LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Barxir, Dr. Batrour, F. Roy. Geogr. Soc. page

On the Skull of a Manatus from Western Africa

On the species of Crocodilus inhabiting the rivers Kwéra

and Binué (Niger and Tsddda) in Central Africa ........

On the Skull of a species of Mecistops inhabiting the river

Bianeror Usadda, im Central Africa)... oo. een ek

Bartuett, A. D.

Description of Chinese Sheep sent to H.R.H. Prince

Albert, by Rutherford Alcock, Esq., H.M. Vice-Consul at

Shanghai: and presented by His Royal Highness to the

, Zoological Society in April 1855 .......... 06.000. ee.

Description of a Rabbit said to be found on the Himalayan

ThA cov ea aS eon ale ec Rn a Ae eal rae oa

Cutty, Hon. Epwarp.

On the Jamaican Cyclotus, and the Descriptions of Twenty-

one proposed New Species and pean New Varieties of that

Subgenus from Jamaica ese alten ipwalen tat

On Stoastomide as a Family, and on Seven proposed New

Genera, Sixty-one New Species, and Two New Varieties from

Jamaica .. SAW ACs

104

159

162

page

Crisp, Epwarps, M.D.

On the presence or absence of Air in the Bones of

BUTS cies . 1S s oS ak ghee ark one ae 9,

Exhibition of a Nest believed to be that of the Great Grey

Shrike (Lantus excubttor): .. 2... cc ics: «dca ie he

Dourn, H.

Description of Thirteen New Species of Paludinacea from

Ceylon, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ........

Exsry, M.

Letter containing Observations respecting various Species

of Birds met with in the neighbourhood of the Victoria River

Depot, N.W. Australia, lat. south 17° 34! 30" (communi-

cated by Johu Gould, F.R.S. &c.) 10.0: -.. .- cs epee

GouLp, Aucusrus A., M.D.

On the true Nautilus umbilicatus of Lister........

GounD, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Descriptions of Three New Species of the Genus Phaé-

thornas, Family Trochilid@ ...05 2404.2. >. «2 oa) eee

Descriptions of Three New and very beautiful Species of

Birds from Guatemala and from the Island of Lombock... .

Observations on his visit to the United States of America;

with Description of a New Species of Certornis found in the

Collection of Dr. Cabot, of Boston, U.S............. cee.

On several New Species of Birds from various parts of the

On Four New Species of Mus and One of Hapalotis, from

Acta ia yii iaied hiss :n\s's gig epg pie dw wae melas Sele Ree

Gray, Dr. Joun Epwarp, F.R.S., V.P. Ent. and Z.S., &c.

On the Structure of the Pelvis of Chlamyphorus trun-

catus .

215

123

i lt ge naa arie D

Observations on the Species of the Genus Manatus

On the Genus Necturus or Menobranchus, with an account

paye

Poms Ot eaMeyBee tM... tlc. sacle eee ne ete Renee pe 61

On the Animal and Bark of the Genus Antipathes...... 113

Description of a New Genus of Gorgoniade .. 128

Description of a New Species of Antilope (Oryx Beatriz)

lately living in the Menagerie of the Society ............ 157

Description of New Genera of Gorgoniade............ 158

Notice of a Large Species of Lineus taken on the Coast

near Montrose........ 210

Observations on the Genus Furcel/la, Oken; and on the

Genera Teredo and Chena ...............- 243

On the Duiker Boks in the Society’s Gardens.......... 277

Notice of a New Species of Jaguar from Mazatlan, living

' in the Society’s Gardens .... AS Haren aca 278

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of Axiferous Zoophytes

migbapked Corals: 2 agh oct bok: gs ARG ad Ea ee 278

Hartery, Grorer, M.D., F.C.S.

On the Anatomy of a New Species of Pentastoma found

in the Lung and Air-sae of an Egyptian Cobra ..... 115

Moore, FrepERic.

Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidopterous In-

Sectsnimom Northern India... 2.52.5... .. 102

Owen, Professor, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga

BAEC EE PAN GLINLN ia oe ain sf Ach ay Haack va ate (8 9 ale. da BV a5, AR 22

Preirrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of Thirty-one New Species of Land Shells,

from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ......... Oy

Puuiiprs, Rey. T. page

Notes on the Habits of some Birds observed in the Plains

of N.W. India in 1849 (communicated by Frederic Moore) 85

Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S., F.G.S.

Descriptions of Seven New Shells from the Collection of

the Hon. Sir David Barclay, of Port Louis, Mauritius .... 207

RicHarpson, Sir Joun, M.D., F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., &e.

On Siphonognathus, a New Genus of Fistularide ...... 237

Sauue, M. Auauste.

Liste des Oiseaux rapportés et observés dans la République

Dominicaine (ancienne partie Espagnole de lle St. Do-

mingue ou d’ Haiti), par M. A. Salle, nk son voyage de

1849.4.1851 . 0. 2. os ek a ees oe > > > apt eran

Scuater, Puitip L., M.A., F.L.S., &e.

Notes on the Birds in the Museum of the Academy of Na-

tural Sciences of Philadelphia, and other Collections in the

United States.of America............+. -.-+: +) enn

Further Additions to the List of Birds received in Collec-

tions from Bogota... neo. sos ss oo os Gs er

Characters of some apparently New Species ot American

Amt-Thrushes. <2... 0. enceseeen es 00 ccs ann

Description of a New Tanager of the Genus Eu'phonia .. 66

Review of the Species of the South American Subfamily

DWF og on ox odie yiesn fniey eae 4 ee ee eg 67

On Parus meridionalis and some other Species mentioned

in the Catalogue of Birds collected by M. Sallé in Southern

IMiexi come: acre «male tg asic, je es3 eyo; o.evauneee: © aa

On Three New Species of the Genus Todirostrum ...... 82

List of Birds collected by Mr. Thomas Bridges, Corr.

Mem., in the Valley of San José, in the State of Califormia.. 125

Note on the Upland Goose 2... 0. nih inec ceeds moles 128

Vil

page

Descriptions of Twelve New or little-known Species of the

South American Family Formicariide.................. 129

List of additional Species of Mexican Birds obtained by

by M. Auguste Sallé from the environs of Jalapa and S.

PORES Liixblae coc. ck kes ae etme ene OT

On a Collection of Birds made by Signor Matteo Botteri

in the Vicinity of Orizaba in Southern Mexico .......... 210

Notes on an unnamed Parrot from the Island of St. Do-

mingo, now living in the Society’s Gardens; and on some

Guler Species of the same Family.) ..2. 5. /1...5..0..0.. 224

On a Collection of Birds received 7. M. Sallé from South-

PAHO Wee Oe ek en aces eco tr y oc a oaths a setae otee OOO

Review of the Species of the Fissirostral family Momotide 248

On a Collection of Birds transmitted by Mr. H. W. Bates

EMMIBEMCRUNDCR ATAZON . ocr. pase se sere Se Whe eee sien Od

Description of Eleven New Species of Birds from Tropical

FAME TCAD a ay) Cee We ie oils ol dee a Wns eno a ta etey Siapiale acy en Dy

TrEGETMEIER, W. B.

Exhibition of a Collection of Skins of New Varieties of

Domestic Fowls, the property of Charles Darwin, Esq..... 46

Exhibition of Specimens illustrating the differences pro-

duced in the Hens of the Common Pheasant and Domestic

Fowl by disease or degeneration of the Ovary............ 81

Tomes, Rosert F.

Monograph of the Genus Lasiurus .................. 34

Deseriptions of Four undescribed Species of Bats ...... 50

On Two Species of Bats inhabiting New Zealand ...... 134

Woutey, Joun, Jun.

On the Nest and Loe of the ead ee gar-

rula, Temm.). . MS ME ea MR een SRE TS ets Shu Saat het SSD

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 13, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Norres on THE Birps In THE Museum OF THE ACADEMY

or NatTurAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND OTHER

COLLECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

By Puiuip Lutuey Scuarer, M.A., F.Z.8., ETc.

Having recently returned from a few.months’ excursion to the

United States of America, and had the advantage of a personal in-

spection of the principal zoological collections in the northern por-

tion of the New World, I think it may imterest the Society to give

them some account of the state of Ornithology in that country (that

being the branch of Zoology to which I paid most attention), and

to communicate some notes on new or rare specimens of Birds which

thus came under my observation.

~ The collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

is certainly the best zoological collection in the New World, and

in the particular department of Ornithology, and perhaps one or two

other points, is probably superior to every Museum in Europe, and

therefore the most perfect in existence. In 1852, when Dr. Rus-

chenberger wrote his notice on the origin, progress, gad condition of

the Academy, the number of specimens of birds was estimated to

exceed 27,000, and since that time large additions have been made,

and the number has been very considerably increased. Dr. Thomas

B. Wilson is, as is well known, the person to whose munificence the

Academy is indebted for the greater part of the specimens which

make up this magnificent series. The general collection formed by

No. CCCXXVII.—ProcrerpDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Prince Massena d’Essling, Duc de Rivoli, and the types of the spe-

cies described by Mr. Gould in the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ were the

first and largest of Dr. Wilson’s contributions towards this result ;

but a great number of further additions have been received during

the last ten years from the same individual, and no opportunity is

neglected of rendering this branch of the Academy’s collection still

more perfect. As the Library of the Academy is also very complete,

particularly i in all that relates to Ornithology, and the greatest libe-

rality is shown to strangers who desire access to any part of the col-

lections, it will be evident that there are few, if any, places in the

globe where a student of Ornithology can pursue his researches

with more convenience and profit to himself than the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Mr. John Cassin, so well known

by his work on the Birds of California and Oregon, and his nume-

rous papers in the Proceedings of the Academy, devotes the whole

of his leisure time towards the cataloguing and arrangement of the

collection of birds, and has already published Lists of the Raptores,

and of the Caprimulgide and Hirundinide of the order Passeres.

The collection of birds’ eggs belonging to the Academy (of which

Dr. Heerman published a catalogue in 1853) is likewise one of the

most extensive in the world, embracing upwards of 1320 determined

species.

Ee Cassin has also a private collection of his own at Philadel-

phia, and is no less active in obtaining specimens in the field than in

his studies of the examples contained in the Museum of the Aca-

demy.

At New York the Lyceum of Natural History have at present no

collection, but publish, in their ‘Annals,’ many interesting papers

on Ornithology, chiefly from the pen of Mr. George N. Lawrence.

This gentleman is very well acquainted with the birds of the northern

portion of the American continent, and possesses an extensive orni-

thological collection, embracing many species which he has himself

described as new.

The types of the birds described by De Kay in the ‘ Natural

History of the State of New York’ are at Albany, and form part of

the interesting collection which was the result of the State-survey,

and so excellently illustrates the zoology of that region.

In Boston there is, as is well known, a flourishing Natural History

Society, whose Museum contains a good collection of birds, princi-

pally American. Dr. Thomas Brewer, one of its members, has a

very extensive cabinet of eggs, and is now about to publish, under

the patronage of the Smithsonian Institution, a large work with

coloured plates illustrating the eggs of all the species of North Ame-

rican birds—the first work of the kmd undertaken in that country.

Another member of the Society—Dr. Samuel Cabot—has also a col-

lection of birds, containing, amongst others, the types of the species

described by him in the Proceedings and Journal of the Society in

1843, and which he himself procured in Yucatan.

There are two collections of Natural History at Washington, which

merit much attention. First, that in the Patent Office, where will

be found the specimens collected during the celebrated Exploring

Expedition of Commander Wilkes, and some other of the Govern-

ment expeditions: and, in the second place, the very extensive series

of birds in the possession of the Smithsonian Institution, which

body now takes in charge the specimens of Natural History col-

lected by the more recent Government expeditions, as well as a large

mass of material received from its own numerous correspondents.

The United States Boundary Commission, and the six separate expe-

ditions for the survey of the railway route to the Pacitic, have lately

accumulated a very large series of specimens of birds from the

western portion of the continent in the hands of the Institution ;

and the publication of the. Zoology of these expeditions (which

Professor Baird, Mr. Cassin, and other Naturalists are now engaged

upon) will make very large additions to our knowledge of North

American Ornithology.

Professor Baird’s private collection of birds is also very complete,

and contains many of Audubon’s rarer types.

The College of Charleston in South Carolina possesses an inter-

esting collection of Natural History. The birds are principally

North American, but there are several rare species from Cuba, pre-

sented to the College by Senor F. A. Sauvalle of Havana.

The following are some of the notes which I took during my in-

spection of the collections above mentioned, before presenting which

I may be permitted to observe, that nothing can be more gratifying

than the liberal access and great facilities in every case afforded to

the stranger visiting the Collections and Libraries both public and

private in the United States of America.

ACCIPITRES.

The American Vultures forming the genus Cathartes require

further investigation before the number of the species can be satis-

factorily determined. Most modern writers now agree in separating

the southern red-headed and black-headed species from their north-

ern representatives of the United States, Cathartes aura and C.

atratus. Prince Bonaparte first remarked upon these differences in

his paper on this subject in the Comptes Rendus for 1850, p. 292.

But here, as also in his ‘Conspectus,’ he considers C. durrovianus,

of Cassin, the same as the southern C. ota. This is, in my opinion,

certainly not the case. There are two specimens of Mr. Cassin’s

bird in the Academy’s collection from Mexico, and they most nearly

resemble the true aura of the States, but are at once distinguishable

by their diminutive size, and seem to be truly distinct from both the

other two red-headed species.

Amongst the rarer types in the large series of Falconide possessed

by the Academy, is the only hitherto known specimen of Cymindis

Wilsoni, Cassin (Journ. Ac. Phil. i. p. 21. pl. 7). This singular

bird is certainly quite different from Cymindis uncinata, with which

Dr. Cabanis seems inclined to unite it (vide Journ. f. Orn. 1854,

Extra-h. p. Ixxx); and I have lately been informed that Dr. Gund-

lach, who is still prosecuting his researches into the rich ornithology

of the island of Cuba, has recently succeeded in obtaining other

specimens.

The little Californian Athene or Glaucidium, which Cassin has

considered to be Temminck’s Strix infuscata (Birds of Cal. & Oreg.

p- 189), and was called by Audubon Strix passerinoides, appears to

be clearly different from the South American bird, which is legiti-

mately entitled to bear both of these names. It seems most like the

European passering, but has the toes only partially covered with hairs.

Unless Wagler’s Glaucidium gnoma can be reconciled with it, of

which there appears to be much doubt, it will require a new name ;

and I should therefore venture to suggest that it be called Glauci-

dium californicum.

The Library of the Philadelphian Academy contains a copy of

the rare work called ‘ Registro trimestre,’ published. in Mexico im

1832, and of which some particulars are given by Mr. Cassin in his

‘ Birds of California’ (p. 24). Sefior De la Llave’s generic appellation

of Pharomacrus for the group of Trogons called Calurus by Mr.

Gould, occurs here in an article entitled “ Sobre el Quetzaltolotl,

genero nuevo de aves,’ and is decidedly entitled to adoption. As,

however, De la Llave’s specific name ‘“‘mocinno”’ (intended to im-

mortalize an illustrious Mexican of that name) is rather unpleasing,

I trust that the term paradiseus may have been previously applied

to it by Prince Bonaparte. The Prince assigns the date of 1826 to

the publication of this name in his ‘ Conspectus,’ but gives no refer-

ence, and I cannot find out where this name was first employed. In

the second volume of the same work, Senor De la Llave deseribes

four new Humming-Birds under the curious specific titles xzcotencal,

tzacatl, papantzin and topiltzin !!

Two specimens of the bird which I described in these Proceedings

under the name of Cyphorinus albigularis are in the collection of

the Philadelphian Academy. They were obtained at Panama by

Mr. Bell. I found them marked, to my surprise, Thryothorus

fasciato-ventris, Lafr. (R. Z. 1845, p. 337), and such is indeed the

case. My specific name must therefore give place, and the species

Thryothorus fasciato-ventris should be elided from the list of Bogota

Birds, in which, on Lafresnaye’s authority, I have hitherto included

it. The same collection also contains an example of the beautiful

Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp. (P. Z. 8. 1855, pl. ciii.).

Besides the three little Thrushes (which have been so much con-

founded together, and have received so many names), called in Bona-

parte’s ‘Conspectus,’ T'urdus solitarius, T. minor and T. wilsoni,

Audubon’s Turdus nanus appears to me to be also a valid species. It

most nearly resembles 7’. solitarius, of which it is the western re-

presentative, but is smaller in size, and has a more densely spotted

throat and breast. I cannot understand the reasons that have

induced Prince Bonaparte to banish Turdus nevius, of whieh I saw

many examples in the American collections, from the family of

Thrushes, and to place it among the Teniopterines. I cannot at all

agree with him on this point. Mr. Bell, who has observed this

bird in a state of nature, tells me that.its habits are nearly those of

the American Robin (Turdus migratorius), and I am inclined to

consider that bird as its nearest ally.

The Philadelphian collection contains the only adult male I have

seen of the beautiful Flycatcher named Muscicapa rugensis by

Hombron and Jacquinot (Ann. d. Sec. Nat. xvi. p. 312). M. Pu-

cheran, led away by the strong compressed beak, which is truly

remarkable in this family, has placed this bird in the genus Collurz-

cincla. But an attentive examination of its structure shows, without

doubt, that it is a Muscicapine, though with abnormal characters

pushed to the extreme of divergence. I think, however, it may

safely be placed in the neighbourhood of Pomarea nigra, with which

it corresponds in its changes of plumage. Prince Bonaparte has

proposed for it the separate generic name Metabolus.

The Smithsonian Institution possesses examples of Pachyrham-

phus aglaie (v. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 297), collected by Mr. Couch in the

province of New Leon, Mexico. This is the farthest northern ap-

pearance of a bird of this family hitherto recorded.

Mr. Lawrence of New York, amongst many other very interesting

birds in his collection, showed me the first example I had seen of

Audubon’s Alauda spraguit. This has always been rather a puzzling

bird to me, as the New World is commonly supposed to be devoid

of true Larks—although one would have thought the immense

grassy prairies of the Northern Continent to be a region perfectly

adapted to the members of this group of animais—and their place is

occupied by the modified Starling-like form Sturneila. Prince Bona-

parte has located this curious bird in the genus Ofocorys ; Professor

Baird has called it an Agrodroma. But an examination of the spe-

eimen which I now exhibit, and which has been kindly lent to me

by Mr. Lawrence, at once shows that its true place is not in either

of these genera. Though rather tenuirostral, it must, I think, be

placed within the Alaudide (and not with the Pipits) near Calan-

drella and Otocorys, with which forms it agrees in the absence of

the first spurious quill, and I venture to propose for it the distinct

generic title Neocorys.

Mr. John Bell of New York gave me a most interesting account of

the discovery of this bird, which was made by Mr. Audubon’s party

on the Upper Missouri in the neighbourhood of Fort Union, at

the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. Here it is

abundant, though not easy to obtain, being only noticeable when

soaring high in the skies like our Sky-Lark, and pouring forth its

long-continued song.

The Smithsonian Institution and Philadelphian Collection both

contain examples of Myiadestes Townsendi, which I found, as I had

anticipated, to be truly different from the bird which I charac-

terized in these Proceedings last year under the name of M. wni-

color (v. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299), and still more so from Lafresnaye’s

M. obscurus, to which Prince Bonaparte and Cabanis have united it.

Another species of this peculiar form, which I first saw.in Mr. Law-

rence’s collection, is M. elisabethe from Cuba ( Muscicapa elisabethe,

Lembeye, Av. de Cuba, pl. 5. fig. 3). These, with M. armillata,

from Jamaica, M. griseiventris from Peru, and my M. venezuelensis,

make a total of seven typical species of this smgular group now

known, and afford a beautiful example of the regular diffusion of

corresponding ornithic species over distinct though neighbouring

geographic areas. The Philadelphian Collection likewise contains an

example of Cichlopsis leucogonys, Cab., belonging to the same family

of birds, the type of which in the Berlin Museum has been hitherto

considered as unique.

Among the Tanagers in the Philadelphian Academy I discovered

two specimens of a very distinct species of Saltator, which I have

never seen in European collections, and which I described in the

Proceedings of the Academy under the name of 8. atripennis. Dr.

Cabot of Boston also showed me the type of his Pyranga roseogu-

laris, which is apparently a good species. These two Tanagers must

be added to those given in my Synopsis of the birds of that family

published in these Proceedings last year.

On examining the type of Mr. Cassin’s Pastor nigrocinctus (Pr.

Ac. Se. Phil. v. p. 68), I found it to be the same as the bird in the

Paris Museum named Sericulus anais by Lesson, R. Z. 1839, p. 441,

and which has rightly been raised to generic rank by Prince Bona-

parte under the name Melanopyrrhus anais (Notes Or. p. 9).

The existence of a second example of this bird is very interesting, as

it removes all doubts about its being a real and not a fictitious bird,

as Mr. G. R. Gray hints in his ‘ List of Genera and Subgenera.’

The same collection is also fortunate in possessing amongst its

complete series of Paradiseide, the only known specimen of the

splendid second species of the genus Diphyllodes. American Na-

turalists were quite unaware when they named this bird that Prince

Bonaparte’s characters of his Lophorina (!) respublica (Compt.

Rend. 1850, p. 131) were taken from the self-same example. And

seeing that even after the correction of the error in the generic ap-

pellation (Compt. Rend. 1850, p. 291), the descriptive phrase given

by the Prince is positively erroneous, and such as the bird cannot

by any possibility be recognized by, I must say I think it very

questionable whether we ought not to employ Cassin’s name Wilsoni

for this species, although certainly subsequent in time of publication

to Prince Bonaparte’s term respublica.

The Philadelphian Collection also possesses the only known example

of Paradigalla carunculata, described and figured by Eydoux and

Souleyet in the ‘ Voyage of the Venus.’

Icterus Scotti, Couch, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 66, discovered by

Lieut. Couch in New Leon and Coahuila, Mexico, is the same as

Icterus parisorum, Bp.

There have been two species of ye family long confounded under

the name dominicensis. The true‘T. dominicensis (Pendulinus flavi-

gaster, Vieill.) is from Cuba and S. Domingo, and is the bird cha-

racterized under the name Pendulinus hypomelas in Bp.’s Consp.

p- 433. sp.8. On the other hand, his P. dominicensis is quite a dif-

ferent bird, which I propose for the future to call

IcTERUS WAGLERI.

Psarocolius flavigaster, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 756, nec Vieill.

Pendulinus dominicensis, Bp. Consp. p. 432, nec Linn.

Nigro-sericeus : tectricibus alarum minoribus infra et supra, dorso

postico et abdomine toto flavis, hoc aurantiaco tincto : tectrici-

bus caude inferioribus nigris.

Long. tota 8:0, alee 4:2, caudee 3°7.

There are examples of this bird at the Smithsonian Institution

collected by Lieut. Couch in Coahuila. I have likewise examples of

it im my own collection. Icterus prosthemelas, Strickland (Contr.

Orn. 1850, p. 120. pl. 52) (which is not the same as Pendulinus

lessoni, Bp.), is a closely allied species, but is smaller and has the

under tail-coverts yellow.

Emberiza belli, Cassin (Pr. Ac.. Sc. Phil. 1850, pl. 4. p. 104), and

Emberiza bilineata (ibid. pl. 3) seem to me to form natural members

of the genus Poospiza, and I propose to call them Poospiza delli and.

Poospiza bilineata.

Junco cinereus has recently been described as new for the third

time as Struthus caniceps (Woodhouse in Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 202).

As I have already observed, the name Junco ought to be employed

instead of Struthus for all the three closely allied species of this

genus, which will henceforth stand as J. cinereus, J. oregonus, and

J. hyemalis.

Zonotrichia gambelli (the third species of Bp.’s Consp.) is now

considered in America as the young of Z. leucophrys: Z. mortont

(the fifth species), of which I have seen the type m the Philadel-

phian collection, is nothing more than a Chilian specimen of Z. p-

leata sive matutina: Z. querula (the ninth species) is the same as

(the tenth) Z. comata, and ought rather to be placed in the genus

Passerella.

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 68), seems

to be the same as Spinites atrigularis (Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 133),

though M. Cabanis’ phrase is not very perfect.

The beautiful Zonotrichia cassinii lately described by Woodhouse

(Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 60) is very closely allied to Peucea bach-

manni, and must be placed next to it.

Dr. Gambel’s Fringilla blandingiana (Journ. Ac. Phil. i. pl. 9)

is the same as Pipilo rufipileus, Lafr. It is not an Embernagra, as

arranged by Bonaparte, nor a Pipzlo, and, as divisions are made now-

a-days, ought probably to have a distinct generic appellation.

Chondestes ruficauda, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 18, of which I found

several specimens in the collection at Philadelphia, is a typical 4imo-

phila, and Embernagra pyrgitoides, Lafr., seems to be nothing more

than ‘4. rufescens, the second species of that same genus.

The Philadelphian Collection has likewise specimens of Chryso-

mitris yarrelli (Aud.), not however from Western America, but from

the Orinoco ; and I believe Audubon was altogether in error as to

its locality, and that it is an inhabitant, not of the northern, but of

the southern portion of the American continent.

The recent researches have increased the number of Woodpeckers

of the genus Centurus occurring within the limits of the United

States to three in number :—(1) C. carolinus, of the Eastern States;

(2) C.uropygialis, Baird, lately discovered by the Naturalists attached

to Lieut. Whipple’s expedition in New Mexico; and (3) C. flavi-

ventris, Sw., which seems to be by no means uncommon in Texas,

and is apparently quite distinct from C. santacruzi, Bp., with which

it is often considered synonymous.

There is a very fine series of specimens of the genus Coua in the

Philadelphian collection representing every species mentioned in

Prince Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ except C. madagascariensis. Coua

ruficeps is by no means the same as C. reynaudi, as is there made

out, but is a species more like C. cristata with a white throat and

violaceous breast from Zanzibar, while C. reynaudi is from Mada-

gascar.

Certain European Naturalists appear to me to have been much too

hasty in condemning the new Grus hoyiana lately described by Mr.

Dudley in the ‘ Proceedings of the Philadelphian Academy.’ Judging

from the examples in the collection of that Institution, I venture to

pronounce it an excellent species, and not the young of Grus ameri-

cana, as Dr. Hartlaub has endeavoured to prove (Journ. f. Orn. 1855,

p- 336). It would seem, however, that this bird is really a Western

species from Oregon and Washington territory, and only accident-

ally present in Wisconsin, where it was first met with by Mr.

Dudley.

2. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PELVis OF CHLAMYPHORUS

TRUNCATUs. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. Ent. Soc.,

ETC,

Sir Woodbine Parish having, after considerable trouble, at length

been able to procure a second specimen of this extraordinary and

most interesting animal, has kindly transmitted it to the British

Museum.

The specimen had been eviscerated and simply dried in the sun,

was destitute of any fur, and did not afford any means of distinguish-

ing its sex.

The Museum already possessed the well-preserved specimen for-

merly procured by Sir Woodbine Parish, and the imperfect skeleton

of it so well described and figured by my late excellent friend Mr.

Yarrell in the Zoological Journal, vol. ii. p. 544. t. 16.

In the specimen of the skeleton figured and described by Mr.

Yarrell, the bones of the pelvis were separated to preserve the outer

covering entire ; the “bones being cut through as near to and as

parallel with the inner surface of the plates as their confined situation

would admit,”’ p. 546.

This description did not in the least prepare me for the extraor-

dinary structure which was discovered when the flesh was removed.

The truncated. posterior disk or shield is firmly attached to the

pelvis by four (or two pairs of) posterior processes, and in the central

line by the elongated ridges of the posterior sacral vertebra, so as to

be immoveably fixed to the pelvis. The posterior disk is thick, rather

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Side view of the pelvis, with the inside of the attached posterior disk.

Fig. 2. The inside of the posterior disk, showing the position of the places of

attachment.

Fig. 3. The outer side of the posterior disk, showing the form and position of the

perforations.

solid, and furnished with a marginal series of oblong perforations,

having asecond series of similar but smaller perforations within them

in the centre, and two series of much elongated curved slits on each

side, near the margin, as in the figure.

Professor Owen informs me that a somewhat similar adhesion of

the skeleton to the dermal system is to be observed in the Glypto-

don, and also in some of the fossil Armadilloes of the older strata.

3. ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AIR IN THE BONES OF

Birps. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D.

As one of the objects of the founders of this Society, as expressed

by the Charter, was the cultivation of Physiology, and as our com-

munications of late, upon this subject, have been rather scanty, I am

induced to submit this paper to the notice of the members, and I do

so with a hope that it may serve to dispel one of the many errors

that unfortunately encumber the science of Zoology.

_My attention was first especially directed to the investigation of

this matter in consequence of hearing the following statement by

Professor Owen, in one of his Lectures at the College of Surgeons,

on the Vertebrata, of which I took notes at the time. The lec-

turer, to show the permeability: of the bones of birds to air, said,

‘‘ that a friend of his saw aman driving sea-gulls near Boulogne, and

being surprised that the birds did not fly, he inquired the reason, and

was told by the man that their thigh-bones had been perforated to

let out the air;”’ and in further corroboration of this, Professor

Owen said, “every sportsman knows that when the legs of a par-

tridge are broken, it falls from the same cause.”

I knew that this latter statement was an error, for two reasons—

first, because a partridge does not fall when its legs are broken ; and,

secondly, and especially, because the thigh-bones of this bird do not

contain air. In my dissections of the gulls I had not examined the

thigh-bones; but to my surprise on investigating this matter, I

found in all specimens afterwards dissected, that neither the humert

nor the femora contained air, but were filled with marrow. I next

began to ask myself whether the presence of air in the femora of

most birds would not act as an impediment to their flight, by dimi-

nishing the strength of the bone, and more particularly by depriving

them of that weight and ballast which might be essential to their

aérial progress? I knew, moreover, that most of our bats (the bones

of which are free from air) could keep on the wing for many hours,

some of them carrying their young, whilst probably the sparrow,

robin, wren, partridge, and many other birds, could not sustain a

continuous flight for five minutes. I next discovered that in many

specimens of the common fowl, a bird that had scarcely ever topped

a brick wall, the humerus was hollow; but in other birds of long

flight that I examined at the same time, including the snipe, curlew,

and many birds of passage, that none of the bones of the extremities

contained air. Before proceeding further with the investigation, I

consulted several modern writers upon the subject, and I subjoin ex-

tracts from their works for the purpose of showing the prevailing

opinion upon the matter. It was not till this morning, after the

above was written, that I consulted the essays of Camper and Hun-

ter, and it will perhaps be more methodical to quote these anatomists

before the others.

The first writer I find upon the subject is Camper, ‘ Giuvres

d’ Anatomie Comparée,’ Paris, 1803, vol. ui. p. 460. The paper was

presented to the Haarlem Academy, and he calls the discovery one

entirely new, “that nearly all the bones of birds are filled with air by

respiration ;”’ he entitled it a discovery, because he knew of no author

who had indicated the same thing. Marsighni had spoken of the

wing-bones of the pelican as very light and hollow, but he did not

allude to air, nor the manner in which it entered the cavity. The

first observations (February 1771) were made on the sea-eagle, owl,

maccaw, turkey, black-cock, and common fowl. The humeri and |

femora were perforated, and the air-sacs and lungs inflated through

the apertures. He came to the conclusion (verified by finding that

the thigh- and wing-bones of a sparrow contained marrow) that all

high-flying birds had the bones of the extremities filled with air ;

and he thought it probable that the wing-bones only of the swans,

geese and ducks would be found to be hollow.

After John Hunter’s paper in the sixty-fourth volume of the

London Philosophical Transactions, 1774, being “An Account of

certain receptacles of air in birds, which communicate with the lungs

_ and are lodged among the fleshy parts.and in the hollow bones of

these animals,” Camper published a letter (vol. iii. p. 474) claiming

the discovery three years before Hunter had spoken of it.

Hunter, in the paper above mentioned, appears to have confined

his observations to a few birds, and his three quoted experiments for”

the purpose of showing that a bird may breathe through apertures

made in the humerus or air-sacs, are very inconclusive. The birds

he speaks of are the ostrich, the common fowl, the woodcock, peli-

ean and canary. The chief object of the paper was to show that the

air-sacs and bones are appendages to the lungs. The essays of these

great anatomists, of which I have given a brief outline, will well

repay perusal ; and if many subsequent writers upon the subject had

depended upon their own observations, the prevailing error ‘that the

bones of a bird are filled with air,’ would not have occurred.

In Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom’ is the following :—“ The air-cavities

which occupy the interior of their body, and even (usually) super-

sede the marrow in their bones, increase their specific lightness.”

Milne-Edwards, in his ‘ Elémens de Zoologie,’ p. 504, says, “In

general, air is found in great abundance in the bones of the members

most employed in locomotion. In the ostrich, for example, the air-

cells in the femur have a remarkable development.”

The late Mr. Yarrell, whose recent death we all so much deplore,

does not in his work on British Birds speak of the bones; but in

his ‘ British Fishes’ (Introduction, p. 21), he says, in alluding to

the air-bladder, ‘The analogy to the air-cells in birds, and the pas-

sage of air from thence into the bones of the limbs, is too obvious

to be unobserved, and will give interest to further investigation.”

So that Mr. Yarrell’s impression evidently was, that the limb-bones

of birds were supplied with air.

Mr. Rymer Jones, in his ‘Organization of the Animal Kingdom,’

1855, p. 79, says, “ Birds, in fact, breathe not only with their lungs,

but the vital element penetrates almost every part of the interior of —

their bodies, bathing the surfaces of their viscera, and entering the

very cavities of their bones; so that the blood is most extensively

subjected to its influence.”’

_ In Carpenter’s ‘ Comparative Physiology,’ 1854, it is said, that

** Even the bones are made subservient to this function (respiration) ;

for though at an early period they possess a spongy structure, like

those of reptiles, and are filled with thin marrow, they subsequently

become hollow, and their cavities communicate with the lufigs. In

the aquatic species, however, the original condition is retained through

life.’ And in his ‘Manual for the Use of Students,’ p. 386, it is

stated, that in most birds the bones are hollow.

Professor Owen, in his article “Aves” in the ‘ Cyclopedia of

Anatomy and Physiology’ (vol. i. p. 343), remarks, “The singular

extension of the respiratory into the osseous system was discovered

simultaneously by Hunter and Camper, and ably investigated by

them through the whole class of birds. It is stated that if the femur

into which the air is admitted be broken, the bird shall not be able

to raise itself in flight.’ He then quotes from Hunter’s experi-

ments before alluded to.

Professor Owen goes on to say, that “the proportion in which the

skeleton is permeated by air varies in different birds. In the pen-

guins he found no air in the bones. The struthious birds have all

‘air admitted into the cavities, except the humeri, tibie and distal

bones of the legs, which retain their marrow. With the exception

of the woodcock, all birds of flight have air admitted into the hu-

merus. The pigeons, with the exception of the crown pigeon, have

no air in the femur, which retains its marrow. In the owls also the

femur is filled with marrow, but in the diurnal birds of prey, as in

almost all other birds of flight, the femur is filled with air. In the

pelican and gannet the air enters all the bones with the exception of

the phalanges of the toes. In the hornbill even these are permeated

by air.”

In his ‘ Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,’ vol. ii. p. 34, nearly

the same opinion is expressed, and the swifts and humming-birds

are said ‘‘to have air in every bone of the skeleton down to the pha-

langes of the claws.” ;

I make no apology for these quotations, because they are essential

for the proper understanding of the matter.

I have placed on the table a French and English partridge, a lark,

a snipe, a sparrow, a starling, and the skeleton (in maceration) of a

swift (Cypselus apus), and it will be seen that in the three first-

named birds only do the Awmeri contain air; the other bones are

filled with marrow ; in the remaining four birds the bones contain no

air: but I should observe that in two swifts before examined I found

the humeri hollow, the other bones full of marrow. I also exhibit

the bones of many birds that I have dissected ; among these are the

ostrich, jabiru, eagle, sparrow-hawk, Weka-rail, green woodpecker,

and many of the femora and humeri of the smaller British birds,

nearly all of which are filled with marrow ; indeed there are no

apertures in the bones for the admission of air.

To bring the question to a more practical bearing, I subjoin a list

of birds recently dissected (most of them shot by myself), in which

I have examined the bones of the extremities to ascertain the pre-

sence or absence of air, and in this communication I think it better

to include only British birds.

Sparrow Hawk. F. nisus. Common Duck.

Magpie.* C. pica. Velvet Scouter. O. fusca.

Jackdaw. C. monedula. Common Fowl.

Woodpigeon. OC. palumbus. Turkey.

Turtle Dove. C. turtur. Partridge (English). P. cinerea.

Sky Lark. A. arvensis. Partridge (French). P. rufa.

Green Woodpecker. PP. viridis. Bittern. SB. stellaris.

Common Gull. JZ. canus. Swallow. A. rustica.

Black-headed Gull. JZ. ridibun- Sand Martin. H. riparia.

dus. Goat-sucker. C. Europeus.

Herring Gull. L: argentatus. Chaffinech. F. celebs.

Great Black-backed Gull. Z. Yellow-hammer. JZ. citrinella.

marinus. Sparrow. J. domestica.

Razor Bill. A. Torda. Wheat-ear. 8. enanthe.

Puffin. fF. arctica. Wren, Common. T. Europeus.

Red-throated Diver. C. septen- Wren, Crested. R. auricapillus.

trionalis. Robin. 8. rubicula. :

Moor Hen. G. chloropus. Blackbird. 7. merula.

Coot. F. atra. Thrush. TJ. musicus.

Curlew. WN. arquata. Fieldfare. 7. pilaris.

Godwit. JL. melanura. Red-wing. YT. ¢liacus.

Dotterel. C. morinellus. Missel Thrush. 2. viscivorus.

Common Snipe. 8. gallinago. Starling. S. vulgaris.

Jack Snipe. 8S. gallinula. Hedge Sparrow. A. modularis.

Sanderling. A. vulgaris. Little Creeper. C. familiaris.

Water Ousel. C. aquaticus. Wood Lark. A. arborea.

Swift, Common. ff. apus. Oyster-catcher. HH. ostralegus.

House Martin. JH. urbica.

I have mislaid the notes of my dissections of many other British

birds, and as I do not like to trust to memory, I will reserve these

for the concluding part of my paper.

_ Of the above fifty-two birds, the first only had many of the bones

permeated with air; the next thirteen on the list had the humeri

only hollow, and among these it will be observed that there are many

of short flight. Of the remaining thirty-eight none of them had

marrow in the femora or humeri, and judging from a few that were

examined (the snipe, e. g.), none of the bones contained air. The

last list includes some birds, as the swift, martin and swallow, that

are longer on the wing and probably of swifter flight than any of

the feathered creation.

. By way of testing more accurately the correctness of my conclu-

sions, I performed the following experiments :—I introduced a blow-

pipe into the trachea of a common duck, a cock, a French partridge,

an English partridge, and a snipe; I opened the humeri and femora

of all, and placed the dead birds under water; I then inflated the

lungs and air-cells in the chest and abdomen, the size of the birds

being greatly increased by the inflation. In the cock the air escaped

freely from the aperture in the humerus; but in the other birds no

air was present. I then removed the humerus and femur at the

upper joint, but still no air escaped on inflation. As I have stated

before, all these. birds, with the exception of the snipe, had hollow

humeri, but none of them had air in the thigh-bones ; these experi-

- ments, however, require repetition on a larger scale.

_ In my next paper I purpose describing the air-sacs in the thoracic

and abdominal cavities of birds; the method by which air is ad-

mitted to the hollow bones ; and the flight of birds in relation to these

matters.

January 27, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions oF THREE New SPECIES OF THE GENUS

PuHaitTHorNis, Famity TROcHILIDE.

By Joun Gou tp, F.R.S., erc.

PHAETHORNIS VIRIDICAUDATA.

Stripe over and behind the eye light buff; crown of the head,

upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy grass-green, duller on the

head ; wings purplish brown; tail-feathers bronzy grass-green at

the base, passing into dark brown towards the extremity, the cen-

tral feathers tipped with white ; the next margined on each side at

the tip with white, and the remainder with white on the apical portion

of the external web; under surface reddish buff, becoming paler on

the abdomen and vent; upper mandible black; basal two-thirds of

the lower mandible yellow ; tip black ; legs yellow.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 14; tail, 14.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Remark.—This species belongs to that section of the Phaéthorni-

thes to which Prince Charles L. Bonaparte has given the generic ap-

pellation of Pygmornis, or, in other words, which is allied to the P.

eremita, pygmeus and griseogularis ; but differs from all in the ab-

sence of any red on the rump, and in the green colouring of the base

of the tail.

PHAETHORNIS EPISCOFUS.

Head, upper surface and wing-coverts rich golden brown; be-

hind the eye a stripe of buff; wings purplish brown ; tail deep

bronzy brown at the base, changing into slaty brown near the apex,

and slightly tipped with grey ; rump rufous; ear-coverts black ;

under surface deep sandy buff, crossed on the breast by a broad band

of jet-black ; somewhat elongated plumes; upper mandible and

apical third of the lower mandible black ; basal two-thirds of the

latter yellow.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 4; wing, 12; tail, 13.

Hab. Demerara.

Remark.—This species differs from both P. pygmaeus of Spix and

P. eremita in the rich bronzy colouring of its upper surface, by the

greater breadth of the black pectoral band, the deep bronzy hue of

the tail, and by the small size of its short and rounded wings.

PHAETHORNIS OBSCURA.

Head, upper surface, and wing-coverts dark bronzy green; stripe

behind the eye buff ; wings purplish brown ; tail dark bronzy brown,

each feather narrowly margined externally and slightly tipped with

white ; throat smoky black, between which and the eye a stripe of

light buff; chest clouded chestnut, passing into dark grey on the ab-

men, and fading into buffy white on the vent; under tail-coverts

greyish white ; upper mandible and tip of the lower black ; basal

three-fourths of the latter yellow.

_ Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wing, 12; tail, 14.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Remark.—This is also one of the smaller species of the former,

which, like P. wridicaudata, would pertain to Prince C. L. Bona-

parte’s genus Pygmornis. It differs from all others yet known in its

darkly coloured throat and under surface.

2. FurtHER ADDITIONS TO THE List oF BIRDS RECEIVED IN

CoLLECTIONS FROM Bogota. By Puitip LuTLey ScLATER,

M.A., F.L.S.

Since the last communication which I made to this Society on

Birds received in collections from Bogota, I have obtained specimens

and information from several quarters, which have enabled me to

draw up the following supplementary list of fifty-two species not

mentioned in my previous papers on this subject. This increase

raises the total number of birds now known as belonging to the orni-

thology of the interior of New Grenada to upwards of 510. That

future researches will develope still farther additions, and among them

many new species, I have no doubt. For there are still considerable

vacancies in the series to be filled up, particularly in the Accipitres,

Gralle, Galline, and Anseres, and among the more obscure groups

of Passeres (such as the Tyrannines), which I have as yet hardly

ventured to touch, that is, in the way of naming new species, on

account of the confusion which at present prevails among those

already described.

When last in Paris, I had the pleasure of examining the large series

of Trochilide belonging to M. Parzudaki. From the information I

thus obtained, and from the kind assistance rendered to me by Mr.

Gould, I have been enabled to enumerate twenty species of that

family, omitted in my former lists, which occur in the interior of

New Grenada. These added to the forty-nine previously given, make

up a total of about seventy birds of this group which may be con-

sidered inhabitants of this region.

M. Jules Verreaux of Paris has supplied me with numerous notes

made on the birds which have come under his notice from Bogota

collections since the publication of my first list.

Mr. George N. Lawrence, the well-known Ornithologist of New

York, showed me a considerable collection of Bogota skins, when I

was in that city during the past autumn. Out of these birds received

direct from Bogota he most liberally allowed me to bring to this

country, for the purpose of closer examination, such as I was not able

to identify on the spot, and I have found among them several species

of which I have not elsewhere seen specimens from that region.

1. Inycrer AMERICANUS (Bodd.), Strickl. Orn. Syn. i. p. 22.

In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota.

2. SyRNIUM ALBITARSE, G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit.

I have lately acquired a Bogota skin of this species, which

agrees perfectly with the type in the British Museum. It is very

nearly allied to Syrnium hylophilum, and I think it quite possible

that what is supposed to be that bird from Bogota in the Philadel-

phian collection may really be referable to this species. Dr. Kaup

has united it to S. hylophilum in the ‘Monograph of Strigide’ in

Jardine’s Contributions for 1852, but, I think, incorrectly. There

has, I believe, been no description published of this bird,

3. BracHYGALBA INORNATA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 15.

I have lately obtained a Bogota specimen of this bird.

4. Trocon virinis, Linn.

A Bogota skin in Mr. Lawrence’s collection seems identical with

Brazilian examples.

5. CAMPYLOPTERUS LAZULUS (Vieill.), Bp. Consp. p. 71.

6. BourcierRiA TORQUATA (Boiss.), R. Z. 1840, p. 6.

7. BourcrerRiA PRUNELLII (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 70.

Obtained by M. Bourcier from the environs of Facatativa in the

province of Bogota.

8. LAMporNIS MANGO (Linn.).

The Bogota bird seems to be the true L. mango.

9. THALURANIA vIRIDIPECTUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 13.

10. HeLiopoxa LEADBEATERI (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 102.

11. HeLriomastTer LtonerrostRris (Vieill.), Gould, Mon. Trochil.

v. pl. 9.

This species has a considerable range, occurring also in Trinidad,

Demerara, Cayenne, and Venezuela.

12. AMAZILIUS REIFFERI (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 103.

Discovered by M. Reiffer at Fusugagua in the New Grenadian

Andes, south of Bogota.

13. AMAZILIUS CASTANEIVENTRIS, Gould, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 150.

14, SaAUCEROTTIA vIRIDIGASTRA (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, if 103.

Discovered by M. Reiffer at Fusugagua.

15. SAUCEROTTIA CYANEIFRONS (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 100.

The locality given for this species by M. Boureier is Ibague, which

is the capital of the province of Mariquita, on the left bank of the

Magdalena. It frequently occurs in Bogota collections.

16. Hytocuaris Gouporti (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 100.

Also from Ibagué.

17. HyLocuaris CHRYSOGASTER (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 101.

Occurs in Bogota collections.

18. AGL&ACTIS CUPREIPENNIS (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 71.

19. THAUMANTIAS MILLERI (Bourc.), P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 43.

20. My1aseLu1a GuimeTi (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 72.

21. Juniamyia Typica, Bp.—Ornismyia julie!, Boure. R. Z.

1842, p. 373.

Hab. Tunja in New Grenada, north of Bogota.

22. JULIAMYIA AMABILIS (Gould), P. Z.S. 1851, p. 115.

23. AvocETTINUS EURYPTERUS (Lodd.), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 7.

24. LopHornis DELATTRII (Less.), R. Z. 1839, p. 19.

25. ANABATES STRIATICOLLIS, Sp. nov.

Olivascenti-brunneus, capite virescentiore et hujus plumis tenuis-

sime nigro marginatis : alis nigricantibus, extus brunneo, intus

autem cinnamomeo marginatis : subtus clarior et cinnamomeo

tinctus ; gutture et pectore antico pallidioribus et scapis plu-

marum cum harum parte mediali clare flavicanti-albidis, strias

obsoletas formantibus : cauda unicolore rufa: rostro flavido,

culmine brunnescente, pedibus nigricantibus.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3°3, caudze 2°6.

I have lately obtained a Bogota skin of this dnabates. Another

specimen, which was previously in my collection and has been sub-

mitted to M. de Lafresnaye’s examination, is marked in his hand-

writing “ Anabates striaticollis, Lafr.”’ I have therefore used that

name, though as yet, I believe, unpublished. These two examples

merely Mier in their slightly inferior size from a third specimen

marked ‘‘ Anabates olivaceiventer”’ by M. de Lafresnaye some years

since. I do not know whether he considers the two species indi-

cated by these MS. names as distinct. For-myself I doubt the fact.

The cervical strie, whence the name is derived, are not very well

marked in my Bogota specimens.

26. SCLERURUS BRUNNEUS, sp. nov.

S. supra brunneus cinnamomeo tinctus, subtus paulo pallidior ;

No. CCCXXVIII.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

gutture albo mixto: alarum et caude pennis intus nigricanti-

bus, illarum marginibus externis dorso concoloribus: rostro

nigro, basi flavicante : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:4, caudee 2°1.

Thave lately obtained a single Bogota skin of a bird of this genus,

to which (as I cannot associate it with any of the already-described

species) I have given a new name. From 8. eaudacutus of Brazil

and S, mewxicanus (P. Z. S. 1856, p. 290) of Mexico and Guatimala,

it differs in the want of the bright rufous colouring in the rump and

fore neck. In this respect it would seem to resemble Hartlaub’s

S. guatimalensis (Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 370), but that bird is said to

be of the size of S. caudacutus, to which the present species is con-

siderably inferior in dimensions.

27. RutMAMpPHuS CzHRULEvS (Wils.), Am. Orn. pl. 15. fig. 7.

I have lately acquired two Bogota specimens of this in imperfect

plumage.

28. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 68 ; Des Murs,

Icon. Orn. pl. 53.

29. Hypocnemis pacitinora, Cab.; Bp. Consp. p. 202.

In Mr. Lawrence’s Bogota collection.

30. Tiryra 1nqutsitrRIx (Licht.), Bp. Consp. p. 180.

M. Parzudaki’s collection contains an immature male of this

species from Bogota.

31. PacHYRHAMPHUS PECTORALIS, Sw. An. in Men. p. 288.

A single skin from Bogota in my collection agrees with the

Cayenne bird.

32. PacHYRHAMPHUS GRIsEUS (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 687. f. 1.

I have seen several Bogota skins of this bird. I likewise possess

examples from S. Martha, Trinidad, and Cayenne.

33. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr.

Mr. Lawrence has a fine example of this bird in his Bogota col-

lection.

34. Cyanocorax TuRCosus, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Se. Par.

(1854).

I have a Bogota skin of this species received from MM. Verreaux.

It is very closely allied to the better-known C. armillatus, but may

be distinguished by its rather larger size, the more greenish tinge

of the plumage, and brighter blue of the throat.

35. CHRYSOMUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 343.

Mus. P. L. 8. ex Bogota.

36. PENDULINUS CHRYSOCEPHALUS (Linn.), Bp. Consp. p. 432.

A single skin of this bird in M. Parzudaki’s collection seems to

agree with examples from Cayenne.

37. Listes Guranensis (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 236. fig. 2.

Mus. Paris et P. Z. 8. ex Bogota.

38. SauTaror ouivascens, Cab. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 71.

Mr. Cassin of Philadelphia presented me with the only Bogota

example of this bird, which has yet come under my notice.

- 39. RAMPHOCELUS UNICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 128.

40. EvpHonta CRAssirostRIs, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277.

41. CaAICA MELANOCEPHALA (Linn.).

42, Pronus MENSTRUUS (Linn.).

I possess Bogota skins of both of these Parrots. Of the latter I

have also examples from 8. Martha (Verreaux), and Barra do Rio

Negro (Wallace).

43. UrocHoMa HUETI (Temm.).—Psittacus hueti, Temm. Pl.

Col. 491.

Several specimens of this beautiful Parrot have lately been received

in Paris from Bogota.

44, OpIsTHOCOMUS CRISTATUS, Vieill.

In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota.

45. Crax ALEcTOoR, Linn.

-In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota.

46. CHLoR#NAS RUFINA (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 54.

47. CHAMAPELIA RUFIPENNIS, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 79.

48. GrorryGon MonrANA (Linn.), Bp. Consp. il. p. 72.

Bogota specimens of these three Pigeons are in Mr. Lawrence’s

collection.

49, ORTALIDA MONTAGNII, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1856 (May)

xii. p. 875.

MM. Verreaux have received this bird from Bogota.

50. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA, Bp.—Penelope aburri, Less. Tr.

d’Orn. p. 482.

Discovered by M. Goudot near Bogota.

51. Trnamus canus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 746.

In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota.

52. PARRA HYPOMELENA, G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, pl. 159 ;

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283.

3. ON THE TRUE NAUTILUS UMBILICATUS OF LISTER.

By Aueustus A. Gouin, M.D.

In looking over the shells of a dealer in Boston (U. 8. A.), I ob-

served three specimens of an umbilicated Nautilus, which struck me

as differing essentially from the shell commonly known as Nautilus

umbilicatus. A more careful examination satisfied me that they

were quite distinct ; and I made out a comparative description of

them, intending to designate the newly observed one by the name

texturatus, on account of its finely reticulated surface. But on re-

ferring to the several figures of N. wmbzlicatus, I found that the

figure of Lister, which represents the shell originally named wmbzli-

catus, presented all the characteristics of the reticulated shell, while

all other figures represented the smooth, shining shell ordinarily

bearig that name. From both the figures and descriptions of

authors, I am led to believe that the shell originally observed by

Lister has not been recognized by conchologists since his day. Every

writer except Favanne expressly speaks of his shell as smooth (levis,

glatte), and his figure clearly refers to the common shell. On the

supposition, then, that these are two distinct species, it is proper to

restrict the term applied by Lister to the shell represented by him,

and to substitute another for the shell ordinarily named wmbzlicatus.

The term scrobiculatus indicated in manuscript by Solander, and

adopted by Dillwyn, and which has been placed by others as a syn-

onym, may be appropriately restored to this species.

The principal differences between the two shells are as follow.

Taking the common shell, so well represented in Sowerby’s ‘ The-

saurus’ as a standard, the other shell, which we take to be the

genuine umbilicatus of Lister, is more ventricose, the sides being

nearly parallel, and the periphery broadly rounded; the aperture is

nearly quadrate rather than oval, the posterior angles being nearly

right angles ; the umbilicus is rather larger, its walls nearly perpen-

dicular, in no degree cup-shaped; its marginal angle very slightly

rounded, the edges of each whorl broadly spreading over the prece-

ding whorl, and it is in all cases clearly pervious ; the surface, instead

of appearing smooth and shining, with only some distinct traces of

revolving strice near the aperture, has a dead, unpolished aspect, and

is everywhere conspicuously reticulated with numerous, crowded,

well-impressed, revolving lines; the colouring, instead of a lively

ochreous, has a dusky smoky hue, and the chestnut-coloured flam-

mules are numerous and delicate, numbering as many as five to the

21.

inch in place of three in the serobiculatus. In all the specimens of

the latter which have come under my observation, the sides are con-

Spicuously undulated by a series of distinct waves, in the direction

of the lines of growth, which are wholly wanting in umbilicatus.

The most obvious distinctive marks then are, in the former, the shi-

ning surface and waved sides ; and in the latter, the numerous small

flammules, dead surface, and well-marked revolving strie. These

revolving striz are plainly indicated on the figure of Lister; and

that they are not merely a style of the engraver’s art, but are in-

tended to indicate something in nature, may be inferred by comparing

the figure with that of V. Pompilius, in immediate proximity, the

surface of which is really like that of serobzculatus. The best of the

three specimens examined by me, is now in the possession of Hugh

Cuming, Esq., and an inspection of it will fully confirm the above

views.

The synonymy of the two species will then be as follows :—

N. umsiuicatus. Testa suborbicularis, ventricosa, striis confertis

volventibus insculpta, utrinque late umbilicata ; marginibus

umbilicorum vix rotundatis ; umbilico pervio, infundibuliformi,

nigro margine externo vix rotundato; rufescens, postice radiatim

ferrugineo strigata, strigis angustis, confertis.

N. umbilicatus, Lister, Conch. t. 552. f. 4.

_N. scrosicunatus. Testa suborbicularis, subdepressa, levis, ni-

tida, lateribus radiatim fluctuatis, utrinque late umbilicata, um-

bitico crateriformi, margine externo rotundato, late flavescens,

postice radiatum ferrugineo strigata, strigis latis, remotis.

N. scrobiculatus, Soland. MS. Portland Catal. 169. no. 3653 ;

Dillwyn, Catal. i. 339.

N. Pompilius, var. 3., Gmelin, no. 3369.

N. crassus umbilicatus, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 137. f. 1274, 1275.

_ Le grand Nautile ombiliqué, Favanne, Conch. i. 726. t. 7. f. B 3,

t. 69. f. D 2.

N. umbilicatus, Knorr, Vergn. iv. pl. 22. f. 4; Lamarck, Anim.:

s. Vert. xi. 322; Blainville, Malac. pl. 8. f. 2 ; Crouch, Conch. pl. 20.

f. 16; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. pl. 98. f. 7.

February 10, 1857.

J. Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following paper was read :—

On THE ANATOMY OF THE GREAT ANTEATER (MyRMECOPHAGA

JUBATA, Linn.). PartII. By Proressor Owen, F.R.S.,

F.Z.S., etc.*

In my former communication on the Anatomy of the Great Ant-

eater; the position of the stomach and its relations to adjoining vis-

cera were briefly pointed out. In the present paper I propose to de-

scribe the form and structure of this very remarkable organ in the

Myrmecophaga jubata.

Moderately distended the stomach presents a subglobular form, of

about 8 inches diameter, with a smaller subglobular appendage, as

it seems, of ahout 3 inches diameter, intervening between the main

cavity and the intestine.

The cesophagus terminates near the middle of the upper surface

of the main portion, of which about 4 inches extends to the left of

the cardiac orifice to form what Haller called the ‘saceus czecus.’

The general configuration of the stomach, as seen from the anterior

surface, will be shown in the first Plate. :

On the middle of both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the

stomach is a sheet of tendon, of an irregular triangular form, 6 inches

in longest diameter, which is in the direction of the length of the

stomach, and m which the tendon extends from the large to the

small division of the organ, and acquires upon the latter its greatest

thickness and whitest colour. :

Upen bisecting the stomach lengthwise, the part described as

the main cavity is seen to correspond with the cardiac division, and

the seeming appendage, with the pyloric division, of the stomach

in Rodentia: but they are much more distinct in structure and

functions in the Myrmecophaga than in any other mammal with a

stomach similarly divided externally. The cardiac cavity has a vas-

cular secreting surface, the lining membrane being disposed in very

numerous small rug; at the parts where the parietes have yielded

most to the distending force, these ruge are nearly effaced: other

larger and more permanent folds are nearly straight, are confined to

the vicinity of the communication with the pyloric cavity, and con-

verge towards the aperture.

The cardiac orifice, in the inverted stomach, presents the form of

a narrow, slightly bent crescentic slit. It is situated about 3} inches

from the similarly shaped aperture of communication between the

cardiac and the pyloric cavities : but the margin of this latter aper-

* This paper will be reprinted in the Transactions, and there illustrated with

Ato plates.

ture is indented as it were by the ends of the converging folds of the

linmg membrane, about ten in number, which are continued into the

pyloric cavity. The length of the cardiac slit is 1 inch; that of the

intercommunicating aperture is 1 inch 3 lines.

The pyloric division of the Anteater’s stomach is remarkable for

the thickness of its muscular tunic and the density of its epithelial

lining, which convert it into a veritable gizzard.

The muscular coat varies from one inch to half an inch in thick-

ness; at the middle of the cavity it is separated from the lining

membrane by an unusual accumulation of the elastic submucous cel-

lular tissue, which is most accumulated in the upper wall of the

cavity. A very small proportion, only, of food can enter at one

time into this cavity, to be subjected to the triturating force of its

parietes, operating with the aid of swallowed particles of sand in the

comminution of the unmasticated or imperfectly masticated termites.

The area of the pyloric cavity, as exposed by a vertical longitu-

dinal section, appears a mere linear, slightly sinuous tract, with a

dilatation near the pylorus, due to a kind of valvular protuberance

of the upper wall projecting towards that aperture. But, when the

pyloric cavity is bisected transversely, its area then presents a cres-

centic figure, owing to the protuberance formed by the thicker mus-

cular tunie and the more abundant submucous elastic tissue in the

upper parietes. The lower longitudinal plicee, which commenced on

the cardiac side of the intercommunicating aperture, give a longitu-

dinally ridged character to the inner surface of the cavity.

This character is changed, near the pylorus, for a reticular rugo-

sity: the pylorus, when viewed from the duodenal side, presents a

erescentic form, with the horns of the crescent directed upwacds.

The lining membrane of the duodenum soon becomes smooth.

Mr. Gould communicated the following letter, lately received by

him from M. Elsey, Esq., the Surgeon and Naturalist attached to

the Expedition under the command of A. C. Gregory, Esq., now

engaged in exploring the north-western and northern portions of

Australia. Mr. Gould considered this communication to be of great

value, inasmuch, as, besides mentioning that the writer had acquired

an extensive collection of birds, it contains numerous very interesting

observations respecting the various species which had been met with

in the neighbourhood of the Victoria River Depot, N.W. Australia,

lat. south’ 17° 34! 30"; their interest being much enhanced by the

circumstance of many of them referring to several forms not pre-

viously known to occur in that part of the country.

Victoria River Depot, N.W. Australia,

§. Lat. 17° 34’ 30”.

June 1856.

My pEAR Sir,

I am sorry I cannot send you any account of large collec-

tions or extensive ornithological notes. Circumstances over which

I could have no control have kept me a close prisoner at this camp

since last October. My collection of birds comprises up to the pre-

sent time 103 species, some of which are, I think, new. Of Hawks

I have five kinds, including two species of Milvus. The latter feed

entirely on grasshoppers, are most cowardly birds, and utter a pecu-

iar shrill wailing ery. The first I procured was of a very uniform

dark, dirty brown colour. It was common on our first arrival here,

but disappeared about December, and was soon replaced by Milvus

affinis, which has latterly become very numerous, and now perches

in hundreds on the trees around the camp. These birds are excellent

eating, and certainly exceed any other game we have here in flavour

and tenderness. There are also three Eagles, neither of which I have

been able to get, for though knocked down with our largest shot,

they have got away; one has a dark-slate upper surface and wings,

and white breast and belly. It frequents Sandy Island, the Stony

Spit, and other parts of the river where sandbanks afford good fish-

ing ground. The second is smaller, and of a pure white. I have

only seen it once, when passing some dangerous rapids in the boat.

The third is brown, with a very light-coloured and small head and

neck, while the wings have an immense expanse. I should mention

that one of our men found the black and white Eagle nesting in

April. The nest was of immense size, and contained a single purely

white egg of an almost globular form.

I have three Owls. The Barking Owl of these parts is a fine

bird, the upper surface of which is beautifully mottled with dark-

red and cinnamon-browns; while the under surface is white, with a

central streak of brown in the feathers of the breast. It builds in

the hollows of the huge Gouty-stem tree (4dansonia) of this coast,

and incubates in March and April. Another is a large dirty slate-

brown bird, with rough, dull yellow beak and legs. I procured one

specimen only early in November, most likely a stray bird. The

third was an Athene, rather smaller, of a mottled brown. The

stomachs of all the specimens of the Athene were crammed with or-

thoptera.

There is one true Caprimulgus here, of a beautiful warm mottled

brown and black, and with white on the wings. It lays a dull white

or greyish egg, marked with dirty green, at the foot of a tree, on the

bare uneven ground. I have two species of Agotheles, both of

which I flushed from the holes of trees; and I have seen a large

Podargus, with huge cellular mandibles, which was shot by the mate

of the schooner, and spoilt by insects when I saw it.

About the middle of December a large flight of Swallows arrived

from the south, high in the air and out of shot. They remained

about us one afternoon, wheeling in the air, but did not pitch, and

were gone next morning. A little Martin common here just now

(May and June), is equally shy, and I cannot find its place of resort.

Two Dacelos are frequently seen: one entirely coloured with shades

of blue and grey, and with a crest of lengthened feathers on the

back of the head; the other blue and warm red-brown, with finer

and stronger tints than the other, and without a crest. A dull-

coloured Halcyon (?) sanctus is common; and I have shot a single

pair of the beautiful Aleyone pulchra, which I have only seen once.

My men, some of whom take great interest in my collection, men-

tion another, which I have not seen. According to their account, it

is a lovely bird, the under surface fine purple, &c. Of Artamus I

have several species, but have no means of determining them.

They usually frequent stumps and dead logs in open flats, im twos

and threes, and are very active. One species only, a dusky little

fellow, lives on the tops of the ranges. I have seen a number of

this species sitting round the top of a lofty Palm (Levistona), whose

head had been struck off by storm or whirlwind ; it was more than

80 feet high, and, swayed in the breeze and the circle of birds, with

their heads directed inwards and their tails turned outwards, had an

absurd effect. Of Shrikes I have two or three, including Grauculus

melanops. 1 do not know Grallina Australis, nor have I heard its

cry, so often alluded to by Leichardt, unless indeed a black and

white bird with whitish very long tarsi, and white, rather blunt and

soft beak, which builds a mud nest in the branches of trees near the

water, be it. It has a peculiar shrill cry as it rises from the water,

and is called the “Water Magpie”’ by our stockmen.

Of Fly-catchers and Robins, so called, I have seven or eight species.

One robin has a slate-grey back, black head and wings, and chestnut

flanks, with a white stripe over the eye; it lives in the mangroves,

and may be recognized at all times by its pretty little pipimg note.

I found it nesting in November and again in February and March ;

the nest is an open, shallow, slightly constructed one; the eggs two

in number, dull greenish-grey, speckled with brown mostly at the

larger end.

There are three or four Wrens ; one a brilliant glossy black, with

scarlet back and rump; this is the male bird, which does not attain

this plumage till the second moulting. The young birds are uni-

form dull wren colour. After the first moulting they have a darker

tint, and a few feathers between the shoulders tipped with red, and

perhaps a single black feather in the tail. At the second moulting

they acquire all their gloss, and may then be seen surrounded by a

group of newly fledged birds. The female is dull wren-brown, with

a lighter under surface. There is another beautiful Wren much

larger and longer in the body ; it has a beautiful purple top to the

head, with oval spot of glossy black in the centre, and black zone

outside it ; the body is greyish-brown ; the tail is long, of a blue

tint, and having a sort of water-mark, if I may so call it, on the sur-

face, which gives various shades to the colour. There is also another

Wren of the same size and form and with a similar tail, but with a

plain grey head and a chestnut spot over the ear-coverts. This is a

female, the other a male; of each I have only a single specimen.

All these build a dome-shaped nest of grass, in a low bush or tuft

of grass, and lay about February and March four white eggs, quite

translucent : the yolk shining through gives them a rose tint. I

have shot lately (May) a bird allied to Cinclorhamphus, but to what

genus it belongs I do not exactly know. Of two specimens one had

in its stomach large green seeds, the other bark, bugs and various

insects.

The Finches are very numerous and very beautiful. I have ten or

twelve species, including Estrelda annulosa and Poéphila personata,

of which there are two or three varieties, similar in size, habits and

body colour, but differing in the glossy black of the face and chin,

and in the colour of the beak and legs. The beautiful Poéphila

Gouldie is tolerably numerous ; of this also there are two varieties

or species : one with a black face, surrounded by a line of bright blue ;

the other has the anterior half of the face scarlet, the rest black,

edged with blue. Of both the breast is bright purplish-lilac ; the

belly canary-yellow; the back a mixture of bright green and dark

brown, with light blue mixed over the rump.

There are two Donacolas: flaviprymna, and a crimson and brown

one, of which there are one or two varieties. The Donacolas build

in some parts in low tea-trees overhanging water, making a large

spouted nest with a small cavity, of dry bark of tea-trees; and Pan-

danus. The Poéphile generally have large nests of grass on the

ground or in low tufts of grass; one species builds in the small

bushes of Calliotriz and Melaleuca, and composes its nest of minute

dry twigs, often so slenderly that it appears to have a double opening.

The Estrelde build smaller and stouter nests in young Eucalypti

and small trees, from 15 to 20 feet high. They all lay six white

eggs.

I have met with two or three nests of the bower bird, Chlamy-

dera nuchalis, but no one of my party has seen the birds.

The Crow of this part of the country is a large bird, generally

solitary, with a small eye and hazel-brown iris ; it is very wary, and

with difficulty shot.

The Meliphagide are not numerous, at least the more common

species ; the Zropidorhynchus is feathered all over the head, and does

not merit its vulgar name. There is another resembling it somewhat

here, but without its singular voice, and with a stouter beak. It is

much like Anthochera. A true Merops is also met with.

I have been unable to learn anything of the habits or nidification

of the Meliphagide at present.

I have not observed any true Cuckoo here, and have failed to dis-

cover the Cuculus dumetorum of this coast ; but I have seen two

Cuckoo Pheasants (Centropus), one much lighter-coloured than the

Moreton Bay species ; the other with an almost black under surface,

and the general plumage of a dark tint.

A Climacteris of dusty-brown plumage, with a brownish-yellow

spot on the wings, looks very handsome when sailing with outspread

wings and tail from tree to tree, or when hopping round the trunk

and branches of the gum-trees, where it feeds much on the larvee

contained in the small tough cylindrical chrysales suspended in hun-

dreds in the cracks of the bark. It loses all its beauty when pre-

pared as a museum specimen.

Of Cockatoos: Cacatua galerita, sanguinea, and Los, are abundant

here, the two latter especially. Leadbeater’s Cockatoo, with the fine

red crest, was also seen on the southern slope of the dividing range

south of lat. 18° S., and extendimg to the margin of the desert in

lat. 20° S. It is common in the northern districts of West Australia,

north of the Murchison. I have been hitherto most unfortunate in

my attempts to get a Black Cockatoo. Several, however, have been

‘shot and their tail-feathers, &c. brought in. I found Aprosmictus

erythropterus for the first time in January ; on dissection, I found

the os furcatorium very small, and buried in the substance of the pec-

torals.

I have not found a single Platycercus or Euphema, and only two

Honey Parrots, Trichoglossus versicolor and T. rubritorquis ; Nym-

phicus Nove-Hollandie appeared suddenly in the beginning of

April, and was followed in about a fortnight by Melopsittacus undu-

latus ; both became very numerous, feeding about the burnt patches

of ground ; they are now (June) becoming scarce.

. Pigeons are not very numerous. I found Ptilonopus Swainsoni

at Quail Island on the coast near Port Paterson, and the fine Car-

pophaga leucomela at Point Pearce, near a swamp at which we were

encamped in October ; I was unable to preserve it, and have not seen

it again.

Phaps histrionica, or a pigeon very similar to it, has been found

lately in May, and another Bronze-wing smaller, and of a uniform

greyish brown with white tip to the tail, red cere, and silver-grey

iris, has been common during our stay. I have been disappointed

in not getting Geophaps plumifera. It was often seen on the route

from Point Pearce, and was very numerous, with another and larger-

crested Pigeon at the second depot, established on a branch of the

Upper Victoria in lat. 17° 3! S.

The Petrophassa albipennis is common among the sandstone cliffs

of the ranges.. Of two Geopelie, one is speckled, and has a silver-

grey iris; the other has a beautiful lavender-coloured breast, and

pink iris, with broad bright red orbits. Both are elegant, timid

birds, and their liquid voices can be heard during the heat of the

day, when all else is still. Neither of these Pigeons has the peculiar

vocal powers noticed in Geop. tranquilla by Captain Sturt. The

speckled one makes a very slight flattish nest of sticks on the hori-

zontal fork of a branch, in which it deposits two white eggs.

One Megapodius was shot at Pomt Pearce, where in the hurry

and confusion I could not preserve it ; it was of compact form, of a

uniform olive-brown plumage, with a stout beak, red iris, and strong

tarsi and toes, the hinder especially. No mounds were seen during

our short stay there.

A small Quail is common among the grass, but I have not yet

obtained it.

Both Dromaius and Otis are of the same size, and in every way

similar to those of the south ; we have nowhere confirmed the ob-

servations of Leichardt and his black fellow as to their smaller size.

Indeed Mr. Gregory believes, and I think most justly, that the Hmu’

may cross the entire continent from east to west, or north to south,

its habits being strictly wandering. It has no regular feeding

ground or drinking place; its tracks are everywhere, and it is for

ever on the move. ;

Of Waders I have a considerable number, but am unable to deter-

mine many of the species, as I am entirely without books of refer-

ence. I have found the beautiful Lobivanellus lobatus common

during March and April on the sand-banks of the fresh water ; it

was usually associated with a small white Himantopus, with black

wings and head. A long and pointed winged bird resembling Gla-

reola is also frequent; it feeds on the wing, on grasshoppers, &c.

about the Polygonum and other bushes fringing the banks.

I have seen Falcinellus, but could not get it. I have also one

white Platalea, the Jabiru or Mycteria, and two or three Herons.

The Night Heron, Nycticorax, is common, frequenting the dense

mangroves, where it remains during the day, but flies at the most

distant noise. I have alsoa single specimen of Tribonywx and Fulica.

I have not had much opportunity of procuring Natatores. The

Whistling Duck is very common, and was frequently shot on lagoons

in the interior, but is very wary on the river. Large V-shaped

flights of them passed over our camp during March from S.E. to

N.W., in which direction they appear to have a favourite resort. I

have also another Duck, similar to it, but smaller, with a soft dull-

brown plumage.

I have seen Nettapus pulchellus, but could not get it. Indeed

my opportunities of examining the river have been so much more

limited than those Captain Stokes enjoyed, that many of his birds I

have not even seen. And owing to our small number I have gene-

rally on these excursions been obliged to take an oar myself, and

could not therefore keep a very bright look-out.

The Plotus is common here, and excellent eating. During Fe-

bruary and March it was incubating. It chooses large trees that

hang over the water above or through the mangroves, and in these

a number of them build a colony of large coarse flattish nests of

dead sticks and twigs, which appear, from the quantity of dirt about

them and their stained appearance, to be used year after year. Each

season they place in the centre a few fresh green leaves, and on these

lay three or four white eggs, with a very earthy opaque, but brittle

shell; the lining membrane is of a blue-grey colour ; they are rather

smaller and more elongated than a hen’s egg. We have enjoyed

many fine meals of these eggs, sometimes getting from forty to fifty

in a single tree. Both birds sit, The male is of a glossy greenish-

black, with a little brownish-grey on the wings and wing-coverts.

The female has a white under surface, but is otherwise similar.

The Pelican is white, with black wings, and a very fine blue and

purple margin round the pouch. It is, I presume, Pelecanus con-

spicillatus. Its breeding season is March and April.

I have thus endeavoured to give you a rough abstract of my col-

lections hitherto ; I am now about to begin work really, as I start

with the party in a few days for the Albert River, and from thence,

if all ’s well, to Moreton Bay. I shall have much pleasure in writing

to you from the Gulf of Carpentaria, should I have anything of in-

terest to communicate.

I remain,

My dear Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

John Gould, Esq. M. Evsry.

February 24, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE SKWLL oF A MANATUS FROM WESTERN AFRICA.

By Dr. Batrour Barxiz, F.R.GroG.S.

(Mammalia, Pl. LI.)

Until very recently but two species of the somewhat scarce genus

Manatus have been acknowledged by naturalists, viz. M. australis

(the M. Americanus of some writers) and M. Senegalensis. Of these

the former inhabits chiefly the mouths of the great rivers of the

north-eastern coast of South America, and the West Indies, while

the latter is confined to the tropical portions of the western coast of

Africa. Some writers, as Hernandes, mention a species found along

the coasts of Peru; but, if so, little or nothing is known of it or its

habits. Wyman has described as M. nasutus what is probably a

variety of M. Senegalensis, and Harlan as M. latirostris another

Manatee from the Gulf of Mexico, which, HONEY seems to bea

good species.

Individual specimens of Manati have rarely been met with along

our own shores, as that recorded by Prof. Fleming* as having occurred

in the Shetland Islands in 1823 ; and I am in possession of tolerable

evidence, which I intend shortly to publish, that a similar animal

has made its appearance from time to time in Orkney, where it is

not unknown to fishermen. These are most probably stray mem-

bers of WM. australis which have crossed the Atlantic, which belief

is, to some extent, supported by the fact that in Orkney they have

always been seen on the western or Atlantic side of the islands.

The M. Senegalensis has been found in the Senegal, the Gambia,

and some rivers of Western Africa ; and Manati have also been.

* Vide Fleming in Edin. New Phil. Journal, and Baikie and Heddle’s ‘ Historia

Naturalis Orcadensis.’

known to occur in various rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra,

which have hitherto been referred to the same species, partly because

no specimens had hitherto been critically examined, and partly because

it seemed unlikely that two species of a genus so unprolific, even in

individuals, should exist in localities so very near to each other. All

probability from previous knowledge, or in the absence of more pre-

cise or more extended information, merely justified a belief in the

existence of two species, one inhabiting the New World, the other

peculiar to some tropical portions of the Old World.

The differences between M. australis and M. Senegalensis are

quite evident. 'The former seems to grow to a greater size, and the

shape of the skull at once distinguishes it, being altogether larger,

with a more lengthened nasal opening, and more elongated inter-

maxillary bones, giving it a large mouth. The lower jaw, also, is

less massive and angular, and its inferior margin less curved. It

would seem to approach more to the fragmentary extinct forms de-

scribed by Cuvier in his ‘Ossemens Fossiles.” In M. Senegalensis

again the skull is more compact, the snout shorter, the lower jaw

more angular with its lower border more curved, and the zygomatic

process of the temporal is less elevated.

In 1851, while Dr. Barth was journeying towards the country of

Adamawa in Central Africa, he heard from the natives, accounts of

an animal said to frequent the rivers and marshes named by them

Ayti (erroneously written Ajth). He heard of the same animal,

under the same name, also up the river Kwora or Niger below Tim-

buktu, and he believes that it also exists in the river Shari, which

runs into the marshy Lake Tsdd. Dr. Barth not having been able

to satisfy himself about this creature, directed Dr. Vogel’s attention

to it, and the latter gentleman fortunately met with a specimen in

September 1855 in the upper part of the Binué or Tsadda. An ac-

count of this Ayti having been sent by him to England, and read at

the British Association Meeting at Cheltenham, Prof. Owen thought

that it presented sufficient peculiarities to distinguish it as a species,

which he indicated as M. Vogelii; but his remarks partly applied to

a Manatus skull, which was exhibited at the time, and which by

some misconception persons present had been led to consider as be-

longing to the very individual described by Vogel.

During the months of September and October 1854 I ascended

the same river; but though this was the period when they ought to

have been most abundant, yet I neither saw nor heard of any such

animal ; and though I always carefully examined the hunting relies in

the various villages, yet I never met with its remains. From this I

am led to confirm Dr. Vogel’s statement, that it is a rare and scarce

creature. But on the 13th July previous, just after I had entered

the mouth of the Kwoéra and Niger from the sea, I had spent the

day in examining some of the interminable dreary creeks, which are

there so apt to perplex the voyager. While returning in the after-

noon I saw under some palms and mangroves a collection of miserable

huts, hardly entitled to the appellation of a village, towards which I

pulled and presently landed. The inhabitants in great alarm all fled

into the bush, and could not be induced to come out, so I walked

through their habitations, looking around me, but finding nothing

but heaps of nuts of the oil-palm. But just before embarking, my

eye caught a heap of dry bones, placed evidently by the negroes as

their dju-dju, or sacred heap, remains of their hunting achievements,

and now dedicated to their deity. I eagerly examined the mass,

but found to my grief that it was composed mostly of fragments,

among which were portions of skulls of goats, of a bullock, and of a

crocodile; but on turning these over I saw a more complete relic,

one which struck me as being peculiar, and as something I had not

previously seen. This I carried off, and it turned out to be the

nearly complete skull of a Manatus, which was the skull exhibited

at Cheltenham. Having had time lately to examine it, I found it

to exhibit the peculiarities remarked by Prof. Owen, and the result

is as follows :—

General Measurements.

inches

EPnOMeNENAUNE Ws re oh ree nc sane et roe

SEREMUESIMOEIIUIN cer eacne nt. kote e Ue Au aches con veal 8

Menethvot nasal orifice? i. oe eee es tee 44

Breadth of nasal orifice ..... Sok ee AL aS een Ay GAME Rolo 2

From edge of orbit to extremity of snout ............ 33

From anterior molar socket to extremity of snout 32

From anterior edge of infraorbital foramen to ditto.... 32

From maxillary and intermaxillary suture to ditto .... 13

Greatest depth of zygomatic arch ...........+ 00-28. 25

The proportions of the skull are more elongate than those of M.

Senegalensis, but less so than M. australis. ‘Top of skull oblong,

bounded by two almost completely parallel ridges on the frontal and

parietal bones. Frontal suture remaining, parietal bones united.

Breadth of orbits nearly one-half of their length; orbits directed

outwards, nearly in a plane with the snout at an angle of about 40° ;

lower edge of orbits circular, smooth, and not tuberculated. Inter-

maxillaries more lengthened than in Cuvier’s figure of M. Senegalen-

sis, but much less deep, and not nearly so elevated along the anterior

angle of the nasal cavity. Cavities for,nine upper molars, the anterior

being but a single socket, the others adapted for three dental fangs,

one internal, and two external and lateral. Fangs flattened and

slightly expanded at extremity ; the two external directed immediately

upwards; the internal one, rather the longest, directed upwards and

inwards, especially the more anterior ones. Two posterior molars

still undeveloped. Molars multicuspid, with two transverse irregu-

larly tri-tubercular ridges, the posterior one being generally partially

divided into two by a small groove. The ridges on the remaining

anterior molars (third and fourth) much rubbed down and worn, ex-

posing the dentine. Remains of one incisive socket at extremity of

each intermaxillary near the suture. Incisive foramen pyriform,

the base anteriorly.

Lower jaw less massive than in M. Senegalensis, with posterior

angle less marked, and lower border much less curved ; opposite

sides completely anchylosed, a deep hollow under upper and inner

edge. Cavities existing for eight molars, the socket of the anterior

one being simple; two posterior molars but partially developed.

Lower molars more distinctly three-ridged than the upper ones, but

the ridges less evidently tri-tubercular. Molars with two fangs, an-

terior and posterior, resembling the two external fangs of the upper

molars, directed downwards, flattened and expanding, especially the

posterior one. Molars deciduous from before backwards, seemingly

forced out by the gradual advance forwards of the posterior ones.

The temporal bones being both wanting, I am unable to speak of

the zygomatic processes, which differ in shape in the two previously

known species.

Dr. Vogel’s measurements being from an entire head, while mine

are from the dried skull, the size of the respective animals will nearly

approach each other, mine being rather the smaller. In the distance

between the orbit and the snout, on which Prof. Owen lays stress,

they will be found so fairly to agree that they may be presumed to

belong to the same species. Let us now therefore see whether the

other measurements and proportions of the one we have been con-

sidering differ sufficiently from others to favour the presumption of

its being a species. In M. Senegalensis, the contour, looking at the

skull from above downwards, is nearly that of an isosceles triangle,

closely approaching an equilateral triangle, while that of M. australis

more resembles the outline of a violoncello. In the Niger specimen

again, the form, though more nearly resembling the former, is cer-

tainly of an intermediate character, the base of the triangle being

shorter in proportion. The profile view of M. australis shows a

lengthened, rather narrow beak, while M. Senegalensis has one

shorter and remarkably deep; and here again we have an interme-

diate form, the shape in this case certainly more resembling M. au-

stralis. The inferior border of the lower jaw of M. australis is long

and straightened, while that of M. Senegalensis is short and curved,

its posterior angle, also, being more massive and decided, and ap-

proximating to that of the Dugong. Here again the Niger Manatee

intervenes, the angle being more obtuse, and the curve less than in

the Senegal species. The proportion of the length of the nasal open-

ing in M. australis is to the breadth as 3 to 1, in M. Senegalensis

as 1 to 2, but in my specimen as 2 to 1. The coronal suture, sharply

angular in the South American and almost semicircular in the Sene-

gal species, is in the Niger one acutely arched. The temporal ridge

irregularly converges posteriorly in M. australis, n M. Senegalensis

they gently diverge, while here they run antero-posteriorly almost

entirely parallel. The temporal bones being, as I have remarked,

absent, I cannot speak of the temporal zygomatic apophyses; but

the molar portions which remain would seem to indicate a continu-

ance of the same intermediate character.

But in a few points the Niger skull is peculiar, and differs quite

from the others. Thus the superior and anterior angle of the parietal

bone extends much further forward than in either of the others, being

to within less than an inch of the posterior angles of the nasal open-

ing. The anterior edge of the post-orbital apophysis and the lower

margins of the orbits are plain and smooth, not irregular. The vo-

merine sheath is not nearly so prolonged anteriorly, and does not

reach to within an inch of the anterior incisive foramen. The-max-

illary and inter-maxillary do not unite by a bevelled surface, but by

a suture forming a right angle.

On one point we can draw a tabular view of the whole of the

skulls, viz. as to the comparative distance of the orbit from the end

of the beak, which, compared with the total length of the skulls, is

as follows :—

In Dr. Vogel’s entire head of the Ayu as 7 to 36, or about 1 to 5.

In the skull from the mouth of the Kwora as 27 to 100, or more

than | to 4.

In the skull of M. Senegalensis as 1 to 3 nearly.

In the skull of M. australis as 5 to 14, or less than 1 to 3.

From what I have drawn out we may, I believe, make the follow-

ing deductions: Ist, That in the Kwora or Niger, and its tributary

the Tsadda or Binué, is found a Manatus intermediate in many of

its characters between M. australis and M. Senegalensis ; and 2ndly,

That if these differences are, as Prof. Owen suggests, too marked for

a mere variety, then there is no alternative but to allow it as a species.

I do not mean to affirm its positive existence, but merely following

up the idea thrown out by Prof. Owen, in examining the skull I

brought home, I think the probability of its distinctiveness is con-

siderably increased. Being about to revisit the river Kwora I shall

make a point of searching more closely after this animal, with a view

to settling the question. If established, the genus will stand as fol-

lows :—

Mawnatus, Rondel.

1. MANATUS AUSTRALIS, Tiles.

Hab. West Indies and north-east coast of South America.

2. Manatus SENEGALENSIS, Desm.

Hab. African rivers, Senegal to the Gambia.

3. Manatus Voceii, Owen. —

Hab. Rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra.

Whether M. nasutus of Wyman and M. latirostris of Harlan are

species, varieties, or synonyms, I have not the means of ascertaining.

M. australis is, as 1 have mentioned, more allied to the extinct

fossil forms ; and M. Senegalensis, again, more approaches in form

of skull to the Dugong. |

No. CCCXXIX.—Proceepines or THE ZooLoctcat Society,

2. A MonoGrapuH or THE Genus Lasiurus.

By Roserr F. Tomes, Esa.

The object of the present memoir is rather to enumerate and de-

scribe all the species at present arranged under the above name, than

to enter into the claims of the group to be considered as a distinct

genus.

An attempt is also made to give a tolerably correct synonymy ;

but there are so many descriptions which appear to refer to varieties

only, as to render this part of the work by no means easy, and not

altogether satisfactory. Attached to the account given of the first

species on the list—Lasturus noveboracensis—will be seen a rather

voluminous list of synonyms ; and it may appear as if undue regard

had been paid to the labours of other writers, in thus reducing to one

species what has by them been considered as constituting at least

six. But in the examination of a large number of examples, I have

felt myself quite unable to come to any other conclusion than the

one here given. The various descriptions apply to the same species

under the influence of the climate of different degrees of latitude.

Thus the Vespertilio noveboracensis answers well to the account

given of it in its proper locality ; but as we proceed southward, we

find that a Bat occurs, having precisely the same form and size, but

differmg somewhat in the colouring of the fur; and this difference

continues to increase until we reach the tropical parts of America,

where a bright ferruginous colour completely supersedes the original

hoary-brown, or, as it might not improperly be called, roan-colour’.

At various localities it has been met with by travellers, and the

colour of the fur varying with most of them, has given rise to the

great multiplicity of names. A large series has passed under review

whilst preparing this paper, and the most exact and rigorous exami-

nation, both externally and internally, has failed to afford any mate-

rial difference, beyond that of colour.

I have already referred this to the effect of climate; but it is ne-

cessary to add, that the colour of the fur is so capricious, even in

the temperate parts of North America, that Major Le Conte, when

describing specimens from the vicinity of Philadelphia, found the

varieties so perplexing, that he could give no very definite descrip-

tion.

However, it may be stated, that generally the North American

examples are some mixture of brown or rufous, thickly sprinkled

with white, giving a hoary appearance ; whilst those from Tropical

America are almost uniformly of a bright ferruginous hue, without

any mixture of white.

1. Lasrurvus NOVEBORACENSIS, Erxl.

Vespertilio noveboracensis, Erxl. Syst. Rég. Anim. p. 155, 1777 ;

Harl. Faun. Amer. p. 20, 1825; Godm. Amer. Nat. Hist. i. p. 50,

1826; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 114, 1829 ; Coop. Ann. Lye. N. H.

New York, iv. p. 57, 1837; Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

1855.

New York Bat, Penn. Arc. Zool. p. 184, 1792; Synop. Quad.

p. 367, 1771.

Vespertilio rubellus, Palisot de Beauvais, Cat. Peale’s Mus. 1796.

Vespertilio lasiurus, Linn. edit. Gmel. 1788; Schreib. Saugt.

1826 ; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. vii. p.200, 1806; Desm. Mam. p. 142,

1820; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 109, 1829.

Vespertilio Blosseivillii, Less. et Garn. Bull. des Sci. Nat. viii.

p- 95; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 110, 1829.

Vespertilio Bonariensis, Less. Voy. de la Coquille, 1829.

Vespertilio villosissimus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 478, 1806;

Desm. Mam. p. 143, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 110, 1829;

Rengg. Sdugt. von Parag. p. 83, 1830; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugt.

i. p. 536, 1840.

Vespertilio monachus et V. tessellatus, Raff. ?

Nycticejus noveboracensis, 'Temm. Mon. i. p. 158, 1835-41 ;

Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugt. i. p. 546, 1840 ; Schinz. Synop. Mam.

i. p. 199, 1844,

Nyet. varius, Poep. Reise in Chili, i. p. 451, 1835 ; Wagn. Supp.

Schreib. Saugt. i. p. 547, 1840.

Nyct. Atalapha, Raff. ?

Atalapha Americana, Raff. Prod. deSom.?; Desm. Mam. p. 147,

1820.

Chauve-souris septiéme, Azara.

Lasiurus rufus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. 1843; Gosse, Nat. So-

journ. Jamaica, p. 280, 1851.

The muzzle is of very moderate length and substance, and rather

pointed ; the nostrils are rather small, near together, and directed

' sublaterally. The end of the nose, between the nostrils, is somewhat

emarginate. The ears are short, ovoid, and very much rounded at

their tips, which are directed outwards. Towards the base of the

front edge of the ear is a lobular projection, occasioned by a notch in

the margin immediately under it, quite at the base of the ear, and

contiguous to the tragus. The outer margin is continued forward

along the side of the face toward the angle of the mouth, and ends

near to it, in the form of a moderately developed lobe. The tragus

is narrow at its base, from which it expands evenly and rather ra-

pidly for half its length, where, making a conspicuous angle, it

slopes inwards, and comes to a narrow but rounded point, its inner

margin all the time maintaining a nearly straight line, excepting near

the tip, where it has a decided inward curvature. The outer mar-

ginal angle, already mentioned, is something more than a simple

angle, being, in fact, a rounded projection from the crooked edge of

the tragus.

The wing-membranes extend to two-thirds of the distance be-

tween the extremity of the tibia and the base of the toes.

The face is more or less covered with hair on all parts, the end

of the nose and the margins of the lips only being naked. On the

forehead the fur is very thick, and approaches nearly to the end of

the nose. Immediately in front of the eye, is a tuft of stiff hairs,

and on the upper lip is a moustache of softer ones. ~ The inner sur-

faces of the ears are sparingly suffused with very fine short hairs, as

are also their outer margins.

The interfemoral membrane is densely hairy on the whole of its

upper surface, and the same peculiarity extends to the upper sur-

face of the feet. The fur of the back also extends on to the mem-

branes of the wings, over and beyond the tibia, but is there bounded

by a well-defined line. It differs in this respect from the fur of the

under surface, where it is seen to extend along the membrane be-

neath the fore-arm, somewhat irregularly scattered, and having the

appearance of yellow down. Towards the wrist it becomes thicker,

and is more especially so about the base of the fourth finger. This

finger is also seen to be fringed with fine soft hairs at its base, when

viewed from above ; and a small patch of hair is visible at the base

of the thumb.

Everywhere the fur is soft in texture, rather long, and tolerably

thick. That which extends on to the under surface of the mem-

branes, is unicoloured, and of a yellowish buff colour. A narrow

stripe of fur, bounding that of the back on each side, is frequently

of the same colour. But the colour of the body varies so much,

that it appears desirable to give a short description of each of the

extreme varieties, observing, at the same time, that every interme-

diate state may be met with.

Var. 1. Fur of the back of four colours, dark near to the skin,

succeeded by yellowish brown, which is again succeeded by pale

rust colour, and finally tipped with white.

Beneath, the fur is nearly similar, excepting that which is con-

tiguous to and on the membranes. This is unicoloured and pale -

buff.

Hab. North America, “ from one end of the country to the

other, equally numerous ”’ (Le Conte).

Var. 2. Similar to the last, but with the colour brighter and

without the white tips to the fur.

Hab. The same as the last.

Var. 3. Fur of the upper parts nearly black at the base, suc-

ceeded by yellowish-buff, passing into bright ferruginous-red, shining

and silky. That on the interfemoral membrane uniform bright fer-

ruginous. Beneath, the fur is nearly black at its base, passing into

dark brown, and tipped with bright rust-colour. The fur on the

under surface of the membranes is also of the latter colour. Some-

times this variety has the chin and throat of a yellowish-buff co-

lour, and then answers well to the description of Nycticejus varius,

as given by Poeppig.

Hab. South America; Jamaica; Canada.

In all these varieties a white spot is observable at the axilla. The

membranes appear to be light or dark, according to the depth of

the colour of the fur. Frequently the membranes of the wings,

near to the sides of the body, exhibit a singularly spotted appear-

ance, occasioned by the network of veins being paler in colour than

the portions enclosed by them. It was probably to one of these

that Raffinesque applied the appropriate epithet “‘zessellatus.”’? The

example in which I have seen this peculiarity most conspicuous, was

obtained in the Island of Mackinac, between Lakes Huron and Mi-

chigan, by my friend Mr. P. L. Sclater, who, knowing how much I

am interested in this order of Mammals, kindly presented it to me,

with other North American Bats collected by him in the autumn of

1856.

Dentition.—In. =, C. 5, PM. M. B=.

The first pre-molar on each side in the upper jaw is small and

rudimentary, and perhaps is sometimes wanting. It is placed in the

angle between the canine and the contiguous pre-molar, in such a

manner as not to be visible from the outside.

1. 2. 3. 4, 5.

In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. L

Length of the head and body...| 2 Pave TIME aa iar Wes

of the tail ............068 Voi | 2 0 |.2°>. 0. jl. 10 aS

of the head............... OSs Oman Os SiO na Onn as

—— of the ear ....s..cseeeeee 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3k

of the tragus ............ ODP 2) Oe 2H 0) 22 1 Ole 2 Ohne 2

— of the fore arm ......... l1oe@7i{l 68)1 Fil 6h) 1 52

of the longest finger ...13 3 13 2 43 5 |3 2 12 11

2. LastuRUS PRUINOSUS, Say.

Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exped. Rock. Mount. 1. p. 168,

1825 (?) ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, i.; Fisch. Synop. Mam.

