a safe place for the nest

of this species: the ends of the mangrove boughs overhanging a

stream, or even those of the casuarina, the branches of the tea-trees,

as well as orange-trees, are resorted to. The birds may frequently be

found in the gardens and orchards, and not unfrequently hopping

over the roofs of the houses.

5. Burr-RuMPED GeospasiLeus. Geobasileus reguloides, Cab.

Mus. Hein. Theil i. 70. 32, note.

This well-marked species is. universally dispersed over the whole

of New South Wales, and is quite as plentiful near the coast as

further inland. It is usually met with in small companies of five or

576 MR, RAMSAY ON THE FOSTERPARENTS OF CucKoos. [Dec. 13,

ten in number, spends the most of its time on the ground, over

which it hops with the greatest agility and ease, or may be found

traversing the fences, logs, and fallen trees, peering into every crack

and crevice in search of insects, spiders, and larvee of various kinds.

On the Murrumbidgee River I found it in company with G. chry-

sorrhous, which it closely resembles in habits and actions. A pair

have built for a number of years in the side of a hollow branch of

an old English oak, close to our residence at Dobroyde, and have

frequently had the pleasure of rearing a young Bronze Cuckoo.

Sometimes a second pair would take up a similar situation ina branch

on the opposite side of the old oak tree.

Little or no preference seems to be shown in the selection of a

site for the nest. It is a dome-shaped structure, having a small en-

trance in the side, and composed of grasses and stringy bark, &c.,

lined with feathers, cotton-tree down, or “ possum”’ fur. It is placed

in a tuft of grass, or low bush, or low bushy shrub, but just as often

among the loose pieces of bark which, having accumulated in the

forks of the gum-trees (Zucalypti), hide all except the entrance of

the nest.

A hole morticed in the side of a post and the fork of a tea-tree

where rubbish has accumulated alike serve its purpose, the shape

depending upon the position chosen. The nests resemble those of

the Malurus cyaneus both in size and shape ; they are, however,

much more bulky, thicker, and have a great quantity of lining, which

renders them much more warm and comfortable. The eggs, which

may be taken from August to December, are four in number, 555

or 75; of an inch in length, by 54, or 74; broad, having a delicate

white ground-colour, spotted, freckled, or dashed with markings of

reddish brown of various tints, and a few of purplish lilac brown, in

most forming a zone at the larger end ; the eggs of the young breed-

ing for the first or second time are white without markings.

This species has three broods during the season, and if the nest

be taken will frequently build another in the same place.

6. WuiTE-THROATED GERYGONE. Gerygone albogularis, Gould,

Birds of Australia, ii. p. 97.

This delicate little bird is only a summer visitant with us, arriving

regularly in tolerable numbers every year during September, and re-

maining to breed, taking its departure again in March and April.

Its arrival is at once made known -by its soft and varied strain of

considerable melody, From its song (not that it at all resembles the

notes of any other bird), and partly on account of its yellow breast,

it has gained the local name of the ‘‘ Native Canary.” Upon its

arrival it betakes itself to the smaller trees and saplings, and almost

at once commences to build, selecting some strong twig among the

innermost boughs of a bushy tree, to which it suspends its oblong

dome-shaped nest, the extremity of which terminates in a well-formed

tail of about 3 inches in length, which is extremely characteristic.

The body of the nest is in length from 6 to 8 inches, and 4 in breadth;

it is composed of fine pieces of stringy bark and grasses closely inter-

1866.] DR. J. KAUP ON TWO NEW BACILLI. 577

woven and matted together with various cobwebs, being lined with

the silky down of the cotton-tree or opossum-fur; the entrance,

which is about 23 inches down the side, is 1 inch in diameter, and

completely hidden from view in front by a neatly woven hood of

13 inch in length.

The nests are often placed in trees covered with ants, which in-

sects are often found on the nests themselves, but do not, as far as I

am aware, cause the bird any anxiety. The eggs, which are laid

from October to December, and sometimes even as late as January,

are three in number. Their ground-colour is of a delicate white,

but almost hidden by numerous spots, dots, blotches, and freckles

of dull red; in some the markings are thicker upon the larger end,

where they form a well-defined zone or circular blotch; others are

minutely dotted. Upon the whole, both in shape and colour, they

closely resemble those of the Blue Wren (Malurus cyaneus), but

may be distinguished by being more thickly and strongly marked ;

they are also slightly larger and more lengthened in form.

This species shows a decided preference for the more open parts

of the forest, with thickly foliaged trees and young saplings of Huca-

lyptus ; its actions among the leaves, where it searches for insects,

their larvee, spiders, &c., are very pleasing and graceful,—stopping

in its search eyery now and then to pour forth its curious and varied

song, in which it will sometimes stop abruptly and fly off without

finishing, as if something had startled it or suddenly attracted its

attention. Although well suited for the purpose, the Bronze

Cuckoos seldom lay their eggs in the nests of this species. Still it

must be numbered among the fosterparents of that bird, although

such is rarely the case.

9. Description of Two New Species of the Genus Bacillus,

Latr. By Dr. J. Kaur, C.M.ZS.

BACILLUS GERHARDII.

Viridis ; capite carina obliqua inter oculos et basin antennarum,

vertice punctis duabus nigris intermediis ; occipite globuloso ;

hoe et thorace subgranulatis ; meso- et metathorace spinulis

parvis armatis ; tibiis et tarsis prope basin foliolo parvo acuto

imstructis.

In the typical male specimen preserved in the Museum at Darm-

stadt the meso- and metathorax have some short spines, black on the

end, which are shorter on the abdominal segments. All the legs are

slender, with short spines ; two of them, on the underside, next the

end of the four hind femora, are larger. The antennz, twenty-three-

jointed, have some black spots.

Mas. Long. corp. 4" 2!, antenn. 6!’, mesoth. 73/", metath. 7!",

abd., with the short anal styles (3!"), 22!"

Hab. New Zealand (received from Mr. Gerhard Miller, of Inver-

cargail).

578 MR.A.G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS CATAGRAMMA. [Dec. 13,

BACILLUS GEISOVII.

Viridis ; capite carina obliqua inter oculos et basin antennarum ;

vertice et occipite 10 nigris spinis; proth. granulato; meso-

et metathorace et segmentis abdom. spinosis ; pedibus spinosis

et foliacets.

Mas. Long. corp. 183", ant. 4/", proth. 1'', mesoth. 33", metath.

4", abd. lin. 10+]in. 1=lin. 11.

Hab. New Zealand.

The ten black spines of the head are placed in three rows. On

the end of the prothorax, in the middle, a black spot; and a fine

line along the middle of the mesothorax. Some of the irregularly

formed and placed spines are black at the ends. The tubercles of

the metathorax obtuse and unicolor. The leaves look short; anal

styles on both sides in the middle carinated. One of the middle

and one of the hind legs in the specimen described are shorter, and

have been reproduced.

I have named this small and slender species in honour of the friend

of Mr. Gerhard Miller, Mr. Wilhelm Geisow.

Besides these two species there is yet only discovered in New Zea-

land Bacillus hookeri, White, which has no spines on its body.

10. Note on some Species of Butterflies belongmg to the

Genus Catagramma. By A. G. Burier, F.Z.S., As-

sistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

In consequence of the similarity of many of the species of Cata-

gramma, several errors have occurred in their synonymy; forms

which could, with proper care, be readily distinguished from each

other have been kept together as representatives of one species.

In Mr. Doubleday’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ p. 239. n. 2,

I find Papilio clymena of Cramer, Papilio clymenus of Fabricius, and

Callicore clymena of Hibner placed together as synonymous ; but

after having carefully compared all the figures with the Banksian

types and with the specimens in our collection, I find that C.

clymena of Cramer is quite distinct from Fabricius’s type, that

.the latter is identical with C. janeira of Felder, and intermediate

between C. anna and C. marchalii of Guérin; and that the species

figured by Hiner in his ‘ Zutrage’ is identical with C. eluina of

Hewitson.

The synonymy of these three species will therefore be as follows: —

1. CATAGRAMMA CLYMENA.

Papilio clymena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 24. f. E, F (1776).

Callicore clymena (part.), Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 239. n. 1 (1849).

Hab. Essequibo (Cramer); Peru; Bolivia; Para; Nauta; S*

Paulo. B.M.

“I

1866.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS CATAGRAMMA. 5

2. CATAGRAMMA JANEIRA.

Callicore janeira, Felder, Verhandl. zool.-botan. Ver. Wien, Band

xil. p. 476 (1862).

Papilio elymenus, Fabricius, Spec. Insect. tom. ii. p. 53. n. 232

(1781) ; Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 43. n. 131 (1793) ; Mus. Banks. (type).

Callicore clymena (part.), Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 239. n. 1 (1849).

Hab. Rio Janeiro. B.M.

3. CATAGRAMMA ELUINA.

Catagramma eluina, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. i. p. 74, pl. 37.

f. 30, 31 (1855).

Callicore clymena, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 41. n. 364

(1816); Exot. Schmett. Zutrige, f. 583, 584 (1825); Doubl. &

Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 239. n. 1 (part.) (1849).

Hab. Venezuela; Brazil. B.M.

Again, at page 245 of the ‘Genera,’ I find Papilio codomannus

of Fabricius placed as a synonym of Catagramma astarte. The

type specimen, however, of the former appears to belong to a distinct

species intermediate between C. astarte of Cramer and C. cynosura

of Doubleday ; it differs from C. astarte as follows :—

Upperside—front wings with an orange instead of crimson sub-

apical spot * ; hind wings with a narrower central crimson band.

Underside —front wings with longerand slightly broader subapical

yellow band; hind wings proportionally longer, the central ocellate

spots less angular, the discal ocellate band in the typical form

clouded, especially towards the costa, and the yellow submarginal

band broader and not waved.

This species differs from C. cynosura, on the upperside, in the

shorter discal band of the front wings and the elongate band of the

hind wings; on the underside in having no orange costal patch in

the hind wings, the discal band in the type clouded, and the sub-

marginal yellow band not wavedt.

The synonymy of these insects will therefore be—

1. CATAGRAMMA ASTARTE.

Papilio astarte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 256. f. C, D (1780).

Callicore astarte, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 41. n. 363 (1816);

Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 245. n. 12 (part.) ee

Hab. Brazil. M.

2. CATAGRAMMA CODOMANNUS.

Papilio codomannus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 57 (1781); Ent.

Syst. iii. 1. p. 53. n. 165 (1793); Donovan, Nat. Repos. i. pl. 3.

f. 1, 1 var. (1823); Mus. Banks. (type).

Catagramma codomannus, Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p- 245. n. 12 (part.) (1849).

* This is not merely a sexual distinction.

+ Specimens from Ega are exceptions.

580 DR. J. MURIE ON LLAMAS AND ALPACAS. [Dec. 13,

Nymphalis codomanus, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p.423. n. 231 (1819).

Hab. S™ Lucia; Brazil (var.). B.M.

Var. Fascia posticarum supra abbreviata.

Hab. Ega. B.M.

11. On the Llama and Alpaca in their Summer Dress.

By James Mouriz, M.D., Prosector to the Society.

(Plate XLIV.)

During the summer that has just gone by, Dr. J. E. Gray called

my attention to the desirableness of having a good photograph taken

representing the members of the genus dAuchenia in their shorn

condition. This, however, was found a less easy task than imagined ;

for no sooner were the animals placed in proper grouping than some

one of them would alter its position. I thus was obliged to avail

myself of the assistance of my friend Mr. Ernest Griset, who was

successful in delineating the accompanying group of one Llama and

two Alpacas (Pl. XLIV.).

The male Llama was received, in exchange for a female one, from

Her Majesty the Queen on the 28th April, 1860. The two Al-

pacas are male and female. The latter, a black-coloured animal,

arrived in the Gardens in 1849; the former, a black-and-white male,

was received, in exchange for a young one of the above female, from

Titus Salt, Esq., M.P., on 13th September, 1860, this male having

been bred in England by that gentleman.

Although both Llamas and Alpacas have been bred repeatedly in

the Gardens in former years, yet since 1860 no offspring has been

produced.

Until lately it has never been thought necessary to shear the ani-

mals of their long coats (that is, those in our Gardens), although in

their native country, according to Colpaert*, on the Alpaca this

operation is performed every two or three years.

On our male Llama the fleece has always remained perfect, until

the operation of shearing was performed about the end of last August.

On the female Llama, which is along with this male, it was different,

as during this summer the fleece became ragged and partially dropped

off, which circumstance suggested the shearing of the others. This

fact is significant, and at variance with the recorded observations of

the late Earl of Derby in his celebrated Knowsley collection. Upon

this subject he says}, ‘‘ Unlike Sheep, these animals never shed

their coats.”

The same may be said of the Alpacas as of the male Llama, their

fleeces exhibiting no signs of falling off.

* Etude sur le Pérou— Des Bétes a Laine des Andes,’ by M. Emile Colpaert,

Bull. de la Soc. Imp. Zool. d’Acclimatation, ser. 2. vol. i. (1864) p. 124.

+ Gleanings from the Menagerie and Aviary at Knowsley Hall, 1850, p. 54.

See also Dr. Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, (Ungulata) p. 255.

CV Ovary ANY SY ey 2

a €

- <i ent Ml

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1866. ] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID&. 581

The operation of shearing was performed as ordinarily in sheep,

and the quantities obtained were as follows :—From the brown-and-

white male Llama about 14 1b.; from the black female Alpaca

8 lb.; and from the black-and-white male Alpaca 84 lb. Col-

paert*, one of the most recent authorities on these animals in their

South American haunts, does not compare the weights and value of

the fleece in the two domesticated and two wild varieties; but he

says that the Chinela, a variety of Alpaca, yields the most esteemed

and heaviest kind of fleece, but it is rare that it surpasses 6 or 7 lb.

With regard to the specific differences of the genus Auchenia, it

is not my intention to speak; but I may with propriety allude to

the fact of their Camel-like appearance in the disrobed condition, as

compared with their more sheep-like character when enveloped in

their thick and long woolly fleece.

As depicted in the plate, the Llama has more clearly a spotted

appearance than when the fleece was upon it; this may partly be on

account of the original intertwining of the fibres of the two different

colours, and still more, no doubt, by the then accumulation of dirt and

smoke which blackened the surface. The two Alpacas did not alter

in colour so far as to make any marked difference in their aspect.

The neck in all three shorn animals appears to have a far greater

length proportionally to the body; and the same remark applies to

the hind legs, the thighs of which are seen more than usually free

from the body—a character of the family Camelide. The body

in contour is entirely transformed; and the rough sheep- or goat-

like hairy carcass, the awkward, uncouth, disproportionate body,

with its naked flanks and generally scraggy look, detract from grace

in the animals, and render their appearance more remarkable than

beautiful.

From their peculiar gait and slouching ungainly manner, if but a

hump were present, they would at once recall to mind a tottering

young camel.

12. Additional Notes on the Caprimulgide. By P. L.

Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.

(Plates XLV., XLVI.)

Since I prepared the article on the American Caprimulgide, read

before this Society in February last, I have collected some further

information on this subject, which I now propose to lay before the

Meeting.

In the first place, as regards the general arrangement of the group,

* Loe. cit. p. 124.

t See P. Z. S. 1866, p. 123 e¢ seg. It should be remarked that in this article,

in page 159 (as may be easily seen by the context), an error has occurred in the

references (lines 6 and 8 from the top) to figs. 10 and 11. It is fig. 10 which re-

presents the outer rectrix of Stenopsis ruficervix, and fig. 11 that of 8. difasciata.

This error has been corrected in the separate copies.

582 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID®. [Dee. 13,

I have been able lately to make a more accurate examination of the

structure of the abnormal form Podargus, which has tended very

much to strengthen my views as to the necessity of referring this

bird and its allies to a different family from the typical Caprimul-

gide. A specimen of a bird of this genus (probably Podargus

cuvieri, Vig. & Horsf.), which died in the Society’s Gardens a short

time since, and was examined by Dr. Murie and myself, presented

the following appearances :—

No external opening to the oil-gland could be found, nor any

traces of this organ, on dissection.

Two large powder-down patches were discovered, placed on each

side of the rump. Each patch consists of about forty feathers,

Powder-down patches of Podargus. Nat. size.

placed in a line extending from above the outer end of the root of

the rectrices towards the femur. A few straggling feathers of the

same character border the patch externally towards the knee-joint.

1866. ] MR, P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID. 583

Each feather consists of a horny sheath, about 0°8 inch in length, of

which 0-5 is external. At the termination of the sheath the feather

presents the usual decomposed appearance of powder-down patches,

being divided entirely into numerous elongated minute filaments of a

dark-grey colour. The entire breadth of each patch is nearly 1°5 inch,

the space between the two patches across the rump measures 0°7 inch.

The rectrices are ten in number, the two medial being, as usual,

rather elevated above the lateral.

The remiges are twenty-two in number, ten primaries (of which

three are on the metacarpus) and twelve secondaries.

The anterior covering of the tarsus (acrotarsia) consists of about

seven parallel scutes, which rather decrease in breadth from above

downwards, each one barely overlapping the next succeeding one.

Similar series of smaller scutes are continued along the upper surface

of the digits. The tarsus is covered posteriorly with small, closely

placed, hexagonal scutella, larger at the sides next to the anterior

scutes.

The gullet is very wide from the commencement, measuring about

3°5 inches in length, and terminating in a thicker-walled and rather

widened proventriculus, which is encircled within by a series of

rather large proventricular glands. Externally the proventriculus

is tolerably muscular, the fibres being continuous with those of the

outer layer of the gizzard. Between the proventriculus and the giz-

zard is a slight contraction. The gizzard itself is pyriform, with a

rounded tendinous muscular centre, but little or no constriction at

the pyloricend. The internal coats are thrown into elongated Tuge,

composed of soft leathery membrane, which pouts up at the pro-

ventricular aperture.

The pyloric aperture is lateral, and lies 0-3 inch below the cardiac

‘aperture. The intestinal canal is tolerably uniform in diameter

throughout, and measures 25:1 inches in entire length. Three inches

above the anal extremity two large cca are given off, 3°6 inches in

length, and almost as wide as the intestine. Of these the blind ex-

tremities are much widened and bulbous, the lower halves being con-

siderably narrower—very much as in the Owls (Strigide).

The tongue of this bird consists of a flat, elongated, translucent,

horny membrane, much widened at its base, gradually decreasing in

width until it tapers suddenly at about one-fourth of its whole length

from the anterior extremity. The slender tip is slightly crenated.

The whole length from the glottis to the apex is 2°1 inches, the

breadth at the root 0:4. The posterior basal fourth is much thick-

ened and nearly opaque, being of a whitish colour. It projects an-

gularly forward into the translucent portion, and almost forms an

isosceles triangle. he posterior lateral projections are horny and

translucent like the tongue itself, and present no traces of papille ;

but their free-pointed extremities present several small lateral spines.

From these notes, and from what has been stated in my former

communication, it appears that Podargus differs from the typical

Caprimulgide not only in the several important characters already

noted (anted p. 127), but also in the entire abortion of the oil-gland

584 MR..P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID2. [ Dec. 13,

Fig. 2.

Tongue of Podargus, Nat. size.

and in the possession of powder-down patches—characters not yet

recognized in any of the Picarie, except in Leptosoma, where, as I

have lately shown*, the latter character is present. It becomes,

therefore, of great interest to know whether the other abnormal

forms hitherto referred to the Caprimulgide agree with Podargus

in these respects. As regards these I have only yet had opportu-

nities of examining skins of Nyctibius and Steatornis. In Nyctibius

the powder-down patches are, I think I may say, present ; but whe-

ther the oil-gland is absent or not I cannot determine. I cannot

discover it in my skins ; but it is often very difficult to find this organ

in dried skins. In Steatornis the oil-gland is certainly present—

naked as in the typical Caprimulgide ; but there appear to be no

powder-down patches. I have taken steps, however, to get some

specimens of Nyctibius in spirits, in order to be able to make a more

accurate investigation on these points, and hope to be able to return

to this interesting subject on a future occasion.

I now give some additional: notes on various species of American

* P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 682.

1866. | MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID. 585

Caprimulgide, which have resulted principally from the examination

of the specimens of these birds belonging to the Derby Museum at

Liverpool (which have been kindly submitted to my inspection by

Mr. Thomas Moore) and those belonging to Mr. Lawrence’s col-

lection (which that gentleman has most liberally sent over to me

from New York), together with some valuable notes communicated

to me by Herr von Pelzeln on the specimens in the Vienna collection.

Genus Nycrisivs.

Dr. W. Peters has most kindly sent me over the type specimen of

Nyctibius rufus of Cabanis (anted p. 130), from an examination of

which it is at once apparent that, as already hinted by Burmeister

(Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 378), it is the same as Mr. Gould’s WN. bracteatus.

The latter name has precedence, unless we adopt Dr. Cabanis’s sug-

gestion that the figure of the ‘Pl. Enl.’ 735 is intended for this

species. I have also met with a skin which I believe to be referable

to the same bird, in the Paris Museum, collected by MM. Castelnau

and Deville at Pebas on the Upper Amazon. WN. bracteatus is a

very well-marked species, from its small size, general red colouring,

and the conspicuous white spots on the scapulars, belly, and under

tail-coverts. Mr. Salvin and I intend to give a figure of this hand-

some bird in an early number of ‘ Exotic Ornithology.’

Genus ANTROSTOMUS.

Antrostomus cubanensis, Lawrence, Aun. L. N. H. New York, vii.

p- 260 (May 21, 1860), is unquestionably a different species from

any given in my previous paper. It is quite distinct from A. voer-

Jerus (with which D’Orbigny, Lembeye, and Gundlach have united

it), being considerably larger in size, and having the white termina-

tions of the three lateral tail-feathers much narrower, as pointed out

by Mr. Lawrence. The bristles which border the gape of the upper

mandible are remarkably strong and long, much more so than is the

case in A. voeiferus. Mr. Lawrence has kindly lent me his typical

specimen of this species, which may be placed next to A. vociferus.

Herr von Pelzeln has kindly sent me the following note upon the

male of Antrostomus rufus (anted p. 136) :—

Mas a femina statura majore, torque infragulari albido et caude

coloribus differt. Rectrices nigro ferrugineoque fasciolate,

extima pogonio interno, sequentes utrinque due utroque po-

gonio macula subterminali, 2-23" longa, alba, extus et postice

ferrugineo marginata.

Herr von Pelzeln considers that Buffon’s wretched figure (PI. Enl.

735) cannot possibly be intended for this species ; and in some points

it certainly more nearly resembles Nyctibius rufus, as suggested by

Cabanis, Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 74; but the banded wings and long

tarsi forbid one referring it to the latter bird. It would, however, be

safer and more just to call this species 4. ruéilus, under which name

it was first described by Burmeister.

Antrostomus sericeo-caudatus, anted p. 137, sp. 3. Of this well-

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1866, No. XXXVIII.

986 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID-£. [ Dec. 13,

marked species there is a single specimen in the Derby Museum,

‘purchased of Mr. Warwick” in 1849. It is in a bad state, but is

immediately recognizable by the peculiar form of the white termina-

tions of the three lateral rectrices, the inner edges of which, when

the tail is partially expanded, form a line slanting inwards and down-

wards towards the centre of the tail. This is well shown in Mr.

Cassin’s figure (Journ. Acad. Phil. ii. pl. 12). The Derbyan spe-

cimen is smaller in dimensions than that described by Mr. Cassin,

measuring “ whole length 10-0, wing 6°6, tail 5-1,”’ and seems to be

rather darker in plumage. The skin in my collection, spoken of

(antea p. 137) as ‘probably referable’’ to this species, belongs to

another, apparently undescribed, which I propose to call

ANTROSTOMUS ORNATUS, sp. nov. (Pl. XLV.)

Nigricans rufo et fulvo mixtus, capitis striis longitudinalibus

nigris: alis et cauda nigris rufo punctatis, primariis rufo ob-

solete transfasciatis ; caude rectricibus tribus externis fulvo

late terminatis, pari secundo et tertio ab extra macula magna

ovali, pogoninum interius et exterioris partem vicinam occu-

pante, supra alba, subtus fulva, ornatis: rectricibus quatuor

mediis dorso concoloribus : subtus dorso concolor, sed precipue

in pectore imo et ventre magis albicans, crissi plumis fere om-

nino fulvis, nigro irregulariter transvittatis : torque jugulari,

plumas auriculares utrinque attingente, flavido. 9 rectricibus

lateralibus cum mediis concoloribus.

Long. tota 10 poll. Angl., alee 6-5, caudze 4°5; rostri a rictu lin.

dir. 1°3; tarsy 1°23)

Hab. in Brasilia.

Besides my own female specimen, there is a pair of this species in

the British Museum, from the male of which the figure (Plate XLV.)

is taken. There is a similar pair in the Paris Museum.

This species is like 4. ru¢ilus, but is very much blacker alto-

gether, although, had I not seen several examples of it (as above

cited), I should hardly have ventured to separate them. Another

point of distinction would seem to be in the large oval spots of the

second and third pairs of rectrices (fig. 3, p. 587). These are pure

white on the upper surface, and fulvous (like the broad margin which

surrounds them) below. This does not seem to be the case in A.

rutilus, judging from Herr von Pelzeln’s description given above.

The general form of this species agrees with that of 4. rutilus.

The rictal bristles are strong and well developed, about nine in number

on each side. The wings reach to about 1-2 inch from the end of the

tail. The second primary is rather longer than the third and longest,

the first being slightly longer than the fourth. The tarsi are feathered

above, about three parts of the way down, and naked altogether below.

ANTROSTOMUS MACULICAUDUS. (PI. XLVI.)

Stenopsis maculicaudus, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 459.

