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STUDIES OF

THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI— II

PHANEROGAMIC FLORA OF THE FRESH-WATER SPRINGS

IN THE OZARKS

MAR 1 8 1941

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BY

JULIAN A. STEYERMARK

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME IX, NUMBER G

FEBRUARY 28, 1941

PUBLICATION 491

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

if*

CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 481

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF OZARK SPRINGS 483

Introduction 483

Extent of work 483

Springs: Their definition, occurrence, nature, uses, and size 484

Discussion of vegetation of springs 488

Differentiation and distinguishing characters of species found in springs . 502

Geographical distribution of species found in springs 507

The influence of springs on the Missouri flora 532

Key to species 533

DESCRIPTION OP THE CHIEF SPRINGS IN THE OZARKS . . 537

479

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

I. Althea Spring, Ozark County. Spring branch near confluence with North

Fork of White River.

Bennett Spring, Laclede County.

II. Big Spring, Carter County. Part of spring branch, showing mats of

Myriophyllum heterophyllum.

Big Spring, Carter County.

III. Big Spring, Lawrence County.

Big Spring, Carter County.

IV. Blue Spring, Laclede County.

Boze Mill Spring, Oregon County.

V. Blue Spring, Oregon County.

Cave Spring, Shannon County. Head of spring.

VI. Chesapeake Spring, Lawrence County.

Creasy Spring, Pulaski County.

VII. Creasy Spring, Pulaski County.

Keener Spring, Butler County. Head of spring.

VIII. Keener Spring, Butler County. Head of spring.

Carter Spring, Reynolds County. Head of spring.

IX. Carter Spring, Reynolds County. Narrow lower part of spring branch.

Waynesville Spring, Pulaski County. Head of spring.

X. Warner Bay Spring, Reynolds County. Head of spring.

Wilder Spring, Ozark County. Head of spring.

XI. Gravois Mills Spring, Morgan County. One of spring-fed basins.

Gravois Mills Spring, Morgan County. Lower part of spring branch.

XII. Montauk Spring, Dent County. One of heads of spring, showing island

of Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum.

Montauk Spring, Dent County. Junction of spring heads.

XIII. Welch Spring, Shannon County. Head of spring.

Double Spring, Ozark County. Head of spring.

XIV. Double Spring, Ozark County.

Gaines Ford Spring, Maries County. Head of spring.

XV. Greer Spring, Oregon County. Upper outlet of spring.

Greer Spring, Oregon County. Lower outlet of spring.

XVI. Hahatonka Spring, Camden County.

Hazleton Spring, Texas County. Part of spring branch.

XVII. Hodgson Mill Spring, Ozark County.

Kratz Spring, Franklin County. Head of spring.

XVIII. Prewett Spring, Texas County. Head of spring.

Roaring River Spring, Barry County. Head of spring.

481

482 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

XIX. Onandago Spring, Crawford County. Head of spring.

Relfe Spring, Phelps County. Head of spring.

XX. Round Spring, Shannon County. Head of spring.

Stone Mill Spring, Pulaski County. Head of spring.

XXI. Slabtown Spring, Texas County, looking down spring branch. Note

abundance of Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum.

Topaz Spring, Douglas County. Head of spring.

XXII. Topaz Spring, Douglas County. Part of spring branch.

Turner's Mill Spring, Oregon County.

XXIII. Round Spring, Shannon County.

Turner's Mill Spring, Oregon County.

XXIV. Twin Springs, Dent County. Head of spring.

Twin Springs, Dent County. Spring branch.

TEXT FIGURES

PAGE

46-49. Distribution in Missouri of the species of the fresh-water springs . 508-511

50. Distribution of Potamogeton lumens 513

51. Distribution of Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus 514

52. Distribution of Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus 515

53. Distribution of Potamogeton panormitanus var. major 516

54. Distribution of Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor 517

55. Distribution of Potamogeton amplifolius 518

56. Distribution of Ludvigia palustris var. americana 519

57. Distribution of Lemna trisulca 520

58. Distribution of Veronica connata (•) and var. glaberrima (X) 521

59. Distribution of Ceratophyllum demersum 522

60. Distribution of Eleocharis acicularis var. typica 523

61. Distribution of Anacharis occidentalis 524

62. Distribution of Callitriche heterophylla 525

63. Distribution of Myriophyllum heterophyllum 526

64. Distribution of Zannichellia palustris var. major 527

65. Distribution of Ranunculus longirostris 528

66. Distribution of Sparganium americanum .... 529

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI— II

JULIAN A. STEYERMARK

INTRODUCTION

The Ozarks of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas are

noted for an abundance of springs. From earliest times the Ozark

springs have played an important role in the historical development

of southern Missouri. Their very abundance must necessarily have

encouraged many homesteaders to settle and farm in the region.

In fact, the majority of farmers in this area have settled on land

containing at least one small spring. A fair proportion of Ozark

farmers today depend upon pump- or bucket-drawn well water, but

a considerable number are still dependent on water from springs.

Aside from their obvious use in yielding water for drinking pur-

poses, springs have played an important role in the development of

agriculture and stock-raising. Grist mills, for grinding corn and

other grains, are usually located by and receive their power from

springs. These mills at one time or another have served many a

community, and the rise and development of a number of Ozark

towns can be traced directly or indirectly to the establishment and

use of a grist mill. In recent years a number of spring waters have

been developed for the propagation of fish, especially trout. These

fish can live only in the cooler temperatures of spring water. By the

establishment of these hatcheries, many fish have been propagated

and released into spring-fed fishing waters.

In addition to their economic value, Ozark springs are outstand-

ingly beautiful. They are visited by increasing numbers of tourists

annually, and are appreciated for their esthetic as well as recreational

values. Many of the state parks in the Ozarks possess a large spring

as their chief scenic feature; examples are Big Spring State Park,

Roaring River State Park, Bennett Spring State Park, Montauk

State Park, Chesapeake State Park, Round Spring State Park, and

several others. It has been estimated that the Ozarks of Missouri

and Arkansas contain a greater number of both large and small

springs than any other area of similar size in North America, if not

in the world.

EXTENT OF WORK

The Ozark springs are interesting also because of the unique plant

life that they contain. Many of the plants found in the springs are

483

484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

rare species restricted to such a habitat. Furthermore, the vegeta-

tion of the springs is conspicuously uniform and appears as a natural,

distinct unit in the flora of the state. These considerations suggested

that a thorough study of the flora of the springs would prove interest-

ing from the standpoint of isolating a natural vegetational element

or unit of the Ozark flora and also in studying relatively simple

factors in the isolation and distribution of aquatic plants of springs.