_p- 113 ; Godm. Amer. Nat. Hist. i. p. 68 ; Harl. Faun. Amer. p. 21;

Coop. Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York, iv. p. 54.

Scotophilus pruinosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. p. 498, 1838.

Nycticejus pruinosus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 154, 1835-41; Wagn.

Supp. Schreib. i. p. 544 ; Schinz. Synop. Mam. i. 197.

Lasiurus pruinosus, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1843.

Vespertilio cinereus, Palisot de Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Museum,

1796.

It is not unusual to see the name of this species attached to spe-

mens of the former, an error not easy to commit, if actual comparison

of the two were made. The present one is greatly superior in size

to the last, and besides this, presents some other very distinctive

characters.

The head is broad, and the forehead flat ; the muzzle is obtuse ;

the nostrils are surrounded by a well-defined rim, are directed sub-

laterally, and separated by a considerable interval, which is emar-

ginate. The ears are irregularly round, their front margins project-

ing considerably over the forehead. Their outer or hinder margins

are brought forward along the sides of the face in the shape of nar-

row prolongations, and terminate in two slightly projecting lobes

behind the corners of the mouth. The tragus appears to offer some

slight variations of form in different individuals, and even in the

same specimen I have, in one instance, observed it dissimilar in the

two ears. In its general form it resembles the same part in the last

species, but it is much less attenuated towards the tip, and the outer

margin has a less distinctly angular projection. At its base it is of

average width, from which it expands rather rapidly, and proceeds

outwards for the distance of about a line, when it takes an upward

direction, and becoming narrower, ends in a rounded tip. This

change of direction from horizontal to vertical leaves an angle at

its outer edge, which is nearly a right angle, whilst its inner edge

maintains a pretty regular concave line from the base to the tip.

In one instance, above alluded to, I have observed it in one ear only

of full breadth at the base, and gradually curving upwards and in-

wards, terminate in a rounded end, about half the breadth of the

base ; the tragus of the other ear being of the usual form.

The membranes of the wings barely extend to the base of the toes.

The thumb is rather long, and hag its terminal phalange twice the

length of the basal one.

The fur of the forehead extends nearly to the end of the nose.

The sides of the face, and the muzzle, are moderately hairy, with a

tuft of stiffish hairs in front of the eye, and a black moustache frin-

ging the upper lip. The chin is nearly naked. A patch of fine,

short, adpressed hairs occupies the inside of the ear near its tip, and

the exposed surface of the tragus is similarly furnished.

Seen from beneath, the whole of the antibrachial membrane is

covered with close downy hair of a yellowish colour, and fur of the

same kind extends from the side of the body along the membrane

beneath the arm and fore-arm, to the bases of*the fingers, which, in

some examples, are completely obscured by it. In breadth this

band of fur varies from half to three-quarters of an inch, widest

towards the fingers. Only a portion of the base of the interfemoral

membrane, as seen from below, is hairy.

Viewed from above, the whole of the interfemoral membrane is

hairy, as are the feet and legs, and a portion of the membrane of

the wings, where they are attached to the sides of the body. The

hair on the latter part, however, is of no great breadth, and its outer

margin is usually straight and well defined. Over the tibia the inter-

femoral fur passes but to a trifling extent, and in many specimens

that limb constitutes its exact boundary. In the ‘species last de-

scribed, the fur usually passes over it, and occupies a considerable

space on the base of the wing.

The variations in colour in this species appear to be much less

considerable than in the last. The fur of the muzzle, chin, and

around the eyes, is black; that of the throat pale buffy-yellow,

the line of separation of the latter colour and the black of the chin

being pretty distinct. On the forehead the fur is of the same yel-

lowish hue as that of the throat, and on the top of the head it is

similarly coloured at its base, but becomes of an umber-brown colour

about its middle, and is there tipped with white. This arrangement

of colours represents pretty nearly the colour of all the upper parts

of the body, excepting that the fur has in addition a dark-coloured

root. The colours may be thus briefly given :—dusky-grey (at the

root), yellowish-buff, umber-brown, and finally white. The white

is most plentiful on the shoulders, along the middle of the back, and

on the rump ; the yellow colour prevails on the head and neck, but

becomes less in regular gradation towards the rump, where the brown

in great measure takes its place, which it does completely on the in-

terfemoral membrane.

The under surface is nearly similar, but differs in having the co-

lours paler, the yellow less conspicuous, and the tips of the hairs

buff-coloured instead of white. On the under parts, as on the upper,

the yellowish colour gives way to the brown on approaching the

hinder parts, and the hair on the contiguous part of the interfemoral

membrane is wholly dark for the greater part of its length, and

is tipped with light brown. At the insertion of the humerus is a

light-coloured spot. The fur of the sides of the body, under the

arms, is of a brownish-buff colour. All the fur on the wing-mem-

branes is buffy-yellow.

The membranes are dark, excepting where there is a growth of

hair, such parts being reddish-brown.

Dentition.—In. =; C. 5; P.M. 3; M. S=s.

In the following Table of dimensions, column No. 1 has been

taken from a specimen purchased of Mr. J. G. Bell of New York,

No. 2 from a specimen in the British Museum, from the United

States, and No. 3 from a specimen not quite adult, taken in Ber-

muda by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, and very kindly forwarded by him

for my use.

No. l. No. 2. No. 3.

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.

Length of the head and bedy, about .. 3 6 3 10 2 10

Gite wba), HS, PLNI2, Shs a) Lah) eel

Ginhiey eae. PIE OU) 0 11 Ma 0 10

——— of theear ........0....0.. QO 44 QO 44

qa onthe rmracns ho 0. he? os) 0 3 wi 0 3

— of the fore-arm ............ Fey 3) Ci Web) 2 0

——— of the longest finger ........ 4 4 4 0 4 0

a orstne fourth finger “2. 2.22 228 ZN 2 4

— ofthe thumb .............. 0 6 sided 0 6

== —pomthe tibia’. 2 2 oF ELT 8 0 11 OF 9

— of the foot and claws ........ 0 6 0 5 0 5

— of the os calcig ............ 0 9 ONG,

Expanse of wings..... ae eee Mee) Be 16 6 15 6

Hab. North America, not abundant.

Major Le Conte observes, that he has only had the opportunity

of examining six or seven examples. The British Museum contains

a specimen from California, and another presented by Mr. W. S.

MacLeay is labelled South America. Assuming the latter specimen

to be correctly labelled, its locality renders it probable that this spe-

cies, like the last, is distributed over a considerable part of the New

World, and the idea is somewhat strengthened by its occurrence in

California and Bermuda.

Major Le Conte has referred this species to the Vesp. cinereus of

the Catalogue of Peale’s Museum, bearing date 1796. There ap-

pears to be no doubt that it was to this species that the above name

was applied, as the only other North American Bat with which it

would be likely to be confounded—V. noveboracensis—was clearly

distinguished in the Catalogue, and called V. rubellus. As I do not

know whether any description accompanied the name of V. cinereus,

I must for the present retain the name given by Say; but in the

event of any specific characters having been added in the Catalogue

just referred to, the name of L. cinereus must of course be adopted.

3. Lasturus GRAYI, n. s.

This species, which I believe is undescribed, is in size a little sn-

perior to the larger examples of LZ. noveboracensis, but smaller than

L. pruinosus. 'To the latter species, however, it bears the greatest

resemblance in its forms and general appearance, but differs in several

respects, which will be hereafter noticed.

The muzzle is rather obtuse, but less so than in L. prutnosus. The

ears are angular-round, but more pointed than in the last-mentioned

species, and have the ear-lobe near the angle of the mouth, more

strongly developed. The tragus, although it presents the same

general form, yet differs in having the upper or ascending part

straight instead of being curved. It is also much narrower at its

base.

The thumb has the same long terminal phalange and short basal

one observable in the last two species. The feet are large in rela-

tion to the size of the animal. The membranes of the wings extend

a little way beyond the extremity of the tibia, but do not reach half-

way along the foot, exclusive of the toes. The extreme tip of the

tail is slightly exserted, and very pointed.

The fur of the head extends down the forehead- nearly to the

nose; the face is moderately hairy, and has a tuft of fine long hairs

immediately in front of the eye. The basal part of the hinder sur-

face of the ear is hairy, some of the hair projecting beyond the inner

margin so as to be visible from the front. Two patches of short ad-

pressed hair of a fine nature line the inside of the ear, one of them

extending from the front margin to near the tip, and the other

fringing that part of the margin nearest to the root of the tragus.

The latter part is sparingly covered with short adpressed hairs on

its exposed surface.

The muzzle and greater part of the face are brownish-black. The fur

of the upper parts is of four colours—dark at its root, then yellowish-

brown, succeeded by dark brown, and tipped with white. Towards

the hinder parts of the body, and on the interfemoral membrane, the

yellowish colour gives way to the brown, and the fur is wholly of

the latter colour, tipped with white. The throat is light yellowish-

brown, passing into dusky-brown on the breast. On all the under -

parts the fur is of a faded brown colour for the greater part of its

length, but near the tip it becomes a little darker, and is finally

tipped with dirty buff colour. The fur on the membranes beneath

the humerus is in some examples of the same tricolour as the under

parts of the body, but more frequently it is of a uniform brownish-

yellow hue, as is that beneath the fore-arm, and that at the base of

the fingers.

_ The hairy portions of the membranes are reddish-brown; the

remaining parts very dark brown.

The variations in colour to which this species is subject depend

_ upon the tint of the brown colour near to the tips of the hairs. In

one example in the British Museum, this part of the hair is of a

light red colour, inclining to pinkish, and takes up a much greater

Space than usual in each hair, the dusky at the base being there

very much reduced. In this specimen the black of the face and the

yellowish colour of the throat are scarcely observable ; and this, with

the red colour, gives it, at first sight, a great resemblance to the

L. noveboracensis.

The colour of the fur is an index to that of the membranes—in

this instance a reddish-brown.

- The dentition has not been well examined, but the incisors are

similar in number and shape to those of the last two species.

Five examples have been examined in drawing up the above de-

scription, and these are all so remarkably uniform in size, that it

appears unnecessary to give the dimensions of more than two, those

presenting the greatest disparity being selected.

No. 1 No. 2.

in. lin in. lin.

Length of the head and body, about .. 3 2 2 3

omibeytailapy 9.0. ater atte Bin7 1 8

Dimthey heads. gran. Yank Ieee ahs 0 9

of thepearsy 244 hetero. Ani 0 32 0 34

Of the imag us eh arent 2). ce Osee 0 22

othe forearm Ao. Shee ode LOS 1

of the longest finger ........ 3 10 3.8

of the fourth finger.......... 2 3 Zork

Of thevphunaly azine, O20. et - O dt 0 5

——— of the tibia ................ 0 8 0 8

of the foot and claws .. 0 5 0 42

Or Lheros, caleis Fae. eee ss be 0 8

Expansevof wings!’ .)) Jit 24 bee. 14. 0 13 9

The dimensions in column No. 1 have been taken from a perfectly

adult individual in the British Museum, the locality bemg unknown.

The specimen which has furnished the dimensions in the second

column is also full-grown, but nevertheless retains some indications

of youth.

Hab. This second specimen was forwarded with another, perfectly

similar, from Chili, by Mr. Bridges. All the other specimens in

the British Museum Collection are without authentic habitats.

4, LASIURUS CAUDATUS, 0.8.

The extreme length of the tail of this species, exceeding that of

the head and body, together with the considerable length of the

hinder limbs, gives to it a very remarkable appearance, and seems

to distinguish it at first sight from all the others of the group.

The muzzle has much the form and proportions of that of L. nov-

eboracensis. The ears are obtusely triangular, as broad as high, and

have their outer margins brought downwards and forwards along

the side of the face to within a little distance of the corners of the

mouth, and on the same level with it. Here they terminate, as in

all the preceding species, in a separated lobe, in this instance more

clearly developed than usual. This part of the ear bears consider-

able resemblance to the same part in the genus Molossus, but is less

considerable in degree. The tragus is narrow at its base, from which

it rapidly expands, and abruptly bending inwards, leaves an outer

angle and curves to an obtuse point. It differs chiefly from the

same part in L. pruinosus in having a more decided inward direction.

The wing-membranes barely extend to the base of the toes. The

tail is longer than the head and body.

The fur of the forehead extends uninterruptedly in the direction

of the nose, and approaches it nearly. As in all the preceding spe-

cies, the other parts of the face are moderately hairy.

The fur of the back encroaches on the membranes of the wings

for a distance of about four lines, where it has a clearly defined

boundary. That of the under parts extends on to the membrane

beneath the humerus, but has no regularly defined margin. Between

the fore-arm and the fourth finger, in the angle formed by the two,

is a growth of extremely short downy hairs of a yellow colour. The

upper parts of the feet are moderately hairy, much less so than is

usual in L. pruinosus and L. noveboracensis. On the upper surface

of the interfemoral membrane, the fur of the rump extends only for

half its length, the remaining half beg naked. Its under surface

is sparingly clothed with hairs for about one-third of its length, near

to the tail only ; that part of the membrane near to. the knees and

the end of the tail being quite naked. |

The membrane itself is rather thickly marked with transverse

dotted lines.

The fur is rather long and silky ; that of the whole of the upper

parts is of a uniform yellowish-buff colour, brown for a short length

in immediate proximity to the skin. Beneath, it is reddish-brown

at the base for about a third of its length ; the remainder being yel-

lowish-buff.

e,° 11 Lil i! 3°3 12

Dentition.—In. =; C.75; P.M.55; M.33=i5-

: No. I. No. 2.

in. lin. in. lin.

Length of the head and body .... 1 9 ZU

= rOttlae tall re quote had oO 2 6

Olathe head. - se et Se = 0 7%

———oftheears ............ 0 32 0 3

Of tle GraGus ae... acts > ore 0 3 0 3

— of the fore-arm .:...... 1 8 Jats;

——— of the longest finger .... 3 3 3 6

——— of the fourth finger...... 2 0 2 3

—ws ofthe thumb .......... 0 4 0 42

— On the tibia. fay. sass cte 0 81 0 93

——-— of the foot and claws .. 0 3 0 4

Ou thnerosscalcisy, as "ease yO: ¢ 0 0 6

fxpanse of wings’... .'.'.. 2.5. +: 13 0 Wee)

Hab. Pernambuco, from which place the specimen was received

which furnished the above description, and the dimensions in column

No.1. No. 2 is from a specimen in a bad state in spirit, from Chili.

T have met with no other examples than the ones here described.

5. Lasrurus Aca, P. Gerv.

Nycticejus Aga, P. Gerv. in Castelnau, Expéd. dans les parties

centrales de l Amérique du Sud, &c., livr. 16. p. 73, 1855.

The following description is taken from that by the original de-

scriber. :

Ears subround ; tragus in the form of a hooked knife (“a peu

pres de la forme d’une serpette’’). The nostrils are subtubular,

pierced in the sides of the small nose, which is a little emarginate in

the centre.

Tail, in the two specimens examined, absent, having been with-

drawn from the membrane, in which a median furrow is left in its

stead, from the inspection of which it may be inferred that the tail

occupied the whole length of the membrane (as in the other species

of this group).

The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane has some hairs

on its base, as in many species of the genus Vespertilio; and its

under surface bears some transverse lines of small follicles.

The general colour of the fur is buffy-chestnut, glossy above, and

paler beneath.

Page in. lin.

Wenethlon the Dody. =: 2s 22s ts so clei. 2 4 (English).

Interfemoral membrane along its central line.. 1 9

Barer 20 QUT Dy OPI RY He aliloy,

PRAIA sree see ooo a RT ee a EET, Miata Stee Ny 0 9

_ Inow give a description of a specimen evidently of this species

collected at Ega, on the Amazon, by Mr. Bates, and labelled by him

“houses, Ega.” As it appears to be in a better state of preservation

than the two obtained from the same place by M. Castelnau, I am

able, besides confirming the accuracy of his description, to give a

more detailed scale of dimensions than he has given.

It is desirable to note, that this specimen, although probably full-

grown, yet exhibits some slight indications of non-maturity.

The muzzle is a little longer relatively than in the species I have

before described, and is about as much pointed as in L. novebora-

censis. The end of the nose is small; the nostrils somewhat tubular,

with a distinct notch between them.

The ears are triangular-round, and somewhat more pointed than

those of any other species here described. The tragus is similarly

formed to that part in LZ. pruinosus.

The wing-membranes barely extend to the base of the toes, and

the extreme tip of the tail is exserted.

The fur of the forehead does not approach so nearly to the nose

in this species as in the others of the group.

The basal half of the superior surface of the interfemoral mem-

brane is hairy, but the hair does not reach laterally over the tibia.

Beneath, it is sparingly hairy at the root of the tail only. The

membranes of the wings contiguous to the body, both above and

below, are hairy, more especially on their under surface, where the

hair reaches to the elbow, but does not follow the fore-arm.

On al] the upper parts the fur is yellowish-buff, the hairs slightly

tipped with brownish, and on the under parts uniform yellowish-buff.

Membranes of the wings darkish brown, the interfemoral mem-

brane being paler and marked with about twenty transverse dotted,

lines.

ima

AOOVoORLOnNIND WON S

in.

Length of the head and body, about ... 2

othe tah:c oS raedsaee seers 1

ar the ears Soe yen ose si eee

OF GRE AT ROUR 1) o¢ ois hei ae te mt)

of the fore-arm © ..sc<2s%-. 2 Sa is.

of the longest finger ....... oPrtee

of the fourth finger.......... 1

bol tol

tol

—

Orbhe- html: ne bee See

of the pid ve). coe oo, ee

of the foot and claws it ee

Gr the Gs emleiss “tasks. 22 ooe

Expanse of wings...... bh She esare 1

bolero]

In colour this species very closely resembles the last, but, besides

many minor points of distinction, the great length of the tail in the

former will at once be sufficiently distinctive.

I have now described all the species that I am able with certainty

to refer to this group ; but there are two others described by Major

Le Conte in the ‘Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia’ for 1855, characterized by the same formula of denti-

tion as in Lasiurus, but which appear nevertheless to have the other

parts as in the more ordinary Bats.

One of these—Vesp. pallidus, Le Conte, — the writer says, has

only four incisors in the lower jaw,—altogether an anomalous cha-

racter, if not due to some accidental cause.

The other species is the Vesp. crepuscularis of the same naturalist

(V. creeks, F. Cuv.), which, while possessing only two upper incisors,

precisely as in Lasiurus, has yet all the other characters similar to

those of Vesp. Carolinensis,—a species clearly appertaining to that

division of the genus Scotophilus which constitutes Section 6. of the

genus Vesperugo of MM. Keyserling and Blasius.

It would appear from this that the number and form of the inci-

sors in the upper jaw do not furnish a very valuable generic cha-

racter ; and when we find another species from India, not only dif-

ferent in its forms from Lasiurus and Nyeticejus (so called), but

also differmg from the above-mentioned Vesp. crepuscularis in all

respects save in the upper incisors, which are similar, we are quite

justified in regarding this as a character of subordinate value m the

arrangement of this difficult group of animals.

The Indian species to which I allude is referable; as far as external

form is concerned, to that section of the genus Vespertilio which has

been called Cappacinius by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, and

Trilatitius by Dr. Gray. It is closely affined to the Vesp. Tasma-

nensis of the latter zoologist, and may perhaps prove identical with it.

Besides the species given in this Monograph, there are several

others differing materially from them, and from each other, but

which have the tail-membrane hairy. As instances, may be cited

Vesp. noctivagans, Le Conte (V. pulverulentus, Temm.), Lasiurus

Pearsonii, Horsf.* (closely affined to the Vesp- emarginatus of the

continent of Europe), and Vesp. suillus, Temm., called Murina

suillus by Dr. Gray, and Noctilinia Lasyura by Mr. Hodgson.

From this it must be evident that this character is only of generic

value when associated with others of greater constancy, and it is only

by the characters taken collectively that the groups can be truthfully

defined.

The form of the head, the muzzle, and the nostrils, of the ears and

the tragi, the extent of the membrane in reference to the hinder ex-

tremities, the quality and distribution of the fur, the number and

form of the upper incisors, and more than all, the general econforma-

tion of the cranium, supply the means by which the Lasiuri may be

recognized and associated.

*. * Jn alluding to this species, I may menticn, that it is the Vesp. emarginatus

of continental writers to which I refer,—a well-marked species very similar m ap-

pearance io Lasiurus Pearsonii, but not more than half the size, and with less”

hair on the interfemoral membrane. The so-called British species is, I believe,

po other than esp. mystacinus.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited a collection of skins of new varieties of

domestic Fowls, the property of Mr. C. Darwin.

Those from the Madras Presidency were chiefly of the Malay type,

more or less resembling the gigantic Kulm Fowls that were imported

some years since by Colonel Sykes, and which were formerly in the

possession of the Society. The Fowls from Singapore were remark-

able for the recurved character of the plumage. The interior of

Persia furnished a very beautiful steel-black variety, perfectly distinct

from any known in this country, and which was stated to be the

Common Fowl of the district. Good specimens of the black-skinned,

white silky-plumaged Fowl with black periosteum were forwarded

both from Singapore and Madras. Mr. Tegetmeier called attention

to the fact, that all the specimens shown differed in a much greater

degree, than our common English Game Fowls, from the Gallus *

Bankiva, so frequently asserted to be the origin of our domesticated

species of the genus Gallus.

March 10, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :— .

1. CHARACTERS OF SOME APPARENTLY New Species or AMERI-

caAN Ant-TuHrRusHes. By Puitie Lutiey Scuater, M.A.,’

F.L.S., &e.

1. FoRMICARIUS TRIVITTATUS.

Supra fusco-cinnamomeus, subtus clarior, gula pallidiore: alis

caudaque nigris cinnamomeo tinctis, illarum tectricibus minori-

bus et majoribus fascia terminali et remigibus ipsis fascia me-

dialt alba preditis, itaque alis trifasciatis: oculorum ambitu

seminudo: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°4, caudee 2°5.

Hab. In ripis fl. Amazonum.

Mus. Brit.

The only individual of this species which I have yet seen is that

in the British Museum. It is easily recognizable among its conge-

ners by its thrice-banded wings. I am now acquainted with seven

birds which I consider to be probable members of this genus, viz.—

(1.) cayanensis, Bodd. ex. Pl. Enl. 821 (colma, Gm. et Bodd.,

tetema, Licht., fuscicapilla, Vieill., ruficeps, Spix), ex Guiana et

Brasilia. (2.) anavis (Lafr. et dOrb.), Voy. d. ?Am. Meér, Ois.

1. 6*. f. 1, ex Bolivia, Cayenna et ins. Trinitatis. (3.) NIG@GRIFRONS,

Gould, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 68, ex Nov. Grenada et fl. Amazon. (4.)

MONILIGER, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294, ex Mexico. (5.) TRI-

vitratus. (6.) ERYTHROPTERUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 69.

(/.) NigRomACcuLATUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.), Voy. d. ?Am. Mer. pl. 6*.

f. 2, ex Bolivia et fl. Amazon, sup.

The last three birds have the space round the eyes more or less

denuded, and would form the subgenus PAlegopsis, Reichb., of which,

‘I believe, F. nigromaculatus is the type. In that very peculiar

member of this family Pyriglena nudiceps (Myiothera nudiceps,

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. v. p. 106. pl. 6), this formation is developed

to a still greater extent, the whole top of the head being naked.

2. CONOPOPHAGA CASTANEICEPS.

Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 179, et Sclater in

P. Z. S. 1855, p. 145, nec Lafr. et d’Orb.

Supra olivascenti-brunnea ; pileo castaneo, frontem versus letiore :

lateribus capitis et gula nigricanti-cinereis : penicilla post-

oculari alba: subtus cinerea, abdomine medio albescentiore :

lateribus olivaceo indutis: mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore

flava, pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 4°4, ale 2°9, caudee 2°7.

Hab. In Nova Grenada, Bogota et in Peruvia Orientali (Tsch.).

Mus. Brit. et P. L. 8.

This is a typical Conopophaga, with the characteristic white pencil

of feathers on the sides of the head. Trusting to Tschudi’s identifi-

cation of a specimen collected by him, which is now in my collection,

I had considered it to be d’Orbigny’s C. ardesiaca. But upon exa-

mining the type of that species in the French National Collection I

found such was not the case. That bird does not possess the chest-

nut-brown cap or darker cinereous colour of the throat belonging to

the present species, but is more uniform in its colouring both above

and below.

There is a specimen of this bird in the British Museum from Bo-

ota.

; M. O. des Murs, in the Ornithology of the Voyage of Castelnau

and Deville, has described and figured another Conopophaga, some-

what resembling the present C. peruviana, pl. 16. f. 1. But this

bird has spots upon the wings and a varied back.

3. HypocNEMIS ELEGANS.

2, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147.

I have lately seen other specimens of this bird, and have one in

my own collection—a Bogota skin. Though closely allied to H. me-

lanosticta, I cannot consider it otherwise than specifically distinct,

and therefore propose a name for it: I have already given its cha-

racters in these Proceedings for 1855.

Hypocnemis

4. MyRMECIZA HEMIMELANA.

g- Castaneus: dorsi medii pennis basi albis, inde nigris, apice

castaneis: capite toto undique et corpore subtus ad medium

pectus nigris: ventre medio albido: campterio summo et ma-

culis tectricum alarium apicalibus albis: rostro nigro, pedibus

flavis : cauda rufo-castanea unicolore.

2. Obscure olivacea rufo tincta : interscapulit pennis basi albis :

dorso postico, alis et cauda rufis: alarum tectricibus nigris,

sicut in mari albo aut fulvescenti-albo guttatis: subtus lete

Serruginea, pectore et ventre medio pallidioribus: lateribus et

crisso rufescenti-olivacers.

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°4, caudee 1°7.

Hab. In Bolivia (Bridges).

Mus. Brit.

There are single specimens of both sexes of this bird in the Bri-

tish Museum, which are the only examples I have yet seen. It

may be best arranged near Myrmeciza loricata, the type of the genus,

with which it agrees generally in form, although the tail is compara-

tively much shorter.

5. FoRMICIVORA HEZMATONOTA.

Supra brunnea, dorso medio rubro, hoc colore uropygium versus

dilutiore: alarum tectricibus nigris, omnibus macula terminali

pallide cervina preditis, secundariarum externarum apicibus

eodem colore obsolete terminatis: subtus cinerea, gula nigra

maculis triangularibus albis aspersa: ventris lateribus et crisso

pallide brunnets : cauda unicolore brunnea: rostro nigro, pedi-

bus brunneis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1:2.

Hab. Chamicurros in ripis fl. Huallaga in Peruv. Orient. (Haua-

well).

Mus. Brit.

Obs. Similis F. gulari (Spix, Av. Bras. ii. t. 41. f. 2) sed dorso

medio rubro nec cinnamomeo, et colore subtus dilutius cimereo dig-

noscenda.

2, ON THE SPECIES OF CROCODILUS INHABITING THE RIVERS

Kwora ann Binué (Niger anp Tsappa) In CENTRAL

Arrica. By Dr. Baztrour Barxie, F.R.Geog.S. &e.

Among the Zoological collection which I made during my visit to

the rivers Kwora and Binué in 1854, were several skulls of Croco-

diles, varying in length from 14 to 26 inches. A careful compara-

tive examination of these shows them all to be possessed of similar

characters ; but on attempting to refer them specifically, I have ex-

perienced considerable difficulty, their proportional measurements

not agreeing with any hitherto described. Two African species of

Crocodilus are already known,—C, vulgaris, the Nilotic or Egyptian

Crocodile, and C. marginatus of Southern Africa. Of these, accord-

ing to the best recent authority, namely Dr. Gray, the characters

are,—

C. vulgaris.—* Head elongate, triangular, flat, smoothish above,

narrow, tapering at the sides, nearly twice as long as the width of

the head behind ; muzzle at the notch nearly two- ~thirds the width

of the forehead, at the ninth tooth as wide as half the distance be-

tween the eyes and nostrils ; forehead flat, with nearly parallel sides.”

C. marginatus. — “ Head elongate, triangular, rather convex,

rounded, sides slightly swollen behind the notch, half as long again

as the width of the head behind; muzzle at the first notch as wide

as the forehead, and at the ninth tooth as wide as two-thirds the

distance between the eyes and nostrils ; forehead deeply concave, with

the sides high, prominent and nearly parallel; dorsal plates: very

strongly keeled.”

I shall now describe generally the skulls which I brought home,

giving the measurements of four of them; from which it will be

seen, that while in various prominent points they more resemble the

latter, yet in proportional measurements they approach more nearly

to, while not altogether agreeing with, C. vulgaris, thus showing that

in many characters they are intermediate, and thus either lowering

these two into mere varieties, or what is, I believe, more probable,

establishing for themselves specific characters.

“* Head elongate, oblong, somewhat triangular, rather convex, espe-

cially posteriorly, rounded, upper surface rough, sides distinctly

swollen behind the notch ; length more than twice the width of head

behind ; forehead slightly concave, sides not prominent, converging

anteriorly ; muzzle at notch nearly two-thirds the greatest width of

forehead ; at the ninth tooth more than two-thirds the distance be-

tween the eye and nostrils.”

Measurements.

No. 1. No.2. No.3. No. 4.

in. in. in in.

xtreme lengthy] 220!) 40). 3 26 242 222 21

Greatest width behind...... 123 12 114 104

Distance from eye to nostril.. 103 10 9 83

Breadth at ninth tooth...... 73 64 + 53

Breadth at notch. he 4 3 33 23

Width of forehead, “anteriorly. 5 44 41 4

Width of forehead, posteriorly 64 = 52 5

Extreme length of lower jaw .. 29 27 241 —

The proportions of all these correspond almost exactly, and I have

ascertained the proportional measurements of a smaller one to be the

same, although from its being in pieces and not yet put together, I

have not time to take the exact dimensions. They show the Croco-

dile from the Binué to be proportionally longer than C. vulgaris, and

much more so than C. marginatus, to be in form of upper surface

and of forehead near the latter, but without the prominent sides to

No. CCCXXX. — PrRocreepDINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

the forehead,—also in breadth at the ninth tooth to agree with C.

marginatus, while the converging shape of the forehead differs from

both.

I shall add some few other general characters derived from these

skulls :—Cranial fossee somewhat oblong and ear-shaped, converging

anteriorly, and almost touching by their inner and anterior margins,

the outer side being nearly straight. Orbits with a slight notch an-

teriorly. Nasal foramen broadly pyriform, and almost quadrilateral.

Foramina for the two anterior teeth converted in old specimens into

deep notches. Articulating extremities of lower jaw much curved

inwards.

I have compared these skulls with twelve others of Indian and

American species, from all of which they are quite distinct.

The ninth upper tooth of Crocodiles is said to be enlarged like a

canine, but this is not strictly correct. I have examined the denti-

tion in eighteen skulls of various species ; in the lower jaw there are

always nineteen teeth, but in the upper jaw the number in the adult

is seventeen on either side, while in the young it is eighteen. This

is owing to the second incisor being deciduous, and in old skulls the

socket is completely obliterated by the enlargement of foramen for

the two anterior teeth. Thus in old animals there are only four

teeth in each intermaxillary bone, while in younger individuals there

are always five. So, more strictly, it is the tenth and not the ninth

upper tooth which is enlarged.

The characters which I have above enumerated seem to me di-

stinctive, and possibly on further investigation, when the entire animal

is examined, and its external characteristics determined, it may prove

a new species. The Crocodiles which I saw on the mud banks, or

swimming about in the river, appeared of a dark green colour.

Adanson mentions two apparently from the upper parts of the Niger,

which he distinguished—‘‘ Crocodile vert du Niger” and “ Crocodile

noir du Niger.”’ Whether either of these resembles my specimens

I have no means of ascertaining ; but Cuvier speaks of African Cro-

codiles ‘‘qui ont la téte un peu plus allongée 4 proportion de sa

largueur,”’ though he adds, “et un peu plus plate, ou plutét moins

inégale, 4 sa surface.” If this prove to be separate I would suggest

for it the specific designation C. Binuensis, from the name of the

river whence I obtained the specimens.

3. DescrIeTIONS OF FOUR UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Bats.

By Rosert F. Tomes.

1. ScoTOPHILUS PACHYOMUS, 0. 8.

Muzzle rather obtuse ; ears ovoid ; tragus short, of nearly uni-

form breadth, and round at the end. Wing-membranes ex-

tending to the base of the toes. Fur bicoloured. Size rather

larger than 8. noctula.

This species appertains to the same division of the genus as S.

51s

_ pipistrellus, S. Kuhlii, S. marginatus, S. minutus, and perhaps S.

— Carolinensis ; but it is to the S. discolor of Kurope that it bears the

greatest apparent resemblance, owmg in some measure to the simi-

larity in the quality and colour of the fur.

Tn size it little exceeds the Noctule Bat, being much the largest

species of the restricted group to which it belongs.

The muzzle is somewhat obtuse, the nostrils rather prominent,

and opening sublaterally. The ears are rather long, ovoid, and nar-

rowed towards their tips. The tragus is scarcely half the length of

the ear, of nearly uniform breadth, round at the end, and slightly

curved towards the head.

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes; the latter

are a little longer than the remaining portion of the foot:

The face is moderately hairy ; on the top of the nose, and about

the muzzle nearly naked, but with a slight group of hairs on the

gland of the upper lip, which extends to the angle of the mouth.

The fur is markedly and singularly bicoloured, very much re-

sembling that of S. discolor. That of the upper parts is of a dark

brown, conspicuously tipped with whitish brown. Beneath, it is

brown at its base, with the terminal half yellowish brown.

The upper incisors are four in number, in pairs, of nearly uniform

size, separated from the canines by an interval on each side, and

with an interval in the middle, of very moderate extent.

Length of the head and body...... 2 6

of tite: tatl.s . 2) OUD Annee 1 10

———— of the head.... ES SEO RD

—— of the fore-arm .......... 2

of the longest finger ...... 3

——— of the fourth finger ...... iy In

— of the tibia. . SN, AE EOL MO! MO

— of the foot and claws. AIG, O 54

Expanse‘of wings+»...:..2.. 00 13 6

Hab. India. In British Museum, collected by Capt. Boys.

2. SCOTOPHILUS PUMILOIDES, 0. 8.

Muzzle tumid; ears small, broadly ovoid, not emarginate, with

their tips directed a little outwards. Tragus of nearly uni-

form breadth, round at the end, and curved inwards. Wing-

membranes extending to the base of the toes.

In its general character this species bears considerable resemblance

to the smaller Australian species of Bats, such as S. picatus, Gould,

S. Greyti, Gray, and S. pumilus, Gray, all having the forms of the

S. pipistrellus of Europe, with some slight modifications, As its

name indicates, it is most closely affined to 8. pumilus, but it differs

from it in being somewhat larger.

The muzzle is short and rather tumid ; the nostrils and lips pre-

sent no variation from what is usual in the restricted group to which

° 52

the species belongs, being in fact similar to the same parts in the

common Pipistrelle.

The ears are small and very short, being scarcely longer than wide,

and are of a tolerably regular ovoid form, but with their extreme tips

brought to a blunt angle directed somewhat outwards.

The tragus is about half the length of the ear, of nearly uniform

breadth, with a rounded tip, and a slight inward curvature.

As in all the species above enumerated, the wing-membranes ex-

tend as far as the base of the toes. The extreme tip of the tail is

exserted, and the interfemoral membrane is marked with twelve trans-

verse dotted lines.

The fur of the whole of the body is very thick and close, that of

the back extending on to the interfemoral membrane for nearly a

fourth of its length. In one example, the fur of the pubes also ex-

tends on to the membrane around the root of the tail; but this ap-

pears to be an exception.

On all the upper parts the fur is bicoloured, dark at its root, with

the terminal third yellowish-brown; beneath it is similar, but the

tips are pale brown with a slight olive-yellow cast, which is most

conspicuous on the pubes and flanks.

The cutaneous system is of a medium brown colour.

The dentition has not been examined.

Length of the head and body .... 1 6 16

of the tall.5: 2328) San 4 iat ee PA

of the head, about ...... One. 0 64

of the sars.2 tse) Bre 0 33

of the tragus.).°>.. ke a2 OS

of the fore-arm.......... 1 34 ah

of the longest finger ...... 2 4 2 3

of the fourth finger ...... by9 Le

of the thumb, about...... 0 24

of the tibia! 2.5 32s. tO 0 5$

of the foot and claws...... 0 31 0 34

Expanse of wings .. Pe oe 9 3

Hab. China.

3. VESPERTILIO CHINENSIS, 0. 8.

Top of the head very slightly elevated ; muzzle rather thick ;

ears narrow, ovoid; tragus narrow, nearly straight and

pointed ; wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes ;

toes longer than the remaining portion of the foot.

In its general forms this species bears considerable resemblance to

V. murinus of Europe, but the ears are much narrower. It is also

somewhat larger; and if we except the V. maximus from South

America, is the largest true Vespertilio known*.

* The specimens of V. murinus that I have made use of for comparison with this

species, have been received from various parts of the continent of Europe, from

The top of the head is elevated only to a very moderate extent,

and the face is rather long and thick. ‘The nostrils are slightly

tubular, and open sublaterally. The ears are of a longish oval form,

not emarginate, but narrowed towards the tips. They bear greater

resemblance to those of V. Natterert than to those of any other

species with which I am acquainted, but are relatively more narrow

towards the ends. ‘The tragus is narrowish at its base, from which

it expands to near its middle, which is the widest part. From this

it tapers to an acute point, having a slight inward tendency.

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter

are longer than the remaining part of the foot, just asin V. murinus

and V. formosa, Hodgs.

The forehead is hairy, and the hair extends nearly to the end of

the nose. On the upper lip is a thick moustache, the space around

the eye being the only part of the face which is naked.

The fur is longish, fine im texture, and rather cottony, but not very

thick. It does not anywhere encroach on the membranes.

All the upper parts are very dark brown, with the extreme tips of

the hairs a little paler. Beneath, nearly similar, but the tips of the

hairs are pale grey-brown on the breast and belly, whilst the sides

of the body and pubal region are almost biack.

The membranes are very dark.

Length of the head and body, about......

ofpthepfatley ssc jai densi sr ek ER

otheneadssy-scuhay cane ane fins

of the ears... Sreesa aati ae ea is

——— of the tragus ............ Mies

oft hestore-ariyvaia/s ccm ne es

of the longest finger ..........

of the fourth finger .. air eusls

——~— of the thumb..................

bo|! bolle

Lar}

SOronsknNnoOrN Ws

SON KHOWOMNWAON SO

Expanse of wings, about.......... alae et 16

Hab. China, collected by Mr. Fortune.

A. VESPERTILIO BLYTHII, n. Ss.

Ears ovoid, somewhat pointed, their ends sloping outwards.

Tragus narrow and tapering to'a subacute point, Crown mo-

derately elevated. Feet large, wholly disengaged from the

wing-membranes.

In form and proportion this species resembles Vesp. macropus,

Gould, from Australia, and in colour is somewhat like V. ferrugineus,

Temm., from South America, both having the same subgeneric cha-

Algeria, and from Nubia. Those from Switzerland are the only ones that appear

to approach it in size; but even they, although perfectly adult, are decidedly

smaller, whilst the species I am describing presents indications of youth in the

imperfectly ossified condition of the finger-joints.

racters as V. Hasseltii, V. Carolii, V. Daubéntone, and V. dasy-

cnemus.

To the restricted group of which the above are representatives,

Prince C. L. Bonaparte has given the name of Cappacinius, whilst

Dr. Gray distinguishes it by the name of Trilatitius,

The crown is moderately elevated, and the snout is of medium

length and substance. The ears are oval, somewhat pointed, and

have their tips directed a little outwards. The tragus is narrow, and

tapers evenly to a subacute point, which has a very slight outward

tendency.

The wing-membranes extend only to the distal extremity of the

tibia, leaving the feet wholly disengaged. The latter are large, and

have the toes longer than the remaining part of the foot.

On the interfemoral membrane may be observed about eight

strongly marked transverse lines. The tip of the tail is free for the

length of its terminal joint.

The wings are ample and broad, as the length of the fingers re-

latively to each other, and to the other dimensions, as given below,

will testify.

The fur of the forehead approaches to near the end of the nose,

but around the eyes the face is nearly naked, and the upper lip is

destitute of a moustache. All the membranes are naked.

The fur is long, rather soft, and inclining to silky on the upper

parts. On the whole of the upper surface of the body it is dark

brown at the root, with its terminal half cimnamon-brown, brightest on

the rump, and tinged with grey on the head and neck. Beneath it is

dark at its base, with its terminal half brownish-white. Both above

and beneath, the bicoloured character of the fur is conspicuous, and,

as already mentioned, bears some resemblance in this respect to that

of V. ferrugineus.

a“ “4

Length of the head and aebiniaee about .... 2 3

“— of the tail . : coos tol omkg

maSverfiot the, Head? vcnvancate boca toss pe 0 10?

——of the ears... 2... cise ween ee 0: Hy

= Ge ENG EROS bce he ok a 0

-——— of the fore-arm..............6. 2 2or3

——— of the longest finger............ 3 10

——— of the fourth finger ............ 38 0

-——-— of the thumb.................. 0 5

—— ofthe tibia .... 02.0... eee 0 11

— of the foot and claws .......... 0 62

Expanse. of wings: sinew 2 ¢.cthtone og 15 0

Hab. A single specimen in the British Museum Collection is

labelled ‘‘ India, Nassenabad, from Mr. Warwick, 1848,” and, I be-

lieve, was collected by Capt. Boys.

Nie th ts ce

March 24, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE Nest AND Kees or THE Waxwine (BomByciLLa

GARRULA, TemM.). By Joun Wo.tey, Jun., Esa.

(Aves, Pl. CXXII.)

The Waxwing, as observed in Lapland, makes a good-sized and

substantial nest, but without much indication of advanced art. It is

of some depth, and regularly shaped, though built of rather intrac-

table materials. As in those of many other birds in the Arctic

forests, the main substance is of the kind of lichen commonly called

tree-hair, which hangs so abundantly from the branches of almost

every tree. This lichen somewhat resembles a mass of delicate root-

lets, or perhaps may be compared to coarse brown wool; but some

of it is whitish, and in one nest there is a little of this mixed with

the ordinary brown or black. This main substance of the nest is

strengthened below by a platform of dead twigs, and higher up to-

wards the interior by a greater or less amount of flowering stalks of

grass, and occasionally pieces of equisetum. It is also interspersed

with a little rein-deer lichen, perhaps a sprig or two of green moss,

and even some pieces of willow cotton. There may also be observed

a little of the very fine silvery-looking fibre of grass leaves which

probably have been reduced to that condition by long soaking in

water. In one of the nests examined there were several pen-feathers

of small birds as an apology for a lining. Of other nests which are

to be found in the same forest, it most resembles, but is considerably

less, than that of the Siberian Jay, which however is less securely

put together, but has many more feathers and soft materials for a

lining.

The nest of the Waxwing is built on the branch of a tree, not

near the bole, and rather, as one of the observers has said, standing

up from the branch like a Fieldfare’s or other Thrush’s nest, than

supported by twigs touching it at the sides, as the nests of many

birds are supported. Of six nests, four were in small Spruces, one

in a good-sized Scotch fir, and one in a Birch—all placed at a height

of from 6 to 12 feet above the ground. The tree in several instances

was unhealthy, thin and scraggy in its branches, to which there hung

a good deal of hair lichen; and the nest seems generally much ex-

posed, though from its resemblance to the lichen hanging near, it

might escape the eye. The nests found were in parts of the forest

considerably open, once or twice on the side of low hills, near a river,

or with an undergrowth of dwarf swamp-loving shrubs. But at

present we have scarcely enough examples to show that there is a

preference for any particular kind of ground.

Five seems to be the ordinary number of eggs; in one nest only

there were as many as six. They have a pale salmon(?)-coloured

ground, upon which are distributed pretty equally good-sized purple

spots, some with more and some with less deep colour, but nearly all

of them having a shade or penumbra, such as is common especially

in eggs of the Chaffinch. The only very marked variety I have yet

seen, has short streaks and much smaller and more numerous spots

than usual, of which markings a considerable proportion are of a

pale yellowish-brown. The eggs may be about an inch in length,

but hardly enough have been obtained to determine the average di-

mensions. Marked differences in size in the eggs of the same nest

have not yet keen observed ; but, as with other birds, we find that

one nest may have all its eggs considerably larger than those of an-

other nest.

In the backward and cold spring of 1856, Waxwings had their full

complement of eggs about the 12th of June.

The writer abstains for the present from offering any remarks on

the distribution of this bird in the breeding season, hoping that upon

this subject, as upon the habits of the Waxwing in the summer, he

may hereafter have some more complete observations to communi-

cate.

YOUNG OF THE WAXWING.

A young bird caught on the 5th of August, as it fluttered from

the nest, had a general resemblance to the adult, though all the co-

lours were more dull. The wax-like ends to the wing-feathers, the

yellow tip to the tail, the black patch between the eye and the beak

are all there, whilst the rich mahogany of the under tail-coverts is

of a quieter brown; the blooming vinous colour of the head and back

has not yet emerged from a homely neutral, and the crest is but just

indicated by the longish feathers of the crown. ‘The most marked

difference between the adult and young is in the throat and under

surface generally. There is at present scarcely a trace of the deep

black patch of the chin, and the delicate tint of the general under

surface of the adult is replaced by mottled neutral and white. This

upon examination is found to owe its appearance to those longer

webs, which arising towards the root of each feather, extend as far

outwards as the webs which arise nearer its tip, being very pale or

white, and thus relieving, on both sides, the last mentioned darker

webs.

LapLanp Owt. Stria lapponica, Temm.

Two nests of the Lap Owl were found in Finnish Lapland in 1856.

In one near Sodankyla there were two eggs, and when one of the

birds was shot, a third egg was found ready for exclusion. They

were placed on the jagged end of the stump of a large Scotch fir,

about 12 feet from the ground, at which spot the tree had been

snapped across by some storm, the upper part not yet entirely sepa-

rated, but sloping downwards till the greater part of its weight was

supported by the ground.

The other nest was near the Aunasjoki, at the top of a lowish

Scotch fir. Some time previously in the same year a bird had

been shot at this spot, which was found to be a female with eggs in-

side. The nest was not observed until after the shot was fired. At

the second visit on the 28th of May, there were two eggs in the

nest, and again a bird was shot, which turned out to be a new female

with a fully-formed egg inside, through which the bullet had passed.

The skin is now im England. The birds seemed on both occasions

remarkably fearless.

The eggs are smoother, and, as might be expected, considerably

smaller than those of the Hagle Owl. The dimensions of the two

in the last-imentioned nest are 2 in. x 1°6 in. and 2°1 in. x 1°65 in.

At the meeting of Scandinavian naturalists in Christiania last sum-

mer, before I heard of these two nests having been found, I was able

to announce that the Lap Owl generally makes its nest on the top of

a stump. I had received several reliable accounts from different

woodsmen, but had never found a nest myself, or been able to get

the eggs, which indeed have, I believe, hitherto been unknown to

ornithologists. It appears that three is the ordinary number of eggs.

TenemAum’s Own. Strix Tengmalmi, Gmel.,

lays its eggs in holes of trees and occasionally in egg-boxes. When

once established it cannot easily be made to leave its quarters, and it

can, as it is said, keep possession against a much larger bird; yet

from the present nest (the only one I have had the good fortune to

meet with), after having laid four eggs, the mother was ejected by a

Golden Eye. The dimensions of the egg accompanying this paper

are 1°32 in. x 1°05.

Muoniovara, February 2nd, 1857.

2. ON THE SKULL OF A SPECIES OF MECISTOPS INHABITING THE

River BinvE or Tsappa, in CENTRAL AFRICA.

By Dr. Batrour Baixiez, F.R.Geogr.S., ETC.

The genus Mecistops, from the fewness of its numbers and the

retired localities which it inhabits, is but little known, scarcely any

mention of it being found in zoological writings. It was first distin-

guished as a species of Crocodilus by Cuvier, from a specimen still

preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Lon-

don, and which he named C. cataphractus. Since that time two

other species have been described, M. Bennetti or M. leptorhynchus

from Western Africa, and M. Journei, said to be from New Guinea.

With the exception of this latter species it is quite an African genus,

inhabiting the various rivers falling into the Atlantic. In the ‘ Pro-

_ ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1835, p. 128, the C. lepto-

rhynchus of Bennett is said to have come from Fernando Po; but I

should think that this, except established on undoubted authority,

must be incorrect, chiefly because in that island the physical condi- _

tions requisite for its existence are wanting. Fernando Po is a small

voleanic island, totally without the muddy rivers delighted in by

Crocodilide, and possessing nothing beyond streams which, during

the rainy season, are tumultuous mountain torrents with rocky beds.

It is much more likely that the specimen alluded to was obtained

from some of the numerous rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra,

opposite to Fernando Po, and that it came to England vid Fernando

Po, that island being a common point of call for vessels on their way

homme.

In August 1854, while at the town of Ojogo on the river Binué,

my assistant procured from a native the skull of a Mecistops; and as

this was the only occasion on which I met with its remains, and as I

never saw one in the river, I conclude that it is there a comparatively

searce species. I have since described the animal to Dr. Barth, who

informs me that during his lengthened wanderings he never remem-

bers to have met with it. Crocodiles again were everywhere to be

seen, and in many places most abundant.

The skull seems from its appearance to be that of an adult animal.

Its extreme length is 22} inches, the greatest breadth being 94 inches,

or nearly in the proportion of 2} to 1. From this it may be inferred

to be most probably M. cataphractus, that bemg the proportion of

the length to the breadth in that species, while in M. Bennettii (if

distinct) it is said to be as 3 tol. It has seventeen alveolar sockets

on each side of the upper jaw, and fifteen in the lower, in which par-

ticulars it agrees with the characters originally given by Cuvier in

the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles,’ “la longueur de sa téte étant comprise deux

fois et demie dans sa largeur,” * * -* “On lui compte dix sept

dents de chaque cdté 4 la machoire supérieure et quinze 4) inférieure,”’

4 ed. tom. ix. p. 116. -In each are intermaxillary sockets ; but for vari-

ous reasons I am inclined to believe that this is the case only in the

adult, and that in the young animal there are five intermaxillary

teeth on each side. The ninth remaining upper tooth is the most

prominent, and it is distant from the extremity of the snout

7% inches.

In all essentials the skull of the Mecistops shows it to be properly

a member of the family Crocodilide rather than the Gavialide.

The teeth are irregular, the sides of the jaws are not parallel, there is

a distinct swelling opposite the ninth remaining upper molar, and

the lower canines are received in notches in the upper jaw.

The skull is considerably depressed, much produced anteriorly,

and the extremity of the snout somewhat enlarged. Upper surface

smooth. Forehead nearly flat, pitted, sides not raised, converging

anteriorly. Cranial fossee nearly circular, resembling those of the

Gavial. Orbits rather more convergent than in the Crocodiles, and

the nasal aperture more circular. Nasal bones more prolonged than

in Gavialis, yet not reaching, as in the Crocodili, the nasal opening,

but distant from it an inch and a half. Anterior spine of middle-

frontal very long, slender, tapering, and pointed. Lacrymal bones

lengthened and narrow. Notch for lower canines about an inch

beyond posterior edge of nasal foramen, and about half an inch from

the anterior extremity of the nasal bones. Anterior palatine foramen

small. Palatine bones tapering and pointed anteriorly.

Extreme length of lower jaw 243 inches, suture 53 inches in length,

extending to opposite the seventh tooth on each side. Narrowest

portion of lower jaw between fifth and sixth teeth, where it does not

exceed an inch and three-eighths. Tenth and eleventh teeth nearly

equal, the latter being rather the larger, but by no means exceeding

the others in the same proportion that it does in Crocodilus. Its

attenuated snout, narrow jaws, and small teeth would seem to indi-

eate that it lives principally on fish.

Thus while it offers some analogies with the Gavialide, its true

affinities are undoubtedly with the Crocodilide, though it may be

held to represent the former in the African and other rivers which

it inhabits.

April 28, 1857.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MANATUS.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Ent. Soc. erc.

Dr. Balfour Baikie having requested me to examine the skull of

the Manatee from Africa, which he described at a preceding meet-

ing, I am induced to send you the following observations.

There appears to be considerable confusion respecting the nomen-

clature of the skulls of these animals.

M. Cuvier and De Blainville figure the skeleton and skull of the

American Manatee (M. australis) from the same specimen sent

from Cayenne in the Paris Museum. ‘This animal differs essentially

from all the four skulls from the American coast which are in the

British Museum Collection, in the great elongation of the front

of the lower jaw, and the comparative length and narrowness of the

nasal opening. A copy of the front part of Cuvier’s figures is

given by Dr. Harlan as that of M. americanus. On the other hand,

the four skulls (two of which come from the West Indies and one

from Cuba) in the British Museum all agree with the skull figured

by M. Cuvier as the Lamatin du Sénégal*, and also with that

(which is probably from the same specimen as Cuvier’s in a more

imperfect state) which De Blainville figures under the name of M.

latirostris of Harlan, in the short rounded form of the front end

and the prominence of the gonyx on the under side of the lower

jaw, and in the shortness and breadth of the nasal opening; and

this appears to be different from the skull which De Blainyille figured

under the name of M. Senegalensis. The skeleton of a young female

* The front part of this figure is copied by Dr. Harlan for comparison with

that of his M. latirostris.

specimen from Jamaica is figured by Sir Everard Home (Lectures,

iv. t. 54), and the head of this skeleton is copied under the name of

M. australis by Wagner (Saugeth. t. 381. f. 4), and the animal is

figured from a drawing by Mr. Gosse in the Figures of Animals

published by the Christian Knowledge Society, as the Manati.

The more adult of the Museum skulls exactly agree with Dr.

Harlan’s figures of the skull on which he founded M. latirostris

from the coast of East Florida.

I am inclined to believe that all the skulls from America in the

British Museum, and that of a very young specimen in the same

Collection, belong to one species, though they vary considerably in

the height of the intermaxillary bones, in the comparative length

and breadth of the nasal opening, the extent of the bending down

of the front of the upper jaw, the completeness and incompleteness

of the orbit, and in the smoothness, roundness, or angularity and

rugosity of the gonyx of the lower jaw; but I think that all these

differences may be referable to the age and sex of the specimens, the

upper jaw being more deflexed and lengthened as the animal in-

creases in age. All the older specimens have a small, conical, ru-

gose, bony prominence in the middle line of the front of the lower

jaw, and the apex of the coronoid process truncated and expanded

into an angle behind and before, as represented in De Blainville and

Cuvier’s figures of M. australis and M. latirostris. This is even

the case in the skull of a very young animal with only the milk

teeth.

On the other hand, in Dr. Baikie’s skull of M. Vogelii, and in

M. De Blainville’s figure of M. Senegalensis, the coronoid process

of the lower jaw is narrow above, with the hinder upper part ob-

liquely rounded off, and with a slight angle in front ; so that this is

probably the character of the African species. I may also remark,

that the front of the lower jaw of Dr. Baikie’s specimen is produced

and very differently shaped from that of any of the American skulls,

and in this character it differs from M. De Blainville’s figure of MW.

Senegalensis ; but this difference may be only in consequence of its

outh.

‘ Dr. Harlan observes :—‘‘ Cuvier estimates the teeth at 36, nine

on each side; in both my specimens they do not exceed 32, eight on

each side.” :

In the very young skull above mentioned, which has holes for the

rudimentary upper cutting or canine teeth, there are only 24, viz.

six on each side; and the two hinder on each side must have been

hidden in the gums. In the older skulls some have eight and others

uine on each side, but in most of them only six on each side are

perfect ; as the anterior one on each side drops out as the new ones

are formed behind, and in each of the skulls two hinder on each

side are in the process of development.

But the question of the permanent specific difference between the

M. australis from Cayenne, the M. latirostris from East Florida,

Jamaica and Cuba, and between M. Senegalensis of Blainville (not

of Cuvier, which is like the first) and M. Vogelii, must wait tor

_ solution until a larger series of skulls of these species can be pro-

cured, and until the other parts of the skeleton can be compared ;

it being always borne in mind, at least according to my experience,

that the skulls and other parts of the skeleton of the animals are

quite as liable to vary in form and structure as any of the external

soft parts by which they are moulded.

2. On THE Genus Nectrurus or MENOBRANCHUS, WITH AN

ACCOUNT OF ITs SKULL AND TeetTH. By Dr. Joun Ep-

WARD Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Enr. Soc. ere.

Dr. Kaup lately sent to me the skull of the Proteus of the Lakes,

Necturus maculatus. As it presents some peculiarities, I am in-

duced to lay a figure and some observations on it before the Society.

1. It is the general belief of the inhabitants of Lake Erie that the

bite of the Proteus of the Lakes is poisonous.

Dr. Holbrook observes that the fishermen regard these animals

““as poisonous, and are consequently seldom taken in hand.”

The Hon. Miss Amelia Murray in her ‘ Letters’ mentions this

animal as caught in a net at Detroit, under the name of Fish Lizard

(vol. i. p. 172), and observes: ‘The fishermen said its bite was very

poisonous, and it had the yellowish-brown lurid look which seems

to appertain to venomous reptiles ; but Dr. Kirtland says it is per-

fectly harmless.”

And this latter opinion appears to be the almost unanimous im-

pression of the naturalists of America.

Yet the examination of the teeth will almost justify the popular

belief, and at least render it very desirable that the animal should

be examined in its living state, and that its bite be submitted to care-

ful experiment.

The upper jaw of the skull is furnished with two series of small,

acute, uniform, nearly transparent, conical, slightly curved teeth, the

outer series being placed on the narrow intermaxillary bone, the

inner series on the front edge of the vomer and on the outer edge

of the lateral processes of the pterygoid bone. The lower jaw has

a single series of similar teeth, which lock between the two series

above described.

All these teeth have a conical cavity on the hinder part of their

base, with a short linear slit on the middle of the inner side, and an

oblong perforation above the slit in the middle of the inner side of

the tooth. The form of these teeth is exactly similar to the fang of

poisonous Serpents ; that is to say, the cavity is not a hollow in the

substance of the tooth itself, but is formed by the sides of the teeth

being produced and folded together, leaving a conical cavity in the

inner side of the base, as is easily proved by the examination of the

teeth, which shows that the cavity is lined with enamel; and the

junction of the two lateral expansions is rarely complete, but marked

by a more or less distinct or continued slit between the basal notch

and the subcentral foramen. In the poisonous Snakes the duct of

the poison occupies this cavity ; and the similarity of the form and

structure leads to the idea that it may be used for the same purpose

in the Proteus of the Lakes.

The chief difference between the teeth of the Proteus of the Lakes

and the fangs of Serpents, is, that in the former the upper aperture

of the cavity is nearer to the centre of the tooth, some distance

from the apex, while in the fang of the Serpent it is generally near

to the tip.

I know of no other instance of a Batrachian having this structure

of its teeth, nor do I know any instance, except in the Mexican

Lizard, called Heloderma horrida, in which all the teeth are uni-

formly furnished with a basal cavity and foramen; and this Lizard

is said to be noxious, but the fact has not been distinctly proved.

2. When Dr. Barton, in his paper on the Siren, first described

the Hell-bender (Protonopsis horrida), he considered the Proteus of

the Lakes as the young state of the latter species.

The skull bears more affinity to the skull of that animal than to

any other Batrachian, and the difference between them is just such

as one might expect between the larva and adult of other similar ani-

mals ; and it will be observed that the Proteus of the Lakes is only

known in its larva-like state, and Protonopsis, as far as I know, only

in itstadult form. /

The first great, and indeed almost insurmountable, argument

against regarding the Proteus of the Lakes and the Hell-bender as

two states of the same species, is the geographical distribution of the

animals as given by the American herpetologist.

Thus Holbrook, for example, states, “The Menopoma Alleghanien-

sis (Hell-bender) is found in the Alleghany river and its tributaries,

and doubtless inhabits many of the branches of the Ohio and Missis-

sippi rivers ;*’ and M. fusca, ‘“ the waters of the mountainous regions

of North Carolina and Georgia ;”’ while the Proteus of the Lakes

(Menobranchus maculatus) has as yet been found only in Lake

Champlain and Lake Erie and their tributary streams.

It is true that a second species of the genus, Menopoma lateralis,

according to Dr. Holbrook, “ has a wide range, it being found in many

of the rivers and streams that open into the Mississippi on its eastern

side; but I am not aware of its existence west of that river. Say

found it as far north as Pittsburg in Pennsylvania, and Troost as far

south as Cumberland river in Tennessee :’’ and further, “ the Meno-

branchus lateralis was first described by Say from a specimen taken

by a hook in the Alleghany river.” He proceeds: ‘At first I was

disposed to believe that the M. maculatus and M. lateralis were one

and the same animal, but I am now convinced that the latter is at

least a well-marked variety, if not a distinct species ; it is more slender

in proportion, its colours and markings different ; itis found only in

the western waters that run into the Mississippi, while the former

inhabits the rivers and streams that flow into the northern lakes, and

all the tributaries of the St. Lawrence river.”

From these remarks on the observations of other American herpe-

tologists, one may conclude, that though one species or variety of

Menobranchus is found in the same system of waters as the Meno-

poma, the Menopoma has not hitherto been observed in the same

lakes, or indeed in the same district of country, where one variety or

species, viz. the Menobranchus maculatus, is alone found, and where

it is abundant.

But an experienced American naturalist, Dr. Baird, has ob-

served, that “the non-discovery of the adult is no argument against

its existence. I had caught hundreds of the very remarkable larva

of Pseudotriton Salmoneus near Carlisle, before I found an adult.’

(Journ. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1849, 292.)

Dr. Holbrook observes, that “ the Menobranchus maculatus is

seldom taken except in the months of April and May, which

is their spawning season. Their eggs are about the size of peas,

and as many as one hundred and fifty have been counted in a single

female.”

This would lead one to believe that they are adult animals ; but

eges have been equally found in the Axolotl of Mexico, which is re-

garded by most naturalists as a larva.

3. It is to be observed, that though the Proteus of the Lakes

(Necturus) has a more distinct and separate opercular flap, united by

a distinct fold under the throat, than either the Proteus of Carniola

or the Siren, and in this respect more nearly resembles the Avxolotl

of Mexico and the larva of T’ritons—yet, that, like the Proteus an-

guinus and the Siren, it has only two slits on each side of the neck,

with a single free ray between them, the anterior and posterior car-

tilaginous ray being united to the skin, as in those genera; while

the Azolotl and the larva of Tritons have the gill flat, quite free from

the gill-rays, and there-are three slits between the gill-rays as well

as the larger anterior one, making four slits on each side, and the

inner edge of the rays being toothed as in fishes.

From these considerations I am inclined for the present to consider

the Proteus of the Lakes as a distinct kind of Batrachian, which

is arrested in its development and never reaches the perfect state.

The skull is much more developed than in the other genera of

Meantia, and in its outline and disposition of its teeth it resembles

that of the genus Protonopsis as figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii.

409. t. 26. f. 3, 4, 5), but there are no maxillary bones, and the

nasal and frontals are more developed.

The exterior nostrils are on the upper surface of the margin of

the nose, above the first third of the upper lip ; and the inner nostrils

are large, and, as in the other Meantia, not on the palate, but on the

side of the mouth between the lips and the outer edge, near the

hinder part of the series of vomerine teeth, nearly as they are in the

genus Avolotl, well figured by M. Bibron (Herpet. t. 95. f. 2 a).

4. I may observe, that we have specimens both of Necturus macu-

latus and N. lateralis in the British Museum, the latter from the

Ohio; and I cannot discover any difference between them, except

that the one named N. lateralis has two broad, pale, dorsal streaks,

and is about half the size of the other specimens; and I doubt if

these dorsal streaks are not the result of youth, and vanish as the

animal increases in size, as is the case with the Siren.

5. While on these animals, I may observe, that Dr. Garden’s

specimen of Siren that was originally described by Ellis, which is

now in the British Museum, shows a number of lines of mucous

pores on the chin and on the head, the latter not being so distinct

as the former, and a very distinct series of oblong white spots,

forming an interrupted line along the upper part of the sides of

the body, and continued to the middle of the sides of the tail;

the spots on the hinder part of the body and tail being larger, more

distinct, and closer. These spots evidently represent the lateral

lines in 7'ritons and fish, and I have seen them mentioned in the

modern descriptions of the animal.

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW AND VERY BEAUTIFUL SPECIES

oF Birps, From GUATEMALA AND FROM THE ISLAND OF

Lomsock. By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ere.

(Aves, Pl. CX XIII.)

Cotinca AMABILIS. (Pl. CXXIII.)

Male. Head, lores, line beneath the eye, all the upper surface,

lesser wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, sides of the chest, band across

the breast, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts fine verditer blue;

wings dull black, the greater coverts, spurious wing and the seconda-

ries margined with verditer blue; tail dull black, margined exter-

nally with dull verditer blue; chin, throat and centre of the abdo-

men very rich purple.

Female. Upper surface greenish-brown, each feather tipped with

greyish-white ; under surface greyish-white, with dark brown centres

to the feathers of the breast, upper part of the abdomen, and flanks ;

vent and under tail-coverts dull white. ‘

Total length, 8 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 47; tail, 23; tarsus, 4.

Hab. Guatemala.

Remark.—The Cotinga amabilis forms one of the most beautiful

members of this lovely genus of birds, and affords the first instance

of a species being discovered to the northward of the Isthmus of

Panama. It is allied to Cotinga cincta and C. Maynana; the chest

being crossed by a band as in the former, which it also resembles in

the black colouring of the under surface of the wing, while it assimi-

lates to the latter in the peculiar tint of the verditer blue of the

upper surface and flanks.

For a knowledge of this lovely species we are indebted to the re-

searches of George Ure Skinner, Esq., than whom no one has done

more towards making us acquainted with the rich ornithological and

botanical treasures of the fine country to which this bird belongs.

HALCYON FULGIDUS.

Head, cheeks, back of the neck, back, wings, flanks and under

tail-coverts deep black, washed with rich ultramarine blue on the

back of the neck, back and wings ; rump-feathers glaucous or chalky

white, with black bases, and with a narrow line of blue between the

black and the white portion, which alone is seen; tail deep ultrama-

rine blue; chin, breast, and abdomen white ; bill and feet coral-red.

Total length, 125 inches ; bill, 21; wing, 54; tail, 5; tarsus, ?.

Hab. The Island of Lombock.

Remark.—This is an exceedingly fine species; of which I have not

been able to find a description. Iam therefore induced to believe

that it is new: still it may be contained in the Leyden Collection ;

but on this point I have consulted Mr. Frank, who is well acquainted

with its rich stores, and he tells me that he has no recollection of it.

PirTA CONCINNA.

Head, back of the neck, cheeks, chin and stripe down the centre

of the throat velvety black; from the nostrils over each eye a

broad mark of deep buff, posterior to which is a narrower one of

pale glaucous blue; back, tail and wings dark grass-green; lesser

wing-coverts and a band across the rump glossy verditer blue; pri-

maries and secondaries black, the fourth, fifth and sixth of the

former crossed by a band of white near their base, and all the

primaries tipped on the external web with olive-grey ; upper tail-

coverts black; under surface delicate fawn-colour, becoming much

paler where it meets the black of the cheeks and throat; centre of

the abdomen black ; vent and under tail-coverts fine scarlet; bill

black ; feet fleshy.

Total length, 6 inches; bill, |; wing, 4; tail, 14; tarsus, 13.

Hab. The Island of Lombock.

Remark.—This bird ranks as one of the smaller species of this

particular section of the group, it being even less than the Pitta

brachyura of authors, to which it bears a general resemblance, but

from which the black colouring of its throat will at all times distin-.

guish it.

For this and the preceding species we are indebted to the researches

of A. R. Wallace, Esq.

- No. CCCXXXI.—ProcrEpinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

4, DescrIPTION oF A New TANAGER OF THE GENUS EUPHONIA.

By Paruie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. ere.

(Aves, Pl. CXXIV.)

Mr. Gould having placed in my hands for examination some spe-

cimens of Huphonia, which he has lately received from Guatemala, I

am enabled to exhibit to the Society examples of both sexes of what

I believe to be a hitherto uncharacterized species of that genus. I

am no friend to the too frequent practice of calling animals after indi-

viduals, but I feel that I shall meet with approbation in this instance

if I confer on the present bird the name of one of the most eminent

naturalists of the day, to whom moreover I am indebted for nume-

rous acts of kindness from the period when I first had the pleasure

of his acquaintance. I therefore propose to call this species

Evrnonia GOULpDI.

3. Supra olivacea, eneo induta : pileo usque ad oculos eum fronte

flavis: subtus, gula et cervice flavescenti-olivaceis, abdomine

medialiter castaneo, hoc colore flavo utrinque marginato ; late-

ribus olivaceis flavo mixtis: erisso castaneo : rostro et pedibus

nigris.

?. Supra mari similis sed dilutior, fronte et pileo antico rubris :

subtus flavescens, abdomine medio cum crisso dilute castaneis,

lateribus flavido-olivaceis.

Long. tota 4°1, alee 2°2, caudze 1:0, tarsi 0°7.

Hab. In Guatimala et Mexico Meridionali.

Gould’s Euphonia does not sufficiently resemble any other of the

known members of the group to render it liable to be confounded

with them. It may, I think, be most naturally placed at the head of

the section containing Huphonia pectoralis, E. rufiventris and others

(which has been denominated I/iolopha by Prince Bonaparte), and

will serve to connect them with the yellow-headed species which pre-

cede them in my arrangement. I have suspected its existence for

some time, but these examples are the first good ones I have seen of

it. Ihave had for several years in my possession a bird which I

now find to be an immature individual of this species ; and M. Sallé’s

collection comprised a single specimen not in very good condition,

which he obtained in Southern Mexico. I gave a short description

of the latter bird without naming it in my list of his collection (see

P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 303), but was mistaken (as I now see) in consider-

ing it a female.

This Zuphonia is the fourth additional Tanager I have met with

since completing the synopsis of these birds given in the Proceedings

for last year; the others being Calliste rufigena (P. Z. 8. 1856,

p- 311), Saltator melanopterus (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vitl. p. 361), and

Pyranga roseigularis (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 6). The latter bird was

long ago described by Dr. Cabot, but at the time of completing my

synopsis I had not seen specimens of it.

5. REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN Sus-

FAMILY TiryRINe. By Puinie Luttey Scuater, M.A.,

F.Z.S., F.L.S. etc.

The birds of the old genus Tityra of Vieillot constitute a very

natural and well-defined group peculiar to tropical America, which

has been quite rightly, as I think, raised to the rank of a subfamily

by Mr. Gray and succeeding writers. They seem to me to form a

link between the two great South American families Tyrannide and

Cotingide—the true Tityre pointing rather towards the latter of

these groups, and the genus Pachyrhynchus to the former. In ana-

tomical characters, however, according to Miller, they rather agree

with the Fruit-eaters, and for the present therefore, until this part of

the subject has been further worked out, I am inclined to think they

should be arranged within the confines of the family Cotingide.

The great diversity of plumage which occurs in the different sexes

and ages of these birds (another character which betrays their Cotin-

gine affinities) has occasioned the creation of many nominal species ;

and Mr. George Gray, in his ‘ Genera of Birds,’ where merely a list

of described species is given without any attempt at reduction of the

synonyms, notices no jess than forty-six supposed members of the

subfamily. Dr. Cabanis, in his ‘Ornithologische Notizen’ (Wieg-

mann’s Arch. f. Nat. 1847), was the first who undertook a critical

examination of the subject, the result of which was to reduce the

number of species from forty-six to sixteen. With his views I am

‘disposed for the most part to agree. I should merely observe, that

in one or two instances he has united species that have some claim

to be considered distinct, and that it is to be lamented that in so dif-

ficult a group he did not give scientific distinctive characters for the

males and females of every species.

In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1851 (p. 45 e¢ seq.) are

some remarks by Dr. Kaup on the birds of this subfamily, which are

worthy of much attention. But of the species considered there as

undescribed, one at least has been already previously named, and the

others are such as, after examination of the type-specimens, I should

hardly be inclined to regard as really new. Prince Bonaparte’s

arrangement of this group in his ‘Conspectus’ is adopted from Ca-

banis’ article. In what follows I have attempted to make a careful

review of the members of the subfamily Tityrine, giving short de-

scriptions of the sexes of each species, when I have been successful

in meeting with them, and the most necessary synonyms, particu-

larly where my views on this latter point differ from those of Dr.

Cabanis. Although no species is inserted of which I have not per-

sonally examined specimens, I have the satisfaction of recording the

existence of twenty-two species instead of sixteen—the number as-

signed in the last general account published ; and I have been very

particular about localities, a point much too generally overlooked by

writers on ormthology ; so that, although my subject is not quite a

new one, I shall hope to have contributed some fresh information

upon it.

Dr. Cabanis has recognized three different genera in the present

group of birds. About the first of these—the true Tityre—there

can, I think, be no question. The strong somewhat compressed

beak, the want of bristles at the base of the bill, the peculiar scimitar-

like shape of the second abnormal primary in the adult male, and

the absence of any strong dissimilarity in the coloration of the two

sexes, render the six birds composing it readily distinguishable from

the rest of the group, and eminently entitle them to generic distinc-

tion. A group of rather less value appears to be that of the black-

plumaged species, which naturally follow next in order. Here the

rictal bristles are present, although not so well developed as farther

on in the subfamily ; the second abnormal quill of the males is broad

and acuminated as in the true Pachyrhamphi ; the females are

clothed in a nearly uniform brown. ‘These birds form the com-

mencement of Dr. Cabanis’ genus Pachyrhamphus. But I confess

I cannot agree with Dr. Cabanis in separating generically the type

of his genus Bathmidurus from Pachyrhamphus Cuviert and aéri-

capillus, and I therefore think it best for the present to employ one

term as a generic name for the whole of the residue of the species—

after removal of the true Tityr@—leaving the name Bathmidurus

and other terms lately coined to mark out the divisions of subgeneric

value.

Fam. Corincip&.

Subfam. Tiryrinz&.

Rostrum brevius quam caput, basi dilatata, lateribus ad apicem

plerumque compressis, culmine leniter incurvo, apice uncinata,

gonyde ascendente: nares rotunda, fere nude, rictus nudus

aut setis paucis preditus: ale elongate e primariis decem,

secundariis novem; remigibus tertia et quarta primam su-

perantibus et longissimis, remige secunda in maribus adultis*

abnormaliter brevi, falciformi aut apice acuminata: cauda e

rectricibus duodecim, modica, lata: tarsi modici, acrotarsiis re-

gulariter scutatis; paratarsiis squamulis numerosis obovatis

obtectis : digiti fortes, horum exteriore cum medio ad basin

conjuncto et interiorem longitudine paulo excedente, posteriore

elongato, unguibus acutis.

* Mr. G. R. Gray, in his ‘Genera of Birds,’ says that “ the wings are sometimes

furnished with a spurious quill beneath the first quill.” That this so-called spu-

rious quill is the true second primary abnormally shortened is easily demon-

strated by a comparison of the wings of the adult male and female; by which it

will be seen that the second primary of the latter, which is of the usual length,

corresponds in position to the reduced feather in the male bird. And, unless

this reduced feather be taken into calculation, the males will be found only to

have nine primaries, whereas the females have fen.

Genus I. Tiryra.

Tityra, Vieill. Analyse, p. 39, 1816.

Psaris, Cuv. Régn. An. i. p. 340 (1817).

Erator, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 47.

Rostrum forte, dilatatum, ad apicem compressum, uncinatum, rictu

non setoso: ale elongate, marium remige alari secunda brevi,

faleiformi : cauda breviuscula, quadrata : ptilosis marium albo-

nigra, femimarum obscurior haud valde dissimilis.

a. Tityra (loris nudis).

1. TrryRA CAYANA.

Lanius cayanus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 137.

Tityra cinerea, Vieill. Ene. Méth. p. 859.

Psaris virgata, H. Smith (¢ ).

Psaris cayanensis, Sw. Class. B. ii. 255.

Psaris guianensis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 286.

Psaris nevius, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 379.

Tityra cayana, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 134; Cab. Orn. Not. p. 238;

Schomb. Guian. ii. 697; Bp. Consp. p. 179.

Piegrieche grise de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 304 (3).

Piegrieche tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 377 (2).

3. Cimerascenti-albus subtus pallidior: mento summo, pileo alis

et cauda ngris: secundaris ultimis dorso concoloribus : loris

nudis et cum rostro rubris : hujus apice nigra: pedibus nigris.

?. Cinerascens, subtus dilutior ; dorso et corpore subtus nigro

longitudinaliter striatis : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, secunda-

rus ultimis dorso concoloribus.

' Long. tota 7°5, ale 4°6, caudee 2°6.

Hab. Cayenne (Buf); Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); Trinidad

(Robin) ; Venezuela, Cumana (Beauperthuy) ; New Grenada, Bo-

gota.

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.

The woodcut represents (fig. a) the first and (fig. 6) the second :

primary of the adult male of this species.

2. TiITYRA BRASILIENSIS.

Pachyrhynchus cayanus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 44. f. 1. p. 32.

Psaris cayana, D’Orb. Voy. p. 301.

Psaris brasiliensis, Sw. An. in Men, p. 286.

Tityra brasiliensis, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 239; Bp. Consp. p. 179.

8. Cinerascenti-albus subtus pallidior : pileo, mento, alis et

cauda nigris: secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus: loris

minus denudatis cum ipsa basi rostri rubris, hujus reliqua parte

nigra: pedibus nigris.

?. Cinerascens, subtus dilutior, nigro longitudinaliter striata :

alis caudaque nigris, secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:1, caudee 3:2.

Hab. Brazil, prov. Piauhy (Spix); Rio de Janeiro; Corrientes

(D’ Orb.) ; Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Paraguay (Azara).

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.

This bird may be distinguished from the 7. cayana by its larger

size and nearly entirely black bill.

3. TiTyRA SEMIFASCIATA.

Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 44. fig. 2.

p. 32.

Psaris semifasciata, D’Orb. Voy. p. 301 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 146.

Tityra semifasciata, Cab, Orn. Not. p. 239 ; Bp. Consp. p. 180.

3. Subcinerascenti-albus, subtus purior : facie antica cum mento

alisque nigris: secundartis ultimis dorso concoloribus : cauda

alba, rectricibus omnibus, nist une utrinque extime pogonio in-

terno, nigro late transfasciatis : loris nudis et cum rostro ru-

bris, hujus ipsa apice nigra: pedibus nigris.

9. Mari similis sed supra magis cinerascens et brunneo tincta :

pileo nigricanti-brunneo.

Long. tota 8°75, ale 5:0, caudz 3:0.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Wood-region (Tsch.) ; Bolivia, S. Cruz de la

Sierra (D’ Orb.)

Mus. Paris., L. 8.

4. TiryrRA PERSONATA.

Tityra personata, Jard. & Selb. Til. Orn. i. pl. xxiv.

Psaris mexicanus, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 41.

Psaris tityroides, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 210.

ae mexicana, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, pp- 141 & 297.

. Simillimus speciei precedenti, sed caude rectricibus omnibus in

Coons utroque nigro transfasciatis.

2. Supra brunnescenti-cinerea, uropygium versus dilutior : subtus

alba, mento concolore.

Hab. S. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Sallé) ; Xalapa (Mus. Berol.) ; Gua-

timala (Mus. Brit.); Nicaragua (Delattre) ; Chiriqui (Bridges) ;

S. Martha, New Grenada (Verreauz).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

—_—

Whether this bird is really distinct from the preceding is perhaps

not quite certain. Lhave had hardly a sufficient number of examples

for comparison. But, as far as I have observed, the difference in the

coloration of the tail-feathers appears constant.

b. Erator (loris plumosis).

5. TiTyRA INQUISITRIX.

Lanius inquisitor, Licht. Doubl. p. 50.

Psaris erythrogenys, Selby, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 483 ; Sw. Nat. Lib

xples (2):

Psaris selbii et nattertt, Sw. An. in Men. p. 286.

Psaris inquisitor, D’Orb. Voy. p. 302.

Psaris jardin, Sw. Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. 35 (3).

Tityra inquisitriz, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 239; Bp. Consp. p. 180.

$. Albus, supra cinereo tinctus : pileo, alis et cauda nigris ; se-

cundaris ultimis dorso concoloribus : rostro et pedibus nigris.

?. Alba, supra cinerascens : fronte et lateribus capitis rufis :

puleo, alis et cauda nigris : rectricum bast et ipsa apice albi-

dis : secundartis ultimis dorso concoloribus.

Long. tota 6°75, alee 3:9, caude 2°5.

Hab. Brazil, 8. Paolo (Licht.) ; Bolivia (D’ Ord.) ; Cayenne; New

Grenada ; Bogota.

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. 8.

6. TITYRA ALBITORQUES.

Tityra albitorques, DuBus, Bull. Ac. ia 1847, xiv. pt. 2.

p- 104; Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 244; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 150.

Psaris JSrasert, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 47. pl. xxxvu. (¢),

XXXVili. (? ).

3. Albus, supra cinereo tinctus: pileo et alis nigris, secundariis

ultimis dorso concoloribus : cauda alba, fascia subapicali lata

nigra: rostro pedibusque nigris.

¢. Supra magis cinerascens et dorso brunnescente tincto: fronte

albida : pileo reliquo ngro: lateribus capitis rufis.

Long. tota 6°75, ale 3:6, caudee 2:4. ©

Hab. Eastern Peru (DuBus) ; New Grenada; Bogota.

Mus. Brit.

This species is easily distinguishable from 7’. inquisitria, which it

generally closely resembles, by its white tail banded with black.

Genus 2. PACHYRHAMPHUS.

Pachyrhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 31 (1824).

Pachyrhamphus, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. (1838).

Bathmidurus, Cab. Orn, Not. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 243.

Chloropsaris, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 45.

72 : H

Platypsaris, Bp. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1854.

Callopsaris, Bp. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1854.

Rostrum magis conicum, minus dilatatum et ad apicem minus com-

pressum ; apice minus uncinata; rictu plus minusve setis ob-

sito: ale elongate, marium remige secunda brevi, lata, deinde

emarginata et apice acuminata: cauda elongatior quam in

genere precedente : ptilosis sewunm valde diversa, marium

albo-nigra, feeminarum brunnea.

a. Platypsaris.

1. PacHYRHAMPHUS NIGER.

Lanius niger, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 301.

Pachyrhynchus aterrimus, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 320.

Tityra leuconotus, Gray’s Gen. pl. 63 (3d et 2); Gosse, B. Jam.

p- 137.

Pachyrhamphus nigrescens, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 241; Bp. Consp.

p- 180.

3. Niger subtus paulo dilutior: scapularium macula basali

alba: rostro et pedibus nigris.

9. Brunnescenti-cinerea, pileo, alis et cauda brunneis: subtus

albescenti-cinerea : gutture et pectore rufo tinctis.

Long. tota 70, alee 4:0, caudee 3°0.

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse).

Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L. S.

Mr. Gosse has written a very interesting account of this species

in his ‘ Birds of Jamaica,’ giving details as to its habits, food, nidi-

fication, &c., which is really almost the only reliable information we

possess concerning these points in respect of any bird of the group.

2. PaAcHYRHAMPHUS VALIDUS.

Tityra atricapilla (3) et rufa (?), Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii.

p- 347-8, et Enc. Méth. 859.

Lanius validus, Licht. Doubl. p. 5v.

Pachyrhynchus cinerascens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl.46. f. 1. p.34 (2).

Psaris cristatus, Sw. Zool. Il. ser. 2. pl. 41 (2).

Tityra pileata, Jard., Selb. Il. Orn. 1. pl. 17 (2).

Psaris strigatus et megacephalus, Sw. ?

Pachyrhamphus validus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 240; Bp. Consp.

p- 180.

3. Niger, semicristatus, uropygium versus paulo dilutior : scapu-

larium macula basali alba: subtus fusco-cinnamomeus, gula

albicantiore : rostro corneo: pedibus nigris.

¢. Supra lete rufa, pileo nigro: subtus fusco-cinnamomea, rufo

tincta : cauda unicolore rufa.

Long. tota 7:5, alee 3°8, caudze 2°8.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, S. Paolo (Licht.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

3. PacHYyRHAMPHUS PECTORALIS.

Querula minor, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 363.

Psaris roseicollis, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. iv. pl. 28.

Pachyrhynchus pectoralis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 288. ;

Pachyrhamphus minor (partim), Cab. Orn. Not. p. 241; Bp.

Consp. p. 180.

Psaris pectoralis, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 46.

3. Supra niger, semicristatus: scapularium macula basali alba :

subtus paulo dilutior, fascia subgutturali angusta rosea:

macula primariarum basalt interna alba: rostro et pedibus

Nigris.

2. Rufa, pileo ngro, subtus dilutior (°).

Long. tota 6:0, alze 3°5, caudee 2°5.

Hab. Cayenne ; New Grenada; Bogota.

Mus. Paris., P. L. S.

The white exterior margin of the second abnormal primary, which

Dr. Kaup relies upon as the specific character of this species, is not

sufficient to distinguish this bird from P. aglaie, in some specimens

of which I find the same peculiarity. But it may be easily recog-

nized from the latter bird by its nearly uniform sooty-black colour-

ing above and below, and the narrow rosy bar on the throat. I have

a Bogota skin apparently referable to this species.

4, PACHYRHAMPHUS ROSEICOLLIS.

Psaris roseicollis, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Ay. in Mag. de Zool. 1837,

p: 42; D’Orb. Voy. p. 302.

$. Cinerascenti-niger, pileo intensiore et nigro: scapularium

basibus albis: subtus cinerascenti-niger, vitta subguttural

rosea: primarus ad basin interne albo maculatis : rostro et

pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 8-0, alee 3°8, caudz 2°75.

Hab. Bolivia (D’ Ure.).

Mus. Paris.

Though I have seen a type of this species in the Magazin du

Jardin des Plantes at Paris, I have never had an opportunity of com-

paring it with examples of its two near allies. My impression is,

however, that it is distinct from P. pectoralis (than which it seems

larger and of a more cinereous tinge below) and also from P. aglaie.

M. de Lafresnaye has remarked upon the differences between it and

the latter species in the Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 98.

5. PACHYRHAMPHUS AGLAI&,

Pachyrhynchus aglaie, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p. 98.

Psaris aglaia, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 46.

Pachyrhamphus aglaie, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 297.

3. Niger, subcristatus, uropygium versus schistacescentior : subtus

pallide cinereus, collo antico toto roseo, mento albescente: sca-

pularium utrinque basi et remigum macula basali interna albis :

remige secunda brevi nigricante, margine externa angustissima

et macula parva ad ipsam basin albis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

9. Rufescens: alis intus nigris ; harum marginibus et cauda

tota late rufis : pileo subcristato, nigro: subtus albescenti-cin-

namomea, tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomeis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:5, caudee 2°6.

Hab. Mexico, Coahuila (Lieut. Couch); Vera Cruz; Cordova

(Sallé) ; Xalapa (Mus. Ber.).

Mus. Derbiano et P. L. S.

This Mexican species is easily distinguished from P. pectoralis by

its lighter ash-coloured plumage and distinct black head, as well as

by the throat being wholly of a rosy red. M. Sallé’s Mexican collec-

tion (of which an account is given, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 290 e¢ seq.)

. contained five examples of different sexes and ages.

6. PACHYRHAMPHUS LATIROSTRIS.

Pachyrhamphus latirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854, et Notes

Orn. p. 87.

Platypsaris latirostris, Bp.

3. Cinerascens, pileo nigro; subtus dilutior gula et ventre medio

albicantibus : alis caudaque nigrescenti-cinerets : interscapultt

pennis bast niveis: rostro et pedibus nigris: illius ipsa apice

albida.

2. Rufa, subtus albo-rufa, pileo nigro: remigibus intus et apice

nigris : cauda rufa (Bp.).

Long. tota 5°6, alee 3:2, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Nicaragua (Delattre).

Mus. Brit.

I have seen but one example of this species, which was received

by the British Museum from Parzudaki of Paris. It is marked “ Ni-

caragua,”’ and there is no doubt, from the peculiar make of the skin,

that it is one of Delattre’s specimens. This bird I consider to be a

strict congener of the last species P. validus. It is, as appears from

Mr. Gray’s ‘ List of Genera,’ the type of Prince Bonaparte’s genus

Platypsaris, and 1 have therefore placed that term at the head of

this section of the present group.

7. PACHYRHAMPHUS SURINAMUS.

Muscicapa surinama, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 325?

Tityra surinama, Strick]. Contr. Orn. 1848, pl. 11. p. 62 (¢).

Bathmidurus surinamus, Bp. Consp. p. 181.

Pachyrhamphus dimidiatus, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 31

(1847). .

3. Supra nitenti-niger, capite subcristato: scapularibus interne

‘niveis: subtus candidus : cauda nigra, rectricibus extimis ma-

cula parva apicali alba: rostro nigro-plumbeo: pedibus nigris.

2. Castanea, loris et corpore subtus albidis ; pectore rufescente

induto: remigibus intus nigricantibus : cauda unicolore cas-

tanea.

Long. tota 5°3, ale 3:1, caudz 2°3.

Hab. Surinam (Linn.); Cayenne.

Mus. P. L. 8. (¢ et 2 ex Cayenne).

b. Pachyrhamphus.

8. PacHYRHAMPHUS VIRIDIS.

Tityra viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Mhet- il. p. 348 ( 1817), et Ene.

Méth. p. 860.

Psaris cuvieri, Sw. Zool. Ill. 1. 7 32 (1820).

Platyrhynchus duponti, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 843. (1823).

Muscicapa nigriceps, Licht. Doubl. p. 56 (1823).

Muscipeta nigriceps, Max. Beitr. ii. 914.

Pachyrhynchus cuvieri, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 45. f. 2. *

Tityra vieilloti, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 10. f. 1 (2).

Pachyrhamphus cuvieri, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 242; Bp.Consp. p. 180.

6. Flavescenti-olivaceus ; cervice cinerea; pileo nigro; fronte

et loris albidis ; gula albicanti-cinerea : pectore flavo : ventre

erissoque albis, ochraceo tinctis : rostro nigro-plumbeo, tomiis

pallescentibus : pedibus nigris.

?. Olivacea, pileo concolore, cervice postica et lateral cum gula

cinereis, hac pallidhore : alarum tectricibus rufis : pectore fla-

vido : ventre crissoque albidis: rostro pallido : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°8, caudze 2:0.

Hab. Brazil, Bahia (Licht.).

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S., &c.

The woodcut given with the generic character of the genus Pachy-

rhamphus represents (fig. c) the first and (fig. d) the second pri-

mary of the adult male of this species.

9. PACHYRHAMPHUS CINEREUS.

Manakin cendré de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. Ber f.1(¢).

Pipra cinerea, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Pipra atricapilla, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1003.

Gobemouche roux, &c., Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. f. 1 (2).

Muscicapa eques, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Muscicapa aurantia, Gm. 8. N. p. 932.

Lanius mitratus, Licht. Doubl. p. 50.

Pachyrhynchus leucogaster et albifrons, Sw. An. in Men. p. 289?

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 242; Schomb.

Guian. 11.698; Bp. Consp. p. 181.

3. Supra cinereus ; alis nigris, primariis strictissime secundariis

et tectricibus anguste albo marginatis: pileo nigro : frontali

linea inter oculos et corpore subtus albis, lateribus in cinereum

trahentibus : cauda nigricanti-cinerea, rectricibus intus anguste

albo limbatis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

2. Rufescens: cauda et alis extus rufis: subtus rufescenti-alba.

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°7, caude 1°8.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff., &c.) ; Surinam (Cab.) ; Venezuela; Tri-

nidad ; 8. Martha (Verr.) ; Bogota.

I have not quoted Psaris parinus, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p- 48, as

a synonym of this species, since I have not had an opportunity

of comparing the type with my specimens ; but I have very little

doubt that the two birds are identical.

c. Callopsaris.

10. PAcHYRHAMPHUS VERSICOLOR.

Vireo versicolor, Hartl. R. Z. 1843, p. 289.

Pachyrhynchus squamatus, Lafr, 1843, p. 291.

Pachyrhamphus versicolor, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 243 ; Bp. Consp.

y- 181.

3. Supra nitenti-niger, uropygio olivascente : alis nigris, tectri-

cibus et secundariis albo limbatis : subtus olivaceo-viridis ; pec-

tore flavido tincto, lineis angustis nigricantibus omnino trans-

fasciato: rostro nigricanti-plumbeo : pedibus fuscis.

?. Olivacea, pileo nigricanti-cinereo : alarum tectricibus et se-

cundariarum marginibus rufis: subtus dilutior, ventre medio

flavicante, lineolis paucis vix apparentibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°6, caudze 1:9.

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L. S.

d. Bathmidurus.

11. PAcHYRHAMPHUS NIGRIVENTRIS.

Pachyrhynchus niger, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 45. f. 1. p. 33 (1824) ;

Sw. An. in Men. p. 290.

Psaris niger, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 356 (1825).

Bathmidurus niger, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 243 ; Bp. Consp. p. 181 ;

Schomb. Guian. ii. 698.

3. Fuliginoso-niger, pilet pennis eneo nitentibus, uropygio et

corpore subtus paulo dilutioribus et cinereo tinctis: seapula-

rium, tectricum alarium et secundariarum marginibus externis

cum rectricum apicibus albis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

3. Rufa, pileo intensiore, subtus valde dilutior, ochracescens. (?)

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2:9, caudee 2°2.

Hab. Cayenne; North Brazil; Venezuela; Trinidad; New Gre-

nada.

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

12. PACHYRHAMPHUS POLYCHROPTERUS.

Platyrhynchus polychropterus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvii. p. 10 ;

Enc. Méth. p. 835; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii. 357.

Pachyrhynchus variegatus, Spix. Av. Bras. ii. pl. 43. f. 2?

Muscicapa splendens, Max. Beitr. i. p. 906.

Pachyrhynchus Spixii, Sw. An. in Men. p. 289.

Bathmidurus variegatus, Cab.Orn. Not. p. 244; Bp. Consp. p.181.

3. Niger, piler plumis eneo nitentibus : uropygio et corpore sub-

tus cinereis: scapularium, tectricum alarium et secundariarum

marginibus externis cum rectricum apicibus albis : rostro plum-

bescenti-nigro : pedibus nigris.

?. Rufa, pileo ferrugineo: subtus dilutior, ochraceo induta (°).

Long. tota 6:0, ale 3:1, caudze 2°3.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Rio de Janeiro; Rio Grande do Sul

(Plant).

Mus. Brit.

Whether this and the preceding bird are really distinct, or merely

local varieties of each other, it is difficult to say until a comparison

can be made between a series of specimens of both sexes of each of

them. I am not confident that the birds described as their respect-

ive females are really such. Dr. Cabanis has kept the two birds

distinct, and I have followed his example—proposing to call the first

nigriventris, aS niger is preoccupied. In fact the whole difference

of this species from the preceding consists in its cinereous uropygium

and under plumage, and rather larger size. In the nigriventris the

belly is nearly as black as the back. Spix’s figure seems most like the

northern species. Swainson has well distinguished the two birds in

his ‘ Animals in Menageries,’ pt. 2, under the names niger and spizi.