Mr. Lawrence has kindly sent me the typical specimen of this bird

also, which I had not previously seen. It is a very distinct species,

1866. | MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGIDA. 587

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Second lateral rectrix of Antrostomus ornatus.

4, Outer rectrix of Antrostomus maculicaudus.

easily recognizable by the small white spots on the inner web of the

four lateral rectrices (see fig. 4), whence Mr. Lawrence has derived

itsname. A skin in the Derby Museum (“no. 192; purchased of

Cuming, September 7th, 1846 ’’) seems referable to a younger stage

of the same species, being chiefly distinguishable by the narrowness

538 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGID&. | Dec. 13,

of the terminal white tail-markings, and the presence of several in-

distinct rufous bands across the rectrices, which, however, are clearly

signs of immaturity. There are also five rufous spots on the inner

web of the outer primary, instead of two as in Mr. Lawrence’s ex-

ample; but these may likewise disappear with age. In the British

Museum is a skin which I refer to the female of this same species.

In this the terminal white tail-bar is altogether absent. Mr. Law-

rence’s example of this species is stated to have been obtained at

Para by Mr. y. Schulte Buckow. Those in the British Museum

and in the Derby Museum are both probably from Bolivia. In this

species, as already noted by Mr. Lawrence, the first primary is as

long as, or in fact rather longer than, the second. In every other

American Antrostomus and Stenopsis in my collection the first pri-

mary is shorter than the second*. ~

Genus STENOPSIs.

Stenopsis cayanensis, p. 140.

I have now undoubted Bogota skins of this species, and have also

seen a specimen in the Paris Museum collected in Martinique by

Rousseau ; so that these two localities may be added to the list given

(anted, p. 140).

I have already expressed my doubt (/. e.) whether Azara’s [biyau

alas y cola blancas has not been wrongly referred to this species.

These doubts have been solved for me by Herr von Pelzeln, who has

kindly furnished me with the following notes on the Paraguayan

species :—

STENOPSIS CANDICANS, Pelzeln.

Ibiyau alas y cola blancas, Azara, Pax. no. 314; undeé

Caprimulgus leucurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. x. 246.

C. candicans, Natt. in Mus. Vindob. (sp- 530).

S. corpore supra, tectricibus alarum superioribus minoribus et

mediis albescenti-griseis, hine illine ochraceo lavatis, minutis-

sime nigro marmoratis ; capite stria nigrescente longitudinali

et scapularibus striis nigris et maculis ferrugineis ornatis :

alarum tectricibus majoribus et remigibus secundariis (exceptis

tribus ultimis et aliquorum marginibus) albis: primariis ad

basin albis, dein nigris, tertio longissimo: stria a mandibule

basi ad aures ducta albida; loris, regione auriculari, gula,

colli lateribus et pectore castaneis, nigro undulatis ; ultimis

striis longitudinalibus ochraceis insignitis ; gastreo reliquo,

tectricibus alarum inferioribus et caude truncate rectricibus

lateralibus albis ; his passim ochraceo marginatis.

Long. tota 82", alee 52", caudee 4".

* Since this paper was read, I have received from Prof. Nation, of Lima, a

skin of what I believe to be Capr. equicaudatus, Peale. It proves to be quite

distinct from Antrostomus parvulus, Gould, as I had anticipated (anted, p. 138).

I shall point out the difference in a communication which I am preparing on

Prof. Nation’s collection.

1866. ] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CAPRIMULGIDE. 5389

Hab. in Paraguay (Azara) ; Brasil. merid. Irisanga (Natterer).

« Like S. eayennensis (to which it has been united by most authors),

but larger, tail truncate, not furcate, and coloration notably different.

The broad rounded primaries, dark brown below, the truncate tail,

and the colours of the neck and breast remind one of Heleothreptus

anomalus.

«The peculiar coloration of this bird might lead one to suspect

its being an albinoid variety ; but, on the other hand, the regularity

of the markings, and its perfect agreement with Azara’s descript‘on,

together with the circumstance that the last-named naturalist ob-

served several individuals, seem to indicate that we have in this case

the normal coloration of the species.”

Herr von Pelzeln has also kindly furnished me with descriptions

of two additional species in the Vienna Collection, which he. refers

to the same genus, namely :—

STENOPSIS LANGSDORFI, Pelzeln.

S. corpore supra albescente griseo, plus minusve ochraceo tincto,

punctis et fasciis nigris minutis marmorato, pilet plumis mediis

fasciam longitudinalem formantibus et scapularibus centro

nigris, interdum ochraceo transverse fasciatis, remigum secundo

longissimo, primo 2", tertio 1", quarto 6!" Breviore ; omnibus

brunneo-nigris, tota longitudine fasctis ochraceis 5—6 ornatis ;

mento et stria utrinque ad aures ducta albidis, lateribus colli,

gula et pectore castaneis nigro undulatis, ultimis passim strits

albidis obsoletis ; gastro reliquo pallide ochraceo, plumis ab-

dominis superioris fasciis brunneis interruptis 7-9, rectricibus

duabus mediis dorso concoloribus, ad scapum fasciis transversis

brevibus brunneis 7, versus basin obsoletis ; lateralibus pallide

ochraceis, fasciis 10-11, interstitis brunneo marmoratis, rec-

tricibus omnibus ejusdem longitudinis ; rostro pallide corneo,

apice nigrescente ; pedibus pallidis.

Long. tota (specim. exsiccati) 73", alae 5! 9!", caudze 4!", rostri a

naribus 23!".

Hab. in Brasilia orient. Cuyaba (Naét., sp. no. 1150).

«Of this species Natterer ouly obtained a single example, from

Herr Langsdorf in Cuyaba. In many respects it comes near the

foregoing species, but differs in its narrower, more pointed, and

entirely banded wings (of which the second primary is the longest ),

in the ochre yellow of the underside, and the banded tail. Yet such

are the variations of sex and age in the Caprimulgide, that I con-

sider it very possible that it may turn out that this is only the young

female of Stenopsis candicans.”

SrENopsIs PLATURA, Pelzeln.

Caprimulgus platurus, Natt. MS. (sp. no. 421).

S. fronte et linea utrinque superciliari ferrugineis, noteo vires-

cente nigro; capite ferrugineo, reliquis partibus ferrugineo

vel griseo punctulatis vel fasciolatis, torque nuchali ferruginea,

scapularibus et alarum tectricibus majoribus macula magna

590 DR. J. MURIE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF (Dec. 13,

ochracea, remige secundo longissimo, tertio 2!', quarto 10",

primo in ala dextra (speciminis unici haud adulti) 15'", in ala

sinistra 19'" breviore: primariis brunneis, in primis ad vel

ultra medium, in reliquis tota longitudine ferrugineo fasciatis,

secundariis ejusdem coloris margine postico lato pallide fer-

rugineo: gula pallide ferruginea; gastreo reliquo ochraceo

plumis plus minusve brunneo transverse irregulariter fasciatis ;

caude (incomplete) rectricibus 1" latis, griseis, brunneo mar-

moratis, margine laterali ferrugineo tinctis, fasciis transversa-

libus brunneis irregularibus, in mediis 7, in lateralibus 9-13,

rectricibus externis 6'' brevioribus quam medie.

Long. 81", alee 51", caudze 4", rostri a naribus 3!".

Hab. in Brasilia merid. Ypanema (Natt.).

“This species is near to S. ruficervix, but seems to differ in its

smaller size, in the presence of grey markings on the upper surface,

and in the want of a definite wing-spot and of the white tail-bands,

which are also less marked in the female of S. ruficervix.”

13. On the Occurrence of Gistrus tarandi, Linn., in a Rein-

deer in the Society’s Gardens. By James Muniz,

M.D., F.G.S., Prosector to the Society.

The disease commonly called ‘ Bots”’ is one of frequent occur-

rence among horses in this country. But the disease or larva pro-

ducing it is by no means confined to the horse, being found in a

number of animals, particularly the Ruminantia, and even in Man

himself.

A Dipterous insect, prejudicial to cattle, was known to the an-

cients; Aristotle, in his ‘ History of Animals,’ and Virgil, in his

‘Georgics,’ have both alluded to it. In later times, when a true

system of classification was adopted, Linnzeus accorded a place in

his ‘System’ to the genus @strus ; and that great naturalist himself

described more than a century ago the insect, the manner of oviposi-

tion, and the larva infesting the Reindeer in Lapland, in several papers

communicated to the Swedish Academy, the Upsala Society, &c.

Among our own countrymen, Mr. Bracy Clark* has specially

written articles devoted to the consideration of the habits and specific

classification of this same genus @strus. But by far the most

complete account of the group is that of Friedrich Brauert. The

observations of these authors, as well as a host of European and

American writers, concur in showing that the Ox, Sheep, Goat,

Deer, and others among the Ruminantia, the Horse, Ass, and Rhi-

noceros among Perissodactyla, the Rabbit, Hare, and Squirrel, Dor-

mouse, &c., among Rodentia, the Dog, Badger, Hyzena, and Jaguar

among Carnivora, the Didelphys among Marsupialia, and some of

* Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. iii. p. 289, vol. xv. p. 402, vol. xix. p. 81.

+ ‘Monographie der Cstriden,’ Vienna, 1863, which work contains a full list

of the literature on the subject.

1866. | (@STRUS TARANDI IN A REINDEER. 591

the Platyrrhine Simie among Quadrumana are each and all, under

given circumstances, liable to be attacked by different species of

(Estrus, which deposit their eggs upon the hairs, or even within the

skin of the body.

In Man a number of well-authenticated cases have from time to

time occurred, proving that the human body in certain warm coun-

tries occasionally furnishes a nidus for some species of this or the

allied genus Cuterebus. The term @strus hominis has by some been

applied to this parasite; but Goudot*, a French writer, considers

that the cases of its being found in Man are merely chance instances

of the eggs being deposited in the human skin by the species en-

countered in different animals.

My present note, however, is chiefly intended to call attention to

the fact of two larvee being detected in the skins of a Reindeer in

this country, and its being an example of one of the many means by

which species of insects are carried to distant countries.

Two male Reindeers were kindly presented to our Society by H.

H. Elder, Esq., on the 1st of June last. They were imported direct

trom Russia, but possibly may first have come from Lapland. Our

Superintendent, Mr. Bartlett, whose powers of acute observation on

live animals are well known, detected an unusual appearance on the

skin of one of these Reindeer, and, examining it more carefully,

found several-nodulous excrescences, from which he obtained the two

pupz of which the cases are figured below. Desirous of knowing

more respecting them, and rightly judging them to be the result of

a diseased condition, he brought them to me. Having before seen

Pupa-case of @strus from the Reindeer in Gardens, 1866. Nat. size.

A, Dorsal surface. B. Ventral surface with lid removed, where insect escaped.

C. Triangular operculum.

pupze and laryee of an analogous kind in domestic animals, I knew

at once their true nature, and suggested a further search, both for

the purpose of ridding the creatures of a painful nuisance, and at

the same time of prosecuting the study of the disease. Mr. Bartlett,

however, failed in obtaining more specimens, although he noticed

the animal’s coat to be much pit-marked, apparently where other

pupe had lain buried.

I had the two pupze in my possession above a week, believing the

* Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1845, t. 3-4, p. 227.

592 DR. J. MURIE ON A CASE OF MALFORMATION [Dee. 13,

enclosed insects dead or abortive, when, to my surprise, near mid-

day of the 6th of July last two perfect insects came forth nearly

simultaneously.

One of them, however, appeared stronger than the other, and, its

wings drying quicker, it prepared to fly off, and only was prevented

by the glass cover on the dish; the other soon after rallied, but did

not attain such a complete condition as the first, the wings remain-

ing slightly crumpled and less unfolded. I watched their move-

ments for a considerable time, and then killed and pinned them out

on cork for further reference.

I had intended to take them to the British Museum for identifi-

cation, and to have them figured, and so laid them aside. Next

morning, however, I was horrified to find that a mouse had gained

access to the glass case in which they were placed, and broken frag-

ments of legs and antennee were all that remained of the two inte-

resting specimens. My examination of the insects, however, easily

permitted my recognizing in preserved specimens and figures that

they were no other than the true @strus tarandi. The pupa-case

in the above is uncommonly like that of the Wstrus bovis of Clark,

as may be seen on comparison with his plate in the ‘ Linnean Trans--

actions ;’ but he himself specially calls attention to @strus tarandi

being larger, and with a longer, narrower, tapering abdomen.

Linnzeus’s own account of the manner in which the Reindeer are

attacked, unfortunately, I have been unable to refer to; but Mr.

Clark quotes passages of his travels in Lapland, where he says the

Reindeer crowded in multitudes round the hut at night in an excited

condition, owing to fear of these insects. On another occasion, when

travelling on a journey, the Reindeer in the team, on the fly alighting

on it, suddenly stood still, apparently paralyzed with fear.

Another curious point connected with the insects brought forth

in the Gardens was, that the moment of their escape from the pupa-

case vast numbers of minute white-coloured parasites scampered

everywhere over their bodies, and issued in troops out of the case

itself. It would seem, therefore, that these Acari infest the insect

even before it is hatched. In the present instance there could be no

doubt regarding their not being conveyed thither by external agency

at the time, as the pupa-cases were in a perfectly clean gallipot

covered with glass, and laid apart from every foreign substance likely

to contain such creatures.

14. Account of a Case of Malformation in the Generative

Organs of a Cow. By James Muniz, M.D., F.G.S.,

Prosector to the Society.

Mr. G. Latimer, of Porto Rico, C.M.Z.S., kindly forwarded to us,

in September 1865, a young Cow, which presented some peculiari-

ties worthy of being recorded. No history of the animal was fur-

nished by the donor, further than that the specimen was supposed

1866.) IN THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF A Cow. 593 —

to be a curious example of an hermaphrodite. Although interesting

physiologically as a specimen exhibiting deviation from the normal

type in the sexual organs, yet the animal did not possess such other

points of general or public interest as to entitle it to a permanent

place in the Society’s collection.

On anatomical investigation of the dead body it was found to afford

indications of belonging either to the spurious kind of female her-

maphroditism, or to be in some degree an example of what has been

termed transverse hermaphroditism *,—that is, a malformation of the

generative system wherein the internal organs belong to one sex and

the external to another—or (as has been ingeniously suggested +)

that, supposing a transverse line were drawn between the external

and the internal parts, assuming these to be superimposed the one

over the other, there would exist a different sex in the upper and

lower segments.

Instances of transverse hermaphroditism in the lower mammalia

are, comparatively speaking, not of unfrequent occurrence; but the

present one, if strictly coming under that denomination, is rendered

interesting by possessing, in some respects, a structural condition

allying it to the rare division of transverse hermaphroditism in which

the external organs are of the male type, the internal of the femalet.

It presents a kind of intermediate stage or grade of what is known

as the Free Martin§—that variety of sexual malformation in twin

cattle, one of which bears external resemblances to a female, or has

superadded individual male organs, but even when purely feminine

in structure is often barren.

To convey an idea of the bodily appearance of this animal sent

to the Gardens, I shall jot down a few points appertaining thereto ;

for in cases of genital malformation it is desirable to observe how

far the outward character agrees with, or deviates from, the true

sexual organization.

In size it was about equal to an Alderney Cow. There was nothing

remarkable in colour, which was as follows :—Head blackish brown ;

muzzle and tips of ears nearly black; back and well down the sides

lightish brown, shading below and on the outer aspect of the legs to

a more blackish brown, becoming entirely black below the hocks ;

each hind leg just above the hoof marked by a broad circle of white

hairs ; axillary and inguinal regions whitish ; tail dark brown, end-

ing in a tuft of strong black hairs.

The horns were short, gently tapering to the points, and having

an outward and forward spread. Ears finely formed, not long, but

conspicuously directed upwards and slightly forwards.

Dr. Crisp, who examined the living animal along with me, consi-

dered at first sight that it bore resemblances fully as much to the

* Gurlt, Lehrbuch der pathol. Anat. der Haus-Saugethiere, (1832) vol. ii. p 185.

+ See Prof. Simpson’s article, ‘‘ Hermaphroditism,” in the ‘Cyclop. of Anat.

and Physiol.’ vol. ii. p. 685.

t Var. a. Hermaph. transv. masculinus, of Gurlt, doe. cit. p. 186.

§ Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1779; and Palmer’s Edit. of Hunter’s Works, 1837

vol. iv. p. 34.

594 DR. J. MURIE ON A CASE OF MALFORMATION [Dec. 13,

male as the female sex ; I was inclined rather to regard it as a heifer.

On more careful scrutiny, however, we at length agreed that its

general physical appearance approached nearest to that of a castrated

animal—chiefly for the reason that the head had a slight masculine

tendency, the shoulders and neck being also somewhat heavier than

is usually met with in a young female, although, upon the whole,

the proportions of body and limbs might perhaps be deemed too

delicate for a male.

Sexual distinction, so far as the external genital organs were con-

cerned, was in favour of its being in reality a male; for there was an

absence of vaginal opening in the usual situation; and when mictu-

rition took place, the urine escaped from an abdominal urethral-like

orifice, marked, as in a bull, by a prominently hanging fold of skin

on which were developed numerous long and strong hairs.

Upon examination after death, none of the viscera were found to

exhibit anything abnormal* in their formation, with the exception

of the genito-urinary organs.

In proceeding to describe the condition of these malformed parts,

it will be convenient to commence with the external organs, con-

tinuing from without inwards. The accompanying figure (p. 595)

illustrates the peculiar anatomical points described in detail. It is

reduced from a photograph of the parts, exhibited as a dissected

preparation.

The anus and rectum were natural in position and structure (see

figure, letters 4. and R.). Below the former the skin seemed rather

bare of hair, more full and lax than usual in a male animal, but

with no trace of a vulva at this part, the distance between the

anus and the genito-urinary (abdominal) outlet (U.g. 0.) measuring

193 inches. Along this space there was a prominent perineal raphe

having a dark line on its summit, and with short hairs on either

side parted outwards. This raphe ended nearly 2 inches behind the

genital orifice, in a very slightly raised glandular or rough patch

almost as large as a shilling.

Four teats were present (7'.), and two rather imperfectly deve-

loped mammary glands (M.g.); these were placed apparently

slightly in advance of their usual situation in a Cow. The glandular

texture of the latter was so incorporated with fat and resembled the

surrounding adipose tissue so much in colour and consistence as to

be with difficulty distinguishable from it. In dimensions the mammze

were each about 5 inches long and 13 to 2 inches broad, but thin

in proportion.

The umbilicus was placed at a distance of 134 inches forwards

from the genital opening, its cicatrix was half an inch in length.

The urino-genital outlet (U.g.o.) opened between the atrophied

udders. It was a widish semilunar cleft fully 2 inches long, and

* The pathological condition is not here referred to; the organs, however,

seemed all healthy, the only notable exception being an enlarged state of the so-

litary glands of the intestine, which Dr. Crisp believed to be diseased, but which

I was inclined to attach no importance to, rather considering them to exhibit an

enlarged but healthy functional condition.

1866.] IN THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF A COW. 595

partially divided anteriorly by a dependent fold of skin, which at its

posterior end had the long pencil of hairs upon it, as already men-

tioned, simulating in appearance the prepuce of a male, though more

truly representing a clitoris. At the bottom of this genital cleft, its

posterior convex end, there was a narrow slit-like aperture, fully

three-quarters of an inch long, which led into a thick-walled mem-

branous or fibro-elastic tube (the common urethro-vaginal canal or

passage, U. g. c.), which, when dissected free from the surrounding

tissues, looked uncommonly like along narrow penis. This proceeded

upwards and backwards towards the pubic arch, where it communi-

cated by a constricted opening with the true vagina. The tube close

to the abdominal outlet was 13 inch in diameter, but immediately

beyond and for the remainder of its length it was considerably nar-

rower; but just before joining the vagina it had a second dilatation.

Malformed parts displayed as an anatomical preparation.

4, Anus, and R. Rectum. U.g.0. Urino-genital outlet. 7. Teats. M.g. Mam-

mary gland. U.g.e. Urino-genital canal. R.m. Retractor muscles. V. Va-

gina. U. Uterus. 4%. ¢. Left cornu, cut open to show the cotyledons.

O. t. Os tince. 0.0’. Position of ovaries. ff’. indicate position of

fimbriated extremities of Fallopian tubes. U. 4. Urinary bladder; n, neck 3

ur. ureters; m.w. meatus urinarius. C.g. Cowper’s glands. * points to

the cul de sac and a style passed through the opening between the vagina

and urino-genital canal.

596 DR. J. MURIE ON A CASE OF MALFORMATION [ Dec. 13,

The structures forming this long urethra were an inner mucous lining,

surrounded by elastic fibrous tissue, but no true and continuous

corpus cavernosum or spongiosum. Nevertheless at the vaginal end

there was a space, of about an inch in extent, where the fibrous tissue

was in open network, the meshes closely resembling the peculiar

cellulovascular structure of erectile tissue belonging to the corpus

cavernosum and clitoris.

As if further supporting the similitude of a penis, this urethral

canal possessed two long cord-like retractor muscles (R.m.) (erec-

tores clitoridis?), which were closely applied to either side of its

outer walls. These muscles arose from the tissues between the tail

and rectum, and, running parallel with the tube, were inserted on

the right and left sides of the vulva.

The vagina (V.) was considerably dilated, and measured 103 inches

from the os uteri to its abrupt termination in a cul de sac near the

rectum. This cul de sac was firmly attached by strong fibrous sub-

stance to the deep fascia of the perineum. The mucous membrane

and walls of the vagina were normal-looking and with the usual

numerous longitudinally parallel plications. On its inferior or ab-

dominal wall, 13 inch from the terminal blind sac, was a slit-shaped

opening, the meatus urinarius(m.u.). Posterior to this was a second

orifice, namely that which led into the long fibro-membranous tube

already spoken of, the common urino-genital canal.

The uterus (U.) and appendages, as a whole, appeared completely

developed, and the former of regular dimensions. Each cornu, as

well as the body and neck of the uterus, when cut open also showed

nothing abnormal; the former had small cotyledonal elevations, the

latter the usual longitudinal and transverse ruge. The os tince

(o. ¢.) was well formed. The dimensions of the uterus were as fol-

lows :—From the os tincz to the divarication of the cornua 2"-7,

each cornua (following the curve) about 7 inches in length.

The ovaries, right and left (0. o'.), were contained in the folds of

the broad ligament; but neither of these bodies were of large size.

A section of the right one disclosed two corpora lutea, of a reddish

colour and of a dense homogeneous texture. The larger one of these

corpora lutea equalled a canary-seed in size, and projected slightly

upon the surface of the ovary.

The Fallopian tubes terminated in delicate but well-formed fim-

briated extremities (f. f'.), but were not pervious for their entire

length. This was ascertained by first trying to pass a very delicate

silver wire along the canal from the end next the uterus, but which

would not enter beyond a third of the way. Afterwards a thin-

coloured injection was forced in from the opening at the fimbriated

extremity ; but this ran im only as far as a third of the distance from

that side, while a fluid introduced from the cornual or uterine end

did not pass any further than the wire—thus proving that the middle

third of the tube was in a closed condition.

The urinary bladder (U. 6.) had its usual relative position with

respect to the uterus and other viscera. In its coutracted state it

measured from the fundus to the neck about 7 inches. The neck (7. ),

1566. } IN THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF A Cow. 597

which was wide, had a length of 43 inches; its orifice penetrated

the walls of the vagina by the longitudinal fissure of the meatus uri-

narius (m.u.), previously described.

The representatives of Cowper’s glands (C.g.), or those of Bartho-

linus, were two somewhat flattened oval glandular bodies, each about

l inch long and 58, of an inch broad, which were placed on either

side of the outer walls of the vagina, at the cu/ de sac, nearly opposite

where the urino-genital canal was given off; and these opened by

minute pin-hole-sized orifices or slits into the vagina.

There was no trace of testicles.

If we sum up the results of the anatomical examination, we find

that, of female organs, there were present :—Diminutive ovaries ;

impervious Fallopian tubes, and a normal uterus, connected with a

vagina which ended anomalously in a cul de sac within the pelvic

region, a natural vulva being thus wanting, whilst the neck of the

' bladder opened into the vagina above the blind sac.

On the contrary, simulating male organs were :—The long urino-

genital canal, derived from the lower wall of the vagina and termi-

nating between the udders, which tube, with its very rudimentary

corpus cavernosum and two long retractor muscles, bore tolerable

resemblance to an imperfect penis.

In this manner, by balancing as it were the several organs, it

would appear that the animal was essentially a female, and in such

respects might come under Professor Simpson’s* definition of ‘ spu-

rious female hermaphroditic malformations.” Nevertheless, com-

bining as it did some outward characters of male conformation, and

also the tendency in development of the urino-genital canal to form,

not merely a preternaturally enlarged normally placed clitoris, but

rather, in the advanced position, &c., of the genitals, an essentially

male type of intromittent organ, it might on such grounds be con-

sidered, if not a perfect example of, at least a curious approximation

to, the above author’s subdivision of “ True transverse hermaphro-

ditism’’—* the external sexual organs male, internal female.’”? But,

under whichever of the above heads of teratological classification

in strictness it ought to be included, the outer genital apparatus

blended together conditions appertaining to the masculine and femi-

nine types.

By way of contrast, and the better to exemplify by comparison, I

shall briefly allude to two animals dissected by John Hunter, which

are among those which go under the name of ‘“ Free Martin.”

The first specimen, of which the preserved parts form Preparation

no. 240, ‘Catalogue of Monsters, Royal Coll. of Surg. Museum,’

Hunter records+ the living animal as having “ more of the characters

of an ox or spayed heifer than either bull or cow.” According to

his description and my examination of the preparation, the vagina is

placed naturally, but terminates blindly at a short distance from the

outer opening. An organ, supposed by him to be a uterus, divides

into two horns with bodies more like testicles than ovaries. Vesi-

* Todd’s Cyclopedia, vol. ii. p. 685.