The author began work on the springs in 1928. Since then, all the

largest and most of the important springs in the Ozarks have been

visited and studied. All the springs described in Water resources of

Missouri1 have been investigated, and many others have been visited.

All the species of phanerogams were collected from each spring.

Characeae (Chara and Nitella) were also collected, as were a small

number of bryophytes. In the following pages, the statements

referring to the vegetation of the springs refer in practically all cases

to phanerogams. A complete set of herbarium material of the species

collected may be found in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium.

A nearly complete set is in the Herbarium of Field Museum.

It will be noted in the following pages that the material on each

spring is presented in the following manner: (1) location; (2) de-

scription of spring; (3) description and arrangement of the vegetation

from the head of the spring to its confluence with another body of

water; and, finally (4), a list of the various species found in each

spring with the dominant species noted in each case.

SPRINGS: THEIR DEFINITION, OCCURRENCE, NATURE,

USES, AND SIZE

The large springs in the Ozark region are considered by Fuller,2

Shepard,3 Bridge,4 and other geologists to be the actual surface

outlets of underground streams. Their abundance throughout the

Ozarks, therefore, implies a well-developed system of subterranean

drainage. The explanation of the origin and nature of Ozark springs

has been presented by many geologists, and is here given only in a

brief re'sume'. Water from surface rains sinks into the strata of porous

1 H. C. Beckman, Water resources of Missouri, Mo. Bur. Geol. and Mines,

20: 341-353. 1927. All quotations in the descriptions of the various springs,

appearing in a later part of the paper, have been taken from this publication.

2 M. L. Fuller, Notes on certain large springs of the Ozark region, Missouri

and Arkansas, U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper, 110: 207-210. 1905.

3 E. M. Shepard, Springs, U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper, 102: 416-440.

1903.

4 J. Bridge, Geology of the Eminence and Cardareva quadrangles, Mo. Bur.

Geol. and Mines, 2nd ser. 24: 39. 1930.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 485

rocks below and eventually meets other water which has similarly

found its way through porous substrata. The combined force of the

water, from several sources, working its way down along the joints

and bedding planes of the rock, gradually dissolves and enlarges

passages, until an underground stream is formed. Usually the most

porous zone, and the one through which the stream can cut its

passage most easily, is dolomite (magnesian limestone). Eventually

these streams come to the surface in the form of springs.

The spring is the terminus of this subterranean stream, but the

latter may have had its origin many miles away, somewhere within

the Ozark dome. The underground stream which emerges in the

form of a spring may represent an original single stream without

admixture or confluence of other subterranean tributary drainage.

However, most of the larger springs appear to be outlets of large

subterranean streams comprising a combined volume of several

other tributary drainages, the sources of which may be many miles

distant. In some cases the outlet of these subterranean streams is

near the ground surface. In other instances, the outlet is far below

the surface level, and the water is usually very deep. The outlet of

most of the large subterranean streams permits free passage of the

water, but in some of the smaller springs it is filled with gravel.

The springs generally occur in valleys, canyons, or deep ravines

where the streams have cut down into the rock and travel through

a water-bearing bed. The springs are larger, as a rule, where erosion

has cut more deeply into the valleys. Often they arise at the bases

of bluffs where the rock is exposed. Generally, this substratum is a

cherty dolomite, mainly of Cambrian or Ordovician age. All the

streams in the Ozarks are spring-fed. They are relatively clear

because the spring water feeding them is largely a subterranean flow

not disturbed or muddied by surface rains or overflows bearing

alluvial deposits. The majority of the large springs occur along the

Current, Gasconade, Black, Eleven Points, Meramec, White (North

Fork), and Niangua rivers. Only a few of them are found along the

St. Francis, Osage, White, Pomme de Terre, and Sac rivers and

tributaries; these latter streams are generally muddier, and are more

subject to floods and less uniformity of flow than the rivers that are

more frequently supplied with spring water.

The occurrence of the springs is correlated with the altitude of the

region. Bridge1 found that there were no permanent springs of any

size above 900 feet elevation in the Eminence-Cardareva region of

1 Ibid., p. 36.

486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Shannon, Carter, and Reynolds counties, and that most of the

permanent streams had their sources between the elevations of 760

and 900 feet, this indicating the permanent water table level of the

region. Most of the other large springs in the Ozarks arise at an

altitude generally above 700 and below 900 feet.

In their relation to the topography it has been found1 that most

of the large Ozark springs occur "close to a large valley which is

either dry, or else occupied by a stream which appears much too

small for the size of the valley which contains it." This is found, for

example, in the case of Round Spring, located close to Spring Valley,

which is usually dry.

The chief characteristics of the Ozark springs are the great clear-

ness and cold temperature of their water. Most of them vary between

52° and 58° F. Such constant low temperatures as these are main-

tained principally because the subterranean streams flow at such a

depth that they are not much influenced by atmospheric changes of

temperature at the surface. The beauty of many of the springs

depends upon their great clarity and bluish color; in general, the

deeper the spring the bluer its water. Various theories have been

set forth to account for this unusually deep blue color. Presence of

certain minerals or particles in suspension in the water and reflection

from the sky have been brought forth as arguments to explain the

blue water. The most recent and most probable explanation is that

of Pettit,2 who explains it on the basis of the reflection and diffusion

of certain light rays. His explanation calculates that light falling

on the purest water, with only water molecules to intercept the

shorter rays, is scattered in the deepest blue over the widest arc,

whereas blues give way to white upon the increase of larger particles,

catching the longer rays, in other waters. As successively clearer

water samples were tested, Pettit found that the scattered light

became blue and then deeper blue over a wider and wider arc, at

first above the surface and then extending below, though the scattered

light itself became no bluer. Dr. Pettit experimented with water

from Crater Lake, settled ocean water, distilled and tap water, and

dust-free water. Observation of Ozark springs in general appears

to corroborate Dr. Pettit's evidence that depth combined with the

purity of the water is largely responsible for the deep blue color. In

some of the large Ozark springs the water is so clear that one can see

the bottom at depths between 30 and 50 feet. In some of the springs

1 Ibid., pp. 41-42.

2 E. Douglass, Why Crater Lake is so blue, Magazine Supplement, St. Louis

Post Dispatch, p. 1. July 26, 1936.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 487

the water appears milky or green. This turbidity is probably due

to the presence of minute particles of suspended clay matter. On rare

occasions, notably after seasons of very heavy rainfall, the water

may appear slightly murky and less clear than at other times. Many

samples of Ozark spring water measured by H. W. Mundt and W. D.

Turner showed no turbidity, while others exhibited varying degrees

of turbidity.

The flow of these springs is not constant. During the spring

months, corresponding to the period of maximum rainfall, it is

greatest, while during the summer and fall months the flow is least.