13. PACHYRHAMPHUS MARGINATUS.

Lanius atricapillus, Gm. 8. N. (¢).

Todus marginatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 51 (?).

Pachyrhynchus swainsoni, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. et Sw. An. in

Men. p. 288.

Muscipeta marginata, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 909.

Pachyrhynchus marginatus, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. pl. 31. f. 2. p. 303.

Pachyrhynchus albifrons, Sw. An.in Men. p. 289.

Bathmidurus atricapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 245.

Psaris marginata, Bp. Consp. p. 181.

3. Cinereus, pileo nigro, fronte et loris albidis: interscapulio

partim nigro; subtus cinerascenti-albus, ventre clariore: alis

caudaque nigris: tectricum et secundariarum alarium margi-

mibus externis cum rectricum apicibus albis: rostro plumbeo :

pedibus nigris.

2. Olivacea, pileo rufo: alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum

marginibus et rectricum apicibus pallide rufis : subtus flavi-

canti-olivacea.

Long. tota 5°75, alee 2°8, caudze 2°2.

Hab. Brazil; Bahia (Licht.); Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Eastern Peru;

Rio Napo.

- Mus. Brit., Paris., &c.

The back of the male of this bird is always varied with black ; but

I have one specimen in my possession, otherwise not varying much

in plumage, in which the whole interscapulium is black. This is

perhaps Dr. Kaup’s Ps. marginatus minor (P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 48).

14. PacHYRHAMPHUS MAJOR.

Bathmidurus major, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 246.

Psaris major, Bp. Consp. p. 181.

Pachyrhamphus marginatus’, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 298.

$. Supra cinereus :, dorso medio nigro aut nigro mixto: torque

cervicali postico albo-griseo : pileo nitenti-nigro, linea frontali

albida: scapularibus albis : alis nigris, tectricibus et secunda-

riis albo limbatis : subtus albus cinereo tinctus ; cauda nigra

rectricibus lateralibus late albo terminatis : rostro nigro-plum-

beo: pedibus nigris.

%. Supra castanea, pileo nigro : alis nigris castaneo marginatis :

subtus pallide viridi-favicans, lateribus rufo tinctis ; cauda

nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis et ceterarum apicibus rufis.

Long. 6:0, alze 3°3, caudee 274.

Hab. 8. Mexico, omer (Cab.) (Sallé).

Mus. Heineano et P. L. 8

This Mexican representative of P. marginatus may be easily re-

cognized by its large size and the grey cervical collar between the

black nape and the back. M. Sallé’s specimens were procured near

Xalapa, whence Dr. Cabanis’s type, which was a female, also came.

No description of the male bird has hitherto appeared.

15. PacHyYRHAMPHUS ALBO-GRISEUS, Sp. Nov.

3. Supra cinereus, pileo cum nucha nitenti-nigris : linea frontali

inter oculos alba: alis nigris, tectricibus et secundariis extus

late albo marginatis : subtus albus, precipue apud latera cine-

rascente tinctus: cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus, sed harum

extimis precipue, late albo terminatis : rostro plumbeo : pedi-

bus nigris.

?. Saturate castanea, subtus valde dilutior, cinnamomescenti-

ochracea. (°)

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caudze 2°4.

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota.

Mus. P.L.S8.

I possess an adult male specimen, and what, I think, is probably

the female of this Becard, which is a close ally of the two preceding

species. It is, I suppose, the New Grenadian representative of the

form ; and, I confess, it is not without hesitation that I separate it

specifically from P. marginatus. The differences are the further

extension of the black over the nape of the neck, the entire want of

black on the back, the more purely white colouring below, and the

much deeper white terminations of the outer rectrices in the present

species.

16. PacHYRHAMPHUS RUFESCENS.

Gobemouche roux de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 453. f. 1 (?).

Muscicapa rufa, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. (?).

Muscicapa rufescens, Gm. et Lath. (?).

Pachyrhynchus rufescens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 46. f. 2.

Tityra castanea, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. x. f. 2.

Muscipeta aurantia, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 911 (6 et ? descr. opt.).

Pachyrhynchus ruficeps, Sw. An. in Men. p. 288.

Bathmidurus melanoleucus (!), Cab. Orn. Not. p. 244 (partim). —

Psaris melanoleucus, Bp. Consp. p. 181. |

$. Rufo-castaneus, subtus. dilutior, cinnamomeus : pileo subcris-

tato intensiore: vitta nuchali oculos utrinque jungente cinerea:

primariarum apicibus nigricantibus : cauda unicolore castanea :

rostro corneo: pedibus nigris. :

2. Mari similis, sed paulo dilutior, pileo magis cinereo ef remige

-secunda, sicut semper in feeminis hujus generis, integra.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2-9, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Brazil, Para (Spix) ; South-eastern provinces (P. Maz.).

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c.

I believe this Becard to present one of those exceptional cases

(which not unfrequently occur in natural groups) of both sexes of a

species, otherwise typical, having the characteristic colouring of the

females of the other members of the genus. Like Dr. Cabanis, I for

some time supposed that the present bird, which is by no means un-

common in collections, was the female of some black and white

species. Dr. Cabanis has even gone so far as to prognosticate from

a specimen which he supposed to be a young male in process of

change, what the plumage of the adult male would be, and has named

it melanoleucus. But having lately found that several specimens of

these birds in supposed female attire have the second primary abnor-

mally short (as is invariably the rule in the adult males of Pachy-

rhamphus), 1 am induced to believe that there is little difference in

the coloration of the two sexes of this bird, and that Dr. Cabanis

was in error. I may remark, that I have that accurate observer,

Prince Maximilian of Neuwied, in my favour, for he describes the

male and female of this species as nearly alike.

Vieillot’s Saltator melanoleucus, identified by Prince Bonaparte

and others with the supposed male of this species, is a Lamprospiza!

SCHEMA GEOGRAPHICUM AVIUM TITYRINARUM.

I. Tiryra.

a. Tityra.

1. cayana

2. brasiliensis

3. semifasciata......./.

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— Antilles.

4, personata............

b. Erator.

5. inquisitrix .....0...

6. albitorques

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Il. PAcHyYRHAMPHUS.

a. Platypsaris.

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niger

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roseicollis

aglaize

8. viridis

9. cinereus ..... Paeliohss

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c. Callopsaris.

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10. versicolor .

d. Bathmidurus.

nigriventris

polychropterus

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major

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Mr. Tegetmeier laid before the members specimens illustrating

the differences produced in the hens of the Common Pheasant and

Domestic Fowl by disease or degeneration of the ovary.

The late Mr. Yarrell noticed that disease of the ovary in the hen

Pheasant resulted in the assumption of the male plumage and voice.

Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited a specimen of a game hen, that had become

sterile from age, m which the plumage was completely ehenged to

that of the male.

In eases of disease of the ovary in domestic hens, a different altera-

tion ensues. The plumage remains perfectly unchanged, but the

comb and wattles become extraordinarily developed, in many cases

even surpassing those of the male bird in size. The birds crow like

the males, and are popularly known as Hen-cocks. The alteration

had been observed as resulting from melanosis of the ovary trom

cartilaginous degeneration, and from a generally diffused inflamma-

tion arising from the escape of an ovum from the oviduct.

May 12, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., ii the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On ParRusS MERIDIONALIS AND SOME OTHER SPECIES MEN-

TIONED IN THE CATALOGUE OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY M.

SALLE IN SourTHERN Mexico. By Puriuie L. ScLatTer,

M.A., F.L.S., etc.

In the Catalogue of Sallé’s Mexican Collection, given in these Pro-

ceedings for last July, I described a new species of Titmouse under

the name of Parus meridionalis. Not having at that time within

my reach specimens of Parus atricapillus of the United States, it

was not without hesitation that.I separated the Mexican species from

that bird. I am now, however, able to exhibit to the Society speci-

mens of Parus atricapillus which I obtained in North America last

autumn, and I think that a comparison of them with the type of my

Parus meridionalis (which M. Sallé has again kindly placed in my

hands) leaves no doubt that these two Pari are, as I had anticipated,

really distinct, although closely allied species. In its upper plumage

Parus meridionalis differs from P. atricapillus in having the back

deeper cinereous without any tinge of brown—the narrow outer

edgings of the secondaries are brownish and not white, and the black

does not extend so far down the nape. Below, the plumage is also

much darker; the whole abdomen and crissum being of a nearly uni-

No. CCCXXXII.—PrROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

form rather mouse-coloured cinereous, with a pale whitish medial line.

In Parus atricapillus the whole middle of the belly is much lighter

and more white, and the sides are deeply tinged with pale rufous.

There is not much difference in the size of the two species, but the

tail of Parus meridionalis is slightly longer.

Mr. Gould’s collection contains an example of Parus meridionalis

also from Mexico.

With regard to other species contained in the same catalogue, I

have to state that Cyanocitto floridana (sp. 135) is probably an im-

mature bird of C. ultramarina (Temm.).

I have compared specimens of Passerculus zonarius, Bp. (sp. 187)

with examples of Peucea lincolni, which I obtained in the United

States, and can discover no difference between them, and I consider

these two names to be synonymous.

The bird named Coturniculus henslowii (sp. 187), upon further

comparison does not seem distinct from the ordinary C. passerinus,

of which I also possess specimens from Guatimala,

2. On Tourer New SPECIES OF THE GENUS TODIROSTRUM.

By Paruie Lurvey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., etc.

(Aves, Pl. CX XV.)

Sir William Jardime has kindly lent me some specimens of birds

of the genus T’odirostrum out of a collection received by him a short

time ago through Professor Jameson of Quito from the Rio Napo.

They were obtained in that locality, as I have reason to believe, by

Don Villavicencio, a Naturalist who was some time resident at Porto

del Napo, on the Upper Rio Napo, where the Italian traveller Oseu-

lati mentions having seen him in 1847. ‘Two of them appear to be

certainly undescribed. The third is not in a very good state of pre-

servation, but I think it may possibly be referable to Dr. Hartlaub’s

T. rufilatum.

1. ToprRosTRUM CALOPTERUM, n. 8. (Pl. CXXV. fig. 1.)

Supra flavescenti-olivaceum ; pileo et cauda nigris : alis nigris,

harum tectricibus lete flavis, campterio intense badio ; secunda-

ris ultimis extus flavicante limbatis: subtus flavum; gutture

albo : tectricibus subalaribus flavidis: rostro nigro : pedibus

pallidis.

Long. tota 3°6, ale 1°9, caudze 1°2.

Hab. In rep. Equatoriana in ripis fl. Napo.

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti.

This is a typical Todirostrum, but with the beak rather shorter

and broader than in 7’. cinereum. The ouly known species which it

at all resembles in colouring is 7’. nigriceps, mihi (P. Z. 8. 1855,

p- 76. pl. 84. fig. 1), from which it may be at once distinguished by

the fine deep chestnut colouring of the bend of the wing. It is, I

think, the most beautiful species of this group yet discovered.

2. Topinosrrum carrrace, n. 8. (Pl, CXXV. fig. 2.)

Supra olivaceum, pileo rufo ; alia caudaque nigris extus olivaceis,

secundariis ullimis et cauda@ rectricilus lateralibus in pogonio

externo lactescenti-albo late limbatis, hoe colore extus tenuiler

olivaceo marginato : subtus cinerascenti-album, medialiter albes-

cens, ventre medio et tectricibus subalaribus flavicantibua :

rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavido, pedibus fuscis,

Long. tota 3°7, ale 1:5, caudw 12.

Hab, In rep. Equatoriana in ripis fl. Napo.

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti.

The rufous crown of this species distinguishes it from every one

of its congeners except 7. ruficeps, from which it may be separated

by the want of the dark pectoral band, and other easily perceived

ers.

The shape of the bill is typical, but rather broader and flatter than

* in T. cinereum.

I have also lately obtained two specimens of another species of

this genus, not quite so typical in form or striking in plumage as the

two fast, but hardly to be placed without the limits of the group.

This I propose to call

3. Toptrostrum exite, n.s. (PI. CXXV. fig. 3.)

Supra olivaceum, alis caudaque fusco-nigris ; illarum secundariis

et tectricibus flavicanti-olivaceis, hujus rectricibus olivaceo extus

marginatis : loris et capitis laterilus fusco-albidis : subtus

margaritaceo-album, lateribus flavido tinctis ; gutture et peec-

tore striis paucis elongatis fuscis obsoletissime fammulatis :

rostri nigri basi pallida, tarsis gracilibus et cum pedibus colore

carneis.

. tota 3°5, ale 1°7, caudee 2°6.

Hab. In Nova Grenada.

The first example of this species that came under my notice was

received from MM. Verreaux of Paris in 1954. It is labelled “‘ New

Grenada.”’ I purchased a second not quite mature from Mr. Hurst

of Albany in the State of New York. A third is in the British

Museum, and is evidently a Bogota skin. The bill of this Todiros-

trum is smaller than in the ordinary run of the species, but of nearly

the same form, though not quite so flat. The tail is proportionately

rather longer, the tarsi very slender.

Besides the three lastly described, I am acquainted with sixteen

other species commonly referred to the genus Todirostrum, namely —

1. Top. cinereum (L.).— Todus melanocephalus, Spix, Av.

Bras. ii. pl. 9. f. 2; Desm. Tod. pl. 68: ex Boliv. Bras. Sept. Or.

et Mer. ; Guiana, Cayenne ; Venezuela; ins. Trinit. ; Nov. Grenada ;

Bogota ; 8S. Martha ; America Centrali et Mexico Meridionali!

2. Top. macutatum (Desm.), Desm. Man. et Tod. pl. 70 (To-

dus cinereus, Spix): ex Guiana, Cayenne, et Brasil. Sept.

3. Top. aurtcuLare (Vieill.), ex Brasil. Or.

4. Top. GRANADENSE, Hartl. (pectorale, Kp.), ex Bogota.

5. Top. ruricers, Kp. (multicolor, Strickl.), ex Bogota.

6. Top. poLIocEPHALUM (Max.), Beitr. iii. p. 964 ( flavifrons,

Lafr.), ex Brasil.

7. Top. Gutare (Temm.), Pl. Col. 167. f. 1, ex Brasilia.

8. Top. sauaAMIcRIsTATuM, Lafr., R. Z. 1846, p. 363, ex Bogota.

9. Tov. niGriceps, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 66. pl. 84. f. 1, ex

S. Martha.

10. Top. Gracruipss, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 149, ex Bogota.

11. Top. crnerREIGuLARE, mihi, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295, ex

Mexico.

12. Top. curysocroraPHuM, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1850, p: 48.

pl. 49, ex Peruv. Orient.

13. Top. GALEATUM (Bodd.) (Pl. Enl. 391. f. 1.—Mot. eristata,

Gm.; Huscarthmus cristatus, Bp. ; Tod.spiciferum, Lafr. et P. Z.S.

1855, pl. Ixxxiv. f. 2), ex Cayenne et fl. Amazon.

14. Top. syty1a (Desm.), Man. et Tod. pl. 69 (Mus. Paris. ).

15. Top. rumrrrons, Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, p. 35, ex Brasil.

16. T. rurizarum, Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 98, ex Brasil.

Besides these, the following species have been described, and ap-

pear to rest on good authority, but I have not yet met with speci-

mens of them :—

\l. T. ecaupatum, Lafr. et D’Orb., ex Bolivia.

. T. MARGARITACEIVENTRE, Lafr. et D’Orb., ex Bolivia.

. T. rurcatuM, Lafr., ex Brasil.

. T. paALpeBRosvM, Lafr., ex Brasil. (7).

. T. sTRIATICOLLE, Lafr., ex Bahia.

mn or os wo we ©

. Triccus crinitus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 496, ex Brasil.

3. Nores on tur Hanits or some Birps OBSERVED IN THE

PLatins or N.W. Inpia, «x 1849. By trae Rev. T. Pur

Lipps, Barrist Missionary. Communicatep BY Fre-

peric Moore*.

Parr I.

1. Mirvus Govinpa, Sykes. The common Indian Kite.

This bird, like all the Kites, soars at various heights in most grace-

ful circles, but generally looking out for prey. When it alights on

a wall or house, it utters a tremulous shrill ery. It is very cowardly,

for though it will carry off parrots and young chickens, it is afraid of

the crow, sparrow-hawk, &c. It will allow crows to pull to pieces a

bit of meat before it, which it evidently is desirous to obtain.

2. Aauita tmperiauis, Bechst. Native name, Jumbiz.

I shot a specimen of this Eagle in a lonely tree, where it was

perched with its mate. When killed, it had a half-digested rat in its

stomach. The tendons of the skin were so extremely strong as to

make its skinning a very slow and difficult process.

I once saw this bird fly off with a partridge which I was on the

point of shooting, and after a while managed to bring both down,

and found that whilst flying, it had gutted the partridge and partly

devoured its entrails. It sometimes seizes hares, with which, if very

large and heavy, it can only rise about a yard from the ground; it

then flies very slowly off ; frequently some of the farmers may be

seen poo pe and frightening it to relinquish its prey.

The Jumbiz will kill and eat halt-ictu peafowls. They often

take away a grown fowl. I once observed it seize a tame half-grown

peafowl which was flying down from a tree, and almost at the same

moment the captor was attacked by another Jumbiz, and the whole

fell to the ground together ; running un, I found that the first bird

had its wing broken, and could not fly away.

3. Hamatrornis cueeva, Daudin.

I shot a specimen that was sitting on the top of a tree on the out-

skirts of a grove, and quietly surveying the country in a motionless

re. In the rainy and cold seasons it may be seen skimmi

over the corn-fields in search of reptiles and field-mice. It was called

Sikra by the natives.

4. Hauiastur Inpvus, Bodd. The Brahminy Kite.

“ This bird is amongst the first objects which attract the eye of a

ms for they swarm about the shipping at Calcutta, and are

in removing any offal which may be thrown away ; but oe

their usual food is carrion, yet they kill fish, and not unfrequently

carry off a snipe which the sportsman has levelled.”—C. W. Smith's

Notes.

* The names of the following birds have been determined by comparing the

ot tee on India by Mr. Philipps with specimens in the Museum of the

Hon. India Company.—P. M.

5. Baza Lopuores, Cuv. The Cohy Falcon.

The Cohy Falcon is one of the most beautiful of the Falcon race,

and isa high caste bird. Its posture is erect, its plumage glossy,

form compact, and manner dauntless ; while the crest on the head

adds much to its grace and beauty.

Mr. C. W. Smith in his ‘ Notes’ says, ‘This is a scarce bird, and

a specimen was sent to me by a native gentleman, and who acquainted

me that it had not been seen more than orce by the oldest Shikari.”

6. ArHENE Brama, Temm. Native name, Khukhusat.

At a village a small distance from Muttra, a pair of these birds

had taken up their abode in some low bushy trees growing at the

entrance of the village, and were seen hopping and flying about in

broad daylight and quite able to see us ; which indicates their diurnal

habits and familiarity.

I have seen this bird in various places in broad daylight at sun-

rise. I once observed it fly down from the top of a tree on the high

road, and, picking up an insect, fly up again ; this insect it held in its

claws to eat, like a parrot; seemg me, it bent down its head, as all

owls do; and though I frightened it once or twice, it would not leave

the tree, but only flew to another bough. Its hunting in daylight

shows it to approach the diurnal Owls.

At Brindabun I observed a pair huddled together at the end of a

bough exactly over the tent. They slept the greater part of the day.

One let fall its dung, which was as hard as a pellet, on my arm,

Towards the decline of the sun, or between four and five o’ clock, they

woke up, and on perceiving that they were observed, gave one good

stare and flew to another bough ; and on being again looked at some

short while afterwards, they flew to a low tree at some distance off.

Its hoot is a plain single sound of hoo, not very loud, but very

distinct.

7. ATHENE CUCULOIDES, Vigors.

I once shot a specimen of this Owl in a garden, where a pair had

taken up their abode in a dense and lofty tree. In the stomach I

found a small lizard, two centipedes, a whole beetle, and fragments

of two others.

8. Buso BenGauvensis, Franklin.

This species is very common in the plains, and is heard where-

ever there are tall dense trees, at night. A pair had taken up their

abode in the ancient tamarind trees behind the Kazi’s garden. Ha-

ving been once fired at, they are rather shy on perceiving that they

are noticed.

This Owl looks exactly like a huge cat when seen in a tree ; the

first one that I saw was sitting in a low tree in an orchard, and al-

lowed us to gaze at it in the dusk for some time. We could hardly

tell until it flew whether it was a cat or owl.

Its voice is very different from the other owls here, being Av, A7,

Ai, iittiti. This is generally replied to by its companion. When

looking down from a lofty tree, it points its ears forward, just like «

cat or horse gazing intently on anything.

9. Starx sananica, De Wurmb.

This Owl lives in long grass, and is to be found in abundance some

miles from Hodul. They may often be put up and chased by

hawks. They fly but a very short distance.

10. Merors viripis, Linn. Native name, Hurrial or Putringa.

This bird abounds in the neighbourhood of Muttra. Its flight

consists of short rapid jerks, and a quick gliding motion, and it ge-

nerally returns to the same twig from whence it set out. Some-

times several of them may be seen wallowing in the dust on the

high road on a sunny morning. It feeds on insects, and builds its

nest in the high banks of the neighbourhood. Its nest is in a very

deep horizontal hole in perpendicular banks of hard earth, but often

so low as to be within reach of the hand. From this it appears,

that whilst they guard against other birds, snakes, and squirrels

y, they fear not man. These nests are generally on the

high road-side, and the birds fly in and out unhesitatingly:

11. Merorvs Paruirpinus, Linn.

This bird utters a sharp whistle whilst flying, and also when

perched. It flies for a much longer period and in a different manner

to M. viridis, by taking several kite-like sweeps round and above

its tree, and keeping on the wing for nearly a minute. It builds its

nest in the same manner, There is a pair now (May 31st) near my

house. [June 29th, 1849, killed one of a flock which are breeding

in an old rampart opposite my house, fronting the high road.

Irides vermilion. }

Referring to the Urdoo names of the different species of the Bee-

eater of India, it may be remarked, that the natives class them under

two heads :—VPutringas and Hurewahs (Uurrials), each consisting

of two descriptions of birds ; the first of Chota and Bura Putringa,

and the second of Chota and Bura Hurewah. The Bura Putringa

is also called Goolal. The Putringas, it is to be observed, are com-

mon all over India; while the Hurewahs are confined entirely to

— and never seen above Barilly in a wild state.

The Hurewahs are of a size between the two Putringas, and the

two species are distinguished from each other by a slight difference

in size, and by the larger one having a yellow spot on the top of the

head. The Hurewahs are considered good singing birds, and are

brought up as such by the native bird-fanciers of wer Provinces,

and who occasionally bring them up to Muttra for sale. These

birds must be taken very young from the nest ; and they require as

much care as most gt o in their rearing and education as

singing birds. The Putringas, on the other hand, are not good

singing birds, and are therefore never caged or brought up as such.

The Putringa is also a very watchful bird. On the approach of a

hawk, he immediately mounts into the air and utters a shrill mut-

tering noise, which is well understood and taken up by all the other

birds, who immediately fly to cover.

12. Hirunpo FriLireRa, Stephens.

I have seen this beautiful Swallow in my own compound after

rain, and also sporting over a stagnant part of the Jumna at Brin-

dabun. Its nest was under a projecting part of the building over-

hanging the water.

13. Cypseuus arrinis, J. E. Gray. Native name, dbdabil.

Very common in the neighbourhood of Muttra. I have caught

many specimens by simply standing at the bottom of a staircase in

which were numbers of their nests, and waving the hat as they flew

out, when they were instantly entangled. They appear half-blind

or stupid after daylight. They quite fill up with feathers, &c., any

hole in the wall for their nest, but when they build in the corner of

a building they make a very thin cup-shaped nest. These nests they

fasten one to another. The materials in the latter case appear glued

together. Their claws are excessively sharp, and hold on to the

flesh with desperate tenacity.

14. CarpRIMULGUS Native name, Chapka.

These secrete themselves during the day at the roots of bushes,

and fly out at dusk. They take such short and quick turns in the

air, that a hawk can only with great effort catch them. The Sparrow-

hawk alone is successful in this case. The natives believe that if it

settles on a cow she becomes ill, and her milk dries up.

15. Hatcyon Smyrnensis, Linn. Native name, Ailkila.

This is found near ponds and small streams. Sometimes it may

be seen sitting solitary on the top of'a tree or the corner of a cottage,

and at short intervals utters a shrill tremulous sound of seven or eight

syllables, Ai/itilil, like a wire which, having been struck, continues

to vibrate. It often utters this ery before break of day, and some-

times during the night.

In the dry weather it sits near the water-courses in gardens, and

watches for insects of any sort in the damp ground beneath dense

fruit trees. I have seen it twice alight and devour an insect in such

laces.

5 I have found this species breeding in the Kazi’s garden, and ob-

served the female feeding her full-grown young one near the hole

where the nest was. It waited for its food on the bough of a tree.

June Ist.—Observed the male treading the female, which is done

in a similar manner as in the ducks. The habits of this bird bear

comparison with aquatic birds only im a few instances. Its organi-

zation is, according to ornithologists, that of land birds, though the

moderns have classed it with water birds, because perhaps they fre-

Fey water, which however seems only because they draw their

ood from that element. The Ai/ki/a is very common throughout

the N.W. Provinces, attaching itself generally to pools of water, but

frequently also to other places. I have often seen a pair attach

themselves to my compound, and sit watching for hours at a time on

some stick projecting a a “chopper” or the branch of a tree in

the pppponnd, for lizards and mice, which I have seen them fly at

and catch, and swallow after killing them by beating them against

the stick they perch on,

This bird becomes very familiar where it is not molested. It is

easily caught with lime-twigs baited with a mouse or a mole-cricket.

16, Ceryie varia, Strickl. Native name, Sufid Kilkila.

This Kingfisher is very numerous, and is evidently a more retired

bird than the preceding, and is only to be seen over rivers and large

lakes, and seldom, if ever, near the habitations of men; over the

former it may be seen hovering with its wings in rapid motion, ba-

— itself in the air whilst watching the fish, on which it plunges

with the swiftness of lightning. If successful, it flies to the nearest

bank and eats its prey at leisure ; if not, it flies on a short distance,

with its eyes fixed on the water till another fish attracts its atten-

tion, when it repeats its former manceuvre. Koureealah is another

name applied by the natives to this bird.

17. Tcurrrea paranpist, Linn. Native name, Taklah,

Dr. Murray says that the chestnut and the white bird are the

same species in different stages of growth; that the chestnut is the

colour of the young one, and that when they moult they become

white. The proof he gives is, that he has shot specimens durit

their moult, when they are partly clothed in their old chestnut, Be |

partly in the new white dress.

I saw a pair, one white and the other cinnamon, following each

other, and I should say they were male and female.

This bird can elevate its crest at pleasure. In general it is re-

cumbent.

18. Pericrocrorus speciosus, Lath. Native name, Shad-

i-Kapi.

These birds are very restless, and frequent the tops of high trees,

and ever chasing their prey. They generally fly in pairs. The

natives assert that the male has seven females in his train, whence

it has the above name, and also Shah Saheli Ka-yhumka.

19. Rurerpura avso-rrontata, Frankl. Native name, Sham-

chiri.

~ Extremely common in Brindabun, and I have seen it on the

banks of the Jumna, It is very volatile and agile. It has a loud

clear-chanting whistle.

20. Dicrurus Macrocercus, Vieill. Native name, Bojunga.

This bird may be seen everywhere flitting about trees, and on the

backs of cattle. They abound in great numbers at the commencement

of the high land on the Brindabun road. It is sometimes seen con-

tending with the Hoopoe for the same insect. I saw one deliberatel

pulling to pieces a large insect which it held tight to the brane

with its claw; the remaining piece it took in its bill and by a slight

effort swallowed it. I once heard, about four o’clock in the morn-

ing and whilst yet dusk, several Bojungas making a great whistling

noise and replying to each other, and was informed upon inquiry,

that they are accustomed to have great fun at this hour, flying about

in antics. I would remark that the Bojunga and the Bhringraj

(D. paradiseus) are different species of the same genus of birds ;

the latter is an inhabitant apparently of the Nepal Hills, whence

only it is brought down as a singing bird and sold at a fair near

Bulubhut held in January every year. The Bhringraj is never to

be seen in the plains, at least of the N.W. Provinces, in its wild

state: it may easily be distinguished from the Bojunga by its having

a crest of feathers on its head, and being more than double the size

of the former, though the shape, plumage (except the top-knot), and

perhaps habits are the same. The Bojunga probably inhabits the

mountainous parts of the country as well as the plains, but certainly

the Bhringraj confines itself entirely to the hills. The Thampal,

which is another native name for the Bojunga, is unquestionably

common enough in the N.W. Provinces, being found wherever there

are large trees. It is fond of positions commanding extensive views :

the top of a high tree is a favourite perch, where it performs the

part of a sentinel in watching and giving notice of the approach of

an unwelcome visitor. It has some peculiar loud notes of alarm,

which are well understood by the less watchful but more peaceable

portion of the feathered race. The Thampal has an innate dislike

to the vicinity of all Raptorial birds, and will, without any apparent

provocation, attack and drive these away from its immediate neigh-

bourhood ; but it is not until the breeding season arrives, which is

from May to July and August, that this aversion and its natural

pugnacity come out in full force. From the moment the nest is

built, the male bird becomes extremely jealous of any encroachments

upon the precincts of his dwelling, and during incubation his vigi-

lance and ferocity are extreme. No sooner does he perceive the ad-

vance of a hawk, &c., than, starting from his high perch, he launches

into the air to meet it. As all birds seem to dread an encounter

with this dauntless little champion, the hawk is often seen to alter

its course immediately on observing this challenge ; but should it

have the hardihood to continue the original direction of its flight,

it certainly pays the penalty of its temerity; for the Thampal,

mounting into the air a short distance above it, inflicts such smart

blows, sometimes fixing on its back with his claws and beak for some

seconds, as compels the hawk to beat a hasty retreat to some cover.

Occasionally the female will turn out to assist the male in beating

off a bird that approaches too near her nest. The following instance

of cunning in the Thampal is worthy of record :—Riding slowly

across the country one fine morning in pursuit of game, I perceived

a Thampal on a projecting dry branch of a large tree, while at a short

distance were a number of di erent kinds of birds in a field in search

of food. Presently I sawa ‘‘Chehee”’ or “ Gilgilla”’ spring up and

catch a locust in the act of flying away ; the insect was too to

be easily subdued by the birc, and struggled hard to get away ; it

did eseape once or twice from the bird, but was as often retaken.

The Thampal had evidently observed the locust’s struggles, and had

once or twice tried to take it on its escape from the bird, but in vain.

After one of these attempts he returned quietly to his perch, to all

appearance giving up the idea of another similar trial. He had not,

however, been there a few seconds, when—perhaps having revolved

in his mind that the morsel was too nice a one to be relinquished

without one more attempt—he suddenly uttered some of those shrill

notes which indicate the approach of a hawk. So sudden was the

alarm, and given with an intensity denoting. imminent danger, that

it sent the poor birds screaming with fright to a covert hard by ;

the locust, being abandoned in the panic, was taken off as lawful booty

by the Thampal. 1 satisfied myself that no hawk had been or was

in the vicinity, before I left the spot; and am confident the alarm

was a ruse on the part of the Thampal to get at the locust.

21. Lanius Laurora, Sykes. Native name, Sufid Latora.

This Shrike is common enough throughout the N.W. Provinces,

and is one of the sentinels which watch and give notice of the ap-

roach of Raptorial birds, hawks in particular. I have never seen

it attempting to attack any large bird, but I have on one or two oc-

casions seen it pursue and capture small birds in the fields. It flew

after them round and into the bushes before it could effect the capture.

A friend of mine (Mr. Blewitt) tells me he has also seen the same

thing done by a Latora once or twice, and I mention this here be-

cause I believe it has been doubted if this bird preys thus on the

smaller birds. This, however, I am inclined to believe it does but

seldom, and only from extremity of hunger; its more usual food

being crickets, lizards, &c., when they abound. I have heard that

this Shrike has been trained, but could never be made to catch a

bird larger than a sparrow. It is, however, used in another curious

way for the purpose of catching other birds. The bird-catcher

takes a Latora, and running a string through its nostrils, runs the

same string through those of a common starling, and drawing the

string so as to bring the beaks of the two birds nearly together,

joins it ina knot. In this state one of the two birds is fastened to

a peg ou the ground in a field, round which spot a circle of lime-

oh is set up. As soon as the man withdraws himself, these two

irds try to extricate themselves, thas making a great noise, which

attracts all sorts of birds, and which try to separate the supposed

belligerents, but who in ying about come in contact with the lime-

twigs, and are caught. e Latora is considered among the birds

of omen with the Hindoos.

22. Lanius ERYTHRONOTUS, Vigors. Native name, Pila Latora.

Is common about Muttra, seated on the top of the castor-oil tree,

and screams with a shrill single sound, generally repeated with one

high and one low note, like Qeek, geek. It utters various cries, ap-

parently in imitation of other birds. It always seats itself on the

highest or outermost branch, so as to command a wide view. This

bird is inferior in courage to the Sufid Latora, and has never been

known to attack live birds as prey, it living entirely on insects, &c.

23. TeEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS.

Takes very short flights, and is not shy ; hops from twig to twig,

and takes surveys around the tree by twisting its head in every di-

rection. Having spied an insect of a soft kind, it seized it, then

laying it down, deliberately ate it.

I observed a specimen hunting in various trees. It was very tame,

and though often seated quietly for some seconds, it was never idle,

its eyes and head being-always on the look-out for insects. It hunts

for insects in and under leaves, and with its very sharp bill picks

these out with ease. Having discovered the chrysalis of some insect

in its web attached to a leaf, it tugged vigorously at it till it was de-

tached ; it then devoured it. It did not attempt to catch flies.

24. Matacocercus canorus, Linn. Native name, Ghanghai.

This is most fearless in attacking the hawk. I once observed a

friend fly his hawk at a partridge, and as it passed by a flock of

these birds, they spied and attacked it after it had secured the part-

ridge. They so severely treated the bird with their beaks, that it

was glad to relinquish its prey and fly for its life. It was so fright-

ened, that having once taken shelter ina tree, it was with the greatest

difficulty brought back again to the fist. Its head remained swollen

for a week, and afterwards it dreaded the sight of one of these birds.

On another occasion I observed a number of these birds actually

kill a sparrow-hawk.

25. Mauacocercus (? caupatus, Dum.). Native name, Peng.

This bird is very common here. Its habit, size and colour di-

stinguish it from the Bara Podna. The Podna lives in the trees,

and there feeds on insects; the Peng hunts only on the ground.

The first has the lively motions of the small Podna ; the other in-

tently surveys the ground before he pecks, then hops a little distance

with several great bounds, and then pecks again. The colour of

the belly of the first is pure white, of the second only the chin. The

Peng is also by far the larger of the two. The voice of the Peng

is very peculiar, and at once distinguishes it from all other birds :

it is a low under-toned warbling whistle, which it very often utters.

A pair I have in confinement are all day long jumping from side to

side of their aviary and responding to each other. They bear con-

finement very well, and feed on grain. One of them has a malfor-

mation of his upper mandible, which is bent down on one side of

the lower ; he manages, however, to eat and thrive.

When alarmed and retreating from an intruder, they run by a

succession of long rapid hops; and when they have retreated some

distance, their appearance is very much like that of a large field-rat,

both as to waddling, motion, colour and shape ; the long tail always

dragging on the ground, very much favours the deception. When

fly to a distant part of the same field, they go so very near the

und, that if their wings were not seen in motion you might fancy

em running or skimming the surface very swiftly. It generally

frequents the bottoms of hedges and open fields, in the morning and

evening.

26. Pycnonorus ryGaus, Hodgson.

Syn. Pyc. bengalensis, Blyth. Native name, Bulbul,

Common in the neighbourhood of Muttra. It is sold in great

numbers in Delhi, and kept both for singing and fighting ; the latter

it is taught to do in the following manner :—The birds are placed

on a string, to which they are tied, having a small range, in sight

of each other. They are thus fed. When they wish to teach them

to fight, they are kept hungry, and then are brought so near, that

at the extent of their tether their beaks almost touch ; the keeper

then places a little food on his finger between the two birds. As

both are hungry, they become indignant at the chance of each

other getting the food, and of course show fight, and if let loose will

immediately commence.

This bird is also taught to perch on the finger. A string is tied

round its body and under its wings, and is thus kept prisoner with-

out a .

The Bulbul sits on a solitary branch early in the morning, and

keeps uttering a cry, consisting of two sounds, thus Kee kua. I

have seen them hunting in pairs over the branches of large trees.

Sometimes it feeds on the ground. I have found the nest of this bird

in June, in an orange-bush, 4 feet from the ground. The nest was

small, round, and contained four brown-spotted eggs.

It is remarkable that these birds are attracted by any very bright

red or scarlet-coloured fruit. I have seen them occasionally caught by

boys with a ripe cherry hung up near a lime-twig or other trap, to

which a Bulbul has been en by the colour of the fruit.

native name given to these birds is Gu/-doom, with -re-

ference, no doubt, to the scarlet patch under the tail.

I saw a specimen of this bird perfectly white all over, excepting

the scarlet patch under the tail. It was brought in a cage from

Barilly, ned the owner gave the history of the bird thus :—He was

one day going about the ens near Barilly in search of young

og a ear gee Mi hv as : crow fly across his path

with a unfledged ollowed close by the t birds ;

pe hye

a noise, whi i the crow; the young bird was dro

and being picked up was afterwards reared, doves 2 aie

of all that saw it, the young bird put forth white plumage, which it

renewed, of the same snow-white colour every moulting season.

Query. Could any fright received by the nestling on being carried

off by the crow have produced this effect on the plumage ?

27. Pycrornts stnensis, Gmel.* Native name, Bara Podna.

This is an elegant little bird, which I have often observed in my

garden. It lives on insects, and spreads out its tail like a fan when

flying. Mr. C. J. Davis of Agra remarks that ‘this is the bird said

to support the heavens by its legs, lest it fall.”” (See Shakespeare.)

It generally builds in the Banyan tree.

28. Or1toLus Kunpoo, Sykes.

Breeds here in the rainy season, and may frequently be observed

frequenting the gardens in the neighbourhood.

29. Copsycuus sauLaris, Linn. Native name, Dayer.

This pretty singing bird is much prized by the Mussulmen, who

cover up its cage, and feed it with expensive delicacies. Its food

is made of roast grain-meal, ghi and spices. It frequents the lower

branches of trees, and catches flying insects. I have observed it

hunting on the ground in the shade of trees and bushes for soft

insects, flying or creeping.

30. KirracincLa MACROURA, Gmel. Native name, Shamd.

May be observed early in the morning perched on walls, low trees

and mounds, singing very sweetly. It builds in old walls, holes in -

houses, &c.

Mr. Davis says that the Shama will sometimes imitate other birds,

and that one in his compound, which had her nest near his poultry

yard, used to imitate exactly the crowing of the cock, the call of a

partridge, a kite and the Tuti (Lovia rosea). When caged it will

imitate any other singing bird placed near it. It lays its eggs in the

hot weather.

31. THAMNosiIA FuLICcATA, Linn. Native name, Kalchiri.

Feeds on insects, as black and white ants. It constantly utters

its sharp pleasant twitter when jumping about. Its note is fwi a

twi a twi, ending in queck. It builds in holes in walls, &e. When

the’male is courting, he swells himself out, and especially his red

under tail-coverts, and erects his tail perpendicular. He then flies

with a whirring sound.

32. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA, Linn. Native name, Pidha.

This bird abounds here at the close of the rains, and may be seen

perched on the tops of the bajra and joar when nearly ripe. It

utters a sharp rapid whirr, and has a song also. They’ answer each

other.

* Syn. Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl.

33. Orrnotromus Loneicaupba, Gmel.

May often be observed on low bushes and on the ground, but also

often to be seen in the tops of low thorny trees. It feeds on small

tender caterpillars and grasshoppers, with which, when obtained, it

flies to a tree above to eat. If it notices any person watching, it

will hop down and return the compliment by inquisitively looking,

first with one eye, then with the other, at the stranger, and at a very

short distance, uttering at the same time a loud chirp. Having

a itself, it flies to another tree. This I have repeatedly ob-

served,

34. Bupyres viripis, Gmel. Native name, Pila Mamola.

This is a much rarer bird than Mo/acilla luzoniensis, and is not

so active when on the ground ; it remains more in one place, and does

not wag the tail so much. I have never observed more than one

pair together.

35. Nemoricoxta tnvica, Gmel. Native name, Mamola.

This may be observed in abundance at Brindabun in flocks of six

or eight. ey prefer hunting in damp grass in the open fields in

the morning.

36. CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA, Temm. Native name, Bha-

gera.

Observed here in the cold season only.

37. Araupa Cuenpoota, Frankl. Native name, Chandil.

This bird is highly prized by bird-fanciers in India, and great care

is taken of it, as it has a very fine voice, and is taught to sing

for a greater portion of the night. A faqir, near the mosque in the

centre of the city, keeps all kinds of Larks in neat brass-wire cages.

The Chandil rises into the air and sings all night till daybreak

during the rains.

38. Mirarra assamica, M‘Clelland. Native name, Bhatul,

Common here, and may be observed in the morning and evening

on a naked bank, and there pouring forth for a long time

its song, which consists of about eight notes, the first six very quickly

repeated and the two last slowly, thus—twite twée tule tite twee

twhe twété twee. Ut breeds here, as I have found the young but

just fledged. It tant coos very near the ground, and hides

itself behind anything offers.

39. PyraruvuLaupa Guisea, Scop. Native names, Dabuk Chari

and Duila (Davis).

This bird builds its nest on the ground under a tuft of grass. The

birds are nearly of the same colour as the ground, and they sit

motionless until you almost put your foot on them. In running

about they crouch and go a few inches at a time, whence their name

of Crouchers. The female bird on the nest is only discoverable by

the eye.

40. Passer tnpica, J. et S. Native name, Gourya.

Lays four eggs, white speckled with brown. The nest is com-

posed of grass, hemp, and lined inside with large soft feathers. I

have observed them throwing out their dung from the nest with their

beaks.

41. Proceus Baya, Blyth. Native name, Baya.

The Baya arrives in the neighbourhood of Muttra in the hot

weather, and begins to build during the rains. It would seem that

they preferred those trees which, from any cause, are most inacces-

sible. Thus, in this neighbourhood, they suspend their nests from

the Babul (Mimosa arabica), the terrible thorns of which keep all

intruders at a distance; but, however, where palm-trees abound,

they always select them, as being quite imaccessible, especially at the

extreme tips of the leaves, where they generally suspend their nest.

The nest is generally commenced from the top, the birds forming a

circle like a hoop, on which they sit and swing while working; the

top of the hoop is gradually widened, so as at last to form a dome

with two supports; and thus the work goes on, till the whole dome

has come to the length of the bottom of the hoop: there the nest

begins to be formed into two compartments ; on one side of the hoop

the nest itself is placed, the other side being formed into an entrance.

They build the nest with one kind of dry grass, and during its for-

mation you may observe them walking over the outside of the nest,

prying about in every direction, and here and there tightening a fibre

by seizing it with their beak and moving their head to and fro.

They do not seem in any great hurry to complete the nest, but are

very anxious to have it the proper shape, and, I suppose, sufficientl

water-tight : indeed, no form could be better devised for a bird whic

builds only in the rainy season. I have observed them suspend the

making of the nest for a month after the first few showers till the

heavy rains begin to descend. They often take the liberty to hop

on to a neighbour’s nest and look about it, but never rob it of mate-

rials. Sometimes the high wind shakes down the nest, if not at-

tached sufficiently strong. One bird I observed commencing its nest

from the bottom, resting it on a twig having plenty of leaves.

The Bayas are very tame, and will allow you to stand under the

tree whilst they are making their nests.

42. Munra Amanpava, Linn. Native name, Ldl or Lal Munia.

This is sold here during the rainy season for about two annas each.

Many Rajahs keep men to teach these little creatures to fight. Their

note is very pretty, when caged. They pass the winter with diffi-

culty, and often die of cold. The only way to preserve them is to

provide them with the nest of the Baya (Ploceus), into which they

creep and huddle together. They are very easily caught in traps in

which a Lal is confined.

eS —<—~——

43. Carpopacus eryrurinus, Pallas. Native name, 7'wéi.

This comes from the hills in the spring, and feeds on the mul-

berry. It is caught by the natives in nets, before which two or three

decoys are tied.

44. Srurnta pacoparum, Gmelin. Native name, Pabiya Pawi.

A very common bird. Elegant in shape and colour. Sings

sweetly and is often caged. It is docile and hardy, and will imitate

any other bird placed near it. It talks like a | eared but with a

shriller note. I observed it on May 31st building its nest in the hole

of a tree close to a bridge.

45. Srurnvus vucearts, Linn. Native name, Telia or Nakhshi

Telia.

Generally appears in great flocks in the neighbourhood of Muttra

in the cold weather.

The name Telia given to this bird and the Pastor roseus is most

likely derived from Til (oil seed), which they are very fond of.

46. Srurnopastor contra, Linn. Native name, Adlaka.

This builds a rather large nest in a conspicuous situation on trees

of moderate height. It is somewhat shy.

47. Acriporaerss Tristis, Linn. Native name, Maina.

May be observed in the cold weather crowding together on the

Babul trees. They have several notes: one is praikh, praikh, another

when flying is fivee, twee. They may be seen of a morning feedi

in the open fields upon white-ants. It is frequently caged an

taught to talk, which it does tolerably well.

48. Corvus spLenpens, Vieill.

The sagacity and vigilance of this predatory bird is too well known

to ire much in illustration of its habits; but I have too often

m been amused by witnessing the tricks, to think some short

account of the manner in which this exceedingly cunning bird is

caught by the natives, would not prove uninteresting to the reader of

these notes. To any one conversant with the customs of this coun

(India) I need not say that Crows, as well as several other kinds of

birds, are in great request at large cities for “ Sudga”’ or “ Ootarus”’

pevom) for the sick. Hence the necessity with bird-catchers of

ing a constant and well-regulated supply on hand, and as a Crow

can seldom be tricked twice in the same manner, the bird-catchers

recourse to various methods of entrapping him. One of them

is this :—Feeding Crows on certain occasions forms part of a religious

ceremony with the Hindoos, and this share of the business is gene-

rally taken up by the women, with whom, sopondingiss Crows be-

come familiar, nay, sometimes so bold as to take the food from

their hands. Taking advantage of this familiarity with the women

of the , I have frequently seen a bird r attire himself

No. CCCXXXIIL.—Procerrpines or THe Zoo.oaican Socrery,

in the garb of a Hindoo female, and closely veiling his face and beard

with the “‘Chadir,”’ issue forth with a Thaler loaded with sweet rice

in his hand to invite Crows to a (supposed) feast! This invitation

consists of throwing a few grains of the rice to every Crow met on

the way, and thus a flock is soon collected round the supposed woman,

when the bird-catcher proceeds to his net, still throwing out a few

grains of rice now and then to the Crows, who now follow him close.

Reaching his net—which, by-the-bye, must be set at night and care-

fully concealed under dust and sand, otherwise the whole plan would

fail,—he heaps the rice on a spot surrounded by the hidden net, walks

to the end of a string attached to the net, and as all the Crows are

now very busy at devouring the feast, he suddenly draws the net over

his victims. I need hardly remark that in the manner of laying the

net, and in concealing his person, the bird-catcher must be exceed-

ingly cautious, for should the least suspicion be created by any dis-

covery, the farce would be at an end. The very arms and feet of

the man must be concealed, and the sight of a beard would most cer-

tainly send all the Crows flying in a moment. There are several

other ways of catching these birds.

49. Corvus cuLminatus, Sykes. Native name, Pahari-kawa.

The habits of this are tolerably well known.

50. Denprocitra RuFA, Scopoli. Native name, Dhanes or

Maha Lat.

The Maha Lat is a sociable, bold bird, found in all extensive

groves and forests. It has several curious notes. They are generally

found in pairs. Sometimes two or three pairs assemble on the same

tree and begin to talk and quarrel, with a very singular sound of two

syllables, thus—Kakak or Kekekek several times repeated in a gut-

tural tone. It isnot much unlike the sound of the peacock, but not

so loud. When not quarreling it has another note more agreeable.

Perhaps this is a note of love? This too is a compound sound, and

is generally uttered when there is only one pair on a tree. One of

the birds utters the note and the other responds with a low purring

sound. To utter the full sound the bird lifts up its body from the

tree, or shoots it forward, without rising from its legs. The Maha

Lat takes very short flights from tree to tree, and does not often

alight on the ground.

51. Coractas 1rnpicus, Linn. Native name, Sulzuk and Nil-

khant.

* Though gifted with so brilliant a plumage, much cannot be said

in praise of its shape. Its appearance on the wing is lovely, yet

when perched we observe a large head, thick neck, prominent breast,

and a pinched body, which is rendered more conspicuous by a long

tail. It is a very common bird, is little afraid of man’s approach,

and is pugnacious, driving away the crow without much effort ; it is

A very noisy screaming bird, and in this respect is frequently very

———— —_

troublesome. With the Hindoos it is esteemed sacred ; they con-

sider it propitious if seen upon the day which concludes the Dasserah

or Doorg-a-pooja festivals, and discharge their matchlocks to put it

on the wing. The Birmahs commonly send parties to procure the

feathers of this bird.”"—C. W. Smith's Notes.

This bird often shoots up perpendicularly into the air, screaming

as it goes, and then with as sudden and nearly as steep a descent

plunges towards the earth, but only to shoot up again. This it often

continues for some minutes, till it settles on a bough.

When attacked by a hawk it shows t agility by twisting itself

at the moment of the hawk’s stoop, and when caught with its power-

ful beak it often seriously wounds the legs of its captor. The natives

say that it sometimes breaks its legs. At any rate it has done this

in the case of the Shikra (Micronisus badius).

I once observed this bird flying steadily forward, when presently

an insect some yards beneath attracted its attention, after which it

dived with a sudden twist, seized it, and pursued its course.

52. Buceros GinGinianus, Lath. Native name, Lamdor or

Dhanmar.

Is very shy, especially towards roosting-time. A specimen killed

at Hasanpur on the Ganges received two shots and died after repeated

attempts to strangle it. It uttered a shrill sound like 47é while on

the tree and when wounded. In its belly was found a hard lump

the size of a pigeon’s egg, which on being cut open was found filled

with the fruit of the Peepul and other trees.

53. Patwornis Torquatus, Briss. Native name, Gallar.

Abounds in every part of India. They fly in great flocks to the

fields and gardens, screaming as they fly. When perched on a tree,

the Kite will sometimes swoop down on them and carry one off in

its talons. The rest do not attempt a rescue, but fy in circles,

screaming pf They destroy much more fruit than they eat,

biting it off and letting it fall; this is generally unripe fruit. The

owl attacks these birds by night, and their feathers may sometimes

be seen in the morning strewing the ground. They make their nest

in holes of walls and trees.

On a journey in Rohileund I observed one fly out from atree with

a scream, and, taking a circuit in the air, sweep back to the tree,

when, just seizing the tip of a branch far too slender to bear its

weight, it swung round and round as if for amusement, and thus

turned several summersaults, till by a spiral motion it ascended to

the firm part of the branch.

oe Patewornis Cyanoceruarus, Linn. Native name, Twia

“i.

This Parrakect is found feeding on the fruit of the Peepul tree.

55. Patwornis ALeExanpati. Native name, Pahari Totd.

100

56. MrGALaAIMa tnpica, Lath. Native name, Bassunta Insora.

Abounds in Rohileund, and is also a visitant in the neighbour-

hood of Muttra. They generally occur in pairs, and I have seen

them in all high trees.

The voice of this bird is certainly very remarkable: it begins in a

low tone, and gradually increases its pitch and its power until the

whole tree seems vocal with one full rich sound. This ubiquity of

sound much deceives a person endeavouring to see the bird which

causes it, as he may look to any part of the tree, and his ear will

never guide his eye. Another deception is the smallness and green

colour of the bird, which hide it among the foliage ; and the last is

its immobility, for it remains fixed to one spot all the time it utters

its note. When not thus engaged, it runs up and down the tree like

a Woodpecker, displaying its beautiful yellow and green clothing.

57. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS, Linn. Native name, Saé-

Ranga.

This Woodpecker is rather scarce here, but abundant in Bareilly.

It breeds once a year, in Asarh, laying three or four eggs of a light-

green colour in the hollows of trees.

58. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS, Illiger. Native name, Mahika.

Ihave shot this bird in Muttra. Its flesh is good eating. It

is a very shy bird, and must be shot from an ambush. It moves by

hopping and sometimes walking stately as a crow.

The Mahuka utters a cry in the morning so like that of an owl,

that I was long deceived by it. The only difference is, that the

kook, kook, kook, is pronounced a little more rapidly, and does not

end in a run like that of the owl. The kook is uttered in a very

guttural tone, and one bird answers the other—male and female.

The cry is uttered on trees: it makes it with some effort, by swell-

ing out its throat and bending its head.

On opening the stomach of a specimen shot, a lizard about the

length of the hand was found. This lizard was beautifully marked

with black bars, and is said to be intensely poisonous. My Bhustie,

a very respectable trustworthy man, said that he once knew of a

buffalo that died from the bite of this lizard, in its tongue.

59. CoccysTES MELANOLEUCOs, Gmel. Native name, Chdtdk

or Popiya.

Visits the neighbourhood every hot season, and is now (May 22nd)

in the garden. It has been observed to rise high in the air long

before day, and utters its notes, which are very loud. I once shot a

specimen as it was sitting one evening on the bare ground, pecking

at some insects, while its mate sat on a low bushy tree close by. It

is not at all shy, for though my man and family stopped before it,

and though his gun flashed in the pan the first time, it did not fly

away. I have been informed that they go out for the day into the

jungle and return by evening.

‘

101

Mr. C. J. Davis of Agra informs me that this bird lays its eggs

in the nest of Malacocercus, and that it brings up the young bird.

ae bird makes a great figure in Hindu poetry under the name

60, Eupynamys onientaxis, Linn, Native name, Koé/.

This is common in the neighbourhood. It is a very fickle bird,

not staying many moments on any onetree. It jumps about all the

time it is on the tree in search of food, apparently uttering various

cries besides Ko#/. It begins with Aik, Aik, kik, then koel, kot,

koél, and often talks low to itself hu, ku, kd, kd, like a crow, but in

softer tones.

On June 4th, 1849, L observed a female Koel feeding her full-

grown young one with pipul fruit. The young one was perfectly

the same size as the mother, but its tail not so fully developed ; its

colour, however, was so unlike, that had I not seen it being fed by

the Koél, and for a long time closely observed their exact similarity

of shape, their similar mode of hopping from branch to branch, and

the fact of the young following the female when she flew to another

tree, I should have never believed it possible that they could be of

the same species. The young was of a brownish colour, covered

with dark brown bars all over, except the top of its head, which ap-

peared dark brown or black ; its breast was light-coloured, and the

tail with broad white and brown bands.

From this fact it appears either that some Koé/s rear their own young

entirely, or that they watch till the crow turns them out of the nest,

and then takes the charge of them. An intelligent native confirms

the last supposition, and says that at Gwalior, in the large mango

groves, the female Koé/, from the time it has laid its egg, comes five

or six times a day (although persecuted when seen by the crow),

to see after the welfare of its young. This it continues till the crow

drives out the fledged young one, when the mother flies off with it.

This he has frequently seen.

61. Upvura ervors, Linn. Native name, Hidhid.

The is common in India. I once saw a fight between a

Biy-ung (Dieruris) and a Hidhiid (Hoopoc). This bird never

fi but on the und, where it marches about with a bustling

motion, and with its long beak hunts out all sorts of insects from

holes in the ground. It is very fond of examining all the holes at

the roots of large trees, where no doubt it often obtains a feast. It

flies with such jerks that no hawk can catch it; even the swiftest

and smallest hawks do not succeed. The Persians believe that this

bird used to bring Solomon all the news of the country.

62, Necrarinta asiatica, Linn. Native name, Shakr Khora,.

This beautiful, ares steel-blue bird is common all over the

north-west. In the winter it may be seen sporting on the sunny

side of lofty trees. As soon as the Sahajna (//yperanthera Moringa)

102

begins to blossom, it is constantly seen hovering before its white

flowers, and as each forest tree begins to bloom, it rifles them of their

sweets. It finds nourishment even in the Chamkra flower, and is

now (May) every morning to be seen hovering over the poisonous

Ak Madar Aling; with it many Humble-bees are seen feasting on

the same sweets, and looking like smaller sun-birds. It is very bold,

but does not like confinement, though it will suck out honey from

flowers put between the bars of its cage. It sings pleasantly, 7. e.

it has two or three sharp pretty chirps. It moults in the rainy

season, and at this time its whole breast is yellow, with the excep-

tion of a purple line in the middle ; the back feathers are all a dull

olive-green, but with one or two purple feathers appearing.

This bird often alights on the twig near the flower if smooth, and

twisting its head over it, sucks out the honey.

4. Descriptions or somME New Species or LEPIDOPTEROUS

Insects FROM NorTHERN Inp1A. By Freperic Moore,

AssisTANT Museum East Inp1A Company.

(Annulosa, Pl. XLIV.-XLV.)

1. Prerts Nama, E. Doubleday, MS. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 1, 2.)

Male.—Upper-side white ; fore-wing with a narrow brown line

along costal margin, curving and widening across near the middle of

the wing, and again tapering to posterior angle; hind-wing tinged

with black (as if from intensity of that colour on the under-side)

along the outer margin, where the veinlets are dark brown.

Female.—Brown, with three longitudinal white streaks in middle

of fore-wing, aud two in the hind-wing: these streaks in some speci-

mens being confluent and occupying nearly the whole of the middle

of both fore- and hind-wings; under-side, along costal margin and

widening to the outer margin of fore-wing, greenish-yellow, the rest

white ; hind-wing greenish-yellow, darker on the veins, and nearly

white along discoidal cell towards anterior angle.

Expanse of wings 21 to 3 inches.

Hab. Darjecling; Sylhet; Bootan. In Mus. East India Com-

any.

hy Benirhe The late Mr. E. Doubleday was acquainted with the

male insect only, to which he applied the above MS. name to speci-

mens in the British Museum ; both sexes I have now the pleasure of

characterizing.

2. Pieris Sera, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 3.)

Upper-side blackish-brown ; fore-wing with two rows of narrowish

white marks, two lengthened marks between median and submedian

veinlets, and four small spots within discoidal cell ; hind-wing with

a marginal row of whitish spots, another row from costal margin

widening towards the anal angle, abdominal margin broadly whitish,

{

103

_ the latter tinged with yellow, also a white linear mark in discoidal

cell. Under-side as in the upper-side, but with all the markings on

the hind-wings yellow. Wings shaped as in P. Thestylis. Expanse

of wings 3} ths inches.

Hab. Bootan. In Mus. East India Company.

3. Prernis Sanaca, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4.)

Upper-side white ; fore-wing with the veins and veinlets broadly

clouded with black, leaving only a row of lanceolate white spots on

the outer margin, and another row of more linear-shaped marks ex-

es across the disc ; hind-wing with the veins and veinlets sharply

defined with black, discoidal and median veins clouded with black,

the latter broadly so; also a marginal row of angular lunate marks ;

anterior base and anal angle bright yellow. Under-side: fore-wing

as in the upper-side, but the white markings more clearly defined,

those near the anterior angle being yellowish ; hind-wing with the

dark colour broader, and the white spaces nearly covered with yellow.

Shape of wings as in P. Belladonna, _Expanse of wings 3} inches.

ab. Darjeeling. In Mus. East India Company.

4. Pients Inpra, Moore. (PI. XLIV. fig. 5.)

Upper-side dark brown; fore-wing with a central longitudinal

space of white from the base, also two small white spots near ante-

rior e; hind-wing with the anterior base brownish greenish-

white, with two white spots near anterior angle. ‘Po eae

fore-wing with a broad irregular fascia from middle of costal margin

to rior angle; anterior angle chrome-yellow, with some white

dividing the two colours ; basal half white, tinged with straw-yellow

along discoidal cell ; hind-wing chrome-yellow, and minutely itro-

rated with brown ; anterior half of discoidal cell and space between

each veinlet near outer margin white, also a dark brown dot on disco-

cellular veinlet. Wings shaped as in P. Paulina. Expanse of wings

3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling. In Mus, East India Company.

The nearest ally of P. Indra appears to be P. Lalage, E. Double-

day, Diurnal Lep. t. 6. f. 5, also from N. India,

5. Pirris Dunvasa, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 6.)

Male.—Upper-side white ; fore-wing from middle of costal margin,

curving transversely, apically, and scolloped to near end of outer

margin, black, and having near the apex some white marks, gene-

rally three, the outer ones being sometimes indistinct ; base of costal

margin and body greenish ; on the middle of disco-cellular veinlets

is a round black spot, and another more quadrate spot between the

first and second median veinlets, the latter slightly touching at the

the scolloped black outer margin,

‘emale.—Black colour broader, the quadrate spot larger and

broadly confluent at the angle with the outer margin, thus a a

white spot on middle of outer margin ; hind-wings of female with a

marginal row of blackish spots, the extreme margin and anal angle

104

being yellowish-white. Under-side : apex of fore-wing pale yellow,

the black colour forming only a curved transverse bar, besides the

two black spots ; hind-wings wholly pale yellow, and having a small

disco-cellular black spot ; body yellowish.

Expanse of wings 2} to 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling, Assam. In Mus. East India Company.

The form of the wings of Pieris Durvasa is the same as in P.

Paulina and P. Pandione.

6. Paprrtio Janaka, Moore, n. sp. (Pl. XLV.)

Upper-side black ; hind-wing with a white patch on the dise,

which is divided by three of the veinlets, thus forming four separate

patches, the outer one on each side being the shortest, and the two

nearest the abdominal margin being tinged with red; three submar-

ginal and three marginal lunules and circular mark at anal angle red;

tail with two red spots. Under-side black ; fore-wing with the base

red ; hind-wing with patch on the disc as on upper-side, but the por-

tion nearest abdominal margin nearly covered with red, which colour

is continued upwards and downwards, occupying the base of the wing

and the whole space between the third median veinlet and submedian

vein; lunules as above, but are larger, and a fourth submarginal one

appears between the discoidal and first median veinlets ; tail spotted

as above; cilia between the angles white; head, neck, body beneath

and sides red.

Wings shaped as in P. Bootes, Westw. Arc. Ent. t. 31.

Expanse of wings 5 inches.

Had. Darjeelmg. In Mus, East India Company.

Remark.—Papilio Bootes appears to be a near ally of P. Janaka.

May 26, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. .

The following papers were read :—

1. Description or CuINEsE Sueer sent to H. R. H. Prince

Ausert BY RutwHerrorp Axcock, Esa., H.M. Vice-Con-

SUL AT SHANGHAI. PRESENTED By H. R. H. To THE

ZootocicaL Socrery 1n Aprit 1855. By A. D. Barr-

LETT, Esa.

(Mammalia, Pl. LIT.)

These Sheep differ from all others that I have seen in not possess-

ing external ears. In size they are equal to ordinary sheep; the

wool is perfectly white, rather coarse and mixed with long hairs ;

105

the head and face are smooth, and covered with white hair; they

have no horns; the tail is short, rather broad, and turned up at the

tip ; the profile is very convex.

__ My attention was first called to these sheep from the fact of their

great reproductive power. I find they breed twice in a year, and

produce four and sometimes five at a birth, the three ewes now

in the Society's Gardens having this spring produced thirteen

lambs. These lambs are very easily reared by sos and are perfectly

hardy. Upon referring to Miss Corner’s ‘ History of China,’ pub-

lished in 1547, it appears that since the introduction of the cotton

lant into China (which took place during the Ming dynasty, about

00 years ago), the breeding and rearing of sheep have been neg-

lected, as the following extract will show :—

“ The extended cultivation of cotton was one of the causes that

led to the almost entire disappearance of sheep from the southern

provinces, for it was found that it would take much more land to

supply a certain number of persons with mutton and wool, than with

rice and cotton, Then the pastures were gradually turned into rice

and cotton plantations, while sheep were banished to the mountains

and less fertile parts of the country. For the same reason cattle,

horses, and other domestic animals are scarce ; the few that are kept

for the purposes of husbandry are poor and ill-fed ; for there is not

a common on which they can so that they are tied up in stalls

when not employed in the field, Dairy farms are unknown in China,

where people use neither milk, butter, nor cheese.”

In a recent letter from China, the writer mentions, among other

matters, that in giving a good dinner to some distinguished friends,

one of the choicest dishes was a leg of mutton, the cost of which

was equal to 30s.

Having submitted specimens of the wool of this animal to my

friend Dr. Price, A forwarded the same to Mr. Darlington,

the Secretary to the Chamber of Commerce at Bradford, for the

of having it examined by the most competent judges, the

pee report from these gentlemen was received. They say,

“ That the sample of sheep's wool from China enclosed in Dr. Price’s

letter, is a class of wool which would be extensively used by the

manufacturers of this district for goods of low quality; that it ap-

pears to be wool suitable for combing purposes, and would now

command about one shilling per pound,”

That the wool does not appear to offer any great inducement for

its introduction will be seen by the above report. I, however, think

it highly probable by cultivation and judicious crossing, a great im-

provement may be fairly looked for. It is, however, to us a matter

of the utmost importance that we should possess animals whose

power of reproducing is greatest, in order to supply the increased

demand for meat.

The origin of our domestic animals has been a subject of much

discussion ; the remote period of their domestication involves us in

much doubt ; and this mystery and obscurity will probably never be

i ily cleared up. It is, however, interesting to find in a

106

country whose civilization is of such ancient date as China, the most

perfect of domestic animals: I mean by this, the animals that are

furthest removed from their natural condition.

Now, knowing what wonderful changes can be, and are produced

in the vegetable kingdom by skilful modes of propagating, culti-

vating and artificially treating plants, causing them completely to

change their nature, producing all kinds of variety of monstrous

growth, double flowers, fruit and seed in enormous abundance ;—all

this being done by the interference of man, may I ask, is it not pro-

bable that a people like the Chinese, whom we know to have practised

these arts for ages,—is it not likely that they have by artificial means

induced a similar power in these domestic animals; as we find, for

example, the pigs, the fowls, the geese and the sheep of China more

prolific than the same animals in any other part of the world? In-

stances of Chinese sows producing twenty-two at a litter have come

within my own observation ; their fowls are certainly unequalled for

the number of their eggs, and their geese as reproducers stand un-

rivalled.

It is almost needless to say that the result of cultivation, whether

as applied to plants or animals, has produced an unnatural and ab-

normal condition : instances too numerous to mention may be found,

but it will be sufficient to notice the pigeons and ducks. The former

in a wild state produce only two broods in a season; while in a state

of domestication they continue to breed all the year. The domestic

ducks not only produce a much larger number of eggs, but one

drake is sufficient for a number of ducks, five or six ; while ima state

of nature they universally are found in pairs.

Experience has proved that by a careful admixture or crossing in

the breed of the Chinese pigs, geese, and fowls, the mixed races are

much improved in quality and size, while they retain the reproduc-

tive power undiminished, and the animals are more hardy. As

regards poultry, I cannot admire the celebrated Cochin China

breed in their pure state, but I have abundant proof of their great

value for breeding and crossing ; the least possible trace of the breed

appears sufficient to impart all that is desirable, and by after-breed-

ing, the improvement that may be made is as astonishing as it is un-

deniable. As crossing the breed in the animals before mentioned

has been attended with so much success, there is no reason why

crossing the Sheep should not also produce a favourable result.

It must not be supposed, because the Chinese have banished their

Sheep (having found cotton and rice more suited to their climate

and better adapted to their wants), that they are unworthy of our

notice, taking into consideration that in this country we cannot grow

cotton or rice.

Having witnessed the many attempts that have been made to re-

duce some of the existing wild animals to a state of domestication,

and observing the utter failure in all instances of producing what

may fairly be called a domestic variety of any true species, I am

inclined to believe it is necessary as a means of reducing wild animals

to a domestic condition, that they must be crossed with nearly allied

107

species ; by this means the creatures are rendered unnatural, and

consequently dependent on man. Different varieties would doubtless

op , according to the manner in which they were crossed,

permanent varieties would be thus established. Such is the

opinion, at which I have arrived, after a long and mature considera-

tion of this extremely interesting subject.

2. Descriprions or Tartrty-one New Srecres or Lanp-

Suevis, rrom Mr. Cumina’s CoLiection.

By Dr. L. Preierer.

1. Hewix suspecussata, Pfr. Testa perforata, turbinata, tenuis,

irregulariter plicato-striata, superne striis spiralibus obsolete

decussata, pellucida, virenti-hyalina ; spira conica, apice obtu-

sula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria

subcarinatus, basi convexior, nitidus ; apertura obliqua, late

lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columel-

lari superne viz reflexiusculo,

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Bombay.

2. Hevix Granum, Pfr. 7. perforata, turbinato-globosa, tenuis,

confertissime costulato-s(riata, pallide cornea, rufulo irregula-

riter variegata ; spira conoidea, acutiusoula ; anfr. 54 convexi,

ultimus non descendens, prope suturam turgidulus ; apertura

vix obliqua, late lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus

subconvergentibus, columellari vix patulo.

Diam. maj. 4, min. 3%, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

3. Heuix ratva, Pfr. T. perforata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, ir-

regulariter striata, vix nitidula, fulva; spira conoidea, acu-

tiuscula ; anfr. 5-54 modice convexi, ultimus non descendens,

peripheria subcarinatus, basi convexiusculus ; apertura parum

obliqua, lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari

substricte declivi.

Diam. maj. 5, min. 4}, alt. 24 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

4, Heurx sirmana, Pfr. 1. perforata, depressa, suborbicu-

laris, tenuiuscula, laevigata, subdiaphana, alba, fascia \ lutea

supra medium ornata ; spira brevissime conoidea, vertice sensim

prominulo ; sutura levis, marginata; anfr. fere 7 modice con-

vexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, non descendens ;

apertura viz obliqua, late lunaria; perist. rectum, intus sub-

incrassatum, margine dextro brevi, basali fere rectilineari,

superne viz dilatato.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 23}, alt. 12} mill.

Hab, Mergui, Burmah.

108

5, Heurx pecipua, Pfr. J. umbilicata, depresso-turbinata,

tenuis, costulis membranaceis, deciduis sculpta, corneo-lutescens,

rufulo obsolete et angulatim strigata ; spira subregulariter

conoidea ; anfr. 5 convewiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non

descendens, peripheria subangulatus ; umbilicus angustus, per-

vius ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplea,

rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari vie patulo.

Diam. maj. 33, min. 34, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

6. Hexrix venuxata, Pfr. TJ. imperforata, depressa, tenuis,

confertim plicato-striata, sericina, corneo et rufulo strigatim et

maculatim variegata; spira vix elevata; anfr. 4} convewi, sen-

sim accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, basi medio impressus ;

apertura verticalis, elongato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, margine

dextro recto, basali reflexiusculo, columellari declivi, subcalloso,

adnato.

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

7. Hexrx sciapium, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, conoideo-semiglobosa,

solidula, subarcuato-striata, fulva, rufulo obsolete variegata ;

spira convexo-conoidea, apice acutiuscula ; sutura marginata ;

anfr. 55 vix convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria

acute carinatus, basi paulo convexior ; umbilicus + diametri

Sere equans ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-lunaris ; perist.

simplex, rectum, margine columellari vix patulo.

Diam. maj. 51, min. 5, alt. 3 mill. *

Hab. New Zealand.

8. Hexix nipuas, Pfr. TT. imperforata, globoso-conica, solida,

plicato-striata, alba; spira convexo-conica, apice obtusa; anfr.

53 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens,

basi parum conveaus ; apertura obliqua, lunaris ; perist. rectum,

marginibus remotis, dextro brevi, simplice, basali versus inser-

tionem sensim incrassato, tandem breviter ascendente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. 8. Miguel, Azores.

9. Hewrx turacea, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, so-

lida, striatula et striis confertissimis spiralibus decussatula,

parum nitens, fusco-lutescens ; spira conoidea, obtusula ; anfr.

4} convewiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus subdepresso-ro-

tundatus, obsoletissime angulatus, antice vie descendens ; um-

bilicus angustus, pervius ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-

lunaris ; perist. crasse albo-labiatum, marginibus subconniven-

tibus, dextro expanso, basali reflexo, juxta umbilicum dilatato.

Diam. maj. 23, min. fere 20, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. -——?

10. Hevix exarata, Pfr. 7. umbilieata, conoideo-depressa,

;

109

solidula, undique malleato-rugulosa, lutescens, fascia | castanea

cincta ; spira breviter conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. 7

converi, lente accrescentes, ultimus latior, rotundatus, antice

viz deacendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem, apertum subcom-

; apertura obliqua, late lunaris; perist. leviter albo-

labiatum, marginibus vix convergentibus, dextro breviter ex-

, columellari superne triangulatim dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. California?

11. Herix Mormonum, Pfr. 7. umbilicata, depressa, tenui-

uscula, arcuato-striatula, pallide rufescens ; spira vix conoideo-

elevata; anfr. 6 viz convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus

utrinque convertor, antice turgidulus, vix descendens, supra

medium fascia castanea, utrinque allido-marginata cinctus,

basi converus ; umbilicus mediocris, conicus ; apertura perob-

liqua, auriformi-lunaris ; perist. albo-labiatum, marginibus

convergentibus, dextro perarcuato, expanso, columellari arcuato-

declivi, reflexo, superne dilatato.

Diam. maj. 29, min. 244, alt. 12} mill.

Hab. Mormon Island, California.

12. Hetix rrorimnava, Pfr. T. umbilicata, globoso-depressa,

tenuis, striatula, albida vel pallide fuscula, fascia | angusta

supra medium ornata; spira brevissime conoidea; anfr. 4—5

convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, antice deflexus ; umbilicus

angustus, pervius; apertura diagonalis, lunato-subcircularis ;

perist. allum, sublabiatum, marginibus convergentibus, undique

late expansis.

Diam. maj. 16-19, min. 13-15}, alt. 7}-9% mill.

Hab. Bombay.

13. Hexix nicrvuris, Pfr. 7. umbilicata, depressa, tennis,

atriatula, nitida, corneo-lutescens ; spira parum elevata ;

sutura submarginata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus antice vix

deflerus, basi converior, pone aperturam subconstrictus ; umbi-

licus viz pervius, antice rimeformis ; apertura diagonalis, luna-

ris, dente libero longe bicruri parietis coarctata ; perist. bre-

viter reflexrum, allum, margine basali bidentato : dente dextro

usque ad marginem su. ascendente.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4} mill.

Hab. Mexico.

14, Bouiwus Parrnannt, Pir. 7. anguste et compresse umbili-

cata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, conferte striata et costis irre-

gulariter distantilus, compressis, subarcuatis sculpta, sub lente

exilissime spiraliter striata, haud nitena, Sulvescenti-alhida ;

spira conica, apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus spira vix

brevior, jurta umbilicum compressus ; apertura parum obliqua,

110 |

elliptico-ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus conniventibus, dextro

mediocriter expanso, columellari stricto, late patente.

Long. 19, diam. 9} mill. :

Hab. Ahmeduugger, India (Fairbank). )

15. Partruta Masrerst, Pfr. 7’. dextrorsa, anguste umbilicata,

ovato-conica, solidula, spiraliter subconferte sub lente striata,

lutea, carnea vel violacea, in anfractibus superioribus interdum

Susco-fasciata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexius-

culi, ultimus spiram subequans, deorsum turgidus ; columella

superne subinflata, recedens ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ob-

longa; perist. callosum, undique subequaliter expansum, sub-

planum, album vel fusco-carneum.

Long. 18, diam. 92 mill.

B. Carnea, anfr. ultimo pone peristoma striga lata violacea no-

tato, dente parvulo albo profundo in ventre anfr. penultimi.

Hab. Isle of Guam.

16. Succtnea Guamensis, Pfr. 7’. conico-ovata, tenuis, rugu-

loso-plicata et subgranulata, semipellucida, pallide cornea, albo

irregulariter eroso-punctulata ; spira brevis, vertice subpuncti-

Sormi ; anfr. vix 23, penultimus convexus, ultimus * longitudi-

nis subequans, basi vix angustatus ; apertura obliqua, ubique

incumbens, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo

tenui junctis, columellari leviter arcuato, filari.

; Long. 12, diam. 7, alt. 5} mill. (Helix putris, Fér. Hist. t. 10 A.

Bae Fa

Hab. Isle of Guam.

17. Succinea Curnensis, Pfr. T'. ovato-conica, solidula, leviter

plicata, semipellucida, rubello-cornea ; spira mediocris, vertice

subtili; anfr. vie 3, penultimus convexus, ultimus $ longitu-

dinis fere equans, medio ventrosus ; apertura obliqua, superne

non incumbens, angulato-ovalis, intus submargaritacea ; perist.

simplex, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, columellari angu-

lum obsoletum formante.

Long. 82, diam. 54, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Hong Kong, China (Mr. Browning).

18. Succinea Bermupensis, Pfr. T'. oblongo-conica, gracilis,

striatula et impresso-punctata, parum nitida, carneo-albida,

sparse pellucide strigata ; spira conica, acuta; anfr. 34 con-

vextusculi, ultimus 3 longitudinis subequans ; apertura obliqua,

subregulariler acuminato-ovalis, ubique incumbens ; columella

leviter arcuata, superne subcallosa ; perist. simplex, rectum,

margine dextro superne obsolete sinuato.

Long. 104, diam. 5}, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Isle of Bermuda.

Mit

19. CyLinpreLLta macrostoma, Pfr. 7. profunde rimata,

Susiformi-oblonga, truncata, solida, conferte striata, alabas-

trina ; spira ventrosa, sursum attenuata, late truncata; anfr.

at. 7 viz convexiusculi, ullimus antice ascendens, basi di-

stincle carinatus ; apertura subverticalis, oblonga, plica medio-

cri columella coarctata ; perist. album, late expansum, margi-

nibus convergentibus, callo junctis.

Long. 19, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Isle of Jamaica.

20. Truncatetia Cauirornica, Pfr. T. non rimata, turrito-

eylindracea, truncata, tenuiuscula, leviter striata, parum nitens,

pallide rubello-cornea ; spira sursum vix attenuata; sutura

simpliciter marginata ; anfr. superst. 4 convexi, sensim accres-

centes, ultimus basi non compressus ; apertura verticalis, ova-

lis, superne vix angulata ; perist. simplex, continuum, margine

dextro expanso, supéerne subrepando, columellari adnato.

Long. 43, diam. 1% mill.

Hab, Sau Diego, California.

21. Luciperta nana, Pfr. 1. conoidea, solidula, carinata,

concentrice lirata, opaca, albida ; spira conoideo-semiglobosa ;

anfr. fere 5 convexiusculi, ultimus basi levior, medio impressus ;

apertura perobliqua, subtriangularis ; perist. subincrassatum,

margine supero leviter, basali prope insertionem valide dentato.

Diam. maj. 3, min. 2}, alt. vix 2 mill.

Hab. Isle of Jamaica.

22. Hexicina Sprvucet, Pfr. 7. globoso-turbinata, tenuis, levi-

gata, diaphana, carnea vel pallide lutescens, albido interdum

interrupte fasciata ; spira convexiusculo-conoidea, acuta ; anfr.

5 convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, spiram a@quans ; columella

breviter recedens, subtmcrassata, basi subdentata, callum emit-

tens tenuem, albidum; apertura obliqua, semiovalis ; perist.

breviter expansum, margine basali fleruoso, sinu levi a columella

separato.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 64 mill.

Hab. Tarapoto, Andes of Peru (Spruce).

23. Hericina Mercutensis, Pfr. 1. depresse turbinata, te-

nuiuscula, oblique striata et spiraliter confertissime sulcata,

nitidula, carnea ; spira conoidea, apice lutea, acutiuscula ;

anfr. 4} planulati, ultimus compresse et acute carinatus, basi

modice converus, callo centrali nitido, granulato munitus ; co-

lumella breviasima, basi obsolete tuberculata ; apertura diago-

nalis, triangularis ; perist. album, breviter , margine

basali cum columella subangulatim juncto, - margarita-

ceum.

Diam. maj. 7}, min. 63, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Mergui, British

112

24. Cyciostoma (Lreproroma) Wattacet, Pfr. 7. perforata,

globoso-turbinata, tenuis, oblique striata et carinis 5-6 sub-

acutis, lirisque minoribus spiralibus munita, diaphana, albida,

Sasciis fuscis varie signata ; spira elato-turbinata, acutiuscula ;

anfr.5 perturgidi, subangulati, ultimus basi albidus ; apertura

obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. simplex, album, breviter inter-

ruptum, margine dextro equaliter patente, sinistro superne

sinuato, tum subangulatim producto.—Operce. pallide corneum.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Borneo ( Wallace).

25. Cyctostoma (CycLopHorus?) zquivocum, Pfr. T. im-

pervie umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, sublevigata (de-

trita) rubella, castaneo ohsolete trifasciata; spira turbinata,

acutiuscula; anfr. 5} convert, ultimus turgidus, infra medium

obsoletissime angulatus ; apertura verticalis, circularis ; perist.

duplex : internum porrectum, igneo-fuscum, externum latiuscule

et horizontaliter patens, ad anfr. contiguum excisum.

Diam. maj. 28, min. 20, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

26. CycLtostoma (CycLorHorus?) LIGNARIUM, Pfr. TJ. an-

guste umbilicata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter

striata, sub epidermide opaca lignaria rufa ; spira conica, con-

vexiuscula ; anfr. 54 convexi, ultimus basi subplanatus ; aper-

tura diagonalis, ovali-rotundata ; perist. duplex : internum

album, adnatum, subcontinuum, externum, membranaceum, an-

guste expansum, ad anfr. contiguum excisum.

Diam. maj. 5, min. 42, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

27. Hyprocena Cuinensis, Pfr. 7. perforata, ovato-turrita,

viv striatula, nitida, livido-fusca ; spira elongato-conica, acu-

tiuscula ; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis paulo

superans, infra peripheriam angulatus, basi subplanatus ; aper-

tura parum obliqua, tetragono-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum,

margine columellari subdilatato, patente.—Operc. membrana-

ceum, pallidum.

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. :

Hab. China.

28. Hyprocena vuxrina, Pfr. T. perforata, globoso-conica,

solida, levigata, rubella; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 5

modice convexi, ultimus spiram equans, rotundatus ; apertura

parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. subcontinuum, adnatum,

margine dextro subinflexo, columellari calloso.—Opere. tenue,

castaneum, paucispirum.

Long. 8, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. Fox Islands.

29. Hyprocena (OmMpPHALOTROPIS) CEREA, Pfr. 7. viv per-

113

Sorata, ovato-conica, solidula, laevigata, viz nitidula, cerea ;

spira convero-conica, acuta; anfr. 54 viz converiusculi, ulti-

mus 4 longitudinis paulo superans, rotundatus, perforationem

punctiformem carina callosa obtusa cingens ; apertura parum

obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine colu-

mellari brevissime fornicato-patente.

Long. 4}, diam. 2} mill.

Hab. Norfolk Islands.

30. Hyprocena (Ompnatorroris) Guamensis, Pfr. 7. per-

Sorata, ovato-conica, solidula, conferte striata, opaca, carnea,

rufo submarmorata et fasciata ; spira conica, acuta; sutura

subcanaliculata ; anfr. 54 planiusculi, ultimus spira vir bre-

vior, infra medium carinatua, circa perforationem carina com-

pressa munitus ; apertura parum obliqua, ovalis ; perist. tenue,

margine dextro expansiusculo, basali in carinam umbilicalem

producto, columellari vix dilatato.

Long. 6}, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. Isle of Guam.

31. Hyprocena (Ompuatotroris) Navicatorum, Pfr. 7.

anguste perforata, ovato-turrita, solidula, fusca, costis subdi-

stantibus, albis, undulatis munita ; spira elongato-conica, acu-

tiuscula ; anfr. 6 convexi, prope suturam filocarinati, ultimus ?

longitudinis subaequans, supra carinam impressus, circa perfo-

rationem carina compressa munitus ; apertura vix obliqua, sub-

elliptica ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari viz

Fag 6}, diam. 33 mill.

Hab. Navigators’ Islands.

3. Ow THe ANIMAL AND Bark or THE Genus AntivATHes. By

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. ann Ent. Soc. ere.

(Radiata, Pl. VI.)

In the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for 1832, p. 41, I described

for the first time the bark and animal of dntipathes dichotoma from

Madeira.

It is to be observed that this species has been separated from the

others of the genus because the surface of the axis is smooth and

not covered with a number of minute, uniform, cylindrical spines

like the true Amtipathes, and has been called for reason Leio-

; and it has been further stated, that though Leiopathes has

a distinct bark and animal like Gorgoniade, this may not be the

case with the normal species of the genus, some of which had been

described by Ellis as having a very peculiar kind of animal.

To set this question at rest, I have carefully examined all the spe-

cimens of Antipathes which have come under my observation, and

No. CCCXXXIV.—Procreptnes or tur Zootoaicar Sociery.

114

have failed to discover any traces of a bark or remains of any kind

of animal matter on their surface, until a few days ago, when Mr.

Samuel-Stevens brought to the Museum a very fine specimen of a

long simple-stemmed Antipathes from Seychelles, which appears to

be a new species, allied to d. spiralis, if more than a very fine

straight specimen of that species.

This specimen is entirely covered from near the expanded base

to the apex (except at certain parts where the surface has been ac-

cidentally abraded) with a very distinct bark or animal covering.

The bark is continuous, completely hiding the spinules of the sur-

face of the axis, smooth, and showing a number of thicker, browner,

irregular-shaped plates on the surface, which are separated from each

other in some places only by narrow crack-like grooves, and at others

by a considerable distance ; and there is no appearance, in.the dry

state, as far as I can detect, of any apertures for the emission of the

heads of the polypes.

The bark in its dry state is then tough and rather rigid; when

soaked in water, it becomes thick, coriaceous externally, and fleshy

within ; when soaked in a solution of potash, the harder plates

appeared to be formed of a rather convex horny plate of irregular

shape and rather twisted on the surface, and the other part of

the bark is scattered with groups of very small, uniform-sized, re-

gular-shaped, oblong plates, of a somewhat similar consistence and

colour.

The hard parts of the bark are quite distinct in form and ap-

pearance from the spiculee of the Gorgoniade. They are hard and

brittle, not soluble in strong muriatic acid, nor are they affected b

a strong solution of caustic potass. They are most probably sili-

ceous.

I have not been able to discover the tentacles of the animal, though

lL have submitted them to the same process by which I observed them

in Leiopathes dichotoma, as mentioned in my former paper; but I

have seen sufficient of the internal structure of the animal to lead

me to believe that in its general character it agrees with that of the

other Gorgoniade.

115

June 9, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On Toe Anatomy or A New Species or Pentastoma rouND

iN THe LuNG anv Atr-sac or AN Eoyrtian Conra. By

Georce Harvey, M.D., F.C.S., or Untversiry Cotiece,

Lonpon.

(Annulosa, Pl. XLVI., XLVII.)

Having lately had the opportunity of dissecting a fine specimen

of Entozoon, which, as far as I am aware, is an entirely new and un-

described species, a brief description of its anatomy may perhaps

prove interesting to the members of the Society.

The worm which I am about to describe was found in the lung of

the tg Cobra, Naja Hage, kindly sent to me for examination

by D. W. Mitchell, ao I was fortunate enough to obtain four

fine specimens, nearly all of equal size, from the same animal. They

measure from 4 to 5 inches in length, and from 5 to 8 lines in cir-

eumference. In external characters they seem to resemble an En-

tozoon found in the lung of a Cobra by Dr. Crisp, a short descrip-

tion of which was given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1853,

. 22, Annul. pl. 30. fig. 7, by Dr. Baird ; who spoke of it as an un-

escribed species of Pentastoma, and gave it the name of Pentastoma

annulatum. Dr. Baird’s description of the specimen is, however,

very short, and unfortunately incomplete, in consequence of his

having seen only a small specimen, and that even imperfectly, on ac-

count of the most important fact, the head remaining imbedded, and

hidden from view in the lung of the snake. I think it probable,

however, that the animal which he described is one of the same

species as I have obtained specimens of.

External characters.

ringed (Pl. XLVI. fig. 1). It begins with a round obtuse

ed to the trunk by a short somewhat narrow neck. The

body then gradually widens for the first three lines, where it mea-

sures in the largest specimen (4) inches long) 8 lines in circum-

ference, and from here down to within a few lines of the caudal

extremity, continues of nearly the same diameter. Below this point

it becomes y narrower the nearer we approach to the poste-

rior end, which terminates obtusely. The caudal extremity is hae

“of the same diameter as the head. The rings which are, as before

mentioned, very pore marked, commence close to the posterior

part of the head, and for the first three or four lines, gradually in-

The body of the entozoon is of a white colour, nar Spe: cylindrical

aoe

head,

116

crease in size and distance from each other. They then continue of

the same relative size and distance apart (2 lines) till within about

half an inch of the posterior extremity, when they again, however,

become smaller and more closely approximated. In all the four

specimens which I examined, the rings were twenty-seven in number,

and where largest, projected nearly half a line from the surface of

the body. }

In the fresh specimen, when examined with a pocket lens, the ex-

terior of the rigs appeared mottled with faint white-coloured spots.

They were and still are quite opaque, whereas the intervening tissue

is so thin and transparent, that the internal viscera can be seen

through it. A number of white bands or cords appear to connect

one ring with another ; the bands are largest in the lateral and dorsal

regions. A dark-coloured line extends along the back throughout

the whole length of the body: this, as I shall afterwards have

occasion to show, is the digestive canal.

On the under surface, in the centre and near to the anterior margin

of the head, which is slightly flattened from before backwards, is a

round foramen, the mouth. On either side of this opening are two

depressions, equidistant from each other, each containing a prehen-

sile hooklet of a bright yellow colour. These booklets in shape

closely resemble a cat’s claw, which can be extended and retracted at

pleasure, and when completely drawn in, the points of them can be

neither seen nor felt. The obtuse posterior extremity has a deep

cleft across it, and on its under surface are two openings, one in

front of the other: the anterior is the entrance to the vagina, the

posterior the anal aperture.

Anatomy of the Entozoon.

Parietes.—The whole body is invested with a delicate, smooth,

transparent cuticle, which can be readily detached by slight mace-

ration. Beneath the cuticle are two layers of striated muscular

fibres (Pl. XLVII. fig. 13), a vertical and a transverse layer ;—the

longitudinal fibres are by far the most developed ;—the circular are

in some places entirely wanting. The projecting rings, on the other

hand, are not composed of striated muscular fibres, but consist of

fibro-areolar tissue. They seem to serve as fixed points of action

for the longitudinal muscles ; appearing to supply, in fact, the place

of a hard skeleton. The interior of the abdominal cavity is lined

by a fine transparent membrane, on which I thought I could detect

a single layer of delicate pavement epithelium.

Digestive System.—The alimentary canal, in consequence of its

peculiar dark saffron tint, is readily traceable from its commence-

ment to its termination. It begins at the mouth, and runs in an

almost perfectly straight line to the opposite extremity of the body,

terminating, as was before mentioned, immediately behind the orifice

of the vagina (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, a). Close to its commencement

it is of the diameter of a fine crow-quill, and may be said to continue

of nearly the same size throughout its whole course. It lies direetly

—-s-

117

in front of the ovary and great nerves, and is almost entirely con-

from view by the innumerable tortuosities of the oviduct,

It has four distinct coats, an internal mucous, an external serous,

and two muscular layers, one running vertically and the other hori-

zontally ; both of which consist in great part of the striated variety

of muscular fibres *. The interior of the alimentary canal is marked

by longitudinal ruge, from the surface of which long pyriform villi

project.

ervous System.—The distribution of the nervous system of this

highly organized Entozoon is, in some respects, identical with that

found in the Linguatula tenioides, so beautifully described by Pro-

fessor Owen. The large ganglion, or brain, is situated close to the

mouth, and is intimately connected with the esophagus, to which it

seems to send two filaments (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4,4). I could not,

however, satisfy myself of the existence of an cesophageal ring.

The distribution of the large pair of nerve cords, which extend almost

throughout the whole length of the body, differs very materially from

that found in the Linguatula tenioides ; for, after passing over the

fallopian tubes, instead of running down the sides of the ventral

aspect of the body, they continue along the dorsum, behind the ali-

se Seem and close to the ovary (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, ¢). They

are at last gradually lost sight of a few lines above the anus.

Organs of Reproduction.—In attempting to describe the organs

of reproduction in this animal, I shall begin at the vagina and trace

them gradually upwards, for it was by following this course that I

was enabled, with the aid of the microscope, to distinguish the dif-

ferent organs, and to ascertain the function of their various parts.

The orifice of the vagina is situated immediately in front of the

anal aperture (P. XLVI. fig. 4, d). The vagina itself is about the

thickness of a pin, and from 3 to 6 lines in length; it gradually

widens out into the oviduct, or more correctly speaking, the uterus

(Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, ¢). For about the first é inches the uterus has

a greater diameter than the alimentary canal; it then however be-

comes gradually narrower, till its diameter does not exceed that of

a fine knitting-needle, and continues of this size till within a few

lines of its termination, where it contracts still more. At its upper

int of attachment, which is opposite the third or fourth ring, its

Masbeter is not greater than that of the vagina. In two of the speci-

mens I measured the one of the uterus, and found it to be

40 inches from the orifice of the vagina to the place of its attachment

opposite the third or fourth ring. Thus it is seen to be nearly ten

times the length of the entozoon in which it is coiled up. Although

it conceals the alimentary canal, it is not, as in the case of the Li-

guatula tenioides, coiled round it; neither has it the ferruginous

tint spoken of by Owen as belonging to the oviduct of the latter

species. It is, on the contrary, of a pale straw-colour when full of

ova, and almost quite colourless when empty. Its parietes are thin

* Ficinus and Valentin found indistinctly striated muscular fibres in the haman

stomach.

118

and transparent, and when viewed with the microscope are seen to

be muscular, both longitudinal and circular fibres being distinctly

visible. They consist of the non-striated variety of muscular fibre

(Pl. XLVII. fig. 14). The fully developed ova are not attached to

the parietes of the uterus by any connecting cellular substance, for

on being cut across, the ova immediately flow out, and the parietes

collapse. On the other hand, the imperfectly developed ova found

in the upper portion of the uterus have a darker colour, and seem to

be adherent by a glutinous material not only to each other, but also

to the walls of the organ.

At the upper point of its attachment to the abdominal parietes

are two oblong bodies of a dull white colour (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, ff).

These bodies open directly into the uterus. On examination they

were found to be filled with spermatozoa in all the various stages of

development, from the primitive granule up to the perfectly formed

spermatic filament (Pl. XLVII. fig. 8). The filaments are of con-

siderable length, and are amassed together in bundles of tolerable

size (Pl. XLVII. fig. 8, a). Some of the fully formed spermatozoa

with large heads measured 4; mm. in length, and a few were even

longer still.