+ Animal Hconomy, p. 62, pls. 8, 10; also Museum Drawings.

598 DR. J. MURIE ON A CASE OF MALFORMATION [Dec. 13,

culee seminales coexist, but, according to Hunter, no vasa defe-

rentia*.

Prof. Simpson + has placed this case of Hunter’s “ Free Martin”

under his division of ‘* Transverse hermaphroditism with the external

organs of the female type,”’ while M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire +

has regarded it as belonging to his ‘‘ Hermaphrodismes neutres.”’

Without deciding which of these two authors’ views is the more

applicable one, it is sufficient for my purpose to remark that the

fact of the creatures possessing testicles and vesiculee seminales, and

only a very doubtful and imperfectly pronounced uterus, with natu-

rally formed outward female genital organs, completely differentiates

it from our Porto Rico animal.

In the second Hunterian specimen, now forming no. 242 in the

above ‘ Catalogue’ of the College, it appears that the animal had an

Ox-like aspect, with the outward genital conformation of a Cow, the

vulva being placed lower down than usual, but not so entirely abdo-

minal as in the animal forwarded by Mr. Latimer. From exami-

nation of the Museum preparation, the distance between the anus

and vaginal aperture is nearly as much as 12 inches, in this respect

bearing resemblance to our case; but the perineal raphe is by no

means so well marked.

The vulva also, and the clitoris in its peaked prominent form, more

nearly agree with what is the normal condition in Cows; but, as in

the Society’s specimen, there are long and projecting hairs at the

genital outlet. The uterus, however, is very defective in structure.

Testicles are present, and a true penis. This latter occupies its

‘usual abdominal situation as in Bulls; but it is of small calibre, di-

stinct, and tortuous, although not perfectly developed, so far as an

outer passage is concerned.

The presence of a male abdominal organ approximates it to our

specimen; but the line of demarcation is clear; for, besides this small

organ, there is a natural vagina, along with other true male structures

wanting in that which I have described.

The two instances cited above, taken along with that forming the

subject of the present paper, afford remarkably good illustrations of

abnormalities wherein the type of sexuality sways from male organs

internally and female externally to very nearly female organs inter-

nally and male externally, which curious anomaly has its antecedents

in the evolution of the organism in utero.

In reasoning as to the probable origin of hermaphroditism, most

* Gurlt, as quoted by Simpson (Joc. cit. p. 702), expresses an opinion that the

deferent vessels are what Hunter has mistaken for the uterine horns. The pre-

sent bottled condition of the specimen renders it difficult to redetermine this

point.

Tt Op. cit. p. 702.

t Histoire des Anomalies, tome i. p. 289. In comparing as above the Society’s

animal with Simpson’s classification (a modification of Gurlt’s), rather than adopt-

ing the celebrated French anatomist’s divisions, I have been guided solely by the

facility of its comprehension, preferring not to enter into a discussion regarding

the significance of the term neuter as applied by Geoffroy to cases exhibiting

doubtful sex.

1866. } IN THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF A COW. 599

modern anatomists refer them with justice to defects in the develope-

ment of the embryo*, assuming that the organs undergo a certain

transformation from a simple common type into one or other of the

sexes—although there are not wanting those + who have entertained

the view that the hermaphroditic or bisexual condition of the em-

bryo is the original one. Without entering into the latter hypo-

thesis, ably opposed by erudite authority}, we shall merely consider

how far the present example of malformation agrees with or bears

out the history of embryonic development.

In the description of the dissection of the parts of generation it

was shown that the bladder entered into the vagina, and that from

these a common urino-genital canal continued onwards to the external

abdominal walls, this being the main point of resemblance to male

sexual organization. It is interesting therefore to find that this pre-

cisely corresponds to a certain stage in foetal formation.

The researches of many distinguished embryologists so far concur

as to demonstrate that, after the intestine has been occluded from

the umbilical vesicle with a partial dilatation of the urachus ulti-

mately forming the urinary bladder, there still remains a common

outward passage between the urinary and internal generative parts,

the urino-genital sinus. Afterwards in the female this sinus becomes

divided, and forms the narrow neck of the bladder and widish vagina,

while in the male the meatus urinarius continues the principal canal.

The external organs of generation, however, are of later develop-

ment, and in both sexes at first identical, even in ruminants, where,

as Johannes Miiller § remarks, he had hoped to find an early differ-

ence, seeing that the sheath of the penis in the male adult opens

close to the umbilicus.

According to the same talented observer, the embryos of sheep

have a proportionally long clitoris or penis. In the female this

shortens ; in the male it lengthens. In the latter, at a later period, by

an agglutination of the sheath, it is attached at the same time to the

abdominal walls, ultimately opening a short distance behind the navel.

The perineal cleft, from its open condition, closes, leaving traces of

its separation in the raphe. Later investigators, Kdlliker || among

others, in the main substantiate these earlier observations of Miiller.

Having thus succinctly glanced at the course of development of

such of the urinary and genital apparatus more immediately con-

cerning those parts implicated in the structure of the malformation

in question, it remains but to consider how such history applies to

its abnormal condition.

This brings us to conclude that in the earliest stage of the animal’s

* See the excellent article by Bischoff in Wagner’s ‘ Handworterbuch der Phy-

siologie,’ 1842, vol. i. p. 860.

+ Dr. Knox, in Brewster’s ‘ Edinb. Journal of Science,’ vol. ii. p- 322, and paper

reprinted from the ‘ London Medical Gazette’ (1843), ‘‘ Hermaphroditism: a

memoir read to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1827 and 1828.”

¢ Prof. Simpson, in the ‘ Cyelop. of Anat. and Physiol.’ vol. ii. p. 728.

§ Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien aus anatomischen Untersuchungen am

Embryonen des Menschen und der Thiere (Dusseldorf, 1830).

|| Entwickelung des Menschen und der hoheren Thiere.

600 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF PANAMA. | Dec. 13,

intra-uterine formation it would seem as if the parts had been evolved

in a normal manner, and that only at the period when the external

genitals came to be developed did a departure from the female struc-

ture take place. Instead of the clitoris remaining in size and posi-

tion comparatively stationary, it increased as would a male organ,

but without becoming fully developed into a true penis; while the

primary common genital cleft uniting, produced the lengthened pe-

rineal raphe.

If this view be the correct one, it adds one more instance to sup-

port the opinion which some hold, that between the development

of the internal and external genitalia there is a certain amount of

independence; for in the above example the inner organs would

have been necessarily more or less completely formed before devia-

tion from female sexual character occurred.

Dr. A. Giinther read a memoir on the Fishes of the States of

Central America, founded upon specimens collected in the fresh and

marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs. Salvin

and Godman and Capt. J. M. Dow. The specimens collected,

together with a few previously known from the same region, but not

contained in this collection, were referred to nearly 300 species.

Dr. Ginther called particular attention to the fact that no less

than 48 of the marine species, out of a total of 158, from the seas on

both sides of the Isthmus of Panama were found to be identical, and

stated that this was to be explained only by assuming that, at a former

period, one or more open channels existed between the Atlantic and

Pacific. He added that, although a long time must have elapsed

since this communication was stopped, the specimens examined from

opposite coasts of the isthmus were absolutely identical, and that

there was no indication that any of these forms had undergone modi-

fication or degenerated into a climatic or local variety.

After having defined the zoological characters of Central America,

as expressed in its fish-fauna, and subdivided it into six provinces,

he proceeded to give full descriptions of the new forms collected by

the gentlemen mentioned. Diagnoses of a part of these had been

already given in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, 1864, p. 144.

The following had not been mentioned before :—

PLECTROPOMA MULTIGUTTATUM.

1l 3 +

D. 5 «Aeg- L. lat. 75.

Allied to P. monacanthus. Preeoperculum with two spinous teeth

below the angle.

Panama.

CoRVINA CHRYSOLEUCA.

1 2

D. 10/5 A. o° Tilat.55:

Allied to C. ronchus. Second dorsal spine the strongest, third the

1866.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF PANAMA. 601

longest, as long as the postorbital portion of head. Second anal

Spine very strong, not much shorter than the third dorsal spine.

Panama.

CorvVINA VERMICULARIS.

1 2

D. 10/2. A. 3.

Interorbital space only one-fourth wider than the orbit, its width

being one-fourth of the length of the head. Second dorsal spine

scarcely stronger than, and but half as long as, the third, the length

of which is nearly equal to that of the postorbital portion of the

head and of the second anal spine.

Panama.

OTOLITHUS SQUAMIPINNIS.

1 2 ~

D. 8|——. At To° L. lat. 85.

Spinous dorsal fin longer than high, with feeble spines. Colora-

tion uniform.

Panama.

CARANX CANINUS.

D. 83. A. 2|5- L. lat. 24.

Upper teeth in a villiform band, with an outer series of stronger

ones ; lower teeth in a single series, those in front canine-like ; teeth

on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. Lateral line slightly bent, the

width of the arch being contained once and one-third in the length of

the straight portion. Dorsal spines stout and short.

Panama.

HEROS NIGROFASCIATUS.

18 10

Dy: ge A. igi.

Lower lip interrupted in the middle.

Lakes of Amatitlan and Atitlan.

HEROS MULTISPINOSUS.

18 ll

D. rs A. as

Lower lip interrupted in the middle. Three series of scales on

the cheek.

Lake of Managua.

HEROS LONGIMANUS.

16 6,

1: 10° A. 8

Lower lip interrupted in the middle. Pectoral extending nearly

to the end of the anal. A large black spot in the middle of the side.

Lake of Nicaragua.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XXXIX.

602 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF PANAMA. [Dec. 13,

HEROS ERYTHRZEUS.

D. iv, A.2.L. lat. 31. LL. transy. oe

Lips thick, continuous. The length of the eighth dorsal spine is

less than one-third of that of the head. The depth of the free por-

tion of the tail is conspicuously more than its length.

Lake of Managua.

HEROS LOBOCHILUS.

Die AY x L. lat. 32. L. transv. 6/14.

* 11—12° 8

Lips enlarged into lobes. The length of the eighth dorsal spine

is more than one-third of that of the head. The depth of the free

portion of the tail is scarcely more than its length. Greenish, with

blackish cross bands.

Lake of Managua.

HEROS TRIMACULATUS.

6—8

D. i A, iia

Allied to H. salvini. Fold of the lower lip continuous. Three

black spots along the side of the body.

Chiapam and Huamuchal.

HEROS MOTAGUENSIS.

Da ee Pa

Closely allied to H. friedrichsthalii. Fold of the lower lip con-

tinuous. Preeorbital with the antero-inferior margin but slightly

concave, as wide as the orbit. A black interrupted band runs from

the eye to a spot situated above the end of the lateral line.

Rio Motagua.

HEROS MANAGUENSIS.

18 7

DT Ae

Allied to H. friedrichsthalii. Fold of the lower lip continuous.

Preorbital narrow, scarcely more than half as wide as the orbit.

The length of the twelfth dorsal spine contained thrice and two-thirds

in that of the head. A series of quadrangular spots runs from the

eye to a spot situated above the end of the lateral line.

Lake of Managua.

HEROS OBLONGUS,

Dy: As

Allied to H. microphthalmus. Fold of the lower lip continuous ;

five series of scales on the cheek. The height of body is one-third

of the total length (without caudal), the length of the twelfth dorsal

spine less than one-third of that of the head. Coloration as in H.

microphthalmus.

Rio Motagua,

1866.] | DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF PANAMA. 603

NEETROPLUS, g. n.

Differing from Heros in having a front series of flat incisor-like

teeth.

NEETROPLUS NEMATOPUS.

19 8

D. 10° y-\e 7°

From Lake Managua.

PIMELODUS MANAGUENSIS.

D. 1/6. A. 14-15. P. 1/9.

Adipose fin rather more than one-third of the total length (without

caudal) ; maxillary barbels extending nearly to the base of the dorsal

fin. Dorsal spine very feeble; anal rays not nearly extending to the

end of the adipose fin, if laid backwards.

Lake Managua.

CuH#®TOosTOMUS ASPIDOLEPIS.

L. lat. 25.

Diameter of the orbit one-third of the width of the interorbital

space. Interoperculum with very few short spines. Seven scutes

between the two dorsal fins, twelve between anal and caudal.

Veragua.

PRISTIGASTER MACROPS,

P15, A. 61x, Uh. tat. 55.

Greatest depth of the body one-third of the total length (without

caudal). Eye one-third of the length of the head. Origin of dorsal

midway between caudal and scapula.

Panama.

PRISTIGASTER ARGENTEUS.

Dye AS SOs Ee laty oe

Greatest depth of the body two-sevenths of the total length. Eye

two-sevenths of the length of the head. Origin of dorsal much

nearer to caudal than to scapula.

Panama.

MELETTA PETENENSIS.

D. 14-15. A. 20-23. IL. lat. 40.

Distinguished from M. thrissa by its larger head, the length of

which is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal).

Lake Peten.

MELETTA LIBERTATIS.

D. 17. Ay 19, relat. 483

The length of the head is contained thrice and two-thirds in the

604 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE FISHES OF PANAMA. [Dec. 13.

total (without caudal). Origin of the dorsal fin much nearer to

the snout than to the caudal. No humeral spot.

Libertad.

ENGRAULIS MYSTICETUS.

D.17. A.20. L. lat. 42.

The length of the head is contained twice and four-fifths in the

total (without caudal).

Panama.

RHINOBATES LEUCORHYNCHUS.

Anterior nasal valve not prolonged to the inner angle of nostril.

Disk longer than broad ; preenasal part of snout not so long as broad

at the base, but longer than the distance between the front extremi-

ties of the nostrils. A series of very small tubercles along the middle

of the back. Nostrils longer than the space between their posterior

extremities, but shorter than the mouth.

Panama.

This memoir will be published entire in the Society’s ‘ Trans-

actions.’

LIST

Jan. 1.

15.

18.

19.

. 1 Griffon Vulture. Gyps fulvus (Gm.). Presented by Robert

APPENDIX.

OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERTE

DURING THE YEAR

1866.

1 Texan Squirrel. Sewrus —? Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Deposited.

1 Malayan Pied Hornbill. Buceros converus,Temm. Purchased.

2 Grey-headed Porphyrios. Porphyrio poliocephala (Lath.).

Purchased.

2 Indian Tree-Ducks. Dendrocygna arcuata (Cuy.). Purchased.

1 Wood Fruit-eating Pigeon. Carpophaga sylvatica (Tick.).

Purchased.

1 Common Squirrel. Seiwrus vulgaris, Linn, Presented by

Edward Boyle, Esq.

1 sai po Spider Monkey. Afteles belzebuth (Briss.). Pur-

chased.

. 1 Chinese Magpie. Pica sericea, Gould. Purchased.

. 1 g Hybrid Pheasant. Euplocamus —? Purchased.

1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geoff. Presented

by — Hall, Esq.

1 Black Bear. Ursus americanus, Pall. Presented by — Keyes,

Esq.

2 ier Monkeys (from St. Kitt’s, W. I.). Cercopithecus calli-

trichus, Is. Geoff. Presented by J. D. Cameron, Esq., St.

Thomas’s, W. I.

1 Green Monkey (from St. Kitt’s,W.I.). Cercopithecus calli-

trichus, Is. Geoff. Purchased.

1 Common Hobby. Hypotriorchis subbuteo (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Vociferous Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus vocifer (Daud.). Presented

by Edward Hooper, Esq., of Natal.

1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geoff. Presented

by Lieut. R. B. Wilkinson, R.N.

3 Sandra st aa Geese. Chloéphaga sandvicensis (Vig.). De-

posited.

H. Holdsworth, Esq.

606

Jan, 23.

25.

29.

30,

Si,

Feb. 1.

AT Cv ICS) SRS

APPENDIX.

1 Spotted Cavy. Calogenys paca (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by J. W. Pyne, Esq.

1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff.). Presented by

H. Simkins, Esq.

1 Sea-bear (from Cape Horn). Otario hookeri, Gray. Purchased.

1 Bless-bok Antelope. Damalis albifrons (Burch.). Born.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquatus (Linn.). De-

osited.

1 Wandering Tree-Pie. Dendrocitta vagabunda (Lath.). Pur-

chased.

1 Indian Drongo. Chibia hottentotta (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Blue-rumped Parrakeet. Psittinus malaccensis (Lath.). Pur-

chased.

1 Cereopsis Goose. Cereopsis nove-hollandie, Lath. Returned.

1 Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born,

2 Turquoisine Parrakeets, Euphema pulchella (Shaw). De-

posited.

1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gm.).

Deposited.

1 Orange-cheeked Waxbill. Estrelda melpoda (Vieill.). De-

posited.

300 Salmon-ova. Salmo salar, Linn. Presented by Frank T.

Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 1 Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. Presented by The Right Ho-

nourable The Speaker of the House of Commons.

» 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

S. Yorke Martin, Esq.

. 1 Great Kangaroo. Macropus giganteus, Shaw. Presented by

F. C. Capel, Esq.

. 1 Brown Bear. Ursus arctos, Linn. Received in exchange.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Ed. Marsden, Esq.

» 1 Moor Monkey. Semnopithecus maurus (Schreb.). Received in

exchange.

1 Suricate. Saricata zenik (Gm.). Purchased.

. 1 Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born,

. 1 Chimpanzee. Troglodytes niger, Linn. Purchased.

1 2 Formosan Deer. Cervus taévanus, Blyth. Purchased.

1 Diard’s Cat. . Felis diardi, Griff. Purchased.

1 Swinhoe’s Pheasant, ¢. Euplocamus swinhoti, Gould. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Grand Galago. Galago crassicaudata (Geoff.). Deposited.

- 1 Short-headed Antelope. Cephalophus breviceps, Gray. Pur-

chased.

. 3 Rabbit-eared Perameles. Perameles lagotis, Reid. Purchased.

1g Pudu Deer. Cervus pudu (Mol.). Presented by Charles

Bath, Esq.

. 1 Bornean Ape. Macacus inornatus, Gray. Purchased.

. 19 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born,

. 1 g Hog Deer. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Boin,

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn). Presented

by D. M. Smith, Esq., H.M.S. ‘ Conqueror.’

1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Presented

by James R. Christie, Esq.

28.

31.

April 3.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 607

. 1 Paradise Mynah. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.). Presented by

the Rey. Dan. Greatorex.

1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. Purchased,

. 1 Lizard (from Australia). Purchased.

. 1 g Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.

. 1 Black Bear. Ursus americanus, Pall. Deposited.

5 Sly Siluri. Swdurus glanis, Linn, Received.

1 Sparrow Hawk. <Accipiter fringillarius, Ray. Presented by

William H. Allies, Esq.

1 Common Hare. Lepus timidus, Linn, Presented by George

Selwyn Morris, Esq.

1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.). Born.

1 Sociable Vulture. Vadtur auricularis, Daud. Deposited.

3 Common Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn. Presented by John

Henry Gurney, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 1 Red-shouldered Starling. -Ageleus pheeniceus (Linn.), Pre-

sented by A, Dixon, Esq.

1 Cuvier’s Podargus. Podargus cuvieri, Vig. et Horsf. Presented

by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.8.

1 Roseate Cockatoo, Cacatua roseicapilla, Vieill. Deposited.

. 2 Black Swans. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Received.

. 1 Red-bellied Monkey. Cercopithecus erythrogaster, Gray. Pur-

chased.

1 Variegated Touracou. Schizorhis africana (Lath.). Purchased.

. 1 Ganga Cockatoo. Callocephalon galeatum (Lath.). Purchased.

. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Presented by J. Baron,

Ksq.

. 1 Golden-naped Amazon, Chrysotis auripalliata (Less.). Pre-

sented by Lady Ousley.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Miss Rosalie Harraden. :

1 pair of Beautiful Parrakeets. Psephotus pulcherrimus, Gould.

Purchased.

1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Presented by

Miss Warren.

1 Entellus Monkey. Semnopithecus entellus (Linn.), Purchased.

1 Manatee (arrived dead). Manatus americanus, Cuy. Pre-=

sented by George Latimer, Esq.

2 9 Aoudads. Ovts tragelaphus, Desm. Born.

1 Pig-tailed Monkey. Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.). Presented

by 8. Youlton, Esq.

2 West-Indian Doves. Zenaida amabilis, Bonap. Presented by

Capt. Sawyer, of the R.M.S. ‘ Tasmania.’

2 pairs of White-crowned Pigeons. Columba leucocephala, Linn.

Presented by John A. Palm, Esq., R.M.S. ‘Tasmania.’

1 pair of West-Indian Doves. Zenatda amabilis, Bonap. Pre-

sented by John A. Palm, Esq., R.M.S. ‘Tasmania.’

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey. Afeles ater, F. Cuy. Pur-

chased.

1 Hybrid Ibex. Capra ibex, Linn. Born.

4. 1 Australian Bustard. Otis australis, Gray. Purchased,

1 Malee Bird, Letpoa ocellata, Gould. Purchased.

1 Grey Crow. Strepera anaphonensis (Temm.). Purchased.

1 Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinalis virginianus (Briss. ). Purchased,

16.

17.

18.

19,

APPENDIX.

1 Common Curlew. Numenius arquatus, Linn. - Received in

exchange,

. 9 Golden-eyes. Clangula glaucion (Linn.), Received in ex-

change.

. A collection of Clams. Mya arenaria. Presented by A. Arce-

deckne, Esq., F.Z.S,

. 1 Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by the

Rey. C. Wolley.

10 Sand-Lizards. Lacerta agilis, Linn. Presented by the Rey.

C. Wolley.

. 1 Crested Curassow. Crax alector, Linn. Presented by Mrs.

Beaumont.

. 1 Slender-billed Cockatoo. Licemetis tenuirostris (Wagl.). Re-

ceived in exchange.

. 2 Indian Poreupines. Hystrix leucura, Sykes. Born.

4 St. Helena Seed-eaters. Crithagra butyracea (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

. 1 Gannet. Sula bassana, Linn. Deposited.

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua sulphurea (Gm.).

Deposited.

3 Porpoises. Phocena communis, Less. Purchased.

2 African Sheep. Ovis aries, Linn., var. Presented by Her

Majesty the Queen.

1 Common Otter. Latra vulgaris, Linn. Presented by the Hon.

Rowland Hill, M.P.

2 Bernicle Geese. Bernicla leucopsis, Bechst. Presented by W.

C. Hewitson, Esq., F.Z.8.

4 Brent Geese. Bernicla brenta, Steph. Presented by W. C.

Hewitson, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Grote’s Porcupine. Hystrix grotei, J. E.Gray. Presented by

A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Viscacha. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. Presented by

W. Bramley Moore, Esq.

1 Kagu. Rhinochetus jubatus, Verr. et DesMurs. Presented by

the Acclimatization Society of Sydney.

1 Australian Bustard. _Otis australis, Gray. Presented by the

Acclimatization Society of Sydney.

1 Straw-necked Ibis. Geronticus spinicollis (Jameson). Pre-

sented by the Acclimatization Society of Sydney.

1 pair of Bower-Birds. -Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl.

Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Sydney.

1 Common Wombat. Phascolomys wombat, Pér. et Les. De-

osited. F

1 pas of Brush-Turkeys. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Deposited.

4 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. De-

osited.

1 Vulpitte Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Depo-

sited.

1 Straw-necked Ibis. Geronticus spinicollis (Jameson). Pur-

chased.

1 Pectoral Rail. _ Rallus pectoralis, Cuy. Purchased.

1 Nankeen Night-Heron. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.). Pur-

chased.

1 Little Whimbrel. Nmenius minutus, Gould. Purchased.

1 Wattled Peewit. Lobivanellus lobatus (Lath.). Purchased.

2 Wattled Fruit-Pigeons. Carpophaga —? Purchased.

Apr. 19.

May 1.

a >

10.

11.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 609

1 Fiji Shining Parrakeet. Pyrrhedopsis splendens, Cass. Pre-

sented by Charles Moore, Esq.

1 Great Cyclodus Lizard. Cyclodus gigas (Bodd.).

15 Australian Geckos. Huprepes (Hinalia) australis, Gray.

3 Trumpeter Swans. Cygnus buceinator, Rich. Received in

exchange.

. 1 Napu Musk Deer. Zragulus javanicus (Pall.). Presented by

James A. Gardner, Esq.

. 2 Palm-Squirrels. Scirus palmarum, Linn. Presented by D.

H. Macfarlane, Esq.

. 2 Augur Buzzards. Buteo augur, Riipp. Purchased.

. 1 Barthélemy’s Eagle. Aguila barthelemii, Jaubert. Purchased.

1 g Crowned Eagle. Spizaétus coronatus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Pel’s Owl. Scotopelia peli (Temm.). Purchased.

1 Oystercatcher. Hematopus ostralegus, Linn. Deposited.

1 Grey Plover. Sgwatarola cinerea (Ray). Deposited.

1 Brown-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus, Linn. Deposited.

1 Pine-Marten. Mustela martes, Linn. Deposited.

1 Sun-Bittern. Eurypyga helias (Pall.). Presented by James

L. Inman, Esq., Ass. Purs. R.M.S. ‘Shannon.’

1 Entellus Monkey. Semnopithecus entellus (Linn.). Depo-

sited.

. 1 Great Kangaroo. Macropus giganteus (Shaw). Born.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Born.

2 Wanderoo Monkeys. Macacus silenus (Linn.). Presented by

Col. Denison, F.Z.S.

1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Presented by Dr. A. A. Blandy.

. 1 Black-necked Swan. Cygnus niyricollis (Gm.). Hatched.

. 1 pair of Wart-Hogs. Phacocherus ethiopicus (Pall.). Pre-

sented by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh.

. 1 g Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

1 Marimonda Spider Monkey. <Afeles belzebuth (Briss.). De-

posited.