Only a few of the smallest springs in the Ozarks have been known to

go dry. All the springs show marked variations of discharge directly

correlated with variations in rainfall. The maximum total number

of gallons discharged in a day by Big Spring, in Carter County,

was 543,000,000, with an average of 242,000,000. Greer Spring,

the second largest in Missouri, flowed a maximum of 539,000,000

gallons a day, and an average of 209,000,000.

The flow of the water is very rapid. In some cases, where the

outlet of the subterranean stream emerges as a deep pool far below

the surface, the water may be quite still. In other springs, where the

outlet is nearer the surface or has a very strong discharge, the water

rushes forth or boils up violently. The rate of discharge of the

water at the outlet appears to be the chief factor in causing a slow or

rapid current in the spring branch. However, the fall of the water and

the width of the bed are of great importance as well. In the larger

springs the current in the spring branch is rapid at first, and occupies

the entire width of the branch. Downstream, where the bed is

usually wider and the gradient of the branch less, the main current

exists in the middle, while slow or still water occurs along the sides.

The following list of the twelve largest springs in Missouri is

taken from Beckman's1 report.

Rank Spring County Rank Spring County

1 Big Carter 7 Blue Shannon

2 Greer Oregon 8 Blue Oregon

3 Welch Shannon 9 Alley Shannon

4 Double Ozark 10 Hahatonka Camden

5 Meramec Phelps 11 Montauk Dent

6 Bennett Laclede 12 Round Shannon

Other springs ranking among the largest are Roubidoux Spring

and Boiling Spring in Pulaski County, and Pulltight Spring and Cave

Spring in Shannon County.

1 H. C. Beckman, Water resources of Missouri, Mo. Bur. Geol. and Mines,

20: 341-342. 1927.

488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

DISCUSSION OF VEGETATION OF SPRINGS

Drouet1 is the only previous worker who has carried on any actual

detailed investigation of the vegetation of Missouri springs. His

work was confined principally to collections of algae, although he

mentions the occurrence in a few springs of several species of sper-

matophytes. Some of the latter mentioned by him, originally taken

from notes made by H. W. Rickett, have since been found to be

based upon misdeterminations. For example, his record of Val-

lisneria spiralis L. from Howe's Mill Spring is Sparganium ameri-

canum Nutt., and Myriophyllum scabratum Michx., recorded from

Yancy Mill Spring, Alley Spring, and Roubidoux Spring, Myrio-

phyllum heterophyllum.

Metcalf2 and Rickett3 record a few spermatophytes from some of

the Ozark springs, but their work was only incidental and comprised

a small number of collections from only a few springs. Some of their

records are based upon misdeterminations. For example, Metcalf s

report of Potamogeton Friesii Rupr. in Hahatonka Spring has been

found by Fernald to be Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus. Rickett's

report of Naias sp. in Yancy Mill Spring is actually Callitriche

heterophylla, while the "Potamogeton sp. (probably P. pectinatus L.)"

is Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus.

SPERMATOPHYTES OF THE OZARK SPRINGS

The following list, including all species which have been found

growing in the water of the spring, spring branches, or along the

margin of the springs, is based upon carefully studied living and

herbarium collections which have been made over a period of ten

years from the Missouri Ozark springs. Herbarium specimens of all

the species studied and recorded in the following lists may be found

in the herbaria of Field Museum of Natural History and the

Missouri Botanical Garden.

TYPHAGEAE

Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail

SPARGANIACEAE

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Bur-reed

1 F. Drouet, Algal vegetation of the large Ozark Springs. Trans. Amer. Micro.

Soc. 52: 83-100. 1933.

2 F. P. Metcalf, Notes on marsh and aquatic plants of Missouri, Journ. Wash.

Acad. Sci. 12: 307-312. 1922.

3 H. W. Rickett, A list of plants from the Missouri Ozarks, Amer. Midi. Nat.

12: 411-419. 1931.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 489

NAJADACEAE

Potamogeton crispus L. Curly-leaved muck-weed

Polamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved pondweed

Potamogeton lucens L. Shining pondweed

Potamogeton foliosus Raf., var. genuinus Fern. Pondweed

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Fern. Pondweed

Potamogeton panormitanus Bivona-Bernardi, var. minor Biv. Pondweed

Potamogeton panormitanus var. major G. Fischer. Pondweed

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Naiad

Zannichellia palustris L., var. major Boenningh. Horned pondweed

ALISMACEAE

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrowhead

Alisma subcordatum Raf. Water plantain

H YDROCH ARIT ACE AE

Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin. Water-weed

GRAMINEAE

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Thin grass

Agrostis stolonifera L. Red top grass

Poa annua L., var. reptans Haussknecht. Annual bluegrass

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Creeping love grass

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice cut grass

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl meadow grass

CYPERACEAE

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S., var. typica Svenson. Needle spike rush

Eleocharis acicularis var. gracilescens Svenson. Needle spike rush

Eleocharis calva Torr. Creeping spike rush

LEMNACEAE

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Duckweed

Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved duckweed

Lemna minor L. Little duckweed

Lemna valdiviana Philippi. Duckweed

Wolffia punclata L. Least duckweed

PONTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water star-grass

JUNCACEAE

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Knotty-leaved rush

Juncus effusus L., var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. Rush

Juncus macer S. F. Gray. Slender rush

SAURURACEAE

Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's tail

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum punctatum Ell. Smartweed, water pepper

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild water pepper

CERATOPH YLL ACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort

NYMPHAE ACEAE

Nuphar ozarkanum Miller & Standley. Ozark spatterdock

RANUNCULACEAE

Ranunculus longirostris Godron. White water crowfoot

490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

CRUCIFERAE

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell. Water cress

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP., f. fontinalis Palmer & Steyermark. Sprin

cress

CALLITRICHACEAE

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Water starwort

LYTHRACEAE

Peplis diandra Nutt. Water purslane

Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, var. interior Fern. & Griscom. Tooth-cup

ONAGRACEAE

Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell., var. americana (DC.) Fernald & Griscom. Wate

purslane

Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Willow herb

HALORAGIDAGEAE

Myriophyllum proserpinacoides Gill. Water feather

Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. Water milfoil

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Water milfoil

LABIATAE

Mentha piperita L. Peppermint

SCROPHULARIAGEAE

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell, var. typica Pennell. False pimpernel

Gratiola neglecta Torr. Clammy hedge hyssop

Veronica connata Raf. Water speedwell

Veronica connata var. glaberrima (Pennell) Fassett. Water speedwell

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Utricularia gibba L. Bladderwort

Of this list only the following species are found submerged in th<

spring water:

Sparganium americanum Nutt.