A question of great interest and importance might be here raised

regarding the special function of these oblong bodies, which, as I

have just mentioned, contain innumerable spermatozoa in various

stages of development. Are they the spermatheca or copulatory

pouches of a female ; or are they to be regarded as the testicles or

male organs of generation of a hermaphrodite? I shall defer the

consideration of this important point until after I have terminated

the description of the animal.

The organs just alluded to, which, for the sake of brevity, I shall

speak of as testicles, are attached to the parietes of the entozoon

by strong bands of striated muscular fibres. At the upper part of

their point ef union, the uterus divides into two fallopian tubes,

which gracefully curve round the digestive canal, pass behind the

two great nerve cords, and after getting between them, reunite to

form the ovary (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, gg). The ovary is of a ferru-

ginous colour, intimately attached in the mesial line to the dorsal

aspect of the animal, and continued downwards between the nerve

cords and behind the alimentary canal to within about 5 lines from

the anus, where it suddenly terminates in a blind sac.

When viewed through a lens, the coats of the ovary are seen to

be thin and transparent, and not closely surrounding their contents.

They are here and there thrown into loose folds, and the ova can be

distinctly observed in their interior, like a series of bunches of grapes

closely strung together (Pl. XLVI. fig. 5). When the ova are highly

magnified, they are recognized to be spherical bodies attached to-

gether by little peduncles, and to consist of a tunic or yelk-sac, a gra-

nular yelk and a germinal vesicle. I even detected in many of them

the germinal spot (Pl. XLVI. fig. 6 d.).

On tracing the development of the ova, I found that the germinal

spot disappeared from them as soon as they had passed out of the

119

fallopian tubes into the upper attached portion of the uterus,—no

doubt, in consequence of the ova having been impregnated during

their transit through that portion of the uterus into which the

testicles open as already described. From this point downwards

the progressive development of the ova can be readily followed. But

as this communication has already extended beyond the limits I had

marked out for it, instead of giving my readers a detailed descrip-

tion of the process of development, I shall take the liberty of refer-

ring them to the accompanying figures, which accurately represent

the different appearances observed in the ova from the time of their

exit from the ovary till their arrival in the vagina (Pl. XLVI. fig. 7,

Pl. XLVII. figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12). I may here only further re-

mark, that impregnation evidently takes place from above down-

wards, and that no spermatozoa in any stage of development could

be detected in any part of the uterus ; thus forbidding the idea of the

animals having received the vivifying fluid from a separate male

organ after the uterus had been filled with ova.

Having now completed my remarks upon the anatomy of the en-

tozoon, I shall proceed to say a few words upon the important ques-

tion of its sex, and I may premise these words by observing that it

appears to me that some naturalists are at present running to extremes

in attempting to find separate sexes in all animals, and to prove that

there is no such thing as hermaphroditism in nature. Ultra views

are at all times to be condemned, and I think in no case more so

than the present, when the obstacles besetting the path to a definite

conclusion are as complicated as they are numerous. A few years

ago several members of the genus Pentastoma were regarded as true

hermaphrodites by the most distinguished naturalists ; and now since

some of the species have been ascertained to have separate sexes, a

recent writer has ridiculed the idea of a single example of this large

genus having male and female organs of generation united in one

individual. I do not intend to say that he has erred in jumping too

hastily to his conclusion, but merely to remark that the entozoon

_ which I have described in the foregomg pages, if not strictly belong-

ing to the genus Pentastoma, is yet in many of its characters very

closely allied to it, and that it still remains to be shown that this

animal is not a hermaphrodite. As there are two sides to every

question, and as it is wrong to give an opinion before both have been

examined, I shall briefly state my reasons for thinking it possible that

the animal we have just been considering is a female, and that the

true male organs of generation are to be sought for in another indi-

vidual.

The Linguatula tenioides, which is the nearest allied species to

my entozoon, was described by naturalists of the very highest stand-

ing, such as Owen, Valentin, Von Siebold, Dujardin and others, as a

hermaphrodite, in consequence of their finding that it possessed, in

each individual, organs containing the female and organs containing

the male reproductive materials in different stages of their develop-

ment; and that these organs were not only so arranged as to allow

of the vivifying contents of the one coming into contact with those

120

of the other ; but that a common canal resulting from the union of

the channels through which the ova from the female and the sper-

matic filaments from the male organ passed, contained the fructified

result of such a reunion, as that of the opposite sexes could alone

secure.

The presence of a product in an organ, however, not being suffi-

cient to ensure that it was produced by, and not introduced into,

that organ, the question naturally arose in the minds of some, whe-

ther we were justified in regarding the organs in the Linguatula

tenioides containing the ova, as ovaries, and those containing the

spermatozoa as testicles. At first some doubted, and at last others

have denied, the reunion of the sexes in this species of Pentastoma.

Van Beneden, the champion of the latter class of naturalists, states *

that in four examples of the species of “ Linguatula de Diesing,”

and in two others of another kind found in the lung of a Boa, he

ascertained the male and female organs of generation to be in differ-

ent individuals, and that Owen, Valentin, Von Siebold and others,

have erred in describing the L. tenioides as a hermaphrodite. He

describes the testicle in the male as being about 4 of the length of

the body, and lying behind the alimentary canal, consisting of a

pouch with thin parietes, terminating behind in a cul-de-sac. From

the upper part of the testicle branch off two vasa deferentia, and

from the end of each, floats an organ which he looks upon as a pro-

state. These open into round yesicles constricted in the middle,

each containing a coiled-up tube, which he describes as a penis.

I have quoted Van Beneden’s description of a male Pentastoma,

because in the nasal fossa of the Cobra, from which I obtained my

four specimens of entozoa, I found two small Pentastoma of about

13 inch in length (Pl. XLVI. fig. 2) ; and on dissecting one I found it

to agree in every respect with Van Beneden’s description of the male

Linguatula. The question then occurred to me, whether or not I

might look upon them as being two males and my large specimens

four females of the same species. The two small entozoa found in

the nasal fossa look exactly like some other Pentastoma which I ob-

tained from the cellular tissue of a Morocco Cobra. Even taking

into account the fact that the male is often much smaller than the

female entozoon, their external characters and apparently their mode

of life are so very different from those of the large worms found in

the lungs, that I can scarcely believe them to belong to the same

species of animal. Even admitting that they were the males of my

large entozoon, I do not see how they could get their spermatozoa

into the spermatheca of the large animals. Van Beneden says he

found an opening for the penis to get out immediately behind the

mouth, but then this organ, which he calls the penis‘, is only a few

lines in length, and consequently could project the seminal fluid but

a trifling way up the uterus, which, as before mentioned, is 40 inches

long. ‘The pouches containing the semen are situated too at the

* Ann. des Sciences Naturelles, 3me série, tome 11-12, p. 325.

+ ITexamined what he took for the penis, and I have some doubts if it, or

rather they, for there are two, are really what he supposes them to be.

121

very top of this immensely long duct. It may be said that the

spermatozoa could find the way up themselves. That I admit might

be the case if they were fully developed, and consequently moving

filaments; but it would be impossible for them to get up in the un-

developed condition in which some of them are found in the pouches.

Besides this, if they were injected into the vagina, why did they not

impregnate any of the ova on their passage up? Impregnation is

distinctly seen to have taken place from above downwards, not from

below upwards, or in any irregular manner.

The only satisfactory way of accounting for the presence of sper-

matozoa in different stages of development in the copulatory pouches,

supposing that they were not generated there, would be to find a

channel by which they might enter without having to pass through

the 40 inches of oviduct. Now I have carefully searched for such a

channel and can find no trace of one. Neither can I find any open-

ing into the animal near to the spermatheca except the mouth, and

I do not think any one will consider that a likely door for them to

enter at.

I admit that my not being able either to detect a tube or an open-

ing into the spermatheca does not incontrovertibly prove that no

such tube or opening exists. But I think that fact taken in con-

nexion with the others, especially that of the spermatic filaments

being found in various stages of development in the pouches, is tole-

rable evidence in support of the idea that the organ containing the

spermatozoa is the one which generated them. And until we hear

some more conclusive arguments on the opposite side, we may con-

sider ourselves justified in regarding the spermatheca as testicles,

and calling the entozoon a true hermaphrodite.

In conclusion, I have a word to add regarding the habits of the

entozoon I have been describing. I found two of them with their

heads projecting through the air-sac of the Cobra, and firmly fixed

by their prehensile hooklets to a large blood-vessel ; from which I

conclude that they feed directly upon the blood of the animal they

inhabit. They appear to be blood-suckers in the strictest sense of

the word. In order to get to the blood-vessels to which they anchor

themselves by their hooks, the worm has to pierce the surrounding

tissues, and the hooks are no doubt made retractile into the de-

pression in order to enable the animal again to withdraw its head

after it has finished its meal.

I found in the collection of Dr. Sharpey a fine specimen of an

entozoon closely resembling the one I have been speaking of

(Pl. XLVI. fig. 3) ; the only difference being that it is shorter and

thicker, has only nineteen strong projecting rings instead of twenty-

seven, and that its tail is conical and not cleft; farther, that the

vagina is about a line in front of the anus. Unfortunately no history

is attached to this specimen.

122

DESCRIPTION OF ANNULOSA, PLATES XLVI. AND XLVII. | |

H |

Puate XLVI.

Fig. 1. The entozoon ; natural size.

a, The head; the under surface showing the mouth and four prehen-

sile hooklets (two on either side of the buccal aperture).

6. The caudal extremity, showing the cleft across it.

c. The projecting rings.

Fig. 2. Small entozoon found in the nasal fossa of the Cobra; natural size.

Fig. 3. Large entozoon found in Dr. Sharpey’s collection.

a. Head, with the mouth and four hooklets.

6. The conical caudal extremity.

c. The entrance to the vagina.

d. The anal aperture.

Fig. 4. Entozoon, fig. 1, dissected. Opened on the dorsum a little to the left of

the mesial line.

a,a. The digestive canal.

b. The cesophageal ganglion.

ce. The great nerve cords.

d. The vagina.

e,e. The uterus or oviduct.

J, f. The copulatory pouches or testicles (?).

g,g- The ovary.

h. The fallopian tubes.

Fig. 5. Portion of the ovary.

a,a. The ova, resembling bunches of grapes.

b, b. The homogeneous membrane loosely covering the ova.

Fig. 6. A bunch of ova highly magnified.

a. The yelk-sac, consisting of a double wall.

6. The granular yelk.

c. Germinal vesicle : indicated by the light-coloured space,

d. Germinal spot.

Fig. 7. Impregnated ovum from the upper portion of the uterus.

Piate XLVII.

Fig. 8. Spermatozoa found in the copulatory pouches or testicles (?).

a,a. Granular cells.

&. The imperfectly developed spermatic filaments amassed together in

large bundles.

c. Fully formed spermatozoa.

Fig. 9. Ovum taken from the uterus 6 inches below its upper attachment.

a. The granular yelk becoming condensed and retracted from the yelk-

sac.

Fig. 10. View of ovum in a more advanced stage of development.

Fig. 11. Profile view of a fully developed ovum. ‘Two sets of hooklets are here

shown.

Fig. 12. Face-view of the same, in order to show the arrangement of the four

pairs of hooklets, and general form of the animal.

Fig. 13. Striated muscular fibres from the parietes of the parent entozoon.

Fig. 14. Magnified view of a small portion of the uterus, to shew its double layer

of non-striated muscular fibres.

123 F,

2. DescripTIon oF THIRTEEN New Species or PALUDINACEA

FROM CEYLON, IN THE COLLECTION OF HuGu Cuming, Esa.

By H. Dourn.

Genus 1. Patupina.

1. Patupina cEyLonica. Testa ovato-conica, perforata, soli-

diuscula, viridis, versus apicem fuscescens ; spira magis minusve

elevata, exserta ; anfractus convexi, ad suturam et basin obso-

lete, medio acute carinati; spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata;

sutura simplex, impressa; apertura ovata, intus alba, peri-

stoma subincrassatum, reflexiusculum, nigrum.

Long. 21, lat. 16; apert. long. 123, lat. 9 mill.

Genus 2. Biruynia.

1. BrrayNniA STENOTHYROIDES. Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel

Sulva, pellucida, nitida ; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, ultimus

effiatus, ventricosus, ad basin leviter carinatus, antice descend-

ens ; sutura simplex ; apertura oblongo-ovata, parum coarctata,

ad basin acuta, alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum,

crassum, concentrice striatum.

Long. 54, lat. 42 ; apert. long. 3, lat. 2 mill.

Ceylon, Nilgherries.

This species has some characters of Stenothyra. The last whorl

is unusually great, the mouth somewhat contracted, but the general

aspect is that of Bithynia.

2. BirHyNIA INCONSPICUA. Testa oblongo-conica, tenera, alba

vel fulva, pellucida ; spira acuta ; anfractus 4—5 convexiusculi,

sub lente leviter longitudinaliter striati; apertura oblonga.

Operculum testaceum, concentricum.

Long. 5, lat. 33; apert. long. 24, lat. 13 mill.

In shape nearly allied to our common B. tentaculata, but differ-

ing in size; the whorls are rounder, broader in proportion to the

height, and flatter than in B. orcula, Bens., and the whole form is

more conic.

Genus 3. PaLtupomus.

1. Pantupomvus FuLGuRATUs. Testa oblongo-ovata, tenera ;

spira elevata, apice obtuso, leviter longitudinaliter et spiraliter

striata, lete olivacea, fusco fulgurata, ad suturam impressam

fusco fasciata ; anfractus quatuor convexi, supra medium ob-

solete carinati ; apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, lineis fuscis,

pellucentibus. Operc.?

Long. 16, lat. 13; apert. long. 11, lat. 6 mill.

2. Patupomus nasutus. Testa solida, oblongo-conica, apice

acuto, nigrescens, versus apicem albicans, ad suturam linea

valde impressa distincta, obsolete decussata ; anfractus quatuor

124

convextusculi, ultimus medio leviter angulatus ; apertura sim-

plex, oblonga, albida. Operc.?

Long. 12, lat. 8 ; apert. long. 72, lat. 42 mill.

3. Patupomus spH#ricus. Testa solida, globosa, olivacea,

parum nitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata ;

spira depressa, exserta; anfractus rotundati, fasciatim spiraliter

nigro-maculati ; sutura simplex, alba.

Long. 18, lat. 17; apert. long. 15, lat. 12 mill.

This species is still rounder than P. globulosus, R., and different

in the markings and sculpture: P. globulosus is in the upper part

of the whorls slightly angulated; the whorls of P. sphericus are

round.

4, Patupomus souipus. Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava,

brunneo-maculata ; spira exserta ; anfractus convext, spiraliter

sulcati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati; sutura impressa ;

apertura crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculum corneum, ni-

grescens, concentrice striatum, nucleo sinistro.

Long. 19, lat. 143; apert. long. 13, lat. 10 mill.

5. PALUDOMUS DISTINGUENDUs. Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida,

faseiis nigris fulguratis longitudinaliter picta, spiraliter et

longitudinaliter striata ; spira exserta ; apertura ovata, ceru-

lescens; peristomate nigro, obsolete dentato; margine columellari

planato, fasciis nigris, pellucentibus.

Long. 25, lat. 19 ; apert. long. 18, lat. 122 mill.

Nearly allied in shape to P. sulcatus, but differing in the sculpture

and the inside of the mouth.

6. Patupomus Cuminer1anus. JT". globosa, solida, olivaceo-

fusca, obsolete spiraliter sulcata; spira valde depressa, exserta;

anfractus ultimus ceteros superans, ad suturam in formam

canalis impressus ; apertura magna, obliqua, flavescens, intus

albida, lineis nigris undatis langitudinaliter distineta.

Long. 33, lat. 34; apert. long. 30, lat. 24 mill.

Belongs in the same group with P. Gardeneri, R.; very distinet in

the deep channel-like impression on the upper part of the whorl,

and in the large size of the mouth.

7. Patupomus pRomeEpARIvs. Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra,

obsolete spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata; anfractus con-

vexi, ultimus antice valde deflewus ; apertura subcircularis,

alba, obsolete dentata, interdum flavo-cincta. Operculum sub-

triangulare, corneum, nucleo laterali dextrorso.

Long. 29, lat. 21; apert. long. 204, lat. 16 mill.

8. Patupomus SKINNERI. Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea,

confertim costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium

obsolete carinata; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus ceru-

lescens.

Long. 35, lat. 32; apert. long. 29, lat, 21 mill.

125

I would rather consider this as a variety of P. loricatus, R, ; but

-as Mr. Cuming, who has a particular interest for this genus, said

that he was convinced it was a distinct species, I give the description

of it.

9. Patupomus Swainson. Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis

nigris spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter

striata ; spira exserta; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigri-

cantem depressi ; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, in-

terdum fusco-maculata.

Long. 25, lat. 23 ; apert. long. 21, lat. 12 mill.

Allied to pictus ; but differs.in having black ribs.

10. Patupomvus Noputosvs. Testa oblongo-ovata, lete olivacea,

longitudinaliter nigro fulgurata ; spira exserta; anfractus

costis tuberculosis spiraliter cingulati, sutura crenulata ; aper-

tura subcircularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucen-

tibus.

Long. 27, lat. 21; apert. long. 20, lat. 163 mill.

3. List or BrrpDs COLLECTED By Mr. Tuomas BrinGes, Cor-

RESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY, IN THE VALLEY

or SAN José, IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. By PHILIP

Lutiey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. etc.

Mr. Bridges has requested me to bring before the notice of the

Society a series of birds which he collected in the Valley of San José,

at the southern extremity of the Bay of San Francisco. There are

examples only of 33 species, but many of these are interesting—the

W. American forms being very little known in Europe, although

the Museums in the United States are well supplied with specimens

resulting from the many recent expeditions into the west. The only

list of Californian birds at all complete is that published by Dr.

Gambel in the first volume of the second series of the Journal of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. M. Cassin’s beau-

tiful work on the ‘Birds of California, Oregon, &c.’ has been unfor-

tunately discontinued for the present, at the termination of the first

volume. Had that been brought to a conclusion, there would have

been much less still wanting to be known concerning the ornithology

of the western regions of N. America. i

Mr. Bridges’ collection contains examples of the following spe-

cies :—

1. AccrrrTeR Fruscus (Gm.).

2. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.).

3. Crrcus nupsontvs (L.).

126

4. GLAUCIDIUM CALIFoRNICUM, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 4:

Glaucidium infuscatum, Cassin, Birds Cal., Oreg., &c. p. 189 (nec

Temminck).

This little Owl is quite distinct from the S. American passeri-

noides, as stated by Mr. Cassin himself, and from every other

Mexican or 8S. American species with which I am acquainted. Mr.

Cassin has called it infuscatum, imagining it to be the true Stria

infuscata of Temminck ; but I have no doubt that that name is cor-

rectly applicable to the 8. American passerinoides. It occurs only

in the first part of Temminck’s ‘ Manuel d’Ornithologie’ (p. 97),

where the author says he intends to describe a Brazilian species

nearly allied to the European G. passerinum, under the title Strix

infuscata. It is quite evident that he afterwards changed his mind

on this point, and called the same bird passerinoides when he came

to figure it in the ‘ Planches Colori¢es.’. Under these circumstances,

therefore, it is not correct to apply the term infuscatum to the Cali-

fornian species.

5, SELASPHORUS RUBER (L.).

6. SELASPHORUS ANNA (Less.).

7. LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES, Sw. Northern Zool. p. 123. pl. 34.

This appears to be the western representative of L. ludovicianus.

It has been often united with that species by modern writers, but,

I believe, erroneously, being easily distinguishable by its whitish

rump. In Texas both the two species seem to be equally abundant.

See Woodhouse’s Appendix to Report of Zuni and Colorado Rivers

Expedition, p. 76.

8. TuRDUS MIGRATORIUS (L.).

9. ToxOSTOMA REDIVIVUM, Gamb. Journ. Ac. Sc. Phil. i. p. 42.

There are, I believe, four species of this curious form now known

to occur within the limits of the United States, (1) the present 7.

redivivum (Cass. B. Cal. pl. 42) from California; (2) 7’. lecontii

(Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.) from the Rio Hila; (3) 7’. eurvirostre

(Sw.) (Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm., T. vetula, Wagl.) from

Mexico and Texas ; (4) an undescribed species in the collection of the

Smithsonian Institution at Washington, discovered during one of the

recent expeditions in New Mexico.

10. Psatrria Minima (Gamb.): Cassin, B. Cal. p. 20.

11. Srrra acuueatTa, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 254.

Recently separated by Mr. Cassin from the eastern Sitta caro-

linensis.

12. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS (Gm.).

13. SIALIA MEXICANA (Sw.).

127

14, Sayornis PALLIDA (Sw.): Tyrannula pallida, Sw. Phil.

Mag. 1827, p. 367; M. saya, Bp. Am. Orn. pl. 2. f. 3.

15. Sayornis NiGRICANS (Sw.) ; Tyr. nigricans, Sw. Phil. Mag.

1827, p. 367.

16. Carrpopacus rHODOCOLPUS, Cab. (C. familiaris Ameri-

canorum.)

See my remarks on this species in P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304.

17. Prerto ruscus (Sw.) ; Cass. B. Cal. pl. 122.

18. Prp1zo orEGoNuS, Bell, Pipilo arcticus, ex California et

Oregon auct.

19. ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELLI (Nutt.); Gambel in Jour. Ac.

Phil. i. p. 50.

It is doubtful, I think, whether this species is distinct from the

eastern Z. leucophrys.

20. AGELZUS GUBERNATOR (Wagl.).

21. SruRNELLA NEGLECTA (Aud.).

22. CYANOCITTA STELLERI (Pallas) ; Gamb. in Journ. Ac. Phil.

i. p. 45.

23. CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA (Vig.) ; Gamb. ibid. p. 45.

24. MreLaNeRPEs rormicivorvs (Sw.) ; Cass. B. Cal. pl. 2.

25. MELANERPES RUBER (Gm.).

26. Picus Harris (Aud.).

27. Picus GARDINERI (Aud.).

_ These two last birds seem to be the western representatives of

Picus villosus and P. pubescens.

28. Picus NuTTati, Gamb. R. Ac. Sc. Phil. i. p. 259. Pieus

wilsoni, Malh. R. Z. 1849, p. 529.

This bird was erroneously united by Mr. Gambel (after describing

it as new) to Picus scalaris, and is figured under that name, Journ.

Ac. Phil. pl. 9. f. 2,3. See P. Z.S. 1856, p. 307.

29. CoLarTEs MExICcANUus (Sw.).

30. CaLuirerya ricta, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 15.

31. CauuieePLa caLirornica, Gould, Mon. pl. 16.

32. BoTraurus LENTIGINOSUS (Mont.).

33. AXGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Wils.).

128

4. Notre on THE UpLtanp Goose.

By Puiure Lurvey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. ere.

The new “ Upland Goose” recently received by the Society from

the Falkland Islands, is certainly the true Magellanic Goose ( Chloe-

phaga magellanica), Gmelin’s name magellanica being founded on

Buffon’s Pl. Enl. 1006—a sufficiently recognizable representation of

what seems to be the female of this species. See also Darwin’s

Zool. of the Beagle, Birds, p. 134, where “‘ Upland Goose” is stated

to be the name applied to this bird at the Falklands.

The bird, which has for several years, I believe, bred in the So-

ciety’s Gardens, and is commonly called the ‘‘ Magellanic Goose,”

is ‘‘The Ashy-headed Goose” (Chloephaga poliocephala) of the

British Museum Catalogue of Gallinz, Grallze and Anseres, published

in 1844.

This species is well figured in Gray and Mitchell’s Genera of Birds

(pl. 165), under the name Bernicla inornata. But it seems doubt-

ful whether this is really the true Anas inornatus of King (Proc.

Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 15).

The adults of both sexes of this Goose, which are now in the So-

ciety’s Gardens, are coloured as nearly as possible alike, which is

rather curious, if, as appears to be the case, in the nearly allied C.

magellanica the male and female are quite different.

There are two other fine Geese which inhabit the southern extremity

of the S. American continent—namely, B. antarctica (Gm.) and B.

melanoptera, Eyton. Specimens of all these four species are in the

British Museum.

5. Description oF A New Genus or GorGoniIADm. By Dr.

JoHN Epwarp Gray, F.R.S.,V.P.Z. & Ent. Soc.,F.L.S. etc.

(Radiata, Pl. VII.)

ACANTHOGORGIA.

Coral branchy ; branches free, cylindrical, slender, both of them

almost entirely composed of transparent spicula ; cells elegantly bell-

shaped, contracted at the bottom, and less so rather below the aper-

ture, spinulose, with eight equidistant lines of two or three series of

diverging short spines ; the mouth of the cell surrounded with nume-

rous diverging, very slender, transparent, elongate spines, nearly as

long as the cell. Axis horny black, more slender and brown near

the tips.

Acanthogorgia hirsuta, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, Radiata, pl. 3.

Coral branched ; branches nearly on the same plane, separate.

Hab. Unknown. British Museum.

This genus bears some relation to Primnoa, but the cell is armed

externally with rows of short, thin, and its mouth with a series of

129

delicate, elongated bristle-like spines, instead of the broad scale of

that genus. From all other genera of the family it is most distinct

and unlike.

The MS. description of this very curious coral was accidentally

mislaid at the time at which it was read, and did not appear in the

printed Proceedings of the Society. It was figured, by an error of

the artist, for and under the name of Nidalia occidentalis in the Pro-

ceedings of the Zoological Society for 1851, Radiata, Pl. III. To

rectify the error so committed, Nidalia occidentalis is now figured

(Fi, Vir).

June 23, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. Zool. & Ent. Soc., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descrtprions oF TweLvE New or LItTTLE-KNOWN SPECIES

OF THE SoutH AMERICAN FAMILY FORMICARIID&.

By Puriure Luruey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. etc.

(Aves, Pl. CX XVI.)

1. GRALLARIA FERRUGINEIPECTUS. P

Supra pallide brunnea, olivaceo induta: loris et regione oculart

et auriculari fulvo tinctis: subtus flavicanti-ferruginea, collo

antico medialiter et ventre toto cum crisso albis: alis nigrican-

tibus pallido brunneo limbatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus

omnino nigricantibus, inferioribus autem cum campterio ochra-

ceis: rostri nigri basi flavicante : pedibus pallidis.

Long. tota 38, alee 2°6, caudze 1:2, tarsi 85.

Hab. In Venezuela, in vicin. urbis Caraceas (Levraud).

Mus. Paris.

2. GRALLARIA LORICATA.

Supra olivacea: pileo castaneo: oculorum ambitu, loris et gula

tota albidis, fulvo tinctis : stria duplici gutturis utrinque nigra:

pectoris et ventris lateralis plumis omnibus medialiter fulvo-

albidis, undique late nigro marginatis : ventre medio et crisso

albis, hypochondriis brunnescentibus : rostro clare brunneo,

basi flavida : tectricibus subalaribus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 40, ale 2°8, caudz 9°8, tarsi 1°6.

Hab. In Venezuela, in vicin. urbis Caraccas (Levraud).

Mus. Paris.

These two Grallarie are of smaller size and have shorter tarsi

No. CCCXXXV.—ProcrEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

than the typical members of the genus. The bill also is shorter,

broader, and more flattened, and furnished with many basal bristles.

Together with Lafresnaye’s Grallaria nana, they seem to form a sub-

ordinate group pointing towards Conopophaga.

3. HypocNEMIS MELANOPOGON.

3. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albicante ; gula nigra :

alis brunnescenti-nigris, tectricibus omnibus albo marginatis :

cauda nigra rectricibus omnibus anguste albo terminatis : rostro

nigro, pedibus fuscis.

? aut 3 junr. Supra mari adulto similis, subtus gutture et pectore

cinereo variegatis, gastreo albo, lateraliter cinerascentiore.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5.

Hab. In Peruvia Orientali, Chamicurros (Hauzxwell).

Mus. Brit. et P.L.S.

This bird nearly resembles H. peecilonota and H. myiotherina in

style of colouring, but the bill is longer and more slender, and more

like that of some of the species of Myrmeciza. From H. pecilonota

it is easily distinguished by the want of the white edgings of the

interscapularies, from H. myiotherina by the restraint of the black

colour to the throat, the want of the superciliary mark, and by the

white termination of the rectrices.

I have two specimens of this species in my own collection, and

there is one in the British Museum, which formed part of Haux-

well’s collection from Chamicurros.

4, FoRMICIVORA MELZENA.

Fuliginoso-niger, subtus intensior ; lateribus plumosis cum tectri-

cibus subalaribus albis: alarum tectricibus et caude rectrici-

bus albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 3°1, caudze 2°5

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Similis F’. avillari, sed colore corporis supra nigri nec plum-

bei dignoscenda.

5. Formicivora urosticta. (Pl. CXXVI. fig. 1.)

Cinerea subtus dilutior et magis albescens : plaga gulari elongata

nigra: alis nigricanti-cinereis extus cinereo strictissime lim-

batis, tectricibus autem nigris, albo terminatis: cauda nigra,

rectricibus omnibus albo late terminatis ; rectricis une utrin-

que extime tertia fere parte apicali alba, hoc colore apud alias

rectrices SrenOre decrescente : rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 3°5, alee 2°0, caude 1-2.

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali. :

Mus. Brit. et P.L.S.

Obs. A Formicivora azillari et aliis affinibus colore subtus dilu-

tiore, gula nigra magis restricta et preesertim rectricum apes late

albis distinguenda.

131

6. ForRMICIVORA BREVICAUDA.

Formicivora brevicauda, Sw., Zool. Journ. ui. p. 148.

3. Cinereus unicolor, plaga ovali in gutture et pectore superiore

nigra: alis nigricantibus extus cinereo limbatis, harum autem

tectricibus nigris albo terminatis : cauda brevi, colore nigro-

cinerea, rectricum macula subapicali nigra, ipsarum autem api-

cibus albidis : rostro corneo, peuibus nigris.

2. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus clarior, capite subcinereo gutture

albicantiore : tectricum alarium apicibus colore dilutioribus.

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali prope urbem Bahia (Sw.).

Mus. Brit. et P. L.S.

Obs. Species ab auctoribus cum F. azillari et affinibus confusa,

sed crassitie minore, cauda breviore, colore corporis cinereo unicolore

et plaga gutturali ovali bene definita facile dignoscenda.

7. FoRMICIVORA HAUXWELLI. (Pl. CXXVI. fig. 2.)

Plumbea, subtus paulo dilutior, mento albescentiore : alis nigris,

tectricibus omnibus albo terminatis, duas lineas albas formantt-

bus ; secundariis dorso proximis extus caude quoque tectrici-

bus et rectricibus ipsis omnibus macula terminal alba preditis :

uropygit plumis lawis, elongatis: cauda brevissima : rostro

nigricanti-plumbeo, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 3°7, ale 271, caudz 9.

Hab. In Peruy. Orientali (Hauawell).

Mus. Brit.

8. FoRMICIVORA CINERASCENS.

Formicivora cerulescens?, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112 (nec

Vieill.).

Pailide cinerascens fere unicolor, subtus dilutior ; interscapula-

rium basibus albis : alis nigricanti-brunnets cinereo limbatis ;

tectricum apicibus albo guttulatis : cauda nigricante, rectricibus

omnibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2:4, caudze 2°2.

Hab. In Peruv. Orientali, Chamicurros (Hauawell) et in ripis fl.

Napo.

Mus. Brit.

Obs. Similis F. cerulescenti ex Brasilia sed rostro fortiore et lon-

giore, cauda breviore et zequaliore, colore corporis inferioris dilutiore

et campteriis non albis distinguenda.

I formerly referred this bird to Vieillot’s Form. c@rulescens, of

which Menetries has given a figure in his ‘ Monograph of the Myio-

therinz,’ pl. 6. But a comparison of specimens of both species,

which are now in the British Museum, has convinced me that these

two birds, though much resembling each other in plumage, are essen-

tially distinct, and I have given above the characters by which they

may be easily separated. .

The example from Chamicurros, which was part of Mr. Haux-

well’s fine collection, is not quite mature, and shows brownish colour-

ing beneath and upon the wings. Like F. cerulescens, this bird has

only ten rectrices.

9. HERPSILOCHMUS PECTORALIS.

Cinereus, dorsi medii plumis albo mixtis; pileo nigra: fronte,

supercilus et lateribus capitis albis: alis nigris, tectricum om-

nium apicibus albo guttatis, secundartis late, primaris stricte

albo extus marginatis : cauda nigra, rectricis une utrinque ex-

time dimidio apicali et proximarum trium apicibus gradatim

decrescentibus albis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis extus an-

guste albo marginatis et tectricum caude apicibus quibusdam

eodem colore guttatis: subtus obscure cinereus, plaga magna

in pectore antico nigro: rostro plumbeo, mandibula inferiore

albicante : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°1, caudee 1°7.

My attention was first called to this species when looking through

the specimens of this family in the Museum of the Academy of Nat.

Se. of Philadelphia.

There is also a single specimen in the British Museum, which

came, I believe, from the same origin as the one at Philadelphia—

that is from the Massena collection. There is no locality affixed.

In style of colouring this bird seems to come nearest to H. pilea-

tus, but it is much larger in size, and the pectoral black patch ren-

ders it easily distinguishable from every bird of the family known

to me.

10. Dys1rHaMNUS XANTHOPTERUS.

Dasythamnus xanthopterus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. d. Th. Bras. iii.

epee

3. Capite colloque cinereis, fronte, regione superciliari et lateri-

bus capitis albo striolatis: interscapulio et alis extus lete

rufis, illo dilutiore ; dorso postico valde plumoso, colore virides-

centi-rufo, hujus pennarum basibus cinereis: cauda nigricanti-

cinerea, rectricibus extus rufescente marginatis : subtus albus,

lateribus cervicis cinereis, ventris autem ochracescentibus : rostri

nigri mandibula inferiore pallida, pedibus nigris.

?. Mari similis sed pileo rufo et subtus magis fusco-flavicans.

Long. tota 5°5, ale 2°4, caudee 2°0.

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali.

Mus. Brit. et P. L.S.

The British Museum possesses the male, and I have a female speci-

men of this Dysithamnus, which is easily recognizable by its deep

chestnut-réd wings and back; the same in both sexes. The bend

of the wing and whole of the upper coverts are of this colour, and I

could hardly, therefore, at first think it possible that this could be

the Dasythamnus xanthopterus of Burmeister (Syst. Ugb. d. Th.

Bras. i. p. 81), although his description agrees with the female of

my species. But recollecting that far60s, though commonly used

in Natural History as synonymous with the Latin favus and English

133

* yellow,” is also capable of bearing the meaning “ auburn,” or even

*< chestnut ;”” it appears to me that the name “ wanthopterus,”

though eminently calculated to mislead as applied to this bird, is

perhaps not sufficiently inaccurate to require to be replaced by a new

name. I have therefore retained Professor Burmeister’s appellation

for this species. His single example was obtained in the vicinity of

New Friburg in the province of Rio de Janeiro. Those in the British

Museum and my own collection have the ordinary appearance of

Brasilian skins, and are probably from Rio or Bahia.

I do not know what has induced Prof. Burmeister to attempt to

change Cabanis’s correctly formed generic term Dysithamnus into

Dasythamnus ; but in this, as in other instances, that author seems

to undervalue the principle of priority, now universally recognized

in the application of names in Natural History.

11. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOTHORAX.

Supra intense castaneus, remigibus alarum intus nigricanti-brun-

neis, lateribus capitis et corpore subtus ad imum pectus atris,

hoc colore in ventrem sensim dilutiore : ventre et lateribus oli-

vascenti-brunneis rufo tinctis : cauda unicolore castanea : rostro

corneo, pedibus nigro-fuscis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caude 2°8.

Hab. Yn America Meridionali ?

Mus. Brit.

I have never met with but the single example of this curious bird

which is in the British Museum. The genus Thamnophilus is the

only one I know of in which it can be placed; but the bill is more

conical and thicker and rather shorter than in the birds of that

group, which most nearly approach it in size. There are two white

spots on the outer secondaries of the specimen, but these are evi-

dently the results of an incipient albinism.

12. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPS.

Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 39. fig. 1. p. 28.

Ferrugineo-rufus, subtus clarior: capite toto undique et collo

supero nigris: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3-2, caudz 2°4.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Sarayagu on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.).

Mus. Paris.

I was not acquainted with this fine species of Thamnophilus when

I wrote the article on the arrangement of those birds in the ‘ Edin-

burgh N. Phil. Journal.’ I have since seen several examples in the

Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, which were obtained by MM. de

Castelnau and Deville at Sarayacu on the Ucayali. The irides are

marked “‘ orange.”

134

2. On Two Species or Bats INHABITING New ZEALAND.

By Rosert F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LITI., LIV.)

The first notice of the occurrence of Chetroptera in New Zealand

was given by Forster in 1772-74 *, who recorded the occurrence of

a Bat flying over the sea-shore near the margin of a wood in. the

estuary of Queen Charlotte. It was shot, but being struck only in

the wing, lived for two days. ‘‘ He was described by me,” says he,

‘and was drawn by my son.” ‘To this species Forster gave the

name of Vespertilio tuberculatus. The description has been pub-

lished in the work noted below, and the drawing is now in the British

Museum. I shall have occasion to refer to both the description and

the figure.

In 1843 Dr. Gray gave a very condensed description of a Bat in

the Appendix to Dieffenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, which he,

believing to be the species mentioned in the MSS. of Forster, called

by the same specific name. As Dr. Gray had specimens for exami-

nation, he at once perceived that they could by no means be consi-

dered as representatives of the genus Vespertilio, and that they did

not even belong to the same family. Accordingly we find them

in the ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of the British Museum,’ pub-

lished in 1843, placed in the Family Noctilionina, with the new

generic appellation Mystacina, the old specific name tuberculata

being retained.

Having some time since had occasion to examine some species of

Bats in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, Prof. Quekett

showed me one which had been recently received from New Zealand.

It was not until I had been assured that it came directly from that

country, in a bottle with a collection of New Zealand insects, that I

could be persuaded that no mistake as to locality had been made.

The forms presented by this example were so entirely unlike those

of the only New Zealand species with which I was acquainted, that

it was with considerable surprise I beheld a bat having pretty much

the same forms and proportions as the common little English Pipi-

strelle.

Shortly afterwards an opportunity occurred of inspecting the fine

collection of Cheiroptera in the Leyden Museum, which contains

three examples of this supposed new species, but without any specific

name. Finally, I detected other examples in the British Museum,

amounting in number to five.

Being then satisfied of the existence of two species of Bats in New

Zealand, I was anxious to pursue the subject further, and to deter-

mine, if possible, to which of these Forster had given the name of

V. tuberculatus. The kindness of Dr. Gray speedily placed in my

hands all the necessary materials. There could be no hesitation ;

the supposed new species was undoubtedly the one from which

* Descriptiones animalium in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772-74

suscepto observatorum, edidit H. Lichtenstein, 1844.

135

Forster’s drawing had been made, whilst the description, indicating

the number of incisors, and other peculiarities, pointed unequivocally

to the same conclusion.

As the above-mentioned zoologists have certainly been the first

describers of two distinct animals, the names imposed by them will of

course be retained ; but it is much to be regretted that their specific

names are similar ; and the more so, as the one most recently given

was clearly intended as a reference to the earlier known species.

The following description has been taken from the specimen in the

College of Surgeons, and also from the specimens in the British

Museum. With the advantages of specimens in spirit and in skin,

it is probable that the description will be found tolerably correct,

both as regards the form of the face, ears, &c., and the quality

and colour of the fur.

Fam. VESPERTILIONINA.

1. ScoTOPHILUS TUBERCULATUS, Forster, Descript. Anim. p. 63.

1772-74, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. t. 1. (Pl. LIT.)

In form and proportions somewhat resembling the Pipistrelle of

Europe; in size resembling Vesp. Nattereri ; in colour very nearly

similar to the Scotophilus Gouldii of Australia.

The muzzle is rather broad and obtuse, and moderately hairy.

The nostrils are tumid, and of an oval form, with their inner margins

more prominent than their outer, giving them a sublateral opening ;

they are distant from each other about two lines. The forehead is

rather flat. The lower lip is broad, with the extreme edge naked,

and rather thickly clothed with short hair on the chin, which be-

comes very thick on the throat. Immediately within the symphysis

menti is a small but distinct wart.

The ears are rather small, oval-triangular, with a pretty uniform

outline, and with a kind of plait or crease on the basal front of the

inner margin, giving that part of the ear a slightly projecting lobe,

not however of sufficient magnitude to interfere materially with its

general uniformity of outline. The outer margin is not hollowed

out, but maintains a pretty regular curve, and has its basal portion

brought forward, in the form of a narrow rudiment of membrane, on

to the cheek, where it ends immediately under the eye.

The tragus is short, rather broad, and of nearly uniform breadth,

with the end round. It has, as in all the other species of this re-

stricted group, an inward curvature.

The wing-membranes spring from the base of the toes, and the

latter occupy about half the length of the entire foot, The os calcis

extends one-third of the distance from the foot to the tip of the tail,

which has its extreme tip free.

The face is furnished with some tufts and lines of bristly hair.

Immediately in front of the eye may be noticed a tuft, consisting of

a few hairs, and on the gland of the upper lip is a similar one.

From behind the nostril proceeds a narrow band of fine bristly hairs,

136

which curves downwards and backwards on the lip for a short distance,

and then taking an upward curvature, passes in front of the eye, and

is lost in the fur of the forehead.

All the membranes, both above and below, have those parts con-

tiguous to the body, hairy, especially the interfemoral, on which it

extends more markedly than elsewhere. The part of the latter mem-

brane which is destitute of hair, is smooth, and has about ten trans-

verse strongly dotted lines.

Over the whole of the body the fur is very thick, soft, and rather

long. On the top of the head it is long enough to obscure the basal

half of the ears, and thus give the appearance of an elevated crown.

Everywhere the hair is unicoloured, and of a black-brown colour

on the head and back, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump.

Beneath it is similar in colour, but more strongly tinged with brown,

especially towards the pubal region, where it is reddish-brown.

On examining the cranium, I find that its chief peculiarity consists

in its extreme shortness in relation to its other dimensions. In this

respect it more nearly resembles the cranium of Lasiurus novebora-

censis than that of any other species of bat I have yet seen, but it is

even shorter than in that species. In its general conformation it

bears considerable resemblance to that of the common Pipistrelle of

Europe, especially in the degree of elevation of the cerebral region ;

but the arrangement of the dental series is more like that of the

Noctule Bat than that of the Pipistrelle, but bears a still greater

resemblance to that of the Scotophilus Gouldii of Australia. Thus,

on examining the teeth of the upper jaw, they are seen to be arranged

in two straight lines which are nearly parallel, the incisors only de-

viating from these lines, being placed across the front of the space

enclosed by them. This enclosed space—constituting the anterior

part of the palate—is nearly a parallelogram, being but slightly nar-

rower in front than posteriorly. Its length to its breadth is as one

and a quarter to one.

The range of the teeth in the lower jaw must, of course, bear exact

relation to that of the upper *, varying only in the number of the

teeth and their individual form.

* It will not be out of place here to remark, that this expression applies ex-

clusively to the normal state of dentition of animals in a state of nature. The

reverse of this may occasionally be seen in accidental varieties or malformations,

and frequently in domesticated animals, where a great change in the form of the

jaws and teeth has often resulted from long-continued selection of individuals

from which to produce a breed for some special purpose, which selection may

have been further assisted by a constant training to the purpose for which the

breed was designed. This must certainly be the case with some of the varieties

of dogs. In the bull-dog, for instance, we find a most remarkable development

of lower jaw, attended with an equally distorted arrangement of the teeth. It

is scarcely necessary to allude to the singular appearance often observable in the

front teeth of the human species, under- or over-lapping each other, as the case

may be, and displaying every degree of intermediate arrangement. But these

deviations from the normal state of dentition in no way affect the statement above

made respecting the relation of the inferior to the superior maxilla, and their im-

planted teeth,

137

The number of the teeth is as follows :—

In. >> ; Can. =; Pre. Mol. =; Mol. =

The upper incisors are arranged in pairs, of which the inner one

of each pair is much larger than the outer one. They are all some-

what elongated, conical, and pointed, and when viewed in front are

seen to have their points directed inwards, but when seen laterally

have nearly a vertical direction, similar in this respect to the canines.

A considerable interval separates them on each side from the latter

teeth, and this, with their regular conical outline and nearly vertical

position, constitute their chief peculiarities. In the centre, between

the inner ones, is a considerable opening, caused by the non-deve-

lopment of the anterior margins of the intermaxillary bones, and the

notch in the front of the palate, just as in the Noctule Bat and most

other true Vespertilionide. The other teeth in the upper jaw pre-

sent no deviations from what is usual in the genus.

In the lower jaw the incisors are of the form ordinarily observed

in this genus; they are symmetrically arranged and trilobed. The

canines present no marked peculiarities of form. The premolars are

small, pointed, and have their basal cusps less developed than those

of the corresponding teeth in the Noctule Bat. The first of these

teeth is much the smaller of the two. The molars differ in no re-

spect from those of the above-mentioned species, excepting that their

cusps are perhaps somewhat longer and more pointed.

- In the following Table of dimensions, the first column represents

the measurements of the specimen in spirit in the Museum of the

College of Surgeons, before alluded to, and the other columns have

been taken from specimens in skin in the British Museum :—

No. 1. | No. 2. | No. 3. | No. 4.

“i “ “a “ “a “ “

Length of the head and body..| 2. 1

BE ae Tallis ie vias <4is19s> Lid lie

of the head... .....,.: 0 7+

Of The-earain ses Sie date 0 33

: of the tragus........] 0 14

— of the fore-arm. 1... 3!) 2 651.05 64116 11.16

of the longest finger ..| 2 8|210|2 8|2 7

——— of the fourth finger 110, 1 10.);2.0 | 2 .0

—— ofthe thumb........;0 24/0 31/0 310 3}

— of the foot and claws..| 0 32/0 4/0 4/0 43

Expanse of wings ..........|10 9 |10 4

The foregoing description had been taken with a view to its pub-

lication, before that of Forster had been examined, the impression at

that time being that the species was new.

For the convenience of immediate comparison, and to show the

general similarity of the two descriptions, a condensed description

will now be given of that furnished by Forster.

About the size of Vesp. communis, or a little larger; the head

like that of a mouse, and of medium size; snout blunt, emarginate,

138

simple, with bi-tuberculated nostrils. The lower jaw rather shorter

than the upper.

Incisors in the upper jaw 4, in pairs, of which the two inner ones

are the larger; the two outer ones smaller, and approximate to them.

In the lower jaw 6, very small and approximate. Laniares (?) SS ;

molars —s

Ears moderate, smooth, subovate ; tragus semiorbicular. Wings

large and dark brown. The fur everywhere soft, fine, and rusty

brown.

Length from the end of the nose to the root

ot dhe tally fo, aceaivetyh (Pout caer aes 2 inches.

Lene theo the tanle: . ictyisisiaitic eeu ses ae lo Pe

Expanse of Wings, .,2)j.:06 +025 0\6 « ¢ » 4.95

Fam. NocTILIoNINA.

Genus Mysracrna, Gray.

Body very short and broad. Snout much produced ; nostrils sub-

lateral, surrounded by a thickened projecting rim. Under jaw much

shorter than the end of the nose. Top of the head considerably ele-

vated ; ears lateral, simple ; tragus long, narrow, and pointed.

Wings moderate ; thumb moderate. Index finger with two pha-

langes, second finger with four, third and fourth fingers with three,

each. Wing-membranes extending to the distal extremity of the

tibia. Legs and feet short and stout. Tail very short, piercing the

interfemoral membrane near to its base, and projecting on the upper

surface of it, as in Taphozous. Interbrachial membrane, a narrow

piece of membrane beneath the fore-arm, that adjoining the sides of

the body, and that enclosing the tibia, as well as the basal portion of

the interfemoral membrane, thick and leathery, with numerous deep

wrinkles or corrugations on its upper surface. Incisors, two in the

upper jaw, large, contiguous, and shaped like canines ; in the lower

jaw two, small, and placed in front of the canines.

1. Mysracrna TUBERCULATA, Gray. (Pl. LIV.)

Mystacina tuberculata, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1843 ;

Gray in Deiffenb. Journ. App. p. 296, 1843; Gray, Zool. Voy. Sul-

phur, No. II. p. 23, 1843 ; Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, No. IV.

pl. 22. 1844.

The snout of this singular-looking species is considerably elongate d

with the end of the nose emarginate between the nostrils, which are

very prominent, and directed sublaterally. The mouth is placed far

back in relation to the nose, and a space intervenes between the two,

which is clothed with very fine short hairs. The hairiness and form

of this space are somewhat similar to the same part in the Coati

Mondi. No very strongly-marked peculiarity is observable in the

mouth itself, but it is rather small, and has only the extreme edges

of the lips destitute of hair.

139

The top of the head is convex, rounding off on every side, and the

space between it and the end of the nose, 7. e. the face, is concave in

its longitudinal direction, but not transversely, as in T'aphozous.

The ears are lateral, and remarkably simple in form. Instead of

the forward extension on the side of the face, so usual in the insecti-

vorous species of this order, they are attached precisely as in the

fruit-eating species, 2. e. just as we may observe them in a dog or cat.

In form they are regularly oval, and slightly pointed. The tragus

is straight, narrow, and pointed, reaching to the middle of the ear.

The wings are rather broad, and of medium length. The thumb

is of moderate size, with the basal joint very short ; the index finger

is composed of two phalanges, the terminal one being very minute.

The second finger has four phalanges, and the third and fourth fin-

gers have three each. The presence of four phalanges in the second

finger, instead of the usual number of three, in this family, will be

again adverted to. The wing-membranes barely extend to the distal

extremity of the tibia.

The legs and feet are very short and stout, as in the genus Mo-

lossus. 'The heel-cartilage is of medium length and substance, and

the interfemoral membrane is rounded at its posterior margin, and is

perforated near its base by the tail, which is short, and exhibits its

terminal half free above the membrane, as in the genus Taphozous.

The portions of membrane contiguous to the fore-arm, the sides

of the body and the tibia, are very thick and leathery, with numerous

deep wrinkles, and the basal half of the interfemoral membrane (as

far as to where the tail becomes free) possesses the same peculiarity.

The wrinkles, in many places, cross the legs and fore-arms, but they

are only observable on the upper surfaces of the membranes and

limbs. This singular part of the cutaneous system is marked by a

regular and decided outline, and can scarcely be said at any place to

graduate into the smooth membrane of the wings. Its extent is pretty

well indicated by the hairy portious of the membranes in the genus

Lasiurus, excepting that it only occupies one-half of the interfemoral

membrane.

In its general character, the fur is short, crisp and thick, having

a grizzly shining appearance, very similar to that of some of the

Soricide. That of the head extends towards the nose, and covers

the whole of the face, being bounded anteriorly by a frill of stiff up-

right hairs; that commencing near the corner of the mouth extends

upwards in front of the eye, and meets on the top of the nose with

the corresponding part of the other side of the face. On all the

upper parts of the body the fur is similar. It is dusky at its base,

and tipped for half its length with shining grey-brown, having a

slight tinge of olive. Beneath, the fur is brown at its base, with shi-

ning tips of grey-brown. The fur of the throat extends to the chin

and under lip, and densely covers the whole, excepting the extreme

edge of the lip.

The whole of the cutaneous system is very dark-brown, with the

exception of the wrinkled part already mentioned, which is paler,

and tinged with yellowish.

140

The cranium exhibits some peculiarities worthy of note. Viewed

from above, the cerebral portion is seen to be about as much arched

as that of Vesp. Nattereri, and has a faint sagittal crest towards the

occipital region. Also there is a moderately pronounced occipital

crest, which becomes more strongly developed in the vicinity of the

acoustic elements of the skull. The auditory bulle have much the

same form and proportion as the same parts in Vesp. Nattereri, and

the facial portion of the skull is proportioned much as in that species.

The orbital openings are of very moderate size, and the zygoma but

little arched, and very slender. The bony palate terminates a little

posteriorly to the last molar. The nasal opening is small, and the

intermaxillary bones meet in front, for the support of the contiguous

incisors, as in Miniopteris and Furipterus among the Vespertilionina,

and Molossus, Rhinapoma, and Noctilio among the Noctilionina.

The incisors in the upper jaw are two in number, large, conical,

and pointed. They are provided with a distinct cingulum, visible

in front, which passes into a well-marked basal lobe, or cusp, behind

the tooth. As the incisors are situated very near to the canines, and

are themselves in contact, this lobe is only visible when seen directly

from behind. The incisive foramina are two in number and very

minute. The canines are long, pointed, and triangular, without any

basal lobe. The next two teeth in the upper jaw present the same

forms which usually characterize the premolars in the imsectivorous

Cheiroptera ; and the three remaining teeth, 7. e. the molars, may be

similarly passed over.

The hinder part of the lower jaw is formed very similarly to the

same part in the genus Vespertilio, but has the posterior process less

produced. Another point of difference occurs in the form of a some-

what rounded posterior angle, something like that observable in Fu-

ripterus, but more nearly resembling the same part in the jaw of the

Ursus labiatus, and, as in the latter instance, very thin in substance

laterally. The jaw itself is straight, especially the alveolar margin,

which is in a line continuous with the posterior process.

The canines in the lower jaw are of considerable size, and have a

basal lobe behind. They are nearly contiguous, and the incisors,

two in number, are placed in front of them as in some species of the

genus Molossus (Nyctinomus), and, as in that genus, are probably

lost with age. They are very small, feebly implanted in the jaw,

and have their tips trilobed. The next two teeth are of the usual

premolar type, such as we find in Vespertilio proper, and they are

succeeded by the three molars, presenting no marked peculiarities of

conformation.

ve 2 1—1 2—2 39 dd

Dentition :—In. 5; Can. —; Pre. Mol.=—>; Mol. —= 7.

In the following Table of dimensions, column number 1 has been

taken from a large and probably adult specimen in the British Mu-

seum, and numbers 2 and 3 from specimens, perhaps not quite adult,

in my own collection. The latter one, having all the bones retained,

would furnish the more exact dimensions, but that it is probably im-

mature. From it the skull was extracted, from which the above

characters have been taken :—

141

No. 1 No. 2. No. 3

Length of the head and body ........ Ziad 24 2 4

of the enclosed part of the tail.. 0 3 0 3 0 3

of the free pee Of theta. 0 3 0 25

of the head . aqays sf A ot «aoe hap ple gn opus Ogee ee oes od

—w— of the fore-arm.............. RE: Pp 7 Mees

of the longest finger.......... 3 ' 0 2 11 Zell

——— of the fourth finger.......... 2 6 2 4 2 4

Gt the, thumby,...... 5, PURE 0.5 0 44 O 4

DPT TEIN C7 ae Metin ieee ane 0 8 0 7 OM cd

DI EDA TOOG AUC. CLAWS i. « «is <iecciien nein Aran Oy oO 0 6

HSPADSE Of WINES 05.0 can ten suicls owns RR | eee Ft pena ti, 2)

The following are the dimensions of the skull extracted from the

specimen which has supplied the measurements given in the second

column of the above Table :—

Length from the occipital crest to the anterior of the maxil- ‘

le) CUG50)5 oak RR SS Ra oe Seriabrdr es bre 0 9

Breadth across the zygomatic arches...............000-- 0 5

Length of the nasal bones . . Seen ics Rc RP Aa eens coli elie pie T omits)

Greatest breadth of the nasal bones ...........0se0.00 0 1

Length of the dentinal series in the upper jaw....... .0 4

Breadth between the two outer cusps of the two posterior

PIES ERIE the Uh ate dts SRR ot od ORES mitts ete 0 32

Breadth between the points of the two upper canines ...... 0 14

Potaltleneth of the lower jaw... ..00 02 t. bee oe oe eee 0 62

Length of the dentinal series in the lower jaw............ 0 4

Breadth between the outer cusps of the two posterior molars 0 22

Breadth between the points of the lower canines .......... O71

In summing up the characters of this singular species (as far as is

known, the sole representative of the genus), several affinities not

usually associated are manifest. Thus in the form of the tail, and

the way in which it perforates the interfemoral membrane, it bears

strong resemblance to the genus 7'aphozous, whilst the strength and

form of the hinder limbs, but more especially the form and implan-

tation of the canine and incisor teeth, would seem to indicate an affi-

nity with the genus Molossus (Nyctinomus), both of these genera

being representatives of the family Noctilionina. Again, on exami-

ning attentively the forms of the ear and tragus, we shall be struck

with the great resemblance which the latter bears to that of some of

the examples of the genus Vespertilio, and the former, although dif-

fering considerably from the ear in Vespertilio, bears hevartheless a

greater resemblance to it than perhaps to that of any other genus.

But there is another peculiarity to which I have already alluded,

which is deserving of especial notice—the presence of four bony pha-

langes in the second finger—a peculiarity in which it resembles the

Phyllostomide or Leaf-nosed Bats of the New World, that number

being one of their characteristics ; whilst in all the Old World genera,

142

with the exception of the one now under notice, we find that that

finger has only three bony phalanges*. There are, however, several

characters present which appear to belong exclusively to the present

genus, such as the form of the snout and nostrils, the singular mark-

ings on some of the membranes, and the peculiar quality of the fur.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Fig. 1. Mystacina tuberculata, three-fourths of the natural size.

a. Head of the same, of the natural size.

b & c. Cranium of the same, of the natural size.

d. Magnified representation of the front teeth of the same.

Fig. 2. Magnified representation of the front teeth of Nyctinomus dilatatus, show-

ing the resemblance between them and the same parts in Mystacina

tuberculata.

3. ON THE JAMAICAN CYCLOTUS, AND THE DESCRIPTION OF

TWENTY-ONE PROPOSED New Species anno Eicutr NEw

VARIETIES OF THAT SUBGENUS FROM JAMAICA By THE

Hon. Epwarp Caitry.

Before entering upon the task of description, it seems advisable to

offer a few observations upon the difficulty which has hitherto sur-

rounded this group of Cyclostomide inhabiting Jamaica.

The late Professor C. B. Adams, in Contr. to Conch., No. 8, p.

140, et seg. wrote an article upon it; and although the required

study enabled him to add seven new species to the former Jamaican

list, a perusal of his paper will show that he laboured under great

doubts and without clear satisfaction asto the result. The fact is,

that almost all the species in the Jam. Cat. of Adamst, 1851, from

No. 68 (for C. Duffianus, No. 67, is not a Jamaican, but a South

American species—jide Adams and Mr. Bland, who found duplicates

in South America), to No. 77 inclusive, run so much into one another

in outward form of the mere shells, wanting the opercula, that it is

next to impossible to classify them. There is also the difficulty of

young and old shells intermingled, which, as regards some of the

species, renders the ‘‘ confusion worse confounded,”’ particularly in

the young of C. Jamaicensis, and the more mature of C. crassus.

The group in question, and many others, lead me to the firm con-

viction that, unless the differences are very marked, a single specimen

* A similar peculiarity occurs in the genus Centurio, which, when first de-

scribed by Dr. Gray, was thought to be a native of the Old World, but there was

some doubt as to the exact locality from which it had been received. But other

examples have been since obtained from the New World, and its near alliance

with the tailless Phyllostomide satisfactorily established. The existence there-

fore of four phalanges in this finger in Centurio cannot be considered, as in

Mystacina, as an exception to a general rule, but on the contrary as a further

extension of it.

+ Whenever the name “ Adams” is mentioned in these communications, the late

Professor C. B. Adams, of Amherst College, America, is referred to, unless other-

wise specified.

143

is not to be trusted ; and that it is only by a multitude of specimens,

perfect as regards maturity and possession of opercula, that truth can

be arrived at, and species determined.

The difficulty with Adams, as with myself, has hitherto been the

want of the original types of the fundamental shells, so to speak. I

allude especially to the types of C. corrugatus, Sow. ; C subrugosus,

Sow. ; C. Jamaicensis, Chemn.; and C. asperulus, Sow. [Of C.

suturalis there never was a doubt.| ‘That difficulty is evidenced by

his note of interrogation ‘“?” at p. 143, (id.) after “1 C. corru-

gatus,’ and his description of ‘‘No. 1, C. corrugatus” below,

which most clearly refers to a species, which to my certain knowledge

he has distributed indiscriminately as C. corrugatus and C. jugosus.

So he made up the collection which some time ago I presented to the

British Museum. I know that the presence or absence of the um-

bilical keel was a guide he was always looking for. He did not seem

to understand Sowerby’s description “umbilico magno, crenulato,

intus transversim striato.”” Vid. Cont. Conch., p. 143. And beyond |

a doubt, his deseription of the operculum of C. corrugatus at p. 143,

id. cannot for a moment be reconciled with Pfeiffer’s in Cat. Pha-

neropneumona, p. 13.

Mr. Cuming’s liberality in lending his choicest specimens for

science’ sake is too well known to require my commendation. To

him I am now indebted for the loan of his types of C. corrugatus,

C. jugosus, C. subrugosus, C. Jamaicensis, C. seminudus, C. varians,

C. crassus, and C. asperulus, all of which have passed through

- Pfeiffer’s hands: and I have examined those in the British Museum.

C. asperulus is not in my collection, though amongst those I am

about to propose as new species, some approach very near to it.

The two specimens (one with part of the operculum) in the Cumin-

gian Museum, and those in the British Museum are somewhat like in

character to Jamaica shells, especially C. crassus, in regard to absence

of umbilical keel, and C. rudis-planusque (after mentioned) as regards

operculum ; and I do not wish to cast a doubt as to its habitat being

Jamaica, though I have not fallen in with it.

Pfeiffer, in Cat. Phan. p. 13, has indicated that C. corrugatus was in

the British Museum when he wrote ; but unfortunately the specimens

there under that name vary so much in their opercula, that it is im-

possible to say to which he referred. In fact, his description is believed

to have been taken from one in the Cumingian Museum. But there

again, equal doubts and uncertainty exist. Some shells, all named

by Pfeiffer, having opercula of the character of those of C. Jamaicensis,

are marked “ C. corrugatus,” and others are similarly marked with the

addition of ‘‘var.,”’ the opercula of which answer his description in

Cat. Phan., p. 13, and have the precise character of that which it is

my intention to adopt as the true C. corrugatus, those characters

being totally dissimilar. Thence an interminable confusion exists,

which it is very difficult to disentangle.

It seems to me that Sowerby and Pfeiffer have had only single

specimens to deal with, and not knowing how many forms of oper-

cula there are, have certainly not been very minute in their descrip-

144 “

tions, and have not perhaps set sufficient value on those differences,

which they had an opportunity of observing ; while Adams saw great

differences, but from the want of many specimens feared to give spe-

cific importance to them.

I should not have adopted the independent course of disregarding

previous naming or descriptions, nor attempt to propose new species,

had I possessed a few specimens of eachonly. But having of almost

every species plenty of perfect specimens, and having them so arranged

that I know the precise habitat of almost all, I feel there is abun-

dant justification for my proceeding. _ Sowerby’s description of the

operculum of C. corrugatus is (doubtless from causes before alluded

to) so very meagre, that it is utterly impossible to say to what shell

he referred. Pfeiffer, Gray, and Adams have all been misled: for

every Jamaican Cyclotus has its operculum “‘ extus lamind elevatd.”

But it will be found that the description which I shall give of the

operculum of C. corrugatus, does not militate with, but only enlarges

upon Pfeiffer’s, which is “ with whorls, the margin of which is dila-

ted into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat expanded lamina.”’ While

the shells which Adams has distributed, (and at p. 143, Cont. Conch.

has described with a ‘?’’) as C. corrugatus, and which Gray has

marked “ C. corrugatus var.” in the British Museum, militate very

strongly with Pfeiffer’s description, and also exactly agree with the

opercular type ‘of C. jugosus, which type is so peculiar that it can

hardly be supposed that Sowerby would not have especially noted it.

Aided by what now appear marked differences in other parts of

the shells, my principal guide to the new species I am about to pro-

pose has been the Operculum. Iam aware that some have to a cer-

tain degree discarded the operculum as a specific test: yet a careful

examination of my Jamaican Cyclotus,—the careful gathering toge-

ther, all from one extensive and rich field,—will tend to the conviction

that such a repudiation is not correct. We find the forms of opercula

constant in all other subgenera and species of Cyclostomide, with

equal certainty in shape and sculpture ; and by more than analogy

the opercula of the Jamaican Cyclotus, accompanied by differences

in other parts of the shell, are specific guides and of specific import-

ance.

I propose for consideration that there are siz distinct forms of

opercula in the Jamaican Cyclotus.

Form § I. that of C. corrugatus, Sow.

Sowerby, in Pro. Z. S., 1843, p. 30, describes the operculum of it

as ‘‘ testaceo, extus lamind elevatd, convolutd ; intus corneo, polito,”

testaceous with elevated convolute lamina outside (or on the upper

side), and horny and polished on the under side.

Pfeiffer, in Cat. Phan. p. 13, describes it as ‘‘ with whorls, the

margin of which is dilated into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat ex-

anded lamina.”’

I should describe the typical form of the operculum of that which

I adopt as C. corrugatus, ‘‘with lamina rising more or less, and

well separated from the plane of the operculum, bending outwards ;

145

the upper margin, more or less dilated and reflected, so as to lie

‘more or less parallel to the plane of the operculum, but not so much

as to touch each consecutive whorl. Plane of operculum plain.”

Form § II. thaé of C. varians, Ad.

Operculum with outward-spreading whorls raised from its plane,

the upper margins of which are thickened and inflected, and reflected,

so as to meet and touch each consecutive whorl; and form a corru-

gated, almost entire, planular surface; and when broken in half,

forming on either side something like a number of italic capitals,

Wi 7'T, or the rails of a railway. Where concave on the outer

surface, the concavity is formed by the increasing height of the

lamina, the under side (as far as I have seen) being always planular.

Form § III. that of C. seminudus, Ad.

Operculum with slightly elevated, bluntly thickened, and broadly

expanding whorls, the edges of which are wholly appressed to, and

not separated from the plane.

Form § IV. that of C. Jamaicensis, Chemn.

Opereulum with moderately raised narrow lamellar whorls, which

are flattened and blunt at the margin, and very slightly and narrowly

expanded aud reflected outwards ; the plane of the operculum always

excentrically and sharply striated by lesser raised lamine.

Form § V. that of C. Rupis-Fontis, Chitty.

Operculum with well-raised whorls, which are sharpened at the

margin, and stand almost vertical with the plane, the margin being

neither reflected nor inflected.

Form § VI. that of C. jugosus, Ad.

Operculum with highly raised whorls, the margins of which are

sharp, and more or less inflected, convex interiorly and concave ex-

teriorly.

These differences are broad enough whereon to found sub-subge-

nera, but from that I abstain.

Under Form § I. I place my C. corrugatus and var. a, C. Port-

landensis, C. notatior, and var. a, C. notatus, C. Nove-Spei, C. cy-

cloatus, C. dubiosus, and C, suturalis.

Under Form § II. C. varians and var. a, C. subrugosus, C. cor-

rugatior, and var. magna, C. gemma, and C. zigzag.

Under Form § III. C. seminudus, C. De Burgheanus, C. rudis-

planusque, C. pretiosus, C. Bairdianus, C. ruber, and C. asperulus.

Under Form § IV. C. Jamaicensis, C. Novus-Saltus, C. dentistig-

matus, C. crassus, and C. inutilis.

Under Form § V. C. Rupis-Fontis, and C. corrugatissimus.

Under Form § VI. C. jugosus, and vars. rufilabris, parvus and

striosus, C. pallescens, C. Westmorlandensis, C. nodosus, and C,

Beswicki.

N. B. Of C. perpallidus, the operculum is still wnknown.

No. CCCXXXVI.—ProceEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

146

I do not place much value on the outward form, sculpture, and size

of these Cyclotus, and, wanting the opercula, regard the classification

of them as very difficult; I will, however, proceed to the more particular

description of each species and variety as I find them in my own

private cabinet, taking them in the order already mentioned.

¢ I.

C. corruaatus, Sow. Proc. Z. 8. 1843, pp. 29, 30.

Sowerby’s entire description is, “C. testa orbiculata, subdepressa,

crassiuscula, albida, apice rufescente; epidermide tenui, fusca, induta;

spirula subprominula, acuminatiuscula ; anfractibus quinque, rotun-

datis, transversim striatis et corrugatis ; sutura distincta, apertura

circulari, subeffus4, superné angulata et in canalem inconspicuam

desinente ; peritremate tenuiusculo, margine acutiusculo, latere um-

bilicali incrassato ; umbilico magno, margine crenulato, intus trans-

versim striato. Operculo testaceo, extis lamina elevata, convoluta,

intis corneo, polito.”

C. corrueatus, Pfr. Cat. Phan. p. 13.

Shell subturbinate-depressed, solid, regularly all over angularly

wrinkled, white, with a deciduous fulvid epidermis; spire short,

reddish, rather acuminate ; whorls 5, convex, the last one cylindrical,

nearly flat beneath, with a nodulous ridge around the umbilicus, which

is open, and of a middle size ; aperture a little oblique, nearly circular,

with a slight angle above, inside whitish ; pertstome straight, blunt ;

its margins joined into an angle, which often is doubled ; right mar-

gin slightly sinuate; left margin shortly affixed to the penult whorl.

Operculum concave externally, with 9 very narrow whorls, the mar-

gin of which is dilated into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat expanded

lamine. Height 14, greatest breadth 22, least breadth 19 mill.—Cat.

Phan. p. 13.

C. corrvueatus, Chitty.

The shell I adopt as C. corrugatus I describe as “ depressed-tur-

binate: colour blueish-white, with an epidermis of rich red-brown

and yellowish-brown ; just below the suture and apex, rich red-brown;

salmon-colour tinge within the aperture. Sculpture, the 33 upper

whorls, excepting the nuclear apex, with the lines of growth strongly

but finely defined, without wrinkles. Thence the lines of growth

become coarser and coarser throughout the remainder; coarser and

coarser wrinkles diagonally from right above to left below on the

penult whorl, the wrinkles gradually assuming a zigzag form, till

they become very coarse at the periphery of the last whorl, and then

eccentric curvilinear grooves which terminate and are deepest, but

are not tooth-marked at the umbilical keel, which is well raised,

the terminating fourth part of the last whorl becoming compara-

tively smooth. Spire, moderately elevated, with convex outlines.

Whorls, 54, moderately rounded, rather flattened above, and spread-

ing below, with moderate suture; the terminal half of the last

147

whorl much depressed above, at, and behind the aperture. Aperture,

rather oblique in incomplete shells, subelliptical and subangular

above, like a hanging pear—in finished shells, subcircular, rather

dilated below on the right side, and the angularity above becoming

almost obsolete by the thickening of the outside. Peritreme, well

thickened and blunt all round. Umdilicus, deep and comparatively nar-

row ; greatest breadth, that is from side to side at the umbilical keel*,

about 0°36, and least breadth 0°28. Umbilical keel, narrowly and

roundly pinched up, the strize of growth extending over it imbricatedly

from the hollow. Operculum, greatest breadth 0°51, least breadth0°46

—slightly concave externally, with aboutt 9 outward bending,

spiral whorls of laminz rising from its plane, the summits of which

spread, and are reflected outwards, but widely separated from one

another, nearly parallel to the plane, and striated eccentrically, as like

water flying off a turned wheel by centrifugal force ; lamina well

detached above from the plane, and from each other whorl. Height

of shell, 1 inch; greatest breadth 1:2, least breadth 1 inch f.

C. corrvucatvus, var. a (?), Chitty.

This shell differs from C. corrugatus in being much smaller.

Height 0°8, greatest breadth 0°94, least breadth0°75; greatest breadth

of umbilicus 0°27, least breadth 0°2; greatest breadth of operculum

0°43, least breadth 0°37. The corrugation is finer. It is sometimes

quasi smooth below, and marked with bands like C. Jamaicensis with

_ transverse raised sub- obsolete lines. Umbilical keel is less promi-

nent.

Whorls 5. Whorls of operculum about 6 or 7.

C. PortianpbEnsts, Chitty. Portland.

Form, depressed-turbinate. Colour, blueish-white with a deep bistre

brown epidermis; apex blood-red sometimes. Sculpture, 34 of

upper whorls coarse, striz of growth becoming thenceforth deeply

corrugated vertically on the upper part of the last whorl until about

the last third, where the corrugation ceases ; the strize of growth are

finer and a few pits occur, and a few transverse obsolete ridges

appear. No corrugation at the periphery: a few pits, and a slight

corrugation surround the outside of the umbilical keel. Umbilical

keel and striz of growth within the umbilicus, are much stronger

than in C. corrugatus. Spire, and outlines like C. corrugatus.

Whorls, 54, last whorl and about ith of penult whorl depressed

above, below the suture. Aperture, like C. corrugatus, but rather

more expanded on right than on left side ; oblique to axis, as C. cor-

rugatus. Peritreme, like C. corrugatus. Umbilicus, much wider in

* The measurement of the wmbilicus in all instances is taken from side to side

from the inner edge of the umbilical keel, taking care that the points of the com-

passes shall be at a right angle with the axis of the shell.

+ The nuclear centre and second whorl are probably never seen in mature shells,

from their extreme delicacy while young, which causes the appearance of being

devoid of laminz in the extreme centre.

+ All my measurements are in decimals of an inch.

148

proportion than C. corrugatus: greatest breadth 0°32, least breadth

0°26. Operculum, of general character of that of C. corrugatus:

greatest breadth 0°45, least breadth 0°41 ; whorls, about 10, much

closer approaching each other than in C. corrugatus, and spread of

margin much less; slightly concave. Height 0°85, greatest breadth

1°07, least breadth 0°88.

C. notatior. Chitty. St. Elizabeth.

Form, colour, and sculpture much like C. corrugatus, finer in pro-

portion. Whorls 5, a slight depression only on upper part of last

whorl. Umbilical keel, not so distinctly raised, but broader in pro-

portion: greatest breadth 0°25, least breadth 0:2. Operculum, of C.

corrugatus character, slightly concave: raised lamina of 8 whorls, the

margin scarcely reflected. Height 0°59, greatest breadth 0°8, least

breadth 0°61.

C. noratror, var. a, Chitty. Yallahs Hill.

Is much smaller and finer in sculpture, and the umbilical keel is

much less prominent in proportion. Height 0°46, greatest breadth

0°61, least breadth 0°53.

C. noratus, Chitty. Trelawny.

Sculpture, fine and almost smooth, with a slight corrugation on

the upper part of latter half of the last whorl, which is devoid of de-

pression in its upper part. Umdbzlicus, greatest breadth 0°17, least

breadth 0°16. Umbilical keel, almost obsolete. Operculum, cha-

racter of C. corrugatus, more concave than preceding; spiral la-

mina, about 8 whorls, upper margin scarcely reflected. Height 0°58,

greatest breadth 0°64, least breadth 0°56.

C. nov#-srer, Chitty. New Hope, Westmoreland.

This shell is very much corrugated on the last and a quarter of the

penult whorls, and eccentrically and very deeply round the umbilical

keel; from all others of its size it may be distinguished, even im

worn shells, by the appearance of pits or indentations on its exterior,

as though the keel (which is very prominent) had been bitten into its

shape by pointed distant teeth. Umdbilicus, greatest breadth 0°24,

least breadth 0°18. Operculum, character of C. corrugatus ; lamina

8 or 9 whorls, margin rather more broadly expanded and flattened

than in C. notatus, slightly concave. Height 0°63, greatest breadth

0°82, least breadth 0°71.

C. cycLoatus, Chitty. New Hope.

Form, as usual. Colour, a broad band of rich brown-red extending

round above and below the periphery, whence its name—and above

and below, light dingy yellow. Sculpture, fine strie of growth on

upper three whorls, the remainder much coarser, corrugated below

the suture, and below that, pitted ; smooth and shining at the peri-

phery ; much pitted outside the umbilical keel, coarse lines of growth

inside umbilicus. Spire, much depressed. Whorls, 42rds, well

149

rounded with deep suture. dperture, subcircular, angular (as usual)

above. Peritreme, slightly indented above. Umbilicus, large, greatest

breadth 0:27, least breadth 0°24. Umbilical keel, much raised on

the inside, and moderately so on the outside. Operculum, more con-

cave than the preceding ; sculpture partakes of that of C. corrugatus

and of C. Jamaicensis, the spiral lamina bending outwards, and its

margin slightly reflected horizontally, as in the former, and the plane

being strongly striated, as in the latter; 7, or perhaps, 9 whorls,

convex on under side. Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0°88, least

breadth 0°72.

C. puprosus, Ad., and C. sururauis, Sow. See Cat. Phan.

p- 12.

Habitat of C. dubiosus is north of “ Holland Estate,’’ near the

“Ys” river. It is very scarce; and I never could obtain more

than one small lot, of about nine or ten specimens, many not fresh ;

and only one with the operculum, the spiral lamina of which is very

like in all respects to that of C. suturalis (see id., p. 12); but has

at least 7 whorls; these in both shells bend outwards, like to my

type of C. corrugatus, with margins well reflected outwards, but

scarcely horizontally, though more so in C. dudiosus than in C. su-

turalis; the under side of operculum is flat. C. suturalis is found

in the higher mountains which run from Manchester, as far as New

Hope, Westmoreland, in the west end of the island; but not, I

' think, near the spot where the former is found, though passing it.

§ I.

C. varians, Ad. See Cat. Phan., p. 15, and ante, p. 145, as to

formation of lamina on operculum. Operculum, planulate on the

under side. Height 0°72, greatest breadth 0°9, least breadth 0°72.

C. VARIANS, var. a., Chitty.

Is of a darker colour; the operculum is slightly more concave ;

the last part of the last whorl is nearly smooth, devoid of sculpture ;

the umbilical keel is not so wide, and the shell is much less depressed

in proportion to its breadth. Height 0°72, greatest breadth 0°86,

least breadth 0°67.

C. SUBRUGOSUS, Sow. See Cat. Phan., p. 15.

The description of operculum, wanting there, I am able to supply ;

Class varians, more planular, with 9 or 10, or perhaps more whorls

of the spiral lamina; planulate below.

C. corrueatior, Chitty. Gutter’s Hill.

Form, much depressed-turbinate. Colour, light red-brown, in-

clined to pink, with a light brown epidermis. Sculpture, fine

striz of growth on the Ist and 2nd whorls, except on the nu-

clear apex; from about the completion of the 2nd whorl, the

diagonal (from right above to lett below) corrugation becomes

very strongly and regularly defined, terminating, in regularity,

150

at about one half of the last whorl, where the corrugation be-

comes coarse, irregular, and ill-defined, till little more than

coarse striz of growth are seen behind the aperture. From the

periphery downwards, the corrugations on the last whorl, for about

its first half, are much closer together than those above, and lie

almost horizontally, but inclining from left above to right below;

and, outside the umbilical keel, the rest of the whorl below the peri-

phery is much pitted. Strize of growth inside the umbilicus rather

fine. Spire much depressed, with convex outlines. Whorls nearly

5, well rounded with a deep suture. Aperture well rounded, slightly

subangular above. Peritreme rather reflected, and spread on the

right, sometimes double above; thickened (as is usual) on the left,

and slightly detached from body-whorl. Uméilicus broad; greatest

breadth, 0°35; least breadth, 0°31. Umbilical keel well developed.

Operculum moderately concave above, planulate below, rather in-

clined to that of C. corrugatus form, from the cross lines on the

margin of the spiral lamina being less developed, but otherwise like

the C. vartans type in general character of closeness to one another.

8 or 9 whorls, and still a vacuity in the centre. Height 0-7, greatest

breadth 0°98, least breadth, 0°84.

Var. minor, Chitty, is much smaller; being, height 0°53, greatest

breadth 0°8, least breadth 0°65.

Var. magna, Chitty, is much more conical; height 0°8, greatest

breadth 0°92, least breadth 0°81.

C. gemma, Chitty. New Hope.

Form, very much depressed-turbinate. Colour, bluish-white, with

a light brown epidermis. Sculpture, like to C. corrugatior, but

corrugation commences almost at the first quarter of the 3rd

whorl ; corrugation very marked in proportion to size, as in

C. corrugatior ; sometimes in zigzag vertically, sometimes with dia-

gonal arrow-head-shaped indentations, the points being on the peri-

phery, on the last whorl. Spire, much depressed, with convex

outlines. Whorls, 44, well rounded with a deep suture, last whorl

much depressed. Aperture, widely expanded, especially on the

right side and below, slightly angular above. Perttreme, well ex-

panded on right side, more separated from body-whorl on left than

in C. corrugatior. Umbilicus, broad; greatest breadth, 0:21, least

breadth, 0°16. Umbilical keel, almost obsolete. Operculum, same

as in C. corrugatior, with about 9 whorls. Height 0°41, greatest

breadth 0°66, least breadth 0°51.

C. ziezaG, Chitty. Trelawny.

Form, depressed-turbinate. Colour, white, with light brown epider-

mis. Sculpture, like C. corrugatior in the upper whorls, only

very much finer and closer, and more regularly corrugated, in

zigzag form, on the last whorl, and finely corrugated all over

the under side, except behind the aperture, round the um-

bilicus. Spzze, moderately elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls,

151

4%, well rounded, with a deep suture at the upper whorls, and a

moderate one above the last whorl. Aperture, subcircular, diam.

0°34, expanding rather on the umbilical than on the opposite side,

slightly detached from the body-whorl; angular above. Peri-

treme, slightly sinuate. Umbilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°15,

least breadth 0°13. Umbilical keel, well produced. Operculum,

small (diameter 0°25) with spiral lamina of 9 whorls, and perhaps

more; much more concave than in C. varians, and less so than

C. corrugatior; planulate beneath. Height 0-6, greatest breadth

0-75, least breadth 0°58.

: § III.

C. seminupvus, Ad. See Ad. Contrib. Conch., pp. 143, 146;

Cat. Phan., p. 15.

In order to carry out my views as to the specific value of the

opercula, it is necessary I should enlarge upon Adams’s descrip-

tion, which is as follows :—‘‘ Operculum quite concave, with

the spiral lamella scarcely elevated, but much thickened and

appressed on the exterior side.’ My description is: — Oper-

culum concave on the upper side, and convex on the under side,

with 5 or 6 distant whorls of spiral lamina, scarcely elevated, and

much thickened; the margins spreading widely outwards horizon-

tally into a surface covered by excentric lines, so as to join each suc-

ceeding whorl, and apparently not detached ; closely appressed to the

plane, though in reality (as seen on breaking the operculum in half)

not soldered to it. This operculum, from its centre, represents the

base of an amphitheatre, each whorl resembling very broad steps or

seats rising towards the exterior; greatest diameter 0°34, least

breadth 0°32. Umbilicus, greatest breadth 0°41, least breadth 0°34.

Habitat, north-west border of Manchester, and Bogue estate, St.

Elizabeth.

C. De BurGuxanvs, Chitty. ? Westmoreland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, bluish-white, with an epidermis, light

brick-red, on the upper whorls, turning into a pale straw-colour for

about 1th below the suture, on part of the penult, and on the last

whorl, and rich red-brown over the remainder, which is sometimes in-

terrupted by straw-coloured bands at the periphery and round the um-

bilical keel. Sculpture, lines of growth on 3% of the upper whorls,

thence it becomes finely corrugated below the suture on the penult

whorl, very coarsely so on the Jast whorl, sometimes extremely so,

and knotted at the sinuation in the peritreme, all below being smooth

and shining, except for the continuance of the lines of growth, a few

distant blunted spiral lines, and a few pittings scattered below at the

junction of the umbilical keel and aperture. Within the umbilicus,

the lines of growth are very coarse. Spire, well elevated with con-

vex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded with a well-impressed suture.

Aperture, rather oblique, well expanded below. Peritreme, light-

brown, more sinuate above than C. seminudus, and sometimes very

152

deeply sinuated ; in age not so much thickened as in C. seminudus,

but in one instance of a larger (than typical) old shell, very much

produced from the body-whorl. Umbilicus, narrow ; greatest breadth

0-3, least breadth 0°24. Umbilical keel,well developed, not very broad.

Operculum, planular above, with a slightly elevated, broad, rounded

lamina, of about 5 whorls far apart, and the last much farther from

the outer edge of the operculum; the margins broadly reflected and

expanded on the plane of the operculum and covered with sharp

excentric striz; on the under side, the centre is elevated at the

nucleus, then concave and broadly raised all round the edge; greatest

breadth 0°43, least breadth 0°4. Height of shell 0°84, greatest

breadth 0°99, least breadth 0°82. Named in compliment to Mrs.

De Burgh.

I have reason to fear that I may have distributed this shell as

C. seminudus. Let me here observe how excellent a guide is the

operculum ; but for the concavity of C. seminudus and the flatness

of this, other differences might have escaped notice. How marked

‘are the differences, however !

Measurements of Measurements of

C. seminudus. DeBurgheanus.

Height. of shell #22259. 258. 722065204 200s to. eae 0°84

Greatest breadth ........ SS andhisens, Joe 0°99

Beast“ breadth, 22220. 29/2000: OI 2. [Poa 0°82

Greatest breadth of umbilicus. . 0°41..............0°3

Least breadth ...... 0200.0... O-S45o tk eee 0°24

Greatest breadth of operculum. .0°34.............- 0°43

Least breadth .............. 0320. U5. . th Bae 0-4

C. RUDIS-PLANUSQUE, Chitty. Accompong Town, St. Elizabeth.

This shell, likewise, Adams has distributed as a variety of C. varians,

from which it most materially differs in its operculum. It is, how-

ever, a puzzling shell, as it varies so much in its dimensions, as seen

below.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, dark brown; sometimes light red-

brown ; sometimes, in age, almost black on the last whorl; some-

times with a light narrow band at the periphery ; sometimes with a

broad band. Sculpture, inconstant, generally shining and smooth,

except for rather coarse strie of growth; sometimes finely corru-

gated on the penult whorl and below the suture on the last whorl,

and below, at the junction of the peritreme and umbilical keel ;

sometimes merely slightly pitted here and there; sometimes with

the lines of growth very coarsely developed on the upper whorls ;

coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, well elevated,

with convex outlines. Whorls, 43, moderately rounded, with deep

suture above; moderate suture at the termination of the last whorl,

which is much depressed. Aperture, pyriform, expanded on the

right. Peritreme, generally very sinuate on the right above. Um-

bilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°25, least breadth 0°22. Umbilical

keel, well developed. Operculum, like C. DeBurgheanus, only

planular on the under side.

153

height 0.71, greatest breadth 0°82, least

breadth 0°65.

height 0°51, greatest breadth 0°67, least

breadth 0°53.

. height 0°34, greatest breadth 0°45, least

Of the smallest size.... { Lah 0:35.

Of the largest specimen {

Of the medium size....

C. pretiosus, Chitty. New Hope.

Form, depressed-conic. Colour, middling light rich brown. Sculp-

ture, 1st, 2nd and 3rd and 4 whorls (except the nuclear apex) very

fine, gradually growing very strong and prominent, vertical lines of

growth ; the rest, finely diamond-cut above and below, except the last

third of the last whorl, which is smooth, with fine lines of growth,

and sometimes diamond-cut below. Lines of growth coarse within

the umbilicus. Spire, much depressed, with scarcely convex outlines.

Whorls, 44, well rounded, with a deep suture, last whorl much ex-

panded at the aperture on the right and below. Aperture, much

detached from penult whorl, well rounded, width and height (into the

usual angle) 0°24. Peritreme, very slightly sinuate above, much

thickened in mature shells. Umdbilicus, wide, greatest breadth 0-15.

Umbilical keel, moderately developed for little more than half a whorl.

Opereulum, like C. rudis-planusque, but with 4 whorls-only, and the

outer one is in proportion further from the edge. “Height 0°41,

greatest breadth 0°56, least breadth 0°45. f

C. Barrpianvs, Chitty.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, rich red-brown, with? sometimes-a

lighter band at the periphery and round the umbilical keél, yellow- +,

ish at the suture on the last whorl. Sculpture, fine lines of growth, ee

on the upper whorls and fine corrugation on the penult and last ; v 4

moderately coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, well

elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with deep |

suture. Aperture, much expanded to the left, pyriform. Perv-

treme, rather sinuate above, much projecting at the usual angle.

Umbilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0-2. Operculum, like C. seminu-

dus, but with only 4 whorls, the last rising higher, further from the

edge, and spreading more widely than any of this class of opercula,

so as almost to form a concave surface, except towards the centre.

Height 0°57, greatest breadth 0°65, least breadth 0°57.

C. ruseEr, Chitty. Westmoreland.

Form, depressed-conic. Colour, very red-brown, especially red on

the apex and internally, with a somewhat lighter band at the peri-

phery and round the umbilicus, slightly yellow below the suture on

the last whorl. Sculpture, very fine lines of growth on the first 3

whorls, and then coarser and coarser, yet fine diamond-cutting

throughout ; corrugated also below the suture just behind the

aperture, and very much where the peritreme and umbilical keel

meet ; coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, not

much elevated: convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, deep

“A

154

suture. Aperture, very oblique, approaching to straight on the left,

and much expanded, especially above on the right. Perdtreme,

slightly sinuate above. Umbilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°24.

Umbilical keel, strongly produced within, rather flat outside, conti-

nuous round the whorl. Operculum, rather concave and convex on

the lower side between the types of C. seminudus and C. Jamaicensis ;

whorls 6, the margins rising higher before dilation than in C. semi-

nudus, and being much broader and rounder than in C. Jamaicensis.

Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0°88, least breadth 0°7.

This shell has been distributed by Adams asa variety of C. varians.

§ IV.

C. Jamaicensis, Chemn. See Cat. Phan. p. 13.

I will only add to that description, that the operculum, though

generally planular, is sometimes very triflingly concave, and that the

last lamella whorl is wide apart from the edge.

C. pentisticmatus, Chitty. Yallahs Hill and Portland.

Form, depressed-conic. Colour, dark olive brown, strong red-brown

at the apex and within the aperture. Sculpture, coarse lines of

growth down to the last quarter of the penult whorl, thence coarse

corrugation till it becomes extremely coarse, wide and highly raised

at the back of the last whorl, and becomes obsolete at the back of the

aperture ; below the periphery, smooth with about 14 deep eccentric

tooth-like indentations running up to the umbilical keel (thence the

name) ; lines of growth within the umbilicus, not coarse. Spire, well

elevated, somewhat mammiform, with concave outlines. Whorls,

54, much rounded with a deep suture, last very large and ventricose.

Aperture, rather oblique, dilated on the right side, large, red-brown

within. Peritreme, very sinuate above. Umbzilicus, largely open and

funnel-shaped, greatest breadth 0°36. Umbilical keel, very promi-

nent and wide. Operculum, planular above, lamina of 9 whorls rising

higher and much closer than in C. Jamaicensis, which it much re-

sembles otherwise ; below the margins, the lamina spreads out as in

C. seminudus, so as to touch each consecutive whorl, and appear to be

appressed to the plane, but are de fucto detached. Last whorl close

to the edge, rather concave below. Height 0°9, greatest breadth 1°13,

least breadth 0°9.

This shell may be readily known by the tooth-marks which give

rise to its name. Its operculum and size distinguish it from

C. Nove-Spei.

C. novus-saLtus, Chitty. New Forest.

Form, depressed-conic. Colour, brown. Sculpture, throughout

fine somewhat close regular striz of growth, which give a silky

appearance. Spire, moderately elevated, with convex outlines.

Whorls, 54, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, circular,

not expanded. Peritreme, simple. Umbilicus, greatest breadth 0°32.

Umbilical keel, almost obsolete, just visible. Operculum, concave

155

above; spiral lamina of 7 whorls rising as in C. Jamaicensis, but

much narrower at the margins, which are deflected and expanded

on to the plane as in C. dentistigmatus, but do not quite so closely

approach the consecutive whorl. Height 0°76, greatest breadth 0-97,

least breadth 0°77.

C. crassus, Ad. See Cat. Phan., p. 16.

C. rnutixis, Chitty. (Unique.)

Form, much depressed-conic. Colour, light brown ; apex red-

brown. Sculpture, fine lines of growth on the 3} whorls, thence

(for its size) roughly corrugated, except the last quarter of last

whorl, where,-above, lines of growth are strong, with slight pitting ;

lines of growth fine within the umbilicus. Spire, much depressed,

with convex outlmes. Whorls, 4, well rounded, with very deep

suture. Aperture, oblique from left to right below, dilated above

and much expanded to the right, horizontally elliptical, 0:22 across,

0:2 vertically. Peritreme, rather sinuate above, and detached from

the penult whorl. Umbzlicus, open and large, greatest breadth 0-14.

Umbilical keel, well defined inside umbilicus. Operculum, of C. Ja-

maicensis type, concave exteriorly, with lamella of 5 whorls, like

C. crassus. Height 0°31, greatest breadth 0°46, least breadth 0°35.

§ V.

C. rupis-FonTIs, Chitty. Rock Spring, Hanover.

Form, globose-conic, very thick and substantial. Colour, deep red-

brown, with a broad band of dingy yellow next below the suture on

the penult whorl, lighter behind the aperture, red at the apex, light

brown at the periphery, and bluish-white inside the aperture.

Sculpture, fine lines of growth, with a slight corrugation and slight

pitting below the suture on the last whorl; lines of growth fine

within the umbilicus, somewhat pitted close to the exterior of the

umbilical keel. Spire, well raised, with convex outlines. Whorls,

+, well rounded with deep suture; last slightly depressed above.

Aperture, slightly expanded on the right. Peritreme, very much

thickened, slightly sinuate above. Umdbilicus, moderately open,

greatest breadth 0°22, funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, strongly

and broadly produced outside and inside. Operculum, planular below

and above, plane plain or smooth, lamina with 6 whorls rising high

and vertically to the plane exteriorly, thickened at the base and

rising with a slight outward slope, so as to make the margin com-

paratively sharp; termination of the last whorl sharp ; last whorl

distant from the upraised edge of the plane. Height 0.79, greatest

breadth 0°99, least breadth 0°75.

C. corruGatissimus, Chitty.

Form, depressed-conic. Colour, brown. Sculpture, 3 and 2rds of

upper whorls fine lines of growth, thence very much and very

coarsely corrugated above and below in zigzag form to close behind

156

the aperture with deep tooth-like indentations round the umbilical

keel ; inside the umbilical keel fine strie of growth. Spire, not

much elevated, with almost straight outlines. Whorls 5, well

rounded, deep suture. Aperture, slightly oblique to the right below,

much expanded below. Peritreme, much sinuate above, and sinuated

throughout. Umbilicus, moderately open, greatest breadth 0°31,

funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, well developed, not very wide,

deeply produced inside. Operculum, deep concave, lamina elevated,

as in C. Rupis-Fontis, 7 whorls of the same character much closer

together, and close to outer edge of plane ; termination of last whorl

inflected and thickened. Height 0°81, greatest breadth 1-1, least

breadth 0°81.

§ VI.

C. sucosus, Ad. See Cat. Phan. p.14. Had. St. Elizabeth.

C. suGosus, var. parva, Chitty.

A small variety of this shell occurs. Height 0°52, greatest breadth

0°8, least breadth 0°61.