. 2 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched.

3 Variegated Sheldrakes. Tadorna variegata (Gm.). Hatched.

4 Dusky Ducks. Anas obsewra, Gm. Hatched.

12 Axolotls. Stredon mexicanus (Shaw). Purchased.

. 1 Bower-Bird. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, Kuhl. Purchased.

1 White-winged Chough. Corcorax leucoptera (Temm.). Pur-

chased.

2 African Civet Cats. Viverra civetta (Schreb.). Presented by

John Fleming, Esq.

1 New-Zealand Hawk. Mieracidea nove-zealandie (Gm.). Pre-

sented by the Acclimatization Society of Canterbury, N. Z.

lIeuana. Iguana —?

1 Grey Parrot. Pstttacus erithacus, Linn. Deposited.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by the Rey. F. Gerald Vesey.

2 Hooper Swans. Cygnus ferus, Leach. Purchased.

1 Burchell’s Bustard. Otis kori, Burch. Purchased.

1 Green-winged Trumpeter. Psophia viridis, Spix. Purchased.

4 Common Scoters. Qdemia nigra (Linn.). Purchased.

1 9 Black Francolin. Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Purchased.

4 Tiara’d Guinea-fowls. Numida tiarata, Bonap. Presented

by Mrs. Moon of Mauritius.

22,

24,

30,

31.

APPENDIX.

. 1 Greater Vasa Parrakeet. Coracopsis vasa (Linn.), Presented

by Mrs. Moon of Mauritius.

2 Painted Doves. Zurtur picturatus (Temm.). Presented by

Mrs. Moon of Mauritius.

. 1 Common Otter. Lutra vulgaris, Linn, Presented by M. Ware,

Esq,

1 Suricate. Suricata zenik (Gm.). Presented by the Lord

Bishop of Graham’s Town.

. White-headed Saki. Pithecia leucocephala (Audeb.). Presented

by W. H. Barton, Esq., R.M.S. ‘ Wye.’

. 2 Trish Hares, Lepus variabilis, Pall. Purchased.

. LSun-Bittern. Hurypyga helias (Pall.). Hatched.

1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Purchased.

2 Banded Grass-Finches. Poéphila cincta, Gould. Purchased.

1 Red-backed Pelican. Pelecanus rufescens, Lath. Purchased.

3 Brown Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus apella (Briss.). Pur-

chased.

1 Diana Monkey. Cercopithecus diana (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Prehensile-tailed Porcupine. Cercolabes prehensilis (Linn.).

Purchased.

1 Naked-throated Cotinga. Chasmorhynchus nudicollis (Vieill.).

Purchased.

2 Black-necked Grackles. Gracupica nigricollis, Paykull. Pur-

chased.

2 Rosy-faced Parrakeets. -Ayapornis roseicollis (Vieill.). Pur-

chased.

2 Doves (African). Turtwr—? Purchased.

1 White-tailed Gnu. Catoblepas gnu (Gmm.). Deposited.

1 Gazelle. Gazella dorcas (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Sykes’s Monkey. Cercopithecus albogularis, Sykes. Depo-

sited.

1 Blaubok Antelope. Cephalophus pygmeus (Linn.). Presented

by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh.

1 Jackal Buzzard. Buteo jacal, Daud. Presented by G, W.

Baker, Esq.

1 Malbrouck Monkey. Cercopithecus cynosurus (Scop.). Pre-

sented by W. W. Vine, Esq., R.N

. 1 Nicobar Pigeon. Calenas nicoburica (Linn.). Hatched.

1 2 Red Kangaroo, Macropus rufus, Desm. Purchased.

2 Brush-tailed Kangaroos. Petrogale penicillata, Gray. Pur-

chased.

. 2 Maholi Galagos. Galago mahol, A.Smith. Deposited.

. 1 Peacock Pheasant. Polyplectron chinguis, Temm, Hatched.

. 1 Cornish Chough. Fregilus graculus, Cuy. Recovered.

1 Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by Capt.

C, Griffith, Bengal Army.

. 1 Bronze-winged Pigeon. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched.

A series of Terrapins. Emys terrapen, Schopf; Emys picta,

Schw.; Zmys rubriventris, LeConte. Presented by the

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Miss E. Hand.

2 White-crested Guans. Penelope pipile (Jacq.). Presented by

— Barker, Esq.

1 g Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Born.

1 Chinchilla. Chinchilla lanigera, Benn. Born.

June 1,

He co bo

12.

13.

14.

15.

= 1G;

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 611

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by J.

L. Gray, Esq.

2d Reindeer. Cervus tarandus, Linn, Presented by H. H.

Elder, Esq.

1 Chinese Lark. Melanocorypha mongolica (Gm.). Presented

by C. Rivington, Esq., Hong Kong.

. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Deposited.

. 1 Japanese Deer. Cervus sika, Temm. Born.

. 2 Pileated Night-Herons, Nycticorar pileatus (Bodd.). Pur-

chased.

1 Green-headed Tanager. Calliste tricolor (Gm.). Purchased.

2 Pied Wagtails. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould. Purchased.

- 5 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamus lineatus (Lath.). Hatched.

3 Purple Pheasants. Euplocamus horsfieldii, Gray. Hatched.

4 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps,Sclater. Hatched.

. 3 Kingfishers. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by the Rey. J.

Climenson.

1 Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cirlus, Linn. Purchased.

1 $ Brush-Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Deposited.

1 $ Swinhoe’s Pheasant. Euplocamus swinhoti,Gould. Deposited.

2 Macaque Monkeys. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Messrs. George and White.

2 Kingfishers. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by Mrs. Falkner.

2 Brown Coatis. Naswa fusca, Desm. Presented by Capt. F.

W. Johnson, R.N.

1 Paradise Grackle. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.). Deposited,

30 Eider Duck-eggs, Somateria mollissima, Leach. Presented

by Capt. Salvin.

2 Leopards. Felis leopardus, Linn. Born,

9 Impeyan Pheasantsr Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched,

6 Cheer Pheasants. Phasianus wallichii, Hardw. Hatched.

1 Moloch Lizard, Moloch horridus. Presented by 8. 8. Travers,

Esq.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey. Ateles ater, F.Cuv. Purchased,

1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Purchased.

1 White Ibis, young. bis alba, Linn. Purchased.

2 Iceland Falcons. Falco islandicus, Briinn. Deposited.

2 Pinche Monkeys. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Purchased.

4 Little Guans. Ortalida katraca (Bodd.). Presented by Capt.

Sawyer.

1 Goliath Heron. Ardea goliath,Temm. Purchased.

1 g Chimpanzee. Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Deposited.

1 White-nosed Monkey. Cercopithecus petaurista (Shreb.). De-

osited.

il Chestaa Guinea-fowl. Mwmida cristata, Pall. Purchased.

1 Ground-Rat. Azlacodus swindernianus, Temm. Purchased.

1 Indian Grackle. Gracula intermedia, Hay. Purchased.

2 Water-Tortoises. Zmys—P Presented by Frederick Bond,

Esq., F.Z.S.

5 Bladndanat Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Pre-

sented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

17 Australian Waxbills. ZEstrelda temporalis (Lath.). Presented

by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

1 Bearded Lizard. Amphibolurus barbatus, Kaup.

1 Harlequin Bronze-wing Pigeon. Phaps histrionica, Gould.

Hatched.

612

June 18,

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

25,

26.

27.

30.

July 2.

a aC)

APPENDIX.

14 Summer-Ducks. Az sponsa (Linn.). Hatched.

2 African Rams. Ovis aries, Linn., var. Presented by Capt.

Glover, R.N.

2 Marabou Storks. Leptoptilus crumeniferus (Cuy.). Presented

by Capt. Glover, R.N.

1 Water“ Tortoise, Emys —? Presented by James Hayne, Esq.

1 Night-Heron. Nycticorax europeus, Steph. Presented by

Henry Peters, Esq.

1 Black Kite. Milvus niger, Briss. Hatched.

2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Turtw vinaceus (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Virginian Opossum. Didelphys virginianus (Shaw). Presented

by R. T. Hadow, Esq.

1 Ursine Dasyure. Dasyurus ursinus (Harr.). Purchased.

1 Bennett’s Wallaby. Halmaturus bennettiit, Waterh. Purchased.

1 Common Cassowary. Casuarius galeatus (Vieill.). Hatched.

1 Californian Vulture. Cathartes californianus (Shaw). Pre-

sented by Colbert A. Canfield, M.D., of Monterey, California.

2 Red-footed Squirrels. Xerus erythropus (Geoff.). Purchased.

1 White-throated Sapajou. Cebus hypoleucus, Geott. Purchased.

1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Purchased.

1 Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris (Briss.). Purchased.

1 Crossbill. Lowia curvirostra, Linn. Purchased.

1 Bennett’s Wallaby. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. Born.

5 Black-backed Kaleeges. Explocamus melanotus (Blyth).

Hatched.

5 White-crested Kaleeges. Euplocamus albo-cristatus (Vig.).

Hatched.

4 Little Bitterns. Ardetta minuta (Linn.). Presented by Henry

Peters, Esq.

1 Leyaillant’s Parrot. Paocephalus levaillantii (Lath.). De-

posited.

1 Brown Howler. Mycetes ursinus (Humb.). Purchased.

2 Kinkajous. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). Purchased.

1 Derbyan Screamer. Chauna derbiana, Gray. Purchased.

. 1 Shori-headed Phalanger. Belideus breviceps (Waterh.). Born.

1 White Stork. Ciconia alba, Linn. Presented by F. M. Hay-

ward, Esq.

1 Common Teal. Querguedula crecca (Linn.), Presented by F.

M. Hayward, Esq.

2 Weka Rails. Ocydromus australis (Sparrm.). Presented by

Dr. F. Mueller, C.M.Z.S,

2 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus,Temm. Pre-

sented by Dr. F. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

2 Goshawks. Astur palumbarius (Gm.). Deposited.

1 Common Boa. Boa constrictor, Linn. Presented by Com-

mander R. M. Bloomfield, R.W.I.M.S. ‘Tamar.’

. 2 Cocks of the Rock. Rupicola crocea, Vieill. Presented by J.

Lucie Smith, Esq.

. 3 Common Trumpeters. Psophia crepitans, Linn. Presented by

J. Lucie Smith, Esq.

1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). Presented by J.

Lucie Smith, Esq.

1 Military Maccaw. Ara militaris (Gm.). Purchased.

9 American Goldfinches, Chrysomitris tristis (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

12.

13.

16.

20,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 613

. 1 Green Fruit-Pigeon. Ptilonopus —? Purchased.

. 1 Hog Deer. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Deposited.

. 5 Mandarin Ducks. Atv galericulata (Linn.). Hatched.

7 Bahama Ducks. Pecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched.

. 1 Japanese Deer. Cervus sika, Temm. Born.

. 2 Naked-footed Owls. -Athene noctua (Retz.). Purchased.

. 10 Great Cyclodus Lizards. Cyclodus gigas (Bodd.). Born.

1 Bronze-winged Pigeon. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Hatched.

1 Sun-Bittern. Eurypyga helias (Pall.). Hatched.

2 Acouchys. Dasyprocta leporina (Linn.). Presented by Sir

W. W. Holmes, George Town, British Guiana.

2 RutousTinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens(Temm.). Presented

by Edward Collier, Esq.

1 Red-and-Blue Maceaw. Ara macao (Linn.). Deposited.

1Grey Ocelot. Felis grisea (Gray). Presented by G.S. Giinther,

Esq.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey. Afeles paniscus (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

1 Red-handed Tamarin. Hapale midas (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Guiana Tree-Poreupine. Cercolabes insidiosus, Licht. Pur-

chased.

2 Spotted Cavies. Cclogenys paca (Linn.). Presented by W.

. Barton, Esq., R.M.S. ‘ Wye.’

1 American Heron. Ardea —? Presented by W. H. Barton,

Esq., R.M.S. ‘ Wye.’

1 Common Trumpeter. Psophia crepitans, Linn. Purchased.

1 Turtle. Purchased.

2 g Pallas’s Eared Pheasants. -Crossoptilon auritum, Pall. Pre-

sented by Dudley E. Saurin, Esq.

1 Poé Bird. Prosthemadera nove-seelandie (Gm.). Pur-

chased.

2 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched.

6 Flamingos. Pheenicopterus antiquorum, Linn. Purchased.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia grayt, Gould. Presented

by Robert Daubeny, Esq.

3 Peregrine Falcons. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by

Lord F, Conyngham.

1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Born.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia gray, Gould. Born.

2 Crocodiles. Crocodilus —? Purchased.

1 Citron-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua citrino-cristata, Fraser.

Deposited.

1 Yak. Bos grunniens, Linn. Deposited.

1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey. Cercopithecus petaurista(Schreb.).

Purchased.

1 Diana Monkey. Cercopithecus diana (Linn.). Purchased.

2 Capuchins. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Purchased.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo, Bettongia gray, Gould. Pur-

chased.

6 Australian Wild Ducks. -Anas superciliosus,Gm. Presented

by the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne.

2 White-eyebrowed Wood-Swallows. Artamus superciliosus,

Gould. Presented by the Acclimatization Society of Mel-

bourne.

1 Straw-necked Ibis. Geronticus spinicollis (Jameson), Pre-

sented by the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne.

614

July 20.

21,

22.

23.

24,

26,

27,

30.

dl,

Aug. 1,

APPENDIX.

1 Australian Monitor. Monitor gouldii, Schleg. Presented by

the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne.

1 Diamond Snake. Morelia spilotes (Lacép.). Presented by G.

Krefft, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Curator of the Sydney Museum.

8 Snakes (Malta), Presented by Major-Gen. Hinde, C.B.

8 Skinks (Malta), Presented by Major-Gen. Hinde, O.B.

1 Sooty Monkey. Cercocebus fuliginosus, Geoff. Deposited.

8 Peregrine Falcons. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Deposited.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Frederick Fox, Esq.

3 Andaman Pigs. Sus andamensis, Blyth. Presented by A.

Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

5 Indian Geckos. Gecco verus, Merr. Presented by Capt. Frain.

. 1 Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix, Linn, Presented by Henry

Thurnall, Esq.

6 Crossbills. Zoaxia curvirostra, Linn. Purchased.

2 Hawfinches. Coccothraustes vulgaris (Briss.). Purchased.

1 Serin Finch. Fringilla serinus, Linn. British-caught. Pur-

chased.

4 Virginian Colins. Ortyx virginianus (Linn.). Deposited.

6 Peregrine Falcons. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Deposited.

1 Derbyan Wallaby. Halmaturus derbyanus, Gray. Presented

by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

2 Hairy Armadillos. Dasypus villosus, Gray. Purchased.

2 Vervet Monkeys. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented

by — Brewer, Esq.

1 Hobby. Hypotriorchis subbuteo (Linn.). Presented by J. E.

Harting, Ksq., F.Z.S.

2 Kestrels. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss. Presented by J. E,

Harting, Esq., F'.Z.S,

2 Hobbies. Hypotriorchis subbuteo (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Lanner Falcon. alco lanarius, Schleg. Deposited.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Lim. Presented by W. M. Allfrey,

Esq.

1 Ce ee Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

1 Nicobar Pigeon, Caleenas nicobarica (Linn.). Hatched.

1 $ Persian Deer. Cervus wallichii, Cuy. Born.

1 White-crowned Pigeon. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Hatched.

1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.), Hatched.

1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Twurtur vinaceus (Gm.). Hatched.

2 Crocodiles. Crocodilus —? Received in exchange.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq.

2 Rock-Pigeons. Columba livia, Linn. Presented by W. B. Te-

getmeier, Hsq.

1 2 West-African Ratel. Mellivora leuconota, Sclater. Re-

ceived in exchange.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. Presented by Thomas Smith,

Esq.

7 Bar-tailed Pheasants,3¢,42. Phasianus reevesit,Gray. De-

posited.

2 Temminck’s Tragopans. Certornis temminckit (Gray). De-

posited.

2 Brown Cranes. Girus canadensis (Linn.). Purchased.

3 Ruddy Flamingos. Phenicopterus ruber, Linn, Purchased.

Aug. 3.

10.

11.

13.

14,

15.

ive

20.

21.

22.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 615

1 Golden-winged Woodpecker, Colaptes auratus (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

2 Marmosets. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Presented by C. A.

Saunders, Esq.

1 2 Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

1 Common Fox. Canis vulpes, Linn. Presented by John Bil-

ling, Esq.

1 Swinhoe’s Pheasant. Euplocamus swinhoti, Gould. Purchased.

2 Green-headed Tanagers. Calliste tricolor (Gm.). Purchased.

2 Black-backed Tanagers. Pipridea melanota, Vieill. Purchased.

1 Black-throated Tanager. Luphonia nigricollis (Vieill.). Pur-

chased.

1 Guit-guit. Dacnis cayana (Linn.). Purchased.

. 1 White-throated Sapajou. Cebus hypoleucus, Geott. Presented

by Dr, Ed. B. Bogg, R.N., C.M.Z.S., H.M.S. ‘ Devastation.’

1 White-necked Stork. Ciconia leucocephala (Gm.). Presented

by Mrs. D. Campbell.

1 Chilian Parrakeet. Conurus smaragdinus (Gm.). Presented

by T. O. Simpson, Esq., R.N.

1 Patas Monkey. Cercopithecus ruber (Gm.). Purchased.

1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey. Cercopithecus petaurista(Schreb.).

Purchased.

2 Moustache-Monkeys. Cercopithecus cephus, Erxl. Purchased.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey. Afe/les ater, F. Cuy. Purchased.

1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Purchased.

1 Spotted Cavy. Celogenys paca (Linn.). Purchased.

2 White Ibises. bis alba, Linn. Purchased.

2 Hoopoes. Upupa epops, Linn. Purchased.

2 Red-breasted Mergansers; Mergus serrator (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

1 Kaleege. Euplocamus cuvieri(?). Purchased.

2 Young Long-eared Owls. Otus vulgaris (Linn.). Presented

by William Burnley, Esq.

1 Agouti. Dasyprocta —? Purchased.

2 Black-headed Parrots, Caica melanocephala (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

1 Sun-Bittern. Eurypyga helias (Pall.). Hatched.

1 Silky Monkey. Hapale rosalia (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Philantomba Antelope. Cephalophus mazxwellii (H. Smith).

Presented by Commander St. Clair, R.N., H.M.S. ‘Sparrow.’

3 Golden Eagles. Aguila chrysaétos (Linn.). Presented by

Capt. David Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S.

1 Indian Python. Python molurus(Linn.). Presented by Capt.

A. Hanley, 52nd Regiment.

1 2 Chimpanzee. Troylodytes niger, Geoff. Deposited.

1 Indian Python. Python molurus (Linn.). Received.

1 Globose Curassow. Crax globicera (Linn.). Received.

1 Moloch Lizard. Moloch horridus. Purchased.

8 Ocellated Frogs. Cystignathus ocellatus. Purchased.

1 Globose Curassow. _Crax globicera (Linn.). Presented by

Commander Glynn, R.N.

1 Secretary Falcon. Serpentarius reptilivorus, Daud. Received.

1 Wood-Owl. Syrniwm aluco (Linn.), Presented by the Rey.

John Light.

1 Rina aieaod Monkey, Cercocebus albigena (Gray), Pur-

chased,

28.

APPENDIX.

. 1 Brazilian Tree-Porcupine. Cercolabes prehensilis (Linn.). Re-

ceived.

. 1 Military Maccaw. Ara militaris (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Grison. Grrisonia vittata (Schreb.). Purchased.

4 Swinhoe’s Pheasants, 3 ¢, 19. Euplocamus swinhoei,.Gould.

Deposited.

. 1 Land-Tortoise. Testuwdo —? Purchased.

. 2 Markhoor Goats, ¢ 2. Capra megaceros, Hutt. Presented

by Major F. R. Pollock, Commander, ‘ Dera Ismail Khan.’

. 2 Capuchin Monkeys. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Purchased.

. 1 Huanaco. -Auchenia huanaco (Mol.). Presented by Com-

mander Pinkerton, 8.8. ‘Thames.’

1 Angola Vulture. Gypohierax angolensis (Gm.). Presented

by John Montague Grant, Esq.

1 pair of Ground-Hornbills. Bucorvus abyssinicus (Gm.). Pur-

chased.

9 Tanagers. Ramphocelus brasiliensis ; Tanagra cyanoptera; T.

ornata, Sparrm. Purchased.

3 White-necked Crows. Corvus scapulatus, Daud. Purchased.

. 1 Brown Coati. Nasua fusca, Desm. Deposited.

1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Negro Tamarin. Hapale ursula (Geoff.). Purchased.

. 2 Jays. Garrulus glandarius, Linn. Presented.

. 1 pair of Orang-outangs. Sima satyrus, Linn. Purchased.

1 Blue-cheeked Barbet. Megalema asiatica (Lath.). Purchased.

4 Yellow-bellied Leiothrix. Letothrix luteus (Scop.). Purchased.

. 1 Brush-Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Hatched.

1 Naked-throated Cotinga. Chasmorhynchus nudicollis (Vieill.).

Purchased.

. 1 Brush-Turkey. Tulegalla lathami, Gray. Hatched.

. 1 g Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. Received in

exchange.

1 Lanner Falcon. alco lanarius, Schleg. Purchased.

2 Red-footed Falcons. Falco vespertinus, Linn. Purchased.

. 1 Brush-Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Hatched.

. 1 pair Pine-Grosbeaks. Corythus enucleator (Linn.). Presented

by Robert Collett, Esq.

. 1 Common Tern. Sterna hirundo, Linn. Purchased.

. 1 f Giratte. Camelopardalis giraffa, Gm. Born.

1 Blue-and-Yellow Maccaw. Ara ararauna (Linn.), Depo-

sited.

. 2 3 Nylghaies. Portax picta (Pall.). Born.

. 1 Pigeon-Hawk. Hypotriorchis columbarius (Linn.). Purchased.

. 2Conures. Presented by Mrs. C. Vinall.

. 6 Spotted Salamanders, Salamandra maculosa (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

6 Fire-bellied Toads. Bombinator igneus. Purchased.

3 Fat Dormice. Myorus glis, Schreb. Purchased.

2 Garden Dormice. Myoxus nitela, Schreb. Purchased.

. 1 g Axis Deer. Cervus axis, Erxl. Presented by A. Houlder,

Esq.

1 g Chimpanzee. Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Presented by J.

Snowdon Henry, Esq. ;

2 Marmoset Monkeys. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Presented by

J, Snowdon Henry, Esq.

Sept. 28.

Oct.

29.

30.

om © bo eH

~] fer)

ive

18.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 617

1 Patagonian Cavy. Dolichotis patachonicus (Shaw). Presented

by 5 eel O’Guin, Esq.

1 Hyrax. Hyrax capensis, Schreb. Purchased.

2 Crested Pigeons, Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Turtur vinaceus (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by J.

M. Marr, Esq.

1 Capuchin Money. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Deposited.

1 Brush-Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Hatched.

1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geoff. Presented

by John Willmott, Esq.

. 1 Musquash. Fiber zibethicus (Linn.). Presented by A. Downs,

Esq., C.M.Z.S.

. 1 2 Impeyan Pheasant. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). De-

posited.

W. Penfold, Esq.

. 2 Mexican Deer. Cervus mexicanus, H. Smith. Born.

. 2 Marmoset Monkeys. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Presented by

H. G, Coleman, sq.

2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalecoptera (Lath.). Hatched.

. 2 Nylghaies. Portax picta (Pall.). Born.

2 Dusky Ducks. Anas obscura,Gm. Presented by A. Downs,

Hsq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Alligator Terrapin. Chelydra serpentina (Linn.). Presented

by A. Downs, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Painted Terrapin. mys pista, Schw. Presented by A.

Downs, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

. 2 Pied Wagtails. Motacilla yarrelli, Gould. Purchased.

1 Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn. Purchased.

1 Richard’s Pipit. Anthus richardi, Vieill. Purchased.

. 2 Fennec Foxes. Canis cerdo, Linn. Purchased.

1 Cariama. Cartama cristata, Linn. Purchased.

3 Grey Wagtails. Motacilla boarula, Penn. Purchased.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by John Hosking, Esq., Jun.

. 2 Wattled Cranes. Girus carunculata (Gm.). Received in ex-

change:

1 West-Indian Iguana. Zguwana —? Presented by P. Henderson,

Esq., of the W.I.M.S.S. ‘Tyne.’

1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.). Presented by T.

C. K. Cleeve, Esq.

1 Jacket-Monkey. Pithecia satanas (Hoffm.). Purchased.

2 Black-faced Spider Monkeys. Ateles ater, F,Cuy, Purchased.

2 Ocelots. Felis pardalis, Linn. Purchased.

1 Scarlet Ibis. Zés xubra, Linn. Purchased.

1 Sulphur-breasted Toucan. Ramphastos carinatus, Sw. Pur-

chased.

2 Common Boas. Boa constrictor, Linn. Purchased.

2 Arctic Foxes. Canis lagopus, Linn. Deposited.

4 White-crowned Pigeons. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Pre-

sented by Dr. Huggins, C.M.Z.S.

2 Vinaceous Turtledoves. Turtur vinaceus (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Purchased.

1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is, Geoff. Purchased.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1866, No. XL.

618

Oct. 19.

20.

22.

24,

25.

27.

Noy. 1.

10,

APPENDIX.

1 Toque Monkey. Macacus pileatus (Shaw). Presented by Mrs.

John Williams.

2 Young Leopard Tortoises. Testudo pardalis, Bell. Presented

by Sir William Williams, Bart.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Silky Cow-bird. Molothrus sericeus (Licht.). Purchased.

1 pair of Globose Curassows. Crax globicera, Linn. Deposited.