Potamogeton crispus L.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm.

Potamogeton lucens L.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf., var. genuinus Fern.

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Fern.

Potamogeton panormitanus Bivona-Bernardi, var. minor Biv.

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong

Zannichellia palustris L., var. major Boenningh.

Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin

Poa annua LM var. reptans Haussknecht

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc.

Agrostis slolonifera L.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S., var. typica Svenson

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.

Lemna trisulca L.

Lemna valdiviana Philippi

Wolffia punctata L.

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Ranunculus longirostris Godron

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 491

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP., f. fontinalis Palmer & Steyermark

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh

Peplis diandra Nutt.

Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell., yar. americana (DC.) Fernald & Griscom

Myriophyllum prosperpinacoides Gill.

Myriophyllum scabratum Michx.

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.

Veronica connata Raf.

Veronica connata var. glaberrima (Pennell) Fassett

Utricularia gibba L.

However, some of the plants included in the above list are very

rarely found. The following list includes the most commonly en-

countered species of springs, or those more or less characteristic of

all Ozark springs:

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S., var. typica Svenson, and var. gracikscens

Svenson

Poa annua L., var. reptans Haussknecht

Sparganium americanum Nutt.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm.

Potamogeton lucens L.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf., var. genuinus Fern.

Potamogeton foliosus Raf., var. macellus Fern.

Zannichellia palustris L., var. major Boenningh.

Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell.

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh

Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell., var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Griscom

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.

Veronica connata Raf.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis Palmer & Steyermark

Of an original list of 60 species occurring in and along the water of

springs, we find only 16 actually common to most of the springs.

Of these 16 the three commonly found are water milfoil (Myriophyl-

lum heterophyllum Nutt.), watercress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

(L.) Schinz & Thell.), and water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla

Pursh).

Since the above species are the commonest ones found, it is

of interest to note from which of the following springs two of them

are absent:

WATER CRESS (Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum)

Amsden Mill Spring Mill Spring

Aspley Spring Mill Pond

Blue Spring, Ozark County Old Pond

Boiling Spring, Pulaski County Roaring Spring

Davidson's Blue Spring Sands Spring

Falling Spring Silver Lake

Gravel Spring Tucker Bay Spring

Mabrey Spring Turner Mill Spring

Markham Spring Warner Bay Spring

492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

WATER MILFOIL (Myriophyllum heterophyllum')

Amsden Mill Spring Mill Creek Spring

Aspley Spring Mill Spring

Beaver Spring Miller Spring

Big Spring, Newton County Montauk Spring

Bliss Spring Mossy Spring

Blue Spring, Carter County Piney Spring

Blue Spring, Crawford County Prewett Spring

Boiling Spring, Texas County Randolph Spring

Boylers Mill Spring Roaring River Spring

Cave Spring, Greene County Roaring Spring

Chesapeake Spring Schlicht Spring

Cold Spring Shanghai Spring

Coppedge Spring Slabtown Spring

Davidson's Blue Spring Steelville Spring

Elm Spring Turner Mill Spring

Evans Spring Wilkins Spring

Howe's Mill Spring Williams Spring

Kratz Spring

In 18 cases water cress is absent, while in 35 cases water milfoil

is not recorded. Water cress, therefore, is the species which occurs

the greatest number of times in the springs. In the present paper

only the larger Ozark springs are described. However, it may be

stated in passing that in most of the smaller Ozark springs not in-

cluded in this paper water cress was found to be the dominant and

commonest species. In many of these springs, in fact, it was the

only aquatic spermatophyte found. Although water cress was

recorded as of more frequent occurrence in the springs than any

other species, it must not be inferred that it was also the dominant

species. In many cases, its occurrence in the larger Ozark springs

is exceeded in abundance by a number of other species. This is

especially true as regards its rivals, water milfoil and water starwort,

the species next most frequently occurring. These latter two species

are often the most abundant and dominant ones present. Where

several species are represented in a given spring, they often grow so

abundantly, especially water milfoil, as to minimize the occurrence

of the others in comparison.

It is of interest to note the conditions under which the two

commonest species found in the springs thrive. In the case of water

cress, shallow water with a gravelly substratum and a slow- to

medium-flowing current appear to suit this species best. For these

reasons it is the dominant and common species in all the small Ozark

springs and spring branches where the water is shallow, the stream

bed is gravelly, and the current not too fast. For the same reasons,

water cress is absent around the heads of some of the large and deep

springs where the banks slope off steeply into deeper water or where

the current is too fast. For example, at Blue Spring in Ozark County,

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 493

Silver Lake, Boiling Spring in Pulaski County, and Sands Spring, to

mention a few examples, the water at the head of the spring is deep,

the sides of the banks are steep, and, in the case of Boiling Spring,

the water boils up forcefully. No foothold is afforded for water cress

in such cases.

However, where water cress does not exist around the heads of

some springs, it often is found farther down along the course of the

spring branch where the conditions of shallower water, less rapid

stream flow, and more gravelly substrata exist. Of all the factors

enumerated, shallow water appears to be the most important for

the occurrence of the species.

In the case of water milfoil almost the reverse conditions seem to

be necessary. It grows best where the water is rather deep, the sub-

stratum muddy, and the current slow to medium. It grows in the

deepest waters, if necessary. It prefers muddy substrata. If the

water is too swift and at the same time shallow, with a gravel sub-

stratum, it is likely to be absent. It, therefore, does not appear in

such springs as Big Spring in Newton County, Bliss Spring, Cave

Spring in Greene County, Chesapeake Spring, Kratz Spring, Mill

Creek Spring, Mossy Spring, Steelville Spring, and Wilkins Spring.