C. sucosvs, var. striosus, Chitty.

A still smaller variety occurs, the mouth of which is less dilated,

and the sculpture is altogether less corrugated, and which, from

above the periphery on the lower part of the last whorl, gives place

to close, parallel, diagonal groovings. Height 0°39, greatest breadth

0°6, least breadth 0°5.

C. sucosus, var. rufilabris, Chitty.

This I doubtfully place as a variety only ; if thought otherwise, it

may take specific rank as C. rufilabris. It is much more conical

than C. jugosus, brownish on the lip, coarsely corrugate in the site

of the obsolete umbilical keel; the umbilicus is very narrow; the

end of the last whorl on the operculum is appressed to the preceding

whorl. Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0°71, least breadth 0°57.

C. patuescens, Ad. Hab. North-east corner of St. Elizabeth,

Chitty. See Cat. Phan. p.14.—Lamella 10 whorls on opercu-

lum, and much less raised than in C. jugosus.

C. WESTMORELANDENSIS, Chitty. Westmoreland.

Form, subglose-conic. Colour, red-brown, with light brown epi-

dermis ; aperture red-brown; ‘apex red. Sculpture, fine lines of

growth, with slight coarse corrugation over the middle of last whorl,

coarse lines of growth inside umbilical keel. Spire, well elevated,

with slightly convex outlines. Whorls, 51, well rounded, but less

above; moderate suture. Aperture, well rounded, slightly oblique

to the left below, a little dilated on the right below. Peritreme,

much sinuate above. Umbilicus, moderate size, greatest breadth 0°3.

Umbilical keel, moderately produced. Operculum, planular below,

but from the increasing height of the whorls of the spiral lamina,

apparently concave above; 9 or 10 whorls, closer than in C. jugosus,

end of last whorl appressed to preceding one. Height 0°8, greatest

breadth 0°97, least breadth 0°81.

C. noposvus, Chitty. Maroon Town, St. James.

Form, more depressed-conic. Colour, white, with light brown

epidermis, brown at lip and on operculum. Seulpture, lines of

growth, remarkably knotted corrugation on last whorl, pitted deep

about umbilical keel, and coarse lines of growth within. Spire, de-

pressed, with rather straight outlines. Whorls, 54, well rounded,

with deep suture. Aperture, rather oblique to the left below.

Peritreme, slightly sinuate above. Umbilicus, wide, greatest breadth

0°3, funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, not wide, but well produced.

Operculum, small, strong, sharp-edged lamina of 5 or 6 wide-apart

whorls, rising almost equally from the flat plane, end of last thick-

ened. Height 0-6, greatest breadth 0°85, least breadth 0°67.

C. Beswicxt, Chitty. Bogue Estate, north-east corner of St.

Elizabeth.

Form, subglobose-conic. Colour, pinkish, with light brown epi-

dermis. Sculpture, very coarse lines of growth, very slight distant

corrugation on the last whorl, coarser below; fine lines of growth

within umbilical keel. Spire, well elevated, with almost straight

outlines. Whorls, 54, moderately rounded, with moderate suture.

Aperture, oblique and much dilated to the right below, depressed

above. Peritreme, slightly sinuate above, sharp on the right. Um-

bilicus, moderate, greatest width 0°25. Umdbilical keel, strongly pro-

duced. Operculum, with lamina of about 9 much incurved close

spiral whorls, which are very slightly concave on the entire margins ;

end of last a little incurved to preceding one. Height 0°75, greatest

breadth 0:9, least breadth 0°74.

C. pERPALLIDUS. Near Moore Town, Portland.

This shell was originally brought to me by a negro named Shelly,

whom I could never, even by money! excite to sufficient energy to

collect more. See Cat. Phan. p.16. Operculum still wanting.

4. Description or a New Species or Antetorr (Oryx Bea-

TRIX) FROM BomsBay?, LATELY LIVING IN THE MENa-

GERIE OF THE Society. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray,

F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Ent. Soc. etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LV.)

The African genus Oryx is divided into two sections, according

to the form of the horn. In one, the Kookaam, or Gemsboc (0.

gazella), the horns are straight ; in the true Oryx (0. leucoryw), they

are arched and recurved. The former has a black streak along

the lower part of the sides, and is found over a large extent of

Africa, from the Cape to Abyssinia ; for O, Biessa of Riippell ap-

158

peared to be only a small variety of O. gazella, the smaller size de-

pending on some peculiarity in the climate or locality, as is the case

with the Strepsiceros kudu found in Abyssinia by Capt. Harris,

which is only half the size of that inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope.

The O. leucoryx, on the other hand, which is confined to Senaar

and Senegal, is without any indication of the lateral streak.

The animal now under consideration is intermediate between these

species ; it has the straight horn of 4. gazella and the plain colour

of A. leucoryx, but its dark legs and peculiar white feet at once

separate it from either.

The animal was presented to the Society by Capt. John Shepherd

of the India House ; it was regarded in the Gardens as a half-grown

Oryx gazella, and is said to have been brought from Bombay. A

pair was shipped from the latter port, but the female died at sea.

The male is now in the Collection of the British Museum.

Oryx Beatrix. The Beatrice. (Pl. LV.)

The horns slender, straight, or only very slightly curved near the

tip, annulated nearly to the tip. White; a spot on the middle of

the face, a smaller spot between the base of the horns, a large

patch on each cheek, extended above up to the eyes, and united to-

gether beneath under the throat; the knees and front of the fore-

and hind-legs, and a large spot on the chest, dark blackish brown ;

the legs to the posterior grey-brown ; end of the tail black.

Hab. Bombay, but probably brought from the shores of the Red

Sea. Brit. Mus.

This specimen is not half the size of the Gemsboc from the

Cape, and is immediately known from it by the distribution of its

colours.

In form and size it resembles the true Oryx (O. leucoryz), but it

differs in the straightness of the horn, the size and form of the cheek-

spot, and especially in the dark colour of the legs, and the well-

marked white ring around the fetlock joint just above the hoof.

The hair is whorled on the middle of the haunches like the rest of

the genus, and the hairs of the back in front of the withers are

directed forwards.

5. Description OF New GENERA OF GorGONIADH. By Dr. |

Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P. Z. & Ent. Soc. |

ETC.

(Radiata, Pl. VIII.)

]. SARCOGORGIA.

The coral rather irregularly furcately branched on a single plane.

The axis black, cylindrical, thick at the base, with slender flexible

branchlets. The bark fleshy ; in the dry state, thin, like a continuous

skin, smooth, without spicula, with rather close more or less raised

cells, strengthened with a quantity of sand-like granular spicula.

159

This genus is at once distinguished from all the other Gorgonie

that I have seen, by its thin, smooth, skin-like bark studded with

sandy more or less raised wart-like cells, which on the thick stem are

numerous all round the surface, scarcely raised, while on the thinner

branchlets they are further apart, and form prominent wart-like

cells.

The axis is olive-brown, formed of concentric laminz, which often

show a space between them at the fractures. When the bark is soaked

in potash it is rather thick and flesh-like, and the cells are surrounded

with a single series of rather regularly disposed, nearly equal-sized,

angular, sand-like, transparent particles, forming a sheath to the

olype.

: The tentacle of the polypes, when examined in this state, are

thick, conical, and simple, without any indication of the pinnate tu-

bercles which are to be seen in the living Gorgonia, according to the

observations of most naturalists.

I only know of a single species of the genus, which was purchased

of a dealer in natural history at Liverpool, without any habitat.

SarcocoreiA pHipippus. (Pl. VIII.)

2. SUBERGORGIA.

Coral furcately branched, rather compressed, with a continued

sunken groove up the middle of each side. Cell rather prominent,

convex, in two or three rather irregular series up each edge. Axis

pale brown, wart-like, formed of rather loosely concentric fibrous

lamin, containing a large quantity of calcareous matter, and effer-

vescing with muriatic acid. The bark when dry is rather thin,

smooth, hard and granular within.

SUBERGORGIA SUBEROSA.

Subergorgonia suberosa, Esper. t. 49.

This genus, and the genera Junceella, Ctenocella, and Gorgonella

of Valenciennes, should be arranged with Corallium under the family

Coralliide, characterized by having a calcareous axis.

6. DescripTION OF A RABBIT SAID TO BE FOUND ON THE HimMa-

LAYAN Mountains. By A. D. Bartuett.

(Mammalia, Pl. LVI.)

This animal is smaller than the domestic Rabbit, being shorter

and more compact ; its body is pure white, the nose, ears, legs and

tail are of a dark brownish-black, the eyes dark red.

The fur is much shorter and more nearly equal in length than in

the common Rabbit. The young are perfectly white all over until

they are five or six weeks old, at which time the nose and tail begin

160

to get dark-coloured ; the feet soon afterwards get dark, and lastly

the ears turn black.

In their movements they appear quicker than other rabbits, and

they jump a considerable distance; some in my possession I have

seen leap upon objects 3 feet from the ground. The first specimens

of these animals that came under my notice were obtained by Mr.

Baker, who informed me that they came from the Himalayas. I

have since seen a large number of them, and in no instance have I

observed any variation in the colour or markings. They are prolific

breeders, and appear extremely hardy.

Having some recollection of hearing a furrier once speak of the

skins of the Polish Rabbit, I took an opportunity a few days since to

examine a large lot of these skins at a fur warehouse, when I found

that they were beyond all doubt from the animal now under notice.

Upon inquiry I was told that these skins are imported into this

country in large numbers, and extensively used as a substitute for

ermine, which fur they much resemble. I find in Mulsant, ‘ Cours

Elémentaire d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ the following :—‘“‘ The fur of the

White Rabbit, even that of tne Polish Rabbit, is easily distinguished

from that of the ermine, by its less cylindrical hairs, which are con-

siderably longer than the down.” I am also informed that they

are bought at the great sale of furs that takes place annually at

Leipsic ; to this great fair skins are brought from all parts of the

world, and I think it highly probable that these skins are imported

from the mountainous parts of Asia.

I have not at present examined the skull of this animal, but should

I find sufficient difference upon comparing it with the skulls of the

other known species, I shall then propose for it the name of Lepus

nigripes, or Black-footed Rabbit.

July 14, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould having returned from a visit to the United States,

whither he had proceeded for the purpose of studying the habits and

manners of the species of Trochilus frequenting that portion of the

American continent, detailed some of the results of his observations.

Having arrived just prior to the period of the bird’s migration

‘rom Mexico to the north, and having had ample opportunities for ob-

serving it in a state of nature, he noticed that its actions were very

peculiar, and quite different from those of all other birds: the flight

is performed with a motion of the wings so rapid as to be almost

imperceptible ; indeed the muscular power of this little creature ap-

161

pears to be very great in every respect, as, independently of its rapid

and sustained flight, it grasps the small twigs, flowers, &c. upon

which it alights with great firmness, and if wounded clings to them

with the utmost tenacity : it appears to be most active in the morn-

ing and evening, and to pass the middle of the day under the shade

of the thick leafy branches. Occasionally it occurs in such numbers,

that fifty or sixty may be seen on a single tree. When captured,

it so speedily becomes tame, that it will feed from the hand or

mouth within half an hour. Successful in keeping one alive during

a long railway journey, in a gauze bag attached to his breast-button,

for three days, during which it readily fed from a small bottle filled

with a syrup of brown sugar and water, Mr. Gould determined to

attempt the bringing of some living examples to England, in which

he succeeded, but unhappily they did not long survive their arrival

in London, and died on the second day: had they lived, it was his

intention to have sent them to the Society’s Gardens, where they

would doubtless have been objects of great attraction. Mr. Gould

added, that he was certain that they might be readily brought to this

country ; that they would live in the gardens at least during the

months of summer, and that the captains of any of the great steamers

now voyaging between England and America would willingly render

the assistance requisite to effect this desirable object.

Mr. Gould exhibited a highly interesting species of Ceriornis,

which he had found in the Collection of Dr. Cabot of Boston, who,

with the greatest liberality, permitted him to bring it to England

for the purpose of comparison and description. The appearance of

this bird is very singular, and the uniform buff colouring of the

breast would lead to the supposition that it is merely a variety of

one or other of the previously known species of the genus; but the

greater length of the tarsi, and the well-defined markings of the

back, forbid such a conclusion. For this new bird, forming the

fourth species of the genus, Mr. Gould proposed the name of

CrERIorRNIs CABOTI.

Forehead, sides of the head, nape and chin, black ; crest and sides

of the neck deep red; all the upper surface mottled with black, rich

chestnut, buffy white, and black, the latter colouring assuming the

form of a large circular spot at the tip of each feather; this buff

mark greatly increasing in size on the scapularies, and the greater

wing- and tail-coverts ; primaries and tail feathers very dark brown,

crossed with toothed markings of buff mottled with black ; breast

and under surface deep sandy buff stained with red, and black on

the flanks, under tail-coverts and thighs.

Total length, 184; bill, 13; wing, 10; tail, 71; tarsi, 3}; middle

toe and nail, 23.

Hab. China.

Remark.—This species is more nearly allied to C. Temminchki than

No. CCCXXXVII.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

162

to the other members of the genus. The specimen is believed to be

unique.

The following papers were read :—

1. On STroAsTtoMiIp& AS A FAMILY, AND ON SEVEN PROPOSED

New Genera, Srxty-oNE New Species, anD Two New

VARIETIES FROM JAMAICA. By THE Hon. Epwarp Cuirtty.

Stoastomide! When I first open my cabinet of this Family to

the spectator, two observations are generally made. The one, “ How

minute! how could you trouble yourself with such specks! they are

not worth seeing, for we cannot see them.’ Then follows, ‘‘ Well,

they are very wonderful ; but how did you collect them?”

To the first observation I answer, ‘‘ True, they are but specks, and

have very much injured my eyesight ; but they are worth seeing

under the microscope ; for they are worthy to rank, and must rank,

in point of sculpture, with the most wonderful and beautiful shells

known to conchologists, and most of them are most worthy of a

sculptor’s or designer’s study.’’ Among the Helices, Pupe, Acha-

tine, Cylindrelle, Bulimi, &c. there are plenty of minute species

almost microscopic, and interesting enough; but, under the micro-

scope, these only improve in size, and no further beauties are un-

folded, and little further interest is given to them by its use. The

Stoastomide, however, are not only wonderful for their minuteness,

and from the knowledge that, however minute, they are part of an

animal, perfect in its anatomy as that of the largest shell; but the

form and sculpture of each species are so marked, that the microscope

brings out in each, new beauties and new wonders, entitling them to

rank among the most wonderful works in animal creation. And to

say the least of these Stoastomide, ‘‘They are shells, and beautiful

ones too, and are not only worthy, but must,—being known to exist,

—be in every cabinet that pretends to the smallest degree of perfec-

tion or completion.”’

To the second I shall reply by practical information which I think

will be valued.

*« Easily attained, little valued,” may be taken as a good general

maxim. But my love for this family arose from a difficulty ; and as

it involves the history of Stoastoma, I may be permitted to relate it.

‘In the winter of 1848-49 the late Prof. C. B. Adams paid

me a visit in Jamaica ; and looking over a limited collection, he ob-

served that which is now known as Stoastoma pisum. The singu-

larity of its semicircular mouth was noticed by him, as it had been

by me; but it then stood alone, and he put it on one side to be de-

cribed as Helicina pisum, hesitating to give it generic importance.

He next visited Manchester parish, the principal habitat of S¢.

pisum ; and meanwhile I, in my own garden in St. Thomas in the

East parish, close to Yallahs Hill, found a minute shell with a some-

what similar mouth, about which I corresponded with him. This

163

turned out to be that wonderful and beautiful speck St. Wilkinson-

@anum. We again in Manchester collected more specimens of S.

pisum and other species of the family, and, first under the proposed

generic name of “‘ Hemicyclostoma,”’ the species were finally placed

under the generic name of “ Stoastoma”’ at the suggestion of Dr.

A. A. Gould. While Adams was still away from me, as I was exa-

mining my only specimen of S. Wilkinsoneanum, it dropped from

my hand—fortunately on to the floor-cloth,—and I did not recover

it till after a full hour’s careful search. This showed me the folly

of being satisfied with the possession of one specimen only, where

others might be obtained; and I determined to make a vigorous

search for more. I ransacked my garden and all round, in vain ; for,

as I now conclude, it had been brought there accidentally, per-

haps by a bird; till at last I crossed a deep ravine, a streamlet at

the bottom of it, and got to one side of what we call “ Little Yallahs’

Hill,” which stands a good half-mile crow-fly distance from my

garden ; there I found a spot, a slope on the hill-side, with crumbling

fine dirt running, or sifting as it were, down it. There I first found

Geomelania Greyana (described as Cylindrella Greyana, Contrib.

Conch. p. 82, till I made out the operculum of that genus). These

were so numerous, and many so broken, that I put handfuls of the

fine dirt into a small bag for home examination. The result was,

plenty of St. Wilkinsoneanum, and other new species at the same

time.

The plan of collecting all minute shells, beyond this “bagging ”’

of dirt, is, to have a small zine or tin tray about 9 inches long and

3 wide, with sides turning up all round half an inch high. I put

about half a teaspoonful of dirt, such as I have alluded to, into it.

Holding the tray at each end, and tilting it the furthest side down-

wards, shaking it lightly backwards and forwards, right and left, end

to end, causes the dirt to fall and spead somewhat evenly along the

outer edge ; then, Jevelling the tray, a slight jerk from side to side

of the tray causes the whole of the dirt to spread pretty evenly over

the tray’s surface, and exposes every minute object to view, with the

aid of strong spectacles or a lens. A pointed wetted camel’s-hair

brush takes up and may deposit the minute subjects into a pill-box, or

other receptacle, for future examination. The formation of Jamaica

being mostly tertiary limestone, out of abont a quart of such dirt as

this, I have taken dozens and dozens of minute specimens of no less

than thirty-one species, besides larger ones, which the naked eye

could well see—probably upwards of fifty species from one quart of

dirt altogether !

I am about to describe sixty-one new species, which, added to

those described by Adams, make the total of eighty belonging to

Jamaica. Yet let it not be imagined for one moment that I consider

these are all that inhabit the island: on the contrary, I incline to

think that that number might be doubled or trebled were the whole

land explored.

I consider that the range of each species is very limited, and that

164

each spot of land suitable to them will contain distinct species which

are not to be found elsewhere. S. piswm is a remarkable exception.

That shell occurs in the Back Woods or highest mountains in the

north of Manchester; at Porus, say ten miles “crow-fly”’ distance

on the east border of Manchester ; at Moreland and “ Bull dead”

in Manchester, say about the same distance south, near the western

border: and again it is found at Accompong Town in St. Elizabeth’s

parish, at (say) twenty-five or thirty miles to the west. And it is

curious to observe, that, taking Manchester back woods as the focus,

I have collected and received shells from many intermediate spots

between it and Porus and Moreland, and Bull dead and Accompong

town, without getting one S¢. piswm, although many shells equal or

smaller in size of other genera and species. But take any other of

the Stoastomide, and probably you will search for it in vain outside of

a circumference of three-fourths of a mile from the spot where it first

was found. Each such spot will contain probably as many as four

or six or seven species ; but to that spot all those species are confined.

In the following descriptions it will’ be seen that the habitat of six

species is certainly “‘ Peace River:” and that that of eight species

is as certainly Yallahs Hill. That latter I have personally explored ;

one of my residences was near by, and I repeatedly visited it; and I

have no hesitation in saying that none of those eight species are to

be found at half a mile either way. There are hundreds of spots

of this kind in the island never trodden by human foot, and there~

fore there is no knowing how many Stoastomide and other minute

shells might yet be found, or how many of other genera, from large

to small, may yet be added to the terrestrial conchology of Jamaica.

The number of unique specimens in my cabinet tells us this truth,

I having been a collector in situ for years by myself or my black

deputies, who are rarely to be bribed into a repetition of a visit to a

strange and unwelcome spot.

I must here record my great thanks to my friend Dr, 8. Livesay

for the personal assistance he has afforded me with some of these

troublesome shells ; but more especially, not only for the loan of his

microscope throughout the labour, but for his most ingenious con-

trivances, which have been of the greatest help in the examination

and measurement of shells, enabling me, by aid of one, to examine

all parts by a rotatory motion, and at the same time to readily compare

one shell with another ; and by aid of another, on the sliding-scale

principle, to measure by the thousandth part of an inch with the

nicest accuracy and with the greatest facility. Future describing

conchologists would do well to make inquiries of that gentleman.

In order to give a clearer understanding of my descriptions, it is

well to state how I have proceeded to examine the shell. Dr. Live-

say’s apparatus consists of a plate on which a battery (as it were) of

large pms may be placed in grooves, and kept firm by an upper plate,

moveable at one end, so as to admit of removing them when required,

and fixed at the other by a hinge. These pins are revolved in their

grooves by the fingers, there being a small piece of rounded cork

stuck on the point of the pin to lay hold of. The sheli is gummed

165

on to the pin’s head, so that the plane of aperture is parallel to the

length of the pin, and the axis of the shell at right angles with it.

In this position the operculum, if there, or if not, the inside of the

aperture, and also the apex and umbilicus, and indeed all parts of

the shell, except the point of attachment, can be brought under the

microscope by revolving the pin.

Next, let me explain any new terms I may have used. In speak-

ing of “above”? or “ below,’”’ I always consider the apex the upper-

most, and the umbilicus the lowermost part. In speaking of “right”

or “left,” the outer edge of the aperture is considered to be on the

right hand.

In pursuing the examination, we give in succession Form and Co-

lour. Those two are manifest. Sculpture: we commence to describe

the sculpture of the last whorl, and calculate from below the suture

downwards towards the umbilical region at about a quarter from the

aperture, or the last quarter or third of the last whorl. Spiral

cariné are sculptured raised lines, transverse to the axis or column

ofa shell. The spire and its outlines are self-evident. Whorls are

counted from the aperture upwards ; from that part to where it is

opposite or attached to, what is termed, the body whorl, forms one

whorl, and so on upwards, the whole, half, third, or quarter being

determined by the exact termination of the appearance of a suture

at the nuclear apex. The aperture, or mouth, though not audibly,

speaks its own shape, &c. Labrum in Stoastoma is the edge of the

right-hand portion of the aperture, extending from the suture, as it

were, aboye, round on the right, till it finishes its curve below; the

labium being the almost straight part on the left. Labral and labial,

coined words, refer to those parts of the edge of the aperture, &e.

Labrum “double” denotes a more or less fine, sharp groove close

behind the very verge of the labral side of the aperture ; and it shows

that some at least of Stoastomide have peristome and peritreme,

though never prominent or expanded as in Choanopoma fimbriatulum,

C. Chittyi, and the like.

The ‘‘labral lamella”’ is a term we adopt, equivalent to Adams’s

‘spiral lamella,” ‘lamellar spiral keel,” ‘‘ spiral carina continued

into the lower extremity of the labrum,” &c. ; or the “lamelliform

keel,” ‘basal margin continued,”’ &c., “small lamella,’ “raised la-

mella,” Se. of Pfeiffer, Cat. Phan. I call it “Zabral’’ lamella, be-

cause it appears to me to grow out of the labral side of the shell,

one specimen of Lewisia Agassiziana in progress of development

clearly denoting the fact. It answers to the “ umbilical keel”

of ‘some of the Cyclotus. In “measurement”’ of height the axis

is placed at right angles to the base, so that “height” signifies

distance between two parallel lines, the apex touching one, and the

extreme lower edge of the aperture touching the other, the axis

being at right angles. ‘‘ Greatest breadth” measures from the edge

of the aperture about the periphery to its extreme opposite at the

other side of the last whorl, the axis being still at right angles.

** Least breadth” is when three parts of the last whorl touch two

parallel lines, that is, the plane or edge. of the aperture, the back of

166

the last whorl, and narrowest part of it close to the aperture, or the

penult whorl.

With, then, the one species from Polynesia, Electrina succinea,

the total of Stoastomide amount to 81 species known ; and I proceed

to propose an entirely new arrangement of them. Professor Adams

foresaw the necessity and propriety of it. In his ‘Monograph of

Stoastoma,’ p. 4, occur the following passages :—‘‘ The value of this

genus is equal to that of the Lamarckian genera of Cyclostoma and

flelicina. If these should be generally received as families, sub-

divided into several genera according to the plan of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, it

will be entitled to constitute a distinct family, Sroastromip#. Some

of the characters rarely, if ever, occur in other genera, while the

specific differences cofsist partly in slight modifications of these

characters. Such are the blunt but not reflected edge of the labrum

and the spiral lamella issuing from the umbilicus. The genus has

thus a very obvious type, quite distinct from any hitherto discovered.

An affinity with the Cyclostomide is established between Apero-

stoma (Troschel) and the depressed and discoidal species of Stoa-

stoma.” “Its affinity with the Helicinide is established between

Lucidella (Swainson) (??), and some of the conical species, as S.

Redfieldianum and S. Leanum, by their general form and sculpture,

and by the form of the base. But observations on the animals will

be of more value on this subject. We were not so fortunate as to

obtain living specimens. While preparing this Monograph, a cor-

respondent informs us that S. piswm when alive is sea-green.”

In raising Stoastoma into a family, I am thus justified by Pro-

fessor Adams, and only carry out his views in calling it, Family

Stoastomide, Adams.

Fortunately I happen to be ‘the correspondent ”’ who found the

shell S. pisum in “a living state ;’’ when it is, and continues after,

if so taken, of a “‘sea-green’’ colour externally. I have also exa-

mined the outward form of the animal. The following are my rough

original notes made long ago upon it :—

** STOASTOMA PISUM.

‘The animal seems to have but one pair of horns, and is thus

shaped.

[The drawing supposes the animal to be in motion. ]

167

* Horns short, thick at base, and pointed. Mbollusk black, or of

the darkest bottle-green. Seems to aid its progress by its snout.”

So different, then, is the animal and shell from either Cyclosto-

mide or Helicinide, that with propriety we may take it out of either

family and place it as a distinct family, Sroasromip#, Adams,

which I divide into the following genera ; adding, however, to Adams’

description, ‘‘ all the species ”—“ are sculptured with spiral lines ;”’

this, “ except very rarely, as in the instance of S. Philippianum;”

and it is right also to mention, that this family possesses the habit

of absorbing part of the internal structure of their shells, as pointed

out by Mr. Bland in a paper read before the Lyceum of Nat. Hist.

N. Y. (see Annals), Feb. 27th, 1854.

The genera will stand thus :—

First, those most singular shells having, as it were, two mouths,

such as the only two hitherto known, S¢. Agassizianum, Ad., and S¢.

Philippianum, Ad., demand a section to themselves. These and two

others I shall call Genus Lewista, in compliment to Prof. Lewis

Agassiz. ;

Secondly, those beautiful ones, like St. Gouldianum, with long

projecting termination of the last whorl, and such decided sculpture of

a few (four or six) strong transyerse strie, with fine ones intervening

—bheing all of subdiscoidal form (‘‘ Gouldia”’ being preoccupied

among marine shells), I shall call Genus ““WiLkiNson.™a,” in honour

to the memory of the lady whose name it bears, as well as to that of

Adams, it being the second shell of the kind he described: with a

subdivision for those devoid of the lengthened last whorl, but with

similar sculpture.

Thirdly, those singular shells with somewhat depressed spire, sub-

angulated on the upper part of the last whorl, then quasz straight

or flat at the periphery, and then subangulated again at the base,

Genus “ Fapyenis,” in memory of the lamented author of the

‘ Flora of Jamaica.’

Fourthly, those shells which represent the S. pisum, the first

type, and are subglobose, Sruastroma. ;

Fifthly, depressed conic shells, like unto S. Chittyanum, Genus

Mercatreta ; S. Chittyanum being the only one described by

Adams.

Sixthly, the globose, discoidal forms, such as Stoastoma Cumingi-

anum (that name being elsewhere preoccupied), I call Genus ‘‘ Pr-

TITIA,”’ as the second named by Adams, and in compliment to M.

Petit de la Saussaye.

Seventhly, globose conic shells, like S. Lindsleyanum, I call

Genus ‘LinDsLEyA.”

And, eighthly, the subdiscoidal, like S. Blandianum, I nominate

Genus ‘‘ BLanpiA.”

In assigning the following new specific names, it will be found that

I have adopted Prof. Adams’s course of naming them after persons.

In his list of nineteen species, only one, S. pisum, is otherwise named.

I have called all my new genera after persons recorded by Adams,

168

aud all my new species after scientific men, or persons living, well

known among conchologists, the exceptions of personal friends being

very few. And let me hope, that in so doing, I show the high

esteem I feel this family of shells is entitled to, and also my great

respect for the names I have made use of.

STOASTOMIDA, Adams.

Gen. Lewrs1a, Chitty.

1. L. Agassiziana, dd. 3. L. Woodwardiana, Chitty.

2. L. Philippiana, Ad. 4. LL. MacAndrewiana, Ch.

Gen. WiLkinson a, Chitty.

Wilkinsoneeana, Ad. 12. W. Tappaniana, Ad.

Gouldiana, 4d. 13. W. Hollandiana, Ad.

. Schomburghkiana, Ch, 14. W. Dysoniana, Ch.

Abbottiana, Ch. 15. W. Hanleyana, Ch.

Jardineiana, Ch. 16. W. Bensoniana, Ch.

Greenwoodiana, Ch. 17. W. Moussoniana, Ch.

Laidlawiana, Ch.

Sa 23255

Gen. Fapyenta, Chitty.

18. F. Fadyeniana, dd, 20. F. Grayana, Ch.

19. F. Bowerbankiana, Ch.

Gen. Stoastroma, Ad.

21. 8. pisum, dd. 24. S. (Electrina) succineum,

22. S. Pfeifferianum, dd. Sowb.

23. 8. Livesayanum, Ch.

Gen. Metcaxreta, Chitty.

25. M. Metcalfeiana, Ch. 31. M. Sinelairiana, Ch.

26. M. Chittyana, Ad. . 82. M. Mitchelliana, Ch.

27. M. Bacquiéana, Ch. 33. M. Dorhniana, Ch.

28. M. Sutherlandiana, Ch. 34. M. Layardiana, Ch.

29. M. Morchiana, Ch. 35. M. Swiftiana, Ch.

30. M. Verreauxiana, Ch.

Gen. Petitia, Chitty.

36. P. Petitiana, dd. 39. P. Stevensiana, Ch.

37. P. Cumingiana, dd. 40. P. Fortuneana, Ch.

38. P. Anthoniana, dd. 41. P. Adamsiana, CA.

169

42. P. Tayloriana, Ch. 45. P. Grevilleana, Ch.

43. P. Stricklandiana, Ch. 46. P. Carpenteriana, Ch.

44, P. Stokesiana, Ch. 47, P. (2 Lewisia) Barroniana, Ch.

Gen. Linpsteya, Chitty.

48. L. Lindsleyana, dd. 61. L. Gaskoiniana, Ch.

49. L. Pickeringiana, Ch. 62. L. Newcombiana, Ch.

50. L. Redfieldiana, Ad. 63. L. Riisseana, Ch.

51. L. Jayana, Ad. 64. L. Poeyana, Ch.

52. L. Leana, dd. 65. L. Henryana, Ch.

53. L. Denisoniana, Ch. 66. L. Alderiana, Ch.

54, L. Polyblankiana, Ch. 67. L. Bridgesiana, Ch.

55. L. Albersiana, Ch. 68. L. Salléana, Ch.

56. L. Fischeriana, Ch. 69. L. Arthuriana, Ch.

57. L. Moricandiana, dd. 70. L. Gutiereziana, Ch.

58. L. Reeveana, Ch. ° 71. L. Oweniana, Ch.

59. L. Shuttleworthiana, Ch. 72. L. Wollastoniana, Ch.

60. L. Boissieriana, Ch.

Gen. Buann1, Chitty.

73. B. Blandiana, Ad. 78. B. Hilliana, Ch.

74. B. Jeffreysiana, Ch. 79. B. Trailliana, Ch.

75. B. Bairdiana, Ch. 80. B. Lukesiana, Ch.

76. B. MacGillivrayana, Ch. 81, B. Loweana, Ch.

77. B. Troscheliana, Ch.

Genus I. Lewis1a, Chitty.

Quasi double-mouthed.

Lewista Acasstz1ana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Agassizianum,

Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 234.

The habitat of this shell is near Ackendown, Westmoreland. The

* deposit,” of which Adams speaks, is still remaining in one of my

specimens (the original type), and beyond a doubt is the operculum,

like many others I shall describe. It is so fixed in the aperture,

that I will not risk its breakage in removal, and so I cannot fully

describe it. It is excessively concave in its centre, continued on the

labial side in a long, broad, smooth, shining convex plate, shaped

like a tongue, and extending almost and sinking into the opposite

extreme of “the spiral lamella excessively developed and soldered,’’

&c., as described by Adams.

Lewista Puivipprana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Philippianum,

Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 235.

Operculum, still ?

Hab. Burnt Hill, near Ackendown, Westmoreland, zon Acken-

down.

170

Lewisia Woopwarp1Ana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover (unique).

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 14 spiral

carine, widely apart, rather blunt ; about 4 visible on the penult

whorl, lines of growth well defined. Spire, very slightly elevated,

with concave outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with a

lightly impressed suture ; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, well

detached from the body whorl, slightly depressed and slightly con-

stricted, semielliptical. Labrum, double, slightly thickened, reflected

and rounded off, smooth, plain, not scolloped. Labiwm, straight,

edge produced angularly in its centre, and much rounded and ‘re-

flected towards the umbilicus. Ladral lamella (see ante), rises

somewhat abruptly from the labrum, forming a cavity longer in its

interior than the aperture, and joins the last whorl below, beyond

the umbilicus, by rather a sharp inflection upwards; so that from

its junction to outside the labium is not wider than the lesser dia-

meter of the aperture; exteriorly very convex, with a deep suture

between it and the last whorl beneath. Umdilicus, concealed. Oper-

culum, 4

Height 0:057, greatest breadth 0-083, least breadth 0°07.

Named in compliment to 8S. P. Woodward, Esq., British Museum,

author of ‘ Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ &e.

Lewis1a MacAnprewiana, Chitty (unique).

Hab. Near the Botanic Garden, St. Andrew’s. The smallest

Stoastoma!

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pearl white, semitransparent, most

likely therefore a young shell. Sculpture, 25 equidistant fine spiral

carine. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines. Whorls,

34, well rounded, with rather a deep suture ; last whorl well rounded.

Aperture, well rounded, more than a semicircle, very slightly ex-

panded below ; a little detached from penult whorl and very slightly

depressed. Labrum, slightly double, thin, reflected very shortly,

white, shining, smooth, planular. Labium, well detached from

penult whorl, rather lower than plane of labrum, very slightly curved

to the right below. Umbilicus, N.B.! apparently very shallow, but

covered by an externally convex white callosity, which proceeds from

behind the upper end of the labium and covers the umbilicus, and

is attached to the body whorl all but at its extreme left; whereunto

it may, in older specimens, be entirely soldered. This, though in-

complete at the aperture, bears the characters of a complete shell.

The labral lamella is very slightly produced, rounded at its edge,

quite separate from the above callosity on the right, but appa-

rently joining the exterior of it on the left, round the umbilical

region.

Feisht 0:024, greatest breadth 0°046, least breadth 0-036.

I have some doubts as to placing this unique specimen in this

subgenus, but think that, from the callosity over the umbilicus and

its seeming immaturity, and the appearance that the labral lamella

171

is not complete, it will, from older or other specimens, be found to

be properly classed.

Named in compliment to Robert MacAndrew, Esq., so well known

from his valuable dredging operations.

Genus II. Wiixrnson a, Chitty.

| g 1.

Shell subdiscoidal ; last whorl extraordinarily produced. Sculpture,

a few strong and many fine carine.

Wixxinson#s WiLKinsonzxAna, Chitty.

Hab. Yallahs Hill, East face.

The symmetrical form and beautiful sculpture induce me to rank

it first. Is was also the second Stoastoma found, though not de-

seribed till long after S. Gouldianum, the latter in Sept. 1849 and

the former in Oct. 1850; for Adams at that time was inclined to

treat it as a mere variety! Stoastoma Wilkinsoneanum, Ad. Cont.

Conch. p. 148; Cat. Phan. p. 233.

Witxinson“as Goutniana, Chitty.

Hab. The backwoods in Manchester’s highest mountains, north-

ern region. Stoastoma Gouldiaua, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams,

1849, p. 5; Cat. Phan. p. 232.

Var. a. Ad.

Same habitat.

Labrum not so much produced above. dperture more cupped

and expanded in proportion. (See, as above.)

Var. b. Chitty.

Hab. Trelawny, still further north.

Is much smaller than var. a., and labrum and aperture are mini-

ature of S. Gouldianum proper.

Height 0°035, greatest breadth 0°073, least breadth 0-058.

Wi kInson#A SCHOMBURGHKIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Moreland, Manchester.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, semitransparent very pale horn. Seulp-

ture, lines of growth very apparent ; counting from the suture, there

are five less prominent and then one very prominent rounded spiral ca-

rinee, three less and one very prominent, two less and one very pro-

minent, two less and one prominent, three less and one very promi-

nent, and eight less, gradually becoming finer round the umbilicus :

visible on the upper whorls, three less, one prominent and two less.

Spire, much depressed, with considerably convex outlines. Whorls,

32rds, well rounded but flattened at the lower part; suture very

lightly impressed. Aperture, constricted at more than the width of

172

the last whorl from the labrum, about 0°015, and then convexly

rounded externally and concavely internally ; widely expanded, de-

flected below, subsemielliptical. Labrum, leaves the body at about

50°, very much thickened and reflected ; pure white; deeply scol-

loped by the strong spiral carinee, which form five blunted points.

Labium *, nearly straight above, curved below abruptly to the right

and then to the left back again ; much below the plane of the labrum,

joining it at about the constriction of the aperture above, but rising

to the plane below. Umdbilicus, narrow and deep. Labral lamella,

very slightly rounded, and projecting at its junction with the labrum,

narrow and slightly produced below. Operculum, very broadly

margined all round by a wide convex fold and a raised lamella on

the labral side like the capital italic D ; very deeply concave, with,

in the hollow, three or four rounded raised ridges crossing diagonally

from right above to left below, which are finely decussated diagonally

from left to right, the labral side finely plaited, the lower left end

expanding broadly, and folding over the lower part of the labium

in thin plaits or laminz; which plaits are continued on the lower

side of the operculum. A very interesting shell.

Height 0°039, greatest breadth 0-074, least breadth 0-053.

Named in honour of Sir Robert Schomburgk, the celebrated

traveller in Guiana, and great naturalist, &c.

WitkinsonzA ABBOTTIANA, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, subtransparent, shining.

Sculpture, five very strong spiral carine, with, at the periphery, two

highly microscopic, scarcely visible, intervening the strong lines;

three rather stronger, below the lowest strong carina round the um-

bilicus ; one strong on the upper whorls. Spz7e, much depressed,

with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with a light

suture. dperture, extraordinarily produced from the body-whorl,

rather constricted far away from the labrum, and rather cupped

inwards to the labrum; flattened above, expanded and depressed

below, semielliptical. Labrum, extraordinarily produced and de-

pressed at the uppermost strong spiral carina, slightly scolloped and

pectinated at and by the other strong carine, reflected and thickened

slightly. Ladbium, widely detached from the body-whorl, very little

curved to the right below, very much below the plane of the labrum.

Umbilicus, shallow and broad. Labral lamella, slightly and angu-

larly spread out close to the labrum, then thin and narrow and not

concealing the umbilicus. Operculum, most extraordinary, and who

can describe it?! Very deeply concave in the middle, with a broad

raised margin all round, very broad and much rounded on the labial

side, which has a largely developed tooth-like horizontal plait or fold

half-way down it descending into the hollow, and a much larger one

proceeding from the lowest labial side, flowing, as it were, to the left

* It is singular, that out of only ten specimens, every one should have the

operculum which partially hides the labium.

173

well over the labial side, and also over the labium, not concealing

the lowest part of the operculum, but showing the lowest part of

the labial side to be broad and spreading,—trumpet-shaped. Un-

fortunately I possess but two specimens, only one having the oper-

culum, which is so firmly fixed in the shell that I dare not further

attempt its extraction, and therefore I cannot further examine its

extraordinary structure.

Height 0-034, greatest breadth 0-066, least breadth 0-049.

Named in compliment to Captain George Abbott, of the R.W.I.

Steam Mail Company’s Service (at present commanding the ‘ Mag-

dalena’), for his great care and attention in procuring and pre-

serving specimens of natural history for the Zoological Society of

ondon.

WILKINSONZA JARDINEIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Swift River Head, St. George’s.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, lines of

growth visible; seven strong spiral carine, without intervening fine

ones; three strong, on upper whorls. Spire, slightly elevated, with

concave outlines. Whorls, 4, moderately convex, with a lightly im-

pressed suture ; last whorl wholly detached from the penult, extend-

ing about one-third the widest breadth of the shell beyond it, and an-

gularly and pointedly produced above. Aperture, slightly constricted

about the point of attachment to the penult whorl, then bulging or

swelling out and becoming slightly constricted at the labrum ; semi-

elliptic, but modified by the below-mentioned depression of the

labrum, and production of the last whorl, and also, in a correspond-

ing degree, on the lower side. Labrum, produced above to an extra-

ordinary degree at the second carina, and there very much depressed

or bent inwards, thickened and reflected ; very slightly scolloped by

the spiral carinze. Zabium, much detached from the penult whorl ;

upon a plane with the lower part of the labrum, but much below if

above ; slightly sinuate above, and very much so to the right at its

junction with the labrum below. Umbzlicus, moderately deep, only

partially concealed by the /abial lamella, which is narrow and shortly

incurved towards the umbilicus. Operculum, 2

Height 0-024, greatest breadth 0°059, least breadth 0°042.

Named in compliment to my friend Sir William Jardine, Bart., of

Applegarth.

WixxinsonzA GrEENWOODIANA, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of growth

visible ; three fine spiral carinze and one strong, and so on until the

fifth strong carina, below which, round the umbilicus, are six fine

carinee ; on the upper whorls one strong in the centre of six fine

carine. Spire, depressed with convex outlines. Whorls, 33, slightly

convex, with lightly impressed suture. Aperture, separated from

penult whorl in an elegant curved line, more than semicircular,

174

rather flattened above and very slightly expanded. Ladrum, spread-

ing not very prominently above, white and smooth, slightly reflected

and expanded about its centre, pectinated very slightly by four of the

stronger carine. Ladbium, slightly detached from penult whorl ;

sinuous, thin, and slightly reflected; on the plane of the labrum

below, much below it above. Umbilicus, moderately deep and nar-

row, well circumscribed by the labial lamella, which is sharply and

slightly produced. Operculum, pean ata 4

Height 0°032, greatest breadth 0-054, least breadth 0-044.

Named in compliment to Major Greenwood, whose collection of

shells from New Zealand was sent by him to the British Museum.

Wiixinsonza Larpiawiana, Chitty.

Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale green. Sculpture, Ist,

2nd and 3rd spiral carine, strong; 4th strongest ; 5th, 6th and 7th

strong ; 8th strongest; 9th, 10th and 11th strong; 12th strongest ;

13th, 14th and 15th strong; 16th strongest ; 17th, 18th and 19th

strong; 20th strongest ; 21st and 22nd stronger; 23rd, 24th, 25th

and 26th, round umbilicus, fine; the strong lines are all obsolete

behind the aperture ; on the upper whorls are 5 strong, 1 strongest,

and 2 stronger carine. Spire, slightly elevated, with convex out-

lines. Whorls, 33, well rounded, with deep suture. Aperture, very

slightly constricted at a distance from the labrum, and the strong

carinze become obsolete ; thence, aperture well expanded; rather

depressed above and expanded below; more than a semicircle. La-

brum, very double, more so above than below; joins the body-whorl

at the constriction by an angle of about 70°; rather strongly pro-

duced at the first strongest carina; deeply and broadly pectinated

and scolloped between the strongest carme, namely the 4th, 8th,

12th, 16th, and 20th, making five points; slightly thickened and

reflected ; white. Labium, slightly reflected, rather thin, slightly

curved to the right above and below ; well detached from the body-

whorl; below the plane of the labrum. Umdbzilicus, moderately

deep, broad ; little affected by the /abral lamella, though it is equally

and strongly produced all round. Operculum, shallow in the centre

and very flatly concave, with two sharp diagonal carinz across it,

from right above to left below: labral side with a broad border and

raised lamella: upper end, diagonally plaited from left above to

right below, and lower end the same, only from right above to left

below.

Height 0-036, greatest breadth 0:064, least breadth 0-048.

Named in kind remembrance of my bosom friend, Henry Laid-

law, Esq., Stipendiary Justice, Manchester, Jamaica.

175

i § 2.

Last whorl not strongly produced. Sculpture a few strong, and

many fine carine.

Wixikinson#A TappaniAna, Chitty. See Stoastoma Tappania-

num, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149; Cat. Phan. p. 233.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

WitkinsonxA Hoxuianprana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Hol-

landianum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149 ; Cat. Phan. p. 234.

Hab. The back woods of Manchester.

Witxinsonza Dysontana, Chitty.

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland.

. . Form, subdiscoidal or very depressed conic. Colour, very pale

yellow. Sculpture, beautiful,—6 very highly raised sharp spiral

carinze, with about 11 very fine highly microscopic carine inter-

vening in the first space below the suture, 9 on the second space,

7 on the third, fewer on the fourth and fifth, and very numerous

beyond the sixth strong carina round the umbilicus. On the upper

whorls, one strong carina in the middle, and one close above the

suture, with a proportionate number of very fine intervening. Spire,

slightly elevated, with very convex outlines. Apex, sharp. Whorls,

4%, scarcely rounded, with very light suture; last whorl scarcely

produced from the body-whorl. Aperture, very slightly constricted

at the fauces, not expanded, except very slightly below. Ladrum,

pectinated and very slightly scolloped by the six strong carine, thin

and sharp. Labiwm, detached from the penult whorl; on a plane

with the labrum, very slightly rounded above, much below to the

right. Umbilicus, very deep and suddenly narrowed. Labral lamella,

very strongly produced close to the labrum above, less prominent

round the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave in the middle,

with a deep broad margin all round, very fine granulations in the

hollow, with (?) four very fine distant carinz crossing diagonally

from right above to left below.

Height 0-04, greatest breadth 0°066, least breadth 0°053.

Named in compliment to the memory of the late Mr. David Dyson

of Salford, so well known for his zoological researches in Central

America, Venezuela, &c.

WirxkinsonzA Hanteyana, Chitty.

Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover.

Form, subdiscoidal, or very depressed conic. Colour, pale horn.

Sculpture, lines of growth, wide apart: 3 strong spiral carine ;

4th, stronger ; 3 strong; 8th, stronger; 3 strong ; 12th, stronger ;

3 strong; 16th, stronger; 2 strong; 19th, stronger; and 4 strong

round the umbilicus. On the upper whorls, 3 strong; 1 stronger ;

and 3 strong. Spire, slightly elevated, with straight or very slightly

176

concave outlines. Whorls, 33, well rounded with light suture.

Aperture, much constricted behind the labrum, and then much di-

lated ; depressed above and expanding below ; subsemicircular. La-

brum, double, slightly produced above; pectinated and slightly scol-

loped by the five stronger carinze ; attached to the body-whorl and

produced at an angle of about 70°; slightly thickened and reflected.

Labium, much lower than the plane of the labrum above ; less so,

below, moderately detached from the body-whorl; rather curved at

both extremities. Umbzlicus, shallow and broad, not affected by the

labral lamella, which is fine and narrow throughout. Operculum ?

Height 0°041, greatest breadth 0-061, least breadth 0°047.

Named in compliment to Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., author of ‘ Bri-

tish Shells,’ &c.

WitkinsonZA Bensoniana, Chitty.

Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, rather dark brown. Sculpture, six

prominent sharp spiral carinze intermingled with eighteen less strong :

on the upper whorls, one strong between about six less strong.

Spire, very little elevated, with slightly concave outlines. Whorls,

33, slightly rounded with a very light suture... Aperture, semicir-

cular, depressed above in the uppermost third, much expanded

below. Labrum, much and pointedly produced above, at an angle

of about 75° from the body-whorl, white, slightly thickened and re-

flected, angulated, not pectinated, by all five points of the sharper

carine. Labiwm, rather curved below, much detached from body-

whorl, on a plane with the labrum at the lower end, much below it

above. Umbilicus, rather deep and broad. Ladral lamella, regu-

larly produced, strong but narrow, subangularly pointed close at the

labrum. Operculum, moderately concave, serpentine on the labial

side, with a groove on the labral side.

Height 0:027, greatest breadth 0°049, least breadth 0:038.

Named in compliment to W. H. Benson, Esq., who has contri-

buted so much to our Indian land-shells.

Witxinson#A Movussoniana, Chitty.

Hab. Yallahs Hill.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, semitransparent. Sculpture,

22 lines, four of which are very slightly stronger than the rest,

lowest most strong and prominent ; on the upper whorls, 7. Spire,

slightly elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 33, slightly rounded,

with a light suture. dperture, slightly expanded and depressed

below, more than a semicircle. Zabrum, thickened and reflected,

double above, very slightly scolloped by the four stronger carinze, or

rather the labrum is produced in straight lines to meet each stronger

carina, forming three straight lines scarcely pectinated, in octagonal

shape, moderately and roundly produced above from the body-whorl.

Labium, rather curved, below the plane of the labrum above, mode-

rately detached from the body whorl. Umbilicus, deep. Labral

lamella, sharply, finely and uniformly produced. Operculum, slightly

177

concave, smooth, with ? two strong rounded carinee vertically cross-

ing the hollow.

Height 0:035, greatest breadth 0°058, least breadth 0:042.

Named in compliment to Prof. A. H. Mousson of Zurich, Switzer-

and.

Genus III. Fapyewnra, Chitty.

Spire depressed, subangular on the upper part of the last whorl,

subplanulate at the periphery, subangulate below, and subpla-

nulate round the umbilicus.

FapyentA FapyenranA. See Stoastoma Fadyenianum, Ad.

Mon. Stoast. Adams, 1849, p. 7; Cat. Phan. p. 231.

Hab. Hills S.W. of Port Henderson.

Other shells, I have reason to know, have been distributed for

this.

Fapyenta BowEerBanxiana, Chitty.

Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale tinge of brown. Sculp-

ture, 24 strong equidistant (above) spiral carinze, wider apart below,

and more faint round the umbilicus, and obsolete at the labrum ;

with a hiatus between the 13th and 14th, equal to the space occupied

by 3 carine, at the periphery ; 7 visible on the upper whorls. Spire,

much depressed with concave outlines. Apex, mammillated. Whorls,

4, well rounded above, with a deep suture ; last whorl rather large

and expanded; subangular at the upper part, subplanulate at the

periphery, and subangular below, subplanulate, but more convex

round the umbilicus than in F. Fadyeniana; the whorl is much

wider above than below, so that the subplanulate periphery is nearly

at right angles with the outline of the spire. It is the same in F’.

Fadyeniana. Aperture, very slightly constricted above behind the

labrum ; dilated, large ; rather more constricted below, behind, and

at the labrum; upper third flattened almost at a right angle with

the labium ; well rounded below. Laébrum, simple, white. Labium,

on a plane with the labrum, well detached from the body-whorl ;

thickened and reflected towards the umbilicus, more so below than

above; much rounded to the right below. Umbilicus, rather deep.

Labral lamella, well defined, strong and prominent, and inflected

upwards towards the umbilicus. Opereulum ?

Height 0°041, greatest breadth 0-08, least breadth 0:063.

Named in compliment to my friend and fellow-labourer in science,

Dr. L. Q. Bowerbank, M.D., of Kingston, Jamaica.

Note.—In F. Fadyeniana fine spiral carinze intervene the coarser,

and all are more distantly apart.

Fapyrenta Grayana, Chitty.

Hab. Yallahs Hill.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, rich light brown. Sculpture, about

33 irregular and inequidistant, some fine and some rather strong,

No.CCCXXXVILI.—PrRocreEepDINGsorTHE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

178

spiral carinze, of which 8 or 9 are visible on the upper whorls.

Spire, much depressed, less than in F', Bowerbankiana, with concave

outlines. Apex, mammillated. Whorls, 42rds, with a moderate

suture ; last whorl typical, subangulated and subplanulated as in F’.

Bowerbankiana and F. Fadyeniana. Aperture, semicircular, only

slightly affected by the subangularity above and below the periphery,

very slightly dilated. Labrum, double ; outer edge pectinated by

the spiral carinz, inner edge simple, white and shining. Labium,

white, thickened and reflected towards the umbilicus about its centre,

below much curved to the right, much lower than the plane of the

labrum at its lower end; widely separated from the body-whorl.

Umbilicus, very deep and narrow. Ladral lamella very broadly and

sharply produced throughout ; besides the labral lamella within the

umbilicus, extending from the back of the labium to the umbilicus

and body-whorl, are four or five well-produced distinct sharp lamelle.

Operculum, deep concave in the centre, and a broad margin all round,

which, on that side, folds well over the labrum, especially below ;

much covered by numerous coarse granulations, and in the hollow

on the labral side with four or more strong raised lamellee, which are

also covered with coarse granulations.

Height 0:076, greatest breadth 0-105, least breadth 0-087.

Named in compliment to Dr. J. E. Gray, British Museum.

Genus IV. Stoasroma, Adams.

Shell subglobose.

Sroastoma Pisum, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, 1849, p. 11 ;

Cat. Phan. p. 228.

Sculpture, almost obsolete, very numerous raised spiral microscopic

carinze, which are well defined on the upper whorls, four or five

being visible. Labrum, double. Labium, well detached from the

penult whorl. Operculum, concave and finely granulated in its con-

cavity.

Hab. Manchester, generally, and near Accompong Town, St. Eli-

zabeth.— Chitty.

Stoastoma Pre1rrertaAnum, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, p- 8;

Cat. Phan. p. 230.

Labrum, double. Operculum, concave, finely granulated in its

concavity ; margin sharp on the labral side, rather broad, but not

thickened on the labial side.

Hab. Manchester back woods.—Chitty.

Sroastoma LivesayanvM, Chitty.:

Hab. Near Ashley Hall, Trelawny.

Form, subglobose. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 11 distant,

blunt and raised spiral carinee, of which 5 are visible on the upper

whorls. Spire, conic, moderately elevated, with slightly convex out-

179

lines. Whorls, 42rds, scarcely rounded, with a very light suture.

Aperture, very slightly expanded ; semielliptical, widest in the upper

third of the labrum, very oblique. Zadrum, pectinated by the spiral

carinz ; double, very slightly reflected. Labium, slightly below the

plane of the labrum, well detached from penult whorl, but connected

with it by five or six of the spiral carine ; arcuated to the left above

into a sharp angle with the labrum, very much curved below to the

right. Umbilicus, very small and deep. Labral lamella, strongly

produced above, but immediately lost in the umbilicus. Operculum,

semielliptical, planular, with fine granulations on the labral side, and

concave on the labial side, with a raised ridge all round, which is

much thickened and rounded, and highly raised about the lower part

of the labral side.

Height 0-081, greatest breadth 0-103, least breadth 0-08.

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. Livesay, a devoted col-

lector of genera.

Sroasroma, or ELecTrina, succinEuM, Sowerby, will belong

to this group. See Cat. Phan. p. 228.

Genus V. Metcaxreia, Chitty.

Shell, depressed conic.

Mercatreta Cuittyana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Chittyanum,

Ad. Mon. Stoast. Ad. 1849, p. 10; Cat. Phan. p. 231.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

Operculum, very slightly concave, with two strong lamellze cross-

ing its centre horizontally, and on the labial side two much finer

ones above, and three or four below.

Mercatreta Metca.rerana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of

growth visible ; sixteen strong, but not much raised inequidistant

spiral carinee, those round the umbilicus beg most prominent, with

here and there one very fine carina intervening. On the upper

whorl, 5 carine. Spire, moderately elevated with very slightly con-

cave outlines. Apex, obtuse. Whorls, 44, very moderately convex,

with a lightly impressed suture. Aperture, subsemicircular, slightly

spreading. Labrum, subangularly produced from the body-whorl,

not abruptly produced, deeply pectinated by the spiral carinw. La-

bium, slightly detached from the body-whorl, very slightly curved

below to the right ; much below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus,

very deep and narrow. Labral lamella, very little, but sharply, pro-

duced, not concealing the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave,

finely granulated in the hollow with three strong apparently not ser-

rated horizontal lamelle, extending from the labral side over two-

thirds of the width of the operculum, and one equally strong between

180

the first and second above extending one-third across only, the lowest

slightly curved downwards.

Height 0-073, greatest breadth 0:096, least breadth 0-079.

Named in compliment to W. Metcalfe, Esq., the possessor of a

fine cabinet of shells.

MercaLreiA Baquiéana, Chitty.

Hab. Near “‘ The Cave,” high road, Westmoreland.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, rich brown, fading into faint yel-

low and white. Scu/pture, 19 spiral carinze, with one fine intervening

each pair. On the upper whorls 6 carine. Spire, moderately and

rather concavely elevated. Whorls, 43, slightly rounded with a

lightly impressed suture. Aperture, slightly expanded, shortly and

roundly produced from the penult whorl, scarcely depressed ; sub-

semicircular, rather dilated above. Labrum, pectinated by all the

stronger carinz, slightly scolloped. Labium, slightly detached from

the penult whorl, rather abruptly detached from the labrum above

and curved below to the right, much lower than the plane of the

labrum below. Umbilicus, not deep. Labral lamella, expanded

above, narrow round the umbilicus. Operculum, concave in the

middle, seven lamellee radiating horizontally from the labial side, one

short and central above, one (the longest) crossing the hollow, one

short on the labral side, one longer (second in length), one short,

and two longer (third in length) below.

Height 0°06, greatest breadth 0-089, least breadth 0-071.

Named in compliment te my bosom friend, Mons. Baquié, of

Westmoreland, Jamaica.

This shell is closely allied to Metcalfeia Chittyana at first glance,

but differs in many minute particulars; the pectination on the

labrum is alone sufficient to distinguish it; and their habitats are

about sixty miles asunder. The spire is more conical than in M.

Chittyana, spiral carine more distant, labium less widely detached

from penult whorl, upper part of labrum more produced, apex is more

blunt. In M. Chittyana the labral lamella expands suddenly above

close to where it leaves the labium, rising above the plane of the

aperture, and then descending round the umbilicus in a uniform

curve without projecting; in M. Baquiéana it does not rise above

the plane ; but after leaving the labium, it spreads out towards the

centre of the umbilicus, and continues uniform till it is lost in the

umbilicus. In the former the lower end of the labium is on a plane

with the labrum, in this it is below the plane. In this, the aperture

is larger and more oblique, and the last whorl is less expanded.

MertcaLreia SUTHERLANDIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Belmont, St. James.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, very pale horn or white. Seulp-

ture, lines of growth visible ; 19 rather strong inequidistant spiral

carine, with an unequal number of finer ones intervening. On the

upper whorls 5 carinz. Spire, moderately and rather concavely

elevated. Whorls, 5, moderately elevated, with a deep suture.

181

Aperture, less than a semicircle, slightly expanded in the lower two-

thirds, slightly oblique. Labrum, unequally and not strongly pec-

tinated by the spiral carinee, very slightly produced above. Labium,

well detached from the body-whorl, attached to labrum above in a

slight curve, very slightly waved in its centre, and well curved to

the right below. Umdbilicus, moderately deep, and labral lamella

moderately produced. Operculum, ?

Height 0-072, greatest breadth 0°12, least breadth 0°079.

Named in compliment to Dr. P. Sutherland, the Arctie voyager,

now Government Surveyor of Port Natal.

Metcatre1A Morcuiana, Chitty.

Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 5

strong spiral carine, | fine; 7th strong and 3 fine; 8th to 15th

strong and 1 fine intervening each; on the upper whorls 8 strong.

Spire, slightly elevated with concave outlines. Whorls, 43, very

slightly rounded with a light suture. Aperture, slightly expanded,

more below than above ; slightly produced, abruptly from the penult

whorl: more than a semicircle. Ladrum, thin, and very slightly

reflected; pectinated by the strong carine. Ladium, on a plane

with the labrum above, lower below ; joining the labrum with a curve

above ; much curved to the right, below well detached from the

penult whorl. Umbzlicus, narrow and deep. Labral lamella, well

produced above and rather wide below. Operculum, moderately

concave in the middle, with a wide border on the labial side, which

is vertically grooved and again crossed by four or five raised horizontal

plaits : labral side with about eight short horizontal lamelle, about

four extending across the hollow, and a linguiform point at the lower

extremity of the labial side overlapping the labium.

Height 0°072, greatest breadth 0-1, least breadth 0:074.

Named in compliment to M. Morch, of Copenhagen, distinguished

for his knowledge of Mollusca. :

METCALFEIA VERREAUXIANA, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn or yellow. Sculpture,

17 strong spiral carinze with | fine intervening each. On the upper

‘whorls 5 strong with | fine intervening. Spire, moderately elevated,

with straight outlines. Whorls, 44, moderately rounded, with a

light suture. Aperture, scarcely separated from the body-whorl,

more than a semicircle, large, rather expanded and depressed below.

Labrum, very slightly produced above, strongly and prominently

pectinated by the strong carinz, imbricated in those round the peri-

phery, white and shining. Ladivm, slightly rounded into the labrum

above, and on the right below ; very slightly reflected ; on a plane

with the labrum above, lower below; very slightly detached from

the body-whorl. Umbilieus, deep and narrow. Labral lamella,

sharp and very slightly produced. Operculum, moderately concave,

with large coarse granulations on the upper part of the labial side,

182

slightly lamellated horizontally ; lower portion of labial side broad

and spreading over the labium, with a deep groove, and terminating

with a broad uplifted linguiform plait, which is distinct from the

spreading upper portion.

Height 0°06, greatest breadth 0-078, least breadth 0°06.

Named in compliment to M. Verreaux, an experienced zoological

collector.

Mercaureia SiIncLaiRiANA, Chitty.

Hab. Maroon Town, St. James (unique).

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn or yellow. Sculp-

ture, 9 strong spiral carinz, with one fine intervening ; on the upper

whorls, 3 strong and fine ones intervening. Spire, slightly elevated,

with rather concave outlines. Apex, rather acute. Whorls, 44, mo-

derately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, slightly spreading

about the periphery to below ; subsemicircular. Labrum, very slightly

produced above, more so below; broadly detached from the body-

whorl, strongly pectinated by the spiral carine. Labium, well de-

tached from the body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum above,

lower below, slightly curved to the right above, much so below, much

thickened. Umbilicus, narrow and deep, well covered by the labral

lamella. Operculum, 2

Height 0°057, greatest breadth 0°084, least breadth 0-067.

Named in compliment to Dr. Andrew Sinclair, R.N., late Colonial

Secretary of New Zealand.

Mercaureia MircHewxiana, Chitty.

Hab. Maroon Town, St. James (unique).

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 15 strong

spiral carine, rather imequidistant, with one very fine intervening,

and about the periphery sometimes two and sometimes three fine

cari: at the periphery the two strong carine are widest apart,

with three fine intervening; the next division below has one fine

only, and the next below, two ; on the upper whorls four strong ca-

rine. Spire, slightly elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls,

43, slightly rounded, with a moderate suture; last whorl expanded

above and falling away below. Aperture, semicircular, much di-

lated below the periphery. Ladbrum, very slightly pectinated by the

strong carina, very slightly produced above. Labium, on a plane

with the labrum above, much lower below ; slightly curved to the

right below, moderately detached from the body-whorl. Umébilicus,

deep, little affected by the labral lamella. Operculum, ?

Height 0°07, greatest breadth 0°095, least breadth 0°077.

Named in compliment to D. W. Mitchell, Esq., the energetic Se-

cretary of the Zoological Society of London.

Mercatreia Doruniana, Chitty.

Hab. Pedro District, St. Ann’s.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 4 strong

spiral carinee and 1 fine, 1 strong and 1 fine, 1 strong and 3 fine,

183

1 strong and 2 fine, and 1 strong and 3 fine, 1 strong, then 8 strong

with fine intervening ; on the upper whorls, 5 spiral carinze. Spzre,

slightly elevated, with concave outlines. - Whorls, 4, very slightly

rounded with a moderate suture. Aperture, more thana semicircle,

moderately expanded, very oblique. Labrum, moderately produced

above, reflected, much pectinated by the strong spiral carinee. La-

bium, well detached from the body whorl, curved to the right below,

straight above, almost on a plane with the labrum. Umdbilicus, deep

and moderately broad. Laéral lamella, strong, sharp and expand-

ing, with a projecting angular point a little below its junction with

the labrum. Operculum, ? :

Height 0°052, greatest breadth 0-079, least breadth 0-061.

Named in compliment to Herr Heinrich Dohrn, of Stettin, a

zealous young conchologist.

Mertcaureia Layarpiana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Westmoreland.

Form, depressed conic. Colour, rich light brown. Sculpture,

about 25, slightly, unequally raised, inequidistant spiral carinz ; on

the upper whorls 6 or 7. Spire, moderately elevated, with rather

concave outlines. Whorls, 44, moderately rounded, with a mode-

rate suture; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, moderately ob-

lique, very moderately expanded and slightly deflected below, semi-

circular. Labrum, slightly produced above in a curved line, pecti-

nated by about 15 of the spiral carinze. Labium, moderately de-

tached from the body-whorl, rather serpentine above and much

curved to the right below. Umbzlicus, deep and narrow. Labral

lamella, but slightly expanded. Operculum, slightly concave, with

about six horizontal raised lamellee, nearly parallel above, but con-

verging towards the umbilicus below, strong on the labial side, and

faintly crossing over the labial side and covering the labium, with, on

that side, others intervening.

Height 0:062, greatest breadth 0:086, least breadth 0-069.

Named in compliment to E. L. Layard, Esq., late of Ceylon, now

Curator of the Museum, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

Mertca.reia Swirriana, Chitty.

Hab. Near Mr. Channer’s, Santa Cruz Park, Saint Elizabeth

(unique). ;

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn, light brown at apex.

Sculpture, 28 irregularly strong and inequidistant spiral carinz ; on

the upper whorls 6. Spire, moderately elevated, with slightly concave

outlines. Whorls, 43, moderately rounded, with a deep suture;

last rather large. Aperture, slightly constricted and very slightly

expanded at its margin ; semicircular ; slightly depressed above and

slightly expanded below. Labrum, very slightly produced above ;

very slightly pectinated externally by, more or less, all the carine ;

smooth and white and shining at its extreme margin. Labium, well

detached from body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum ; much curved

184

to the right below and reflected to the left. Umdbilicus, deep and

narrow. Labral lamella, widely spreading. Operculum,

Height 0°059, greatest breadth 0-087, least breadth 0-069.

_ Named in compliment to Robert Swift, Esq., of the Island of St.

Thomas, an ardent collector.

Genus VI. Petitta, Chitty.

Shell, globose discoid.

PeritiA Preririana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Petitianum, Ad.

Ann. Lyc. New York, v. n. 2. p. 67; Contr. Conch. p. 151; Cat.

Phan. p. 232.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

Petit1a Cumineiana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Cumingianum,

Ad. Mon. Stoast. Ad. 1849, p. 9; Cat. Phan. p. 231.

Hab. ——* Manchester.

Note.—If I have the right type of this shell, the operculum, in

addition to the “numerous lamellar grains’’ described by Adams,

has 6 or 7 very slightly raised vertical lamelle curving from above

to the left below, with an inner raised margin inclosing the concavity

and sloping outwards to the extreme edge of the operculum.—

Chitty.

Petiria ANTHONIANA, Chitty. See Stoastoma Anthonianum,

Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 151; Cat. Phan. p. 232.

Hab. ? Manchester.

Petitia STEVENSIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Yallahs Hill.

Form, globose discoid. Colour, very light brown. Sculpture, 23

well-raised inequidistant spiral carinze, wider apart below round the

umbilicus ; on the upper whorls 7. Spire, slightly elevated, with

convex outlines. Whorls, 4, well rounded, with a deep suture.

Aperture, subelliptical, well detached from the body-whorl ; slightly

constricted and scarcely expanded, and but little deflected below.

Labrum, double, outer edge very finely pectinated by the spiral

carinee ; inner edge white, smooth, slightly thickened and reflected ;

continuous with the labium above, with a slight curve. Labium,

almost straight, very slightly curved to the right below, where it is

below the plane of the labrum. Umdbzlicus, deep. Labral lamella,

produced to a saw-like tooth at some little distance below its junc-

tion with the labium ; convex externally. Operculum, f

Height 0-047, greatest breadth 0-086, least breadth 0°065.

Named in compliment to the naturalist’s universal friend, 8. Ste-

vens, Esq., Bloomsbury Street, London.

185

_ Periria Fortuneana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Manchester.

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 25

spiral carinze, about 8 on the upper whorls. Spire, much depressed,

with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, moderately rounded, with light

suture. Aperture, constricted at about the width of the last whorl

from the labrum, and then expanded considerably at about an angle

of 30°, expanded above and deflected slightly below; more than a

semicircle. Labrum, slightly double, especially above and below,

less at the periphery ; inner edge smooth, white and shining, broadly

but slightly scolloped and finely pectinated by about 5 points ; jomed

and rounded into the labium above ; much produced angularly and

deflected above ; produced from the body-whorl at an angle of about

60°. Labium, straight, with a slight curve to the right below; on

a plane with the labrum above, and slightly lower below. Umdbi-

licus, very deep. Labral lamella, very sharp and narrow, not cover-

ing the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave, with apparently

obsolete bars crossing it horizontally.

Height 0-043, greatest breadth 0°078, least breadth 0-061.

Named in compliment to Robert Fortune, Esq., the celebrated

Chinese traveller and collector.

Petit1aA ApAmsIANA, Chitty.

Hab. New Hope, Old Hope, and a smaller variety on the road

east of the ‘* Water-wheel,’’ Westmoreland.

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, reddish horn. Sculpture, 13 very

strong spiral carinze, with between the lst and 2nd and 2nd and 3rd,

1 each rather less strong; between the 3rd and 4th and 4th and

5th, 3 each less strong; between the 5th and 6th, 1 less strong;

between the 6th and 7th, 3 less strong; between the 7th and 8th,

1 less strong, and none between the remaining strong carinze. Lines

of growth very faint ; on the upper whorls, 4 strong carinze with in-

tervening less strong. Spire, slightly elevated, with rather convex

outlines. Whoris, 43, very slightly rounded and very light suture ;

last whorl slightly swelling behind the labrum, and slightly con-

stricted at the aperture. dperture, very slightly expanded and

searcely detached from the penult whorl. Ladrum, appressed to the

body-whorl, not produced, much thickened, slightly double below ;

smooth and simple. Labium, much thickened and reflected towards

the umbilicus in its centre, slightly curved to the right below; well

detached from the body-whorl. Umdbilicus, moderately deep, co-

vered by an expansion very convex externally of the labral lamella,

which is much produced immediately after leaving the labrum, and

then becomes abruptly narrowed till it joins the body-whorl. In the

labral lamella it approaches the subgenus dgassizia. Operculum,

very peculiar, deep concave in the centre and studded with very fine

granulations ; edge all round very much thickened and folded over

in vertical plaits outside, especially at the lower end of the labial

186

side ; throughout the labial side overlapping the labium with sharp,

fine, numercus raised lamellee on the labral side.

Height 0:062, greatest breadth 0-09, least breadth 0-077.

Var. a.

From near “ Water Wheel.”

Height 0°044, greatest breadth 0:076, least breadth 0°061.

Named in honour to the memory of the late Professor C. B.

Adams of America, my friend and conchological master. m

Petit1a TAyLoriana, Chitty.

Hab. ? St. Ann’s.

Form, globose-diseoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 24 fine,

sharp, inequidistant, spiral carinze, 6 of which interspersed are rather

strong ; on the upper whorls 5. Spzre, very slightly elevated, with

convex outlines. Whorls, 4, slightly rounded, with a light suture.

Aperture, very slightly constricted behind the labrum, and slightly

expanding ; scarcely detached from the body-whorl; slightly de-

pressed above and expanded below. Labrum, white, shortly reflected,

not produced above, very little pectinated by the stronger spiral

carine ; slightly double below. Labiwm, on a plane with labrum,

straight, appressed above to the body-whorl. Umbilicus, rather

deep and narrow. Labral lamella, scarcely produced. Operculum,

slightly concave, rather produced at the upper corner of the labial

side; smooth, but not shining.

Height 0°033, greatest breadth 0:06, least breadth 0°043.

Named in compliment to T. L. Taylor, Esq., the possessor of a

fine collection of shells.

Petitia STRICKLANDIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland.

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, rich red-brown. Sculpture, lines

of growth apparent; 38 inequidistant, irregularly raised, very fine

spiral carine ; on the upper whorls 8. Spire, very little elevated,

with convex outlines. Whorls, 32rds, well rounded, with a deep

suture. Aperture, widely dilated, not constricted, more dilated aud

depressed below ; very slightly detached from body-whorl. Labrum,

very widely double, moderately produced above, inner and outer

edge strongly ‘pectinated' and scolloped by 6 points of the spiral

carine. Labium, very little detached from body-whorl, straight

above and abruptly curved below to the right; much below the

plane of the labrum. Unmbilicus, deep and rather broad. Laédral

lamella, very little produced. Operculum, slightly concave, with

fine granulations in the hollow; labral margin with two sharp raised

lamelle round it ; a small narrow linguiform point overlapping the

labium at the lowest extremity on the labial side.

Height 0°049, greatest breadth 0:074, least breadth 0°055.

Named in compliment to H. E. Strickland, Esq., of Apperley

Court, Tewkesbury, a liberal collector.

187

Peritia Stoxesiana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover (unique).

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of

growth visible: 4 widely separated, rather strong, slightly raised,

rounded spiral carine ; 1 finer; 2nd to 7th strong, and 1 finer close

below ; 8th strong (the one at the periphery strongest and rather

sharp), and 2 very faint, round, and distant from the umbilicus ; on

the upper whorls 5. Spire, very little elevated, with rather concave

outlines. Apex, somewhat mammiform. Wahorls, 4, well rounded,

with a deep suture. Aperture, semicircular, altogether rather de-

pressed, very slightly constricted, not spreading, moderately detached

from penult whorl. Ladrum, scarcely produced above, thickened,

slightly reflected ; smooth and white, not pectinated. Labium, well

detached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum, almost straight

within the aperture, white, thickened and expanded towards the um-

bilicus, much so below, but most so and somewhat pointedly in its

centre. Umbilicus, broad and deep. Labral lamella, much ex-

panded at a distance from its junction with the labrum, becoming

very fine as it fades into the umbilicus. Operculum, t

Height 0-049, greatest breadth 0:08, least breadth 0-061.

Named in compliment to Capt. Lort Stokes, R.N., late of H.M.S.

* Acheron,’ a zealous collector.

Petitia GREVILLEANA, Chitty.

Hab. Yallahs Hill.

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, strive of

growth visible ; 5 strong spiral carine, with 5 less strong intervening :

on the upper whorls, 2 strong, with the lesser intermediate ones

(this might almost be classed in the 2nd division of Wilkinsonea).

Spire, slightly elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls, 321rds, well

rounded, with a well impressed suture. Aperture, obliquely elliptic,

more expanded in the upper than lower portion, slightly campanulate

on the right owing to a slight constriction behind the labrum. La-

brum, very slightly produced above, thickened and reflected at about

its middle. Labiwm, below the plane of the labrum above, slightly

curved to the right below and thickened, slightly detached from

body-whorl. Umbilicus, not deep, broad. Labéral lamella, slightly

developed. Operculum, moderately concave, shining, but with very

fine granulations.

Height 0°05, greatest breadth 0-069, least breadth 0-057.

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. R. K. Greville, of Edin-

burgh.

Petit1aA CARPENTERIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover.

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, ? Sculpture, strive of growth

visible: 8 strongest spiral carinee and 1 strong; 5 strongest and |

strong in each interspace ; and 2 stronger round the umbilicus: on

the upper whorls 3. Spire, much depressed with convex outlines.

188

Whorls, 32xds, moderately rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture,

semicircular, rather constricted behind the labrum, not expanded,

very slightly detached from the body-whorl. Labrum, not produced

above, smooth, rather double, inner edge sharp, the stronges¢ lines

terminating abruptly at the outer edge. Labiwm, very slightly

curved to the right below, well detached from the body-whorl, lower

than the plane of the labrum below. Umbilicus, very shallow and

broad, much covered by the dabral lamella, which is much and widely

produced above. Operculum,

Height 0:038, greatest breadth 0- 07, least breadth 0°054.

Named in compliment to P. P. Carpenter, Esq., of Warrington,

author of an excellent Catalogue of the Mazatlan Shells in the British

Museum.

Petits (? Lewista) BARRontiAna, Chitty.

Hab. ? (unique).

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, ——? Sculpture, 20. spiral

carinee, 7 of which are rather more prominent, namely the 2nd, 4th,

8th, 12th, 16th, 18th and 19th: on the upper whorls, 6. Strize of

growth visible. Spire, much depressed, with straight outlines.

Whorls, 4, moderately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, much

constricted at the labrum, semicircular, widely separated from the

body-whorl. Labrum, not produced above, simple, thin, rather

double, slightly and coarsely pectinated on the inner edge, much

thickened and slightly reflected. Labiwm, much reflected, mode-

rately curved below, on a plane with the labrum above, lower below.

Umbilicus, moderately deep, very broad, much concealed by the

labral lamella, which spreads enormously and suddenly above, ex-

teriorly convex (? Lewisia). Operculum, very deeply concave in the

centre, finely granulated, upper margin broad, and indented on the

labral side, and enormously spread convexly over the lower end of

the labium ; almost equal to the spread of the labral lamella, deeply

grooved at the lower end, terminating in a linguiform projection.

Height 0:048, greatest breadth 0-084, least breadth 0°065.

Named in compliment to Charles Barron, Esq., Curator of the

Royal Naval Museum, Haslar.

Genus VII. Linpsieya.

Shell, globose-conic.

LinpsteyA LinpsLeyana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Lindsley-

anum, Adams. Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 12; Cat. Phan. p. 229.

Hab. Manchester back-woods.

Linpsteya Pickertnerana, Chitty.

Hab. —?, ? Manchester, ? Yallahs Hill.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 17

strong blunted rounded spiral carinze, within each interspace one or

rarely two very fine carinz: on the upper whorls 5, with a fine one

189

in each interspace. Spire, well elevated, with straight outlines.

Apex, rather sharp. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep suture.

Aperture, almost exactly semicircular, rather depressed below. La-

brum, rather curvilinear in its plane, very slightly produced above,

pectinated strongly by the strong carinee. Labiwm, moderately de-

tached from body-whorl, very slightly curved to the right below ; on

a plane with the labrum above, slightly lower below. Umbilicus,

moderately deep and broad. Ladral lamella, produced broadly, but

sinking immediately into the umbilicus. Operculum, moderately

concave, with a rather broad margin, with, on the labral side, 5 or 6

raised lamelle converging towards the umbilicus, the labral side close

to its lower extremity bending to the right like the labium, and at

its very extremity furnished with a fine linguiform projection which

spreads slightly over the labium.

Height 0-086, greatest breadth 0°14, least breadth 0:086.

Named in compliment to John Pickering, Esq., an extensive col-

lector of British shells.

This shell in many respects resembles L. Lindsleyana, but is much

larger, and its proportions under measurement are very dissimilar ;

its aperture is wider, and apex much sharper.

LinpsLeya REDFIELDIANA, Chitty. See Stoastoma Redfieldi-

anum, Adams. Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 13; Cat. Phan. p. 229.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

LinpsLeya JAYANA, Chitty. See Stoastoma Jayanum, Adams.

Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 14; Cat. Phan. p. 230.

Hab. ? Manchester.

LinpsLeya Lrana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Leanum, Adams.

Mon. Ad. Stoas. p. 15; Cat. Phan. p. 229.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

LinpsLeyA Dentsoniana, Chitty.

Hab. Moreland, Manchester.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of

growth visible: 4 strong spiral carinz and 1 fine; 6th strong,

7th fine ; 8th strong, and 9th and 10th fine; 11th strong, 12th to

15th fine; 16th strong, 17th to 19th fine; 20th strong, 21st to

28rd fine; 24th strong, 25th and 26th fine ; 27th strong, and 28th

to 36th fine ; on upper whorls, 5 strong, with fine ones on the inter-

mediate spaces. Spire, much and concayely elevated. Whorls,

33, convex, with a well-impressed suture. 4perture, more than a

semicircle, more angular above than L. Leana, very slightly: con-

stricted and dilated again slightly, more so below ; less campanulate

than L. Leana ; aperture larger and wider above than LZ. Leana. La-

brum not produced above, continuous all round with labium, sharply

and slightly reflected at rather more than a right.angle, with a ridge

on the inner side, very slightly pectinated by about ten points of the

190

strong spiral carinze, not thickened as in Z. Leana; rather double

below. Labium, on a plane with labrum, more closely appressed to

body-whorl above. Umbilicus, narrow, much deeper and wider

than in L. ee Labral lamella, very slightly developed. Oper-

culum, Q

Height 0-06, greatest breadth 0°074, least breadth 0-056.

Named in compliment to John Denison, Esq., well known for his

extensive collection of shells.

LinpsLEYA PoLYBLANKIANA, Chitty.

Hab. ? Westmoreland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, light red-brown. Sculpture, an

uncountable number, say 50, extremely fine, raised, wavy, well-de-

fined spiral carine ; about 20 on the upper whorls. Spire, well

elevated, with convex outlines. Apex, acute. Whorls, 44, quite

round, with a very deep suture. Aperture, subelliptical, rather flat-

tened above and broad spreading, narrowed below and rather straight-

ened on the labial side, not in the least degree angular above or below;

labrum and labium continuous, much reflected. Labrum, excessively

double, especially above, where the outer stands clear out from the

inner edge. Labium, much reflected and closely attached to body-

whorl, very little straightened. Umbilicus, deep and narrow. Labral

lamella, very fine and narrow, lost immediately in the umbilicus.

Operculum,

Height 0°069, greatest breadth 0°071, least breadth 0°056.

Named in compliment to George Polyblank, Esq., a liberal ama-

teur collector.

LinpsLeya ALBERSIANA, Chitty.

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 25 fine

spiral carine ; on the upper whorls 9 or 10. Spire, well elevated,

with rather convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep

suture. Aperture, subelliptical, labrum and labium being con-

tinuous ; white, smooth ; slightly expanded and deflected below, very

slightly detached from body-whorl, and almost vertical. Ladbrum,

double ; smooth, white, not affected by the spiral carinze; con-

tinuous with the labium. Labium, moderately detached from body-

whorl. Umbilicus, moderately deep, not affected by the labral la-

mella, which is very little produced. Operculum, moderately con-

cave, smooth and shining.

Height 0°049, greatest breadth 0°063, least breadth 0°044.

Named in compliment to Dr. J. C. Albers, of Berlin.

This shell is like Z. Arthuriana, but differs materially in sculpture,

number of whorls, and measurement.

LinpsLeyA FiscHeriana, Chitty.

Hab. ? St. Ann’s.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 6 strong

spiral carinze, with ] fine in the interspaces ; then 3 fine and 1 strong ;

19)

then | fine and 5 strong, with 1 fine in the interspaces; then 3 fine

and 1 strong and | fine and 1 strong; on the upper whorls 5 strong

and 1 fine in each interspace. Spzre, well elevated with straight

outlines. Whorls, 43rds, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aper-

ture, very slightly expanded and depressed, scarcely separated from

the body-whorl, semicircular. Labrum, white, shining, very slightly

produced above, very slightly double; largely pectinated by 11 points

of the strong carine. Labium, slightly detached from the body-

whorl, upper three-fourths straight, rather abruptly curving to the

right below; on a plane with labrum. Umbilicus, deep and narrow.

Labral lamella, strong, wide and sharp, projecting in an angular

point a little below its junction with labrum. Operculum, ?

Height 0-072, greatest breadth 0°086, least breadth 0-072.

Named in compliment to M. Paul Fischer, the well-known French

conchologist.

LinpsteyA Moricanpiana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Morican-

dianum, Adams, Cont. Conch. p. 150; Cat. Phan. p. 230.

Hab. Yallahs Hill?

Linpstreya Rerveana, Chitty.

Hab. The borders of Manchester, Trelawny and St. Ann’s.

Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 7 strong spiral carine, those about

the periphery being more distantly apart, with in each interspace

3 finer carinz ; on the upper whorls 4 strong carine : almost obsolete

behind the labrum. Striz of growth slightly visible. Spire, well

elevated, with slightly convex outlines. Whorls, 4, well rounded,

with a deep suture; last whorl well rounded and very globose.

Aperture, peculiar and very large and spreading, considerably con-

stricted far behind the labrum, very much expanding again like the

half of the bowl of a spoon; subangular above and below on the

left, depressed above, well dilated on the right below, widest hori-

zontally, flattened below. Labrum, at about 4rd of the length of the

constriction, attached to the body-whorl, in, as it were, a curvilinear

opening of about 35°; the spiral carine at the back almost obsolete

and striz of growth stronger; double, the outer edge pectinated by

7 points of the stronger carine and scolloped; inner edge much

thickened, pectinated by about 4 points, much produced and de-

flected above, modifying the aperture. Labium, appressed in its

upper end to the penult whorl, straight above, slightly curved to the

right below, very much below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus,

rather deep and very narrow. Ladral lamella, very finely produced.

Operculum, well thickened on the labial side, very slightly concave

and smooth.

Height 0°061, greatest breadth 0-073, least breadth 0:061.

Named in compliment to Lovell Reeve, Esq., the able conchologist.

LinpsLeyA SHUTTLEWORTHIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Burnt Hill Glade, Westmoreland (unique).

Form, globose-conic. Colour, ? Sculpture, strive of growth

192

very visible, oblique ; about 16 strong sharp spiral carinze, stronger

below, with one faint finer in each interspace; on upper whorls

5 strong, with finer intervening. Spzre, slightly and rather con-

cavely elevated. Whorls, 5, moderately convex, with a deep suture ;

last whorl large and spreading behind the labrum, but, on the left,

assimilating the form of the subgenus Metcalfeia, and rather fall-

ing off below. Aperture, semicircular, except as modified by the

labium ; very slightly spreading. Laérum, thin, slightly reflected,

pectinated by about 10 points, 4 fine and close on the upper part,

6 strong and wide apart round the periphery, strongest at the peri-

phery ; above, moderately produced from the body-whorl in a grace-

ful curve. Labium, well detached from the body-whorl, curved

throughout, below the plane of the labrum at lower end, thickened

and reflected towards the umbilicus. Umdéilicus, deep and narrow.

Labral lamella, very slightly produced and immediately merged im

the umbilicus. Operculum, ?

Height 0°072, greatest breadth 0°12, least breadth 0-084.

Named in compliment to Robert Shuttleworth, Esq., of Berne,

the well-known botanical and conchological collector and author.

LinpsLeyA Boissteriana, Chitty.

Hab. New Forest, Manchester.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, strie of

growth visible: 12 prominent not very strong spiral carine, with

between the Ist and 2nd, 2 finer carinee; between 2nd and 3rd and

3rd and 4th, 1 fine ; between 4th and 12th, 2 fine ; beyond the 12th,

5 or 6 very, fine round the umbilicus: on the upper whorls 5 strong,

with intermediate fine. Spire, well elevated, with slightly convex

outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture,

more than a semicircle, moderately expanded and slightly deflected

below. Labrum, but slightly separated or produced from the body-

whorl, well pectinated by the strong carine. Labium, slightly de-

tached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum above; slightly

lower below, moderately curved to the right. Umbilicus, deep and

narrow. Labral lamella, rather produced at junction with labrum,

narrow below. Operculum, slightly concave, five horizontal lamellze

across it, strongest in the middle, fine granulations, a linguiform

sharp projection overlapping the labium.

Height 0:064, greatest breadth 0-083, least breadth 0-067.

Named in compliment to M. Edward Boissier, of Geneva, the

eminent naturalist.

LinpsLEyA GASKOINIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Near Ashley Hall, Trelawny.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, white. Sculpture, 14 strong spiral

carinse, with 2 fine in each interspace; on the upper whorls 5, with

fine ones intervening. Spire, well elevated, with straight outlines.

Whorls, 44, with a moderate suture. Aperture, more than a semi-

circle, subelliptical. Labrum, detached from the body-whorl, pro-

duced moderately above, very strongly pectinated by about 13 points,

193

slightly expanded, reflected, and depressed below. Ladium, slightly

detached from the body-whorl, curved to the left above, and more

so to the right below. Umbilicus, shallow and narrow, partially

hidden by the gracefully curved but slightly projecting /abral lamella.

Operculum, very slightly concave, with a few coarse granulations,

overlapping the labium on the labial side.

Height 0-064, greatest breadth 0°084, least breadth 0:064.

Named in compliment to J. S. Gaskoin, Esq., alover of and writer

on conchology.

Linpsteya Newcomsiana, Chitty.

Hab. Clarendon Mountains (damaged, unique).

Form, globose-conic. Colour, ? Sculpture, 18 strong

rounded spiral carinee, with 2 finer intervening at the periphery ; on

the upper whorls 5. Strize of growth visible. Spz7e, well-elevated,

with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 5, moderately rounded, with

a well-impressed suture. Aperture, semicircular, scarcely detached

from body-whorl, not expanded or depressed, except slightly below.

Labrum, very little produced above, pectinated by all the strong

lines. Labium, well-detached from body-whorl, slightly curved

below, on a plane with labrum above, lower below. Umbzlicus, deep

and narrow. Labral lamella, slightly and evenly produced. Oper-

culum, —— ?

Height 0°08, greatest breadth 0:1, least breadth 0°081.

Named in compliment to Dr. Newcomb, of Albany, N. Y.

Linpsteya RuseEana, Chitty.

Hab. Near Mr. Channer’s, Santa Cruz Park, St. Elizabeth

(unique).

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 13 sharp

spiral carinze with 1 finer in each interspace ; on the upper whorls

3 strong with fine intervening. Spire, well-elevated, with straight

or very slightly concave outlines. Whorls, 41, very much rounded,

with a deep suture ; last whorl large. Aperture, sub-semielliptical,

slightly expanded, rather flattened above and expanded below.

Labrum, double, white, thickened, slightly scolloped and pectinated by

8 points, continuous with the labium, very slightly produced above.

Labium, well-detached from body-whorl, continuous with labrum,

much curved, more so below, very slightly lower than plane of the

labrum below. Umbilicus, moderately deep and broad. Labral

lamella, very slightly produced. Operculum, ——?

Height 0-049, greatest breadth 0:067, least breadth 0°05.

Named in compliment to A. H. Riise, Esq., of the Island of St.

Thomas, a scientific conchologist.

Linpsteya Poryana, Chitty.

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn, almost white at the

aperture. Sculpture, about 18 strong spiral carinz, with here and

No. CCCXXXIX.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

194

there 1 fine carina intervening, rather inequidistant ; on the upper

whorls 4. Spire, well-elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls,

42, scarcely convex, with a very light suture. Aperture, larger than

semicircular, rather flattened above, moderately expanded, much on

the right below. Labrum, slightly double and very little pectinated

by the carinz, produced above and much reflected, scarcely detached

from body-whorl. Labium, little detached from body-whorl, straight,

except the curve to the right below; very little below the plane

of labrum in the lower part. Umdbilicus, moderately deep. Labral

lamella, very little produced. Operculum, concave, minutely gra-

nulated.

Height 0°077, greatest breadth 0°11, least breadth 0078.

Named in compliment to M. Felipe Poey, now of the Havanna.

LinpsLeya Henryana, Chitty.

Hab. Pool’s Rock and Halley’s Mountain, Hanover.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 18 blunt

coarse spiral carine, with 1 very fine (about the periphery) inter-

vening ; on the upper whorls 7. Spire, well-elevated, with straight

outlines. Whorls, 41, well-rounded, with deep suture. Aperture,

very slightly expanded, more than a semicircle, spreading above and

below, very slightly detached from the body-whorl. Laérum, thin

and smooth, pectinated by about 10 points outwards, scarcely pro-

duced above. Labium, moderately detached from body-whorl, thin,

curved to the right below, on a plane with the labrum above, rather

lower below. Umbilicus, rather broad, and suddenly very deep.

Labral lamella, considerably produced, more expanded above ; within

the umbilicus, and higher up the outside of the labium is another

lamella, almost as strong asthe labral lamella. Operculum, slightly,

concave, with about 12 very coarge granulations on the labral lower

side.

Height 0:053, greatest breadth 0-067, least breadth 0°054.

Named in compliment to Henry Adams, Esq., of London, the

conjoint author with his brother Arthur Adams.

LinpsLeya ALDERIANA, Chitty.

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellowish horn. Sculpture,

strize of growth visible; 17 strong spiral carinz, with 1 fine in each

interspace, 3 fine intervening at the periphery, where the strong

carine are wide apart ; on the upper whorls 3, with finer intervening.

Spire, well-elevated, with slightly concave outlines. Whorls, nearly

5, moderately convex, with a moderate suture. Aperture, semicir-

cular, slightly expanded below. Labrum, slightly produced above,

rather reflected, scarcely detached from the penult whorl, rather

strongly pectinated by about 11 of the spiral carinzee. Labium, very

slightly curved to the right, else almost straight, moderately de-

tached from the body-whorl, rather below the plane of the labrum.

Umbilicus, very deep. Labral lamella, slightly produced. Oper-

195

culum, slightly concave, crossed horizontally by 5 lamella, labial side

plaited vertically.

Height 0°068, greatest hreadth 0:086, least breadth 0:073.

Named in compliment to Josiah Alder, Esq., of Newcastle.

Linpsteya Bripeesiana, Chitty.

Hab. Bodle’s Pen Wood (high road to Clarendon), St. Dorothy.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 19

strongly raised spiral carinee ; on the upper whorls 6. Spire, mode-

rately elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 43, mode-

rately rounded, with a moderate suture. Aperture, semicircular,

very slightly expanded above, more so below. Ladrum, scarcely de-

tached from body-whorl, slightly produced above, pectinated and

scolloped bluntly by about 15 of the carine. Labium, straight, ex-

cept a slight curve below ; moderately detached from the body-whorl,

rather below the plane of the labrum in lower end. Umbilicus, deep.

Labral lamella, rather produced at its junction with the labrum, mo-

derately broad round the umbilicus. Operculum, moderately con-

cave, a very few coarse granulations, with 8 or 10 very short raised

lamellze converging to, but not reaching, the centre, on the labral

side ; a linguiform sharp projection overlapping the lower extremity

of the labium.

Height 0:06, greatest breadth 0:076, least breadth 0:063.

Named in compliment to Thomas Bridges, Esq., an able zoologi-

cal and botanical collector, particularly in Chili and other parts of

South America.

Linpsirya SaLueana, Chitty.

Hab. New Forest, Manchester er

Form, globose-conic. Colour, ? Sculpture, 12 strong spiral

carinz, 2 fine in each interspace and 3 less strong round the umbi-

licus: on the upper whorls 4 corresponding fine ones. Spire, well-

elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 43, well-rounded,

with a deep suture. Aperture, slightly expanded above, more so

below, scarcely detached from last whorl, more than a semicircle.