1 Cuckoo. Cuculus glandarius, Linn. Presented by E. C.

Hampton, Esq.

1 Kyed Lizard. Lacerta ocellata, Daud. Presented by J. Brax-

ton Hicks, Esq., M.D.

1 Pied Waetail. Motacilla yarrellii, Gould. Purchased.

1 Lapland Bunting. Centrophanes lapponica. Purchased.

1 Q Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Presented by Lord Egerton

of Tatton.

1 Brush-tailed Rock-Kangaroo. Petrogale penicillata, Gray.

Presented by H. Chandler, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by T. N. Price, Esq.

1 Formosan Bear. Ursus tibetanus, F. Cuy. Purchased.

3 Pigs (domestic variety of the Formosan savages). Purchased.

1 Two-banded Lizard. Psammosaurus bivittatus, Wagl. Pre-

sented by P. F. Debary, Esq., F.Z.S.

2 Vervet Monkeys. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Deposited.

1 Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta. Presented by William

Thompson, Esq.

3 Swinhoe’s Pheasants, 1¢,22. Euplocamus swinhoit, Gould.

Deposited.

. 2 Little Bustards. Tetrax campestris, Leach. Deposited.

1 Iguana. Iguana —? Presented by Edward Greey, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 6 Mealy Redpolls. -Zgiothus canescens, Gould. Purchased.

1 Balearic Crowned Crane. Belearica pavonina, Briss. Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

the Earl of Hartington.

. 2 2 Swinhoe’s Pheasants. Euplocamus swinhoii, Gould. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Presented

by the Rey. W. H. Drewett.

2 Eider Ducks. Somateria mollissima, Leach. Purchased.

2 Glossy Ibises. Ibis faleinellus, Linn. Purchased:

. 1Ocelot Felis pardalis, Linn. Presented by Hugh Wilson,

Esq.

. 1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithrtx sciureus (Linn.). Deposited.

. 2 Wild Turkeys. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. Presented by E.

K. Karslake, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Young Black Bear. Ursus americanus, Pall. Presented by

Capt. Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S.

1 Hog Deer. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Born.

1 pair of Saigas. Satga tatarica (Pall.). Purchased.

2 9 Pallas’s Eared Pheasants. Crossoptilon auritum (Pall.).

Purchased.

1 pair of Siamese Pheasants. Zuplocamus prelatus (Bonap.).

Purchased.

1 pair of Triangular-spotted Pigeons; Columba guinea, Linn.

Purchased,

Noy. 10.

28,

11.

13)

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 619

4 American Colins. Ortyx virginianus. - Purchased.

1 Madagascar Porphyrio. Porphyrio madagascariensis (Gm.).

Purchased.

2 Alpine Marmots. Arctomys marmotta (Linn.) Purchased.

. 1 Common Kite. Milvus regalis, Briss. Presented by Howard

Saunders, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Small Hill-Mynah. Gracula religiosa, Linn. Presented by

George Graham, Esq.

. 1 Musquash. Fiber zibethicus (Linn.). Presented by Capt. Herd,

H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S.

- 1 Common Boa. oa constrictor, Linn. Presented by Lieut. C.

Balfour, R.N., H.M.S. ‘ Buzzard.’

. 1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Deposited.

. 2 Polar Bears. Thalassarctos maritimus (Linn.). Born.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Mrs. Pigot.

1 Common Kestrel. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss. Presented

by A. Burman, Eq.

1 Talapoin Monkey. Cercopithecus talapoin, Erxl. Presented

by Lieut. W. B. Bridges, R.N.

2 pairs of Bronze-spotted Doves. Chalcopelia chalcospilos (Wael.).

Presented by the Hon. Lady Cust.

1 pair of Bronze-spotted Doves. Chaleopelia chalcospilos (Wagl.).

Deposited.

. 1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). Presented by

Major Thompson, 26th Regiment.

. 1 Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Presented by F.

Cresswell, Esq.

1 Peewit. Vanellus eristatus, Meyer. Presented by F. Cress-

well, Esq.

1 Turnstone. Strepsilasinterpres, Flem. Presented by F. Cress-

well, Esq.

9 Knots. Calidris canutus, Briss. Presented by F. Cresswell,

sq.

4 ies Tringa variabilis, Meyer. Presented by F. Cress-

well, Esq.

. 1 Golden Agouti. Dasyprocta aguti (Linn.). Born.

1 Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by Mrs.

Charles Cox.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

the Rey. W. J. Richardson.

1 Water-Musk. Hyomoschus aquaticus (Ogilby). Purchased.

1 White-crested Bittern. Tigrisoma leucolophum, Jard. Pur-

chased.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Verzey.

1 Virginian Eagle Owl. Bubo virginianus (Gm.). Presented by

E. Dumaresq, Esq.

1 Mangabey Monkey. Cercocebus ethiops (Kuhl). Purchased.

1 Red-footed Squirrel. Xerus erythropus, Geoff. Purchased.

2 Violaceous Plantain-Cutters. Musophaga violacea, Isert. Pur-

chased.

1 Thick-billed Touracou. Corythaixr macrorhyncha, Fraser. Pur-

chased,

8 Common Bluebirds. Stalia wilsont, Swains. Purchased.

620

Dee. 13

APPENDIX.

. 3 Black-crested Cardinals. Gudbernatrix cristatella (Vieill.).

Purchased.

1 Capuchin Monkey. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Deposited.

. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey. Macacus nemestrinus(Linn.). Purchased.

. 1 White-backed Piping Crow. Gymmnorhina leuconota, Gould.

Presented by C. C. Fuller, Esq.

. 1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.). Presented

by Major Lenon, 67th Regiment. s

1 Cheetah. Felis jubata, Schreb. Purchased.

24, 1 Common Magpie. Pica caudata, Flem. Presented by the

Rey. Thomas Gregory.

. 150 Bull-Trout ova. Salmo ferox(?). Presented by Frank

Trevelyan Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 3 Green-winged Doves. Chaleophaps indica (Linn.). Received.

Abryna

vomicosa, 234.

Acanthion

cuvieri, 308, 309.

flemingii, 311.

hodgsonii, 310.

javanicum, 307, 310.

Acanthiza

lineata,571,573,574,575.

nana, 571, 573, 574.

pusilla, 574.

Acanthocherus

bartlettiz, 310.

grotei, 310, 417.

Accipiter

castanilius, 304.

collaris, 304.

cooperi, 304.

dubius, 303.

erythrocnemis, 303.

fontanieri, 304.

fuscus, 303.

pectoralis, 304.

pileatus, 304.

tinus, 5

ventralis, 303, 304.

cheea

melicerta, 364.

Acherontia

atropos, 305.

lethe, 361.

satanas, 361.

Achthophora

dactylon, 226, 246.

Acidalia

attentata, 365.

ligataria, 365,

Acomys

cahirrinus, 88.

dimidiatus, 88.

russatus, 88.

Acontia

maculosa, 363.

Acridotheres

fuscus, 552.

tristis, 571.

INDEX

Acrocyrta

macilenta, 521,

Actitis

hypoleucos, 425.

hypoleucus, 331.

Actiturus

bartramius, 567.

Acusta

assimilis, 316, 319.

Adiantum

parishii, 3.

Adorium

chrysomeloides, 359.

AE gialitis

collaris, 199.

tricollaris, 23.

/£gomomus

insularis, 222.

/Egosoma

marginale, 228, 536.

scabricorne, 536.

/®gus

capitatus, 347.

formose, 347.

levicollis, 347, 548.

/flara

arrogans, 225, 230.

concisa, 225, 230.

excisa, 230.

ferdinandi, 230.

Aéllo

cuviert, 147.

Aganus

ramonianus, 193.

Agelasta

balteata, 225, 236, 267.

irrorata, 236.

lambii, 225, 235, 267.

newmant, 236.

polynesus, 225, 235.

sobrina, 225, 235.

substrigosa, 225, 236,

267

wallacei, 235.

Agonischius

obscwripes, 350.

grypnus

politus, 350.

Alauda

cinerea, 23.

gulgula, 571.

hova, 424.

pyrrhonota, 23.

Alcedo

ceruleocephala, 325.

capensis, 53.

chloris, 554.

chlorocephalus, 554.

collaris, 554.

leucocephalus, 553.

occipitalis, 554.

semitorquata, 22.

smyrnensis, DO4.

vintsioides, 421.

Alcelaphus

bubalis, 86.

Alces

palmatus, 86.

Alectops

ater, 114.

Aloa

bifrons, 362.

lactinea, 362.

Alyczeus

swinkoei, 318, 319.

Amadina

cucullata, 329.

lathami, 78.

Amaura

diocletia, 294.

Amauris

echeria, 43.

egialea, 43.

niavius, 44.

Amblypterus

anomalus, 143.

Amesisa

consularis, 226, 244.

Ametrida

centurio, 117.

Ammonoceras

guayaquilensis, +41.

622

Amphidromus j

formosensis, 317, 319.

Amphirene

superba, 456, 457.

Amussium

pleuronectes, 146.

Anabas

scandens, 427.

Anabates

turdinus, 184.

Anseretes

agilis, 188.

Anancylus

griseatus, 225, 251.

Anas

assimilis, 426.

erythrorhyncha, 426.

melanota, 426.

superciliosa, 418.

Anastomus

lamelligerus, 425.

Ancistrops

lineaticeps, 566.

Anisodes

pyriniata, 365.

Anodonta

ensiformis, 444.

swinhoei, 446.

wheatleyi, 443.

Anomala

corrugata, 343.

inconcinna, 343.

Anomalocardia

trapezina, 146.

Anomis

fulvida, 363.

Anophia

acronyctoides, 363.

Anosia

archippus, 45.

eresima, 45.

erippe, 44.

naga 46.

vincetoxici, 45.

Anoura

geoffroy?, 116.

Antechinomys

lanigera, 434.

Antechinus

affinis, 432.

albipes, 433.

apicalis, 452.

ferruginifrons, 432.

flavipes, 432.

leucogaster, 432.

maculatus, 432.

minutissimus, 432.

swainsonii, 432. -

unicolor, 432.

Anthocharis

halimede, 452.

INDEX.

Anthocharis

leo, 452.

Anthophila

roseifascia, 363.

Anthreptes

phenicotis, 543.

singalensis, 543.

Anthrostomus

nigrescens, 138, 145.

| Anthus

fuscus, 205.

malayensis, 551.

pecilopterus, 204, 205.

rufulus, 551.

Antilocapra

americana, 105.

Antilope

addax, 86.

leucoryx, 86.

picta, 565.

Antrostomus

carolinensis, 186, 145.

cubanensis, 585.

longirostris, 140.

macromystax, 137, 145.

maculicaudus, 586,

587.

nuttalli, 137, 145.

ocellatus, 137, 138, 145.

ornatus, 586, 587.

parvulus, 136, 138, 145,

588.

_ rufus, 136, 145, 585.

rutilus, 136, 586.

sericeo-caudatus, 137,

145, 586.

vociferus, 124, 137, 145,

585.

Aoria

quinquemaculata, 354.

Apatura

lavinia, 39, 42.

Aperostoma

blanchetianum, 443.

connivens, 443, 451.

perdistinctum, 443.

Apriona

germari, 226, 247.

Aquias

luctus, 81.

trifoliata, 81, 83.

Aquila

pennata, 377, 378, 379,

380.

Ara

macao, 197.

severa, 197.

Arachnechthra

asiatica, 542, 569.

flammagillaris, 541,

542

Arachnechthra

lotenia, 542.

magna, 540.

Architectonica

maxima, 146.

Ardea

agami, 567.

atricapilla, 330, 425.

atricollis, 425.

bubuleus, 425.

cocoi, 199.

elegans, 425.

garzetta, 425.

gularis, 330, 425.

bis, 425.

ide, 425.

leucoptera, 425.

minuta australis, 425.

rujicristata, 425.

schistacea, 425.

avanthopoda, 425.

Ardeola

podiceps, 425.

Argiope

barrettiana, 103, 104.

cuneata, 103.

decollata, 103.

woodwardiana, 103,104.

Ariteus

jlavescens, 117.

Artamia

bicolor, 423.

leucocephala, 423.

viridis, 423.

Artamus

leucopygialis, 555, 556.

superciliosus, 418.

Artibeus

jamaicensis, 116.

Artimpaza

odontoceroides, 511.

Arvicola

amphibius, 89.

arvalis, 89.

monticola, 89.

socialis, 89.

| Asellia

tricuspidata, 82.

tridens, 82.

Asilaris

zonatus, 227, 505, 536.

Asinus

hemippus, 87.

vulgaris, 87.

Asmedia

mimetes, 228, 526, 536.

Astathes

nigricornis, 226, 258.

perplexa, 258.

splendida, 226, 258.

terminata, 226, 258.

Astur

palumbarius, 379.

Asturina

magnirostris, 198.

Athyma

leucothoé, 359.

Atimura

hacillina, 225, 242.

Atossa

atomaria, 226, 254, 267.

strenua, 254.

Atrichia

clamosa, 488, 439, 440.

rufescens, 438, 439.

Atteva

niveiguttella, 365.

Atticora

- eyanoleuca, 178.

fasciata, 178.

Attila

thamnophiloides, 187.

Aulacoramphus

atrigularis, 24.

ceruleigularis, 24.

cyanolemus, 24.

Ausonia

cuvieri, 332, 336, 337.

Authades

indianus, 253.

Automolus

erythropterus, 566.

Avahis

laniger, 151.

Avicida

cafer, 420.

cuculoides, 420.

verreauxti, 420.

Azinis

hilarella, 365.

Bacillus

geisovii, 578.

gerhardii, 577.

hookeri, 578.

Balicassius

albirictus, a ;

philippensis, 547.

pyrrhops, S47.

Barita

destructor, 78.

Bartlettia

stefanensis, 444, 451.

Bathmidurus

variegatus, 2.

Batocera

thomsoni, 226, 247.

victoriana, 226, 247.

Baza

madagascariensis, 420.

Bernieria

major, 421.

INDEX.

Bernieria

minor, 421.

Bessonornis

phenicurus, 23,

Bicon

sanguineus, 228, 522,

536.

Bison

bonasus, 85.

Bithynia

badiella, 376.

Blemmya

humeralis, 525.

Blepephxus

suceinctor, 226, 250.

Bombyx

certhia, 118.

lucina, 121.

spectabilis, 118.

wallichti, 118.

Bos

bubalus, 84.

Srontalis, 1.

primigenius, 80.

taurus, 84.

Botys .

adhesalis, 364.

admensalis, 364.

damasalis, 304.

damoalis, 364.

illisalis, 364.

sellalis, 364.

thyasalis, 364.

Brachyphylla

cavernarum, 115.

Bradyornis

spekei, 436.

Brahma

certhia, 118, 119, 120,

121.

hearseyana, 458.

lucina, 121.

lunulata, 458.

petivert, 120, 458.

whitei, 119, 458.

Brissonia

nigerrima, 422.

Brotia

pagodula, 150.

Brotogerys

jugularis, 197.

tut, 197.

Buarremon

castaneiceps, 72.

mesoxanthus, 72.

Bubalus

brachyceros, 373.

caffer, 371, 872, 373.

— var. e@guinoctialis,

372.

planiceros, 371.

623

Bueco

corvinus, 540.

Ffaiostriatus, 540.

macrodactylus, 192.

Buceros

homrai, 538.

Buchanga

intermedia, 545.

longicaudata, 546, 547.

Bulimus

jloccosus, 441.

Sormosensis, 317, 319.

maximus, 441.

melanocheilus, 441.

piperitus, 441.

teniolus, 442.

Bursa

rand, 146.

Buserinus

rujilatus, 328.

Buteo

brachypterus, 420.

tachardus, 420.

Buteogallus

nigricollis, 198.

Butorides

scapularis, 199.

Cacia

herbacea, 225, 233, 267.

inculta, 225, 232, 233.

latifascia, 223.

melanopsis,225,232,267.

obsessa, 225, 233.

pistor, 225, 232.

Caica

barrabandi, 197.

Cairina

moschata, 200.

Calamodyta

newtoni, 421.

Calicalicus

madagascariensis, 423.

Callichroma

cinderella, 518.

thomson, 517.

Callicore

astarte, 579.

elymena, 578, 579.

Janeira, 579.

Callidium

annulare, 521.

Callidryas

alemeone, 357.

pyranthe, 357.

Callista

citrina, 146.

Calliste

boliviana, 180.

schranki, 180.

vanthogastra, 180.

624

Calliste

yent, 180.

Calobates

sulphurea, 570.

Calcenas

gouldie, 79.

nicobarica, 78.

Calyptrophora

Gabon, 25, 26.

Camena

bairdii, 316, 319.

succincta, 316, 319.

Camelus

dromedarius, 87.

Campephilus

albirostris, 196.

Campicola

pileata, 22.

Camptosternus

fulgens, 350.

Camptostoma

flaviventre, 188.

Campylorhynchus

hypostictus, 178.

Canis

aureus, 91.

familiaris, 91.

lupus, 90.

lycaon, 91.

syriacus, 91.

Capito

aurantiieollis, 196.

aurovirens, 196.

lineatus, 540.

melanotis, 196.

peruvianus, 195.

Capnolymma

capreola, 227, 504, 536.

stygium, 227, 504.

Capra

angorensis, 85.

beden, 85.

hireus, 85.

mambrica, 85.

megaceros, 30, 418.

sinaitica, 85.

Caprimulgus

Lainie 134.

acutus, 134.

equicaudatus, 138, 588.

athereus, 128.

albicollis, 144.

americanus, 144.

andinus, 140.

bifasciatus, 140.

brasilianus, 137, 138.

campestris, 132.

candicans, 588.

caripensis, 130.

carolinensis, 136.

cayanensis, 140.

INDEX.

Caprimulgus

cayanus, 140.

conterminus, 140.

cornutus, 129.

cortopao, 137.

decussatus, 140.

diurnus, 132.

europeus, 124,

forcipatus, 143.

furcifer, 142.

grandis, 128.

guianensis, 144.

hirundinaceus, 135.

jamaicensis, 129, 144.

leopetes, 140.

leucopterus, 130.

leucopygus, 135.

leucurus, 140, 588,

longicaudatus, 128.

longipennis, 42).

longirostris, 140.

lunulatus, 138.

macromystax, 137.

megalurus, 143,

minutus, 136.

mixtus, 138.

nacunda, 132.

nattereri, 132.

nigrescens, 138.

nuttalli, 137.

ocellatus, 138.

parvulus, 138.

platura, 589.

psalurus, 142.

ruficollis, 379.

rufus, 136.

rupestris, 135.

sapiti, 134.

semitorquatus, 132, 135,

stictomus, 124, 126.

torquatus, 142.

virginianus, 133.

wociferus, 137.

Capromys

Sime 395, 397.

Caranx

caninus, 601.

Carollia

brevicaudata, 115.

Carpophaga

microcera, 78.

Cassia

florida, 429, 544.

Cassiculus

nigerrimus, 182.

solitarius, 182.

Cassicus

persicus, 182.

Castalia

cordata, 444.

Casuarius

australis, 168, 557.

bennettii, 168.

bicaruneulatus, 168.

galeatus, 168.

kaupi, 168.

uniappendiculatus, 3A,

168

Catagramma

astarte, 579.

clymena, 578.

codomanus, 579.

eynosura, 579.

eluina, 579.

Janeira, 578, 579.

marchalii, 578.

Catamenia

analoides, 97.

homochroa, 97.

Cathartes

californianus, 366.

Catharus

aurantiirostris, 68, 69.

dryas, 68, 69.

frantzti, 68, 69.

fuscater, 68, 69.

gracilirostris, 68, 69.

griseiceps, 68, 69.

luscinia, 69.

maculatus, 68, 69.

melpomene, 68.

mexicanus, 68, 69.

occidentalis, 69.

Cayvia

aperia, 383.

Ceblepyris

cana, 423.

Celzeno

brookesiz, 147.

Celeus

citrinus, 196.

grammicus, 197.

gumana, 196.

tinnunculus, 196.

Cenodocus

adustus, 225, 238.

antennatus, 238.

granulosus, 225, 238,

267.

Centetes

ecaudatus, 420.

Centropus

lafresnayi, 424.

madagascariensis, 424.

rufipennis, 568.

superciliosus, 424.

tolu, 424.

Centurio

senex, 118.

Cephalophus

breviceps, 202.

Cephalopterus

ornatus, 191.

Cephalotes

peronii, 64.

Cerambyx

denticornis, 526.

globosus, 534.

marginalis, 536.

maxillosus, 533.

micaceus, 529.

nigripes, 533.

plumosus, 251.

pruinosus, 228, 526.

sanguinolentus, 533.

splendidus, 258.

tigrinus, 252, 253.

Cercomacra

cinerascens, 186.

Cercopithecus

callitrichus, 80.

cephus, 381, 382.

diana, 381, 382.

erythrogaster, 169, 380,

, 882.

Cereopsius

whitet, 226, 244.

Ceresium

raripilum, 228, 532.

simplex, 228, 532.

versutum, 228, 532.

vestigiale, 228, 552.

zeylanicum, 228, 532.

Cerithium

mitreformis, 146.

variegatum, 146.

Cerosterna

approximator, 226, 248.

clathrator, 248.

reticulator, 248.

Certhia

borbonica, 422.

brasiliana, 543.

brasiliensis violacea,

543.

coccinea, 544.

cruentata, 544.

lotenia, 542.

malaccensis, 5AA.

philippensits minor, 542.

trigonostigma, 545,

Certhilanda

subcoronata, 23.

tenuirostris, 98.

Certhiola

luteola, 179.

Cervus

capreolus, 86.

columbianus, 110.

elaphus, 86.

mariannus, 367.

philippinus, 367.

INDEX,

Cervus

pudu, 104, 105,

taévanus, 80.

tarandus, 86.

Ceryle

amazonia, 192.

americana, 192.

torquata, 191.

Cestrum

auriculum, 99.

Cherocampa

swinhoei, 362.

Chietocercus

cristicauda, 435.

Chetops

frenatus, 28.

Chzetostomus

aspidolepis, 603.

Cheetura

grandidieri, 421.

Chalcites

lucidus, 573.

Chalcopterus

temminckii, 62.

Chamzpelia

amazilia, 100.

anais, 100.

cruziana, 100.

Chaptia

geoffroyt, 425.

grallator, 61.

melanopterus, 23.

nivifrons, 425.

tenellus, 425.

virginicus, 567.

Charaxes

affinis, 457.

anticlea, 457.

argynnides, 457.

euryalus, 457.

Fabius, 457.

galaxia, 457.

horatius, 457.

Jjahlusa, 457.

latona, 457.

pleione, 457.

pyrrhus, 457.

Chasmina

nus, 362.

Chea

chavaria, 370.

derbiana, 368, 417.

nigricollis, 369, 370.

Cheirogaleus

Sfurcifer, 419.

Chelidoptera

tenebrosa, 192.

Chenalopex

Jubatus, 200.

Chera

progne, 23.

Chersina

angulata, 306.

Chiasmodus

niger, 37, 38.

Chilonycteris

macleayti, 148.

Chione

dysera, 146.

Chionobas

bore, 503.

Chiroderma

pictum, 117.

villosum, 117, 430.

Chiromachzris

manacus, 567.

Chleenius

mellyi, 342, 343.

planicornis, 343.

swinhoei, 342.

Chlamys

formosana, 353.

Chloridolum

cinderella, 518.

cinnyris, 227, 518.

thomsont, 227, 517, 518.

Chlorippe

laurentia, 40.

lavinia, 39.

Chloris

canicollis, 424.

Chlorcenas

rujfina, 198.

vinacea, 198.

Chloronerpes

hematostigma, 197.

Chlorophanes

atricapilla, 179.

Chlorostilbon

daphne, 195.

Chondrula

cantori, 146.

Chordeiles

acutipennis, 133, 134,

145.

acutus, 134.

brasilianus, 134.

henry?, 133, 145.

labeculatus, 134.

leucopygus, 133, 135,

145

minor, 133, 145.

natterert, 132.

popetue, 133.

pruinosus, 134.

pusillus, 133, 135, 145.

ee 133, 135, 145,

semitorquatus, 132.

texensis, 133, 134, 145.

626

Chordeiles

virginianus, 133, 134,

145.

Chrotopterus

auritus, 1138.

Chrysococe:

Renee 329.

smaragdineus, 329.

Chysonotus

intermedius, 4.

Chrysonycteris

fulva, 82.

Chrysoptilus

punctigularis, 197.

speciosus, 197.

Chrysostomus

Jugularis, 542.

Chrysotis

festiva, 197.

pecilorhyncha, 567.

Cichladusa

arquata, 436.

Cicindela

argentata, 340.

aurulenta, 342.

craspedota, 341.

kaleea, 340.

niveicincta, 342.

psilica, 341.

punctatissima, 342.

semivittata, 342.

sexpunctata, 342.

Ciconia

leucocephala, 418.

nigra, 380.

Cinclocerthia

gutturalis, 320, 321.

macrorhyncha, 320, 321,

ruficauda, 320, 321.

Cinnyris

Ffrenata, 542.

magna, 540.

miles, 541.

Ciopera

decolorata, 227, 511,

536.

Circe

gibbia, 146.

undatina, 146.

Circus

maillardii, 420.

melanoleucus, 420.

Cissopis

. leveriana, 181.

media, 181.

Cisticola

madagascariensis, 421,

Cladognathus

inclinatus, 348.

Clausilia

hartletti, 441, 451.

INDEX.

Clausilia

extlis, 317, 319, 446.

formosensis, 317, 319.

similaris, 446, 451.

Clelea

sapphirina, 362.

Clymene

alope, 214,

dorides, 214.

doris, 214.

euphrosyne, 214.

microps, 214.

normalis, 214.

obscura, 215.

stenorhyncha, 214.