The following chart shows the relative frequency of occurrence

of the commonest species in the springs:

FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF SPECIES WITHIN OZARK SPRINGS

No. of

times

Name of plant Rank found

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum 1 72

Callitriche heterophylla i 2 54

Myriophyllum heterophyllum 3 53

Sparganium americanum 4 41

Anackaris occidentalis 5 38

Veronica connata 6 35

Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus \ 7 34

Zannichellia palustris var. major . . /

Ludvigia palustris var. americana 8 32

Ceratophyllum demersum 9 22

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus \ .1018

Potamogeton lucens /

Ranunculus longirostris 11 17

Poa annua var. reptans \

Eleocharis acicularis var. typica and var. gracilescens > 12 15

Polygonum hydropiperoides . . . . : j

Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis 13 14

Potamogeton amplifolius }

Mentha piperita j- 14

Heteranthera dubia J

Alisma subcordatum 15 8

Nuphar ozarkanum )

Eleocharis calva • • • \ 1" "

Juncus acuminatus J

Sagittaria latifolia 17 5

494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

Najas guadalupensis

Glyceria striata

Agrostis stolonifera 18 4

Spirodela polyrhiza

Lindernia dubia var. typica

Penthprum sedoides }

Leersia oryzoides . . I 19 3

Saururus cernuus. j

Lemna minor J

Lemna trisulca

Utricularia gibba

Mentha arvensis var. glabrata 20

Rumex obtusifolius

Samolus parviflorus

All others mentioned in descriptions of springs 21 1

In an exceptional number of cases, only one or two species of

spermatophytes occur in the springs. The following springs are

examples of such a paucity of higher vegetation:

Spring Species found

Big Spring, Newton County Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Big Spring, Lawrence County. . / Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

} Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Bliss Spring / Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

\ Callitriche heterophylla

Blue Spring, Ozark County Callitriche heterophylla

Cave Spring, Greene County Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Creasy Spring / Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

\ Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Davidson's Blue Spring Zannichellia palustris var. major

Falling Spring Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Mill Creek Spring. / Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

\ Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus

Mossy Spring Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Roaring Spring Callitriche heterophylla

Of the 11 springs above enumerated, it will be noted that in only

four cases was water cress absent. In two instances water starwort

was the only species recorded, and in a third case it was the only

other species to occur. In one spring, horned pondweed was the sole

species of higher plant represented, and in one spring pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) was the only other plant to

occur with water cress. In other words, five species of plants were

found in the 11 instances in which only one or two kinds of sperma-

tophytes existed in the springs. Of these five which occurred, water

cress was most common, with water milfoil, water starwort, horned

pondweed, and pondweed named in successive order of occurrence.

From what has already been stated concerning water cress and

water milfoil, it will be observed that the relative abundance and

distribution of the different species occurring in the springs is affected

by various factors. The following factors appear to be the most

significant: (1) velocity of current, (2) depth of water, and (3) type

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 495

of substratum. These factors are probably most important because

they are the most variable, thereby causing a greater differentiation

within a given environment. Other factors, such as temperature of

the water, volume of water, amount of light, clarity, and alkalinity

of the water, do not vary enough to have a marked effect on dis-

tribution and arrangement of the various species.

Most of the Ozark spring waters are decidedly alkaline in reaction

as they emerge from their outlets. As shown in the analyses of spring

waters in Beckman's report,1 they are highly charged with dissolved

bicarbonates and calcium carbonates. Considerable calcium and

magnesium are present, as would be expected in waters coming from

porous dolomitic limestone strata.

The effects of the several environmental factors in the springs

react upon the species in different ways. The most noticeable factor

is that of swiftness of the current and its effect upon the flowering

of the species. In rapid-running water or in swift currents water

milfoil, bur-reed, white water crowfoot, water speedwell, mild water

pepper, and water star-grass vegetate prolifically, but nearly always

are sterile. The same species growing in quiet water or rooting near

the margin of the spring usually flower abundantly. This condition

holds more or less true with most other species of the springs. Shining

pondweed often has a different appearance in quiet and in rapid

water. In quiet water the leaves are erect, wavy on the margins,

and ascending, while in rapid-running water they are less wavy on

the margins, and less curved. Running water appears to have a

marked effect on water purslane and water speedwell, both of which

grow in larger and more compact clusters and have smaller leaves

under such conditions.

Deep water frequently has the same effect on plants as that pro-

duced by swift currents, namely, a tendency toward the production

of vegetative or sterile shoots only. This is especially conspicuous in

the case of water milfoil, bur-reed, water starwort, shining pondweed,

and broad-leaved pondweed. These species often grow in the deeper

waters of the spring, where they vegetate freely, but rarely, if ever,

produce flowers.

In general, the main factors which appear to be associated con-

stantly with the flowering condition of the plants are, in order of

importance, (1) quiet water or remoteness from main current, (2)

shallow water or lowering of water level, and (3) increased exposure

1 H. C. Beckman, Water resources of Missouri, Mo. Bur. of Geol. and Mines,

20: 402-407. 1927.

496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

to sunlight or desiccation. Either one or all of these conditions

usually result in production of flowers.

Each of the characteristic aquatic species of the spring, i.e., those

which actually grow in the water throughout the entire year, remains

green and alive, at least in vegetative condition, during winter,

spring, summer, and autumn. During the winter, as a rule, many

of the species are in vegetative condition only. This is especially

true in the case of the various pondweeds (Potamogeton), water purs-

lane, water speedwell, water milfoil, bur-reed, water-weed, and

white water crowfoot. Sometimes horned pondweed, water starwort,

and annual bluegrass flower in winter as well as at other times of the

year. Most of the aquatics mentioned, however, do not flower until

late spring and summer.

Those species which usually occur along the shore and grow

partly in and partly out of the water, such as lizard's tail, broad-

leaved arrowhead, common cat-tail, water plantain, rice cut grass,

creeping spike rush, various species of rush (Juncus acuminatus, J.

effusus var. solutus, and J. macer), and others, drop their leaves and

remain dormant over most of the winter and spring, renewing growth

in early or late spring. As early as February some of these amphi-

bious species, such as lizard's tail, may begin to produce a few new

leaves. Water purslane, which is more nearly amphibious than any

of the other truly aquatic species of the springs, often loses many

of its leaves during winter, or most of them in the lower and middle

portions of the plant may turn black, leaving only the uppermost

leaves and tips green or flushed with orange, red, or purple.

Throughout the years of observation devoted to the study of

the vegetation of the Ozark springs, the author has kept records for

each spring, noting the various environmental conditions under

which each species occurs. From a comparative study of these

records, it has been found that some species occur most frequently

under one set of conditions, while other species appeared most often

when other types of environmental factors were prominent. Of

course, some overlapping exists in which one species or another may

tolerate or occur despite various types of conditions, which is to be

expected. But, generally, it may be stated that certain types of

environment favor the abundance or occurrence of one species over

another. As has been stated before, the most variable factors in

the springs are those of (1) depth of water, (2) velocity of current,

and (3) type of substratum (mud, sand, gravel, rocks, or combi-

nations of these).

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 497

First, there is the consideration of deep or shallow water. In

order that this may be considered more conveniently, those species

which favor such waters have been arranged as two classes in the

following columns:

SPECIES FAVORING DEEP WATER SPECIES FAVORING SHALLOW WATER

Phanerogams

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Sparganium americanum Zannichellia palustris var. major

Potamogeton amplifolius Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Potamogeton lumens Eleocharis acicularis and varieties

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties Eleocharis calva

Potamogeton panormitanus and varieties Callitriche heterophylla

Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogeton foliosus and varieties

Callitriche heterophylla Ceratophyllum demersum

Anacharis occidentalis Ranunculus longirostris

Nuphar ozarkanum

Cryptogams

Chara spp.