Labrum, scarcely produced from body-whorl, not produced above,

very slightly reflexed and thickened, coarsely pectinated by the

strong carinz. Labium, moderately detached from body-whorl,

slightly curved throughout, on a plane with labrum. Umbilicus,

broad and moderately deep. Labral lamella, much produced at its

junction with labrum, below, sharp, and dipping abruptly into the

umbilicus. Operculum, 2

Height 0°079, greatest breadth 0°092, least breadth 0-073.

Named in compliment to M. Auguste Sallé, an excellent zoolo-

gical collector.

LinpsLeyaA ArTHURIANA, Chitty.

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, light yellow. Sculpture, 31 raised

spiral carine, not quite equidistant ; on the upper whorls 7. Spire,

196

well-elevated, with rather convex outlines. Whorls, 32rds, very

well rounded, with a deep suture, last whorl very globose. Aperture,

slightly and somewhat. abruptly expanded, more than a semicircle,

subelliptical, slightly depressed above and expanded below. Labrum,

rounded into labium, more broadly below, very slightly produced

above, double, white, smooth, not pectinated. Labium, scarcely

detached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum. Umbilicus, very

shallow, broad. Labral lamella, scarcely produced. Operculum,

slightly concave, very finely granulated in the centre.

Height 0°049, greatest breadth 0:066, least breadth 0-054.

Named in compliment to Arthur Adams, Esq., of London, the

conjoint author with his brother Henry Adams.

This shell is like LZ. Albersiana, but differs in sculpture, number

of whorls and measurements.

LinpsLeyA GUTIEREZIANA, Chitty.

Hab. New Hope, Westmoreland.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 16 strong

spiral carinze, only about the periphery one fine intervening ; on the

upper whorls, 5. Spire, well-elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls,

53, well-rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, less than a semi-

circle, very slightly spreading, and very slightly deflected below.

Labrum, slightly separated from body-whorl, rather produced above,

in a broad notch, pectinated by about 15 of the strong carine. La-

bium, well-detached from body-whorl, curved inwards, more so

below ; thickened and reflected in the centre and its lower end to-

wards the umbilicus. Labrum and lahium continuous above ; labium

on a plane with labrum below. Umdbilicus, deep. Labral lamella,

sharply produced as it leaves the labrum, becoming narrow and

abruptly lost in the umbilicus. Operculum, ?

Height 0°084, greatest breadth 0°15, least breadth 0°082.

Named in compliment to Sefor Don Nicolas José Gutierez, Curator

of the Museum at the Havanna.

LinpsLeyA OweENIANa, Chitty.

Hab. Yallah’s Hill.

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 19 strong,

rather inequidistant spiral carinze ; on the upper whorls 6. Strize

of growth visible. Spire, moderately elevated, with rather concave

outlines. Whorls, 43, well-rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture,

semicircular, rather flattened above, slightly expanded in the lower

two-thirds. Labrum, rather produced above, not reflected, thin,

strongly pectinated by spiral carinee. Labium, rather detached from

body-whorl, gradually curved to the right below. Unmbzlicus, ra-

ther deep and broad, slightly hidden by the laéral lamella, which —

is but little produced. Operculum, concave, finely granulated, with,

on the labral side extending half across, 5 horizontal raised lamellee

converging towards the umbilicus, the margins of which are covered

with fine granulations giving the appearance of serration; lower

197

third laps tightly over the labium, grooved horizontally, and then

finished by a linguiform, raised, folding projection.

Height 0-069, greatest breadth 0°094, least breadth 0°073.

Named in compliment to Professor Owen.

LinpsLeya Wo.uastoniana, Chitty.

Hab. ? Hanover.

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, white, semitransparent. Sculp-

ture, about 31 very fine inequidistant irregular spiral raised carine,

about 8 rather stronger than the rest; on the upper whorls 8.

Spire, slightly raised, with convex outlines. Whorls, 33, very mo-

derately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, slightly con-

stricted behind labrum, and then slightly expanded, semicircular.

Labrum, very little produced above, thickened and reflected and very

slightly pectinated by the stronger carine. Labium, well-detached

from the body-whorl, moderately curved below, on a plane with the

labrum. Umébilicus, moderately deep and wide. Labral lamella,

narrow and sharp. Operculum, slightly concave, plain and smooth,

except a few coarse granulations.

Height 0°036, greatest breadth 0°064, least breadth 0°05.

-Named in compliment to T. Vernon Wollaston, Esq., M.A., so

well known for his Natural History researches in Madeira.

Genus VIIT. Buannpia, Chitty.

Shell subdiscoidal, not prominently sculptured.

Branpia Bianpiana, Chitty.

See Stoastoma Blandianum, Ad. Mon. Stoas. Adams, 1849, p. 6;

Cat. Phan. p. 234.

Hab. Peace River, Manchester.

Brianpia JEFFREYSIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 22 fine

distant and nearly equidistant spiral carine, 5 interspersed being

rather stronger; carinee, finer behind the aperture: on the upper

whorls 6. Spire, very little elevated, with convex outlines. Whors,

33, moderately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, constricted

at a distance behind labrum, and widely expanded and cupping in-

wards at the labium, rather flattened above. Labrum, moderately

produced above, treble in the upper part, broadly but not deeply

scolloped, and pectinated by the 5 stronger carinze, much thickened,

white and shining. Ladium, thickened and much reflected to the

left at its edge, curved to the right below, widely detached from body-

whorl, much below the plane of labrum. Umébilicus, very deep and

broad. Labral lamella, rather strong. Operculum, very concave,

margined with a broad convexly raised ridge something like Wilk.

Schomburgiana, with two deep plainly visible indented grooves on

198

the labial side; 5 sharp diagonal raised lines crossing from right

above to left below on the labral side of the hollow.

Height 0°04, greatest breadth 0:063, least breadth 0°047.

Named in compliment to J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., late of Swansea,

now of London, a zealous conchologist and possessor of the finest

British collection.

Buanp1A Barrprana, Chitty.

Hab. Yallah’s Hill.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn or pure white.

Sculpture, about 30 or 40 spiral carinee, almost obsolete, scarcely

visible under a 14-inch microscope, about 5 being rather more sharp

than the rest; on the upper whorls about 7. Spire, very slightly

elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 34, moderately

rounded, with a light suture: last whorl rather flattened at the peri-

phery. Aperture, semielliptical, very much produced from the

body-whorl, rather depressed above, but elegantly expanded through-

out. Labrum, very much produced above, joining the body-whorl

in a very graceful serpentine curving lamella, (by which the shell

may be distinguished, ) much thickened and reflected. Labswm, mo-

derately detached from the body-whorl and thickened and reflected,

slightly curved to the right below, very much below the plane of

the labrum. Uzmbilicus, broad and moderately deep. Labral la-

mella, very sharp and narrowly produced. Operculum, deep con-

cave, apparently smooth, or with blunt vertical lamellee, margined all

round, labial side much curved, rather pointed at upper and lower

extremity.

Height 0°033, greatest breadth 0°062, least breadth 0°052.

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. Baird, of the British

Museum.

Var. Minor. A much smaller variety, coming from the same

habitat.

Buannia MacGituivrayana, Chitty.

Hab. (?) Pedro district, St. Ann’s.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 20 faint

equidistant spiral carinz ; on the upper whorls, 6. Spire, very little

elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 34, moderately rounded

with a moderate suture. Aperture, large, very broadly expanding,

slightly depressed above. Labrum, double throughout, but more so

above, slightly reflected, white, smooth, much produced above, leaving

the body-whorl at an angle of about 50°. Labium, almost appressed

to the body-whorl in its centre, slightly curved above, more below to

the right, below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, shallow and

spreading. Labral lamella, very little produced. Operculum, not

concave, but moderately sunk or depressed (flat or smooth) im its

interior surface, more so at the lower labial side ; edge on labral side

much and broadly folded over convexly.

Height 0°034, greatest breadth 0:055, least breadth 0°045.

199

_ Named in compliment to John MacGillivray, Esq., the well-known

and able naturalist and collector.

Buanpia Troscuewiana, Chitty.

Hab. Clarendon Mountains.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, ? (only two bad specimens).

Sculpture, 23 irregular inequidistant coarsely rounded spiral carinee

obsolete at the periphery, 4 more prominent than the rest; on the

upper whorls, 5. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines.

Whorls, 33, well-rounded, with a well-impressed suture. Aperture,

very slightly expanded, rather flattened above and depressed below,

more than a semicircle. Labrum, moderately produced above,

double, white, thickened and reflected, very slightly pectinated by

the four stronger carinze, or rather squared as in Wilkinsonea Mous-

soniana. Labium, well-detached from body-whorl, slightly curved

to the right above and below, on a plane with the labrum below,

lower above. Umbilicus, broad and deep. Labral lamella, very

little produced. Operculum, smooth and concave, deep on the labial

side.

Height 0-03, greatest breadth 0-059, least breadth 0°045.

Named in compliment to Dr. Troschel, of Bonn, Editor of the

‘Archieve’ of Natural History, &c.

Buanpra Hirxrana, Chitty.

Hab. ?, Westmoreland.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 22 inequi-

distant spiral carinz, wider apart and stronger above, and a few at

the periphery most raised ; on the upper whorls, 5. Spire, much

depressed, slightly concave. Whorls, 34, moderately rounded,

with a rather deep suture. Aperture, very slightly constricted at

the fauces, slightly expanded, depressed above, more than a semi-

circle. Labrum, well-produced above and pointedly, leaving the

body-whorl at about an angle of 30°, white, slightly pectinated by

about five points, thin, reflected. Labium, slightly curved below,

well-detached from body-whorl. Umbilicus, rather deep and broad.

Labral lamella and operculum, like Wilkinsonea Bensoniana.

Height 0:025, greatest breadth 0-047, least breadth 0°041.

Named in compliment to the Hon. Richard Hill, of Spanish Town,

Jamaica, well-known as an ornithologist and lover of general natural

history.

BuanpiA TRAILLIANA, Chitty.

Hab. Clarendon Mountains (unique).

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Seulpture, 5 coarser

spiral carinze and 2 coarse ; 6th to 10th coarse, with one coarse

between, and after each, 11th coarser, and 5 coarse, round umbilicus ;

on the upper whorls, 5. Spire, much depressed, with convex out-

lines. Whorls, 34, well-rounded, with a deep suture; last whorl

well-rounded, large. Aperture, semicircular, slightly constricted at

200

a distance from the labrum, and then elegantly and slightly expanded.

Labrum, well, and in an elegant curve, produced above, treble above

and double below, as in Helix Rupis-fontis in my cabinet (N.B. since

first describing this shell it has unfortunately got broken), very

slightly thickened at its extreme edge, and white. Ladbium, mode-

rately detached from body-whorl, wide and much reflected, curving

slightly throughout, below the plane of labrum. Umbilicus, mode-

rately deep an broad. Labral lamella, slightly produced. Oper-

culum, q

Height 0:034, greatest breadth 0°057, least breadth 0°041.

Named in compliment to Dr. Traill (Malacca ?), the great East

Indian collector.

Buanp1ia Luxisiana, Chitty.

Haé. Near Port Maria (unique).

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 27 fine sharp

spiral carine, the 6th, 10th, 15th, and 23rd being rather stronger ;

on the upper whorls, 6. Spdre, much depressed, with slightly con-

vex outlines. Whorls, 34rd, moderately rounded, with a moderate

suture. Aperture, slightly depressed above, expanded below, semi-

elliptic. Labrum, produced above in a curve, leaving the body-whorl

in a quasi angle of about 80°, double and widely so above, pectinated

by about 5 points, very slightly reflected, white. Labiwm, nearly

straight, very little curved to the right below, slightly detached from

the body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum above, lower below.

Umbilicus, moderately deep. Labral lamella, rather produced in its

centre. Operculum, f

Height 0°024, greatest breadth 0°051, least breadth 0°04.

Named in compliment to Dr. Lukis of Guernsey, an able natu-

ralist and antiquary.

Bianp1a Loweana, Chitty.

Hab. Bodle’s Pen Wood, St. Dorothy.

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, dark horn. Sculpture, spiral carine,

5 less and | strong repeated four times, then 5 less and 2 strong,

then 3 fine and | strong, and 4 less strong; on the upper whorls,

7 or 8. Spire, very slightly elevated, with slightly concave outlines.

Apex, obtusely prominent. Whorls, 34, very slightly rounded, with

a deep suture. Aperture, more than a semicircle, rather expanded

above, very slightly deflected and expanded below. Labrum, slightly

produced above at the Ist and 2nd strong carine, broadly pectinated

and scolloped by all the strong carinee. Labium, well-detached from

the body-whorl, below the plane of the labrum above, slightly

rounded and nearly up to the plane of the labrum in the lower end.

Umbilicus, moderately deep. Lubral lamella, very sharp and narrow.

Operculum, deeply concave in the centre and minutely granulated ;

two or three microscopic lamellz crossing vertically, the edge all

round thickened and deeply reflected outward, the upper edge having

five or six deep irregular vertical folds.

Height 0°027, greatest breadth 0:055, least breadth 0:042. _

201

Named in compliment to the Rev. R. T. Lowe, lately Chaplain in

Madeira, and the well-known contributor to the natural history of

that island.

2, LisT OF ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF MEXICAN Birps, OBTAINED

By M. AuGcustre SALLE FROM THE ENVIRONS OF JALAPA

AND S. Anpres TuxTia. By Puriire Lutiey Scriater,

M.A.

M. Auguste Sall¢, since his return from Southern Mexico (where

he made the very extensive collection of birds, of which I gave an

account in these Proceedings for last year), has received in Paris a

considerable number of specimens procured by some of his corre-

spondents in the same part of the country. Among them are many

species of which he did not himself obtain examples. These he has

been kind enough to send over for my inspection, and I have thus

been enabled to form an additional List of upwards of sixty species

of birds found in this part of Mexico, which were not included in my

former catalogue. The majority of these were obtained in the en-

virons of Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla, both of which places are

within the confines of the State of Vera Cruz.

1. SprzaETus oRNATUS (Daud.).

Jalapa.

2. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (L.).

Jalapa.

3. AsTURINA NITIDA (Lath.).

Jalapa.

4, Exanus tevucurvs (Vieill.).

Jalapa.

5. ATHENE HyPOG#A, Bp., Cassin, B. Cal. p. 188.

Jalapa.

6. PeTROCHELIDON BICOLOR (Vieill.).

S. José.

7. PROGNE DOMINICENSIS (Gm.).

S. Andres Tuxtla.

8. Momortus CHRULEICEPS, Gould.

Jalapa.

9. Hytomanes momotuia, Licht. Abh, Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449,

pl. 4.

Jalapa.

202

10. CeryLe Torquarta (Linn.).

Jalapa.

11. CeRYLE aMazona (Lath.).

Jalapa.

Agrees with S. A. examples.

12, XIPHOCOLAPTES ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.) ?

A fine bird of the section of Dendrocolaptine which embraces the

larger species (albicollis, major, promeropirhynchus, &c.), is in M.

Sallé’s collection from the vicinity of Jalapa. It is the first of the

genus that I have seen from the country northward of Panama, and

a full series of specimens would possibly show that it was different

from the S. A. X. albicollis, to which I have referred it provision-

ally. Lafresnaye, in his ‘ Monograph,’ has employed the name Den-

drocolaptes for this section, but that name is rightly applicable to

the D. cayanensis and its affines, for which he has used the generic

term Dendrocops.

13. RHAMPHOCENUS RUFIVENTRIS (Bp.), Gray’s Gen. pl. 47.

f.\2.

S. Andres Tuxtla.

14. RoImMAMPHUS &sTIvus (Lath.).

Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla.

15. SynvicoLta americana (Linn.), Wilson’s Am. Orn. pl. 28.

f. 3.

Tlacotalpam.

I am rather surprised to find this bird so far to the south. I

should rather have expected to see its Central American representa-

tive S. mexicana (Bp. Consp. p. 310).

16. BastLEUTERUS CHRYSOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p. 314.

Olivaceo-viridis: gutture et corpore medio subtus flavis : lateribus

olivaceis : pileo et capitis lateribus intense castaneis : super-

ciliis latis et longis, aureis : fronte et superciliorum marginibus

superioribus nigris: rostro nigro: pedibus pallide flavis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°3, caude 2:1.

This very pretty species of Basileuterus is shortly characterized

by Prince Bonaparte in his ‘ Conspectus’ from the specimen in the

Berlin Museum. M. Sallé’s examples were obtained in the vicinity

of Jalapa.

17. ReGuius CALENDULA (L.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 5. f. 3.

Jalapa.

18. Turpvus assimrtis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 4.

Jalapa and Vigia.

This fine Thrush is very closely allied to a well-known 8. Ame-

Mt a 4

203

rican species 7’. crotopezus, Licht. (T. albicollis, Spix). The under

surfaces of these two birds are very nearly alike — Turdus assi-

milis showing only rather a larger white patch on the neck and

deeper cinereous breast ; but above 7’. erotopezus is of a rich umber-

brown colouring, and the tail of a bluish-grey ; whereas in the Mexican

species the whole upper surface is of a paler and more cinereous

brown. I have seen examples of this bird also from Orizaba and

Puente Nacional in Mexico and from Guatimala.

19. MatacocicHLa MEXxIcANA, Bp. Compt. Rend. t. xlii. Nov.

1846.

Jalapa.

20. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould, P. Z.'S. 1855, p. 69.

pl. 83.

Santecomapam.

I have already recorded the appearance of this species in Chiriqui

(P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142); but I was not prepared to find it so far

north.

21. TopIROSTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.), antea, p. 83.

Tlacotalpam, March 1856.

22. CAMPTOSTOMA IMBERBE, Sp. nov.

Genus novum Tyrannidarum, Tyrannulo afine: rostrum altum,

breve, valde compressum, apice acuta et dente finali nulla ; cul-

mine multum arcuato et regulariter incurvo, gonyde paulum

ascendente ; vibrissis rictalibus nullis: ale modice, dimidium

caude attingentes ; primariis secunda, tertia et quarta inter se

equalibus et quintam paulo excedentibus, sexta his paulo bre-

viore sed primam superante: cauda modica quadrata: tarsi

breviusculi : pedes ut in genere Tyrannulo.

C. IMBERBE, sp. nov.

C. supra olivascenti-fuscum, pileo semicristato, cinerascenti-fusco;

alis fuscis, secundariarum et tectricum marginibus externis pal-

lidioribus et albicantibus ; cauda pallide cinerascenti-fusco

unicolore : subtus cinerascenti-albidum flavo perfusum ; rostri

nigri mandibula inferiore basi flavieante ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 3°5 ; alee 2°8; caude 1°3. Fe

Hab. In vicinitate urbis S. Andres Tuxtla in rep. Mexicana.

204

M. Sallé’s recent collections contain a single specimen of this curi-

ous little bird, which was obtained in the neighbourhood of S. An-

dres Tuxtla. There is no doubt about its belonging to the Tyran-

nide, but the form of the bill appears to be quite different from

that of any bird hitherto recognized as of that family, and to require

a new generic appellation. I have therefore called it Camptostoma

from the arched form of the culmen. The specific name imberbe

refers to the entire absence of rictal bristles. I consider Tyrannulus

to be perhaps its nearest-allied generic form, from which, however,

it may be at once distinguished by the peculiar depth and compres-

sion of the bill. Dr. Hartlaub’s Ornithion inerme belongs, I suspect,

to this same section of Tyrannide.

23. SAYORNIS PALLIDA (Sw.), antea, p. 127.

Jalapa.

24. Minvuuus rorricatus (Gm.), Bp. Am. Orn. pl. 2. f. 1.

Jalapa.

25. SCAPHORHYNCHUS MEXICANUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1851, p. 473.

Jalapa.

26. PacHyRHAMPHUS MAJoR, Cab. in Wiegm. Archiv, p. 246;

antea, p. 78, d et 2.

Jalapa.

27. VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.).

Jalapa. :

28. CyANocorax unicoLtor, DuBus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 17

(1848); C. concolor, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. iv. p. 26 (1848).

Jalapa.

29. CyANOCORAX ORNATUS (Less.), R. Z. 1839, p. 41; Bp.

Consp. p. 379.

Jalapa.

30. CyYANOCORAX ULTRAMARINUS (Temm.), Pl. Col. 439.

Adult specimens of this bird in M. Sallé’s recently received col-

lections from Jalapa seem to be quite the same as Temminck’s plate.

I believe the bird called Cyanocitta floridana in my former list to

have been the young of this species.

31. Cyanocorax NANUvs, DuBus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 25.

Jalapa.

The Guatimalan species (C. pumilo) which is figured as “ C.

nanus?’? in the ‘Contributions’ (1849, pl. 33) is perfectly distinct

from the present bird, and Prince Bonaparte has done quite right in

keeping them apart. In the C. nanus the throat is silvery whitish-

blue, whereas in C. pumilo it is quite dark, almost black.

205

32. Icrerus cuLARis (Wagl.).—Psarocolius gularis, Wag]. Isis,

1829, p. 754 ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 9.

Dr. Cabanis (Mus. Hein. p.185 (note)) says that I. mentalis, Less.

Cent. Zool. pl. 41, is not the same as this bird. He gives no rea-

sons for his assertion, and, as far as I can judge from a comparison

of descriptions and figures, I am inclined to think otherwise.

33. IcreRus pecTrorauis (Wagl.). — Psarocolius pectoralis,

Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 755 ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 10.

34. HyPHANTES BALTIMORENSIS (Linn.).

Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla; v. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142.

35. AcELaZus PHa@NICEvS (Linn.)?

Tlacotalpam, March 1856.

This bird is rather smaller in size than specimens from U. S., but

seems hardly separable. I have a similar example from Guatimala.

36. Sa.TaTor GRANnopIs (Licht.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 72.

Cordova.

A common Mexican species, which was in M. Sallé’s first collection

from Cordova, but accidentally omitted in my catalogue. Botteri

has sent many specimens from Orizaba, some of which are immature

and have the superciliaries yellowish-green and plumage more oliva-

ceous, in which state it is S. icterophrys, Laft. :

37. BuARREMON ALBINUCHUs (D’Orb. and Lafr.), P. Z. 8. 1856,

p- 86.

Jalapa.

38. PyRANGA BIDENTATA (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 126.

Jalapa.

39. CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS, DuBus; P. Z. 8.1856, p. 270.

Jalapa.

40. Euspiza americana (Linn.), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 142.

S. Andres Tuxtla.

41. Curysoris AUTUMNALIS (L.).

Jalapa.

42. PreroGiossus ToRqUuATUS (Wagl.), Gould, Mon. Rhamph.

ed. ii. pl. 20.

S. Andres Tuxtla, called “‘ Pito real.”

43. Grococcyx MEXICANUS (Gm.).

Jalapa.

44. CHAM#PELIA PASSERINA (L.).

S. Andres Tuxtla, April 1856.

206

45. GEOTRYGON CHIRIQUENSIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 143.

M. Sallé has received a specimen from Jalapa seemingly referable

to this species, which is now in Prince Bonaparte’s collection.

46. Ortyx pecTorALis, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 5.

Jalapa.

47. DENDRORTYX BARBATA (Licht. ), Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 22.

Jalapa.

48, PuaTauea agasa (L.).

Jalapa.

49. CANCROMA COCHLEARIA (L.).

S. Andres Tuxtla.

50. HeropiAs CANDIDISSIMA (Wilson).

Jalapa.

51. Nycricorax GARDENI (Gm.).

Jalapa.

52. ANGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Linn. ).

Jalapa.

53. HiMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Jalapa.

54. Parra GyMNostomA, Wagl.; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283.

Jalapa.

55. ARAMIDES CAYENENSIS (Gm.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 143.

S. Andres Tuxtla.

56. FuLica AMERICANA (Gm.).

Jalapa.

57. QUERQUEDULA piscors (L.).

Jalapa. 7

58. Darra acuta (L.).

Jalapa.

59. ERIsMATURA DOMINICA (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 968.

Jalapa.

207

60. Popicers pominicus (L.), Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 101;

Max. Beitr. iv. p. 835; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 440.

Jalapa.

This little Grebe seems to be extensively diffused over the tropical

portion of the New World.

61. PLorus anuinGa (Linn.).

Jalapa.

62. PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS (Brandt.), Bp. Consp. ii.

p- 173.

Jalapa.

July 28, 1857.

Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions or SeEvEN New SHELLS FROM THE COLLEC-

TION OF THE Hon. Sir Davip Barciay, or Port Louis,

Mauritius. By Love.u Reeve, F.L.S., F.G.S.

(Mollusca, Pls. XXXVII., XX XVIII.)

Sir David Barclay, a gentleman resident at the Mauritius, and

long known to conchologists as a zealous collector of shells, having

availed himself of the occasion of visiting this country to bring a few

of the rarer specimens of his cabinet for comparison, I have, at his

request, examined them, and selected the following as being new :—

1. Srromspus Taurus (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 3). Strom. testa

ovata, crassissima, ponderosa ; spira exserta, nodoso-tubercu-

lata; anfractibus transversim striatis et tenuiliratis, ultimo

superne obtuse angulatis et perampliter bi- tri-tuberculato,

tuberculo obliquo peramplo infra in medio ornato ; columella

densissime callosa, superne fere ad apicem appresse dilatata ;

apertura subcontracta, labro dense incrassato, tuberculis per-

amplis obtusis armato superne bidactylo, dactylo supremo

elongato, curvato; albida, aurantio-fusco variegata et sparsim

vittata, columella et apertura fauce rubido-carneo tinctis.

Long. 34 poll., lat. 22 poll.

Hab. Amirante Islands, a group of the Seychelles.

This remarkable shell, which Sir David Barclay has for some time

past known as an undescribed species, and distinguished in his

cabinet by the above name, is curiously intermediate in its generic

208

characters between Strombus and Péerocera. In detail of pattern

and sculpture it resembles S. laciniatus, but there is a large central

oblique tubercle on the back, and the tip is thickened into two very

large obtuse oblong tubercles, the upper part being produced into

two decided Pterocera claws, one of which is prolonged in a curved

manner to the extent of an inch and a half. The specimen has

rather the appearance of being malformed ; but notwithstanding this

seeming irregularity of growth, there is no doubt whatever of its

being specifically distinct from any hitherto described form.

2. Cyprza Barcrayi (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 4). Cypr. testa pyri-

Sormi-ovata, subumbilicata ; dorso elevatiusculo, extremitatibus

eleganter calloso-productis, subrostratis ; basi convera; denti-

bus utrinque octodecim ad novemdecim fortibus tumidiusculis ;

interstitiis conspicue sulcatis, profundis ; dentibus exterioribus

super labrum decurrentibus, medianis bifidis ; nitente, alba,

dorso aurantio-spadiceo undique eximie punctato et lentiginoso,

extremitatibus aurantio-spadiceo tinctis.

Long. 1 poll., lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Island of Diego Garcia, a dependency of Mauritius (taken

on a block of coral dredged up from deep water).

An exquisitely delicate species in the finest possible condition,

perfectly unlike any of this favourite genus hitherto known. It is

of an elegantly pyriform shape, with the extremities rather produced ;

the teeth on each side the aperture being especially characteristic,

from their strong development and deeply grooved interstices. The

painting is a delicate profusion of orange-buff dots of different degrees

of tone upon a shining pearl-white ground; the extremities and

teeth, the outer of which extend nearly across the base, being tinged

with the orange-buff in a darker and brighter hue. ~

3. Pyruta(Rurzocuitus) De Burcu (Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 3).

Pyr. testa pyriformi-ovata, subanguste umbilicata ; spira bre-

viuscula, turrita ; anfractibus superne late angulato-expansis,

ad angulum squamis subamplis plano-compressis flabellatim

coronatis, infra basin versus attenuatis, undique dense liratis,

liris subtilissime serratis ; alba, aperture fauce sulcata.

Long. 12 poll., lat. 14 poll.

Hab. China.

A beautifully turbinated pagoda-like shell, being coronated through-

out the expanded angle of the whorls with large compressed fan-

shaped scales. It is of the same peculiar typical form as the Pyrula

Mawe, the umbilicus being, however, much more contracted, and is

believed to be an inhabitant of the same locality.

I have the pleasure of naming this very delicate and remarkable

species in honour of Mrs. De Burgh, a lady, whose warm assiduity

and zeal in collecting shells is equalled by her intelligent apprehen-

sion of their characters and correct estimation of their comparative

rarity and beauty.

209

4. Trocuus (EvcHELE) ALaBAstRUM. Tro. testa subdepresso-

conoidea, anguste profunde umbilicata ; spira exserta; sutura

peculiariter profunde excavata ; anfractibus deinde concavis, et

fortiter tricarinatis, carinis subirregulariter undatis et exqui-

site serratis; calcareo-alba, carinis punctis nigris subdistantibus

peculiariter notatis.

Long. 2 poll., lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Island of Diego Garcia, a dependency of the Mauritius.

Of this very striking species there is a second specimen in the col- °

lection of Mr. Cuming. It is of a pure chalk-white substance,

strongly spirally grooved and keeled throughout, the keels being

sparsely dotted with black. 7 WXYY}! ee 1.2 :)

5. Murex Barcuayi.. Mur. testa trigono-ovata, canali bre-

viuscula, recurva ; spira brevi, acuminata ; anfractibus transver-

sim tenuissime serrato-liratis et striatis, longitudinaliter tri-

varicosis, varicibus basin versus conspicue fimbriato-laminatis,

interstittis triseriatim tuberculatis et nodatis ; rosaceo-alba,

purpurascente et ferrugineo-carneo tincta et maculata.

Long. 31 poll., lat. 13 poll.

Hab. St. Brandon Shoal, near Mauritius (thrown on shore after

a hurricane).

This very beautiful species is very closely allied to a shell in Mr.

Cuming’s collection, which has been attributed by Mr. Sowerby, in

his ‘Conchological Illustrations,’ to M. trigonulus, Lamarck. It

is also as closely allied to a shell in the collection of the King of

Denmark, which was figured for that species by myself in the ‘ Con-

chologia Iconica.’ From both, however, it is sufficiently distinct to

establish its claim to rank as a new species.

6. CycLostoma TusuLUM. Cycl. testa imperforata, turbinata ;

spira elevatiuscula ; anfractibus rotundatis, levibus ; apertura

circulari ; labro eleganter expanso ; lutescente-alba, nigricanti-

Susco multifasciata.

Lat. 12 poll.

Hab. 2

This very elegant species partakes of the characters of C. Belairz

and Boivini, but is quite distinct from either of those species. There

is no umbilicus and very little umbilical callosity. The bands are

peculiar in extending over the expanded lip to the extreme edge.

7. CycLostoma Evcen1. Cyel. testa subprofunde umbilicata,

subdepresso-orbiculari ; spira brevi; anfractibus ad suturam

leviter impressis, deinde convewis, spiraliter dense elevato-

striatis, in medio acute tenuicarinatis; apertura circulari,

labro (in hoc specimine) simplici; fulvescente-spadicea, infra

castaneo plus minus tenue vittata.

Lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Mauritius (found in the heights of Flacq, at the roots of a

Bois-de-Natte tree).

No. CCCXL.—Procrepin6s or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

210

Most nearly allied to C. filosum, but of lighter texture and

warmer colour.

2. Notice or A LARGE Species or Lineus?, TAKEN ON THE

Coast NEAR Montrose. By Dr. Joun E. Gray, V.P.ZS.,

F.R.S. etc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XLVIII.)

Mr. Beattie, the Secretary of the Museum of the Natural History

Society of Montrose, has kindly presented to the Museum a frag-

ment containing the head of a large marine animal which was taken

off the coast near Montrose on the 18th July, 1857.

Mr. Beattie has accompanied the specimen with a figure, and

the following note respecting it :—

‘Length varies from 18 to 20 inches. After having been taken

a few hours, it divided itself into two pieces of nearly equal length,

the posterior of which divided itself into 32 different pieces, all of

which seemed to me to move for a whole day ; the head part, con-

tinuing to live for two days, moved about, changing its shape con-

tinually, and now and then throwing off an additional joint.”

The head portion which is in the British Museum resembles the

fragment of a very large Lineus, with a large longitudinal mouth

opening into a longitudinal cavity, which extends the whole of its

length, having a central, broad, longitudinal rounded ridge extending

the whole length of the dorsal surface. The sides of the body are

irregularly torn.

The specimen is in far too imperfect a condition to describe, but

I think that it may be provisionally named Lineus Beattiai, after

its discoverer; and I hope that we may be favoured with a more

perfect description of the animal made from a living specimen.

I may observe, that there is a large round hole in the centre of

the lower part of the body, about one-fourth the entire length from

the mouth, which has been mistaken by some persons for the vent ;

but it is evidently an artificial perforation extending entirely through

the substance of the body, and piercing both surfaces of the central

cavity.

3. On a COLLECTION OF Brrps MADE BY S1iGNor Matteo Bort-

TERI IN THE VICINITY OF ORIZABA IN SOUTHERN MEXICo.

By Puinie Lurviey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. etc.

Signor Matteo Botteri, the well-known Dalmatian botanist and

traveller, has transmitted to Mr. S. Stevens a considerable collection

of birds formed in the vicinity of Orizaba in Southern Mexico, where

he has lately been resident in pursuit of his investigations in various

branches of natural history. Having recently been engaged in study-

ing the fine series of specimens of birds obtained by M. Sallé at

211

localities not very distant from M. Botteri’s head-quarters, it was

with much pleasure I undertook, at Mr. Stevens’s request, to look

through this collection—concerning which I now beg to submit the

following remarks to the Society. The greater part of the birds ob-

tained by Signor Botteri belong, as might have been expected, to

species which have already been mentioned as occurring in M. Sallé’s

collections. I do not think it necessary therefore to repeat the

names of these birds, which are upwards of 120 in number ; but I

think it will be useful to note the species contained in Signor Bot-

teri’s collection, of which M. Sallé has not as yet obtained specimens,

so as to render the list of S. Mexican birds as complete as possible.

Mr. J. H. Gurey has kindly communicated to me the names of

the Accipitres in Signor Botteri’s collection, and Mr. Gould has

been so good as to examine the Humming-birds.

1, CarHarTes Aura (L.)?

2. CATHARTES ATRATUS (Bartram) ?

I have not myself the means of instituting a comparison between

these examples and specimens from the United States and from South

America—so I cannot say whether they are really referable to the

northern or southern species—if these are really truly distinct.

3. Potysorvus THARUS (Mol.).

This peculiar Accipitrine ranges over the whole of South America

down to Patagonia, and northwards as far as Texas and Florida.

4. BuTreo HARLANI, Aud.

Mr. Gurney considers this bird probably a variety of Buteo bore-

alis. Mr. Gurney remarks, ‘‘ There appears to me to be two varie-

ties of Buteo borealis frequently met with: one with a rufous breast

and belly, found in Mexico, Texas and California ; the other with a

smoky-brown breast, found in Mexico, Texas, and some of the

Southern States, but not, as faras I have observed, westward of the

Rocky Mountains, and therefore differing in this particular from the

range of the red-bellied variety. This brown-bellied variety is the

Buteo harlani of Audubon, as may be seen by reference to his ori-

ginal specimen in the British Museum.”

The rufous-breasted bird spoken of by Mr. Gurney is doubtless

the same as that called ‘‘ Buteo montanus, Nuttall,’ by Mr. Cassin

in Proe. Ac. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 39, and previously confounded by him

with Buteo Swainsont.

5. Burgeo Lineatus (Gm.).

6. BuTEO PENNSYLVANICUS, Wilson.

7. Butro erytHronotus (King): Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34.

8. Morpunvus antruracinus (Licht.) : Strick]. Orn. Syn. p. 25.

9. Circus Hupsontius (Linn.).

212

10. Orus pracuyotus (Linn.).

11. CoryLe FLAVIGASTRA (Vieill.), Temm. Pl. Col. 161. fig. 2.

A single specimen in M. Botteri’s collection seems undoubtedly

referable to this species, which I little expected to find so far north.

12. CyANOMYIA CYANOCEPHALA (Less.).

M. Botteri’s collection contained specimens of three other Trochi-

lide, namely Delattria rhami, Amazilius arsinoe, and Trochilus co-

lubris, all of which also occurred in M. Sallé’s series from Cordova.

13. SALPINCTES MEXICANUS (Sw.), Bp. Consp. p. 224.

14. HetmirHeERos CELATUS (Say), Bp. Consp. p. 315.

15. HetmirHEeRos ——?

Botteri, no. 130.

An obscure species, probably the same as no. 64 of Sallé’s col-

lection.

16. HeELMITHEROS

A small greenish species apparently of this genus, of which I have

also specimens in my own collection from Guatimala and Mexico.

17. ReGuULUs SATRAPA, Licht.

A young bird of this species, which has already been noticed as

far south as Texas. See Sitgreave’s Report, p. 67.

i8. Turpvus Minor, Gm. ; Bp. Consp. p. 271.—Merula olivacea,

Brewer.—Turdus olivaceus, Giraud, B. Long Island, p. 91 (1844).

—Turdus swainsoni, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 48?

M. Botteri’s examples do not appear to differ much from the N.

American bird, and the New Grenadian 7". minimus, Lafr., is hardly

separable. I have also seen specimens from Guatimala, which are

referable to this species,

19. Turpvus soxiTarivs, Wilson; Bp. Consp. p. 270.—Turdus

silens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369.

This species is easily distinguishable from the last by its rufous

tail. It is common in New Jersey, U.S. A., where I obtained spe-

cimens in October 1856, and, I believe, in the United States gene-

rally. Botteri’s examples do not differ from these.

20. ToxosTOMA CURVIROSTRE (Sw.), vide antea, p. 126.

21. Mimus potyexortus (Linn.).

Already noticed by Mr. Swainson (Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369) as

inhabiting Mexico, but M. Botteri’s specimen seems smaller; and

further examination and comparison of specimens should be made to

prove this species identical with the N. American bird.

213

NEOCALOE, gen. nov.

Neochloe genus novum Vireoni affine, sed ad Sylvicolam et hujus-

modi genera spectans. Rostrum magis carinatum, basi latiore,

apice magis acuta: ale breves, quadrate, remige prima brevi,

secunda longiore, quarta, quinta, sexta et septima fere equali-

bus et tertiam paulo superantibus ; secundariis longis et pri-

mariam tertiam eacedentibus : pedes ut in genere Vireone.

22. NEOCHLOE BREVIPENNIS, sp. nov.

N. cinereus, dorso murino et viridi paululum lavato : capite toto

supero cum marginibus alarum et caude flavicanti-viridibus ; re-

migibus et rectricibus intus nigricanti-cinereis : abdomine medio

erissoque albis.

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°2, caudze 2°!.

Of this little bird must, I think, be constituted a third genus of

Vireonine ; the peculiar form of the wing rendering it impossible to

arrange it as either a Vireo or Vireosylvia. It has much of the

general form of a small species of the former genus, but is readily

separable by the short and square wing, all the secondaries (except

the three outer) exceeding the second primary in length.

M. Botteri’s collection contains one example of this bird (num-

bered 277), which is labelled “ Orizaba, 8 Oct. 1856.”

23. VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p. 330.

Botteri, no. 325.

A single specimen of this very curious bird in Sig. Botteri’s col-

lection is the first that has ever come under my notice. This being

the type of the genus, the species called Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp.

(P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 151. pl. 103) will be rather abnormal—the bill

being more like Cyclorhis and the tail shorter. This form seems to

unite Vireo and Cyclorhis, and inclines me to agree with Prince

Bonaparte’s views in arranging them not far apart. Icteria also, to

which the present bird shows much resemblance in colour, should

probably be placed in the same family.

24. My1aprsres opscurus, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p. 99.

M. Botteri has transmitted examples of this bird, as also of my

M. unicolor (P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 299), a nearly allied species.

25. Motorurvs Pecoris (Gm.).

Agrees with N. American specimens. Also noticed by Mr. Swain-

son, Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 436.

26. AGELEZUS GUBERNATOR (Wagl.), Bp. Consp. p. 430.

27. HeDYMELES MELANOCEPHALUS (Sw.).— Guiraca melano-

cephala, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 438.

28. Pyraneca uepatica (Sw.), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 124.

29. PyranGa LupoviciAna (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125.

214

30. Sp1zA VERSICOLOR, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 20.

Specimens of this bird were obtained by Lieut. Couch in the State

of New Leon, which are now in the Museum of the Philadelphian

Academy,—so it appears to be distributed all through Mexico. °

M. Botteri has transmitted a single example—not in very good

order—of a bird apparently belonging to this genus, which is probably

undescribed. It somewhat resembles Ammodromus ruficeps, figured

by Mr. Cassin in his ‘ Birds of California,’ but is more cinereous in

plumage. I wait for additional specimens before venturing to cha-

racterize as new a bird belonging to this complicated group.

31. AMMODROMUS

32. ZONOTRICHIA BOTTERII, sp. nov.

Supra ex cinereo rufescens, capitis et dorsi medii pennis media-

liter fusco-nigris, harum autem marginibus rufescentibus, colore

rufescente fusco mictis: alis nigricantibus, tectricibus omnibus

pallido fusco late, remigibus rufo anguste, extus limbatis :

cauda graduata, nigricante; rectricum externarum apicibus

valde dilutioribus, pallide cinereis: subtus albidus, pectore

cinerascentiore, gula clariore, precipue ad latera rufescente

irroratus: carpo flavicante: alis et cauda subtus cinereis:

rostro plumbeo ; tomiis pallidioribus : pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°5, caude 2°6.

I have in vain attempted to identify this bird with any of the

known species of N. American Zonotrichie, and am forced to the

conclusion that it is probably undescribed. It comes nearer to Z.

eassinit, Woodhouse (Proce. Ac. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 60), than to any other

species with which I am acquainted; but differs from this entirely

in the markings of the upper surface, the whole centre of the fea-

thers bemg dark, whereas in Z. cassinii the dark colour is confined

to a subapical spot. The structure of the two birds is very much

alike, but the feet are rather stronger in the present species. I hope

M. Botteri will forward better specimens of this interesting species

(the examples in the present collection being badly preserved), so

as to allow me to make a more accurate investigation of its differen-

tial characters.

33. Picus sarpinu, Malh. R. Z. 1845, p. 374.

A single example, wanting the tail, is apparently referable to this

rather curiously coloured species of Picus.

34. Coccyzus ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.).

One specimen, apparently of this species, seems to be rather smaller

in size than N. American examples.

35. Leproprita ALsirrons, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 74. — Perist.

brachyptera, G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit.

Much confusion has been caused in the nomenclature of this

215

Pigeon (as in numberless other instances) by the practice of pub-

lishing names without descriptions.

36. TrinGorpes MacuLARtus (Linn.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 59.

fig. 1.

37. GLOTTIS MELANOLEUCA (Gm.). — T. vociferus, Wils. Am.

Orn. pl. 58. fig. 5.

38. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gm.), Wils. Am. Orn.

pl. 70. fig. 4.

4. On THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AIR IN THE BONES OF

Birps. By Epwarp Crisp, M.D. erc.

In my last communication upon this subject (see p. 9), I stated

that I purposed adding to the list of birds dissected, and afterwards

describing the air-sacs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities ; the

method by which air is admitted to the hollow bones, and the flight

of birds in relation to these matters; but as the communication is

longer than I expected, I will reserve the second part of my subject,

viz. the admission of air to the bones, for my next and concluding

paper.

My dissections * have not been so numerous as I could have

wished, but the following list, in addition to that of my first com-

munication, will, I think, enable me to form tolerably accurate con-

clusions. The birds since examined are the following :—

Kestrel. F. tinnunculus. Jay. OC. glandarius.

Kite. JF. milvus. Crow. C. corvus.

Common Buzzard. J. duteo. Cuckoo. C. canorus.

Marsh Harrier. FF. @ruginosus. Spotted Woodpecker. P. major.

American Eagle Owl. S. dmeri- Grey Parrot. P. erythacus.

canus. Crested Paraqueet. P. Nove

Long-eared Owl. S. otus. Hollandie.

Tawny Owl. 8S. aluco. Impeyan Pheasant. P. Impey-

Barn Owl. 8S. flammea. anus.

Glossy Starling. Juida nitens. Heron. A. cinerea.

Spotted Fly-catcher. M.grisola. Turnstone. S. interpres.

Whin-chat. S.rubetra. Sarus Crane. G. Antigone,

Wood Wren. S. sibilatrix. Bean Goose. A. seyetum.

Willow Wren. S. trochilus. Cereopsis Goose. Cereopsis Nove

Blue Titmouse. P. ceruleus. Hollandie.

Marsh Titmouse. P. palustris. Eider Duck. <A. mollissima.

Long-tailed Titmouse. P. cau- Smew. Mergus albellus.

datus. Red-necked Grebe. P.rubricollis.

Black-headed Bunting. EZ. sehe- Great Northern Diver. C. gla-

niclus. cialis.

Canary. C. canaria. Cormorant. C. cormoranus.

* JT have examined the skeletons of numerous birds not mentioned in the above

lists ; but for the sake of greater accuracy, I think it better to confine myself to

birds dissected soon after death.

216

The above list of thirty-five birds (eight of them foreign) includes

eight rapacious ; of these the Faleonidze had air in the humeri, fe-

mora, and bones of the trunk. The four Owls, Strigide, had air only

in the humeri. Of the twelve passerine birds the Carrion Crow, the

Jay, and the Tits had air only in the humeri; whilst the remaining

seven, including five birds of passage, had no air in the bones. The

humeri of the Impeyan Pheasant were hollow. In the four climbers

the humeri contained air, but the femora were fulk of marrow. Of

the three Waders, the Turnstone had the bones of the limbs free from

air, but the humeri of the Heron and Sarus Crane were hollow. In

three of the web-footed birds, the geese and ducks had hollow

humeri, but the other four birds were without air in the bones of

the extremities. So that only five Falconidee of the above thirty-

five birds, had air in the limbs; the arm-bones of nineteen were

hollow, and in twelve the limb-bones contained marrow.

General Summary.—Adding these specimens to the fifty-two be-

fore described, the deduction is as follows. Air in many of the

bones, 5 (Falconidee); air in the humeri and not in the inferior

extremities, 39; no air in the extremities, and probably in none of

the other bones, 48. I say probably, because I have not inspected

the trunk bones in all; but in the Swallow, Martin, Snipe, and

many birds of passage, I have found all the bones filled with marrow ;

and I infer that when the bones of the limbs contain no air, that

those of the trunk are also air-less.

It will be remarked that I have spoken chiefly of the bones of the

extremities; but in many birds that have air in the humeri and femora,

the sternum, clavicles, scapule, furcula and vertebree are also sup-

plied with this fluid. In the sternum, the air-holes are seen along

the base of the keel; in some birds one air-hole only is present; in

others, many exist, giving this part a cribriform appearance ; the

vertebree, too, of some birds (especially the Falconidz), as shown by

a section of the spine of the Golden Eagle (4. chrysaéta), are com-

posed of a beautiful net-work of bone, rendering them extremely

light.

"The fact that I am especially anxious to bring before the Society

is, that in no bird that I have inspected did the bones of the extre-

mities beyond the humeri and femora contain air.

Air-sacs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.—I have examined

these in the various classes of birds, and have found a great resem-

blance in all. They are mostly larger in high-flying birds and in

those of long and rapid flight. The best mode of inspecting these

cavities, which are formed by doublings of the pleural or peritoneal

membranes, is to inflate them in the dead bird by means of a blow-

pipe inserted in the trachea. A ligature is then placed upon the air-

tube, and the body of the skinned bird exposed to a slow heat for

a few hours ; the membranes are by this means rendered dry and

stiff, so that the thoracic and abdominal viscera may be removed.

The body of the Long-eared Owl (S. otus) on the table has been

thus treated, and many of the air-sacs are plainly seen. But let me

describe more minutely the situation and form of these sacs in a few

217

birds. In the Barn Owl (S. fammea) the upper part of the chest

is closed (as in most birds) by a tough membrane; in the thoracic

cavity are two anterior and two posterior sacs on each side, and a

middle cavity, which may be called the sternal sac. ~The inferior

boundary of these sacs is a transverse duplicature at the base of the

heart. In the upper part of the abdomen are two large sacs sur-

rounding both lobes of the liver, and a triangular sac between them.

On each side is a long anterior sac, the left extending from the lung

above, having the stomach and gullet on the inner side and the ribs

on the outer, bounded below by a membranous expansion extending

from the last ribs to the abdominal muscles. On the right side

nearly the same arrangement prevails. Posterior to the last de-

scribed are two large sacs covering the kidneys, and extending to

the coccyx.

In the abdomen the apertures in the lungs, by which air escapes

into these cavities, are seated below the membranous diaphragm on

each side; they are best seen by inflating the trachea when the bird

is under water; but in some birds, the geese for example, the aper-

tures are so large, that they are readily seen without inflation. In

the Long-eared Owl (S. ofus), the Tawny Owl (8. aluco), Marsh

Harrier (F. eruginosus), and Common Kite (F. milvus), there is

nearly the same arrangement. In the Gulls (Laride), which,

judging from those dissected, have no air in the bones, these sacs

are very large, and the bodies of these birds may be blown out to a

great size. In the Pelican (P. onocrotalus), they are comparatively

. larger than in any bird I have examined.

These cells are all readily distended by inflation through the

trachea, and when one of them is punctured the others become lax.

If the inflation is made through the femur in one of the Falconidee,

the air escapes by the trachea, but I have not succeeded in inflating

the abdominal cells through the humeral aperture ; numerous ex-

periments, however, will be required before one can speak positively

upon this subject.

The aperture by which the air is admitted into the humerus is

seated upon the upper and inner part of the head of this bone. It

is of a rounded or oval form, sometimes consisting of a single open-

ing, and in other instances, especially in the smaller birds, of several

small perforations in a thin layer of bone. In the Black Swan (C.

niger) there is a curious net-work at the entrance, consisting of

eighty or a hundred openings. In the Golden Eagle (4. chrysaéta)

the external aperture is large, with numerous small perforations. In

the Snowy Owl (S. nyctea) it is of a circular form, with a few small

openings through athin layer of bone. In the thigh bone this aper-

ture (when present) varies in shape: in some of the Owls two small

openings exist, with a ridge between them; in the Golden Eagle

and in most of the Falconide I have examined, it is of large size.

I have examined the humeral aperture in many young birds,

Hawks, Owls and Magpies, when full-fledged, and have found it

closed by a thick covering, the spot being indicated by the bloody

appearance of the membrane. In these young birds, which in the

218

adult state have hollow humeri, the cavity of these bones is filled with

thin marrow ; and probably it is not till some time after the wings

have been used, that the air-hole is formed by the absorption of the

membranous.covering.

In my last paper I stated that in one Swift (C. apus) the humeri

were filled with marrow, and in two others they were hollow. I

have only been able to obtain one other specimen, and in this the

humerus was hollow; so that the first described was probably a

young bird: and the same remark will apply to the Goat-sucker

(Caprimulgus), which I now find has in the adult state a hollow

humerus.

The hollow bones are strengthened at their extremities by cross

and transverse beams; but notwithstanding the assertion of many,

that a hollow bone is stronger than one containing marrow, I believe

these bones to be considerably weaker: they are readily splintered

by shot, as all who are accustomed to shoot a variety of birds are

aware, from the number of broken wings among the accipitrine and

gallinaceous birds. Some humeri containing marrow are of great

strength and thickness, and very difficult to break ; indeed a shot

may pass through them without splintering the bone. The humerus

of the Great Northern Diver (C. glacialis) on the table, is as thick

and heavy as that of most quadrupeds: the cavity for the marrow

is very small, and the parietes of the cylinder measure 3 lines. In

addition to its great weight, it is 3 inches in length, forming a re-

markable contrast with the Swift (C. apus), the length of which is

only 4 lines.

Before closing this division of my paper, I may mention that most

writers, in describing the humerus of a bird, speak of the air-hole as

if generally present ; but I believe in the majority of birds it is not

to be found in this or any other bone.

The manner in which air is supplied, and the muscular apparatus

connected with the humeral and femoral apertures, will, as I have

said before, be given in another communication. I may merely ob-

serve here, that a prolongation of the thoracic air-sac is contimued

over the joint, so as to allow of the most perfect mobility. The

thigh-bone, when hollow, is supplied with air in a like manner.

The fught of birds in relation to the presence of air in the bones.

—Notwithstanding the assertion before quoted, “ that in the diurnal

birds of prey, asin almost all other birds of flight, the femur is

filled with air,” it will be found, on reference to the table, that

scarcely one bird of flight has a hollow femur, and that the great

majority of the British birds of passage have no air in the bones,

judging from those examined; thus of the twenty-one birds of

passage named in the tables, only five, the Turtle-Dove, Swift,

Goat-sucker, Cuckoo and Bean Goose had hollow humeri, but these

had no air in the femur; the remaining sixteen had marrow in all

the bones of the limbs. It will be seen also that many birds of

short flight, as the Tits, Woodpeckers, and others, have hollow

humeri.

The presence of air too in the humerus does not appear to in-

219

fluence the mode of flight, as instanced by the Swift, Swallow, and

Martin, the Tits and the Wagtails, the Starlings and Partridges.

It will probably be found, when this matter is more fully investi-

gated, that all soaring birds, and those that remain stationary in

the air for a short time, have hollow humeri, as the Falcon and Sky-

lark. It will be interesting also to observe the influence of climate

as regards the presence of air in the bones.

If we look to the form and length of the bones of the wing, how

different are they in birds possessing almost equal powers of flight !

Take this example before me, the wing of the Swift and of the Marsh

Harrier. The length of the bones of the former is :—humerus,

4 lines; cubitus, 8 lines; metacarpus, 8 lines; phalanges, 4 lines;

total 2 inches ; longest primary feather, 53 inches. Total length of

wing, 7? inches.

In the Marsh Harrier the humerus is 4 inches in length ; cubitus,

42 inches ; metacarpus, 24 inches; phalanges, 1 inch; and pollex,

¢ of an inch ; the longest primary feather, 12 inches; the length of

the bones, 13 inches. Total length of wing, 23 inches.

The difference in the comparative length of the wing-bones in

these birds is very remarkable, and numerous instances of a similar

kind might be adduced ; but I am obliged to limit myself to a few

examples.

From the above investigation I have come te the subjoined con-

clusions :-—

Ist. That in the majority of British birds no air-cavities connected

with the lungs are present in the bones.

2ndly. That the presence of air in the bones is not necessary for

swift and long-continued flight, as instanced especially by the Gulls,

Snipes, Swallows and Martins.

3rdly. That in no bird that I have examined was air found in

the bones of the extremities beyond the humeri and femora.

Dr. Crisp exhibited a nest he had found in June last in the eastern

part of Suffolk, which he believed to be that of the Great Grey

Shrike (Lanius ewcubitor). It was placed in a thick hawthorn fence,

about 12 feet from the ground, upon a large forked branch. It was

composed chiefly of dried grass and a little moss on the exterior,

the lining of short grass; no horsehair nor clay was present; the

form rather shallow, and the size about that of the Missel Thrush

(T’. viscivorus), the diameter 6 inches, the greatest depth from the

rim 4 inches ; from the top of the dome next described to the bottom

of the nest 93 inches. It was closely domed over with twigs, vary-

ing in length from 8 to 12 inches, a small hole being left in the rim

for the entrance of the bird. The nest resembled that of the Magpie

(P. caudata) in miniature, but, as before stated, no clay entered

into its composition.

Dr. Crisp was inclined to think that this was the deserted and

unfinished nest of the Grey Shrike, as two birds of the colour of a

Jay were seen about the spot early in the spring by a person well

220

acquainted with all our common birds, and who stated that ‘he

never before saw any birds of a similar kind.” Dr. Crisp also

thought that near a wood where Squirrels, Jays and Magpies were

abundant, as in this locality, the bird might sometimes cover its

nest. Mr. Wolf informed him, ‘that he once found a nest of this

a in Germany, which he believed was that of the Grey

rike.”

November 10, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On sEvERAL New Species or Brrps FROM VARIOUS PARTS

OF THE WorLD. By Joun Gou tp, V.P., F.R.S. Etc.

Mr. Gould called attention to three species of Australian birds

collected by Mr. Elsey during the recent expedition under A. C.

Gregory, Esq., from the Victoria River on the north-west coast to

Moreton Bay: two of these birds were of especial beauty and in-

terest, viz. a Psephotus and a Malurus. The former is allied both

to the P. pulcherrimus and P. multicolor, but differs from either,

among other characters, by the rich yellow mark on the shoulder ;

and the Malurus is distinguished from all the other members of its

genus by its larger size and by the beautiful lilac circlet which

adorns the crown. The third species alluded to was a Petroica,

allied to the P. superciliosa, a bird discovered by the late Mr. Gilbert

in the neighbourhood of the Burdekin Lakes, and which with the

present would admit of separation from the other species of the

genus.

For the Parrakeet Mr. Gould proposed the name of

PsEPHOTUS CHRYSOPTERYGIUS.

Male.—Band across the forehead, extending above the eye to its

posterior angle, very pale yellow; on the centre of the crown a patch

of black ; sides of the head, cheeks, neck, throat, upper portion of

the abdomen, lower part of the back, rump and upper tail-coverts,

verditer blue, somewhat greener on the cheeks and upper tail-coverts ;

immediately below the eye a tinge of yellow; back of the neck,

back and scapularies, light greyish-brown, slightly tinged with green ;

shoulder and lesser wing-coverts fine yellow; primaries and se-

condaries black, margined externally with blue ; feathers of the lower

part of the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts, light scarlet, mar-

gined with greyish green; two centre tail feathers dark green at the

base, passing into deep blue towards the extremity, and tipped with

dull black ; the remaining tail feathers light green crossed by an

221

irregular oblique band of dull bluish black, beyond which they be-

come of a paler glaucous green, until they end in white; but each

has a dark stain of bluish green on the outer margin near the tip ;

irides brown; bill and nostrils bluish horn-colour ; feet mealy grey.

_ Total length, 11 inches; bill, 3; wing, 41; tail, 7; tarsi, 5.

Female.—Similar to the male in colour, but all the hues much

paler, and the markings much less strongly defined.

Young.—In this state the whole of the head, all the upper sur-

face, wing-coverts, throat, and breast are of a pale glaucous green ;

the rump and upper tail-coverts and the tail similar to the same

parts in the male, but not so bright ; and the lower part of the ab-

domen is greyish white, with faint stains of scarlet.

In the notes accompanying the specimens, Mr. Elsey states that

they were procured on the 14th of Sept., 1856, in lat. 18° S. and

long. 141°30’E., that their crops contained some monocotyledonous

seeds, and that the os furcatorium was small, but well-developed ;

of this he was certain, as he had a discussion with Mr. Gregory on

the subject, and dissected on the same day Platycercus palliceps

and Aprosmictus erythropterus, and noticed that while the former

was entirely destitute of that bone, and had only a weak ligamentous

band in its place, the latter had a distinct os furcatorium closely re-

sembling that of Psephotus. He remarked, too, that the flight of

the Psephotus was swift and decided; and adds, that he never saw

it on the ground, although the contents of its crop would indicate

that it obtained its food there.

The Malurus he designated

MALURUS CORONATUS.

Male.—Crown of the head rich lilac purple, with a triangular

spot of black in the centre, and bounded below by a band of velvety

black, which commencing at the nostrils passes backwards through

the eye, dilates upon the ear-coverts, and meets at the back of the

neck ; back and wings light brown ; tail bluish green, becoming of

a deeper hue towards the extremity ; lateral feathers margined ex-

ternally and tipped with white ; under surface buffy white, becoming

gradually deeper on the flanks and vent ; irides brown; bill black ;

feet fleshy brown.

Total length, 64 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 21; tail, 33; tarsi, 14.

Female.—All the upper surface light brown; lores and space

behind the eye white ; ear-coverts chestnut ; in other respects similar

to the male.

Hab. Victoria River, North-Western Australia.

The Petroica he proposed to call

Perroica! CERVINIVENTRIS.

All the upper surface, wings and tail chocolate-brown ; line over

the eye, throat, tips of the greater wing-coverts, base of the prima-

ries, base and tips of the secondaries, and tips of the tail, white ;

222

breast grey; abdomen deep fawn colour, becoming almost white in

the centre; bill black; feet blackish brown ; irides dark brown.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, 3; wing, 3}; tail, 31; tarsi, 7.

Hab. Victoria River, North-western Australia.

The three birds above described are in the British Museum.

The next species to which he directed attention was a new Hawk

belonging to the genus Spilornis, and which differs remarkably from

the S§. undulatus or Bacha of the continent of India, and the 8S. ho-

lospilus of Manilla.

For this bird he proposed the appellation of

SPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS. s

Crown of the head and the lengthened feathers of the occiput

deep black, the occipital plumes margined at the tip with rufous ;

feathers at the nape black, margined with rufous, showing conspicu-

ously ; all the upper surface and wings dark chocolate-brown, with

paler edges ; chin and sides of the neck greyish black ; chest deep

cinnamon-brown ; primaries and secondaries blotched with white at

intervals on their internal web; under wing-coverts, abdomen, vent,

thighs, and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, crossed by bands

composed of two large spots of white bounded above and below with

a narrow line of black ; tail dark brown, crossed near the base by a

narrow and not very distinct band of greyish, and near the apex by

broad bands of a lighter hue passing into whitish on the edges of

the internal webs and narrowly edged at the tip with pale reddish-

brown and white ; bill blackish-brown ; the cere, naked orbits, and

feet appear to have been yellow.

Total length, 193 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 133; tail, 9; tarsi, 23.

Hab. Celebes, vicinity of Macassar. From the collection of Mr.

Wallace.

The next was a highly interesting species of Bullfinch, which he

designated

PyRRHULA AURANTIACA.

Male. Bill, face, wings, and tail deep purplish-black ; rump,

upper and under tail-coverts white ; the remainder of the upper and

under surfaces rich reddish-orange, deepest above ; the lesser wing-

coverts are also reddish-orange, as is the apical half of the inner-

most of the greater wing-coverts, while the outer ones are slightly

tipped with buffy-white ; irides black ; feet pinky-flesh colour.

Total length, 5} inches; wing, 31; tail, 23; tarsi, 5.

Female. Has the black circle round the bill ; head and neck ash-

coloured ; back ash colour, tinged with orange-red ; lower parts like

those of the male, but much less brilliant and approaching to olive.

For his knowledge of this pretty species Mr. Gould was indebted

to the researches of Dr. A. Leith Adams of the 22nd Regiment, who

killed it on the Western Himalayas, and who informs me that he

223

first met with it in the month of March 1852, on one of the wooded

slopes of the Pir Pinjal Mountains, westward of the valley of Cash-

mere; its habits closely resemble those of P. erythrocephala, fre-

quenting as it does thick bushy places, and being usually seen in

small societies. It is not uncommon in the valleys and jungles

around Cashmere. Dr. Adams remarks that, although the two

species are so similar in their habits and in the localities they fre-

quent, he never met with them in company; but noticed that while

the P. erythrocephala is tolerably abundant in the ranges around

Simla, the present species was only seen on the hills in the neigh-

bourhood and to the westward of Cashmere. Its call is not so loud

as that of P. vulgaris, and somewhat resembles the chirp of the

Greenfinch, Chlorospiza chloris.

Fora new Motmot Mr. Gould proposed the name of

Momorus ZQUATORIALIS.

Crown of the head deep black, surrounded by a zone of verditer

green, to which succeeds a line of fine deep blue from the anterior

portion of one eye round the occiput to the anterior portion of the

other; to this succeeds a fringe of deep black from the nostrils

round the back of the neck; lores, space below the eye and ear-

coverts black, with a very fine fringe of blue on the lower edge and

a small tuft of verditer green at its hinder extremity ; all the upper

surface green, washed with cinnamon on the shoulders ; primaries

green on their external webs, black on the inner; tail dark bluish-

reen; under surface green, washed with cinnamon and with a tuft

of broad round black feathers, margined at their base with verditer

green, in the centre of the breast ; bill black; feet blackish-brown.

Total length, 16 inches; bill, 24; wing, 64; tail, 8{; tarsi, 14.

Hab. Archidona, near the Equatorial line, on a branch of the Rio

Napo.

Remark. —This is a large and robust species, and differs from all

others in the’ broad spatulate feathers of the breast tuft.

A very fine Odontophorus, remarkable for the rich chestnut-red

colouring of its under surface, received the appellation of

ODONTOPHORUS HYPERYTHRUS.

Crown of the head, wings, and upper surface of the body dark

brown, minutely freckled with black ; orbits naked, beset with minute

white feathers continued in a stripe behind the eye; on the centre

of the back and wing-coverts are large blotches of velvety-black ;

and at the tip of the innermost secondaries a small oval spot of buff ;

throat, sides of the chest, breast, and abdomen dark chestnut-red ;

vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish-brown, indistinct]

banded with dark sandy red; tail nearly black ; bill and feet blackish-

brown.

Total length, 10 inches; bill, 4; wings, 52; tail, 24; tarsi, 2}.

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.

224

Remark.—For this bird Mr. Gould is indebted to the Messrs.

Verreaux of Paris, who obtained it in a collection from Santa Fé de

Bogota. In size it fully equals, if it does not exceed, O. dentatus

and O. speciosus, from which latter it differs in the total absence

of any black on the throat.

2. NoTES ON AN UNNAMED PARROT FROM THE ISLAND OF ST.

DoMINGO, NOW LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS ; AND

ON SOME OTHER SPECIES OF THE SAME Fami.ty. By

Puitie LuTLey ScuaTer, M.A.

(Aves, Pl. CXXVII.)

M. Auguste Sallé has called my attention to the fact, that the-

White-fronted Parrot of San Domingo, commonly regarded as the

immature state of Chrysotis leucocephala, is in truth quite a different

species from that bird. It may be distinguished at once by having

no red on the throat and a narrower white frontal band than the true

leucocephala, which is from Cuba. M. Sallé, who has had ample

opportunities of observing this bird in its natural state, is confident

as to its distinctness, and I have no doubt he is quite right. Under

these circumstances, I propose to call the San Domingan bird, which

has not yet received a specific designation, Chrysotis Sallai,—a just

tribute to one who has made such extensive discoveries in the Na-

tural History of the New World, and is the only modern naturalist

who has explored the still imperfectly-known zoology of the island

which it inhabits. 5

The true Chrysotis leucocephala is figured in Edward’s ‘ Glean-

ings,’ vol. iv. pl. 166, as ‘‘ The White-fronted Parrot,” and by Buffon

in the ‘ Planches Enluminées’ as the ‘‘ Perroquet a front blanc du

Sénégal,” and “ Perroquet de la Martinique,’ nos. 335 and 549.

It is also well represented by Le Vaillant as the male of “ Le Per-

roquet a face rouge” (pl. 107 et 107 bis). It is included in the

revised list of Cuban birds lately published in Cabanis’ Journal ; and

specimens in the collection of the Academy of Philadelphia were

procured by Mr. Richard Taylor in that island.

Examples of this bird likewise occur in the British Museum, and

there is a specimen now living in the Society’s gardens.

The Chrysotis Salli is figured by Buffon in his ‘ Planches En-

luminées,’ no. 548, as the “ Perroquet & ventre pourpre de la Mar-

tinique.’ Specimens collected by M. Sallé in San Domingo are in

the British Museum and at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and

there are two fine examples now living in the Society’s gardens.

There is likewise living in the Society’s gardens an example of

another nearly allied species of Parrot, which has also been some-

times confounded with the true Chrysotis leucocephala. This is

the Red-fronted Parrot (Chrysotis vittata) figured in the ‘ Planches

Enluminées ’ under the title of “ Perroguet de S. Dominique,” and

often called by Gmelin’s specific name “ dominicensis.’’ It is not,

225

“however, as far as I know, found in the island of Dominica, but in

Puerto Rico, whence examples now in the Museum of the Jardin des

Plantes at Paris were transmitted by Maugé. Le Vaillant has re-

presented this bird as the female of his ‘‘ Perroquet a face rouge.”

Mr. Gosse’s Psittacus leucocephalus from Jamaica, of which there

is one specimen in the British Museum, seems different again, and

ought probably to bear the name Chrysotis vinaceicollis; the bird

described by M. de Lafresnaye as Pionus vinaceicollis (Rev. Zool.

1846, p. 321) being probably intended for the young of this; but

a larger series of examples is perhaps requisite to confirm this

species.

It is very interesting to notice how the different islands of the

Antilles are thus tenanted by distinct, though corresp Io Sra species

of Parrots:—Cuba by “Chrysotis leucocephala and ‘Conurus guia-

nensis* (?), Jamaica by Chrysotis vinaceicollis and Conurus nanus,

Puerto Rico by Chrysotis vittata and Conurus maugei+, and San

Domingo by Chrysotis Sallei and Conurus chloropterust.

While upon the subject of Parrots, 1 may add some notes taken

during a late inspection of specimens of these birds in several Mu-

seums.

Prince Bonaparte, in one of his last papers, proposed to call the

little Mexican Conure, which so nearly resembles Myiopsitta tigrina

of Souancé, Bolborhynchus catharina (Compt. Rend. March 1857).

But there is no doubt that the Mexican bird (whether really distinct

from the Venezuelan ¢igrina or not) should bear the name /ineola of

Cassin. Mr. Cassin’s type, which is in the Philadelphian Academy’s

Museum, was obtained by Mr. Pease, near Puente Nacional, in the

State of Vera Cruz, and there is no ground for supposing error in

the locality. I have seen the same bird in the collection of Dr.

Cabot of Boston. It was obtained by him in Yucatan, in the island

of Cosumel in 1842.

The Parrots belonging to the genus Tonygnathus of the East

Indian islands are in much confusion, which a more accurate know-

ledge of the localities whence specimens are brought would, I think,

soon clear up. The type of the genus, Tanygnathus macrorhynchus

(Pl. Enl. 713), distinguished by its enormous blood-red beak and

green head, with the wings varied with black and yellow, is said to

be from New Guinea. This is very likely to be the case, but more

certain localities are the islands of Gilolo, where examples were pro-

cured by Forsten, and Ceram, where Reinwardt found it living, as I

learn from the marked specimens in the Leyden Museum. Next to

it comes 7’. marginatus (Pl. Enl. 287, fig. mala) from the Philip-

pines. This species has the hind part of the head blue, and the

wings varied with yellow and blue. A third bird of this genus is

Tanygnathus Mulleri, Bp. Consp. p. 5, et Mill. et Schlegel, Verh.

* Probably not the true guianensis of Guiana, but so called by Cabanis, Journ.

f. Orn. 1856, p. 106.

+ Psittacara mauga@i, Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59.

} Psittacara chloroptera, Souancé, Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59.

No. CCCXLI.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

226

Ned. Ov. Bez., Land en Volk. p. 108.. The type specimen of this-

bird (which is in the Leyden Museum) was brought by Miller from

the island of Bouton; but the same species occurs near Macassar,

in the adjacent island of Celebes, whence Mr. Wallace has lately

transmitted specimens ; and living examples in the Zoological Gar-

dens at Rotterdam are said to be from Timor.

We have now living in the Society’s gardens examples of Tany-

gnathus macrorhynchus and T. Mulleri.

In our gardens we have also now living another very interesting

bird, namely the large green Lory, described by Prince Bonaparte in

a note in our ‘ Proceedings in 1850 (p. 26) as Psittacodis Wester-

manni, and which may be easily distinguished from its near ally, the

Psittacus magnus or sinensis of the older authors (of which we have

also a living specimen), by the want of the red patch on the flanks,

as well as by the different hue of the deep green colour. Prince

Bonaparte has employed for these birds, which, as he well remarks,

form the only green genus of true Lories, the term Pszttacodis.

But the true type of Psittacodis (as constituted by Wagler*, its ori-

ginator) is the extraordinary Parrot, Psittacus paragua—a distinet

form altogether, to which Prince Bonaparte has applied the name

Stavorinius. Mr. G. R. Gray, in his last list of Genera (p. 88,

genus 1491), applies the term Mascarinus to these Parrots. But

Lesson’s name Mascarinus cannot, I think, possibly be used other-

wise than for the Psittacus mascarinus of Madagascar, which Lesson

placed within the genus, although he did not arrange it as the first

species. It seems quite absurd to call a group of birds occurring

only in the Moluccas “‘ Mascarinus.”’ I therefore suggest the adop-

tion of the term ‘“ Polychlorus,” given by Scopoli as the specific de-

signation of Psittacus magnus, as a generic name for these birds—

which will so stand as Polychlorus magnus, and Polychlorus Wester-

manni (Pl. CXXVII.); and the third species, Prince Bonaparte’s

Psittacodis intermedius, of which there are examples in the British

and Leyden Museums—as Polychlorus intermedius.

It is singular that the only other known example of Polychlorus

Westermanni, from which Prince Bonaparte’s description was taken,

is also a living bird in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam, where

the collection of Psittacide (which I had the pleasure of inspecting

a few weeks since) is very good, embracing about sixty-four species.

It is however surpassed by that in our own Gardens, where at the

present moment no less than seventy-five species may be seen living.

3. On A COLLECTION OF BIRDS RECEIVED BY M. SALLE FROM

SouTHERN Mexico. By Puruie Lutuey Scuater, M.A.

M. Sallé (whose fine series of Mexican birds I have twice already

brought before the notice of this Society) has lately received a third

* Wagler, Mon. Psittacorum, p. 495.

227

collection from the same country, which he has kindly submitted to

my inspection. This was made in the district of S. Andres Tuxtla

in the State of Vera Cruz, by M. Adolphe Boucard, and embraces

nearly 80 species contained in M. Sallé’s previous collection, of which

I need not repeat the names. But there are also other species in

this last collection which did not occur in either of the former, and

I purpose giving some account of these, so as to make the catalogue

of South Mexican birds as perfect as possible.

1. SancorHAMpPHUS PAPA (Linn.).

Although this bird has been described by Hernandez as Mexican,

I am not aware that its occurrence in any of the States of the

Mexican confederacy has been noticed by any modern writer. Some

of the United States ornithologists have claimed it as occurring with-

in their territories, but, I believe, on insufficient grounds.

2. Morpunvs uRvBITINGA (Gm.).

3. Morpunus AnTHRACINUS (Nitzsch).

A young bird of the second year.

4. MorpPuHNvs SCHISTACEUS (Sund.), juv.

Santecomapam.

5. AsTuriINnA NiTIDA (Lath.).

A young bird. Santecomapam.

6. Burro curesprecati, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. I.

A fine adult bird of this spendid species.

S. Andres Tuxtla.

7. CrccaBa ToRQUATA (Daud.): Bp. Consp. p. 43.

Santecomapam ; the forests—scarce.

8. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 12.

Beautiful specimens of males and females of this rare species pro-

cured at Cateman in November and December 1856.

9. CeryLe superciLiosa (Linn.).

Agrees with S. A. specimens. .

10. PHarTHoRNis LOoNGIROSTRIS, Delattre, Echo d. M.S. 1843,

no. 45.—T. cephalus, Boure. et Muls. R. Z. 1848, p. 269.

This fine species was originally discovered in Nicaragua by De-’

lattre, and specimens were obtained in the same country by M. Sallé

during his former voyage.

11. Virro FLaAvirrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pl. 54.

228

12. VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.).

Both these Greenlets from Santecomapam. They were collected

in January 1857, and seem to agree with specimens from the United

States.

13. ATTILA ciTREOPyYGIA, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 86.

This species, which was established by Prince Bonaparte on spe-

cimens brought by Delattre from Nicaragua, is closely allied to a.

brasiliensis of Brazil and A. spadicea of Cayenne (uropygialis, Cab.

in Schomb. Guiana). It may be distinguished by its dark brown

back, and the darker flammulation of the neck. Two specimens

were obtained at Santecomapam in March 1857. It is represented as

migratory and very rare—found only in the deep forests, and perched

very high in the trees.

14. IcrERus GuLARis (Wagl.); Bp. Consp.i. p.435; P. Z.S.

antea, p. 205.

Specimens of this species of a deeper reddish hue than any I have

yet seen from S. Andres Tuxtla in March 1857.

15. IcrERus GrraupI, Cass. (melanopterus, Hartlaub); Bp.

Consp. i. p. 434.

At one time I was inclined to agree with Prince Bonaparte (Notes

Orn. p. 13) that these two names might belong to different species.

Having lately examined individuals from different localities, I think

otherwise. The type-specimens of Mr. Cassin in the collection of

the Academy at Philadelphia and those from Bogota only vary slightly

in the amount of yellow on the bend of the wing, and can hardly be

considered distinct. The present examples from Santecomapam,

obtained in January, are rather longer in the wing than the Bogota

skins, but otherwise agree.

With the five species previously mentioned, the present two make

up seven Ictert inhabiting the province of Vera Cruz, and I have

specimens of an eighth (I. Wagleri, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 7) from

Orizaba in the same State. I have also seen Icterus parisiorum, Bp.

(scotti, Couch.), from Coahuila, and J. pustulatus from Mazatlan

in Northern Mexico; so that this portion of America may be con-

sidered as the head-quarters of the brilliant birds of this genus.

16. OcyaLus waGLeERt, Gray, Gen. B. p. 342. pl. 85.

The most northern locality I have hitherto noticed for this spe-

cies. It is common in Guatimala, whence specimens have been sent

by Mr. Skinner ; there are examples in the British Museum from

Chiriqui (Capt Kellett), and the bird appears to extend into New

Grenada.

17. GONIAPHHA PARELLINA (Bp.) ; P.Z.S.1856, p. 302. sp.149,

18. GonraApH#A CONCRETA (DuBus), ibid. sp. 150.

The present collection contains males and females of both these

229

interesting species, obtained at Santecomapam in January 1857.

The females of the latter bird are of a uniform chocolate-brown,

quite different in tinge from those of the other species of the genus.

I have in my collection a male of G. concreta from Orizaba.

19. Evpnonra Govucont, mihi, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 66. pl. exxiv.

A male of this beautiful Zuphonia from Santecomapam in January

1857, which confirms my impression that the bird in Sallé’s original

collection, described as a probable female (P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303.

sp. 168), was of this species. Among some drawings of birds made

by Mr. Bell on the Mosquito Coast, is an accurate representation of

the ¢ and ? of this species, which indicates the extension of its

range further southwards.

20. Lanto aurantivs, Lafr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303, sp. 158.

The present collection contains several males of this splendid bird

from Santecomapam, obtained in March 1857. The former collec-

tions contained only a single female.

21. CeLevs BADIoIDES (Less.) ; Cent. Zool. pl. 14; Bp. Consp.

p- 130.—Meiglyptes badiosus, Reichb. !

«Very rare at Cuesalapa and Santecomapam, in the forest. Mi-

gratory. January 1857.”

22. CeNTURUS PUCHERANI (Mahl.); Bp. Consp. i. p. 120.

Santecomapam, March 1857.

My collection contains an example of this species from Orizaba.

23. Dryocopus GUATIMALENSIS, Hartl.— Dryocopus regius,

Reichb. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. pl. 649. fig. 4331-32. p. 393.

Santecomapam, March 1857.

This same bird was in M. Sallé’s first collection, and was wrongly

inserted in my list (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 306. sp. 197) as D. erythrops.

The true D. erythrops is from Brazil. The other Mexican species, D.

scapularis of my list, has also been figured by Reichenbach as D.

leucorhamphus, pl. 648. p. 393.

24. DipLopreRUS EXCELLENS, sp. nov.

Similis D. neevio ex Amer. Merid. sed major, supra magis rufescens,

caude tectricibus superioribus cinnamomescenti-rufis nigro

longitudinaliter striatis: subtus purius albus, pectore non

cinerascente, sed paululum rufo tincto: crisso rufescente :

rostro breviore, altiore ; tarsis longioribus.

Long. tota 11:7, alee 4°5, caudz 6°3, tarsi 1°4.

M. Jules Verreaux, whose experienced eye is ever active in distin-

guishing new species, called my attention to this bird of M. Sallé’s

last collection, after I had somewhat doubtfully referred it to D,

nevius. Upon a close re-examination it certainly appears distinct

from the South American species, and I have set forth above the

grounds of difference, though I have some doubts whether the pre-

230

vailing rufous tinge of the back may not be owing to the bird being

not quite adult. I have not adopted the term mewicanus, which M.

Verreaux has used for this species in his MS. as we have already a

Dromococcyx mexicanus, which is of a genus not separated by many

authors from Diplopterus.

25. Conurus Perzi (Wagl.).—WSittace petzi, Wagl. Mon. Psitt.

p- 650.

Acapulco.

This species very closely resembles the South American C. aureus.

I have already mentioned three parrots as oecurring in M. Sallé’s col-

lections, namely Pionus senilis and Psittacula lineola (P. Z.S. 1856,

p- 306) and Chrysotis autumnalis (antea, p. 205). This makes a

fourth. Besides these M. Sallé found Chrysotis viridigenals,

Cassin (Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 371 ; Journ. iu. pl. 13. p. 153), which

seems to be the same as Souancé’s C. coccineifrons (R. Z. 1856,

p- 154) common in the tierra caliente, as also C. ochroptera, Gm.,

(vanthops, Spix). In the same country M. Sallé observed Conurus

astec, Souancé (R. Z. 1857, p. 97), and two Aras, one of which was

most likely Ara militaris, known to occur in Mexico. These ten

species are probably all that occur in this part of Mexico. But on

the table-land is found Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, which extends

up to the Rio Grande, where it was obtained by John Audubon

within the limits of the State of Texas.

26. NycricoRax GARDENI (Gm.).

Cateman, December 1856.

27. CANCROMA COCHLEARIA (Linn.).

Cateman, January 1857.

28. Isis auBa (Linn.), juv.

Santecomapam, March 1857.

29. CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Linn. ).

Santecomapam, January 1857.

4, Liste pes OIsEAUX RAPPORTES ET OBSERVES DANS LA RE-

PUBLIQUE DoMINICAINE (ANCIENNE PARTIE ESPAGNOLE DE

) b)

UIxLe St. DomineveE ov p’HairTt), par M. A. SALLE, PEN-

DANT SON VOYAGE DE 1849 A 1851. (Communicated by

Puitie Luritey ScuaTer.)

- M. A. Sallé has at my request drawn up the following list of birds

met with by him in the island of San Domingo, together with some

interesting observations on their habits. We know so little of the

ornithology of this interesting island (and indeed of the Antilles gene-

231

rally, except Jamaica and Cuba), except from the older writers, that

any addition to our information will I am sure be acceptable. I have

taken some pains in the verification of the nomenclature of M.

Sallé’s list, and have added a few observations on this subject and

on the range of the species.

1. TinnucULUs sPARVERIUS (Linn.).

On le nomme vulgairement Cernicaro ; il est assez commun dans

les plaines de Nisao ; se pose sur les buissons.

2. ATHENE DOMINICENSIS, Bp. Consp. p. 38.

Cucu, vit dans des terriers creusés dans les berges, aubord des

chemins ; l’ouverture est garnie de fiente de cheval ; lorsqu’on passe

il sort et se met a l’entrée du terrier et fait la réverence.

3. VIREO ALTILOQUUS, Vieill.

4. GALEOSUOPTES PLUMBEUS (Linn.).

Aux environs de S*° Domingo.

(This species must not be confounded with G. rubripes of Cuba.

It is more like a Thrush than a Mocking-bird in its habits, accord-

ing to M. Sallé.—P. L. S.)

5. SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linn.).

Se trouve dans les jardins, ow il vit de fruits et d’insectes.

6. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.).

Dans les bois, ot elle chasse les insectes.

7. SYLVICOLA PALMARUM (Vieill.).

8. SyztvicoLta coronata (Linn.).

9. SyLVICOLA CANADENSIS (Linn.).

Dans les montagnes couvertes de pins de l’intérieur de Vile.

10. SyitvicoLa PENSILIS (Gm.).

11. SpINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieill.).

Trés rare; jen’ai tué que 3 ou 4 ind. dans les gorges des montagnes

dans l’intérieur de l’ile sur des arbres élevés ; il a un chant agréable.

12. Loxie1iia vioLacea (Linn.).—Pyrrhulagra violacea, Bp.

Consp. p. 493.

On le nomme Gallito ; il est rare, et vit de grain dans les fourrés et

terrains en friche.

(Quite distinct from Lozigilla portoricensis ex Porto Rico.—-

P. L. 8.)

13. EvpHonia musica (Linn.).

Sur les grands arbres dans les gorges des montagnes ; le chant en

232

est magnifique et trés fort, ou le nomme Sirguero: c’est le nom espa-

gnol du Chardonneret.

14. Duxus pomrnicus (Linn.).

Me semble ne pas s’loigner des Saltator : voir la Rev. Zool. 1851,

p- 583.

15. PH@NICOPHILUS PALMARUM (Linn.).

Cet oiseau est mal nommé Palmiste, car il ne fréquente pas les pal-

miers; il parait avoir été confondu avec le Dulus: on le nomme Sigua

de cabeza prieta ; il vit isolé dans les petits bois ou taillis voisins des

lieux habités ; il se reinit par paire au printemps pour nicher, et fait

son nid bas avec des brins d’herbes.

16. Mimus pomrinicuvs (Linn.).

On le nomme Risensefor ; il se tient dans les plaines et niche sur

les petits arbres.

17. TyRANNUs INTREPIDUS (Linn.) ?

18. TyRANNUS MATUTINUS, Vieill.

Oiseaux trés querelleux et mechants envers les autres oiseaux; on

les nomme Piir.

19. CypsELUS CAYENNENSIS, Gm. ?

Vol trés haut et en grand nombre aprés la pluie et surtout l’aprés

midi.

20. PROGNE DOMINICENSIs (Gm.).

Golondrina.

21. PHonrpara OLivacea (Linn.).

“* Juan amaruco,” dans les plaines et dans les broussailles.

22. Icr—ERUS DOMINICENSIs (Linn.).

Il fait son nid sur les feuilles de: Palmier ; c’est un tissus trés clair

et trés fin, mais il ne pend pas en bourse, comme celui d’autres

espéces du continent ; on le nomme “ Sigua amarilla ;’ on le tue aux

environs de la ville de S'® Domingo, mais pas trés commun.

23. QUISCALUS BARITA (Gm.).

On le nomme Chonelino, et on le trouve partout aux environs des

habitations.

24. Corvus LeucoGnapuatus, Daud. Tr. d’Orn. ii. p. 231.

Tl se trouve dans les grands bois et a le cri comme le nétre ; on le

mange aprés en avoir Oté la peau ; on le nomme Cuerbo.

25. Corvus JAMAICENSIS, Gm.; Bp. Consp. p. 385.

On Je nomme Cao, qui est son cri sur différens tons; c'est un

233

oiseau insupportable par son cri, et il sort par bandes de 8 ou 10 ind.

et poursuive les voyageurs avec acharnement, et méme les animaux

en criant; on le trouve dans les lieux secs de Dile entre Bany et

Azua.

26. CeERTHIOLA 2

Sur les fleurs des Agaves.

27. LAMPORNIS AURULENTA (Vieill.).

Sur les fleurs de Cactées.

28. SPoRADINUS ELEGANS (Aud. et Vieill.).

Dans les montagnes de l’intérieur, sur les fleurs des arbres

(Inga).

29. MELLISUGA MINIMA.

Dans les clariéres sur les fleurs. Voir Rev. Zool. 1849. p. 498.

30. CeRYLE aLcyon (Linn.).

(—Reichenbach suspects that this species is different from C. al-

eyon, and calls it domingensis, Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 26.—P. L. 8.—)

31. Topus pominicENsis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 331.—T.

subulatus, Gould.—T. angustirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 478.

Je crois ces trois espéces des Ages et sexes différent de la méme

oiseau.

On le nomme Barancoli ou Baranquero a cause de son habitude

de creuser son nid dans les berges ou falaises des Barrancas (pré-

cipices). On le trouve par toute Vile; il se perche sous le bois sur

des branches basses; il se tient triste, le bec haut, le cou ramassé et

tournant stupidement et lentement la téte, de temps en temps il s’en-

vole brusquement 4 la poursuite des insectes ; il a un vol trés court et

trés rapide ; il fait un bruit particulier avec ses ailes, comparable a

celui produit par une feuille de parchemin 4 laquelle on imprimerait

une forte secousse ; il fait aussi claquer son bec d’une force extraordi-

naire. Au printemps ces oiseaux se réunissent par paire; les ¢ se

battent en faisant claquer leur bec et se poursuivent avec acharne-

ment, quand ils faisent la cour a leur 2, on les voit prendre toutes

sortes des positions, hérisser les plumes, gonfler la gorge, laisser

trainer les ailes 4 la maniére du Dindon faisant la roue, et les agitant

de temps en temps pour faire du bruit; si la ? fuit, le ¢ la pour-

suit. Cet oiseau niche dans les Barancas, ou ily a éboulis produit

par les eaux ; 14 dans un petit trou 4 forme évasé et rondu intérieure-

ment il y fait son nid. J’ignore si le trou a été complétement

creusé par l’oiseau (les gens du pays laffirment) mais ¢videmment

Vintérieur a été amélioré et il y a des petites herbes séches ; pendant

que l’un des sexes est dans le trou on voit ordinairement l’autre

veillant, perché presqu’a l’entrée, soit sur une petite racine ou une

petite liane pendante ; il niche aussi dans les trous des_rochers. Il

234

se nourri dans la maniére et a un peu V’habitude des Jacamars

(Galbula).

32. Centurus striatus (Lath.), Bp. Consp. p. 119.

On le nomme Carpintero ; il est assez commun aux environs de la

ville de S*° Domingo. J’en ai tué un ayant une larve de Diptére para-

site (Aricia pict). Voir Ann. de la Soc. Entomologique de France,

p- 657, 1853.

33. CHLORONERPES PASSERINUS (Linn.).

Trés rare dans les foréts de l’est prés d’ Higuey.

34. SAUROTHERA DOMINICENSIS, Lafr.

35. SaurorHERA VIEILLOTI, Bp. Consp. p. 97.

Ces sont des oiseaux peu farouches, qui sont presque toujours a

terre, courants trés vite dans les buissons 4 travers les haies et se

nourrissant des lézards et des insectes. On les nomme Pajaro bobo.

36. Coccyzus pomrinicus (Linn.).

37. Coccyzus SENICULUs (Lath.).

(In the Paris Museum, from Guadeloupe, Martinique and Porto

Rico.—P. L. S.)

38. CroTorHaGa ANI, Linn.

Trés commun dans les plaines ou terres en friches ; on les nomme

Judio a cause de leur cri, qui produit ce nom.

39. Bucco CAYENNENSIS?

(Tamatia de St. Domingue.) Tué un seul dans des grands bois

sombres.

(1 do not know what bird this can be.—P. L. S.)

40. Curysotis SAL, Sclater, antea, p. 224.

Différent de celui de Cuba cet oiseau est un peu plus gros et n’a

pas autant de rouge sous la gorge, &c. ; on les nomme Cotora ; ce n’est

que le matin et le soir qu’ on les voit voler comme les Pigeons 3 a des

trés grandes distances 4 la recherche de leur nourriture ; ils se tien-

nent trés loin des villes, et durant tout le jour, pendant la chaleur,

ils sont occupés 4 manger sur les arbres. Mais comme ils sont trés

babillards de leur naturel, c’est la ce que les fait découvrir parmi le

feuillage, car, s’ils étaient silencieux, le chasseur les découvirait diffi-

cilement 4 cause de leur couleur ; leur chair est assez bonne a manger,

quoique ferme.

41. Conurus CHLOROPTERUS. — Psittacara chloroptera, Sou-

ancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59.

Je n’ai tué qu’ une seule de cette Perruche dans les grands bois de

Vintérieure de Vile; elle y est donc rare.

235

42. TROGON ROSEIGASTER, Vieill.

Se tient sur le haut des plus grandes montagnes de l’intérieur de

Vile ; ils sont en bande d’une 10°, et ont un chant plaintif ; en ’imitant

on les fait venir @ portée pour les tirer ; ils se perchent sur les plus

grands arbres, et mangent des baies assez grosses et qu’ils avalent

entiéres. Ils font leur nids dans des vieux trous des Pics, en en per-

cant un autre du cdté opposé ; les ceufs sont blancs et arrondis. On

les nomme Piragua.

43. CoLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Linn.

Toute l'année ce Pigeon se trouve au marché de Santo Domingo,

ou a cause de son abondance il se vend 4 un prix si modique qu’on

peut le considérer comme une véritable manne pour les habitants de

ce pays. On les tue 1°, au vol a la passée, car tous les matins ils

passent au dessus de la ville, allant manger dans l’ouest, et tous les

aprés midi ils repassent allant se coucher dans l’est ; 2°, au moyen

d’appeaux faits de beaux échantillons préparés, et séchés au four,

avec des morceaux de bois mis 4 l’intérieur pour les soutenir. On

les attache on bout d’une perche, au sommet des arbres dont ces

pigeons recherchent les fruits et bientot des bandes appercus la

téte blanche de l’appeau, viennent s’abattre comme des fléches sur

Parbre au-dessous duquel se trouve le chasseur, qui les tire A son aise.

Ils nichent vers le mois de mars et alors vivent par paire isolés dans

les bois ; en Avril elles se réunissent en bandes considérables jusqu’au

Octobre ; on les nomme Paloma.

44. CoLUMBA CORENSIS, Gm.

Vit dans les montagnes de l’intérieur de Vile dans l’épaisseur des

forets vierges et se tient au sommet des arbres dont il mange les

baies ; ils sont recherchés par les chasseurs, étant un excellent gibier ;

on les nomme Paloma morada.

45. LEPTOPTILA ?

Qu’on nomme Torcasa ; elle ressemble un peu a la Leptoptila ru-

Sazilla, vit isolée dans les bois sur les chemins, souvent 4 terre.

(This is perhaps Leptoptila jamaicensis (Linn.).—P. L. 8S.)

46. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 84. ?

On la rencontre dans les plaines par petite bande de 5 A 6; elles se

perchent 4 lombre des Gayacs.

47. GEOTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.),

On les appelle Perdrix et on distingue la rouge et la grise ce qui est

le get 2. Elles habitent dans les montagnes couvertes des férets

épaisses et solitaires, elles se tiennent 4 terre et cherchent leur nour-

riture sous les bois sans jamais s’écarter dans les champs poury

vinre des grains cultivés. Elles font leur nid 4 hauteur d’homme et

souvent plus bas, et elles sont tristes et silencieuses comme les foréts

sombres ou elles vivent.

236

48. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA (Linn.).

On la trouve dans les plaines et sur les chemins suivant les sentiers

et aussi dans les champs cultivés.

49. NUMIDA MELEAGRIS.

Originaire des cétes d’ Afrique elle y est devenue sauvage, ainsi

que d’autres animaux domestiques(Beeufs, Pores, Abeilles, &c.), par

la paresse des habitants, les révolutions dont cette ile a été souvent

le théatre, et surtout par le manque de soins dont ces animaux sont

Yobjet. Elles sont assez nombreuses dans les endroits secs et sa-

blonneux au nord et au sud de Vile, surtout entre les villes de Bany

et San Juan de la Maguana, Santiago et Monte Cristo, ou elles trou-

vent un refuge assuré parmi le grand nombre de Cacteés qui cou-

vrent ces plaines ; elles perchent le soir 4 la cime des plus grands

arbres. Elles sont trés difficiles 4 chasser et sont trés méfiantes, aussi

on ne peut les tuer qu’avec des chiens ou a cheval, se laissants appro-

cher des animaux. Elles différent de la domestique par sa taille

plus petite et ses pattes noires ; sa chair excellente la fait rechercher ;

on les nomme Guinea.