Clytanthus

annularis, 228, 521.

glaucinus, 521.

sumatrensis, 521.

Clytolema

aurescens, 194,

Clytus

australis, 521.

Clyzomedus

annularis, 225, 234.

nanus, 225, 234.

Coccyzus

geoffroyi, 59.

melanocoryphus, 100,

195.

Ccelops

Srithii, 82.

Coenonympha

adipus, 476.

Ceereba

cyanea, 179.

Colina

gracilis, 150.

macrostoma, 150.

Collocalia

francica, 421.

Collyris

filiformis, 341.

formosana, 341.

Colopterus

galeatus, 188.

Columba

chlorophea, 329.

gouldie, 79.

polleni, 424.

rufina, 198.

vinacea, 198.

Columbula

cruziana, 100.

Columna

flammea, 325.

Combe

brianus, 226, 244.

fulgurata, 244.

Conurus

aurifrons, 100.

Conurus

souancet, 197.

weddellii, 197.

xanthopterus, 197.

Conus

chaldeus, 146.

lignarius, 146.

Copsychus

pica, 422,

saularis, 550.

Coptops

abdominalis, 222.

lecideosa, 225, 234.

nanus, 234.

polyspila, 225, 234.

vomicosa, 225, 234.

Corades

cybele, 40, 42.

sareba, 40,

Corbicula

pusilla, 376.

radiata, 376.

Corinea

niveiguttella, 365.

Corona

regina, 443.

Corvina

chrysoleuca, 600.

ronchus, 600.

vermicularis, 601.

Corvus

balicassius, 547.

cafer, 23.

culminatus, 3, 570.

madagascariensis, 423,

scapulatus, 423.

splendens, 3, 570.

varians, 552.

Corydalla

rufula, 551,

Corythornis

cristata, 22.

Costus

argyrophyllus, 541.

Cotinga

cayana, 190.

porphyrolema, 191.

Coturniculus

peruanus, 182.

Coturnix

communis, 23.

Cotyle

concolor, 568.

eques, 325.

palustris, 22.

Coua

cerulea, 424.

cristata, 424,

reynaudit, 424.

Crassatella

sulcata, 146.

Crastia

climena, 282.

core, 276.

rogeri, 299.

Crateropus

acacie, 436.

apicalis, 436,

airipennis, 436.

bicolor, 436.

chalybeus, 436.

cinereus, 436.

fulvus, 436.

guttatus, 436.

gymnogenys, 436.

jardinit, 436.

leucocephalus, 436.

leucopygius, 436,

limbatus, 436.

melanops, 435, 436.

melodus, 436.

platycercus, 436.

plebejus, 436,

reinwardtit, 436.

rubiginosus, 436.

rufescens, 436.

squamiceps, 436.

swainsonit, 436.

Cricetus

auratus, 88.

Crithagra

canicollis, 23.

chrysopyga, 424.

sulphurata, 23.

Crossoptilon

auritum, 418, 486,

437.

mantchuricum, 437.

Crotophaga

ani, 195.

major, 195.

Crypsirhina

varians, 552.

Cryptocephalus

kek 354.

Cryptogramma

flexuosa, 146.

Cryptoprocta

Sferox, 419.

Cuculus

canorus, 424,

cineraceus, STD.

glandarius, 377.

paradiseus, 545.

rochii, 424.

tenuirostris, 540.

Culicivora

budytoides, 188.

Cultrides

geoffroyt, 59.

pucherani, 60.

rufipennis, 60.

INDEX.

Cuma

carinifera, 146.

Cuphisia

callosa, 225, 230, 267.

Cuphopterus

dohrni, 326.

Cursorius

africanus, 61.

asiaticus, 61.

bicinctus, 61.

bisignatus, 61.

bitorquatus, 62.

chalcopterus, 62.

cinctus, 62.

coromandelicus, 61.

europeus, 61.

Frenatus, 61.

gallicus, 61.

tsabellinus, 61.

rufus, 61.

senegalensis, 61.

superciliaris, 62.

Cuseus

brevicaudatus, 220.

maculatus, var. ochro-

pus, 220.

Cyanocorax

violaceus, 182.

Cyanolanius

bicolor, 423.

Cyanopterus

brevicaudata, 64.

Cyanotis

azare, 99.

omnicolor, 96.

Cyardium

cribrosum, 225, 240, 267.

Cyclophorus

indicus, 146.

Cyclorhis

guianensis, 179.

Cyclostoma

minus, 450.

Cyclotus

minutus, 318, 319.

swinhoei, 318, 319.

Cycos

subgemmatus, 226, 245.

Cygnus

buceinator, 203.

Cyllo

leda, 360.

Cymbilanius

lineatus, 566.

Cymindis

cayanensis, 198.

Cyphorhinus

bambla, 71.

philomela, 69, 70, 71.

Cypreea

arabica, 146.

627

Cypreea

miliaris, 146.

tigris, 146.

Cypselus

abyssinicus, 325.

affinis, 568.

melba, 568.

parvus, 421.

unicolor, 421.

Cyriopalus

wallacei, 228, 530, 536.

Dacelo

fusca, 421.

madagascariensis, 421.

Daenis

cayand, 179.

flaviventris, 179.

melanotis, 179.

speciosa, 179.

Dactylopsila

trivirgata, 220.

Dactylus

maurus, 146.

mustelinus, 146.

Deedalma

dorete, 41.

emilia, 40, 42.

Dama

vulgaris, 86.

Damia

pusilla, 422.

Danaida

desjardinsiz, 301.

eunice, 287.

Danais

abigar, 455.

aglea, 54, 174, 455.

agleoides, 55, 174.

affinis, 48, 171, 174, 455.

albata, 55, 56, 174.

alcathoé, 275.

alcidice, 297.

alcippus, 46, 174.

alopia, 272.

analis, 179.

anapis, 58, 174.

archippus, 45.

arema, 59.

artenice, 47, 174.

australis, 52, 174.

aventina, 50.

azema, 59.

berenice, 44, 45, 174,

454.

cecilia, 48.

ceylanica, 455.

chionippe, 171, 174.

chloris, 58, 172, 174,

456.

choaspes, 52, 174.

628

Danais

chrysippus, 46, 174,

858, 454.

claudia, 294.

cleona, 57, 172, 174,

456.

cleophile, 46, 174.

cleothera, 45, 174, 454.

conspicua, 49, 59, 174,

455.

coreta, 276.

cratippus, 454.

crocea, 57, 59, 174, 456.

damocles, 43, 44, 174.

daos, 58, 174.

darchia, 289.

daulis, 59.

diocletianus, 296.

dryasis, 294.

dufresnit, 294.

echeria, 43, 174.

edmondi, 49.

egialea, 43, 174.

eleusine, 289.

erebus, 54, 174, 455, 456.

eresimus, 45, 174, 454.

erippus, 44, 45,174,454.

eunice, 287, 295.

euphone, 301.

fulgurata, 48, 59, 174,

455.

fumata, 53, 174.

gaura, 58, 174.

gilippus, 45, 174, 454.

gloriola, 56, 59, 174,

456.

grammica, 55, 174.

hecate, 44, 174.

hegesippus, 49, 455.

hermippe, 59...

hermippus, 171, 174.

inuncta, 58, 59, 172,

174,

ismare, 50, 172, 178,

174.

ismareola, 50, 172.

jamaicensis, 45, 454.

juventa, 455.

leonora, 51, 52, 174.

leopardus, 52, 174.

limniace, 51, 52, 174.

liza, 59.

lotis, 49, 174, 455.

lutescens, 172, 173, 174.

luzonensis, 55, 174.

manuja, 454.

mariana, 58, 59, 174,

456.

meganira, 51, 52, 174,

455.

melaneus, 55, 174.

INDEX.

Danais

melanippus, 49, 174,455.

melina, 282.

melissa, 50, 51, 174.

midamus, 294.

mitylene, 454.

nerippe, 59.

nesippus, 455.

niavius, 43, 44, 174.

nubila, 171, 174.

ochlea, 44, 174.

enone, 56, 57, 174, 456.

enopia, 58.

petilia, 46, 174.

phedon, 43, 174.

philene, 47, 49, 174.

— var., :

philomela, 456.

phyle, 55, 174, 455.

plexaure, 47, 174.

plexippus, 47, 174, 358.

prothoé, 268.

pullata, 47, 48, 174, 454,

455.

pumila, 456.

purpurata, 52, 58, 174.

rhadamia, 297.

salvini, 172, 173, 174,

456.

schenckii, 59.

stlena, 49.

similis, 50, 174, 455.

— var. chinensis, 455.

sobrina, 50, 174.

strigosa, 45, 454.

swainsonii, 278.

sylvestris, 290.

thersippus, 45.

tita, 55.

tulliolus, 290.

tytia, 55, 174.

vaillantiana, 43.

vitrea, 58, 174.

vitrina, 56, 174, 456.

avanthippus, 51,174,454.

Dasyprocta

acouchy, 388.

acuschy, 385, 386, 391.

ede 383, 385, 386,

16.

cristata, 383, 385, 389,

390, 391, 397, 398,

399, 400, 402, 403,

404, 407, 409, 413,

416.

punctata, 383.

Dasypus

sexcinctus, 414.

Daxata

camelus, 231.

ustulata, 225, 230, 267. |

Debis

chandica, 41.

europa, 360.

isabella, 41, 42.

portlandia, 503.

Dejanira

biapiculata, 227, 507.

quadripunctata, 227,

507.

Delphinus

cephalorhynchus, 215.

delphis, 214.

Janira, 214.

longirostris, 213.

major, 214.

mooret, 214.

walkeri, 214.

Demonax

macilenta, 228, 521.

Dendrocitta

leucogastra, 570.

Dendrocolaptes

validus, 184.

Dendrocops

validus, 184.

Dendrocygna

arcuata, 148, 149.

autumnalis, 200.

eytoni, 418.

fulva, 149.

gouldi, 149.

major, 148, 149.

vagans, 149, 418.

viduata, 200, 426.

virgata, 149,

Dendrophila

frontalis, 3.

Dendrornis

palliata, 184.

rostripallens, 184,

Dere

marginata, 228, 522.

thoracica, 522.

Dermanura

quadrivittata, 430.

Desmodus

rufus, 117.

Deuteromma

testaceum, 227, 510.

Diadema

auge, 359.

bolina, 358, 359.

Dialeges

pauper, 228, 528.

Diallactes

melanocephalus, 185.

Diancta

martensi, 446, 451.

Diapheropsophus

mellyt, 342.

swinhoei, 342.

Diatomocephala

maculaticollis, 532.

Diceum

concolor, 569.

cruentatum, 544.

trigonostigma, 545.

Dicrurus

cerulescens, 546.

cineraceus, 546.

forficatus, 423.

intermedius, 545, 546.

leucopheus, 81, 546.

longicaudatus, 547.

macrocercus, 569,

modestus, 327.

waldeni, 423.

Didus

ineptus, 4, 201.

Dioryx

swinhoei, 318, 319.

Diosyris

miranda, 227, 508,

Diphylla

ecaudata, 118.

Diplommatina

Folticulus, 449,

kingiana, 450.

martenst, 446, 451.

nilgirica, 450.

pachycheilus, 449.

Dipus

egyptius, 89.

Dissemurus

paradiseus, 545.

Dolium

fasciatum, 146.

Donacobius

atricapillus, 178.

Drepanodes

scitaria, 365.

Dromas

ardeola, 426.

Drymezus

montagnei, 442.

musivus, 442.

Drymeeca

subruficapilla, 22.

Drymoica

lisii, 421.

madagascariensis, 421.

Dryocopus

Dnveahis 196.

Dryptus

melanocheilus, 441.

Dysithamnus

puncticeps, 72.

striaticeps, 73.

Eburna

spirata, 146,

INDEX.

Hetinogramma

collare, 227, 266, 267.

tsosceloides, 266.

Edolius

paradiseus, 3.

viridescens, 547.

Elainea

mesoleuca, 188.

modesta, 2.

pagana, 99, 188.

placens, 189.

Eleothreptus

anomalus, 143.

Eleutherura

marginata, 64,

Ellisia

typica, 421.

Elma

swinhoei, 317, 319:

Emblema

pictum, 558,

Empidonomus

varius, 189,

Engraulis

mysticetus, 604.

Ennea

swinhoei, 317, 319.

Entelopes

glauca, 226, 255.

toptera, 226, 255.

similis, 226, 255.

Eoporis

elegans, 225, 229.

Epepeotes

luscus, 226, 249.

Ephies

cruentus, 227, 506,

, 536.

E a

as eon 365.

Epianthe

viridis, 227, 511, 536.

Epicedia

plagiata, 226, 250.

Episomus

pauperatus, 239.

Epomophorus

whiter, 65.

Epomops

Sranqueti, 65.

Equus

caballus, 87.

Ereis

anthriboides, 225,

231,

Ergolis

coryta, 360,

Ericulus

spinosus, 420.

Erinaceus

europeus, 92.

629

Eroessa

tenella, 219, 422.

Erycina

lysidice, 482.

Erythreenas

pulcherrima, 78.

Erythrosterna

acornaus, 3.

brunneicauda, 422.

Erythrus

apiculatus, 227, 515,

516.

atricollis, 227, 515.

championi, 350.

formosanus, 350.

ignitus, 227, 514.

lacertosus, 227, 515.

Estheria

newcombiz, 122, 123.

Estrelda

amandava, 571.

astrild, 424,

Etheria

stefanensis, 444,

Eucephala

cerulea, 195.

Euchlora

albopilosa, 344,

castaneoventris, 344.

expansa, 343, 344.

trachypyga, 344,

Eucometis

penicillata, 180.

Eumelia

aureliata, 365.

Eunycteris

phaiops, 64.

Euphonia

gracilis, 71, 72.

melanura, 179.

minuta, 179.

ruficeps, 71.

rufivertex, 71, 72.

violacea, 180.

xanthogastra, 179.

Euplectes

capensis, 23.

Euplocamus

lineatus, 78.

Euplea

abjecta, 299.

adyte, 453.

egyptus, 277.

ethiops, 285.

aglidice, 282.

albata, 55.

alcathoé, 275.

alcippus, 46.

alecto, 275.

amymone, 274.

anthracina, 280, 281.

630 INDEX.

Euplea Eupleea Euplea

anthracina, var., 281.

artenice, 47.

boisduvalii, 302.

bremeri, 277, 278, 453.

callithoé, 272.

camaralzeman, 271,

302.

chionippe, 171.

chloé, 271. 2

chrysippus, 46.

petites 281, 282, 283,

284, 453.

confusa, 283, 285.

core, 276, 453.

corinna, 403.

crameri, 277, 453.

crassa, 278, 453.

cratis, 297, 298.

damocles, 44.

darchia, 292.

dehaani, 302.

deione, 279.

desjardinsii, 301.

diana, 297, 302.

diocletia, 293.

doleschaliz, 293, 358.

dorippus, 46.

dryasis, 294.

dufresnii, 294, 453.

duponchelii, 282.

ebenina, 301.

echeria, 43.

eleusine, 289, 453.

eleutho, 300, 453.

elisa, 270.

esperi, 453.

eunice, 286, 287, 288,

295.

eupator, 297.

euphone, 301.

eurianassa, 301.

eurypon, 286.

faber, 279.

felderi, 275.

frauenfeldi, 453.

gamelia, 279.

gloriosa, 293, 302.

godartit, 275.

goudotiz, 301, 302.

gyllenhalii, 302.

hamata, 51.

haworthii, 274.

hegesippus, 49.

helcita, 453.

herbstii, 287.

hewitsonit, 295, 302,

452.

hisme, 286.

huehneri, 274.

hyacinthus, 296, 302.

hyems, 288, 292.

inquinata, 288, 291.

iphianassa, 286, 287.

Janus, 273.

kadu, 452.

kinbergi, 273, 453.

klugit, 273, 453.

letifica, 292, 302, 453.

lapeyrousei, 282.

ledereri, 291, 452.

margarita, 279.

mazares, 288, 289,

290.

megera, 276,

melancholica, 285.

melina, 282, 283, 284,

453.

melpomene, 298, 300.

ménétriesit, 275.

midamus, 274, 294,

295.

mitra, 299,

mniszechii, 453.

modesta, 273.

mesta, 281, 284.

mooret, 277.

morosa, 281, 284,

muisgechit, 293, 296.

niavius, 44.

novare, 452.

nox, 478.

ochsenheimeri, 271.

orope, 299.

palla, 284, 302.

pavette, 269.

pelor, 300.

phedon, 43.

philene, 47.

philomela, 57, 456.

phebus, 270.

picina, 280, 302, 453,

plexippus, 47.

pollita, 290.

priapus, 291, 302.

proserpina, 300.

prothoé, 268, 270.

pumila, 290,

rhadamanthus, 296.

rogeri, 299.

saundersiz, 291, 453.

scherzeri, 453.

semicirculus, 269.

sepulchralis, 282, 283.

splendens, 272.

superba, 271, 272.

swainsonii, 278.

swinhoei, 358.

sylvester, 290.

tesiphone, 274.

treitschkez, 292.

tristis, 284.

tulliolus, 290.

tytia, 5d.

unice, 452.

usipetes, 285.

vermiculata, 276.

vestigiata, 288.

viola, 295, 302.

wallace?z, 280.

Eupodotis

australasiana, 20) .

Euptychia

acmenis, 476.

egrota, 482,

ajfinis, 469, 503.

agatha, 492, 504.

ambigua, 472, 502.

angularis, 469.

antonoé, 464, 486, 501.

archebates, 502.

areolata, 498.

argante, 472.

argyrospila, 467.

armilla, 474.

atalanta, 474, 503.

austera, 464, 503.

ayaya, 492, 504.

batesiz, 493, 504.

binalinea, 475, 503.

brixiola, 483, 504.

brixius, 483.

byses, 472, 490.

callichloris, 490, 504.

camerta, 462.

canthe, 475.

— var., 475, 474.

celmis, 468.

chlorimene, 490.

chloris, 490, 491, 492,

493.

cissia, 459.

clarissa, 462.

clorimena, 498.

cluena, 489.

clueria, 489.

celestis, 484, 504.

cosmophila, 497.

crantor, 461, 467.

divergens, 464, 504.

doris, 482.

doxes, 496.

ebusa, 489.

electra, 468, 503.

enyo, 480, 503.

cous, 477, 503.

erichtho, 486, 501, 504.

erigone, 466, 503.

eriphule, 468, 469, 503.

erycina, 496.

eurytus, 465.

Euptychia

allax, 474.

fumata, 501.

furina, 495.

galesus, 473.

gemma, 500.

gemmula, 495, 496.

gera, 494.

gigas, 486, 504.

glaucina, 482.

grimon, 472, 477.

harmonia, 478, 503.

helle, 460, 493.

hermes, 475.

herse, 490, 491, 492.

herseis, 490.

hewitsonti, 491, 504.

hiemalis, 494.

huebneri, 473, 502.

insignis, 501, 504.

itonis, 495, 498.

Junia, 485.

Junonia, 495, 496.

latia, 496, 504.

lea, 485.

— ebusa, 485.

lethe, 465.

libye, 486, 487.

libyoidea, 487.

liturata, 474.

lydia, 460.

lysidice, 482, 483.

mepius, 465, 466, 467.

— var., 466.

marmorata, 471, 504.

metagera, 494.

mima, 500.

modesta, 473.

motlina, 480.

mollina, 480.

mynced, 461, 462, 468.

nebulosa, 479.

necys, 471.

nortia, 494, 501.

nossis, 479.

obscura, 487.

ochracea, 471.

ocirrhoé, 459, 460, 494.

ocnus, 467.

ocypete, 460, 461, 493.

pacarus, 500, 501.

peon, 471.

pagyris, 497, 498.

palladia, 461, 503.

eriphas, 465.

pharella, 477, 478, 503.

phares, 477, 478.

philippa, 485.

phineus, 478, 503.

phocion, 499.

phronius, £70.

}

INDEX.

Euptychia

picea, 481.

pieria, 463, 503.

pilata, 483, 504.

pimpla, 470.

poltys, 476.

polyphemus, 488.

pronophila, 479.

pyracmon, 499.

guantius, 488, 489.

renata, 470.

salvini, 498, 504.

saturnus, 479, 503.

saundersiz, 500, 501,

504.

sericeella, 489.

similis, 463.

sosybius, 474.

straminea, 469.

terrestris, 462, 503.

themis, 463.

tolumnia, 492.

tricolor, 493.

undulata, 475, 503.

urania, 484, 504.

usitata, 463, 503.

variabilis, 469, 503.

vastata, 487.

vesper, 474.

vesta, 479, 503.

vestigata, 470.

westwoodii, 481.

Euryarthrum

albocinetum, 525.

atripenne, 228, 525.

bifasciatum, 523.

carinatum, 228, 523,

524,

egenum, 228, 525.

interruptum, 228, 524.

lambit, 228, 523, 524.

nodicolle, 228, 524,

536.

Eurycephalus

cardinalis, 533.

Euryclea

cardinalis, 228, 533.

Euryphagus

macxillosus, 228.

Eur a

holos, 76, 199.

Eurystomus

madagascariensis, 421.

Eurytrachelus

platymelus, 348.

Eurytus

floccosus, 441.

piperitus, 441.

Buscarthmus

agilis, 188.

flaviventris, 2.

631

| Euscarthmus

spicifer, 187.

Eustephanus

fernandensis, 556, 557.

stokest, 556, 557.

Eutropia

dickiet, 215.

heavisidii, 215.

Falco

communis, 420.

cooperi, 304.

fuscus, 303.

gyrfalco, 2.

newtoni, 420.

nisus, 303.

pectoralis, 304:

pennsylvanicus, 303.

pileatus, 304.

radama, 420.

stanleyti, 304.

tinus, 304.

velox, 303.

Faleulia

palliata, 421.

Felis

caracal, 92.

chaus, 92.

Jubata, 91.

leo, 91.

leopardus, 92.

onca, 565.

pardina, 92.

tigrina, 419.

Fluyvicola

pica, 187.

Formicarius

analis, 73, 74, 75.

cayennensis, 74.

cerissalis, 7).

hoffmanni, 75.

moniliger, 73.

nigrifrons, 74.

rufipectus, 73, 74.

Formicivora

quixensis, 566.

Foudia

eminentissima, 424.

erythrops, 329.

flavicans, 424.

Francolinus

afer, 23.

Frembleya

egregia, 4495, 451.

Fringilla

carduelis, 379.

risoria, 552.

Fringillaria

capensis, 23.

Fulgoraria

vupestris, 146.

632

Fulica

cristata, 23.

Furia Q

horrens, 481,

Furnarius

cinnamomeus, 183.

minor, 183.

torridus, 177, 188.

Fusus

colossus, 146.

Galago

demidoffit, 560.

murinus, 560, 562.

pallidus, 161.

Galbaleyrhynchus

leucotis, 192.

Galbula

albirostris, 192.

tombacea, 192.

Galerus

extinctorum, 146.

Galidictis

striata, 419.

Gallinula

chloropus, 425,

pyrrhonota, 425.

ruficollis, 567.

Galloperdix

lunulosa, 78.

Gallus

sonneratit, 571.

Garrulax

belangeri, 548, 549.

chinensis, 549.

leucolophus, 548, 549.

Garzetta

candidissima, 199.

Gazella

arabica, 86.

cora, 86.

dorcas, 86.

Gecinus

dimidiatus, 539.

striolatus, 539.

viridanus, 4, 539.

Geobamon

rufipennis, 205.

Geobasileus

chrysorrhous, 575,

576.

reguloides, 575.

Geobates

brevicauda, 204, 205,

pecilopterus, 205.

Geocolaptes

arator, 21, 22.

Geopelia

striata, 424.

Geositta

brevicauda, 205.

INDEX.

Geositta

crassirostris, 98.

peruviana, 98.

Geotrygon

montana, 198.

Gerbillus

melanurus, 89.

pygargus, 89.

teniurus, 89.

Geronticus

olivaceus, 330.

spinicollis, 418.

Gervaisia

albispecularis, 422.

Gerygone

coiled, 576.

personata, 217.

Gladius

Susus, 146.

Glandina

carminensis, 443.

dactylus, 443.

Glareola

nordmanni, 330.

Glaucis

melanura, 193.

Glenea

algebraica, 227, 260.

alysson, 227, 261, 267.

anthyllis, 227, 262, 267.

anticepunctata,227 260.

arouensis, 263.

blandina, 227, 259.

cunila, 227, 260.

delia, 258.

elegans, 227, 258, 259.

extensa, 227, 260.

fricator, 262.

fulvo-maculata, 263.

Sunerula, 262.

grisea, 262.

alluminata, 227, 261.

Jubed, 227, 260.

manto, 227, 262, 267.

mathematica, 261.

neanthes, 227, 259, 267.

eme, 227, 261, 267.

oudetera, 227, 260.

porphyrio, 227, 259,

267.

pulchella, 260.

rufina, 227, 259.

sulphurella, 262.

vesta, 260, 267.

— (pulchella), 227.

Glis

vulgaris, 89.

Gloionycteris

armigera, 82.

Glossophaga

soriana, 116.

Glyphodes

bivitralis, 364,

zelincalis, 364.

Gnatholea

eburifera, 228, 534.

Gnoma

dispersa, 226, 252.

longicollis, 252.

Golsinda

corallina, 225, 237.

tessellata, 237.

Gonepteryx

urania, 452.

wallichii, 452.

Gonodactylus

chiragra, 338, 339.

Gracula

saularis, 550.

Graculus

africanus, 426.

Grammodes

ammonia, 364.

mygdon, 364.

Graphophasianus

scintillans, 210.

Graucalus

macei, 545,

Grus

antigone, 78.

Guandira

cayanensis, 114.