Nitella spp.

Porella sp.

These lists indicate that the species included in them occur most

frequently in one or the other type of water. It does not signify that

the species invariably lives in shallow or in deep water, but merely

that it has been found most often growing under those conditions.

The same is true for the other lists which follow in which other

categories are used. When the same species is listed under both

classes, it is evident that it is more or less ubiquitous and can exist

under both conditions.

From an examination of the above lists, it will be seen that Cal-

litriche heterophylla, Potamogeton foliosus and varieties, and Cerato-

phyllum demersum are found frequently in both deep and shallow

water. It may be stated, however, that while these are equally

common in one or the other, at least one, namely, Callitriche hetero-

phylla, is commoner in shallow water.

Myriophyllum heterophyllum and Potamogeton amplifolius occur

most frequently in the deepest parts of the springs, the former often

frequenting the sides and bottom of the outlets of the deepest springs,

and forming vegetative strands several feet in length. Ceratophyllum

demersum, Sparganium americanum, Nuphar ozarkanum, Potamoge-

ton lucens, Chara spp., and Nitella spp. are the other species that

often inhabit the deeper portions of springs.

Second, there is the consideration of fast or quiet water. The

following lists indicate the frequency and tolerance of the species

under such conditions:

498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

SPECIES FAVORING SWIFT WATER SPECIES FAVORING QUIET WATER

Phanerogams

Zannichellia paluslris var. major Ceratophyllum demersum

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties Ranunculus longirostris

Poa annua var. reptans Sparganium americanum

Ranunculus longirostris Anacharis occidentalis

Polygonum hydropiperoides Callitriche heterophylla

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Callitriche heterophylla Saururus cernuus

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties

Cryptogams Potamogeton amplifolius

Various mosses Potamogeton lucens

Various hepatics Polygonum hydropiperoides

Various algae Nuphar ozarkanum

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Cryptogams

Chara spp.

Nitella spp.

Porella sp.

It will be noted from the above lists that many species of swift

waters are listed as occurring also in quiet waters. Such species are

Zannichellia palustris var. major, Veronica connata and var. glaber-

rima, Potamogeton foliosus and varieties, Polygonum hydropiperoides,

Ranunculus longirostris, Callitriche heterophylla, and Eleocharis aci-

cularis and varieties. However, the species occurring the greatest

number of times in and most characteristic of the swiftest waters

are Zannichellia palustris var. major, Potamogeton foliosus and varie-

ties, Poa annua var. reptans, and Veronica connata and var. glaberrima.

Zannichellia palustris var. major is especially common in the swifter

waters. Particularly Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Ceratophyllum

demersum, Sparganium americanum, Callitriche heterophylla, Ludvigia

palustris var. americana, Anacharis occidentalis, and Saururus cernuus

are characteristically quiet-water plants.

Other conditions being equal, a spring with quiet waters and

slow currents usually harbors a greater variety and luxuriance of

aquatic plants than one with swifter waters.

The third most important consideration is that of substratum.

The main types of substrata in springs may be classified as

mud, sand-gravel, and rock. Of these types, the mud and sand-

gravel or a combination of these is the most common. Only

mosses, hepatics, and algae have been recorded as growing on

the loose rocks in springs. Of the other types the following lists

are available:

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

499

SPECIES FAVORING MUD SUBSTRATUM

Phanerogams

SPECIES FAVORING SAND-GRAVEL

SUBSTRATUM

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Potamogeton lucens

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties

Heteranthera dubia

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Ranunculus longirostris

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties

Callitriche heterophylla

Sparganium americanum

Poa annua var. reptans

Saururus cernuus

Callitriche heterophylla

Sparganium americanum

Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Sagittaria latifolia

Ceratophyllum demersum

Heteranthera dubia

Ranunculus longirostris

Nuphar ozarkanum

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties

Potamogeton lucens

Potamogeton amplifolius

Alisma subcordatum

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Cryptogams

Char a spp.

Nitella spp.

The exceptions to the above lists are Veronica connata and var.

glaberrima, and Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum, which are charac-

teristic of sand-gravel substrata, but sometimes grow upon mud.

On the other hand, an exception of a species occurring on the sand-

gravel substratum which is most frequent and otherwise charac-

teristic of mud is Sparganium americanum. Ceratophyllum demersum,

Sparganium americanum, Ludvigia palustris var. americana, Chara

spp., and Nitella spp. are rarely found away from mud, while Zan-

nichellia palustris var. major is so characteristic of sand or gravel

that it invariably appears on the newly deposited or small stretch of

sandy or gravelly substratum occurring in a spring possessing other-

wise a muddy substratum. Usually Sparganium americanum appears

along the muddy margins of the spring, but rarely takes to pure

gravel as it does where it is abundant on the gravel at the head of one

of the sources of Paydown Spring, Maries County.

The species which appear on both mud and sand-gravel substrata

are Zannichellia palustris var. major, Veronica connata and var.

glaberrima, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton foliosus and varieties,

Callitriche heterophylla, Heteranthera dubia, Rorippa Nasturtium-

aquaticum, Sparganium americanum, Ranunculus longirostris, and

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties. The preferences and exceptions

of most of these species have already been discussed above.

Water cress is, as has previously been mentioned, the species

occurring the greatest number of times in the springs. It also occurs

most commonly on the sand-gravel type of substratum, where it is a

500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

pioneer species and usually remains dominant. Its preference is for

the sand-gravel type of substratum, but it also appears sometimes

on mud substratum as a result of a filling in of mud or alluvium in

the spring branch deposited over the original sand-gravel bed. This

muddy or alluvial deposit may also occur as a result of the dominant

growth of water cress itself. This may happen when the water cress

becomes so common, and luxuriant along the margin or bed of the

spring branch that huge beds or colonies are formed. Then the

perennial growth adds yearly deposits of particles of decomposed

matter to the soil, while the latter becomes deeper and is deposited

around the base of the plants. Eventually, the current is slowed,

the water becomes relatively shallower around the water cress, and

a deeper deposit of alluvium and mud is built up around the plants.

In the previous discussions, species have been grouped according

to their preference for one or another of certain factors. Thus,

where only one factor has been considered, it was found that frequent

overlapping was the result and the same species was often found in

either category; but when a combination of factors is considered,

it is found that a much more definite preference occurs and that a

certain association of species usually is present.

Thus in a combination of deep and quiet water, the following

species almost invariably occur:

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Sparganium americanum

Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogeton panormitanus and varieties

Nuphar ozarkanum Chara spp.