50. Heropias Levcs (Ill.).

On les nomme Garza blanca.

51. Heropias CANDIDISSIMA (Gm.).

52. BuToRIDES VIRESCENS (Linn.).

Garza morada.

53. PHaNICOPTERUS RUBER (Linn.).

Je ne l’ai pas tué mais vue prés la Laguna de Neiba.

54, ARGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Linn.).

Commun dans les plaines humides, au bord des marais ou des

ruisseaux ; il courre tres vite, et pousse un cri percant en s’envolant;

on le nomme Frailecitto.

55. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS, Vieill.

Se proméne sous les arbres dans les forets sombres et humides, ou

il vit de petits reptiles, mais surtout des mollusques, dont il rompt

la coquille pour en extraire animal. II perche le soir au sommet

des grands arbres prés des ruisseaux, et de la aprés le coucher du

soleil durant la nuit et avant le lever du soleil il fait retentir les

bois de son cri fort et sonore. On les appele Carao, sans doute a

cause du cri, qui est analogue.

56. RaLius

Petit, se tenant dans les roseaux.

237

57. GALLINULA GALEATA, Licht.

A Vembouchure de la rivitre Jayna sur ies plantes aquatiques qui

flotteut sur la riviére dont le courant est insensible.

58. Popicers pominicus, Linn.

Dans les marais dans les plaines prés Higney ; on le nom Zambul-

lidor.

59. HiMANTOPUS MEXICANUS.

Td.

' 60. QuERQUEDULA DISCORS.

Id. On le nomme Pato.

61. Suxa Fusca (Linn.).

Sur le bord de la mer dans les lieux déserts.

5. On SIPHONOGNATHUS, A NEW GENUS OF FisTULARIDE. By

Sir Joun Ricwarpson, F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E. erc.

(Pisces, Pl. VI.)

SIPHONOGNATHUS, gen. nov.

Facies elongata, fistulosa, Aulostomatum, ex osse nasali et fron-

tali, ossibusque palatinis, preoperculis, pterygoideis cum tym-

panicis productis formata. Premazillaria sub lateribus ossis

nasalis, fere immobilia. Rictus oris mediocris, horizontalis in

rostro extremi, motu solo cardinali mandibule subincurve

aperiens et claudens. Mazxille pars descendens, gracilis in

disco parvulo subrotundo ad angulum oris expansa. Labia

premaxillaria et mandibularia arcta, super ossa propria re-

plicata : priora ex utroque latere ante os nasali approximantia

coalescentiaque et filamentum parvulum, impar, terminale,

gracile pre ore instar proboscidis dependens, efficientia.

Foramina narium utrinque bina in acie faciet ad oculum approxi-

mata: apertura anterior, operculata vix oculo nudo discer-

nenda, posteriori hianti nec marginate vicina. Dentes om-

nino nulli. Pharynx angusta, levis. Cranium nec cristatum

nec spinosum. Apertura branchialis obliqua, infra antrorsum

tendens. Ossa branchiostega quatuor utrinque, gracilia.

Branchie quatuor. Vertebre costifere 29-30 circiter. Coste

breves, graciles. (Vertebre caudales non numerate.) Anus

pone medium.

Squame cyclodei leves, ovules, in tempora, genas et occiput pro-

eurrentes ; vultus esquamosus, levis. Forma corporis elongata,

subcylindrica ; caude pyramidata.

Pinne ventrales nulla. Pinna caude cordato-lanceolata, acu-

minata. Pinne pectoris radiis paucis apicibus simplicibus,

238

planis non dilatatis. Radii anteriores pinne dorsi, elastici,

non pungentes, nec tamen articulos ostendentes. Pinne ant

radius primus eodem modo subspinosus. Radit omnes pin-

narum simplices membrana tenui connext.

Intestina simplex, sine versura recté in anum tendens ; dilatatio

ventriculi parva. Ceca pylorica nulla nobis detecta. Vesica

pneumatica ampla.

SIPHONOGNATHUS ARGYROPHANES.

In general form this fish approaches Aulostoma, the structure of

the head and the tubular elongation of the palate and os hyoides being

similar. The body is less compressed, being roundish, but yet with

somewhat flattened sides, and a slight tapering towards the anus.

The compression increases in the tapering tail. As in dulostoma, the

great length of head is due to the prolongations of the prefrontals,

palatines, vomer, nasal, pterygoids, tympanics and hyoid bones, con-

stituting a tube terminated by the horizontal opening of the mouth.

The premaxillaries form the upper border of the mouth, and have

little or no motion. They conceal the slender limb of the maxillary,

but the irregularly triangular or small suborbicular plate of the latter

protects the corner of the mouth. Equal in length to the maxillaries,

the mandible is articulated to the extremities of the tympanics, and

is slightly curved, producing a lateral gapmg when the mouth is

closed. Both it and the premaxillaries are edged by narrow lips

which fold back on the limbs of their respective bones. At the ex-

tremity of the snout the premaxillary lips unite to form a fine awl-

shaped proboscis-like barbel, which hangs down before the mouth.

No teeth whatever could be discovered in the jaws or in the tubular

mouth,—not even in the pharynx, which is narrow. Form of the head

a slender four-sided obelisk, the space between tbe eyes being occu-

pied by the forked mid-frontal into which the nasal is dovetailed.

The latter as it runs forwards is feebly convex, and shows a smooth

and scarcely prominent medial line, which terminates in the slightly

swelling extremity of the bone and of the snout. Under each edge

of the nasal, the long slender premaxillary appears as already men-

tioned. On the sides, the facial tube is completed by dark brown

membrane, and on the ventral surface also a membrane stretches

from the interopercula and tympanics of one side to those of the

other, being supported on the mesial line, interiorly by a very slen-

der lingual bone, which is ueither prominent nor covered with flesh

so as to form a tongue. Continuous with this under-surface of the

mouth follows the branchiostegous membrane, whose deeply cres-

centic distal edge makes no flap at the isthmus to which it is attached.

Four slender, moderately long, elastic branchiostegals support the

membrane on each side. One specimen, it may be noticed, has only

three branchiostegals on the right side. The gill-plate is connected

to the nuchal region by scaly membrane, and terminates in a small

flexible strap-shaped apex, above which only a small corner of the

gill-opening appears, nine-tenths of the opening being below it.

239

No bony crests or spinous points exist on the cranium. The nostrils

are on the edge of the head, close before the eye, the hinder one being

an open pore, not above a line from the orbit, and the other is situated

a quarter of an inch before it ina pulpy membrane, and being closed

by a flap is not very perceptible. The space between each pair is of

- course equal to the breadth of the head in that region.

Scales cycloid, oval, most of them oblique, or unequal at the base,

of moderate size and delicate texture, showing very fine concentric

lines of structure, and from five to fifteen faint basal grooves. Scaly

integument covers the upper half of the operculum, and also a rec-

tangular space bounded anteriorly by the vertical limb of the

preoperculum.and the eye. On the top of the head the scales end

by a crescentic line, whose ends touch the angles at the eye. The

facial part of the head is clothed with scaleless integument, and there

are many pores and mucous canals extending along the under edge

of the prefrontal. A soft tubular ring supplies the place of subor-

bital bones, and the small preorbitar scale bone is almost mem-

branous, but becomes rough in drying, from the number of mucous

canals which run through it. Between the gill opening and the

caudal fin, there are 102 scales in a longitudinal row, six rows above

the lateral line, and nine below it. The lateral line is formed by a

row of small pores, each placed on the tip of a small scale, of whose

disk little appears, because of the overlapping of the adjoining scales

above and below. A taper-pointed scale terminates the scaly integu-

ment on the base of the caudal on each side.

Fin-rays.—Br. 4—4 ; D. 23/23, last two approximated at the

base ; A, 2|13, last two approximated at the base; C.17; P. 10;

V.0. Dorsal commencing over the bones of the pectorals and just

behind the tips of the gill-covers. It runs considerably past the

anus, and some way further than the anal, its outline being even,

though rising slightly im its course. Its rays are simple and un-

branched like those of the other fins (except the caudal), and half

of them are without visible joints, elastic at the base and tapering

with flexible points. The anal commencing near the anus does not

reach so far down the tail as the dorsal. It is composed of similar

rays, and in the anterior two the joints are obsolete. The caudal,

semilanceolate at the base, tapers to a slender, very acute point. Its

rays are sparingly divided at the tips. Pectorals supported by ten

simple rays with flattened but not dilated tips. No ventrals.

The intestines of the smaller specimen were examined, but not

satisfactorily, as they had received injury, particularly the air-bladder,

from a glass rod that had been thrust down the throat of the fish.

The alimentary canal is quite straight and simple, with a slight

widening below the cesophagus, but no defined stomach. No py-

loric czeca were detected. The inside of the gut was thickly lined

by a fine, flocculent mucus-like matter, and on scraping it away a

multitude of longitudinal strize were seen extending along the inner

membrane. ‘The liver, partly perished, was on the right side, and

did not descend far. Air-bladder torn, so that its size and form

240

could not be ascertained. It appeared to have been large, and its

coats to have been soft, fibrous, and nacry, and though thick, very

readily torn. The melt was enclosed in a delicate capsule with a

long seminal duct.

Under the lateral line there is a bright silvery stripe extending the

whole length of the fish, and above it a stripe of equal breadth of a

brownish-purple colour. This stripe reaches the tip of the caudal

in one direction, and in the other passes over the upper part of the

gill-cover, along the sides of the head to the mouth. Above, the’

back is of a lighter brown, and along the base of the caudal there

is a purplish-black line. These colours are described as they exist

after two or three years of maceration in spirits, and they have doubt-

less undergone alteration since the fish was taken.

Science is indebted for this novel and highly interesting form of

fish to the late Captain Sir Everard Home, who never lost an oppor-

tunity of adding to our Natural History collections. He obtained it

in King George’ s Sound. Some half-digested pieces of fish were

found in the mouth, but nothing except mucus in the intestines.

Dimensions.

Inches.

Length from tip of the snout to extremity of caudal,

exclusive of rostral barbel. . ie SES PPV Vi 5

from tip of the snout to tip of the gill-cover.. 4°80

——— from tip of the snout to fore-edge of the orbit 3-00

from tip of the snout to anus.............. 10:00

Distance ‘between the orbits...) onic ciavepee 0°38

Length’ of diameter of the ye... .. 5...» ~~

of rostral barbel . : 0°62

from rare angle of the eye to ‘the tip of

the gill-cover...... ede oe 1°43

of the opening of the mouth . meer s: 1-10

Height of the head behind the pr eoperculum. . ee)

Greatest breadth of shoulders or nape ............ 0°70

Height of body behind the pectorals .............. 1:00

Length of naked space between dorsal and caudal .. 2°00

OL CRUG Toc. x wine icin esis ts ene 2°50

Or attachment of anal fin. o.oo. as cae 1-30

of pectorals .... . ie scwes ssh: 2a

Height of posterior dorsal rays a al aiaie erscseee tc g eeeae 0°80

241

November 24, 1857.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On Four New Spectres or Mus anp ONE oF HAPALOTIS

FROM AUSTRALIA. By JouHn GovuLp, F.R.S., V.P., ETC.

Mr. Gould alluded to the prevailing opinion that none but Mar-

supial animals were to be found in Australia, and observed that this

opinion may be correct to a certain extent, yet the Placentalia are

well represented in that country by numerous species of the genera

Hapalotis, Mus, &c.; and remarked that in few countries are the

smaller members of the Rodentia more abundant both in species and

individuals. It is to this latter order that the four new species now

exhibited by him pertain.

For the first of these he proposed the name of Mus assimilis ; this

animal is about the same size as the Mus decumanus of Europe, and

has a very similar aspect ; its hair, however, is more soft and silky,

and its incisor teeth very long and narrow.

Mus ASSIMILIS.

Face, all the upper surface and sides light brown, very finely pen-

cilled with black ; under surface greyish-buff, the base of the fur all

over the body dark slaty-grey ; whiskers black ; tail nearly destitute

of hairs ; all the feet clothed with very fine silvery-white hairs.

Total length from nose to base of tail.... 714 inches.

of the tal? 28 Rk TROUT UBL 39 6 a

tof ford-arimi: 220000 Pes 2 1 os

——.._____—. of the tarsus and toes...... ag

Remark.—The minute silvery-white hairs of the feet give these

organs a very delicate appearance ; yet they are not positively white,

neither are they brown.

The two specimens from which the above description was taken

and to which the remarks refer are from the banks of the Clarence

in New South Wales, where they were procured by the late Mr.

Strange. Three other specimens collected by Mr. Gilbert at King

George’s Sound differ only in being about a fifth smaller in all

their admeasurements ; it is just possible that it will hereafter be

found that these latter animals are distinct from the former, but at

present they are regarded as identical; and if such be the case, the

range of the species extends along the whole southern sea-board of

the continent from east to west.

The second species is a short robust, compact Rat, equal in size

to the common Water Vole of England (Arvicola amphibius), but

rather smaller than the Mus fuscipes of Australia. It is in every

No. CCCXLII.— Proceepineés or tue ZooLocica Society.

242

respect a true Mus, and is an inhabitant of the open plains of Dar-

ling Downs, New South Wales; its incisor teeth, when compared

with those of M. assimilis, are broad and less elongated ; its hair

also is coarser, and more wiry. Its colouring is as follows: —

Mus sorpipDuvs.

Head, all the upper surface, and flanks clothed with a mixture of

black and brown, the former hue prevailing along the centre of the

back, and both nearly equal in amount on the flanks; whiskers

black ; under surface greyish-buff; hind feet silvery-grey ; fore feet

greyish-brown ; tail thinly clothed with extremely fine black hairs.

Total length from nose to base of tail.... 6 inches.

Of theta. oa: sas) aces 5 3

pir of the fore-arm .......... a ee ak

eh of the hind leg and toes.... 14 ,,

Hab. Open plains of Darling Downs.

Remark.—The name of sordidus has been assigned to this animal

from the dark colouring of its upper surface.

The third species to which Mr. Gould called attention is a remark-

able black Rat of nearly the same size as, and of a similarly delicate

form to the, Black Rat of Europe (Mus Rattus), but from which it

differs in having the tip of the nose, the front part of the lips, a

longitudinal stripe on the breast, the hind and fore feet, white. For

this he proposed the name of

MUS MANICATUS.

Head, ears, and all the upper surface black, gradually passing into

the deep grey of the under surface ; nose, fore part of the lips, stripe

down the centre of the throat and chest, hind and fore feet, white ;

whiskers deep black ; tail denuded of hairs.

Length from nose to base of tail .... 7 inches.

Of Theta sae ce ee ee ae ee

— OL CAP AOIE-OFET «wore ie ee

— of tarsi and toes 13»

Hab. Port Essington.

Remark.—This animal was presented to Mr. Gould by J. B.

Turner, Esq.

The fourth is a very diminutive Rat, with coarse hair and a some-

what short tail ; it is even smaller in size than the Mus Gouldi and

M. gracilicauda, but is more nearly allied to the latter than to any

other. Three or four specimens, all of the same size, are contained

in the collection at the British Museum, and there are others in the

Derby Museum at Liverpool, all of which were collected by Mr.

Gilbert on the Victoria Plains, Western Australia.

Mus NANUS.

Head, all the upper surface, flanks, outer sides of the limbs, and

243

hairs clothing the tail, brown, with numerous interspersed fine black

hairs; under surface greyish-white, becoming much lighter and

forming a conspicuous patch immediately beneath the tail ; whiskers

black ; feet light brown; base of the whole of the fur bluish-grey.

Length from nose to base of tail .... 4 inches.

== qivtie, fark i. .dahes eae eee en ne Wiss

ef the, tore-arnt oA.ce Sass | + 5

of the tarsus and toes ...... 3 ,,

This animal is known to the Aborigines of Moore’s River in

Western Australia by the name of Jilbeetch.

On the part of Dr.Gray, Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the

Meeting a new and very distinct species of Hapalotis, which is nearly

allied to, but considerably exceeds in size, the Hapalotis melanura.

This animal was collected by Mr. Elsey in the interior of Australia

during the recent expedition from the north-west coast of Australia

to Moreton Bay. It is a harsh wiry-furred animal, and differs from

H. melanura not only in size, but in the apical half of the tail being

white.

HAPALOTIS HEMILEUCURA.

Head, all the upper surface, and flanks very light sandy-brown,

with numerous, but thinly placed, fine long black hairs ; under sur-

face buffy-white, with even lighter feet and fore-arms ; tail brown,

deepening into black about the middle, beyond which the apical

portion is white ; the white hairs being prolonged into a small tuft

at the tip.

Length from nose to base of tail .... 8 inches.

Of hetaih.. siccien deta Lau 65,

of the tore-ennas so. jis Sidon. 55

of the tarsus and toes ...... 1) 33

2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS FuRCELLA, OKEN, A Con-

CHIFER WITHOUT CONCHA OR NORMAL VALVES, AND ON THE

GENERA TEREDO AND CuazNnA. By Jonn Epwarp Gray,

Pa.D,, F.B.S., V.P.Z.S8. erc:

(Mollusea, Pl. XX XIX.)

The shelly tube of this animal has been described under several

names. Linnzeus considered it as a Serpula; Pallas, Home, and

more recently Messrs. Adams have regarded it as a Teredo. Oken

(1815) considered it a genus under the name of Furcella, to which

the following names have been given :—Septaria, Lamk., Closso-

naria, Férussac, Clausaria, Menke, Kuphus, Gray, altered to Kyphus

by Agassiz.

There is no doubt that it is allied to T'eredo, and it has been se-

parated from that genus by the older conchologists because the apex

244

of the tube is solid and furnished with two separate tubular aper-

tures, evidently for the siphons of the animal, which in some speci-

mens are said to be produced beyond the end of the larger tube

into two slender, elongated, cylindrical tubules, as figured by Rum-

phius; hence the name given to it by Oken: but I have never

seen a specimen which exhibited this character.

The habit of the animal at once separates it from Teredo, which

always lives in wood, while the Furcella lives sunk perpendicularly

in the sandy mud of the tropical seas.

The external appearance of the shelly tube agrees with this ha-

bitat ; for instead of being nearly cylindrical and more or less twisted

according to the hardness or knots in the wood, it is club-shaped

and closed at the larger end with a convex plate like the tube of

Chena mumia, which lives in the sand in a similar manner; but

the tube of the Furcellais much larger, and generally rather distorted

and irregular on the surface, divided into sections by more or less

distinct constriction of its diameter or by the slight alteration in the

direction of the tube, marked a, 4, c, on the Plate, which on exami-

nation are evidently produced by the periodical stoppages in the

growth of the animal, which at each period of suspended activity

evidently closes up the end of the tube; the animal absorbs this

terminal plate when it again returns to activity, and requires a

larger tube for its increasing dimensions. In the specimen before me,

the space between these interruptions in growth increased in length

as the animal grew and enlarged in diameter.

The tube is thickened above as the animal leaves it, and is much

thinner near the lower or closed extremity. The whole length of

the tube is solid, without any perforations, except quite near the

closed end, where it is pierced with a number of unequal-sized rather

irregularly disposed small perforations, generally scattered ; but some-

times there is a short series of five or six placed in a longitudinal

line, and these holes appear to be filled up by an internal coat when

the animal absorbs the end and lengthens its tube.

The larger end of the tube is entirely closed over by two convex,

arched, shelly laminze, continuous from each side of the tube, and

meeting and slightly overlapping one another in the central line,

which is opposite to the septum between the two tubes in the smaller

end of the shell-sheath of the animal.

These small holes are evidently intended for admission of water

to the animal, and the shelly septa at the bottom to protect the

animal from the sand in which it lives. The holes are similar to the

tubes of Penicillus aquarius and Clavagella, which live in sand,

and Bryopa melitensis, which lives in porous stone.

I have not observed any similar perforations in the tube of the

Teredo ; and indeed they would not be of any use, as the tube is

deeply sunk in the substance of the wood in which they burrow.

The Teredines appear during their period of rest to close the end

of their tube, with a shelly septum formed of a single convex plate.

There are two fragments of tubes in the British Museum which ap-

pear to belong to that genus, from their external appearance and

245

prismatic structure, which are so closed at the bases: in one speci-

men the closing septum is uniformly convex, and like the tube-struc-

ture ; in the other the septum is divided into two equal portions by a

transverse groove or depression ; but on neither of the specimens can

I observe any traces of the septum being formed of two plates over-

lapping in the middle like the septum of Furcella.

The calcareous tubes of Septaria, mentioned by Home, Phil. Trans.

1806, p. 276, Dillwyn, R. Shells, ii. p. 1088, and in the ‘ Mag. Nat.

Hist.’ 1838, p. 408, as having a succession of Septa, proved on re-

examination, Mr. Woodward informs me, to be the shell of Vermeti.

The character of the Family Teredinide is, that the animal

always lives in a tube; that it is provided with two appendages,

one on each side of the siphons called palettes, which differ consi-

derably in structure in the different genera; and that the front of

the body of the animal over the mouth is encased in two very small

valves like those of a PAolas in structure and form, but in a more

rudimentary state of development; the tubular case of the animal,

apparently taking the place or being in fact a great development of

the dorsal additional shelly plate usually found more or less deve-

loped in the different genera of Pholadide.

Now it is clear that by Pallas, Home, and Messrs Adams referring

this shelly tube to the genus T'ervedo, they believed that it had all

these peculiarities.

I was, therefore, very much pleased when a perfect specimen of

this interesting genus came into my hands yesterday, to believe that

I might have the opportunity of bringing before the Society the pa-

lette and valves of this genus, which until now have been desiderata,

especially as the sound made by shaking the tube showed that some

shelly pieces were contained within it.

But on making a small aperture on the side near the base of the

tube to examine the structure of the valves, I was astonished to find

that, though the genus had two of the characteristics of the family

of Teredinide, it wanted one of them; the plates within were

only the palettes, which are simple and somewhat like those of the

more common Teredo norvegica, and that there were no proper

shelly valves, not even any rudiments of them; and that the animal

forms a genus in that family which has the abnormality of wanting

the true shelly valves which are so universal in the Conchifera.

The reason of this absence may be explained by the fact that the

animal does not require them to protect its head and nervous centre,

living as it does in a soft sandy mud; while they are required in

Teredo and the allied genera which have to bore their way into hard

wood or stone to form the hole that is to be lined with the shelly

tube. ;

Sir Everard Home in his ‘ Lectures,’ when describing the animal of

and gives a very good figure of the palettes, or as he called them,

“operculum,” of it (tab. 81. f. 4 & 5), but he was not aware of

this absence of the shelly valve; for he figures what he considers

the “‘boring shell of the same Teredo”’ (fig. 6): but what he has

246

here taken for the “‘ boring shell,” or true valves of the animal, is

evidently a fragment of the plates which closes the end of the tube.

It may be supposed that, perhaps, the valves might be very small

and had fallen out; but I think it is impossible, as the holes at the

narrow part of the tube are very small and scattered with fragments

of shell and sand. The tube ctherwise is quite closed, and the

animal had evidently been eaten out by dipterous larva, as there

were abundance of the cases of their pupa-skins in the cavity.

I may observe, that in the genus Penicillus, Brug. (Aspergillum,

Lamk.), which also lives in sand, and has a fringe of tubes round

the convex base of the tube, the shelly valves are immersed in the

substance of the tube ; but Furcella is the only genus of bivalve shells

I am acquainted with that is entirely destitute of true valves, like the

Tunicata.

The possession of the two separate apertures at the upper extre-

mity of the tube does not appear to be exclusively confined to this

genus; for in the British Museum we have three specimens of tubes

which belong to Teredo norvegicus, or to a species allied to it, pro-—

cured at the same time probably from the same place, but without

any habitat.

They all have a succession of transverse laminze at the upper extre-

mity of the tube. In No. | these plates are pierced with an oblong

central hole for the passage of the siphons, as is the case with most

specimens of 7’. norvegicus. No. 2 is similar, but there is a pro-

jection on one side of the perforation of the plates dividing the aper-

ture on that side into two parts; and in No. 3, instead of having a

single oblong aperture as in the other specimens, there are two sub-

circular ones separated by a central transverse septum as in Furcella,

as if the imperfect rib in No. 2 was transformed into a shelly plate

extending right across the aperture, and which must be deposited

between the two siphons of the animal.

In general the tubes of Teredo are entirely imbedded in the wood,

but sometimes, as in a specimen we have in the Museum from the

mouth of the River Nunn, the apices of the tubes of the shell pro-

ject as if they were produced by the animal as the shelly tube en

larged beneath ; but I believe this arises from, and at least is pro-

bably, if not entirely, produced from the surface of the wood disin-

tegrating and leaving the apices of the tubes exposed. In the same

collection are a series of the tubes of a species of Teredo, from

Van Diemen’s Land, which are more or less covered with Serpule

and Vermeti; I suspect these must be specimens which have been

partially or entirely exposed by the rotting of the wood in which

they were enclosed.

These specimens from Van Diemen’s Land, so covered with Serpule,

also exhibit another peculiarity : in one case two tubes are parallel

to each other, and firmly united by the outer surface of one of their

sides into one body, which induced me to believe that they might be

Serpule, until I examined the structure of the shell and observed

the simple contracted apex of the upper extremity.

In those genera of Teredinide which have a number of half-septa

247

across the upper or smaller aperture of the tube, forming a kind of

incompletely valvular structure on the sides of the siphons, or as

in Furcella, where the space between the siphons is entirely closed

up, leaving only a tube for the passage of the siphon on each side of

the upper cavity, these septa and the solid calcareous matter forming

the tubes must be deposited by the surface of the siphons them-

selves, as the canal of the univalve Zoophagous Gasterops is depo-

sited by the siphon of the mantle of these animals.

And as the palettes or opercula, as they have been erroneously

called, of this family, are fixed on each side between the base of the

two more or less elongated siphons, in all those genera, which have

a siphonal septum like Furcell/a or lamina like Teredo at the apical

end of the tube, these palettes are always enclosed in the tube, and

cannot be exserted as they are sometimes represented.

The character of this genus must be thus amended :—

FURCELLA.

Animal without any true shelly valves; siphonal palettes distinct,

large ; apex dilated, transverse, spathulate, with a central midrib and

an elongated slender cylindrical base.

Tube clavate, irregular, sometimes bent ; apex with two tubular

siphonal apertures separated by a broad hard shelly longitudinal dis-

sepiment ; base pierced with small scattered perforations; end in-

closed by two overlapping convex septa, arising from the sides and

completely closing the ends.

These arched terminal plates appear to be absorbed before each

period of activity, and the end is again closed with similar plates at

each period of rest, after a sufficient elongation and enlargement of

the tube for the protection of the enlarged animal. Living sunk in

sandy mud on the shore in tropical climates.

The perfect specimens of Chena mumia are covered with a thin

external coat (sometimes covered externally with particles of sand and

Foraminifera, which are imbedded in its surface), which is only par-

tially attached to the general substance of the tube by thin lines,

concentric with the lines of growth, leaving the rest of the coat

separated from the surface of the tube by a distinct hollow space.

In some specimens, as those in the British Museum from Mozam-

biqué, the attached part of the outer coat is in nearly concentric

ring-like transverse lines round the tube, leaving a more or less

complete hollow ring between each attached portion. In others, as

that from the Philippines in the same collection, the attached portion

of the outer coat is oblique and interlaced so as to leave only narrow,

elongated, oblong, hollow tessellated interspaces on the surface, which

are acute at each end.

I am not certain that these characters are permanent ; but if so,

one may be called Chena annulosa, and the other Chena tessellata.

In the latter the outer coat is simple and smooth externally. In

the specimen from the Philippines the tube is covered with a close

coat of sand and a few Foraminifera, which are deeply imbedded in

248

the substance of the thin outer coat, giving it a very peculiar ap-

pearance.

The shell on the newly hatched animal, which remains as a nu-

cleus on the coat of the older shells, is smooth, uniformly convex,

without any appearance of the anterior truncation or of the radiating

ridges, which is so peculiar in the adult shells ; and it seems also to

have a straight lower edge without any appearance of the large ven-

tral gape of the genus.

The cavity of the tube is contracted by an internal ring just above

the hinder end of the shells, leaving an oblong central aperture of

about half the diameter of the tube. This contraction is formed of

several shelly plates with interspaces between them.

The animal has the power of repairing a fracture of the tube.

There is a specimen in the Museum which had evidently been com-

pletely broken across about half its length, and the direction of the

tube altered ; the two portions have been united by an internal irre-

gular white shelly coat.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1. Furcella gigantea, half the natural length; a, 3, c, d, e, the remains of

former closing of the tube.

Fig. 2. Furcella gigantea, view of terminal closing of the tube; of the natural

size.

Fig. 3. Palettes, showing the inner and outer sides.

Fig. 4. Chena annulata, enlarged.

Fig. 5. Chena tessellata, enlarged.

3. REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF THE FIssrROSTRAL FAMILY Mo-

MoTIDa. By Puitie Lutuey Scriater, M.A., F.Z.S. etc.

(Aves, Pl. CXXVIII.)

Considerable additions have been made of late years to this rather

peculiar family of birds, of which one member only was known to

Linneus; and there are now at least sixteen or seventeen different

Motmots, of which examples occur in European collections. Two

or three very interesting articles have been written upon the habits

and certain structural peculiarities of these birds ; but no modern

writer except Lesson, in his little-known volume, entitled ‘ Description

des Mammiféres et Oiseaux’ (where descriptions of eleven species

known to the author are given), has attempted a complete review of

the species. The following paper has been drawn up with a view to

meet this deficiency, and to bring together in one place short cha-

racters sufficient for distinguishing these birds, so as to obviate the

necessity of referring to all the different publications where the species

were originally described.

Latham’s term Momotus, being long precedent to Illiger’s Prio-

nites, which is sometimes employed for this group, has every claim

for adoption. I therefore propose to call the group Momotide (as

249

I think they have quite sufficient distinctive characters to entitle them

to rank as an independent family), and not Prionitide, as is done

by some modern systematists.

The Motmots are a purely tropical American family, occupying

an area nearly coequal with that of several other characteristic groups

belonging to the same fauna. From Southern Mexico, where two

species occur, they extend through Central America and some of the

more southern Antilles over the whole of the eastern portion of

South America as far southwards as south-eastern Brazil and Para-

guay, where a single species is found. Their true focus seems to

be Central America, where the greatest number of species and the

most characteristic forms occur.

_ Concerning the spatulation of the two medial rectrices in some of

these birds, which has occasioned so much discussion, I am not in-

clined to agree with Waterton, who thinks that it is performed by

the bird with his own beak (see Wanderings, ed. 4, p. 114); nor

with Schomburgk, who attributes it to the form of the nest (Nau-

mannia, 1, pt. iv. p. 20); but I consider it a purely natural forma-

tion, which, like the denudation of the base of the bill in Corvus

Srugilegus, does not become complete except in the adult bird.

A similar formation occurs in certain groups of Humming-birds

(Spathura, Loddigesia, &c.) and among the Parrots in the genus

Prioniturus ; but in these cases the feathers are, I believe, produced

with the stem already denuded, and do not (as in Momotus) become

spatulated by the falling away of the intermediate barb.

Familia Momorip.

Rostrum longius quam caput, modice incurvum, plerumque com-

pressum, apice paululum uncinata; mandibularum marginibus

serratis ; oris angulis vibrissis munitis : nares basales, apertura

parva et rotundata: ale breves, rotundate, remigibus quarta,

quinta et sexta fere equalibus et longissimis: cauda, e rectri-

cibus decem aut duodecim, quarum due externe abnormaliter

breves, elongata valde graduata, rectricibus duabus mediis lon-

gissimis et harum apicibus plerumque spatulatis: tarsi breves,

antea scutellati: pedes prehensorii, digito exteriore longo et

cum mediali usque ad medium, interiore autem brevi et ad

basin tantum cum medio conjuncto ; posteriore hoc paulo bre-

viore; unguibus incurvatis et compressis.

Genus I. Momorvs.

Momotus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 110 (1790).

Prionites, Il. Prodr. Syst. p. 224 (1811).

Baryphonus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 48 (1816).

Rostrum elongatum, compressum ; mandibulis fortiter serratis :

cauda elongata.

Div. a. Caude rectricibus duodecim, harum duabus mediis spatu-

latis.

250

1. Momorus BRASILIENSIS.

Momotus, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 465.

Ramphastos momota, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 152.

Momotus brasiliensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 140; Gray, Gen. p. 68.

sp. 1; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. 1. p. 39; Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et

Ois. p. 264.

_Prionites momota, Schomb. Guian. iii. 704; Bp. Consp. p. 165 ;

Vol. Anisodact. p. 8; Hahn, Ausl. Vog. ii. pl. 3.

Momotus momota, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. 1. p. to pl. 23.

Baryphonus cyanocephalus, Vieill. N. D.d. H. N. xxi. 315.

Prionites brasiliensis, Tsch. F. P. p. 251 (?).

Motmot du Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 370.

Le Motmot, Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. i. pl. 37, 38.

Clare viridis subtus rufescente indutus : pileo medio et lateribus

capitis cum macula pectorali nigris ; pileo antice thalassino,

postice ceruleo cincto : cervice postica lete castanea.

Long. tota 17, alee 5°75, caude 11:0; rostri a fronte 174, a rictu

1°95.

Hab. Cayenne, British Guiana (Schomb. § Waterton) ; Para

(Wallace) ; Hastern Peru (Tsch.); R. Ucayali (Hauawell).

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c.

The specific term drasiliensis is rather an unfortunate one for this

bird, which seems most frequent in collections from Cayenne and

Guiana, though since, as Mr. Wallace has informed me, it is common

at Para and all along the Lower Amazon, the name cannot be said

to be altogether inaccurate. But in what is generally known to or-

nithologists as Brazil—about Bahia and Rio—the present bird does

not occur, and is replaced by another member of the family.

This species seems to extend up the valley of the Amazon as far

as the confines of Eastern Peru. Specimens from the Ucayali in

Mr. Gould’s collection are rather more brightly coloured, but present

the same characteristic castaneous blotch on the nape as the Cayenne

bird, and are not separable from this species.

2. MomorTus #QUATORIALIS.

Momotus equatorialis, Gould, P. Z. 8. antea, p. 223.

Clare viridis, cervice postica et corpore subtus viv rufescente tinc-

tis: pileo medio et lateribus capitis cum macula lata pectorali

nigris : pileo undique cyaneo (his plumis cyaneis postice ceruleo

prepilatis) et item nigro circumeincto.

Long. tota 17‘0, alee 6°3, caudee 8:0; rostri a fronte 1°7, a rictu

2°15.

Hab. Archidona in rep. Equatoriana.

Mus. Joh. Gould.

Mr. Gould has obligingly lent me the type of his description of

this Motmot, which, as might be expected from the locality, appears

to be different from any other described species. It approaches most

nearly to M. Lessont, which it resembles in the blue border of the

251

back of the crown being again edged with black. But it is still

larger than that species, the bill being stronger, and the wings longer,

the hue of the blue on the head is less thalassine, the green of the

body below is purer, and the black blotch on the breast is particu-

larly large. The single specimen sent is in not quite perfect plu-

mage, that is to say, the tail is not yet spatulated ; but there are

indications of the commencement of this process. The exact locality

in which the specimen was obtained is marked ‘ Archidona,’ which

is a small Indian village on the Rio Misagualli, above its confluence

with the Napo in the Canton of Quixes.

3. MomoTuS MICROSTEPHANUS, Sp. nov.

Momotus brasiliensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 135.

Clare viridis, collo postico et corpore subtus rufescente tinctis ;

spatio verticali medio et lateribus capitis cum macula pectorali

nigris : pileo antice thalassino, postice ceruleo late cincto.

Long. tota 14°5, ale 4°6, caudz 9°0, rostri a fronte 1-2, a rictu

1°8.

Hab. Interior of New Grenada.

Mus. P.L.S.

In my list of Bogota birds I noticed the peculiarities of the M.

brasiliensis coming from that locality. Since then I have seen a

considerable number of Motmots from that country, and, as they all

present similar appearances, I think myself justified in elevating

them to specific rank. The dimensions are smaller than in the dra-

siliensis, the black space on the head much more confined, the tha-

lassine front being much broader and extending nearly to the vertex,

leaving only a small black patch between it and the bright blue

behind. And the castaneous patch behind the head is wanting,

there being, however, in some specimens a brownish-bronze tinge on

the upper back.

As a general rule the species from the mountain ranges of New

Grenada are distinct from those of the eastern littoral of South Ame-

rica, and I think it seems likely that this Motmot does not form an

exception to this rule.

4, MoMoTUS NATTERERI, sp. nov.

Prionites brasiliensis, Lafr. et d Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.

1838, p. 34?

Supra pure viridis, subtus fulvo tinctus, ventre medio et tectrict-

bus subalaribus pure pallide rufescenti-ochraceis : pileo medio

et lateribus capitis nigris ; pileo antice thalassino, postice

ceruleo circumcincto, his pennis ceruleis thalassino mictis,

striga pectoral parva, fere omnino cyanea, medialiter nigra.

Long. tota 17°0, alee 5°5, caudze 9°0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu

1:9, tarsi 1°1.

Hab. Yungas in Bolivia (d@ Orb.) ; Goyaz, Brazil (Natterer).

Mus. Paris., Ac. Phil., Vindobiensi et P. L. 8S.

I have one Bolivian specimen, of what would at first appear to be

2952

M. brasiliensis, and have seen others. They closely resemble the

Cayenne bird certainly, but seem to merit separation as much as its

four or five other allies, which are now generally admitted as species.

My Bolivian bird is nearly equal in size to the brasiliensis ; but the

bill is not quite so thick, and narrower and more compressed, and

the wings are rather shorter. The plumage above is pure green up

to the nape, presenting no tinge of rufous, but a slight bronzy gloss

on the neck ; below there is a strong rufous cast, the belly and under

wing-coverts being nearly pure pale buff. The head is coloured

nearly as brasiliensis, but the blue feathers behind are mixed with a

little thalassine.

A Motmot in the Vienna Museum, which I refer to this same

species, was obtained by Natterer in the neighbourhood of Goyaz in

Brazil, and I therefore propose to distinguish this bird by the title

of M. Nattereri. There are also examples of this species in the col-

lections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and of

Mr. Gould.

5. Momorus SUBRUFESCENS.

Momotus subrufescens, Sclater, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853,

p- 489.

Supra viridis rufescente tinctus, subtus cinnamomeo-rufescens :

pileo medio cum capitis lateribus et macula pectoralt nigris ;

ptleo undique thalassino cincto, sed his pennis thalassinis pos-

tice ceruleo terminatis.

Long. tota 16°0, ale 4°8, caude 9°5, rostri a fronte 1-2, a rictu

Hab. Santa Martha (Verreaux) ; Cartagena (Mus. Berol.).

Mus. Brit., Ac. Phil. et P. L. 8S.

I first described this apparently distinct species of Motmot from

some specimens in MM. Verreaux’s collection. It approaches nearest

to M. bahamensis, but is not nearly so dark below as that bird ; and

has the upper back strongly tinged with rufous, which passes off as

we descend towards the rump, whereas the upper surface of the other

is nearly pure green. There are specimens of a Motmot which I

refer to this species in the Berlin and British Museums, and the col-

lections of Sir William Jardine and Mr. Gould.

6. Momorus BAHAMENSIS.

Prionites bahamensis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 332; Bp. Consp. p. 68 ;

Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 45; Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisodact.

ech

Momotus bahamensis, Gray, Gen. p.68; List of Sp. i. 1. p. 39.

Clare viridis, subtus suturate rufo-castaneus: pileo lateribus

capitis et macula pectorali nigris: pileo undique thalassino

cincto ; occipitis pennarum apicibus ceruleis.

Long. tota 16°0, alee 5°5, caudee 9-0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu

1°85.

Hab. Bahamas (Sw.)?; Tobago (Kirk.) ; Trinidad.

Mus. Po LaS2

253

I am much inclined to doubt whether this Motmot is really found

in the Bahamas. It is common in Tobago and Trinidad. It is easily

distinguishable from its affines by the deep uniform chestnut colour-

ing of the lower surface.

7. Momorus LESSONI.

Momotus Lessoni, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 174; Des Murs, Icon.

Orn. pl. 62; Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 266; Sclater, P. Z.S.

1856, p. 285.

Prionites Lessoni, Bp. Consp. p. 165.

Clare viridis, gula cyanescente, pectore paululum rufescente ;

ptleo, lateribus capitis et macula pectorali nigris : pileo undi-

que cyaneo, his plumis cyaneis apud nucham ceruleo prepilatis,

et postice item nigro marginato.

Long. tota 16°0, alee 5°5, caudee 8°5, rostri a fronte 1° 45, a rictu

2°0.

Hab. Nicaragua, Realejo (Less.) ; South Mexico, Xacatepec

(Deppe in Mus. Berol.); vicinity of Cordova (Sallé).

Mus. Paris., P. L. S.

This fine large green northern representative of M. brasiliensis

may be recognized from its congeners by having the blue hind-border

to the cap edged with black towards the nape. This is also the case

in M. equatorialis, but I have already mentioned its differences from

that species.

8. Momorus CH#RULEICEPS.

Momotus ceruleiceps, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1836, p. 18; Gray, Gen.

p- 68; Less. Desc. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265.

Prionites ceruleiceps, Bp. Consp. p. 165, et Consp. Vol. Aniso-

dact. p. 8.

Prionites ceruleocephalus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n.s. pl. 42.

Momotus subhutu, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265.

Luride viridis : capitis lateribus et striga parva pectorali nigris :

pileo viridescenti-ceruleo ; fronte et superciliis SU a ; 0c-

pitis pennis nigro mixtis.

Long. tota 16-0, ale 5°5, caude 8°5, rostri a fronte 1:15, a rictu

1°8.

Hab. Southern Mexico, Xalapa (Mus. Berol. et Heineano) ; Ta-

-maulipas (Mus. Jard.) ; Vera Cruz (Sallé).

Lesson’s M. subhutu, ‘described in the little summary of this group

given in his ‘ Description des Mammiféres et Oiseaux,’ is attached

by Prince Bonaparte to his M. psalurus with a mark of doubt. But

on attentively considering Lesson’s description, I think there can be

little doubt this is the bird really intended by it.

9. Momorus MEXICANUS.

Momotus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 442; Zool. Ill. n.s.

254

pl. 81; Gray, Gen. p.68; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. pte 1, p. 40; Less.

Deser. &c. p. 266; Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisod. p. 7.

Prionites mexicunus, Bp. Consp. p. 165.

Momotus Martii, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 23 (err.).

Viridis, supra rufescentior, subtus valde -albescentior : pileo et

cervice supra brunneo-rufis: striga pone oculos et macula pec-

torali nigris : macula suboculari cyanea.

Long. tota 12°5, alee 4°4, caude 6°45, rostri a fronte 1°15, a rictu

Hab. Southern Mexico, Golan (Delattre); Quicaltan (Deppe in

Mus. Berol.) ; Lucappa (Bates in Mus. Derb.).

10. Momorvus CASTANEICEPS.

Prionites castaneiceps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 154.

Similis M. mexicano sed major, pileo saturatiore castaneo et ma-

cula suboculari subobsolete alba nec cyanea.

Hab. Guatimala, Coban (Delattre). -

Mus. Derbiano, Ac. Phil. et Bremensi.

Besides the specimens noticed by Mr. Gould, I have seen examples

of this species in the Bremen Museum also from Guatimala, and in

the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

It appears to be probably different from the preceding.

11. Momorvus SEMIRUFUS.

Prionites Martii, Spix, Av. Bras.i. p. 64. pl. 602; Tsch. F. P.

p- 252 certé.

Momotus semirufus, Sclater, Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 489.

Baryphonus semirufus, Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisodact. p. 8.

Viridis ; capite colloque supero et corpore infra ad medium ven-

trem castaneo-rufis, lateribus capitis et macula pectorali nigris :

ventre imo crissoque cum alis extus paululum cerulescentibus.

Long. tota 19°5, alee 7°3, caude 11°5, rostri a fronte 1°75.

Hab. New Grenada, Santa Martha and Bogota: Rio Napo,

Ecuador (Jameson) ; Upper Peruvian Amazon, Rio Javarri (Cast. et

Dev.).

Mus. Brit., Paris.

This fine large Motmot I first saw in 1853 in the hands of MM.

Verreaux, who had then lately received two specimens of it from

their collector at S. Martha. Shortly afterwards in looking through

the birds of this family in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes I

observed three individuals of the same species, one of which was

labelled ‘ Bogota,’ and another as having been collected by MM. Ca-

stelnau and Deville on the Rio Javarri. I at that time considered

the bird as without doubt unnamed, and described it accordingly in

Guérin’s ‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.’ But about a year after-

wards, in looking through Tschudi’s types at Neuchatel, I was sur-

prised to find a specimen of this bird labeled ‘ P. Marti, Spix,’ as

that name has been generally thought to apply to the M. platyrhyn-

255

chus of Leadbeater—belonging to the genus Prionirhynchus. Now

upon referring again to Spix’s figure and description, I think that he

is as likely to have intended one bird as the other for his P. Martii,

and it will be difficult to pronounce decisively which of the two

ought to bear that name, until the type in the Munich Museum, if

still existing, be examined, and the fact ascertained whether it is a

specimen of Momotus semirufus or Prionirhynchus platyrhynchus.

Div. b. Caude rectricibus decem, et harum mediis non spatulatis.

12. Momorus CYANOGASTER.

Ell tutu, Azara, Pax. i. p. 243.

Baryphonus cyanogaster, Vieill. N. D. dN. H. xxi. 317, et Enc.

Meth. p. 898.

Prionites ruficapillus, Hartl. Ind. Azar. p.4; Max. Beitr. i1.1257 ;

Hieht. Verz. p. 21; Tsch. F. P.\p. 25).

Baryphonus ruficapillus, Vieill. Gal. pl. 190; Bp. Consp. Vol.

Anisodact. p. 8.

Prionites tutu, Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. 3. p. 157.

Momotus levaillantii, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. 104; Gray, Gen.

p- 68; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. pt. 1. p. 39; Less. Descr. d. Mamm.

et Ois. p. 265.

Prionites levaillanti, Bp. Consp. p. 163.

- Le Motmot oranrouz, Levaill. Prom. Supp. pl. B.

Viridis : capitis lateribus et macula duplici pectoris nigris : pileo

toto et fascia lata ventrali castaneis : ventre imo cerulescente.

Long. tota 16°5, alee 5°5, caudze 9:0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu

20.

Hab. Paraguay (Azara); South-eastern Brazil (P. Maz.); Eastern

Peru (Tsch.).

The Prince Maximilian found this Motmot singly or in pairs in

the woods of the south-eastern provinces of Brazil. He says it was

generally observed sitting quietly upon a branch like a Bucco, and

allowing the hunter to approach without fear. specially in the

morning and evening it emits its prolonged, soft, flute-like note, re-

sembling that of our European Hoopoe. Its food consists of insects.

This bird, which is well figured by Le Vailliant in the Supplement

to his ‘ Promerops, &c.,’ pl. B, is sometimes called ruficapillus; but

that name is more strictly applicable to the species represented by

the same author in his ‘ Oiseaux de Paradis,’ pl. 39, and of which

some account will be found hereafter.

Although I have never yet had an opportunity of examining Para-

guay specimens of this species, there seems little doubt that Azara’s

“ Tutu”’ is referable to it, and we must therefore employ Vieillot’s

term “ eyanogaster’’ as its first-given specific appellation, although

in most examples the blue tinge on the belly is but slightly apparent.

256

Genus II. HyLomaAnes.

Hylomanes, Licht. Abh. Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449.

Rostrum debilius et minus incurvum, non compressum sed dilata-

tum, marginibus tenuissime serratis: cauda brevis, rectricibus

decem et harum mediis non spatulatis.

1. HyLOMANES MOMOTULA.

Hylomanes momotula, Licht. Abh. Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449. pl. 4;

Bp. Consp. p. 164.

Momotus momotula, Gray’s Gen. p. 68. pl. 24; List of Sp. in

B. M. iu. 1. p. 40.

Viridis : pileo rufo : superciliis cyaneis : regione auriculari nigra :

subtus albescens, viridi tincta.

Long. tota 6:0, ale 3-0, caudw 2°25, rostri a fronte °9.

Hab. Mexico, Valle Real (Licht.) ; Jalapa (Sallé).

Mus. Brit., Berolin., Bruxelliano.

2. HyLOMANES GULARIS.

Prionites gularis, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 130; Bp. Consp. p. 165,

et Consp. Vol. Zygodact. p. 8.

Momotus gularis, Gray’s Gen. i. p. 68 ; Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1848,

p. 33. pl. 17; Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 266.

Viridis ; gula et ventre imo cyaneis : regione ophthalmica rufes-

cente: macula auriculari utrinque et pectoris duplici nigris :

cauda subtus fusca, supra apice cerulescente.

Long. tota 10:0, ale 4°0, caudze 5:5, rostri a fronte 1:1.

Hab. Guatimala (Lafr. et Strickl.).

Mus. Paris. .

This bird seems to me to be most naturally arranged as a second

species of Momotula, though, as Mr. Strickland has observed, it par-

takes of the characters of the other genera. Mr. Strickland’s

examples were, I believe, from the neighbourhood of the city of

Guatimala.

Genus III. Prionrruyncuus.

Crypticus, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 338 (1837).

Rostrum elongatum, dilatatum, carinatum, incurvum, marginibus

tenuissime serratis: caude rectricibus decem, harum meditis

elongatis et spatulatis.

1. PRrioNIRHYNCHUS PLATYRHYNCHUS, Leadbeater.

Momotus platyrhynchus, Leadb. Linn. Trans. xvi. p. 92; Jard.

& Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 106; Gray’s Gen. p. 68. sp. 8.

Prionites Martti, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 64. pl. 60?

Crypticus Martii, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 119, certé ; Consp. p. 165;

Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 267.

297

Viridis, capite et cervice supra et corpore infra ad medium

pectus castaneis: cauda carulescenti-viridi : striga lata per

oculos ad aures et maculis duabus in pectore nigris.

Long. tota 14:0, alee 4°9, caudee 8°2.

Hab. Eastern Peru, wood region (Tsch.); Sarayagcu (Cast. &

Dev.) ; Bolivia.

This bird was first well described by Mr. Leadbeater betore the

Linnean Society. I have already stated that I think it possible that

Prince Bonaparte and subsequent naturalists have been in error in

considering Spix’s Prionites Marti as intended for this bird, and I

have therefore thought it safer to employ for it Leadbeater’s name

platyrhynchus.

I have made the new generic term Prionirhynchus for this form

in the place of Crypticus, because the latter term is in use for a genus

of Coleopterous insects, founded by Latreille in 1817.

2. PRIONIRHYNCHUS CARINATUS. (Pl. CXXVIII.)

Prionites carinatus, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux, xiv. pt. 2. p. 108,

et R. Z. 1848, p. 249.

Crypticus carinatus, Bp. Consp. p. 165.

Supra olivascenti-viridis: fronte juxta marginem maxille rufes-

cente: superciliis cyaneis: tenia anaribus infra oculos ad re-

gionem paroticam ducta et pennulis quibusdam pectoris nigris :

infra virescenti-rufus, mento viridi-cerulescente : remigibus

Susco-nigris, pogonio externo viridi-cerulescente: cauda supra

viridi-cerulescente : rectricibus duabus intermediis spatulatis

et nigro terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius apice cornea.

Long. tota 14-0 poll.

Hab. Guatimala (Du.Bus).

The Vicomte Du Bus has kindly sent me a beautiful figure of

this Motmot, from which the accompanying plate has been reduced.

I have never seen this bird, and I believe his specimen is the only

one known.

Genus IV. Eumomora, gen. nov.

Rostrum Prionirhyuchi sed minus carinatum et dilatatum, pau-

lum incurvum, mandibularum marginum media solum parte ser-

rata: caude rectricibus decem, harum quinque utrinque ex-

time graduate, ad apicem quadriformes ; media due ceteris

duplo longiores, magna parte denudate et spatulis terminate.

1. EUMOMOTA SUPERCILIARIS.

Crypticus superciliaris, Sandbach, MS

Prionites (Crypticus) superciliaris, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s,

pl. 18.

Momotus superciliaris, Gray, Gen. p. 68. sp. 10; List of Sp. in

B. M. ii. 1. p. 40.

No. CCCXLIIL—Proceepines OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

258

Mamm. et Ois. p. 267.

Crypticus apiaster, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 174.

Momotus yucatanensis, Cabot, Pr. N. H. Soc. Boston, iv. 467 ;

Gray, Gen. p. 68. sp. 13.

Prionites yucatanensis, Bp. Consp. p. 165.

Olivaceus ; dorso medio, macula post-oculari et ventre imo casta-

neis: superciliis latis ef maculis subocularibus lete glauco-

cyaneis: vitta per oculos utrinque transeunte nigra: vitta

gulart longitudinali nigra, utrinque cyaneo marginata: alis

nigris extus cyaneo marginatis: rectricibus subtus nigricanti-

bus, supra cerulescentibus, nigro terminatis : duarum media-

rum rachide nuda longissima, apice spatulata.

Long. tota 14:0, alee 4°5, caudee 8-0.

Hab. Central America, Yucatan (Cabot) ; Bay of Campeachy

(M. B.); Guatimala and Honduras.

This beautiful bird, with the peculiar incurved bill—the serration

of which is confined to the middle of the mandibles—and compara-

tively short tail, with the two medial rectrices far projecting and de-

nuded to a much greater extent than in other Motmots, seems to

present characters quite as distinctive as Hylomanes or Prionirhyn-

chus, and I have accordingly proposed for it the new generic name

Eumomota. Prince Bonaparte has remarked (Notes Orn. p. 89)

that there seems to be two varieties of this bird, one from the western

coast of Central America more red, the other from the eastern coast

more blue.

The preceding account embraces all the species of Motmots with

which I am acquainted. There are a few others mentioned by

authors, concerning which I subjoin the following remarks :—

1. Le motmot dombé, Levaill. Ois. de Par. i. p. 113. pl. 39.

Baryphonus ruficapillus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. dH. N. xxi. p. 315.

Prionites dombeyanus, Ranz. Elem. di Zool. ii. pt. 3. p. 158.

Momotus dombeyi, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 251; Less. Man. d’Orn.

. 103.

s Momotus rubricapillus, Steph. Zool. xiv. p. 84.

Prionites dombeyi, Sw. Class. 1. p. 338.

Momotus ruficapillus, Gray’s Gen. p. 68. sp. 4.

Prionites ruficapillus, Bp.’s Consp. p. 165. sp. 4.

Momotus tutu, Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265.

Le Vaillant, upon the authority of whose figure some systematists

have formed and others adopted the several scientific names above

given, writes as follows concerning this Motmot :—‘‘ Whatever may

be the case with the second species of Motmot of the older writers,

which all nomenclatists have spoken of, but none have seen, here is

one well-characterized, and differing from the first in that it has all

the top of the head red, and that it has not part of the tail-feathers

ebarbed, nor a black spot on the stomach. All is otherwise quite

similar in colour between the two species, except that the green of

259

the back and wings and the blue of the middle tail-feathers and pri-

maries are more pure in this species than in the other. The size

also of the two birds is nearly the same: in the tail there is this dif-

ference, that the four middle feathers of the present Motmot are of

equal length. We owe this second species of Motmot to Dombé, a

zealous naturalist. .... The Houtou is found in Guiana; the

Motmot Doméé inhabits the forests in the environs of Lima. The

traveller I have named assures me that it is very common there, and

that he had not remarked any difference between many individuals

that he had seen of this species and the two he had brought back,

of which one was deposited with many other beautiful birds of Peru

in the cabinet of the king. It is a pity that this individual has been

entirely destroyed by fumigations of sulphur and by insects; as to

the other, we know not what has become of it.’’

Such is Le Vaillant’s account. Supposing it to be accurate, the

species appears distinct from any other known. But no such bird

has been recoguized by any other author, nor is to be found, as far

as my experience goes, in any collection. As for its frequency in

the vicinity of Lima, I am inclined to doubt the fact. Von Tschudi

gives us accounts of three Motmots that inhabit the Cisandean wood-

region of Peru, but says nothing of one occurring in the coast-

region ; nor do I believe that any species of the family occurs on the

western side of the Andes. Had this bird been common about Lima

he could hardly have missed it, collecting so much as he did in that

quarter. I cannot help thinking therefore that Le Vaillant’s figure

and description are inaccurate, having been made after the “moths

and fumigations’’ had operated upon the specimen, or perhaps from

Dombé’s recollections. In such case the Motmot dombé was pro-

bably the Momotus cyanogaster, which does occur in Lastern Peru,

and has the medial rectrices whole.

2. “ Momotus psalurus, Puch.”; Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854.

XXXvVili. p. 659, et Notes Orn. s.1. coll. Delattre, p. 88.

Prince Bonaparte, in his communication to the French Academy

on the collections made by M. Delattre in Nicaragua, has given a

short account of this species, which I subjoin:—“ Les exemplaires

rapportés de Nicaragua par M. Delattre sont intermediaires entre

momotus et bahamensis pour les couleurs comme pour la localité (!).

La calotte noire est en effet moins étendue que daus le P. dahamensis,

mais plus que dans P. momotus et entourée par la teinte aigue-marine

méme postérieurement, le bleu n’occupant que la pointe des longues

plumes: les couvertures inférieures des ailes sont rousses ainsi que

la ventre et les cuisses: les appendicules des pennes de la queue

sont beaucoup plus larges que dans les autres espéces: le coup d’ ceil

exercé de M. Pucheran a distingué a cause de cela dans nos galeries

ce beau Volucre, notre seconde espéce, sous le nom de Pr. psalurus.”’

I can make no other suggestion concerning this species than that

it is probably the same as M. lessoni. Dr. Pucheran utterly dis-

claims the paternity of the name which Prince Bonaparte has thus

attempted to affiliate on him.

260

3. Momotus parvirostris is a name mentioned by Prince Bona-

parte in the same passage. He merely says it is ‘‘ encore intermé-

diaire,” i. e. between M. brasiliensis and psalurus I suppose. The

bird intended, I should judge from the locality, to be perhaps M.

subrufescens.

4. Momotus varius, Briss. Orn. iv. p.469 ; Gm. 8. N. i. p. 357,

is an old name founded on Ray’s Yayauhquitoll (!), concerning

which it is difficult to say much.

The annexed table will serve to give a general idea of the geogra-

phical distribution of this family as far as I have been able to gain

information upon it.

MOMOTIDARUM SCHEMA GEOGRAPHICUM.

& Ritts :

= | Oo o : 5

=) oe oe B ta i

go) jSaledres! al yee) eee

2s fol pee RS hee ies) s 3 3 roa) ee S

aig me 2 ees ey ee & i & 5 |s&e 2)

2H = =] 5&5 5 a 3 . eo =

28) 8 /RE S288) 2) 3) 2) S18 eee

nal oO/AO|S0/Fa)| gg] a] & |] o |] A lod] &

I. Momotts.

1. brasiliensis ......... Me tase dl coat] WUE posi eee atte AAA ae OT ee ee *

2. equatorialis ...... SSE ecocie Deri bei site se Uae sl sec

3. amicrostephanus -¢-|' <fe9\e~ae\|is es eellbesh wll eee ;

A MAtterell Saereceasune re eens Mee lionel rac emi esear peter, “ip sA-

5. subrufescens ...... see Al “wear. leek :

6. bahamensis......... meat eeel| Mess | CSssRl nase! il oeoill teen | ee alte eae

/s LESSON sicceeeaeacats * aK dl colasiy Yigteis 9 |h awiare ill fgets] idem ootnene ll Rercerag eee

8. czeruleiceps......... °F §ihecde

9. mexicanus ....0s... * : 5 Naso eee

10. castaneiceps ...... ss al bok |e seul geetadl ee eed) eeetl cies || slows it aches sean

11. semirufus ......... wieeoa| aise wit ieee> al eee * * =

12. cyanogaster......... wee [cee [cee | eee | eee J ok fo | oe Ye

Il. HyLomanes.

1. momotula ......... cl sae | ew | ese || sae | fase, |) eeetel Vessels cael] tener

2, CUlanSrerssemacnt reas coon ||) A ml eee” |" a snail Mecser Ml ce wet Ul ewe [meet Raat! Hea

III. PrroniRBHYNCHUS.

1. platyrhynchus...... Sea tali oscil esa all naeet jl eam naan *

2. WCALINAUIS ceccessene ce Srihll aaks jel) neaevailavaweuel| tess tl eae :

IV. Eumomota.

1. superciliaris ...... ce ET eee one | cd a4 ce os

aR ER Nee ie eG ea

261

4. On a CoLLecTION or Birps TRANSMITTED BY Mr. H. W.

Bates FROM THE Upper Amazon. By Puriuiep LUTLEY

Scuater, M.A.

’ Mr. S. Stevens has lately received a small but interesting collec-

tion of birds from Mr. H. W. Bates, now resident at Ega on the

Upper Amazon. Although many travellers and collectors have

passed through this country, we are still without any detailed in-

formation concerning the general character of its ornithology. Those

into whose hands collections from new localities come, are im general

too prone to pick out single objects and describe them as new, in-

stead of what is much more important in a scientific point of view,

giving an accurately determined catalogue of the whole of the spe-

cies. Such accounts are always useful—in the first place increas-

ing our knowledge of the facts of geographical distribution, and,

secondly, giving great assistance to future investigators who are

studying collections from the same quarter. The species trans-

mitted by Mr. Bates are the following. They are mostly from Ega

or from the Rio Javarri, the frontier stream of Peru and Brazil, but

the exact. locality is in every case affixed.

Mr. J. H. Gurney has determined the Accipitres in this collec-

tion.

1. MorPHNUS URUBITINGA (Gm.).

Rio Javarri.

2. Morrunus scuistaceus (Sund.).—F. ardesiacus, Licht. in

Mus. Berol.

Rio Javarri.

3. Burgeo pennsyLvanicus (Wils.).

Rio Javarri.

4. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.).

Ega.

5. Micrastur GILvico.is (Vieill.).—Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill.

Nouv. Dict. x. p. 323; Puch. R. Z. 1850, p. 91.—WM. concentricus,

auct.

Rio Javarri.

6. HarpaGus piopon (Temm.).

Rio Javarri.

7. Scors

Ega.

8. TROGON MELANURUS, Sw.

Ega and Rio Javarri, d et ?.

9. Bucco macropacty.us (Spix) ; Sclater, Syn. Buce. p. 14.

Rio Javarri.

262

10. Bucco puLMENTUM, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 194, pl. 106.

Rio Javarri.

11. Bucco orp1, Cass. ; Sclater, Syn. Buce. p. 9; Pelzeln, Sitz.

Ac. Wiss. Wien, 1856, p. 492.

Ega.

12. Monasa Peruana, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 194.

13. UroGALBA PARADISEA (Limn.).

ga.

M. Pelzeln has made some remarks in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte ’ of

the Vienna Academy on my separation of Uregalba amazonum from

U. paradisea. 1 confess I was probably wrong in regarding the

latter as a species, and that it is apparently only a variety of U.

paradisea.

14, GALBULA CHALCOCEPHALA, Dey.; P.Z.S. 1855, p. 14.

Rio Javarri.

15. GALBULA TOMBACEA, Spix.

Rio Javarri.

Since I have seen additional specimens of this bird, I am rather

uncertain as to the reality of the distinctness of G. fuscieapilla of

New Grenada (P. Z.S. 1855, p. 13. Pl. LXXVII.). In one of the

Amazon specimens there is nearly as much fuscous colouring on the

head as in the New Grenadian bird; and this may possibly be

referable to age or sex.

16. BRACHYGALBA ALBIGULARIS.—Galbula albigularis, Spix,

Avs Brassi. pl..57 .4. 1, p. 54;

Rio Javarri.

MEineo-nigra, pileo fusco: superciliis et regione auriculart cum

gula albis: plaga elongata in ventre medio castanea: rostro

flavicanti-albo, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°2, alee 2°6, caudee 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°9.

When I saw Spix’s somewhat deteriorated type-specimen of the

present species in the Museum at Munich, I somewhat hastily con-

cluded that it was a young bird of G. paradisea. But the examina-

tion of the example in Bates’s collection, and of another similar one

in the British Museum, have convinced me that this is certainly not

the case. It seems in truth a Brachygalba, with the same short

square tail as in B. znornata, but with the bill rather stouter and

straiter. Herr v. Pelzeln states in one of his interesting communi-

cations to the Vienna Academy, ‘Ueber neue und wenig gekannte

Arten der K. ornitholog. Sammlung,’ that he thinks that this bird

may be possibly the young of my B. melanosterna. I am sorry I

have no means at present of comparing it with examples of that

Jacamar ; but the very pure white throat of the present species,

263

which is quite absent in B. melanosterna, seems to render this sup-

position improbable.

17. JACAMEROPS GRANDIS (Gm.).

Rio Javarri.

18. Lampornis MANGO (Linn. ).

Santarem.

19. KupEromENA macruRA (Gm.); Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. 6.

fies.

20. LamMporniIs AuRESCENS, Gould, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 88.

Rio Javarri.

A young bird.

21. CHRYSURONIA JOSEPHINE (Bourc.).

Rio Javarri.

A young bird which Mr. Gould is inclined to refer to this species.

22. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.).

Ega.

23. DACNIs FLAVIVENTRIS, Lafr. & D’Orb.

Rio Javarri.

24. Dacnis cayANa (Linn.); Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 106.

Ega.

cial allied species to this widely distributed bird is Dacnis

nigripes from Brazil, lately described and figured by Herr A. von

Pelzeln in the Proceedings of the Vienna Academy (1856, March,

vol. xx. p. 157). It may be distinguished by its black feet, and the

female is more like that of D. angelica. I have specimens of both

sexes in my collection.

25. Dacnis ANGELICA, De Filippi; Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 107.

Ega.

Prince Bonaparte has named * the Bogota variety of this bird

archangeliea. But if the Bogota bird be considered distinct, it

ought to bear the name “‘ angelica,” as originally given to it by De

Filippi, while that from Cayenne is more particularly Mr. Strick-

land’s Dacnis melanotis.

26. C@ReBA CYANEA (Linn.).

Ega.

27. C@REBA CHRULEA (Linn.).

Ega.

* Catalogue des oiseaux recueillis a Cayenne par M. E. Desplanches, p. 7.

264 ‘

28. Ca@ReEBA NITIDA, Hartl.

Rio Javarri.

29. Pirytus Grossus (Linn.),

Rio Javarri.

30. TacHyPHONUS SURINAMUs (Linn.).

Ega.

31. TacHyPHONUs CRISTATUS (Gm.).

Ega.

32. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTRIS (Spix).

Rio Javarri.

33. Lanio veRSICOLOR (Lafr. & D’Orb.).

Rio Javarri.

This is the only example I have ever met with of this bird besides

‘the types brought by D’Orbigny from Bolivia.

34. CALLISTE SCHRANKI (Spix).

Ega and Rio Javarri.

35. CALLISTE BOLIVIANA, Bp.

Rio Javarri.

36. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES, Lafr.

Rio Javarri.

37. TANAGRELLA IRIDINA.

Tanagra iridina, Hartl. R. Z. 1841, p. 105.

Tanagrella elegantissima, Verr. R.Z.1853, p.195 ; Sclater, P.Z.S.

1856, p. 267, et Syn. Av. Tan. p. 93.

Rio Javarri.

On the receipt of this specimen from the Rio Javarri, it imme-

diately occurred to me that Dr. Hartlaub’s Tanagra iridina from

Mogobamba in Peru was much more likely to belong to this species

(generally known as “ elegantissima’’) than to the T. velia of

Cayenne, with which it is usually associated. I therefore de-

spatched specimens of both birds to Bremen, with a request to Dr.

Hartlaub to compare his type with them. Dr. Hartlaub states in

reply, that although in his specimen there is a distinct greenish hue

on the sides of the head, he considers his 7’. zridina to be without

doubt the same as 7’. elegantissima, and not as TJ. velia. It be-

comes necessary, therefore, to use the specific appellation irzdina, as

the earliest given for this Tanager.

38. NEMOSIA FLAVICOLLIS, Vieill. ?

Rio Javarri.

265

39. LeistEs GuIaANENsIs (Gm.).— Trupialis guianensis, Bp.

Consp. p. 430. ‘

Santarem. "

40. QuiscaLus LuGuUBRIS, Sw.? Bp. Consp. p. 424.

41. Cacicus yuracarius (D’Orb. & Lafr.).

Rio Javarri.

I very much doubt whether Prince Bonaparte’s C. devillii is any-

thing more than the female of this bird.

_ 42. Cyanocorax azureus (Temm.).

Rio Javarri.

43. DENDROCOLAPTES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).

Ega.

44. PicoLaPTEs

Ega.

45. Hypocnemis na&via (Gm.); Pl. Enl. 823. f. 1.

Rio Javarri.

46. Tiryra cayana (Linn.); P. Z.8. 1857, p. 69.

Rio Javarri. :

47. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, St. Hilaire.

Rio Javarri.

48. GyYMNODERUS Fa@TiDUs (Linn. ). P

Rio Javarri.

49. QUERULA RUBRICOLLIs (Gm.).

Rio Javarri and Tunantins.

50. CoTinGA MAYNANA (Linn.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 176.

51. PIrpRA RUBRICAPILLA, Temm. Pl. Col. 54. f. 3.

Ega.

52. PIpRA LEUCOCILLA, Linn.

Ega.

53. PipRA CORONATA, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 7. f. 1.

Rio Javarri. -

54. Prpra stRIOLATA, Bp.; Gray’s Gen. pl. 67. f. 2.

Rio Javarri.

55. CIRRHIPIPRA FILICAUDA (Spix), Av. Bras. ii. pl. 8.

Rio Javarri.

266

56. CHIROXYPHIA REGINA, Sclater, Ann. N. H. June 1856, p.

Rio Javarri.

I am quite pleased at meeting with another on of this pretty

Manikin, which I described from Natterer’s types in the Vienna

Museum.

57. IopoPLEURA ISABELL (Parz.); Icon. Orn. pl. 68.

Rio Javarri.

Prince Bonaparte gives Venezuela as the habitat of this species.

Mr. Bates’s specimens are from the Rio Javarri, and Mr. Wallace ob-

tained specimens on the river Tocantins in September 1448. The

I. pipra is from 8. Eastern Brazil, while I. laplacii—a scarce spe-

cies, only possessed, I believe, by the Paris Museum—is said to be

from British Guiana.

58. ARA ARACANGA (Linn.).

Rio Javarri.

59. ARA SEVERA (Linn.).

Rio Javarri.

Mr. Bates has sent two examples of the species, one of which is

very much varied with red below.

60. Conurus GUIANENSIS (Linn.).

61. ConuRUS MELANURUS (Spix).

Tunantins.

62. Pronus MENSTRUUS (Linn. ).

Rio Javarri. *

63. CAICA BARRABANDI (Kuhl).

Rio Javarri.

64. Carica uistRio (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 744.

Rio Javarri.

65. Carica XANTHOMERIA, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit.

This apparently new species, of which the only two specimens

sent have passed into the collection of the British Museum, closely

resembles C. leucogastra, Kuhl (badiceps, Lear), but has the flanks

and thighs yellow instead of green, and exhibits some minor vyaria-

tions in shades of colouring.

66. PsirracuLa ?

A bird of this difficult little group, different from any I have

before seen—perhaps referable to Souancé’s P. cyanopygia.

67. RAMPHASTOS CUVIERI, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2.

pl. 8.

Ega.

267

68. PreRoGLossus HUMBOLDTI, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph.

ed. 2. pl. 22.

Rio Javarri.

A pair of this rare species have passed into the collection of the

British Museum.

69. PreRoGLossus FLAvIROosTRIs, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2.

pl. 29.

Ega and Rio Javarri.

70. SELENIDERA LANGSDORFI (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. Ramph.

ed. 2. pl. 33.

Ega.

71. PreROGLOssUS BEAUHARNAISI, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph.

edePmapl: 2a. yo" ;

Ega.

72, Capito PERUVIANUS (Cuv.).

Rio Javarri.

73. EKUBUCCO HARTLAUBI (Lafr.), fem. aut juv. ?

Rio Javarri.

I have hitherto regarded this bird as the young of FE. hartlaudi,

from which it differs in the want of the aurescent head and of the

blue tinge on the throat, sides of the head and supercilia, and by its

lemon-yellow and not orange neck-band. I am not sure that I am

right. Examples in the same state of plumage in the Paris Mu-

seum are marked “ Capito glaucogularis, Tschudi,’ which is cer-

tainly wrong.

74. EUBUCCO AURANTIICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Viridis, pileo et mento summo intense sanguineo-rubris, torque

cervicalt postica clare flavicanti-viridi : cervice antica auran-

tia; pectore coccineo, ventre fiavo et viridi strigato: rostro

flavo, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°6, caude 1°9.

This beautiful species of Barbet closely resembles H. richardsoni

figured in Gray and Mitchell’s Genera of Birds, but may be distin-

guished by its light green posterior neck-band, orange and not

lemon-yellow throat, and deeper scarlet breast. Mr. Bates has

transmitted five examples from the Rio Javarri, which are all alike.

The Lubucco richardsoni is from New Grenada (Bogota collections).

The British Museum contains an example of this new species,

collected by Hauxwell on the Ucayali in August 1852 and marked

*« Trides red.”

I am now acquainted with seven species of the section Hubucco,

namely, (1) E. ricuHarpsont (sulphureus, Kyton, Contr. Orn. 1849,

p- 130) ex Nov. Grenada ; (2) E. aurantircoxuis; (3) E. sour-

creRI (Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 79, et 1849, p. 116, pl. 3) ex Nov.

268

Grenada et fl. Napo; (4) E. picrus (Pl. Enl. 330; Bucco elegans,

Gm., Capito maynanensis, Gray); (5) E. eERyTHROCEPHALUS

(Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 260) ex Peruv. Orientali; (6) E. narTLAuBt

(Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 180, et 1849, p. 176, pl. 6; Capito ca-

pistratus, Eyton, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 131, et Megalamia capis-

trata, ibid. 1850, p. 29, pl. 45) ex Bogota, fl. Napo, et Peruv.

Orientali; (7) E. eLavcocuxaris (Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 259, pl. 24.

f. 2) ex Peruv. Orient,

Of the genus Capito, besides the C. cayanensis and C. peruvianus

and the intermediate C. amazoninus, there is a very beautiful fourth

species, C. aurovirens (Le Vaill. Prom. Suppl. pl. E., Bucco auro-

virens, Cuv.). This bird was met with at Sarayagu on the Ucayali

by MM. Castlenau and Deville during their voyage, and there are

specimens in the Paris Museum from their collection. Mr. Gould

possesses specimens obtained by Hauxwell on the same river.

The third and only remaining American genus of the family is

Tetragonops, a very peculiar form from the Quitian Andes, de-

scribed by Sir William Jardine in the Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1855,

n. §. ll. p. 404.

75. CHLORONERPES ERYTHROPS (Vieill.).

Ega.

76. CRoToPHAGA MaAJor, Linn.

Rio Javarri.

77. EuvrypyGa HELIAS (Pallas).

Rio Javarti.

78. TIGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Linn.).

Rio Javarri.

79. TIGRISOMA TIGRINUM (Gm.).

Rio Javarri.

December 8, 1857.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species or Cassowary.

By Joun Gow tp, F.R.S., V.P., etc.

(Aves, Pl. CXXIX.)

I think it has been shown, that not only many species, but whole

genera, and even great families of birds, formerly existed on the sur-

face of the globe, of which no living representatives now remain, but

269

whose previous existence is made manifest to us by their foot-prints,

the remains of their osseous structure, or portions of their ege-shells ;

some of these lived in periods of the most remote antiquity, while

others are doubtless coeval with Man: of these latter probably not a

few owe their extirpation to his wanton disregard for their perpe-

tuity, such as the Dodo, the Dinornis, the Norfolk Island Parrot,

&c.; their extinction being aided by their large size rendering them

conspicuous objects, and by the circumstance of their being denizens

of very limited areas, of small groups of islands, such as Mauritius,

Madagascar, Norfolk and Philip Islands, &c. The great group of

extinct struthious birds with which Owen and the younger Mantell

have made us so well acquainted, is one which all ornithologists

must regard with especial mterest, and this interest will I doubt not

be greatly enhanced when I state that I have undoubted evidence

that a species pertaining to it, and hitherto unknown to us, is still

living on our globe. These few prefatory remarks are given before

introducing to the notice of the Society a most interesting commu-

nication which I have just received from George Bennett, Esq., of

Sydney, respecting a new species of Cassowary lately discovered in

the Island of New Britain, an example of which, apparently fully

adult, is either now living at Sydney, or en route to Europe: that

it may soon arrive, or if it should unfortunately die its skin may be ~

duly preserved and sent to us, is my anxious hope. I am sure I

need not expatiate upon the warm interest which our corresponding

member, Dr. Bennett, has always manifested for the welfare of this

Society, nor upon the value of the varied contributions he has made

to natural science ; it cannot fail to afford pleasure to us all to find,

as will be seen, that this interest on his part is still undiminished.

I think, therefore, that it will only be a just tribute of respect if we

name the bird, of whose existence he has been the first to make us ac-

quainted, in honour of himself, Casuarrus BENNETT! (PI. CXXIX.).

Of this particular section of the Struthionide, then, there are the

C. galeatus, a native of New Guinea, the C. australis inhabiting

the Cape York district of Australia, and the C. Bennetti, whose do-

micile is the Island of New Britain.

The following are the details respecting this new species with

which Mr. Bennett has favoured me :—

‘* Sydney, Sept. 10, 1857.

“My pear GouLp,

“‘T send you an account of a new species of Cassowary recently

brought to Sydney by Captain Devlin in the cutter ‘Oberon ;’ it

was procured from the natives of New Britain, an island in the South

Pacific Ocean near to New Guinea, where it is known by the name

of ‘ Mooruk.’ The height of the bird is 3 feet to the top of the

back, and 5 feet when standing erect ; its colour is rufous mixed with

black on the back and hinder portions of the body, and raven black

about the neck and breast ; the loose wavy skin of the neck is beau-

tifully coloured with iridescent tints of bluish-purple, pink, and an

occasional shade of green, quite different from the red and purple ca-

270

runcles of the Casuarius galeatus ; the feet and legs, which are very

large and strong, are of a pale ash-colour, aud exhibit a remarkable

peculiarity in the extreme length of the claw of the inner toe on each

foot, it being nearly three times the length which it obtains in the

claws of the other toes; this bird also differs from the C. galeatus

in having a horny plate instead of a helmet-like protuberance on the

top of the head, which callous plate has the character of and resem-

bles mother of pearl darkened with black lead; the form of the bill

differs considerably from that of the Emu (Dromaius Nove-Hol-

landie), being narrower, longer, and more curved, and in having a

black and leathery cere at the base and behind the plate of the head

a small tuft of black hair-like feathers, which are continued in

greater or lesser abundance over most parts of the neck.

‘<The bird is very tame and familiar, and when in a good humour

frequently dances about its place of confinement. It is fed upon

boiled potatoes and meat occasionally. The egg is about the same

size as that of the Emu, and is of a dirty pale yellowish-green co-

lour ; I give this description from an egg obtained from the natives

by Capt. Devlin.

‘The bird appears to me to approximate more nearly to the Emu

than to the Cassowary, and to form the link between those species.

“In its bearing and style of walking it resembles the former, throw-

ing the head forward, and only becoming perfectly erect when run-

ning ; it also very much resembles the Apteryx in the carriage of -

its body, in the style of its motion, and in its attitudes. It has been

exhibited by Messrs. Wilcox and Turner in Hunter Street, Sydney.

** The accurate drawing which accompanies this letter was taken

from life by Mr. G. F. Angas, whose correct delineation of objects

of natural history is so well known; it conveys an excellent idea of

the bird.

‘« Before closing my letter I have again examined the bird, and

have to add, that its bill presents a good deal of the character of

that of a Rail, and that it utters a peculiar whistling chirping sound ;

and I am informed that it also emits a loud one resembling the word

*Muruk,’ whence no doubt is derived its native name. The ex-

istence of the species in New Britain or some of the neighbouring

islands has been suspected for the last three years, and some time

since a young specimen was procured, but unfortunately lost over-

board during the voyage.

«Ever, my dear Gould,

**GEORGE BENNETT.”

As the bird has not yet reached this country, the fact of its being

a new species must for the present rest upon Mr. Bennett’s authority.

The account published by Mr. Wall of the discovery of the bird

he has named Casuarius australis being but little known in this

country, I have thought it might not be uninteresting to the meeting

if I give a copy of it here as it appeared in the ‘ Illustrated Sydney

Herald’ of June 3, 1854.

271

“The first specimen of this bird was procured by Mr. Thomas

Wall, naturalist to the late expedition commanded by Mr. Kennedy.

This was shot near Cape York, in one of those almost inaccessible

gullies which abound in that part of the Australian continent. The

Cassowary, when erect, stands about 5 feet high. The head is with-

out feathers, but covered with a blue skin, and, like the Emu, is

almost without wings, having mere rudiments. The body is thickly

covered with dark brown wiry feathers. On the head is a large pro-

tuberance or helmet of a bright red colour, and to the neck are

attached, like bells, six or eight round fleshy balls of bright blue

and scarlet, which give the bird a very beautiful appearance. The

first, and indeed the only, specimen of the Australian Cassowary was

unfortunately left at Weymouth Bay, and has not been recovered.

Mr. Wall being most anxious for its preservation had secured it in a

canvas bag and carried it with him to the spot where, unfortunately

for himself and for science, it was lost. In the ravine where the

bird was killed, as well as other deep and stony valleys of that

neighbourhood, they were seen running in companies of seven or

eight. On that part of the north-eastern coast, therefore, they are

probably plentiful, and will be met with in all the deep gullies at

the base of high hills. The flesh of this bird was eaten, and was

found to be delicious ; a single leg afforded more substantial food

than ten or twelve hungry men could dispose of at one meal. The

Cassowary possesses great strength in its legs, and makes use of this

strength im the same manneras the Emu. Their whole build is,

however, more strong and heavy than that of the latter bird. They

are very wary, but their presence may be easily detected by their

utterance of a peculiarly loud note, which is taken up and echoed

along the gullies ; and it would be easy to kill them with a rifle.’’

The above account was furnished to the ‘Illustrated Sydne

Herald’ by Mr. Wall’s brother, Mr. William Sheridan Wall, Cu-

rator of the Australian Museum.

No skin of this species having yet been sent home, I am unable

to say if the bird be really a new species, or identical with the New

Guinea bird Casuarius galeatus. 1 trust, however, that the time is

not far distant when some expedition more fortunate than the one

to which Mr. Wall was attached may procure examples, and by

making us better acquainted with the bird, enable us to decide this

point.

2. DESCRIPTION OF ELEVEN NEw Srecies or BIRDS FROM

Tropica America. By Puiuie Luriey Scuater.

(Aves, Pl. CXXX.)

1. CaMPYLORHYNCHUS PARDUS.

Supra albo nigroque tessellatus, alis nigris albo regulariter trans-

vittatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus maculis magnis albis in

utroque pogonio cerebro transfasciatis: nucha brunnea : pileo

272

griseo, nigro punctato: superciliis et capitis lateribus albis,

striga postoculart et rictali utrinque nigricantibus : subtus

albus, gutture concolore, pectore, ventris lateribus et crisso

maculis parvis rotundis notatis : tectricibus subularibus albis ;

rostro breviore, debiliore, pallido, culmine corneo: pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3:0, caudz 3:0, rostria rictu °9.

Hab. In Nova Grenada in vicin. urbis 8. Marthe.

Mus. Brit.

This bird resembles most nearly Camp. nuchalis of Cabanis, or at

least a member of this difficult group from Trinidad, which in my

collection bears that name. In their upper surfaces these two spe-

cies are not unlike, although the head is paler, the nape more brown,

and both the inner and outer webs of the tail-feathers are banded in

the present. bird, which is not the case in the former. But below,

C. pardus is readily recognized by its pure white colour, varied

sparingly with round black spots on the breast, sides of the belly

and vent. My type-specimen was received from S. Martha by Mr.

Lawrence of New York, who kindly entrusted it to me for exami-

nation. I have called it ‘‘pardus”’ because it is the bird so named

(but not described) by Prince Bonaparte in his Ornithological Notes

upon Delattre’s collections (page 43). The specimen there alluded

to, which was received by MM. Verreaux of Paris from S. Martha,

is now in the British Museum. It is apparently a younger bird

than my type, but easily recognizable as of the same species.

2. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS STRIATICOLLIS.

Nigricanti-griseus ; uropygium versus magis rufescens, pennis

obsolete nigro marmoratis: alis caudaque nigricantibus, mar-

ginibus externis nigro et rufo anguste variegatis : subtus albo-

griseus, gula albicante ; cervice et pectore nigricante longitu-

dinaliter striatis, ventre medio maculis rotundis obsoletis notato:

ventre imo crissoque rufescentibus, nigro obsolete transvittatis :

rostri pallide cornet culmine nigro ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3:1, caudz 2-7, rostri a rictu 1:0.

Hab. In Nova Grenada.

This is a typical Campylorhynchus, of which I have met with only

one example, now in my own collection, selected from amongst a

large number of Bogota birds. It does not seem very like any of

the fourteen species of the genus which I have enumerated in the

‘Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia’

(1846, p. 264). The upper surface is nearly uniform, being only

obsoletely marbled, an appearance caused by the centres of the

feathers being darker. The fore-neck is longitudinally striated and

not spotted, as is more usual among these birds ; but there are round

spots, not however very strongly marked, on the belly.

3. ANABAZENOPS GUTTULATUS, Sp. nov. (Pl. CXXX.)

Olivaceus, superciliis ab oculo in nucham productis rufis: pilet

pennis medialiter olivaceis, nigricante marginatis ; interscapulit

7 273

pennis medialiter pallide ochraceis, nigricanti-ochraceo utrinque

limbatis, et quasi illo colore guttatis : alis intus nigricantibus,

extus brunnescentibus : cauda unicolore ferruginea; subtus

gula albida, pectoris et ventris superioris plumis ochracescenti-

albidis fulvo tinctis, marginibus fusco-olivascente circumdatis :

lateribus et ventre imo terricolori-brunneis ; crisso rufo : rostri

cornet apice et basi flavidis: pedibus flavido-fuscis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3:3, caude 3:0.

Hab. In Venezuela, prope urbem Caracas (Levraud).

Mus. Paris.

4, SYNALLAXIS MULTO-STRIATA, Sp. nov.

Supra terricolori-brunnea, fronte et pileo antico rufis nigro variis :

dorsi totius pennarum scapis flavo-albidis, strias longas for-

mantibus: cauda, e rectricibus duodecim, nigricante, brunneo

marginata, subtus pallide brunnea: corpore subtus terricolori-

brunneo, albo confertim vario, plumis medialiter albis, nigres-

centi-brunneo irregulariter circumeinctis; gula pure rufa:

rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°4, caude 2:8.

Hab. In Nova Grenada.

Mus. Paris.

A specimen of this apparently new Synallavis is in the Gallery of

the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. It is marked ‘“ Bogota, Rieffer,

1843.” It does not very closely resemble any species with which I

am acquainted, and is rather remarkable as being striated both above

and below.

5. TURDUS FULVIVENTRIS, Verreaux, MS., sp. nov.

Nigricanti-cinereus, alis caudaque obscurioribus ; capite toto cum

gutture nigris; cervice antica fuscescenti-cinerea: abdomine

toto cum tectricibus subalaribus saturate cinnamomeo-rufis :

erisso fusco: rostro flavo, pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 4-8, caudze 4:0.

Hab. In Nova Grenada (Bogota).

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. et P. L. 8.

I have received a single example of this fine Thrush from MM.

Verreaux, with the MS. name attached, which I have adopted. It

is quite distinct from every other bird of the group hitherto de-

scribed, but may be placed near Turdus migratorius of the U. S.

6. TURDUS IGNOBILIS, sp. nov.

Cinerascentt- -fuscus unicolor, subtus dilutior, gula abicante, striis

paucis cinereis: abdomine medio cum erisso albis, lateribus

cinerascentibus : tectricibus subalaribus fusco-cinereis, rufo

via tinctis : rostro corneo, pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 9-0, alee 4:5, caudze 3°9.

Hab. In Nova Grenada.

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. et P. L.S.

No. CCCXLIV.—ProcrEpINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

274

I have had examples of this Thrush some time in my possession,

and have indicated it without naming it in my first list of birds from

Bogota (P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 145, sp. 168). Having lately obtained

other specimens, I have no hesitation in describing it as apparently

unnamed, unless indeed it chance to be Prince Bonaparte’s Turdus

luridus (Notes Orn. p. 28), which however it is impossible to deter-

mine from so brief a notice. In its uniform style of colouring it

resembles Turdus fumigatus of Brazil and T. grayi of Mexico, but

may be immediately distinguished by the colour of the under wing-

coverts, which are cinereous like the breast, with a faint tinge only

of rufous. There are two examples of this same bird in the collec-

tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, also labelled

** Bogota.”

7. CINCLUS LEUCONOTUS, sp. nov.

** Cinclus leucocephalus, Tsch.”’ ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 68.

Niger: pileo cum nucha, dorso medio et corpore subtus ad imum

ventrem albis: crisso et hypochondriis nigris: pileo nigro

striolato: rostro nigro, pedibus corneis.

Long. tota 5°5, alse 3°8, caudze 1°6, rostri a fronte °6.

2(?). Mari similis sed minor, rostro breviore.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 3:1, caudee 1°5, rostri a fronte °4.

Hab. In Nova Grenada et rep. Equatoriana.

Mus. Paris., Gul. Jardine Baronetti, et P. L. 8.

This species is not the Cinelus leucocephalus of Tschudi, as I as-

certained this summer by taking my specimens to Neufchatel and

there comparing them with the type. T'schudi’s bird is much larger

and has the white below confined to the breast, and no white back. It

is in short quite a different bird. The most peculiar thing however

about my two specimens is, that one is larger than the other, and

has the bill strikingly longer. After some hesitation I have attri-

buted this to sex, though I am not aware of a similar difference

occurring in the bills of other Cimci. I may remark, however, that

though this bird is seemingly much like Cimclus in form, I cannot

help thinking that, when we know more about it, we may find occa-

sion to refer it to a different genus. My examples were picked out

of a large number of ordinary Bogota skins, of which they have the

usual unmistakeable appearance. The bird described by Lafresnaye

was brought from Pasto by Delattre, and a specimen in the Paris

Museum—marked Cinclus leucocephalus—is said to be from the

vicinity of Quito. Sir William Jardine possesses examples from the

same locality.

8. TYRANNUS ATRIFRONS, sp. nov.

nigra, crista pilec medii celata aurea: alis nigricanti-brun-

neis, extus rufo late marginatis: tectricibus caude superioribus

cum cauda tota rufis, rectricum (precipue mediarum) parte

media nigricante: subtus flavus; gula albicante, pectore rufo

paulum mixto, tectricibus alarum inferioribus pallide flavis,

275

remigum pogoniis internis subtus ochraceis: rostro et pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 8°2, alee 4°6, caudee 3°75.

Hab. In littoribus reipub, Equatoriane.

Mus. Brit. et T. C. Eyton.

Mr. Eyton’s collection contains the type-specimen of this very

well-marked species of Tyrant, which I believe to have been hitherto

overlooked. It is labelled “‘Guyaquil,” and that is no doubt its

right locality, for two examples of the same bird in the British Mu-

seum were obtained on the island of Puna in the gulf of Guyaquil

by Mr. Barclay.

MELANOPTILA, gen. nov.

Melanoptila, genus novum e familia TurDIDARUM. Rostrum

rectum, modice longitudinis, fere ut in genere Turdo, sed te-

nuius et vibrissis rictalibus nullis: ale breves, ad finem sub-

caudalium attingentes, remige prima brevi, secunda secundarias

co-equante, tertia longiore, sed a quarta, quinta, et sexta,

equalibus et longissimis, superata: cauda longa, apice rotun-

data : pedes antice scutellate prout in genere Turdo.

ASSESS}

9. M. GLABRIROSTRIS, Sp. nov.

M. nigra unicolor, c@ruleo-nitens: alis caudaque eneo magis

splendentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7°8, alee 3°5, caudee 3:3, tarsi 1°05.

Hab. In rep. Honduras, prope urbem Omoa.

276

I first observed specimens of this curious bird in the Derby Mu-

seum at Liverpool. They were procured in Honduras by Delattre,

and an excellent example from the same source is in the British

Museum. A single specimen in my own collection was obtained,

with other birds, by Mr. Joseph Leyland in the vicinity of Omoa at

the extremity of the Bay of Honduras. 1 know of no other Ame-

rican form which much resembles it in plumage or in structure, and

am rather puzzled as to its proper arrangement in the Natural

System. It must however, I think, come within the limits of the

family Turdide, and for the present I am rather inclined to place it

along with the Mock-birds (Mimine), with the general structure of

some of which it seems most nearly to accord, except in the absolute

want of any signs of rictal bristles, whence I have called it glabri-

rostris.

Mr. Leyland informs me, with regard to this bird at Omoa, that

he believes it is rare there, as he only saw one other individual du-

ring his stay. It frequents the low thick bushes.

Further information concerning the difference of the sexes, habits

and internal structure of this interestiug bird are requisite, before its

true position can be satisfactorily established.

10. LipauGUS RUFESCENS.

Rufescenti-brunneus, subtus clarior, capite et pectore subtilissime

nigro, vittas obsoletas formante, transfasciatis: pennarum

maculis apicalibus rotundis in pectore et ventre medio et in

erisso sparsis, nigris : remigibus nigricantibus intus et extus

rufo marginatis: alarum tectricibus superioribus rufis nigro

variegatis, inferioribus rufis, fascia axillart crocea: cauda uni-

colore, rufescenti-brunnea : gula et crisso pure rufis: rostro

nigricante, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5°7, alee 4°4, caudee 3:3.

Hab. In rep. Guatimalensi prope urbem Coban (Delattre).

Mus. Britannico et Derbiano.

I examined an example of this bird with much care during an in-

spection of some of the riches of the Derby Museum at Liverpool,

two years ago, and attached to it the MS. name which I now pub-

lish. Through the kindness of Mr. Thomas Moore I have lately

had the opportunity of studying it a second time. Mr. G. R. Gray

has obligingly pointed out to me a stuffed specimen in the British

Museum, which is evidently the adult of this species, that in the

Derby Museum being in an immature state; and I have therefore

modified my original description, so as to render it applicable to the

more perfect bird. In the younger stage the marking on the wings

is not so decided, and the characteristic black spots on the breast,

belly and crissum, and the axillary tufts, are absent. The specimen

in the British Museum was procured from MM. Verreaux, and is

labeled with the MS. name “ Lathriosoma typicum, Bp.” It is not

however necessary to create a new generic name for this bird, as it

certainly cannot be separated from Lipaugus hypopyrrhus (Vieill.),

for which the term dulea * (taken from Dr. Schiff’s MS.) has been

already published by Prince Bonaparte. It forms, in fact, an excellent

second species of this division, which seems to serve as a connecting

link between the genera Lipaugus and Heteropelma, and is perhaps

worthy of generic rank.