_ Guira

piririgua, 78, 79.

Guiraca

cyanoides, 566.

netrus

banksit, 147.

Gymnogenys

radiatus, 420.

Gymnomystax

melanicterus, 182.

Gypohierax

angolensis, 324.

Gyps

indicus, 3.

Habrocebus

lanatus, 151.

Hadrostomus

minor, 190.

Haleyon

capensis, 553.

dryas, 325.

gularis, 421.

gurial, 553.

smyrnensis, 554.

Haliaétus

vocifer, 420.

vociferoides, 420.

Haliastur

indus, 568.

Halmaturus

agilis, 30, 221.

bennettiz, 28, 31, 32.

coxenti, 220, 221.

derbianus, 28.

dorsalis, 221.

irma, 30.

Hammaticherus

simulans, 531.

Hapalemur

riseus, 419.

olivaceus, 419.

Hapalocercus

Latioontete 2.

Harpa

major, 146.

Harpactes

oreskios, 538.

Harpagus

bidentatus, 198.

Harpyia

pallasii, 64.

Hartlaubia

madagascariensis, 423.

Heleothreptus

anomalus, 143, 145, 589.

Helicina

concentrica, 443.

diversicolor, 375.

sprucei, 443.

Heliornis

fulica, 200.

Heliothis

armigera, 363.

Helix

bairdi, 316, 319.

brevipila, 374.

conscendens, 374.

corticicola, 374.

fenestrata, 374.

fulvicans, 316, 319.

mansueta, dT4.

porteri, 373, 374.

succincta, 316, 319.

urarensis, 374.

Hemerodromus

cinctus, 62.

Hemiderma

brevicaudum, 430.

Hemiops

flavus, 350.

Hemipodius

andalusicus, 23.

Hemipte

calaatae 21, 22.

teatrix, 22.

Herodias

egretta, 199.

Heros

erythreus, 602.

friedrichsthalii, 602.

INDEX.

Heros

lobochilus, 602.

longimanus, 601.

managuensis, 602.

microphthalmus, 602.

motaguensis, 602.

multispinosus, 601.

nigrofasciatus, 601.

oblongus, 602.

salvini, 602.

trimaculatus, 602.

Herpestes

ichneumon, 90.

Hesperia

agna, 361.

cinnara, 361.

divodasa, 361.

Hesperocharis

graphites, 451, 452.

Hestia

daos, 58.

eudora, 58.

gaura, 58.

zsmare, 50.

juventa, 455.

thoé, 49.

Hestina

assimilis, 359.

Hetera

andromeda, 42.

aurora, 42.

esmeralda, 42.

harpalyce, 42.

pellucida, 41, 42.

phelis, 41.

philis, 42.

pireta, 42.

Hiatula

diphos, 146.

Himantopus

nigricollis, 567.

Hipposideros

albanensis, 220.

Hirundo

borbonica, 421.

capensis, 22.

daurica, 568.

domicola, 568.

urbica, 178.

Hispa

callicantha, 354.

Homophyton

gattyia, 27.

Homoptera

infligens, 363.

Hoplocephalus

ater, 370.

gouldit, 371.

mastersiz, 370.

Hoplocerambyx

morosus, 528.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1866, No. XLI.

633

Hoplocerambyx

relictus, 228, 528.

Hoplopterus

cayanus, 199.

Hoplostethus

mediterraneus, 314.

Hyzna

striata, 91.

Hydrochelidon

leucoptera, 218.

Hydropsalis

azare, 142.

climacocercus, 141,

142.

forcipata, 143, 145.

furecifera, 142.

limbatus, 143.

lyra, 143, 145.

pallescens, 142, 145.

psalurus, 142.

schomburgki, 142, 145.

segmentata, 143, 145.

torquata, 142, 145.

trifurcata, 141, 142, 145,

193.

ypaneme, 143, 145.

Hylocharis

cyanea, 195.

Hylophilus

pectoralis, 321.

Hymenia

recurvalis, 364.

Hyphantornis

olivaceus, 23.

spilonotus, 23.

Hypna

clytemnestra, 206,

208.

clytemnestra, var., 209.

— var. iphigenia, 208.

— var. negra, 208.

elongata, 209, 210.

globosa, 208, 210.

huebneri, 208, 210.

— var., 208, 210.

rufescens, 209, 210.

velox, 209, 210.

Hypocnemis

cantator, 186.

flavescens, 567.

hemileuca, 177, 186.

melanopogon, 186.

melanura, 177, 186.

pecilonota, 186.

schistacea, 186.

therese, 187.

Hypsa

alciphon, 362.

egens, 362.

intacta, 362.

plana, 362.

634

Hypsignathus

monstrosus, 6D,

Hypsipetes

at ere 423.

madagascariensis,

422.

neilgherriensis, 570.

ourovang, 422.

Hyrax

capensis, 21.

syriacus, 84.

Hystrix

africe australis, 308,

309.

alophus, 310.

brevispinosus, 311.

cristata, 88, 308, 309,

310.

cuviert, 308.

daubentonii, 310.

hirsutirostris, 88, 308,

311.

hodgsonii, 310.

Javanica, 311.

leucurus, 808, 309.

malabarica, 308, 309.

nepalensis, 310.

Ibis

cristata, 425.

religiosa, 425.

rubra, 78, 79.

spinicollis, 203.

Ibycter

americanus, 198,

ater, 198.

Icterus

chrysocephalus, 182.

Idea

abigar, 455,

daos, 58.

diardi, 58.

gaura, 58.

manuja, 454.

plexippus, 454.

Ideopsis

daos, 58.

gaura, 58.

Imantocera

penicillata, 251.

plumosa, 226, 251.

Imbrius

ephebus, 228, 529.

lineatus, 228, 529,

536.

strigosus, 228, 529.

TIndris

laniger, 151.

longicaudatus, 151.

Inia

geoffrensis, 426.

INDEX.

Tnuus

sancti-johannis, 556.

pagodula, 150.

Tole.

long-cornis, 256.

nigripes, 257.

prolata, 256.

Tora

scapularis, 550.

typhia, 549, 550.

zeylanica, 550.

Ismene

ladon, 361.

Ispidina

madagascariensis, 421.

Ixais

episomoides, 225, 239,

267.

Junonia

aonis, 359.

asteria, 309.

lemonias, 359.

orythia, 359.

Kittacincla

macroura, 550.

Labyrinthus

bifurcatus, 441.

furcillatus, 441.

leprieurit, 441.

Laciniaria

exilis, 317, 319.

Lacon

bipapulatus, 348.

formosanus, 348.

setiger, 348.

Lagena

wiegmanni, 146.

Lagenorhynchus

acutus, 216.

albirostris, 216.

asia, 216.

clanculus, 216.

electra, 216.

leucopleurus, 216.

thicolea, 216.

Lamia

carcelit, 250.

germarti, 247.

Jistulator, 251.

lusca, 249.

Lampania

zonalis, 146.

Lampornis

mango, 193.

Lamprocolius

ignitus, 328.

splendidus, 328.

Lamproscapha

ensiformis, 444.

wheatleyi, 443,

Lamprosoma

alienum, 353.

concolor, 353.

Lamprotornis

e@neus, ddl.

Lanius

chinensis, 549.

* dominicanus, 555.

erythronotus, 569.

leucogaster, 555.

leucorhynchus, 555.

manillensis, 555.

Lasiommata

dejanira, 503.

Lavia

frons, 83.

Leila

blainvilliana, 444.

gigantea, 444.

Leiothrix

luteus, 418.

Lema

postrema, 353.

Lemnas

mutabilis cora, 276.

Lemur

avahi, 151.

catta, 419.

lanatus, 151.

laniger, 151, 152.

leucomystax, 1,

419.

macaco, |.

mayottensis, 419.

Lepidosiren

dissimilis, 34.

paradoxa, 34.

Lepidurus

angasit, 122, 123.

viridis, 122.

Lepilemur

mustelinus, 419,

Leprodera

elongata, 250.

plagiata, 250.

pleuricausta, 250.

trimaculata, 250.

Leptinaria

lamellata, 443.

Leptocoma

braziliana, 543.

Leptomerus

heloicus, 442.

Leptopogon

amaurocephala, 567.

pileatus, 567.

Leptopterus

viridis, 423.

Leptopteryx

leucorhynchus, 556.

Leptoptila

ubusi, 198.

Leptosomus

afer, 424.

Leptotarsis

eytoni, 418.

Leptoxyura

cinnamomea, 184.

Lepus

egyptiacus, 87.

@thiopicus, 87.

cuniculus, 87.

tsabellinus, 87.

sinaiticus, 87.

syriacus, 87.

timidus, 383.

Lepyrodes

geometralis, 364.

Leucippus

chionogaster, 194,

chlorocercus, 177, 194.

Leucocerca

pectoralis, 569.

Lichanotus

laniger, 151.

Limicolaria

tenebrica, 375.

Limnea

swinhoei, 319.

Limnas

ferruginea vincetoxici,

mutabilis midamus,

272.

— nemertes, 287.

Limopsis

japonica, 146.

Limosa

rufa, 18.

Lina

ened, 354A.

formosana, 354.

Lineus

beattiei, 101.

longissimus, 102.

Lingula

ovalis, 146.

Lipaugus

simplex, 190.

Lithophaga

fusca, 146.

Littorina

melanostoma, 146.

newcombiana, 146.

obesa, 146.

pintado, 146.

Lobivanellus

goensis, 569, 571.

lobatus, 203.

INDEX,

Lobostoma

cinnamomeum, 148.

Lonchorhina

aurita, 113.

Lophostoma

bidens, 113.

Lophura

hyas, 361.

Loriculus

asiaticus, 539.

galgulus, 539.

vernalis, 538, 539.

Loxia

madagascariensis,

423.

punctularia, 552.

undulata, 552.

Lunella

reclusa, 146.

Lurocalis

gouldi, 135.

leucopygus, 135.

natterert, 132, 145.

semitorquatus, 132,

145.

Luscinia

sinuata, 23.

Lutra

vulgaris, 90.

Luvarus

imperialis, 332.

Lycena _

enejus, 360.

elpis, 360.

kandarpa, 360.

karsandra, 360.

nisa, 360.

parrhasius, 360.

plinius, 360.

pluto, 360.

sangra, 360.

varunana, 360.

Macacus

arctoides, 202.

inornatus, 202.

maurus, 202.

Macaria

divisaria, 365.

Macha

strigillata, 146.

Machaerhamphus

alcinus, 324.

Macheeropterus

striolatus, 567.

Machetes

pugnax, 23.

Macoma

truncata, 146.

Macroglossus

minimus, 64.

Macronycteris

gigas, 82.

Macronyx

capensis, 23.

Macrophyllum

neuwiediz, 113.

Macropsalis

forcipata, 148.

lyra, 143.

segmentata, 143.

ypaneme, 143.

Macropus

giganteus, 28, 30.

major, 29, 30.

melanops, 28.

ocydromus, 30.

rufus, 28.

Macrotus

waterhousii, 114.

Malacoptila

rufa, 192.

Malurus

cyaneus, 576, 577.

Manatus

americanus, 201.

Manucodia

gouldi, 201.

Maracana

weddellit, 197.

Maretia

variegata, 170.

Margaronia

psittacalis, 364.

Mecotagus

guerinit, 253.

tigrinus, 226, 253.

Megaderma

lyra, 83.

spasma, 83.

Megeera

ecaudata, 64.

Megalema

asiatica, 418.

Megalaima

hodgsonit, 540.

lineata, 540.

Megisto

acmenis, 476.

cymelia, 465.

Megopis

costipennis, 536.

mutica, 536.

procera, 228, 536.

Melanerpes

cruentatus, 197.

Melania

crenulata, 146.

fasciolata, 146.

lateritia, 146.

pagodula, 150.

pyramis, 146.

635

636

Melania

tuberculata, 376.

Melanitis

undularis, 359.

Melanochlora

sultanea, 5D1.

Melanotus

tamsuyensis, 349,

umber, 349.

Melanoxanthus

melanocephalus, 350.

Meleagris

ocellata, 368.

Meles

vulgaris, 90,

Meletta

libertatis, 603.

petenensis, 603.

thrissa, 603.

Menura

nove-hollandie, 167.

Merioneda

acuta, 227, 509.

scitella, 510.

Merops

egyptius, 421.

aptaster, 377, 379.

ferrugiceps, 538.

quinticolor, 538.

savigny?, 421.

superciliosus, 421.

vaillantii, 421.

viridis, 538.

viridissimus, 421.

Merula

borbonica, 423.

madagascariensis aurea,

4292.

— cinerea, 422.

Mesosa

allapsa, 225, 231.

curculionoides, 232.

griseata, 231.

perplexa, 232.

Messaris

erymanthus, 358.

Mesua

ferrea, 429.

Metopides

occipitalis, 226,249,267.

Metopothrix

aurantiacus, 177, 190.

Metriopelia

anuis, 100.

Micrastur

concentricus, 198.

gilvicolls, 198.

Microcebus

coquereli, 419.

Microcerculus

albigularis, 70,71.

INDEX.

Microcerculus

bambla, 70, 71.

luscinia, 70, 71.

marginatus, 70, 71.

philomela, 69, 70, 71.

Micronia

aculeata, 365.

Micronisus

badius, 568.

Micronycteris

megalotis, 113.

Micropalama

himantopus, 199.

Microrhynchus

laniger, 151, 153, 154,

165.

Milvago

chimachima, 198.

Milvus

egyptius, 420.

govinda, 568.

migrans, 378, 379, 380.

parasiticus, 324, 420.

regalis, 379.

Mimela

chinensis, 346.

chryseis, 345,

ignicauda, 345.

simplex, 345.

splendens, 345, 346.

Mimistena

Semorata, 227, 514, 536.

Mimon f

bennettit, 118.

Mimus

leucospilus, 96.

longicaudatus, 96.

thenca, 96.

Mionectes

oleagineus, 188.

Mirafra

hova, 424.

Mitra

coccinea, 146.

Mixornis

chloris, 547, 548.

gularis, 547, 548.

rubicapilla, 547, 548.

ruficeps, 547, 5A8.

sumatranus, 548.

Molossus

obscurus, 431.

Momotus

brasiliensis, 191.

martiz, 191,

Monarcha

albiventris, 217.

trivirgata, 217, 218.

Monasa

nigrifrons, 192.

peruana, 192.

Monochamus

Jistulator, 226, 251.

musivus, 226, 251.

sobrius, 226, 251.

Monocondyleza

tsocardioides, 444.

Monodon

monoceros, 559.

Monohammus

aspersus, 245,

brianus, 244,

georgius, 245,

larvatus, 245.

obfuscatus, 250.

sublineatus, 250.

suecinctor, 250,

Monophyllus

redmanni, 116.

Mormus

exornatus, 442,

toraylit, 443.

Motacilla

gularis, 547, 548.

maura, 422.

rubicapilla, 547,

548.

rubicola, 422,

singalensis, 543, 544.

sybilla, 422,

typhia, 549.

Munia

acuticauda, 552,

amandava, 424,

malabarica, 571.

oryzivora, 424.

punctularia, 424.

striata, 552.

undulata, 552,

Murex

microphyllus, 146.

Mus

agrarius, 559.

alexandrinus, 420.

beavanit, 559.

decwmanus, 88, 559.

macropus, 221,

maritimus, 33.

minutus, 559,

musculus, 88.

pretextus, 88.

sylvaticus, 88.

tectorum, 88.

Muscipeta

virgata, 2.

Muscisaxicola

fluviatilis, 177, 187.

maculirostris, 187.

mentalis, 99.

Mustela

melampus, 80.

putorius, 90,

Mustela

vulgaris, 90.

yates

drusia, 360.

otrea, 360.

samba, 360.

Mycetopus

soleniformis, 444.

Mydasta

discoidea, 227, 512, 536.

Myiobius

atropurpureus, 99.

cinnamomeus, 100.

nevius, 189.

nationi, 99.

pulcher, 100.

vieillotides, 100.

aanthopygius, 189.

Myiothera

gularis, 548.

Myiozetetes

cayennensis, 189.

Myopotamus

coypus, 399.

Myoxus

melanurus, 90.

nitela, 89.

Myrmecocichla

ethiops, 22.

Myrmelastes

plumbeus, 567.

Myrmotherula

axillaris, 186.

hematonota, 185.

hawawelli, 186.

melena, 186.

multostriata, 185.

pygmea, 185.

surinamensis, 185.

Nanina

assimilis, 316, 319.

steboldtiana, 316.

Nassa

gemmulata, 146.

marginulata, 146.

olivacea, 146.

tenia, 146.

thersites, 146.

Nassodonta

insignis, 445, 451.

asua

dorsalis, 169.

narica, 169, 170.

Natica

lineata, 146.

maroccand, 146,

Nectarinia

afra, 22.

angladiana, 421.

coceineogastra, 542.

INDEX.

Nectarinia

coquerelt, 421.

eximia, 542.

flammawillaris, 541.

formosa, 22.

fraseri, 326.

goolpariensis, 541.

hartlaubi, 326.

hasseltit, 543.

jugularis, 542.

pectoralis, 541.

phayrei, 543.

philippensis, 542.

phenicotis, 543.

seheria, 541.

senegalensis, 331.

solaris, 542.

souimanga, 421.

splendida, 331.

zenobia, 542.

Nedytisis

obrioides, 227, 267.

Neetroplus

nematopus, 603.

Nemorhzdus

sumatrensis, 4.

Nemosia

Ffulvescens, 180.

fulviceps, 180.

guira, 180.

pileata, 180.

sordida, 180.

Nenia

bartletti, 441, 451.

Neocerambyx __

aurifaber, 527.

intricatus, 228, 527.

lambii, 228, 527.

paris, 528.

Neolucanus

castanopterus, 346, 347.

championt, 347.

sinicus, 347.

swinhoei, 346.

Neomorphus

geoffroyt, 59, 60.

- rufipennis, 59, 60.

salvini, 60.

Neonympha

acmenis, 476.

antonoé, 486.

areolatus, 499.

camerta, 462.

canthus, 503.

clerica, 461.

clerimene, 498.

clorimene, 498.

cosmophila, 497.

eurytris, 465.

fallax, 474.

florimel, 502.

637

Neonympha

galesus, 473.

gemma, 500.

gemmula, 495.

grimon, 472.

halyma, 503.

helicta, 499.

hermes, 475.

mollina, 481.

pacarus, 501.

peribea, 502.

periphas, 465.

phares, 477.

. phocion, 499.

phronius, 470.

pimpla, 470.

polixenes, 503.

poltys, 476.

quantius, 488.

renata, 470.

sosybius, 474.

Neophron

percnopterus, 568.

pileatus, 331.

Neptis

aceris, 359.

Nerita

costata, 146.

guillouana, 146.

plicata, 146.

squammulata, 146.

yoldit, 146.

Neritella

subpunctata, 146.

Nettapus

auritus, 426.

Newtonia

brunneicauda, 422.

Nigidius

cornutus, 347.

formosanus, 347.

obesus, 347.

parryt, 347.

Nigrita

bicolor, 328.

Niphona

arrogans, 230.

cylindracea, 230.

Nirzeus

equestris, 518.

Niso

brunnea, 146.

Nisuoides

morelit, 420.

Nisus

brutus, 420.

chionogaster, 303.

francesit, 420.

fringillarius, 303, 420.

lantztz, 420.

madagascariensis, 420,

638

Nisus

morelit, 420.

striatus, 308.

tinus, 304.

variatus, 304.

Noctilio

americanus, 147,

leporinus, 431.

Noctua

polleni, 421.

sonneratit, 421.

Noemia

chalybeata, 227, 509.

flavicornis, 227, 509.

Nonnula

frontalis, 192.

ruficapilla, 192.

Noserius

tibialis, 228, 534.

Notopteris

macdonaldii, 64.

Numenius

arquatus, 331.

minor, 2038.

pheopus, 425.

Numida

tiarata, 425,

Nyctemera

varians, 362.

Nycteris

thebaica, 83,

Nycterops

Tail, Es

Nyctibius

ethereus, 128, 129, 145.

bracteatus, 130, 145,

585.

cornutus, 129,

grandis, 128, 145, 198.

Jamaicensis, 125, 126,

129, 145.

leucopterus, 130, 145.

longicaudatus, 128, 145.

pallidus, 129.

pectoralis, 129.

rufus, 130, 145, 585.

urutao, 129,

Nycticejus

temminckit, 558,

Nycticorax

gardeni, 199.

Nyctidromus

affinis, 144.

albicollis, 124, 144, 145,

1938.

americanus, 144.

derbyanus, 144.

grallarius, 144.

guianensis, 144.

Nyctimene

agriloides, 226, 254.

INDEX,

Nyctophilus

gouldi, 220,

Nymphalis

codomanus, 580.

pleione, 457.

Obages

palparis, 226, 243, 267.

Obeliscus

pusilla, 441, 451.

riparia, 441,

Oberea

clara, 227, 265.

curialis, 227, 264.

tenuata, 227, 265.

Octodon

cumingii, 395.

Ocyalus

latirostris, 182.

Ocypterus

leucogaster, 555, 556.

papuensis, 555.

Odontolabis

carinatus, 348,

Cidocephalus

cuviert, 308.

Cimona

philippensis, 532.

Gna

capensis, 425.

Cstrus

bovis, 592.

hominis, 591.

tarandi, 590, 592.

Aathopyga

miles, 541.

Olenecamptus

bilobus, 226, 253.

optatus, 226, 253.

quietus, 226, 254.

serratus, 253.

Oligostoma

orbitalis, 364.

Oligyra

rues 443,

Omocyrius

fulvisparsus, 226, 246,

267.

Onychoprion

melanauchen, 556,

Ophideres

caeta, 363.

fullonica, 363.

salaminia, 363.

Ophiodes

triphenoides, 363.

Ophiogyra

pened ae 441,

stenostrepta, 441.

Ophiusa

arctotenia, 363.

Ophiusa

stuposa, 363.

Opisthostoma

de-crespignii, 445, 447,

451.

fairbanki, 448, 449,

450, 451.

nilgiricum, 447, 448,

449, 450, 451.

Oreas

Jimbriata, 497.

( ) helicta, 499.

strigata, 476, 480.

( ) canthe, 475.

(——) lysidice, 482.

( ) ocyrrhoé, 459,

Oreoica

gutturalis, 440.

Oreophasis

derbiana, 368, 369, 370,

Oresia

emarginata, 363.

rectistria, 363.

Oriolus

ceylonensis, 550.

gulbula, 327.

menalocephalus, 550.

Orphnus

teniolus, 442.

Orsonoba

rajaca, 365.

Orthalicus

bensoni, 443.

gullina-sultana, 448.

labeo, 443.

regina, 443,

yatesi, 443,

Orthonyx

spinicauda, 439.

Orthotomus

longicauda, 570.

pe 210.

Oryzoborus

crassirostris, 181.

torridus, 181.

Osphranter

antilopinus, 30.

Ostinops

angustifrons, 182.

atrovirens, 182.

cristatus, 182.

yuracarium, 182.

Otaria

hookeri, 80.

Otis

australis, 203.

Otocompsa

Jocosa, 570.

Otolithus

squamipinnis, 601.

Otostomus

bartletti, 442, 451.

caniculatus, 442.

crichtoni, 442.

exornatus, 442.

expansus, 442.

heloicus, 442.

maculatus, 443.

montagnei, 442.

musivus, 442.

pulcherrimus, 442,

451.

scitus, 442, 451.

toraylit, 443.

Ovis

aries, 85.

— yar. laticaudata,

85.

Oxylophus

glandarius, 22.

Oxynotus

ferrugineus, 423.

newtont, 423.

Pachyramphus

cinereus, 190.

Pachystoma

concentricum, 443.

Pachyteria

bicolor, 520.

equestris, 228, 518.

fasciata, 520.

insignita, 228, 520.

lambii, 228, 519, 536.

speciosa, 519, 536.

spinicollis, 228, 519,

536.

strumosa, 228, 520,

536.

virescens, 228, 519,

536.

Palzxornis

erythrogenis, 555.

nicobaricus, 555.

schisticeps, 568.

Palamedea

cornuta, 200, 417.

Palimna

mouhotit, 225, 237.

tessellata, 225, 237.

Palumbus

elphinstonet, 571.

Pamphila

augias, 361.

mesa, 361.

Paphia

pleione, 457.

Papilio — ee

egyptius, 40.

anid 48.

aglea, 54.

INDFX,.

Papilio

alcippus, 46.

androgeus, 356.

antonoé, 486.

aranea, 489.

archippus, 45.

areolatus, 498.

argante, 472.

arganthe, 503.

argentus, 451,

artenice, 47.

astarte, 579.

aventina, 50.

basilissa, 294.

berenice, 44.

canthus, 503.

caudius, 451.

chloris, 490.

chrysippus, 46.

cissia, 459.

clarissa, 462.

claudius, 294,

cleona, 57.

climena, 282.

clorimena, 498.

cluena, 489.

clueria, 489.

celymena, 578.

clymenus, 578, 579.

clytemnestra, 208.

codomannus, 579.

cora, 276.

core, 276.

crantor, 467.

cymela, 465.

damocles, 44.

demolion, 356.

diphilus, 356.

doris, 482.

dryasis, 294.

ebusa, 489.

echeria, 43.

egialea, 43,

eleusine, 289.

eresimus, 45.

erippus, 44, 45.

erithonius, 356.

euphanes, 457.

eurydice, 503.

eurytris, 465.

eurytus, 465.

florimel, 502.

genutia, 47.

gilippus, 44, 45.

halyma, 502.

hegesippus, 49.

helle, 460.

hermes, 475.

herse, 490.

hesione, 459.

ismare, 50.