Saururus cernuus Nitella spp.

Potamogeton amplifolius

In water which has a swift current and a sand-gravel substratum

the usual plants are:

Poa annua var. reptans Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus and

var. macellus

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Water which has a shallow current and a muddy substratum

generally contains:

Ludyigia palustris var. americana Ekocharis acicularis and varieties

Sagittaria latifolia Ceratophyllum demersum

Alisma subcordatum Anacharis occidentalis

Callitriche heterophylla

From what has already been stated concerning species growing

under different conditions, it is obvious that various combinations

of certain environmental conditions favor the occurrence of some

species, or an assemblage of species, more so than they do others.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 501

The combination of factors least conducive to the growth of aquatic

spermatophytes is very swift and deep water at the head of a large

spring. In such outlets of subterranean streams, water rushes out

by the gallon, and the plants usually can not get a foothold in such

swiftly rushing water. Passing through various stages of more favor-

able habitats, the one apparently best suited to a luxuriant produc-

tion of aquatic plant life is that containing a combination of water

which is slightly deep, having a slow to medium current, or at least

with some current producing a visible motion, together with a sandy-

mud or muddy gravel substratum. Too much sand or too much

mud eliminates the occurrence of either mud-loving or sand-loving

species, while sand-mud or mud-sand-gravel mixtures appear to

be favorable media for the growth of all the species.

Sometimes it is hard to explain why some springs, apparently

with the necessary qualifications of favorable environmental factors,

appear to be unsuited for the growth of a variety or luxuriance of

plants. Some of the springs most favorable for a rich development

of aquatic plants are Boze Mill Spring in Oregon County, Big Spring

in Carter County, Double or Rainbow Spring in Ozark County, and

Bennett Spring in Laclede County.

Some of the species found in the springs are those which require

a cool temperature of 54°-60° F.; they are not found in waters with

warmer temperatures. The following species are exclusively re-

stricted to spring waters or waters in the vicinity of outlets of springs:

Sparganium americanum Lemna trisulca

Potamogeton amplifolius Ranunculus longirostris

Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Potamogeton lucens Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Other species which are found in springs are far more tolerant

of a range in temperature, for these occur not only in the cooler

waters of the springs, but even in the warmer waters of ponds or

rivers. Some of the water in these ponds reaches temperatures above

80° F. The species tolerant of this range in temperature are:

Najas guadalupensis Callitriche heterophylla

Eleocharis acicularis var. typica Peplis diandra

Spirodela polyrhiza Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Lemna valdiviana Myriophyllum scabratum

Wolffia punctata Myriophyllum proserpinacoides

Polygonum hydropiperoides Utricularia gibba

Of these, the ones that occur most commonly in the springs and

in the warmer ponds are Eleocharis acicularis var. typica, Callitriche

heterophylla, and Ludvigia palustris var. americana. It is interesting

502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

to note that all three of these species root in shallow water along the

margins of the ponds where the water may reach over 80° F., as well

as along the shallow margins of the colder water of the spring heads

and spring branches.

DIFFERENTIATION AND DISTINGUISHING

CHARACTERS OF SPECIES

The purpose of the present section is to give some of the charac-

teristics of each species occurring in or marginal to the water of the

various Ozark springs. Technical descriptions of all these species

are found in manuals and monographs, so that in the present case

only the most obvious field marks for identification are given.

Differences in the habitats of these species have already been

discussed, and it is obvious that some species prefer fast to still

water, deep to shallow water, and sand to mud substratum.

Aside from differences in habitat, there remain for discussion

differences in habit, color, and general appearance due to such factors

as leaf arrangement and leaf position. As regards the habit of the

plant, some species grow with erect stems, while others have a

decumbent, procumbent, or even prostrate habit. Also, some species

grow more or less as solitary individuals, while others generally

occur in colonies.

The following species usually occur as solitary plants:

Alisma subcordatum Peplis diandra

Poa annua var. reptans Rotala ramosior var. interior

Juncus macer Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Juncus effusus var. solutus Epilobium coloratum

Ceratophyllum demersum Myriophyllum scabratum

Callitriche heterophylla Lindernia dubia var. typica

The following grow generally in colonies or mats of several plants

close together:

Typha latifolia

Sparganium americanum

Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton amplifolius

Potamogeton lucens

Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus

Potamogeton panormitanus var. major

Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor

Najas guadalupensis

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Anacharis occidentalis

Eragrostis hypnoides

Leersia oryzoides

Eleocharis acicularis var. typica

Eleocharis acicularis var. gracilescens

Eleocharis calva

Spirodela polyrhiza

Lemna trisulca

Lemna valdiviana

Wolffia punctata

Heteranthera dubia

Juncus acuminatus

Saururus cernuus

Polygonum hydropiperoides

Nuphar ozarkanum

Ranunculus longirostris

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis

Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Mentha piperita

Veronica connata

Utricularia gibba

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 503

Most of the species in the above list have creeping rootstocks.

The following species usually have a prostrate or procumbent

habit of growth:

Zannichellia palustris var. major Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Anacharis occidentalis Myriophyllum scabratum

Poa annua var. reptans Myriophyllum proserpinacoides

Eragrostis hypnoides Veromca connata

Heteranthera dubia

The species in the above list generally grow with a procumbent

or prostrate habit. One factor responsible for this habit is the swift,

shallow water in which some of them, such as Poa annua var. reptans,

Zannichellia palustris var. major, and Veronica connata grow. Also,

the tendency of some species to creep along wet, muddy places at

the edge of the spring accounts for the prostrate habit often found

in Ludvigia palustris var. americana, Heteranthera dubia, Anacharis

occidentalis, Eragrostis hypnoides, Myriophyllum proserpinacoides, and

Myriophyllum scabratum.

Fast, shallow water usually causes normally erect-growing plants

to become prostrate or procumbent, and this is quite marked in the

case of several species of Potamogeton, Polygonum hydropiperoides,

Ranunculus longirostris, and Eleocharis acicularis var. typica. These

species grow in both still and swift waters, and their habits of growth

vary according to their toleration of one or the other type of current.

While some species occur in definite colonies of several to many

stems or plants growing together, their appearance differs consider-

ably as a result of the manner of growth. Some of them, such as

species of Chara and Nitella, grow in large, hemispherical masses,

the shape a result of the regular growth in all directions. Ranunculus

longirostris generally occurs in circular or subcircular masses, because

of its branching and growth in all directions. Rorippa Nasturtium-

aquaticum, likewise, forms dense, evenly grown clumps of foliage.

On the other hand, some species have the habit of elongating the

stem-axes in one direction and producing leaves mostly in two planes.