11. TINAMUS CASTANEUS, sp. nov.

Saturate castaneus, capite et cervice undique cum gula nigri-

canti-cinereis, pileo nigricantiore, gula magis cinerascente :

alarum pennis nigricantibus, tectricum et secundariarum mar-

gimibus externis dorso concoloribus: ventre imo cum cauda

(tectricibus supra-caudalibus omnino abscondita) nigro et cer-

vino flammulatis : rostri mandibula superiore nigricante, hujus

autem tomiis cum mandibula inferiore flavidis : pedibus carneis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:5, caudee 1°3, rostri a rictu 1°1, tarsi 1:9.

Hab. In Nov. Grenada interiore (Bogota).

Mus. P.L.S.

I obtained a single specimen of this Tinamou out of a large col-

lection of Bogota skins in the hands of a dealer. I have in vain

attempted to find a name for it, and have looked through the ex-

amples of these birds in the great Museums of Leyden, Paris and

Philadelphia without finding a similar one. In the British Museum,

however, is a specimen possibly referable to the young stage of this

species.

The present bird agrees in size and shape tolerably well with 7.

parvirostris and T. tataupa, but is quite different in colouring from

any member of the group with which I am acquainted.

3. On THE DuriKeER Boks IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. anp Ent. Soc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LVII.)

In the text to the ‘ Knowsley Menagerie,’ and in the ‘ Catalogue of

the Hoofed Quadrupeds’ in the British Museum, I divided the

Duiker Boks into three species. The distinctness of these species

has been doubted.

As there is now in the Gardens of the Zoological Society speci-

mens of two of the species, and as each of these has bred there, I

considered that it might be advantageous to give a figure of the male

of each species, side by side, on the same plate.

1. The Impoon, Cephalophus Grimmi, Gray, Catalogue, Ungu-

lata, p. 78, orbit and beneath white. There are in the Gardens a

female and three young males.

2. The Burchell’s Buck Bok, Cephalophus Burchellii, Gray, Cat.,

* Prince Bonaparte writes this word ‘ Aulea,’ but if, as 1 suppose is the case,

it comes from avAos, tibia, the proper adjectival form would be aulius.

278

Ungulata, p. 81, dark, orbits and under side dark. There is a female,

and a young male, her offspring.

The two sexes, and the young and the old specimens of each of

the species are exactly similar.

4. Notice or A New Species or JAGUAR FROM MAZATLAN,

LIVING IN THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. By

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P.Z.S., F.R.S., etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LVIII.)

The Society has recently received from Miss Mary Knight a very

curious and valuable animal from Mazatlan, which appears not

hitherto to have been noticed in the systematic catalogues, which is

the more extraordinary, as the zoologists in the United States are

now very active in describing the animals of North America, and are

evidently renaming several of those which are well known in the

European Museums.

This species greatly resembles the Jaguar in size, character,

and marking, having the short legs and short tapering tail of that

species ; but it chiefly differs from that animal in the form of the

head, which is more elongate, and in the disposition of the spots ;

instead of the spots being all placed in rings or roses, as they are

usually called, the spots on the front part of the body are single and

scattered, and those on the hinder part of the body are alone placed

in rings or roses.

I propose to distinguish the species provisionally with the name

of Leopardus Hernandesii, waiting until its skull and other cha-

racters can be more carefully examined and compared before I un-

dertake to give its proper specific character.

5. SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF AXIFEROUS

ZOOPHYTES OR BARKED Corats. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp

Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. anp Ent. Soc., etc.

(Radiata, Pl. IX.)

This group of animals has been called

Polypiers corticiféeres by Lamarck, Hist. A. 8. V. ii. 288.

Polypes corticaux by Cuvier, Régne Anim. iv. 78, 1817.

Corallea by De Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. Ixx., et Man. Actinol.

501, 1834.

Gorgoniade, Johnston, Brit. Zooph. 182, 1838; Gray, List of B.

Mam. 55, 1848.

Gorgonide, Dana, Zooph. 637, 1546.

Cerato-corallia, Ehrenb. Corall. B.M. 1834.

Coralliade, Gray, Syn. B.M. 134, 1840.

This group of animals is easily distinguished from the other zoo-

279

phytes by the mass of animals being supported by a continuous axis.

The axis is generally formed of one (or rarely of many elongated)

siliceous, calcareous, or horny body, extending from the base to the

apex of the coral mass. The axis, whether consisting of horny,

stony, or siliceous matter, is always formed of numerous concentric,

very thin laminze, more or less intermixed with mineral matter.

Those which have a horny or calcareous axis are generally branched,

and are uniformly fixed by an expanded base to some marine body.

The single known kind which has a siliceous axis: the axis is

formed of many twisted fibres, and its lower end, instead of being

expanded, is gradually tapering and is parasitically imbedded in a

fixed sponge, and thus kept in its erect position.

These corals have sometimes been confounded with some of the

more branched or tree-like Alcyoniens, or fleshy zoophytes. But

the coral mass of these animals has no distinct continuous axis, bemg

only strengthened by more or less numerous spicula imbedded in

the flesh of the mass, as is the case in the animal part of these

zoophytes that covers the axis.

In some genera, as Briareus, these spicula are more crowded

together in the centre of the mass, forming a harder centre to the

stem and branches; but this axis-like body, which is formed of an

immense number of spicula, must not be confounded with the con-

tinued axis of the true Barked Zoophytes, which may be regarded

as fleshy zoophytes, which are in addition furnished with a central

axis to support their more branched form.

They may be best divided into three distinct subdivisions, accord-

ing to the chemical composition of the axis, thus—

1. Hyalophytes.

2. Lithophytes.

3. Ceratophytes.

Suborder I. Hyatopuyta.

Axis siliceous.

Family 1. HyALONEMaD.

Coral subcylindrical, rather attenuated and immersed in a fixed

sponge. Axis in the form of numerous elongated, slender, filiform,

siliceous fibres, extending from end to end of the coral, and slightly

twisted together like a rope. Bark fleshy, granular, strengthened

with short cylindrical spicula; polypiferous cells scattered, rather

produced, wart-like, with a flat radiated tip.

1. Hyatonema, Gray.

The character of the family.

1. Hyatonema mirasitis. (PI. IX.) B.M.

Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1830, 118.

Hyalonema Sieboldii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, 63; Dana,

Exped. 642.

Japan (Siz Hans Sloane, Siebold).

280

The coral, as it is usually seen, consists of three distinct portions,

of very different texture and appearance—the axis, bark, and the

sponge.

The axis is formed of a considerable quantity of transparent glass-

like fibres, slightly twisted from right to left into a spiral rope-

like bundle 18 to 20 inches in length and 3 or 33 lines in diameter

at the lower part, where the fibres are most closely applied to each

other, and whence the specimen gradually expands upwards to a dia-

meter of double that extent.

The part above this tapering base is in different specimens covered

to a greater or less extent (and evidently in the perfect state is en-

tirely) with a kind of leathery bark, with large truncated nipple-

shaped scattered tubercles, having flat crowns with radiating grooves

and a central depression.

The base of the transparent rope is (in one specimen) as it were

inserted into an irregular mass of a very loose spongy substance, to

which it is very firmly attached; and in passing through which - it

gradually tapers to about half the size of the narrowest portion of

the exposed part, and finally terminates in a truncated pencilled base

of very fine capillary fibres. In general, the specimens are withdrawn

from this spongy base, and the lower part of the axis is cleaned ; but

I think it is evident that they all are attached to such a sponge in

their natural state.

The bark is formed of two distinct layers: the outer having the

appearance of an aggregation of grains of sand united together by a

small quantity of animal matter; the inner portion having imbedded

in its substance numerous very fine capillary fibres of precisely

similar texture to those which form the axis of the coral, but of

much smaller size; and this portion of the bark evidently extends

between and invests each of the fibres of the rope-like axis.

The fibres which form the axis are perfectly transparent, colour-

less, and moderately flexible, resembling in appearance those of

spun glass or very clear bristles. They vary in thickness from half.

a line to the diameter of a very fine hair. In the middle portion

they are nearly cylindrical; within 2 or 3 inches of the tip they

gradually taper to half their former diameter; externally they ap-

pear to the naked eye smooth and polished, but as if furnished with-

numerous internal cracks taking different directions. Under the

microscope there are seen many close-set superficial annular grooves,

which become more evident near the tips, where they assume the

form of raised belts most prominent below, and giving a somewhat

irregular outline to the surface. Internally they are solid, and

formed of very numerous, very thin, concentric coats, as may be

seen by breaking them transversely, when, instead of presenting a

straight fracture, the coats appear of different lengths, in consequence

of their yielding at different tervals. If this fracture is minutely

examined under a lens, each of its component lamine is found to

present numerous concentric lines, showing it to be formed of several

plates. But this structure is most evidently seen on applying the

end of one of the breken fibres to the flame of a spirit lamp, when

281

it becomes first opake and silvery, then crepitates, enlarges, and

assumes a dull white colour; after which the different lamine,

which are very numerous, separate from each other. If a larger

portion of the fibre is exposed to the flame, its outer coat is elevated

in flakes, and the whole substance splits longitudinally on one side

in such a manner as to exhibit a section of the various coats.

Each of the fibres or spicula of the axis is enveloped in a thin

membrane connected with the bark, and which doubtless deposits

the very numerous concentric coats of which it is formed, as the bark

deposits the concentric coats of which the axes of Gorgonia, Coral-

lium and Isis are formed.

The number of fibres in the axis appears to increase as the coral

grows, aS some are much thinner than the rest, while they all ex-

tend from the base to the apex of the coral. The part of the fibre

which is enclosed in the sponge does not appear to increase in thick-

ness so fast as the other part of the fibre, and it is not covered with

any bark.

The late Dr. Prout and Mr. Pearsall have furnished me with the

following account of the chemicals constituent of these fibres :—

«When this coralloid substance is exposed to heat it decrepitates

strongly ; and if the experiment be made in a tube and the heat

suddenly applied, it bursts to pieces with a sort of explosion, and

gives off a perceptible quantity of water, and yields a strong pecu-

liar fishy odour. Under the blowpipe it melts into a porous slag,

so light as to swim in water, and reminding one of the substance

called Tabasheer, the addition of a little alkali converts it into pel-

lucid glass. These experiments show that this substance consists

principally of hydrated silica.

“'W. Prout.”

“To J. E. Gray, Esq.

“The Royal Institution,

‘Friday Evening, April 18th, 1832.

“Dear Sir,—I have examined the peculiar organic formation

which you showed the structure of by the microscope when I had

the pleasure of seeing you last: indeed I had more than one speci-

men of marine produce, but the present had something of this ap-

pearance.

** When heated in very small glass tubes, portions of these spines

decrepitated violently, and gave off much water, but no appearance

of ammonia, so that very little, or perhaps no trace of organic matter

can be expected to remain.

“The acids (sulphuric, muriatic, and nitric) did not seem to affect

them even when pulverized and boiled together.

“They certainly are not carbonate of lime.

“‘T obtained very minute traces of sulphuric acid and lime; but

so very inappreciable, except by the slightly turbid appearance when

viewed. between the source of light, that, if the indications proceed

from the spines or not, they must be considered as accidental.

282

“The spines are not sulphate of lime, but I consider them to be

silica ; for after much boiling in silver vessels, although they scarcely

seemed affected by caustic alkali, yet, when heated to redness, they

fused and lost all traces of regular form, and the whole of the fused

mass, small as it was, became entirely soluble in water. When mu-

riatic acid was added, the silica was precipitated with the usual gela-

tinous and flocculent appearances ; the only chance is that alumina

may possibly be present. I tried one of the blowpipe tests for alu-

mina, and there seemed to be the appearance of this substance ; but

I think the test is subject to fallacy. So I conclude that the sub-

stance is silica only ; the water—does it proceed from cells, or is it

held accidentally ?

**T shall be curious to know the history, which I believe you pro-

mised after my reporting upon their composition, and of course wish

to know how far you consider this examination corresponds to the

impression on your own mind; for I think you told me that more

than one chemist had given an opinion, which possibly may differ

from mine.

“* Believe me to be,

** Respectfully and sincerely,

**THomAS JOHN PEARSALL.”

The sponge to which it is attached has no real connection with

the coral, except as affording it the means of support, and is of the

common structure.

Some fibres of the axis of this coral were in the collection of Sir

Hans Sloane, and it was doubtful to which kingdom these isolated

siliceous threads could belong, until the arrival in this country of the

specimen, which was sent from Canton by Mr. Reeves, under the

name of Glass plant, described by me in the paper above referred to.

There can he no doubt, after the examination of the two speci-

mens in the British Museum, one in my own collection, one in Paris,

and several in the Leyden Museum, that the bark evidently belongs

to the axis, and that this coral is a true zoophyte, and not a sponge

covered with a parasitic zoophyte, as it is regarded by M. Valen-

ciennes. See Milne-Edwards, British Fossil Corals, 81.

Suborder II]. Lirnoruyra.

Axis calcareous, continued or jointed, effervescing with muriatic

acid.

In the genus Subergorgia the axis is cork-like; in the other

genera it is ligneous, more stony and hard at the base; in others

it is entirely stony and hard, and usually of a white colour; but in

Corallium it is generally deep bright red, but sometimes pink or

white. In general it is solid, and formed of concentric laminz. In

Melitea and Solanderia(?) it is cavernous, pierced with cylindrical

tortuous canals.

283

Fam. 2. Isip.

Coral branched, tree-like or fan-shaped, with anastomosing

branches. Axis hard, articulated, composed of alternating portions

of hard calcareous and flexible horny black matter. Bark granular,

smooth, with irregular-shaped calcareous spicula ; polypiferous cells

simple, more or less exserted.

1. Isis.

Cynosaire, Lamk.

Hippurium, Oken.

Coral branched, furcate. Axis striated, branches proceeding from

the calcareous articulations. Bark thick, with a few interspersed,

very irregular and unequal spicula. Polypiferous cells scattered

over the whole surface, sunken. Base of coral expanded, tuberose.

The bark is permanent and hard, but is brittle, easily removed,

especially if the specimens are not kept in a dry place. Lamarck,

who had only seen the coral without the bark, describes it as “ca-

duce en totalité,’ &c., p. 300.

The articulations between the jomts generally become obliterated

near the base of the coral of the older specimens, either by the con-

traction and solidification of the horny part, or by the horny portions

becoming covered with a calcareous deposit. Lamarck regarded the

coral in this state as a different genus, which he named Cynosaire,

Mem. Mus. i. 467. See Seba, ii. t. 105. n. 3.

1. Isis HIPPURIS. B.M.

Isis hippuris, Linn. ; Ellis, Zooph. t. 3. f. 1, 5 (with bark) ; Seba,

ili. t. 205. no. 3 (old stems); t. 110. nos. 1 & 2 (upper branches

with bark) ; Esper, t. 1, 2 (upper branches), t. 3 (old stems), t.3a.

f. 1, 2 (bark).

2. IsIDELLA.

Coral branched, furcate. Axis smooth, cylindrical, stony, joint

elongate ; branches furcate, proceeding from the corneous joint. Bark

rather thick, with irregular opake spicula; polypiferous cells pro-

duced, subeylindrical. Base of axis expanded, lobed and branched.

1. IstpELLA ELONGATA. B.M.

Isis elongata, Esper, t. 6 ; Seba, iii. t. 6. f. 4.

I. gracilis, Lamk. Pol. Flex. t. 18. f. 1.

Mopsea mediterranea, Risso, EK. Merid. 322. f. 1.

M. elongata, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1842, 38.

M. gracilis, Dana.

? M. erythracea, Khrenb.

The branches of I. elongata are said to be often anastomosed, and

for this reason it appears to be separated from I. gracilis; but I

have never seen them in that state (Lamx. Pol. Flex. 477).

Mediterranean ; Red Sea (Hhrenb.) ; ? West Indies (Lamz.).

284

2. IstDELLA ? CORALLOIDES.

Isis coralloides, Lamx.

South Sea.

3. Mopsea.

Mopsea, Lamx.

Coral branched, fan-shaped, branches pinnate. Axis jointed,

stony joint short, branches from the horny articulation. Bark hard,

with imbedded spicula ; polypiferous cells produced, wart-like, sub-

verticillate, ascending, rather incurved.

1. MopsEA ENCRINULA.

Isis encrinula, Lamk.

Mopsea verticillata, Lamx. Pol. Flex. t. 18. f. 2.

M. encrinula, Ehrenb.

Australia.

Fam. 3. MELITHADe.

Coral branched, branches furcate, often anastomosing. Axis

spongy, permeated with flexuous cylindrical canals, continued or in-

terrupted with harder swollen calcareous joints. Bark granular,

almost entirely composed of transparent calcareous spicula. Polypi-

ferous cells in series on the edge of the stem and branches.

1. SOLANDERIA.

Solanderia, Duchassaing.

** Axis continued, resembling the non-calcified joints of Melitea.”

Bark thin, rather cottony.

1. SOLANDERIA GRACILIS.

Solanderia gracilis, Duchass. Rev. Zool. 1846, 218.

Guadaloupe.

2. MopsEeLua.

Axis articulated, segments elongated, stony, with short swollen

hard and porous joints. Base of the axis expanded, not lobed.

Bark permanent, granular with scattered spicula, cells prominent,

swollen.

1. M. pICHOTOMA. B.M.

Isis dichotoma, Pallas; Esper, t. 5, t. 11. with bark (Petiver, Ga-

zoph. t. 3. f. 10); Hermann, Naturf. xv. 135.t. 5. f. 1.

Mopsea dichotoma, Lamx. 466 (not Seba, t. 106. f. 4).

3. MELIT#A.

Coral branched, furcate, often anastomosing. Axis composed of

narrow, solid, striated, calcareous segments and swollen spongy

grooved joints; base of the axis expanded, not lobed. Polypes in

285

four or five longitudinal series at end of branches (Esper, t. 4 a. f. 4, 5,

seet.11.f.2, bark). Cells sunken.

* Tree-like, branched.

1. MELITHA OCHRACEA. B.M.

Melitea ochracea, Lamk.; Meyen, Nov. Acta me Xvi. t. 29.

Isis ochracea, Linn. ; ; Esper, t.4,t.4a,t. 11, f.1, 2, 3, with bark.

~ Corallium rubrum, Ellis, Phil. Trans. iv. 188. t. 3,

** Flabelliform, reticulated.

2. MELITHA AURANTIA. B.M.

Isis aurantia, Esper, t. 9.

Melitea retifera, Lamk.

India.

3. Meuit#a coccinea, Lamk. B.M.

M. Rissoi, Lamk.

Isis coccinea, Solander, Z.t. 12. f. 3 (cop. Esper, t. 3 a. f. 5); ;

Esper, t. 16.

4, MELITHA TEXTIFORMIS. B.M.

Melitea textiformis, Lamk. Pol. Flex. t. 19. f. 1.

Australia.

5. MeLir&a TENELLA.

M. tenella, Dana, Exped. 683.

Sandwich Islands.

Fam. 4. PRImNOAD&.

Coral branched, branches forked or pinnate. Axis calcareous,

smooth, or slightly longitudinally striated. Bark formed of flat

scales. Polypiferous cells produced, covered with regularly disposed

imbricate scales.

1. PRIMNOA.

Primnoa, Lamx. 1812.

Coral branched, tree-like, branches cylindrical, forked. Bark

formed of scales. Polypiferous cells ovate, clavate, dependent, co-

yered with two series of large convex imbricate scales, placed in

whorls of three round the branches. Aperture closed, with three

small pointed scales.

* Coral tree-like and branched, branches forked. Cells ovate, bell-

shaped, in threes. Primnoa.

1. PRIMNOA LEPADIFERA, Lamx. B.M.

Gorgonia lepadifera, Linn. ; Baxter, Opuse. ii. t. 13. f. 10, So-

land. Zooph. t. 13. f. 1, 2; Johnst. B. Zooph. f. 37.

G. reseda, Pallas.

North Sea; Archangel; Norway.

286

** Coral simple, with simple branches spreading on all sides.

2. PRIMNOA ANTARCTICA.

P. antarctica, Valenc. Voy. Venus, t. 12. f. 2.

South Polar Sea and Falkland Islands.

2. CALLOGORGIA.

Coral forked, fan-shaped; branchlet pinnate. Axis continued,

stony, compressed. Bark thin, white, formed of flat angular im-

bedded granules. Cells in whorls of three, cylindrical, incurved,

covered with small imbricate scales.

1. C. VERTICILLATA. B.M.

Gorgonia verticillata, Pallas ; Esper, t. 42.

G. verticillaris, Solander.

Prim. verticillata et P. flabellum, Ebrenb.

Muricea verticillaris, Dana.

Keratophyte (Sea Feather), Ellis, Corall. t. 26. f.S.T. V.

Mediterranean ; Madeira.

PRIMNOELLA.

Coral simple, elongate, cylindrical. Axis continued, stony. Bark

granular, smooth. Polypiferous cells numerous, close pressed, sub-

cylindrical, regular, small, placed in close regular circles, each con-

taining many cells round the stem ; each cell covered with two series

of small imbricate scales.

PRIMNOA AUSTRALASIZ. B.M.

Primnoa australasie, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1849, 146; Radiata, pl. 2.

£,.8,.9)

Australian Seas, on oyster-shells and stones.,

Fam. 5. CorALLID&.

Axis inarticulate, solid, caleareous, more or less hard and stony.

Bark smooth, granular, with irregular-shaped calcareous spicula.

Polypiferous cells simple, more or less exserted.

The chemical character of the axis may be easily discovered by a

small quantity of muriatic acid.

1. CORALLIUM.

Corallium, Lamk. 1813.

Tsis, Oken, 1815.

Coral tree-like, branched, forked. Axis hard, continuous, stony,

striated externally. Bark granular, when dry formed almost entirely

of irregular spicula (see Ellis, Zooph. t. 13. f. 3, 4). Polypiferous

cell homogeneous, scarcely exserted, scattered over the surface of the

branches.

287

* Shrub-like, spreading. Corallium.

1. C. NOBILE, Ehrenb. B.M.

Tsis nobilis, Linn.

Gorgonia pretiosa, Solander, Zooph. t. 13.

Corallium rubrum, Carolini, t. 2.

Mediterranean.

** Fan-shaped, branches on a plane.

2. CORALLIUM SECUNDUM.

Corallium secundum, Dana, Exped. t. 60. f. 1.

Sandwich Islands.

2. ANNELLA.

Coral rather fan-like, sinuous, branched ; branches subcylindrical,

rather compressed, inosculating. Axis continuous, soft, woody,

white, calcareous, effervescing in muriatic acid, flexible. Bark mo-

derately thick, granular, with imbedded spicula, without any im-

pressed lateral grooves, with numerous equally diffused small circular

imbedded polypiferous cells, aperture closed with eight keeled conical

valves, forming a rather convex cone (which are absent in the worn

specimens).

1. A. RETICULATA. B.M.

3. ELLIsELLA.

Coral simple or furcately branched; branches subcylindrical,

with a more or less distinct lateral groove, especially at the base.

Axis continuous, opake, solid, calcareous, hard at the base, white and

softer above. Bark when dry granular, thin, with numerous series

of sunken or slightly prominent polypiferous cells on each edge of

the stems and branches.

* Coral simple, subcompressed beneath. Junceella, Valenc.

1. E. sUNCEA. B.M.

Gorgonia Juncea, Pallas; Esper, t. 52?; Seba, Thesaur. t. 105.

f. 1 a, left figure.

Junceella Juncea, Valenc.

** Coral furcately branched, branches subcylindrical.

2. KH. ELONGATA. B.M.

Gorgonia elongata, Pallas; Esper, t. 55.

3. E. COCCINEA. B.M.

Branches very long, virgate, bright scarlet.

**%* Coral branched, fan-like ; branches with a series of virgate

branches on the upper side only. Ctenocella.

4. KE. PECTINATA. B.M.

Gorgonia pectinata, Pallas; Seba, Thes. t. 105. f. 1 a, central

figure.

Pterogorgia pectinata, Dana, n. 17.

288

4. SUBERGORGIA.

Subergorgia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 159.

Coral branched, forked, rather fan-shaped. Axis compressed,

continuous, opake, calcareous, cork-like, formed of rather loose

laminee. Bark when dry granular, with a distinct impressed groove

on each side of the stem and branches. ‘Polypiferous cells rather

prominent, simple, in two or three series on each edge of the stems

and branches.

* The stem subquadrate ; lateral groove deep, broad ; cell rather

tubercular.

1. SUBERGORGIA SUBEROSA. B.M.

Gorgonia suberosa, Pallas (not Solander); Esper, t. 49; Ellis,

Coral. t. 26. f. P. Q.

Gorgonia sulcifera, Lamk.

Pterogorgia sulcifera, Dana, no. 16.

Subergorgia suberosa, Gray, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 159.

Branches gradually attenuated, virgate, straight, rarely anasto-

mosing.

** The stem compressed, broad lateral grooves, narrow ; cells

scarcely prominent.

2. SUBERGORGIA COMPRESSA. B.M.

The branches slender, diverging, arched.

5. SCIRPEARIA.

Scirpearia, Cuvier, 1817.

Funiculina, sp., Lamk. 1816.

Coral slender (simple or subsimple), rod-like. Axis slender, cylin-

drical, hair-like, solid, white, calcareous, attached by a broad base.

Bark (when dry) thin, smooth, granular, with a series of subcylin-

drical polypiferous cells placed alternately on each side of the stem.

1. ScrIRPEARIA MIRABILIS. B.M.

Scirpearia mirabilis, Cuvier, Schweiger, Beob. t. 2. f. 13.

Pennatula mirabilis, Pallas.

Polypus mirabilis, Linn. Mus. Adolph. t. 19. f. 4.

Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk. (not synonyms).

Pavonaria scirpea, Blainv.

St. Vincent’s, West Indies.

See Funiculina mediterranea, Risso, Eur. Merid. v. 365.

Linneus figures the coral as free, and furnished with polypiferous

cells the whole of its length and with attenuated ends. Schweiger

figures the coral as free, with a thicker naked turned-up base, like

Pennatula, with which he arranges it; but I am informed that in

the Berlin Museum the specimen is attached to a rock by an ex-

289

panded base. The Muscum specimen is only a fragment, like a

Coral or Gorgonia ; but the form of the cell, the bark, and the axis

much more egein GS that of a Coral or Gorgonia hen any genus

of Pennatulade.

M. Valenciennes forms a genus Gorgonella, thus characterized :—

“ Sclerobase (axis) calcareous, much divided, forming fine branches,”’

to which he refers G. violacea and G. sarmentosa, Lamk. I have

not been able to find any specimens agreeing with these characters.

The specimen in the Museum agreeing with Esper’s figure of the

latter species has a horny axis. -

6. UMBRACELLA.

Coral flabellate, branched, branches subfurcate, flexuose often ana-

stomosing. Axis smooth, polished, base white, coral-hke ; upper part

rod-like, solid; branchlet white, flexible. Bark when dry ¢ cranular,

minutely punctate, thin, with a narrow continuous leteral groove.

Polype cells in a rather irregular series on each side of the branchlets,

rather prominent, roundish, white, with eight or ten radiating

grooves from the apex, in two or three irregular interrupted series ou

each side of the main stem.

1. UM. UMBRACULUM.

Gorgonia umbraculum, Solander, Z. t. 10.

2. UM. GRANULATA. B.M.

Gorgonia granulata, Usper, t. 4.

Suborder III. Ceraropuyta.

Axis single, continued, horny (not effervescing in muriatic acid),

having an expanded base, by which it is atttched to some fixed

marine body.

Fam. 1. ANTIPATHIDA.

Antipathide, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842, 135.

Antipathacea, Dana, Zooph. 574.

Zoantharia cauliculata, Edw. & Haime, Arch. Mus. H. N.v. 175.

Bark fleshy, easily deciduous, soft, simple, only strengthened with

large and small scattered (siliceous ’) plates.

1. LEIOPATHES.

Leiopathes, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842, 125.

Axis smooth, polished, branched, forked. Bark soft, deciduous,

deliquescent, sometimes forming (when dry) smooth, transparent

masses at the fork of the branchlets.

No. CCCXLV.—PrRocEEDINGS Or THE ZCOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

290

1. LEIOPATHES GLABERRIMA. B.M.

Leiopathes glaberrima, Gray, Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soe. ii. 41.

Antipathes glaberrima, Esper, ii. t. 9.

? Antipathes dichotoma, Pallas, 216.

Marsillii, Lith. no. 9. t. 101. f. 21?

The Black coral of commerce.

Mediterranean ; Malta.

Marsilli observed the coral covered with minute blotches on one

side when he first obtained it.

2. LeiopaTHEs Boscit.

‘Stem flexible, branched ; branches diverging, extremities seta-

ceous.

Antipathes Boscii, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 375. t. 14. f. 5; Corallina,

191, t. A. £65:

Carolina.

Lamaroux’s figures represent the bark forming small masses be-

tween the branchlets, as I have observed it on the Madeira speci-

men.

Some of the smooth species referred to the genus Antipathes by

Esper, as A. feeniculacea, t. 7; A. clathrata, Pallas, Esper, t. 2;

A. lingulata, Esper, t. 5, are evidently the axes of some species of

Gorgoniade that have lost their bark.

2. ANTIPATHES.

Antipathes, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842.

Bark fleshy, with imbedded, large and small brown (siliceous)

plates, easily deciduous. Axis simple or branched, horny, covered

with numerous close small subcylindrical spines.

Mr. Dana observes,—‘‘ The examination of the animal of two

species (4. anguina and A. arborea, t. 56. f. 1, 2), has led to an

arrangement of them with Actinoida, as the tentacles have the

naked character peculiar to this suborder, and the polypes closely

resemble those of the Madrepore in appearance and habit.’”’— Dana,

p: 575.

From the examination of the animal of 4. glaberrima and A. an-

guina, I am led to the opposite conclusion that they are true zoo-

phytes. Iam aware that the tentacles do not appear pinnated when

they are examined after they have been dried, but this is the case

with the animals of all the Gorgoniade I have examined under

similar conditions. The pinnee appear to be permanently withdrawn

under such circumstances.

* Coral simple, flexuous or spiral, unbranched. Cirripathes.

1. ANTIPATHES SPIRALIS, Pallas, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 113; Radiata,

pl. 6. B.M.

Gorgonia spiralis, Linn. S. N. 1290.

Antipathes spiralis, Ellis, Zooph. 99. t. 19. f. 1-6.

Mollucea (£/lis).

291

2. ANTIPATHES ANGUINA. B.M.

Antipathes anguina, Dana, 1. c. 576. t. 56. f. 1.

Cirripathes Sieboldii, Blainv.

Feejee Islands.

3. ANTIPATHES GRACILIS. B.M.

Slender, tapering, slightly spinose.

Madeira (Mason).

** Coral branched.

4. ANTIPATHES FURCATA. B.M.

Antipathes furcata, Seba, iii. t. 107. f. 4.

Coral shrub-like, branched, repeatedly forked ; branches slender,

elongate, filiform ; stem slender, short, smooth.

Madeira (Mr. Mason, 1857).

5. ANTIPATHES FRUTICOSA. B.M.

Coral shrub-like, very branchy ; branchlets linear, elongate, with

a few distant elongate branches, sometimes in a single row coming

from the same side of the branchlet ; spinules rather far apart.

Stephens Island (J. B. Jukes).

6. ANTIPATHES PLUMA. B.M.

Coral fan-like, branched, forked; branchlets pinnate, simple, in

two opposite diverging series ; spinules very close, crowded.

Hab. ?

7. ANTIPATHES PEDATA. B.M.

Coral fan-like, on one plane, branched ; branchlets linear, elon-

gate, in one series on the upper side of the arched branches, and

branched on the inner side.

West Indies (Scrivener).

8. ANTIPATHES RETICULATA. B.M.

Antipathes reticulata, Esper, i. 183. t. 11.

Coral fan-shaped in one plane, branches slender ; branchlets very

slender, subpinnate, irregularly disposed, often anastomosing, form-

ing a suborbicular frond.

West Indies (Scrivener).

9. ANTIPATHES ATLANTICA. B.M.

Coral shrub-like, branched, branches fan-like, irregularly pinnate ;

branchlets elongate, with distant subulate pinne, the larger one

sometimes pinnated, the branches and branchlets often anastomo-

sing.

West Indies (Scrivener).

292

10. ANTIPATHES ULEX. B.M.

Antipathes ulex, Soland. Zooph. 100. t. 19. f. 7,8; Lamx. Exp.

t. LO,

Antipathes mimosella, Lamk. no. 8.

Coral shrub-like, branches rather fan-like; branchlets slender,

rather distant, in two rows, diverging from the side of the upper sur-

face of the branches.

Batavia (Zilis) ; Philippines (Cuming).

11. ANTIPATHES MYRIOPHYLLUM. B.M.

Antipathes myriophyllum, Soland. Zooph. 102. t. 19. f. 11, 12 ;

Lamx. Exp. t. 19. f.11,12; Esper, t. 10; Blainv. Man. t. 87. f. 2.

A. pinnatifida, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 277. t. 14. f. 4%. Coral. t. 14.

f. 4?.

Coral shrub-like, branched, branches rather fan-like in one plane ;

branchlets short, crowded, subpinnate, in two rows, diverging from

the sides of the upper surface of the branches, which are smooth and

subangular beneath.

Batavia (Ellis) ; Philippines (Cuming).

Antipathes compressa, sper, t. xiii., greatly resembles the base

of the stems of this species.

12. ANTIPATHES LARIX. B.M.

Antipathes larix, Esper, ii. 147. t. 4.

Coral cylindrical, simple, erect ; stem subtriangular below, cylin-

drical above ; branches numerous, crowded on all sides of the stem,

simple, hair-like, elongate.

Mediterranean (Lamk.).

In collections the branches are often broken off by pressure, and

it then appears as if there were only two rows, one on each side of

the stem, as figured by Esper: but the base of the branches is ge-

nerally to be observed.

13. ANTIPATHES ABIES. B.M.

Gorgonia abies, Linn. 8. N. 1290.

Antipathes cupressus, Soland. Z. 103.

Antipathes cupressina, Pallas, Z. 213; Esper, t. 3, bad.

Cypressus marinus, Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 80.f. 2; Seba, ili. t. 106.

Lae

Coral cylindrical, oblong or subfusiform; stem simple, rarely

with one or two branches ; branchlets spreading on all sides, repeat-

edly divided and arched downwards.

Philippines (Cuming).

14, ANTIPATHES SPINESCENS. B.M.

Coral branched, branches divaricating, subcylindrical ; branchlets

on all sides of the stem crowded, short, of nearly equal length,

293.

straight, spine-like, with spine-like branches and branchlets on their

sides ; the lower branchlet sometimes tending toward one surface.

Cape Palmas (Hooker).

15. ANTIPATHES HIRTA. B.M.

Coral branched, branches divaricated ; branchlets from all sides

of the stem, crowded and generally bent up toward one surface, elon-

gate, nearly of a uniform length, simple, with a few filiform, gene-

rally short branches on their base.

West Indies (Scrivener).

16. ANTIPATHES SUBPINNATA. ‘BM.

Antipathes subpinnata, Soland. Z. 101. t. 19. f. 9, 10.

Coral erect, irregularly branched, branches diverging ; branchlets

close together in three (rarely two or four) longitudinal series on

the different sides of the stem, elongate, slender, ascending, simple,

and of nearly equal length.

Madeira (Wollaston).

Solander’s figure but imperfectly represents this species, if it is

intended for it. I had originally described it as distinct under the

name of 4. Wollastonii.

The following species have been described, which I have not

seen :—

1. ANTIPATHES PECTINATA.

Antipathes pectinata, Lamk. 1. 480. no. 6.

2. ANTIPATHES PINNACEA.

Antipathes pinnacea, Pallas, ii. 269.

3. ANTIPATHES SCOPARIA.

Antipathes scoparia, Ksper, t. 14; Lamk. 480. no. 7.

4. ANTIPATHES F@NICULACEA.

Antipathes foeniculacea, Pallas, Z. 207; Rumph. Amb. vi. 208.

t. 80. f. 3, not Esper.

Antipathes feeniculum, Lamk. 482. no. 12.

5. ANTIPATHES CORTICULA.

Antipathes corticula, Lamk. 1. 480. no. 3.

«The bark” appears to be a parasitic animal.

6. ANTIPATHES LACERATA.

Antipathes lacerata, Lamk. 1. 480. no. 4.

A. lacera, Larox. Pol. Flex. 277.

7. ANTIPATHES PYRAMIDATA.

Antipathes pyramidata, Lamk. ii. 480. no. 5.

294

8. ANTIPATHES ALOPECUROIDES.

Antipathes alopecuroides, Soland. Zooph. 102.

S. Carolina.

9, ANTIPATHES PANICULATA.

Antipathes paniculata, Esper, t. 12.

10. ANTIPATHES ARBOREA.

Antipathes arborea, Dana, Zooph. 585. t. 56. f. 2.

Feejee Islands.

11. ANTIPATHES FLABELLUM.

Antipathes flabellum, Pallas (not Esper), t. 1.

12. ANTIPATHES ERICOIDES.

Antipathes ericoides, Pallas, Z. 208 ; Esper, t. 6.

13. ANTIPATHES TRIQUETRA.

Antipathes triquetra, Brug. E. M. 82.

3. SARCOGORGIA.

Sarcogorgia, Gray, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 158.

Bark fleshy, then when dry like a thin smooth skin without spi-

cula, with rather raised cells strengthened with sand-like granular

spicula. Coral furcately branched on a single plane. Axis black,

hard, smooth.

1. SARCOGORGIA PHIDIPPUS.

Sarcogorgia phidippus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 158. pl. 8.

(To be continued.)

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters ; those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel

information is given, in J¢alics; those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in CAPITALS.

Aburria carunculata, Bp., 19

Acanthogorgia, Gray, n. g., 128

hirsuta, Gray, 128

Accentor modularis, 13

Accipiter fuscus, Gmel., 125

Accipitres, 3

Acridotheres tristis, Linn., 97

Aigialites vociferus, Linn., 127, 206, 236

Aiigotheles, 24

Ageleus gubernator, Wagl., 127, 213

pheniceus, Linn., 205

Agleactis cupreipennis, Bourc., 17

Agrodroma Spraguit, Baird, 5

Aimophila rufescens, 7

ruficauda, 7

Alauda arvensis, 12

Chendoola, Frankl., 95

Spraguu, Aud., 5

Alcyone pulchra, 25

Amazilius arsinoe, 212

castaneiventris, Gould, 16

—— feifferi, Bourc., 16

Ammodromus ruficeps, 214

Anabates striaticollis, Sc/., n. sp., 17

Anabazenops guttulatus, Se/., n. sp. 272

Anas inornata, King, 128

mollissima, 215

Annella, Gray, n. g., 287

reticulata, Gray, 287

Anser segetum, 215

Anthochera, 26

Anthus arboreus, 13

Indovicianus, Gmel., 126

Antipathacea, Dana, 289

Antipathes, Gray, 290

abies, Gray, 292

alopecuroides, Sol., 294

anguina, Dana, 291

arborea, Dana, 294

atlantica, Gray, 291

— Bosezi, Lamx., 290

clathrata, Pallas, 290

compressa, Esp., 292

corticula, Lamk., 293

Antipathes cupressina, Pallas, 292

cupressus, Sol., 292

dichotoma, Pallas, 1138, 290

ericoides, Pallas, 294

—— flabellum, Pallas, 294

— feniculacea, Wsp., 290; Pallas,

293

fruticosa, Gray, 291

—— fureata, Seba, 291

—— glaberrima, Esper, 290

gracilis, Gray, 291

—— hirta, Gray, 293:

lacerata, Lamk., 293

larix, Hsp., 292

Uingulata, Esper, 290

mimosella, Lamk., 292

—— myriophyllum, Sol., 292

paniculata, Wsp., 294

—— pectinata, Lamk., 293

—— pedata, Gray, 291

pinnaced, Pallas, 293

pinnatifida, Lamx., 292

—— pluma, Gray, 291

—— pyramidata, Lamk., 293

reticulata, Hsper, 291

scoparia, Hsper, 293

—— spinescens, Gray, 292

—— spiralis, Pallas, 114, 290

subpinnata, So/., 293

triquetra, Brug., 294 .

—— ulex, Sol., 292

Wollastoni, Gray, 293

Antipathide, Gray, 289

Aperostoma, 166

Aprosmictus erythropterus, 27, 221

Aquila imperialis, Bechst., 85

Ara aracanga, Linn., 266

militaris, 230

severd, Linn., 266

Aramides cayenensis, Gm., 206

Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill., 286

Ardea cinerea, 215

Artamus, 25

Arvicola amphibius, 241

296

Aspergillum, Lamk., 246

Asturina magnirostris, Gm., 261

nitida, Lath., 201, 227

Atalapha americana, Raff., 35

Athene, 2A:

Brama, Temm., 86

cuculoides, Vigors, 86

—— dominicensis, Bp., 231

hypogea, Bp., 201

Attica citreopygia, Bp., 228

Avocettinus eurypterus, Lodd., 71

Baryphonus, Vieill., 249

cyanocephalus, Vieill., 250

ruficapillus, Vieill., 255, 258

semirufus, Bp., 254

Basileuterus chrysophrys, Bp., 202

Bathmidurus, Cab., 67, 71

atricapillus, Cab., 77

major, Cab., 78

melanoleucus, Cab., 79

niger, Cab., 76

surinamus, Bp., 74

variegatus, Cab., 77

Baza lophotes, Cuv., 86

Bernicla antarctica, Gmel., 128

inornata, 128

melanoptera, Kyton, 128

Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn, n. sp., 123

orcula, Benson, 1238

stenothyroides, Dohrn, n. sp., 123

tentaculata, 123

Blandia, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 197

Bairdiana, Chitty, 169, 198

—— Blandiana, Chitty, 169, 197

—— Hilliana, Chitty, 169, 199

Jeffreysiana, Chitty, 169, 197

— Macgillivrayana, Chitty, 169, 198

—— Tyrailliana, Chitty, 169, 199

Troscheliana, Chitty, 169, 199

Bolborhynchus catharina, Bp., 225

Bombycilla garrula, Linn., 55

Botaurus lentiginosus, Mont., 127

stellaris, 12

Bourcieria Prunellii, Bourc., 16

torguata, Boiss., 16

Brachygalba albigularis, Sc/., 262

inornata, Scl., 16, 262

melanosterna, 262

Brachypterus aurantius, Linn., 100

Bryopa melitensis, 244

Buarremon albinuchus, D’ Orb., 205

Bubo bengalensis, Frank., 86

Bucco aurovirens, Cuv., 268

—— cayennensis, 234

elegans, Gm., 268

—— macrodactylus, Scl., 261

ordi, Cass., 262

—— pulmentum, Scel., 262

Buceros ginginianus, Lath., 99

Budytes viridis, Gmel., 95

Buimus Fairbanki, Pfr., n.sp., LOO

INDEX.

Buteo borealis, 211

erythronotus, King, 211

| —— Ghiesbreghti, Dubus, 227

—— lineatus, Gm., 211

montanus, Nuttall, 211

Pennsylvanicus, Wils., 211, 261

Swainsoni, 211

Butorides virescens, Linn., 236

Cacatua Eos, 26

-—— galerita, 26

—— Leadbeateri, 26

sanguinea, 26

Cacicus Devillii, Bp., 265

yuracarius, D’Orb., 265

Caica Barabandi, Kuhl, 266

histrio, Bodd., 266

leucogastra, Kuhl, 266

melanocephala, Linn., 19

xanthomeria, Gray, 266

Calandrella brachydactyla, Temm., 95

Calidris arenaria, Linn., 280

Callipepla californica, Gould, 127

Calliste boliviana, Bp., 264

gyroloides, Lafr., 264

—— rufigena, 66

Schranki, Spix, 264

Callogorgia, Gray, n. g., 280

verticillata, Gray, 286

Callopsaris, Bp., 72

Calurys, 4

Camptostoma, Sc/., n. g., 203

imberbe, Se/., n. sp., 203

Campylopterus lazulus, Vieill., 16

Campylorhynchus nuchalis, Cab., 272

pardus, Sc/., n. sp., 271

striaticollis, Sc/., n. sp., 272

Cancroma cochlearia, Linn., 206, 230

Capito amazonius, 268

aurovirens, 268

capistratus, Eyton, 268

—— cayennensis, 268

—— glaucogularis, Tsch., 267

—— maynanensis, Gray, 268

peruvianus, Cuy., 267

Cappacinius, Bonap., 45, 54

Caprimulgus, 88

europeus, 13

Carpodacus erythrinus, Pallas, 97

familiaris, 127

rhodocolpus, Cab., 127

Carpophaga leucomela, 27

Casuarius australis, 269

Bennetti, Gould, n. sp., 269

galeatus, 269

Cathartes atratus, Bartram, 3, 211

aura, Linn., 3, 211

burrovianus, 3

iota, 3

Celeus hadioides, Less., 229

Centropus, 26

INDEX. 297

Centropus rufipennis, J//., 100

Centurio, 142

Centurus carolinus, 8

flaniventris, Sw., 8

—— Pucherani, Malh., 229

santacruzt, Bp., 8

striatus, Lath., 234

uropygialis, Baird, 8

Cephalophus Burchellit, Gray, 277

Grimmi, Gray, 277

Cephalopterus ornatus, Geoftr., 18, 265

Cerato-corallia, Ehrenb., 278

Ceratophyta, Gray, 289

Ceratophytes, Gray, 279

Cereopsis nove-hollandie, 215

Ceriornis Caboti, Gould, n. sp., 161

Certhiola, 233

Ceryle Alcyon, Linn., 233

Amazona, Lath., 202

domingensis, Reichb., 233

superciliosa, Linn., 227

torquata, Linn., 202

varia, Strickl., 89

Cheena annulosa, Gray, 247, 248

—— mumia, 244, 247

tessellata, Gray, 247, 248

Chamepelia passerina, Linn., 205, 236

rufipennis, Bp., 19

Chiroxyphia regina, Scl., 266

Chlamydera nuchalis, 26

CHLAMYPHORUS TRUNCATUS, 8

Chloephaga magellanica, Gmel., 128

poliocephala, 128

Chlorenas rujina, Bp., 19

Chloronerpes erythrops, Vieill., 268

passerinus, Linn., 234

Chlorophanes atricapilla, Vieill., 263

Chlorophonia occipitalis, Dubus, 205

Chloropsaris, Kaup, 71

Chiorospiza chloris, 223

Choanopoma Chittyi, Ad., 165

jfimbriatulum, 165

Chondestes ruficauda, Bp., 7

Chrysomitris Yarrelli, Aud., 7

Chrysomus icterocephalus, Linn., 18

Chrysotis autumnatis, Linn., 205, 230

coccineifrons, Souancé, 230

dominicensis, Gm., 224

—— leucocephala, 224, 225

ochroptera, Gm., 280

Salleei, Sc/., n. sp., 224, 234

vinaceicollis, Latr., 225

viridigenalis, Cass., 230

vittata, 224, 225

Chrysuronia Josephine, Boure., 263

Ciccaba torquata, Daud., 227

Cichlopsis leucogonys, Cab., 6

Cinclorhamphus, 25

Cinclus leucocephalus, Tsch., 274

leuconotus, Sce/., n. sp., 274

Circus Hudsonius, Linn., 125, 211

Cirrhipipra filicauda, Spix, 265

Cirripathes, Blainy., 290

Sieboldi, Blainv. 291

Clavagella, 244

Clausaria, Menke, 243

Climacteris, 26

Clossonaria, Kér., 243

Coccystes melanoleucos, Gmel., 100

Coccyzus dominicus, Linn., 234.

erythrophthalmus, Wils., 214

seniculus, Lath., 234

Cereba cyanea, Linn., 263

cerulea, Linn., 263

nitida, Hartl., 264

Colaptes mexicanus, Sw., 127

Colluricincla, 5

Columba corensis, Gim., 235

leucocephala, Linn., 235

—— palumbus, 12

turtur, 12

Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch., 47

castaneiceps, Scl., n.sp., 47

peruviana, 47

Conurus astec, Souancé, 230

aureus, 230

chloropterus, 225, 234

guianensis, 225, 266

—— Maugei, 225

melanurus, Spix, 266

nanus, 225

Petzi, Wagl., 230

Copsychus saularis, Linn., 94

Coracias indicus, Linn., 98

Corallea, Blainy., 278

Coralliade, Gray, 278

Corallide, Gray, 286

Coralliide, Gray, 159

Corallium, 159

Corallium, Lamk., 281, 282, 286

nobile, Hhrenb., 287

rubrum, Wllis, 285, 287

secundum, Dana, 287

Corvus culminatus, Sykes, 98

glandarius, 215

Jamaicensis, Gm., 252

leucognaphalus, Daud., 232

monedula, 12

pica, 12

splendens, Vieill., 97

Cotinga amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 64

~ cincta, 65

—— Maynana, 65, 265

Cotingide, 68

Coturniculus Henslowii, 82

passerinus, 82

Cotyle flavigastra, Vieill., 212

Coua cristata, 8

madagascariensis, 8

—— Reynaudi, 8

ruficeps, 8

Crax alector, Linn., 19

298

Crocodilus Binuensis, Bazkie, n. sp., 50

cataphractus, Cuy., 57

—— leptorhynchus, Benn., 57

—— marginatus, 49

vulgaris, 49

Crotophaga ant, Linn., 234

major, Linn., 268

Crypticus, Swains., 256

aptaster, Less., 258

carinatus, Bp., 257

— Mariii, Bp., 256

superciliaris, Sandb., 257, 258

Ctenocella, 159

Cuculus canorus, 215

dumetorum, 26

Cyanocitta californica, Vig., 127

floridana, 82, 204

— Stelleri, Pallas, 127

ultramarina, Temm., 82

Cyanocorax armillatus, 18

azureus, Temm., 265

bicolor, Cassin, 204

nanus, Dubus, 204

ornatus, Less., 204

pumilo, 204-

turcosus, Bp., 18

—— ultramarinus, Temm., 204

unicolor, Dubus, 204

Cyanomyia cyanocephala, Less., 212

Cyclophorus sequivocus, Pfr., n. sp., 112

lignarius Pfr., n. sp., 112

Cyclorhis, 213

Cyclostoma Belairt, 209

Boivini, 209

—— Eugenie, Reeve, n. sp., 209

—— filosum, 210

—— tubulum, Reeve, n. sp., 209

(Cyclophorus) sequivocum, P/?., n.

sp., 112

(Cyclophorus) lignarium, Pfr., un.

sp., 112

(Leptopoma) Wallacei, Pfr., n. sp.,

112

Cyclostomide, 166

Cyclotus asperulus, Sow., 143, 145

Bairdianus, Chitty, 145, 153

—— Beswicki, Chitty, 145, 157

— corrugatior, Chitty, 145, 149

— corrugatissimus, 145, 155

—— corrugatus, Sow., 143, 144, 145, 146

crassus, 142, 148, 145, 155 :

—— cycloatus, Chitty, 145, 148

—— De Burgheanus, Chitty, 145, 152

dentistigmatus, 145, 154

—— dubiosus, Ad., 145, 149

—— Duffianus, 142

gemma, Chitty, 145, 150

inutilis, Chitty, 145, 155

jamaicensis, Chemmn., 142, 143, 144,

154

—— jugosus, Adams, 144, 145, 156

INDEX.

Cyclotus nodosus, Chitty, 145, 157

— notatus, Chitty, 145, 148

—— nove-spei, Chitty, 145, 148

— novus-saltus, 145, 154

—— pallescens, Ad. 145, 156

-— parvus, 145

—— perpallidus, 145, 157

—— portlandensis, Chitty, 145, 147

pretiosus, Chitty, 145, 153

ruber, Chitty, 145, 153

rudis-planusque, Chitty, 145, 152

rufilabris, Chitty, 145, 156

rupis-frontis, Chitty, 145, 155

seminudus, Adams, 144, 145, 152

striosus, 145, 156

subrugosus, Sow., 143, 145, 149

— suturalis, Sow., 143, 145, 149

—— varians, Adams, 144, 145, 149

— westmorelandensis, Chitty, 145,

156

zigzag, Chitty, 145, 150

Cylindrella Greyana, 163

— macrostoma, Pfr., n, sp., 111

Cymindis uncinata, 3

Wilsoni, Cassin, 3

Cynosaire, Lamk., 283

Cyphorinus albigularis, Scl., 4

Cyprea Barclayi, Reeve, n. sp., 208

Cypressus marinus, Rumph., 292

Cypselus affinis, Gray, 88

cayennensis, 232

Dacelo, 24

Dacnis angelica, De Fil., 263

Archangelica, Bp., 263

cayana, Linn., 263

flaviventris, Lafr., 263

—— melanotis, Strickl., 263

nigripes, 263

Dafila acuta, Linn., 206

Dasythamnus xanthopterus, Burm., 132

Delattria rhamni, 212

Dendrocitta rufa, Scop., 98

Dendrocolaptes cayennensis, Gm., 265

Dendrortyx barbata, Licht., 206

Dicrurus macrocercus, Vieill., 90

paradiseus, 90

| Diphyllodes Wilsoni, 6

Diplopterus excellens, Sc/., n. sp., 229

Donacolas faviprymna, 26

Dromaius, 27

Dryocopus erythrops, 229

guatimalensis, Hartl., 229

— leucorhamphus, 229

regius, Reichb., 229

scapularis, 229

Dulus dominicus, Linn., 282

Dysithamnus xanthopterus, Sc/., 132

Elanus leucurus, Vieull., 201

Electrina succinea, 166

Ellisella, Gray, n. g., 287

coccinea, Gray, 287

INDEX. 299

Ellisella elongata, Gray, 287

juncea, Gray, 287

—— pectinata, Gray, 287

Emberiza Belli, Cassin, 7

— bilineata, Cassin, 7

—- citrinella, 13

scheniclus, 215

Embernagra, 7

pyrgitotdes, Lafy., 7

Erator, Kaup, 69

Hrismatura dominica, Linn., 206

Estrelda annulosa, 26

Eubucco aurantiacollis, Sc/., n. sp., 267

Bourcieri, Lafr. 267

erythrocephalus, Tsch., 268

glaucogularis, Tsch., 268

— Hartlaubi, Lafr., 267

pictus, Scl., 268

Richardsont, Scl., 267

Euchele alabastrum, Reeve, n. sp., 209

Hudynamys orientalis, Linn., 101

Eumomota, Sce/., n. g., 257

—— superciliaris, Sc/., 257

Hupetomena macrura, Gm., 263

Euphema, 27

Luphonia crassirostris, Scl., 19

Gouldi, Scl., n. sp., 66, 229

— musica, Linn., 231

pectoralis, 66

rujiwentris, 66

Eurypyga helias, Pallas, 268

Euscarthmus cristatus, Bp., 84

Euspiza americana, Linn., 205

Fadyenia, Chitty, n.g., 167, 168, 177

Bowerbankiana, Chitty, 168, 177

Fadyeniana, Chitty, 168, 177

Grayana, Chitty, 168, 177

Falcinellus, 28

Falco ardesiacus, Licht., 261

— eruginosus, 215

buteo, 215

—— milvus, 215

—— nisus, 12

tinnunculus, 215

Fistularide, 237

Formicarius cayanensis, Bodd., 46

erythropterus, Gould, 47

—— moniliger, Scl., 47

nigrifrons, Gould, 47

— nigromaculatus, Lafr., 47

trivittatus, Sc/., n. sp., 46

Formicivora brevicauda, Sw., 131

cerulescens, Scl., 131

cinerascens, Sc/., n. sp., 131

—— hematonota, Sc/., n. sp., 48

—— Hauxwelli, Sc/., u.sp., 131

—— melena, Sc/., n.sp. 130

urosticta, Sc/., n. sp., 130

Fringilla blandingiana, Gambel, 7

celebs, 13

—— domestica, 13

_Fulica, 28

americana, Gm., 206

atra, 13

Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk., 288

mediterranea, Risso, 288

Furcella, Oken, 243, 247

gigantea, 247, 248

Furipterus, 138

Galbula albigularis, Spix, 262

chaleocephala, Dev., 262

—— fuscicapilla, Scl., 262

tombacea, Spix, 262

Galeoscoptes plumbeus, Linn., 231

rubripes, 231

Gallinula galeata, Licht., 237

Gallus Bankiva, 46

Geococcyx mexicanus, Gn., 205

Geomelania Greyana, 163

Geopelia tranquilla, 27

Geophaps plumifera, 27

Geotrygon chiriquensis, Scl., 206

montana, Linn., 19, 235

Glareola, 28

Glaucidium, 4

ealifornicum, Sclater, 4, 126

gnoma, Wagl., 4

infuscatum, Cassin, 126

Glottis melanoleuca, Gm., 215

Glyptodon, 9

Goniaphza concreta, Dub., 228

parellina, Bp., 228

Gorgonella, Val., 159, 289

sarmentosa, Lamk., 289

violacea, Lamk., 289

Gorgonia, 281

elongata, Pallas, 287

granulata, Wsper, 289

—— juncea, Pallas, 287

—— lepadifera, Linn., 285

—— pectinata, Pallas, 287

pretiosa, Sol., 287

reseda, Pallas, 285

spiralis, Linn., 290

—— suberosa, Pallas, 288

—— suleifera, Lamk., 288

verticillata, Pallas, 286

umbraculum, Sol., 289

Gorgoniade, 113, 128, 278

Gorgonide, Dana, 278

Graculus melanops, 25

Grallaria ferrugineipectus, Sc/., n. sp.,

loricata, SeZ., n. sp., 129

monticola, Lafr., 18

Grallina australis, 25

Grus americana, 8

Antigone, 215

hoyiana, 8

Guiraca melanocephala, Sw., 213

Gymnoderus fetidus, Linn., 265

Hematornis Cheela, Daud., 85

300

Halcyon fulgidus, Gould, n. sp., 65

sanctus, 25

smyrnensis, Linn., 88

Haliastur Indus, Bodd., 85

Hapalotis hemileucura, Gould, n. sp.,

243

melanura, 243

Harpagus diodon, Temm., 261

Hedymeles melanocephalus, Sw., 213

Helicina merguiensis, Pfr., n. sp., 111

pisum, 162

Sprucei, Pfr., n. sp., 111

Helicinide, 166

Heliodoxa Leadbeateri, Bourc., 16

Heliomaster longirostris, Vieill., 16

Helix bicruris, Pfr., n.sp., 109

—— Birmana, P/r., n. sp., 107

decidua, Pfr., n. sp., 108

exarata, Pfr., n.sp., 108

fatua, Pfr., n. sp., 107

—— granum, Pfr., n. sp., 107

—— lutacea, Pfr., n. sp., 108

— Mormonun, Pfr., n.sp., 109

—— niphas, Pfr., n.sp., 108

propinqua, Pfr., n. sp., 109

sciadium, P/r., n. sp., 108

—— subdecussata, Pfr., n. sp., 107

venulata, Pfr., n. sp., 108

Helmitheros celatus, Say, 212

Heloderma horrida, 62

Hemicyclostoma, 163

Herodias candidissima, Wils., 206, 236

leuce, Ill., 286

Herpetotheres cachinnans, Linn., 201

Herpsilochmus pectoralis, Sc/., n. sp.,

132

pileatus, 132

Himantopus, 28

mexicanus, 237

nigricollis, Vieill., 206

Hippurium, Oken, 283

Hirundo apus, 13

jilifera, Stephens, 88

riparia, 13

rustica, 13

urbica, 15

Hyalonema, Gray, 279

mirabilis, Gray, 279

—— Sieholdii, Gray, 279

Hyalonemade, Gray, 279

Hyalophyta, Gray, 279

Hyalophytes, Gray, 279

Hydrocena chinensis, Pfr., n. sp., 112

—— vulpina, Pfr., n.sp., 112

—— (Omphalotropis) cerea, Pfr., n.sp.,

112

—— (——-) guamensis, Pfr., n. sp., 113

—— (——) navigatorum, Pfr., n. sp.,

115

Hylocharis chrysogaster, Boure., 17

—~ Goudoti, Boure., 17

INDEX.

Hylomanes, Licht., 256

—— gularis, Se/., 256

— momotula, Licht., 201, 256

Hyphantes baltimorensis, Linn., 205

Hypocnemis elegans, Se/., n. sp., 47

| —— melanopogon, Sc/., n. sp., 130

myiotherina, 130

nevia, Gm., 265

pecilinota, Cab., 18, 180

Ibis alba, Linn., 230

Lbycter americanus, 16

Icteria, 213

Icterus dominicensis, Linn., 6, 232

Giraudi, Cass., 228

gularis, Wagl., 205, 228

melanopterus, Hartl., 228

mentalis, Less., 205

parisiorum, Bp., 6, 228

pectoralis, Wagl., 205

prosthemelas, Strickl., 7

pustulatus, 228

Scottii, Couch, 6, 228

Wagleri, Sc/., n. sp., 7, 228

Iliolopha, Bp., 66

Lodopleura Isabelle, Parz., 266

Laplacii, 266

pipra, 266

Tside, Gray, 283

Isidella, Gray, n. g., 283

corallotdes, Gray, 284

elongata, Gray, 283

Isis, Oken, 286

Isis, Linn., 281, 283

aurantia, Esper, 285

coceined, Sol., 285

coralloides, Lamx., 284

dichotoma, Pallas, 284

elongata, Esper, 283

encrinula, Lamk., 284

gracilis, Lamk., 283

—— hippuris, Linn., 283

nobilis, Linn., 287

ochracea, Linn., 285

Jacamerops grandis, Gm., 263

Juida nitens, 215

Juliamyia amabilis, Gould, 17

typica, Bp., 17

Junceella, Val., 159, 287

Juncea, Val., 287

Junco cinereus, 7

hyemalis, 7

oregonus, 7

Kittacincla macroura, Gmel., 94

Kuphus, Gray, 243

Kyphus, Agassiz, 245

Lampornis aurescens, Gould, 263

aurulenta, Vieill., 233

Mango, Linn., 16, 263

Lamprospiza, 79

Lanio aurantius, Lafr., 229

versicolor, Latr., 264

INDEX.

Lanius atricapillus, Gmel., 77

cayanus, Linn., 69

erythronotus, Vig., 92

excubitor, 219

— excubttoroides, Sw., 126

inguisitor, Licht., 71

Lahtora, Sykes, 91

—— Lnudovicianus, 126

— mitratus, Licht., '75

niger, Linn., 72

validus, Licht., 72

Larus argentatus, 13

canus, 13

marinus, 13

ridibundus, 13

Lasiurus Aga, P. Gerv., 43

caudatus, Tomes, n. sp., 42

—— Grayi, Tomes, n. sp., 40

— noveboracensis, Hral., 34, 136

Pearsont, Horsf., 45

pruinosus, Say, 37

rufus, Gray, 35

Lathriosoma typicum, Verr., 276

Leiopathes, Gray, 289

Boseul, Gray, 290

glaberrima, Gray, 290

Leiopathes, 113

Leistes guianensis, Linn., 19, 265

Leopardus Hernandesii, Gray, n. sp., 278

Leptopoma Wallacei, Pfr., n. sp., 112

Leptoptila, 235

albifrons, Bp., 214

Lepus nigripes, Gardiett, n. sp., 160

Lewisia, Chitty, un. g., 167, 168, 169

—— Agassiziana, Chitty, 167, 168, 169

—— McAndrewiana, Chitty, 168, 170

—— Philippiana, Chitty, 167, 168, 169

—— Woodwardiana, Chitty, 168, 170

Lindsleya, Chitty, un. g., 167, 168, 188

—— Albersiana, Chitty, 169, 190

—— Alderiana, Chitty, 169, 194

—— Arthuriana, Chitty, 169, 195

—— Boissieriana, Chitty, 169, 192

Bridgesiana, Chitty, 169, 195

—— Denisoniana, Chitty, 169, 189

Fischeriana, Chitty, 169, 190

—— Gaskoiniana, Chitty, 169, 162

—— Gutiereziana, Chitty, 169, 196

Henryana, Chitty, 169, 194

Jayana, Chitty, 169, 189

Leana, Chitty, 169, 189

—— Lindsleyana, Chitty, 169, 188

Loweana, Chitty, 169, 200

— Iukesiana, Chitty, 169, 200

—— Moricandiana, Chitty, 169, 191

Newcombiana, Chitty, 169, 193

— Oweniana, Chitty, 169, 196

Pickeringiana, Chitty, 169, 188

—— Poeyana, Chitty, 169, 193

Polyblankiana, Chitty, 169, 190

—— Redfieldiana, Chitty, 169, 189

at 301

Lindsleya Reeveana, Chitty, 169, 191

| —— Riisseana, Chitty, 169, 193

Salléana, Chitty, 169, 195

—— Shuttleworthiana, Chitty, 169, 191

Wollastoniana, Chitty, 169, 197

Lineus Beattizi, Gray, n.sp., 210

Lipaugus hypopyrrhus, Vieill., 276

rufescens, Scl., n. sp., 276

Lithophyta, Gray, 282

Lithophytes, Gray, 279

Lobivanellus lobatus, 28

Lophorina respublica, Bp., 6

Lophornis Delattrii, Less., 17

Loxigilla violacea, Linn., 231

LIncidella, Sw., 166

nana, Pfr., u.sp., 111

Malacocercus canorus, Linn., 92

caudatus, Dum., 92

Matlacocichla mexicana, Bp., 203

Malurus coronatus, Gould, n.sp., 221

Mascarinus, Less., 226

Manatus americanus, 29, 59

australis, 29, 33, 59

latirostris, 29, 59

—— nasutus, 29

senegalensis, 29, 33, 59

Vogeltt, 30, 33

Meantia, 63

Mecistops Bennettii, 57

Journei, 57

leptorhynchus, 57

Megalaima capistrata, Kyton, 268

indica, Lath., 100

Megapodius, 27

Meiglyptes badiosus, Reichb., 229

Melanerpes formicivorus, Sw., 127

ruber, Gmel., 127

Melanoptila, Sc/., n.g., 275

glabrirostris, Sc/., n. sp., 275

Meliphagide, 26

Melitea, Lamk., 282, 284

aurantia, Gray, 285

coccinea, Liamk., 285

ochracea, Lamk., 285

retifera, Lamk., 285

— Rissoz, Lamk., 235

tenella, Dana, 285

textiformis, Lamk., 285

Meliteadee, Gray, 284

Mellisuga minima, 233

Melopsittacus undulatus, 27

Menobranchus maculatus, 62

Menopoma alleghaniensis, 62

fusca, 12

lateralis, 62

Mergus albellus, 215

Merops, 26

philippinus, Linn., 87

viridis, Linn., 87

Merula olivacea, Brewer, 212

_ Metabolus, 5

302

Metcalfeia, Chitty. n. g., 167, 168, 179

Bacquieana, Chitty, 168, 180

—— Chittyana, Ad., 168, 179

—— Dohrniana, Chitty, 168, 182

Layardiana, Chitty, 168, 183

——— Metcalfeiana, Chitty, 168, 179

—— Mitchelliana, Chitty, 168, 182

—— Morchiana, Chitty, 168, 181

—— Sinclairiana, Chitty, 168, 182

—— Sutherlandiana, Chitty, 168, 180

—— Swiftiana, Chitty, 168, 183

Verreauxiana, Chitty, 168, 181

Micrastur concentricus, 261

gilvicollis, Vieill., 261

Milvus, 24

Govinda, Sykes, 85

Mimine, 276

Mimus dominicus, Linn., 232

polyglottus, Linn., 212

Miniopteris, 138

Mirafra assamica, McClell., 95

Molossus, 140

Molothrus pecoris, Gm., 215

Momotide, Sc/., 249

Momotus, Lath., 249

sequatorialis, Gould, n. sp., 223, 250

bahamensis, Sw., 252

brasiliensis, Lath., 250

— ceruleiceps, Gould, 201, 253

castaneiceps, Sc/., 254

cyanogaster, Sc/., 255

—— Dombeyi, Less., 258

—— qgularis, Gray, 256

—— Lessoni, Less., 253

Levaillanti, Less., 255

—— Martii, Jard. et Selby, 254

—— mexicanus, Sw., 253

—— microstephanus, Se/., n. sp., 251

momota, Jard., 250

—— momotula, Gray, 256

—— Nattereri, Sc/., n. sp., 251

parvirostris, Bp., 260

—— platyrhynchus, Leadb., 256

—— psalura, Puch., 259

rubricapillus, Steph., 258

ruficapillus, Gray, 258

semirufus, Sc/., 254

—— subhutu, Less., 253

subrufescens, Se/., 252

—— superciliaris, Gray, 257

—— tutu, Less., 258

—— varius, Briss., 260

—— yucatanensis, Cabot, 258

Monasa peruana, Scl., 262

Mopsea, Lamx., 284

dichotoma, Lamx., 284

elongata, Philippi, 285

—— encrinula, Hhr., 284

-— erythracea, Ehrenb., 285

—— gracilis, Dana, 283

—— mediterranea, Risso, 283

INDEX.

Mopsea verticillata, Lamx., 284

| Mopsella, Gray, n. g., 284

dichotoma, Gray, 284

Morphnus anthracinus, Licht., 211, 227

schistaceus, Sund., 227, 261

urubitinga, Gm., 227, 261

Munia amandana, Linn., 96

Murex Barclayi, Reeve, n. sp., 209

trigonulus, Lamk., 209

Muricea verticillaris, Dana, 286

Murina suillus, Gray, 45

Mus assimilis, Gou/d, n. sp., 241

decumanus, 241

—— fuscipes, 241

— Gouldi, 242

gracilicauda, 242

manicatus, Gould, n. sp., 242

—— nanus, Gould, n. sp., 242

—— Rattus, 242

sordidus, Gould, n. sp., 242

Muscicapa aurantia, Gmel.

Elisabethe, 5

teak eques, Bodd., 75

grisola, 215

nigriceps, Licht., 75

rufa, Bodd., 79

rufescens, Gmel., 79

rugensis, Homb. et Jacq., 5

—— splendens, Max., 77

—— surinama, Linn., 74

Muscipeta aurantia, Max., 79

—— marginata, Max., 77

nigriceps, Max., 75

Myiabellia Guimeti, Boure., 17

Myiadestes armillata, 6

Elisabethe, 5

—— griseiventris, 6

obscurus, Lafr., 5, 213

Townsendi, 5

venezuelensis, Scl., 6

unicolor, Scel., 5, 213

Myiopsitta lineola, 225

tigrina, Souancé, 225

Myiothera nudiceps, Cassin, 47

Myrmeciza, 130

hemimelena, Sc/., n. sp., 48

loricata, 48

MyrMeEcoPuAGA JuBATA, Linn., 22

Mystacina, Gray, 138

tuberculata, Gray, 138

Nautilus scrobiculatus, Sol., 21

umbilicatus, Lister, 21

Nectarinia asiatica, Linn., 101

Necturus maculatus, 61

Nemoricola indica, Gmel., 95

Nemosia flavicollis, Vieill., 264

Neochloe, Sclater, n. g., 213

brevipennis, Sc/ater, n. sp., 218

Neocorys, Sedater, n. g., 5

spraguit, Sel., 5

| Nettapus pulchellus, 28

INDEX.

Nidalia occidentalis, 129

Noctilinia lasyura, Hodgson, 45

Noctilio, 140

Noctilionina, 133, 138

Numidia meleagris, 236

Nycticejus Atalapha, Raff., 35

—— noveboracensis, Temm., 35

pruinosus, Temm., 37

varius, Poep., 35

Nycticorax Gardeni, Gm., 206, 230

Nyctinomus, 140

Nymphicus nove hollandie, 27

Ocyalus Wagleri, Gray, 228

Odontophorus hyperythrus, Gowld, n. sp.,

223

Omphalotropis cerea, Pfr., n.sp., 112

—— guamensis, Pfr., n.sp., 113

navigatorum, P/r., n. sp., 113

Opisthocomus cristatus, Vieill., 19

Oriolus Kundoo, Sykes, 94

Ornithion inerme, Hartl., 204

Ortalida Montagnit, Bp., 19

Orthotomus longicauda, Gmel., 95

Ortyx pectoralis, Gould, 206

Oryx Beatrix, Gray, n. sp., 158

beisa, 157

—— gazella, 157

leucoryx, 157

Otis, 27

Otocorys Spraguii, Bp., 5

Otus brachyotus, Linn., 212

Ovis, 104

Pachyrhamphus, G. R. Gray, 71

aglaiz, Scl., 5, 74

albogriseus, Sc/., n. sp., 78

—— atricapillus, Cab., 67, 75

cinereus, Scl., 75

— Cuvieri, Cab., 67, 75

— dimidiatus, De Fill., 75

griseus, Bodd., 18

latirostris, Bp., 74

—— major, Scel., 78

major, Cab., 204

—— marginatus, Sc/., 77

minor, Cab., 73

—— niger, Scl., 72

—— nigrescens, Cab., 72

nigriventris, Sc/., 76

pectoralis, Sw., 18

—— pectoralis, Sc/., 73

—— polychropterus, Sc/., 77

roseicollis, Se/., 73

rufescens, Sc/., 79

—— surinamus, Sel., 74

—— validus, Cab., 72

versicolor, Cab., 76

viridis, Se/., 75

Pachyrhynchus, Spix, 71

aglaie, Lafr., 74

—— albifrons, Sw., 75, 77

aterrimus, Lafr., 72

303

Pachyrhynchus cayanus, Spix, 70

cinerascens, Spix, 72

—— Cuviert, Spix, 75

leucogaster, Sw., 75

marginatus, D’Orb., 77

niger, Spix, 76

pectoralis, Sw., 73

polychropterus, Vieill., 77

rufescens, Spix, 79

ruficeps, Sw., 79

semifasciatus, Spix, 70

—— Spixii, Sw., 77

—— squamatus, Lafr., 76}

—— Swainsoni, Jard., 77

variegatus, Spix, 77

Paleornis Alexandri, Linn., 99

cyanocephalus, Linn., 99

torquatus, Briss., 99

Paludina ceylonica, Dohrn, n. sp., 123

Paludomus Cumingianus, Dohrn, n. sp.,

124.

distinguendus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124.

Dromedarius, Dohrn, n. sp., 124:

—— fulguratus, Dohrn, n. sp., 128

loricatus, 125

—— nasutus, Dohrn, n. sp., 123

nodulosus, Dohrn, n. sp., 125

—— Skinneri, Dohrn, n. sp., 124

solidus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124

—— sphericus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124

—— sulcatus, 124

Swainsoni, Dohrn, n. sp., 125

Papilio Janaka, Moore, n. sp., 104

Paradigalla carunculata, 6

Paradiseide, 6

Parra gymnostoma, Wagl., 206

hypomelena, Gray, 20

Partula Mastersi, Pfr., n. sp., 110

Parus atricapillus, 81

ceruleus, 215

caudatus, 215

meridionalis, Scl., 81

palustris, 215

Passer indica, Jard., 96

Passerculus zonarius, Bp., 82

Passerella, 7

Pastor nigrocinctus, Cassin, 6

Pavonaria scirpea, Blainy., 288

Pelecanus conspicillatus, 28

Pendulinus chrysocephalus, Bp. 19

dominicensis, Bp., 7

flavigaster, Vieill., 6

hypomelas, Bp., 6

Penelope aburri, Less., 19

Penicillus, Brug., 246

aquarius, 244.

mirabilis, Pallas, 288

PENTASTOMA ANNULATUM, Bd., 115

Perdix cinerea, 12

rufa, 12

Pericrocotus speciosus, Lath., 89

304 INDEX.

Petitia, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 184 Pipra atricapilla, Gmel., 75

Adamsiana, Chitty, 168, 185 cinerea, Bodd., 75

—— Anthoniana, Chitty, 168, 184 coronata, Spix, 265

Carpenteriana, Chitty, 169, 187 leucocilla, Linn., 265

—— Cumingiana, Chitty, 168, 184 rubricapilla, Temm., 265

Fortuneana, Chitty, 168, 185 striolata, Bp., 265

—— Grevilleana, Chitty, 169, 187 Pitta brachyura, 65 |

—— Petitiana, Chitty, 168, 184 concinna, Gould, n. sp., 65

—— Stevensiana, Chitty, 168, 184 Pitylus grossus, Linn., 264

—— Stokesiana, Chitty, 169, 187 Platalea, 28

—— Stricklandiana, Chitty, 169, 186 aaja, Linn., 206

—— Tayloriana, Chitty, 169, 187 Platycercus, 27

—— (? Lewisia) Barroniana, Chitty, palliceps, 221

169, 188 Platypsaris, Bp., 72

Petrochelidon bicolor, Vieill., 201 latirostris, Bp., 74

Petroica cerviniventris, Gould, n. sp., Platyrhynchus Duponti, Vieill., 75 :

221 Ploceus Baya, Blyth, 96

Petrophassa albipennis, 27 Plotus, 28 :

Peucea Bachmanni, 7 anhinga, Linn., 207

Lincolni, 82 Podargus, 24:

Phaéthornis episcopus, Gould, n. sp., 14 Podiceps dominicus, Linn., 207, 237 :

— eremita, 14 Poéphila Gouldie, 26 |

griseogularis, 14 personata, 26

longirostris, Del., 227 Polyborus tharus, Mol., 211

—— obscura, Gould, n.sp., 14 Polychlorus, Scl., n. g., 226

intermedius, Scl., 226

magnus, Scl., 226

Westermanni, Scl., 226

—— pygmeus, 14

viridicaudata, Gould, n. sp., 14

Phalacrocorax mexicanus, Brandt, 207

Phaps histrionica, 27 Polypus mirabilis, Linn., 288

Pharomacrus, 4 Pomarea nigra, 5

Phasianus colchicus, 81 Pomatorhinus Turdinus, Temm., 126

Impeyanus, 215 Poospiza Belli, Scl., 7

Phlegopsis, Reichb., 47 bilineata, Scl.,'7

Phenicophilus palmarum, Linn., 232 Pratincola caprata, Linn., 94

Phenicopterus ruber, Linn., 236 Primnoa, 128

Pholadide, 245 Primnoa, Lamx., 285

Pholas, 245 antarctica, Val., 286

Phonipara olivacea, Linn., 232

Phyllostomide, 141

Picolaptes, 265

Picus Gardineri, Aud., 127

australasie, Gray, 286

flabellum, Ehy., 286

lepadifera, Lame., 285

verticillata, Khrenb., 286

Harrisi, Aud., 127 Primnoade, Gray, 285

Jardinii, Malh., 214 Primnoella, Gray, n. g., 286

—— major, 215 australasia, Gray, 286

—— Nuttalli, Gamb., 127 Prionirhynchus, Sc/., n. g., 256

—— pubescens, 127 carinatus, Sc/., 257

—— scalaris, 127 platyrhynchus, Sce/., 256

villosus, 127 Prionites, Ill., 249

—— viridis, 12 bahamensis, Sw., 252

Pieris Durvasa, Moore, n. sp., 103 brasiliensis, Tsch., 250

Indra, Moore, nu. sp., 103 ceruliceps, Bp., 253

—— Nama, Moore, n. sp., 102 ceruleocephalus, Jard., 253

Sanaca, Moore, n. sp., 103 castaneiceps, Gould, 254

Seta, Moore, n. sp., 102 — Dombeyanus, Ranz, 258

Pionus menstruus, Linn., 19, 266 — gularis, Lafr., 256

senilis, 230 —— Lessoni, Bp., 253

vinaceicollis, Lafy., 225 Levaillanti, Bp., 255

Pipilo arcticus, 127 —— Martii, Spix, 254, 256

— fuscus, Sw., 127 ——- mexicanus, Bp., 254

oregonus, Sw., 127 momota, Schomb., 250

rufipileus, Lafr., 7 —- ruficapillus, Hartl., 255, 258

INDEX. 305

Prionites superciliaris, Jard. et Selb. 257

tutu, Ranz, 255

yucatanensis, Bp., 258

Progne dominicensis, Gmel., 201, 232

Proteus anguinus, 63

Protonopsis horrida, 62

Psaltria minima, Gamb., 126

Psaris, Cuvier, 69

aglaie, Kaup, 74

brasiliensis, Sw., 70

—— cayana, D’Orb., 70

cayanensis, Swains., 69

eristatus, Sw., 72

—— Cuvieri, Sw.,'75

erythrogenys, Selby, 71

Fraseri, Kaup, 71

—— guianensis, Swains., 69

wnquisitor, D’Orb., 71

Jardinii, Sw., 71 ~

—— major, Bp., 78

—— marginata, Bp., 77

—- megacephalus, Sw., 72

—— méelanoleucus, Bp., 79

—— mexicanus, Less., 70

—— nevius, Less., 69

Natterii, Sw., 71

—— niger, Swains., 76

parinus, Kaup, 76

pectoralis, Kaup, 73

roseicollis, Jard., 73

Selbiz, Sw., 71

—— semifasciata, D’Orb., 70

strigatus, Sw., 72

tityroides, Less., 70

virgata, H. Smith, 69

Psarocolius gularis, Wagl., 205

pectoralis, Wagl., 205

Psephotus chrysopterygius, Gould, n. sp.,

220

Pseudotriton Salmoneus, 63

Psittacara chloroptera, Souancé, 225, 234

mauget, Souancé, 225

Psittacodis intermedius, 226

magnus, 226

Westermanni, Bp., 226

Psitéacula, 266

lineola, 230

Psittacus erythacus, 215

Hueti, Temm., 19

—— leucocephalus, 225

—— magnus, 226

—— mascarinus, 226

—— nove hollandie, 215

paragua, 226

Pteroglossus Beauharnaist, Wagl., 267

flavirostris, Gould, 267

—— Humboldti, Wagl., 267

torquatus, Wagl., 205 .

Pterogorgia pectinata, Dana, 287

sulcifera, Dana, 288

Ptilonopus Swainsoni, 27

Pycnonotus bengalensis, Blyth, 93

pygeus, Hodgs., 93

Pyctorhis sinensis, Gmel., 94.

Pygmornis, Bp., 14

Pyranga bidentata, Sw., 205

hepatica, Sw., 213

—— ludoviciana, Sw., 213

roseogularis, Cabot, 6, 66

Pyriglena nudiceps, 47

Pyrrhula aurantiaca, Gould, n. sp., 222

erythrocephala, 223

vulgaris, 223

Pyrrhulagra violacea, Byp., 231

Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop., 95

Pyrula (Rhizochilus) De Burghie, Fve.,

n. sp., 208

Querquedula carolinensis, Gm., 215

discors, Linn., 206, 2387

Querula minor, Less., '73

rubricollis, Gm., 265

Quiscalus barita, Linn., 232

lugubris, Sw., 265

Ralius, 236

Ramphastos Cuvieri, Wagl., 266

momota, Linn., 250

Ramphocelus unicolor, Scl., 19

Regulus calendula, Linn., 202

satrapa, Licht., 212

Rhamphocenus rufiventris, Bp., 202

Rhimamphus estivus, Lath., 202

ceruleus, Wils., 18

Ehinopoma, 140

Rhipidura albofrontata, Frankl., 89

Rhizochilus De Burghis, Reeve, n. sp.,

208

Ehynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 230

Salpinctes mexicanus, Sw., 212

Saltator atripennis, Scl., 6

grandis, Licht., 205

zcterophrys, Lafr., 205

—— melanoleucus, Vieill., 79

—— melanopterus, 66

olivascens, Cab., 19

Sarcogorgia, Gray, n. g., 158, 294

Phidippus, Gray, 159, 294

Sarcorhamphus papa, Linn., 227

Saucerottia cyaneifrons, Bourc., 17

viridigastra, Boure., 16

Saurothera dominicensis, Lafr., 234

Vieilloti, Bp., 234

Sayornis nigricans, Sw., 127

pallida, Sw., 127, 204

Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Lafy., 204

Scirpearia, Cuv., 288

mnirabilis, Cuv., 288

Sclerurus brunneus, Sc/., n. sp,, 17

caudacutus, 18

—— guatimalensis, 18

mexicanus, 18

Scops, 261

Scotophilus, 45

No. CCCXLVI.—ProOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

306

Scotophilus Carolinensis, 51

discolor, 51

Gouldii, 136

— Greyii, Gray, 51

— Kuhiii, 51

—— marginatus, 51

—— minutus, 51

—— pachyomus, Tomes, n.sp., 50

picatus, Gould, 51

pipistrellus, 51

—— pruinosus, Gray, 37

—— pumiloides, Tomes, n. sp., 51

pumilus, Gray, 51

Seiurus aurocapillus, Linn., 231

Selasphorus anna, Less., 126

ruber, Linn., 126

Selenidera Langsdorfi, Wagl., 267

Septaria, Lamk., 243

Sericulus anais, Less., 6

Serpula, Linn., 243

Setophaga ruticilla, Linn., 231

Sialia mexicana, Sw., 126

Siphonognathus, Richardson, n. g., 237

argyrophanes, Rdson., n. sp., 238

Sitta aculeata, Cassin, 126

carolinensis, 126

Sittace Petzi, Wagl., 230

Solanderia, Duch., 282, 284

gracilis, Duch., 284

Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill., 261

Spilornis rufipectus, Gould, n.sp., 222

Spindalis multicolor, Vieill., 231

Spinites atrigularis, Cab., 7

Spiza versicolor, Bp., 214

Spizaetus ornatus, Daud., 201

Sporadinus elegans, Aud., 233

Stavorinius, Bp., 226

Stoastoma, Chitty, 167, 168, 178

—— Agassizianum, Ad., 167, 169

—— Anthonianum, Ad., 184

— Blandianum, Ad., 167

—— Chittyanum, Ad., 167

—— Cumingianum, Ad., 167, 184

Fadyenianum, Ad., 177

—— Gouldianum, 167

—— Hollandianwm, Ad., 175

Jayanum, Ad., 189

Leanum, Ad., 166, 189

—— Lindsleyanum, Ad., 167, 188

—— Livesayanum, Chitty, 168, 178

—— Moricandianum, Ad., 191

—— Petitianum, Ad., 184

—— Pfeifferianum, Ad., 168, 178

—— Philippianum, Ad., 167, 169

—— pisum, Ad., 162, 166, 167, 168, 170

—— hedfieldianum, Ad., 166, 189

—— Tappanianum, Ad., 175

—— Wilkinsoneanum, Ad., 163, 171

—— (Electrina) succinewm, Sowb., 168,

179

Stoastomidsx, Adams, 162, 167, 168

INDEX.

Strepsiceros Kudu, 158

Strix Aluco, 215

americanus, 215

flammea, 215

infuscata, Temm., 4, 126 |

—— javanica, De Wurmb., 87

—— lapponica, Temm., 56

— otus, 215

—— passerina, 4

—— passerinoides, Temm., 4, 126

—— Tengmalmi, Gmel., 57

Strombus taurus, Reeve, n. sp., 207

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch, 7

caniceps, Woodhouse, 7

Sturnella, 5

neglecta, Aud., 127

Sturnia pagodarum, Gmel., 97

Sturnopastor contra, Linn., 97

Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 13, 97

Subergorgia, Gray, n. g., 159, 288

compressa, Gray, 288

—— suberosa, Gray, 159, 288

Succinea bermudensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110

—— chinensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110

guamensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110

Sula fusca, Linn., 237

Sylvia enanthe, 13

rubetra, 215

—— rubicula, 13

sibilatria, 215

trochilus, 215

Sylvicola americana, Linn., 202

canadensis, Linn., 231 *

coronata, Linn., 231

palmarum, Vieill., 231

Synallaxis multostriata, Sc/., n. sp., 273

Syrnium albitarse, G. R. Gray, 16

hylophilum, 16

Tachyphonus rufiventris, Spix, 264

surinamus, Linn., 264

Teniopterines, 4

Tanagra tridina, Hartl., 264

Tanagrella elegantissima, Verr., 264

iridina, Scl., 264

Tanygnathus macrorhynchus, 225

marginatus, 225

Mulleri, Bp., 225

Taphozous, 141

Tchitrea paradisi, Linn., 89

Tephrodornis pondicerianus, 92

Teredines, 244

Teredinide, 245, 246

Teredo, 243

navalis, 245

norvegica, 245, 246

Tetragonops, Jard., 268

Thalurania viridipectus, Gould, 16

Thamnobia fulicata, Linn., 94

| Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, 133

| — melanothorax, Sc/., n. sp., 133

| melanurus, Gould, 203

INDEX.

Thawnantias Milleri, Bourc., 17

Thryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafy., 4

Tigrisoma brasiliense, Linn., 268

tigrinum, Grn., 268

Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl., 94.

Tinamus canus, Wagl., 20

castaneus, Sce/., n. sp., 277

parvirostris, 277

tatawpa, 267

Tinnunculus sparvertus, Linn., 125, 231

Tityra, Vieill., 69 \

albitorques, Dubus, 71

atricapilla, Vieill., 72

brasiliensis, Cab., 70

castanea, Jard., 79

cayana, Vieill., 69, 265

cinerea, Vieill., 69

—— inquisitrix, Cab., 71

—— inquisitriz, Bp., 18

leuconota, Gray, 72

—— mexicana, Scl., 70

—— personata, Jard., 70

pileata, Jard., 72

rufa, Vieill., 72

semifasciata, Cab., 70

—— surinama, Strickl., 74

Viewlloti, Jard., 75

viridis, Vieill., 75

Tityrine, 68

Todirostrum auriculare, Vieill., 84

calopterum, Sc/., n. sp., 82

capitale, Scl., n. sp., 83

chrysocrotaphum, Strickl., 84

cinereigulare, Scl., 84

—— cinereum, Linn., 82, 203

ecaudatum, Lafr., 86

—— exile, Scel., n. sp., 83

flavifrons, Lafr., 84

—— fumifrons, Hartl., 84

—— furcatum, Lafr., 84

—— galeatum, Bodd., 84

gracilipes, Scl., 84

granadense, Hartl., 84

—— gulare, Temm., 84

—— maculatum, Desm., 83

—— margaritaceiventre, Lafr., 84.

multicolor, Strickl., 84

nigriceps, Scl., 82, 84

—— palpebrosum, Lafr., 84

pectorale, Kyp., 84

poliocephalum, Max., 84

ruficeps, Bp., 83, 84

rujilatum, Hartl., 84

spiciferum, Lafr., 84

—— squamicristatum, Lafy., 84

striaticolle, Lafr., 84

sylvia, Desm., 84

Todus angustirostris, Lafr., 233

cinereus, Spix, 83

dominicensis, Lafr., 233

marginatus, Licht., 77

307

Todus melanocephalus, Spix, 83

subulatus, Gould, 233

Totanus vociferus, Wils., 215

Toxostoma curvirostre, Sw., 126, 212

— Lecontii, Lawr., 126

redivivum, Gamb., 126

vetula, Temm., 20, 126

Tribonyx, 28

Triccus crinitus, Burm., 84

Trichoglossus rubitorquis, 27

versicolor, 27

Trilatitius, Gray, 45, 54

Tringoides macularius, Linn., 215

Trochilus, 160

cephalus, Boure., 227

colubris, 212.

Trochus (Huchele) alabastrum, Reeve,

n. sp., 209

Trogon melanocephalus, Gould, 227

melanurus, Sw., 261

roseigaster, Vieill., 235

viridis, Linn., 16

Tropidorhynchus, 26

Truncatella Californica, Pfr., n. sp., 111

Trupialis guianensis, Bp., 265

Tunicata, 246

Turdus albicollis, Spix, 203

assimilis, Cab., 202

crotopezus, Licht., 203

flaviventris, Verr., n.sp., 273

fumigatus, 274

— Grayi, 274

ignobilis, Se/., n. sp., 273

tliacus, 13

luridus, Bp., 274

—— migratorius, Linn., 5, 126

—— minimus, Lafr., 212

minor, Gin., 4, 212

—— musicus, 13

—— nevius, 4

—— nanus, Audubon, 4

olivaceus, Giraud, 212

pilaris, 13

silens, Sw., 212

solitarius, Wilson, 4, 212

— Swainsoni, Cab., 212

viscivorus, 13

Wilsont, 4

Tyrannide, 67

Tyrannula nigricans, Sw., 127

pallida, Sw., 127

Tyrannulus, 204-

Tyrannus atrifrons, Sc/., n. sp., 274

intrepidus, 232

matutinus, 232

Vespertilio Blosseivillit, Less., 35

Blythu, Tomes, n. sp., 53

— Carolii, 54

carolinensis, 45

chinensis, Tomes, n. sp., 52

—— cinereus, Pal., 37

308

Vespertilio creeks, ¥. Ouy., 45

—— crepuscularis, Le Conte, 45

—— dasycnemus, 54

—— Daubentonii, 54

—— emarginatus, 45

—— ferrugineus, Temm., 53

formosa, Hodgs., 53

—— Hasseltii, 54

— lasiurus, Linn., 35

—— macropus, Gould, 53

maximus, 52

— monachus, Raff., 35

— murinus, 52

Nattereri, 53, 140

noctivagans, Le Conte, 45

pallidus, Le Conte, 45

pruinosus, Say, 37

—— pulverulentus, Temm., 45

—— rubellus, Pal., 35

—— suillus, Temm., 45

—— tasmanensis, Gray, 45

tessellatus, Raff., 35

—— tuberculatus, Foster, 135

villosissimus, Geoff., 35

Vespertilionina, 135

Vesperugo, Keys, 45

Vireo altiloquus, Vieill., 231

flavifrons, Vieill., 227

versicolor, Hartl., 76

Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp., 4, 213

melitophrys, Bp., 213

Vireonine, 213

noveboracensis, Gm., 204, 228

INDEX.

Umbracella, Gray, 289

—— umbraculum, 289

granulata, 289

Upupa epops, Linn., 101 .

Urochoma Hueti, Temm., 19

Urogalba paradisea, Linn., 262

Ursus labiatus, 140

Wilkinsonzea, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 169

—— Abbottiana, Chitty, 168, 172

—— Bensoniana, Chitty, 168, 176

—— Dysoniana, Chitty, 168, 175

—— Gouldiana, Chitty, 168

—— Greenwoodiana, Chitty, 168, 175

—— Hanleyana, Chitty, 168, 175

— Hollandiana, Chitty, 168, 175

—— Jardiniana, Chitty, 168, 173

Laidlawiana, Chitty, 168, 174

—— Moussoniana, Chitty, 168, 176

—— Schomburghkiana, Chitty, 168, 171

Tappaniana, Chitty, 168, 175

Wilkinsonxana, Chitty, 168, 171

Xiphocolaptes albicollis, Vieill., 202

Zenaidura carolinensis, Bp., 235

Zoantharia cauliculata, Edw., 289

Zonotrichia Botterii, Se/., n. sp., 214

—— Cassinii, Woodh., 214

comata, 7

—— Gambelli, Nutt., 7,127

—— leucophrys, 7, 127

—— Mortoni, 7

pileata, 7

Zoophytes, 278

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND ARANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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