639

Papilio

gunia, 485.

juventa, 455,

lea, 485.

libye, 486.

limniacea, 51.

lotis, 49.

lydia, 460.

lysidice, 482.

machaon, 356.

melaneus, 55,

melanippus, 49.

melissa, 51.

midamus, 268, 272,

294,

muleiber, 294.

myncea, 461.

niavius, 44.

ocirrhoé, 459.

ocypete, 460.

pammon, 306.

penelope, 462.

peribed, 502.

petilia, 46.

phedon, 43.

philene, 47.

phocion, 499.

plexippus, 45, 47.

poliaenes, 503.

renata, 470.

rhadamanthus, 296.

similis, 50, 51.

sosybius, 474.

superba, 271.

sylvester, 290.

tolumnia, 492.

torquatus, 451.

tulliolus, 290.

* Paraglenea

fortunei, 352.

swinhoei, 352.

Parinia

leucophea, 327.

Parisoma

frontale, 436.

Paroaria

gularis, 181.

Parra

africana, 425.

albinucha, 425.

jacana, 200.

Parus

cinereus, 570.

flavo-cristatus, 552.

major, 327.

sultaneus, 551.

Passer

arcuatus, 23.

domesticus, 424.

hispaniolensis, 377, 379,

380.

640

Passer

indicus, 571.

Pastor

Fuscus, 552.

mahrattensis, 553.

tristis, 423.

Pelatia

javanica, 83.

Penelope

greeyit, 206.

nigricapilla, 206.

Perenostola

Sunebris, 186.

Perdicula

erythrorhyncha, 571.

Perdix

madagascariensis, 425.

ponticertanus, 425,

spadicea, 425.

striata, 425.

Peribasis

aspersa, 226, 245.

pubicollis, 226, 245.

Pericrocotus

brevirostris, 3.

Periophthalmus

koelreuteri, 427.

Peristera

principalis, 330,

simplex, 330.

tympanistria, 425,

Pernis

madagascariensis, 420.

Petrochelidon

albiventris, 178.

Petrocincla

explorator, 23.

Petrocossyphus

cyaneus, 3.

Petrogale

brachyotis, 32, 33.

xanthopus, 28.

Phexdusa

formosensis, 317, 319.

similaris, 446, 451.

Phaéthon

ethereus, 331.

Phaéthornis

hispidus, 193.

Phaéton

candidus, 426.

Phalena

attacus lucina, 121.

Phalzenopsis

lowii, 3.

Phalanna

polymena, 362.

Pharsalia

incerta, 226, 244.

Phascogale~

calura, 431.

INDEX,

Phascogale

lanigera, 433, 434.

penicillata, 431,

434.

Phasianus

reevesti, 437.

scintillans, 210.

semmeringii, '78.

torquatus, 436.

Philepitta

geoffroyi, 422.

Jala, 422.

schlegeli, 422.

sericea, 422.

Philus

antennatus, 507.

globulicollis, 507.

inconspicuus, 390,

507.

pallescens, 350.

rufescens, 227, 506.

Philydor

Suscipennis, 72.

pyrrhodes, 72.

rufobrunneus, 72.

turdinus, 184.

Phleocryptes

melanops, 98.

Phlogopsis

ellisiana, 74.

erythroptera, 73.

macleannani, 74.

nigro-maculata, 73.

trivittatus, 74.

Pheenicocercus

nigricollis, 567.

Pheenicopterus

ruber, 418.

Phos

senticosus, 146.

Phrygilus

geospizopsis, 323.

unicolor, 324.

Phyllopneuste

trochilus, 327.

Phyllorhina

diadema, 426.

nohilis, 82.

pygmed, 82.

Phyllornis

cochinchinensis, 3.

Jala, 422.

Jerdoni, 3.

Phyllostoma

hastatum, 112, 114,

430.

Phyllotis

philippensis, 81.

Piaya

minuta, 195.

nigricrissa, 195.

Picumnus

buffoni, 196.

castelnaudi, 196.

cinnamomeus, 196.

rufiventris, 196.

Picus

canicapillus, 539.

minor, 379.

viridanus, 539.

Pieris

avivolans, 452.

eleonora, 356.

formosana, 356.

hippo, 356, 357.

Pimelodus

managuensis, 603.

Pionus

robustus, 22.

Pipra

auricapilla, 567.

cyaneocapilla, 190.

jilicauda, 190.

leucocilla, 190.

Piprites

chlorion, 190.

Pitangus

sulphuratus, 189.

Pithecia :

leucocephala, 305.

satanas, 418.

Pitta

cyanoptera, 538, 545.

cyanura, 4.

malaccensis, 545.

Plagiodon

isocardioides, 444.

Platalea

qaja, 200.

telfairi, 425.

Platycercus

splendens, 203.

Plecotus

auritus, 92.

Plectotropis

fulvicans, 316, 319.

Plectropoma

monacanthus, 600.

multiguttatum, 600.

Ploceus

algonde, 423.

erythrocephalus, 424.

flavicans, 424.

madagascariensis,

423.

pensilis, 423.

sakalava, 423.

Plotus

melanogaster, 426.

Plusia

furcifera, 363.

verticillata, 363.

Plutonesthes

crocata, 227, 514, 536.

rufipennis, 514.

Podabrus

albipes, 433.

crassicaudatus, 433.

fuliginosus, 433.

leucopus, 433.

macrourus, 433.

mitchell, 433.

murinus, 433.

Podager

gouldi, 132.

nacunda, 132, 145,

193.

Podargus

cuvieri, 125, 582.

plumiferus, 124, 126.

Pogonias

vieilloti, 331.

Polioptila

buffoni, 177.

leucogastra, 177.

Poliospiza

gularis, 23.

Polyphasia

tenuirostris, 540.

Pomatomus

telescopium, 336.

Pomus

amazonicus, 440,

hemastomus, 441.

lymneiformis, 441,

nobilis, 440.

nubilus, St

apyratius, 441.

Pontia

nina, 357.

niobe, 357.

Pontoporia

blainvillit, 426.

Porphyrobaphe

Tabeo, 443.

yatesi, 443.

Porzana

exilis, 567.

Potamochcerus

penicillatus, 373.

Praonetha

bigibbera, 351.

binodosa, 350.

consularis, 225, 240.

fractilinea, 241.

tllicita, 225, 240.

kaleea, 351.

obducta, 225, 240.

scopulifera, 241,

villosa, 225, 241,

Pratincola

atrata, 570.

INDEX,

Pratincola

borbonica, 422.

indica, 422.

sibylla, 22.

Primnoa

antarctica, 24.

Prinia

beavani, 551.

cinereo-capilla, 551

gularis, 548,

pileata, 548.

socialis, 570.

Prion

caribbeum, 95.

Pristigaster

argenteus, 603.

macrops, 603

Procnias

_ occidentalis, 566.

Prodenia

retina, 362,

Progne

piceee 178.

tapera, 178.

Propithecus

diadema, 153.

Psalurus

macropterus, 142.

Psammomys

myosurus, 89,

obesus, 89.

tamaracinus, 89.

Psephotus

pulcherrimus, 201,

Psittacula

cana, 424,

pullaria, 329.

selateri, 197.

Psittacus

erythacus, 325, 329.

obscurus, 424.

niger, 424.

vernalis, 538.

Ptenoedus

rufescens, 440.

Pteris

aquilina, 574.

Pterocles

alchata, 78.

Pterodroma

atlantica, 94.

caribbea, 93.

fuliginosa, 94.

macroptera, 94,

Pteroglossus

castanotis, 195.

humboldtii, 195.

Pteropus

amplexicaudatus, 64.

dupréanus, 419.

edwardsii, 67, 419.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1865, No. XLII.

641

| Pteropus

elseyi, 67.

livingstonii, 66.

medius, 63.

personatus, 66.

stramineus, 419.

wallacei, 65, 66.

Pterygospidea

Solus, 361.

Ptilopus

madagascariensis, 424.

sganzini, 424.

Ptiloris

paradisea, 439.

Ptilotis

cassidix, 558.

chrysotis, 217.

gracilis, 217.

similis, 217.

Pucrasia

zanthospila, 437.

Pupina

pineticola, 375.

Pupinella

humilis, 318.

mindorensis, 318.

swinhoei, 318, 319.

Pupinopsis

swinhoei, 318, 319.

Purpuricenus

sanguinolentus, 228,

533.

Pycnonotus

Jinlaysonii, 549.

hemorrhous, 549, 570.

nigropileus, 549,

pygeus, 549,

Pygoderma

leucomum, 117.

Pygoptila ‘

maculipennis, 185.

Pyrazus

semistriatus, 146.

Pyrestes

cardinalis, 517.

eximius, 516, 517.

hematicus, 517.

miniatus, 517.

nigricollis, 227, 517.

politus, 227, 516, 536.

scapularis, 227, 516,

536. °

virgatus, 227, 517, 536.

Pyriglena

ellisiana, 74.

serva, 186.

Pyrocephalus

coronatus, 2.

mexicanus, 99,

nanus, 99.

obscurus, 99.

642

Pyrocephalus

eieecun, 99, 189.

Pyrrhulopsis

splendens, 203.

Querquedula

bernieri, 426.

Querula

eruenta, 191.

Quiscalus

equatorialis, 182.

Rallina

kioloides, 425.

tricolor, 218.

Rallus

bernieri, 425.

exilis, 567.

gularis, 425.

Ramphastos

culminatus, 195.

cuvieri, 195.

Ramphoceelus

Jacapa, 180. ts

migrigularis, 180.

Remigia

archesia, 364.

regalis, 364.

Reva

hope, 228, 535.

Rhinobates

leucorhynchus, 604.

Rhinochetus

Jjubatus, 78.

Rhinolophus

clivosus, 93.

celophyllus, 426.

ferrum-equinum, 98,

427.

hastatus, 81.

macrotis, 427.

subbadius, 427.

Rhinonycteris

aurantius, 81.

Rhinophylla

labuanensis, 82.

pumilio, 115.

Rhinopoma

microphyllum, 82, 93.

Rhinops

minor, 115.

Rhinoptilus

bicinctus, 61.

chaleopterus, 62.

Rhodocera

wallichit, 452.

Rhyacophilus

solitarius, 199.

Rhynchea

capensis, 425.

INDEX.

Rhynchocyclus

aaiiamaiue 189.

Rhynchops

melanura, 201.

Rhytidodera

cristata, 228, 531,

536.

simulans, 228, 531.

Ropica

ormosana, 351.

vinacea, 225, 241.

Rubigula

each 3.

Ruma

sebe, 146.

Rumina

octona, 441.

pusilla, 441, 451.

riparia, 441.

Rupicola

crocea, 418.

Saimia

albidorsalis, 225,

234.

bituberosa, 225, 235.

Salpinx

eleusina, 273, 289.

gamelia, 279.

nemertes, 287.

Saltator

azare, 181.

striatipectus, 97.

Saperda

nloba, 253.

elegans, 258.

Sarcidiornis

africana, 426.

Saturnia

lucina, 121.

undulata, 458.

Satyrus

ee 490.

archebates, 502.

areolatus, 499.

argenteus, 495, 497.

argulus, 472.

brixius, 483.

byses, 490.

cantheus, 503.

canthus, 503.

celmis, 468.

clueria, 489.

crantor, 467.

doxes, 496.

eurythris, 465.

florimel, 502.

galesus, 473.

gemma, 500.

grimon, 472.

halyma, 503.

Satyrus

hermes, 486.

— var., 475.

herseis, 490.

Tea, 485.

lydius, 460.

mepius, 465.

myncea, 461.

necys, 471.

ocypete, 460.

ocyrrhoé, 459.

pacarus, 501.

peon, er

agyris, :

bers 502.

periphas, 465.

phares, 477.

phocion, 499.

phronius, 470.

quantius, 488.

sosybius, 474.

tolumnia, 490, 492.

Sauris

remodesaria, 365.

Saurophagus

sulphuratus, 2.

Saxicola

bifasciata, 22.

hemprichii, 422.

pastor, 422.

rubicola, 422.

spectabilis, 21, 22.

Scapharca

disparilis, 146.

Schiffornis

major, 190.

Schizostoma

elongatum, 115,

minutum, 115.

Scheeniocera

sex-notata, 258.

Sciurus

atrodorsalis, 428, 429.

chrysonotus, 429.

erythrogaster, 429.

hippurus, 429.

hyperythrus, 428.

phayret, 429.

piceus, 429,

syriacus, 90.

Scoliostoma

dannenburgi, 447.

Scopelus

macrolepidotus, 37, 38.

Scops

choliba, 198.

menadensis, 421.

rutilus, 421.

usta, 198.

Scopus

umbretta, 23.

Scotophilus

welwitschii, 211.

Sebzethe

balyi, 355.

Segmentina

swinhoei, 319.

Selenidera

langsdorfi, 195.

Semeiophorus

vexillarius, 421.

Semicassis

areola, 146.

decussata, 146.

Semnocebus

avahi, 151.

laniger, 151.

Semnopithecus

chrysogaster, 429.

potenziani, 429.

Senectus

radiata, 146.

Sericornis

citreogularis, 440.

Serinus

icterus, 424.

Serixia

basalis, 226, 256.

cephalotes, 256, ~

longicornis, 226, 256.

prasinata, 226, 257,267.

prolata, 226, 256.

varians, 256.

Serpentaria

berry, 101.

fragilis, 101, 102.

Serpophaga

cinerea, 99.

hypoleuca, 177, 188.

nigricans, 2.

subcristata, 2, 188.

Sesiosa

subfasciata, 225, 240.

Sestyra

cephalotes, 227,513, 536.

Setophaga

budytoides, 188.

Sida

maculata, 97.

Sigeum

humerale, 228, 523, 536.

Silesis

absimilis, 349.

mutabilis, 349.

Siphonorhis

americana, 144, 145.

Sittasomus

amazonus, 184.

Smicrornis

flavescens, 573.

Sodus

ursulus, 225, 257, 267.

INDEX.

Sodus

verticalis, 238.

Sorex

araneus, 92.

crassicaudata, 92.

pygmeus, 92.

Spalax

typhlus, 88.

Sparus

pagellus, 334.

Sparvius

guttatus, 304.

Spatangus

variegatus, 170.

Spatha

baikii, 447.

rubens, 447.

Speorifera

vulgaris, 82.

Spermestes

nana, 424.

Spermophila

bouvronides, 181.

cerulescens, 181.

castaneiventris, 181.

lineola, 181.

ocellata, 177, 181.

nigricollis, 181.

semicollaris, 181.

Sphynx

convolvuli, 305.

Spodiornis

Jardinii, 322, 323.

Steatornis

caripensis, 120,

145.

Steganura

paradisea, 23.

Stegenus

dactylon, 246.

Stelgidopteryx

ruficollis, 178.

serripennis, 178.

uropygialis, 178.

teno

attenuatus, 2138.

capensis, 213.

compressus, 213.

frontatus, 213.

lentiginosus, 213.

roseiventris, 213.

rostratus, 213.

tucuat, 213.

Stenochorus

simplex, 532.

Stenocorus

pictus, 258.

Stenopsis

bifasciata, 58, 139, 140,

145.

candicans, 588, 589.

130,

643

Stenopsis

cayanensis, 139,

145, 588, 589.

langsdorfi, 589.

longirostris, 140.

maculicaudus, 587.

nigrescens, 138.

platura, 589.

ruficervia, 139, 140,145,

581, 590.

Sterna

affinis, 426.

douglasii, 426.

galericulata, 426.

melanauchen, 556.

melanoptera, 331.

minuta, 200.

panayensis, 426.

stolida, 426.

superciliaris, 200.

velox, 426.

Stibara

algebraica, 260.

anticepunctata, 260.

Sunerula, 262.

oudetera, 260.

140,

Stigmatura

budytoides, 188.

Strepsilas

interpres, 425.

Streptaxis

deformis, 443.

Stringonyx

anderssoni, 324.

Strix

flammea, 19, 380, 421.

Stromatium

asperulum, 228, 534.

Sturnira

lilium, 117, 430.

Subulina

octona, 441.

Sudis

igas, 34.

Sule

fiber, 331.

Sus

scrofa, 84.

taivanus, 419.

Sybra

baculina, 352.

punctatostriata, 351.

umbratica, 225, 242.

Sycotypus

Jicus, 146.

Sylvia

aquatica, 210.

bonelli, 377.

cetti, 377.

cinerea, 327.

cingalensis, 543.

644

Sylvia

trochiloides, 329.

Symplectes

Y hoe 328.

Synallaxis

terricolor, 177, 183.

vulpecula, 177, 184.

vulpina, 184,

yntomis

atereus, 362.

Taccocua

leschenaultit, 569.

Tachydromus

burchelli, 61.

chalcopterus, 62.

collaris, 61.

orientalis, 61.

temminckii, 61.

Tachyphonus

rufiventris, 180.

Tadorna

rutila, 150.

variegata, 78, 149.

Tana

celestis, 180.

darwini, 97.

Srugilegus, 97.

melanoptera, 180.

striata, 97.

Tantalus

loculator, 199.

Tanylecta

lambii, 227, 263, 267.

Taphozous

australis, 430.

flaviventris, 430.

nudiventris, 93.

Telescopium

fuscum, 146.

Terebratulina

caput-serpentis, 102.

Terias

drona, 357.

hecabe, 357.

vagans, 357.

venata, 358.

Terpsichrois

alea, 268.

eleusina, 289.

thodsa, 297.

Testudo

denticulata, 305.

tabulata, 306.

Tetraglenes

insignis, 226, 255.

Thalasseus

magnirostris, 200.

Thalurania

nigro-fasciata, 194.

INDEX,

Thamnophilus

amazonicus, 185.

atricapillus, 185,

corvinus, 185.

hyperythrus, 185.

melanocephalus, 185.

melanoceps, 185,

melanurus, 185.

nevius, 185,

radiatus, 185.

Thaumantias

bartletti, 177, 194.

fluviatilis, 194.

Thecidium

barretti, 104.

mediterraneum, 104.

moorei, 104.

triangularis, 104.

Thestus

oncideroides, 226, 248,

267.

Thryothorus

albipectus, 178.

coraya, 178.

martinicensis, 321,

Thylactus

angularis, 226, 242,

267.

Tigrisoma

brasiliense, 199.

cabanisi, 199.

Tiliqua :

FSernandesi, 562.

Timalia

flavicollis, 548.

gularis, 547, 548.

Timandra

aventiaria, 365.

Tinnunculus

adlaudarius, 568.

rupicola, 22,

Todiramphus

collaris, 554.

Todirostrum

chrysocrotaphum, 187.

maculatum, 187.

spiciferum, 187.

Tornatellina

lamellata, 443.

Totanus

glottis, 331.

Toxocampa

metaspila, 363.

Trachichthys

australis, 315,

darwinii, 311.

elongatus, 315.

Trachyops

cirrhosus, 115.

Trachystola

granulosa, 226, 247.

Treron

australis, 424.

calva, 329.

Trichocorytes

macmurtrii, 118.

Trigonella

luzonica, 146,

Trigonodes

hyppasia, 364.

nga

maculata, 199.

subarquata, 331, 425.

Triquetra

corrugata, 444,

obliqua, 444,

Trochilus

chionogaster, 194.

Troglodytes

furvus, 96, 178, 321.

Trogon

clathratus, 75.

collaris, 193.

massena, 75, 76.

melanopterus, 192.

melanurus, 193.

oreskios, 538.

puella, 76.

ramonianus, 193.

variegatus, 193.

viridis, 192.

gites

rufescens, 199.

Tschitrea

borbonica, 423.

mutata, 423.

Turbo

amaurochalinus, 177.

chiguanco, 96, 320.

fumigatus, 177.

ignobilis, 177.

nigerrimus, 422,

ourovang, 422.

subcinereus, 320.

Turnix

nigricollis, 425,

sylvatica, 210.

Tursio

catalania, 215.

cymodoce, 215.

dorcides, 214.

eurynome, 215.

eutropia, 215.

heavisidii, 215.

metis, 215.

obscurus, 215.

truncatus, 215.

Turtur aa

icturatus, 5

time: 571.

Turtur

semitorquatus, 23.

Tylostoma

childrenii, 114.

Tyrannulus

elatus, 188.

Tyrannus

aurantio-atro-cristatus,

2, 190.

inca, 190.

melancholicus, 189.

pipiri, 189, 190.

violentus, 2.

Unio

acuminatus, 376.

egyptiacus, 376.

aferula, 376.

bakeri, 376.

caillaudi, 376.

swinhoet, 319.

Upupa

marginata, 421.

nigripennis, 569.

Urocissa

sinensis, 81.

Uroderma

personatum, 116.

Urotrichus

talpoides, 81.

Ursus .

formosanus, 418.

syriacus, 90.

tibetanus, 418.

Urubitinga

schistacea, 198.

Utethesia

pulchella, 362.

Vampyrops

vittatus, 116.

INDEX,

Vampyrus

spectrum, 113.

Vanga

curvirostris, 423.

damii, 423.

Vespertilio

murinus, 92.

parvulus, 431.

pictus, 211.

Vesperugo

kuhlir, 93.

leisleri, 558.

Victorina

aphrodite, 456.

superba, 457.

Vireosylvia

agilis, 179.

Viverra

schlegelii, 419.

Vivipara

angularis, 146.

unicolor, 375.

Volatinia

jacarina, 97, 181.

Volva

volva, 146.

Vulpes

flavescens, 90.

niloticus, 90.

vulgaris, 90.

Vultur

monachus, '78.

Xantharpyia

egyptiaca, 93.

amplexicaudata, 64.

straminea, 64.

Xanthodes

intersepta, 363.

transversa, 363.

THE END.

645

Xanthosomus

icterocephalus, 182.

Xenopirostris

damii, 423.

Xenops

approximans, 184.

heterurus, 566.

rutilus, 566.

Xyaste

nigripes, 226, 257,

267.

Xylorhiza

venosa, 226, 242.

Xylotrechus

australis, 228, 521.

Xystrocera

alcyonea, 228, 534.

globosa, 228, 534.

Yungipicus

auritus, 540.

canicapillus, 539.

moluccensis, 539.

Zebronia

abdicalis, 364.

perspicualis, 364.

Zosne

cincticornis, 227, 264,

267.

Zosterops

borbonica, 422.

chloronotus, 422.

ficedulina, 327.

flavifrons, 422.

hesitata, 422.

madagascariensis, 422.

mayottensis, 422,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

TuE scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two

kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and

“ Transactions,” in quarto.

According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings”

contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-

tifie meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings

and recommended to be published by the Committee of Pub-

lication. From forty to fifty coloured plates and engravings

are attached to each annual volume of the “ Proceedings,” to

illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable species of animals

described in them. Amongst such illustrations, figures of the

new or rare species acquired in a living state for the Society’s

Gardens are often given.

The “ Proceedings” for each year are issued in three parts,

in the months of May, October, and March, the part pub-

lished in March completing the volume for the preceding year.

They may be obtained with or without the illustrations.

The “Transactions” contain such of the more important

communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society

as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate

them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form.

The numerous papers of Professor Owen on the Anthropoid

Apes, and on the various species of Dinornis, all form part of

this series.

Fellows, and Honorary, Foreign, and Corresponding Members,

upon payment of a Subscription of £1 1s. before the day of the

Anniversary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the

Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled

to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less

than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re-

duction of 25 per cent is made upon purchases of Publications

issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds.

The following is a complete list of the publications of the

Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s

Office (11, Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’ the

Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), at M. J. Roth-

schild’s the Society’s Agent at Paris (43 Rue Saint André des

Arts) and Leipzig (384 Querstrasse), or through any bookseller :—

[September 1866.]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE-

SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

8vo. 2 vols.

Part

is Ju,

I, 1830-31.

1832.

1 vol. 8vo

”

Peet ee eneeeeeteseeee

To Fellows. To the Public.

: 6s.

Price 4s. 6d.

3 48.60. %2 4968;

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

8vo. 15 vols. and Index.

Part I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. ...

+z IT. 1834.

oo) LEREPLS35:

at) LV ISBGE

3 V. 1837.

» VI. 1838,

» VIL 1839.

» VIII. 1840.

Price to Price to the

Fellows.

Index 1830

(First Series.)

Price to Pricetothe

Fellows. Public.

. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

X. 1842. an 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

XI. 1843. a 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

XII. 1844. 3 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

XIII, 1845. 9 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

XIV. 1846. ~~ 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

XV. 1847. Ss 4s. 6d. ... 6s.

ae _ 4s, 6d. ... 6s.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

8vo. 13 vols. and Index.

Without Illustrations.

To the Public.

6s.

Part XVI.

55 Vy

a XV

es XIX.

sf KM!

os DOE

Aye. 2.40 8

e800

ee. oe

ee OK Vis

ja, | VL

» XVII.

» XXVIII,

To Fellows.

1848. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s.

1849.

1850.

1851.

1852.

1853.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860.

Index 1848-60.

4s.

(Second Series.)

With Illustrations.

. Price 1

To Fellows.

Ss.

ORR Re ee RH OCOeH eH

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CWNN HR Be eee He

aay

—

ANNNONNOAARR Os]

—

“NI

To the Public.

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THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THIS SERIES ARE ALSO SOLD SEPARATELY

Mammalia ..........-- 1 vol., containmg 83 Plates

PAW ERI Tess ses,’ cans hate 2 vols., 3 73: 4,

Reptilia et Pisces ... 1 vol., “3 43,

Mollusca......scceceses 1 vol., 33 DLSTES

Annulosa et Radiata 1 vol., % 90 cay

IN FIVE VOLUMES, AS FOLLOWS :—

To Fellows. To the Public.

s. d. £ s. d.

Price 2 8 O 3-30

ss emnon, 0 6 6 0

Cd Detlar 3) tip i) As T 10.16

fds Sur, 110 6

258° Ove. 3 3 0