This type of vegetative growth, especially when the main stem

produces few branches, results in long strands of foliage. Such is

the case in Potamogeton lucens and P. foliosus var. genuinus, whose

elongate, mostly simple stems grow to three and four feet in length.

Najas guadalupensis, with a similar growth habit, produces long,

dense mats, sometimes five or even ten feet long. Zannichellia palus-

tris var. major, Heteranthera dubia, and Anacharis occidentalis some-

times form long, vegetative strands. Under certain conditions, where

the water is shallower or swifter, these same species may produce

504 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

much shorter stems with shorter internodes, thus becoming less

elongated, and, consequently, forming denser and more circular

patches.

Both Eleocharis acicularis var. typica and E. calva form large beds

or colonies because of their creeping rootstocks, and the same result

is found in the case of Sparganium americanum, Mentha piperita, and

many other plants. Some species, such as Mentha piperita and

Eleocharis acicularis, form dense colonies along the shallow stretches

of spring water, but can not tolerate too great a depth, and eventually

their colonizing and rooting tendencies become lost in direct propor-

tion to the increasing depth of the water.

Differences between the various species in color is well marked

and in general is a good specific character for field identification. Of

course, some of the species have a slight change in color according

to the season of the year, but in general the color for any one species

remains a fairly constant and reliable character. Thus, Callitriche

heterophylla is usually a shade of light green, or rarely assumes a

bronze or coppery appearance with a light green tint, but the light

green color is quite characteristic. Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

remains constant in color throughout the year; it is usually of a light

green or rich grass-green shade. Sparganium americanum always

has pale to light green leaves. Zannichellia palustris var. major

usually has leaves of a light green color, but is also of a bright green,

rich or dark grass-green color, and sometimes appears blue-green.

Eleocharis acicularis and varieties are usually of a light or grass-green

shade similar to the usual color of Zannichellia palustris var. major.

Eleocharis calva, on the other hand, together with Juncus acuminatus

and Juncus effusus var. solutus, has dark or dull green leaves and

stems. Cardamine bulbosa has leaves of a light green color on the

upper surface, and either purplish or pale green on the lower surface.

Veronica connata and variety are fairly uniform, most constantly

appearing in shades of olive-green. These shades may vary at times

from a dull olive or pastel-olive to olive-green, light green, or some-

times, in late fall and winter, to an olive-green tinged with a brick

color. Najas guadalupensis varies from a rich grass-green to dull

green or brownish green, and even to brownish. Its usual color is a

dull grass-green.

The various species of pondweeds found in springs and spring

branches are usually in shades of dark green. Potamogeton crispus

is the darkest green of any of the species, and often is green-brown

in color. Potamogeton amplifolius is either dark blackish green, dull,

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 505

dark green, or dull green. Potamogeton lucens is usually dull olive-

green, but varies from light green to an olive-green, grass-green, dark

olive, or even buff-brown color. The varieties of Potamogeton foliosus

are quite variable in color. In his key to the varieties of Potamogeton

foliosus, Fernald1 distinguishes var. genuinus from var. macellus

partly on the basis of color. Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus is

characterized by "leaves deep-green to bronze," while P. foliosus

var. macellus is distinguished by "leaves bright green." After having

made many collections in Missouri of both these varieties, I find

that these color differences are not constant. For example, I have

found Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus in Missouri with the follow-

ing colors: bright green, dark green, bright olive-green, dark bronze-

green, and brown-black-green, while P. foliosus var. macellus has

the following variations: dark bronze, olive-green and bronze, bronze-

green, dark green and bronze, and dull green. In the majority of

cases it was found that P. foliosus var. genuinus was usually a bright

green color, while P. foliosus var. macellus was either dark green,

bronze-green, or a combination of dark green and bronze. In many

instances it was found that both varieties occurred near each other,

and sometimes side by side. In fact, while Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus is more frequently found in deeper or fast-flowing water,

and P. foliosus var. macellus oftener in shallower and slower water,

the habitats of the two types merge, and at times it is difficult to

determine material which agrees absolutely with the characters

assigned by Fernald to one or the other variety. In one spring P.

foliosus var. genuinus assumes the "deep-green to bronze" color by

which Fernald characterizes it, while in other springs the same variety

may be found with leaves "bright green," which is supposed to dis-

tinguish the other variety, P. foliosus var. macellus.

Of the aquatic grasses found in spring waters Poa annua

var. reptans and Agrostis stolonifera usually have blue-green or

silvery green leaves. These are the most common of the more fre-

quent aquatic grasses.

Ranunculus longirostris is usually of a grass- or dark green color,

but varies from an olive-green to a dark blackish green color. The

aquatic, submerged states of Polygonum hydropiperoides, which grow

in dense mats similar to those of Veronica connata, often resemble that

species in color, usually possessing an olive-green color, but they are

usually flushed with purple and red shades. It often has leaves of a

bronze-purple color on the lower surface and an olive-green on the

1 M. L. Fernald, The linear-leaved North American species of Potamogeton.

Mem. Amer. Acad. 17: 43. 1932.

506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

upper surface. The leaves may be mostly tinged with reddish or

copper in some specimens and orange and green in others.

The thin, submerged leaves of Nuphar ozarkanum are usually

olive- or light green tinged with pink-reddish or bronze color, while

the floating leaves are leathery and dark green. Heteranthera dubia

also usually has leaves of an olive-green color. In Ludvigia palustris

var. americana, while the ordinary color scheme is a combination of

various reds or coppery-reds and greens, as in Polygonum hydro-

piper oides, other shades also are found, such as olive-green with rose

or copper color, brownish red and green, and olive-green with the

tips of the shoots red and orange or tinged with bronze and orange.

Rarely is the entire plant of a reddish purple color. Sometimes the

leaves are all dark green in shade, but usually some reddish, purplish,

or orange color is suffused with the olive-green. At times, in winter,

many leaves of some of the plants become darker, or most of them

become black, with only the tips remaining colored.

Passing to the darker shades of green found among the species in-

habiting springs, we find that the commoner ones having a dark green

color are Ceratophyllum demersum, Anacharis occidentalis, and Myrio-

phyllum heterophyllum. In M. heterophyllum the plants are usually

dark green, but vary greatly according to the season of the year and

depth of the water. Sometimes plants of this species are of a bronze-

red, or purple-red color. In winter they are often brown-red or even

brown, but this is not always the case, for in some springs in winter

the plants may be more green than brown. A bronze tinge is char-

acteristic of many plants of this species at certain times of the year.

In spring the plants are often dark green. In great depths of water,

such as at Markham Spring in Wayne County, the stems of M. hete-

rophyllum may be entirely purple-red. M. scabratum, a rarer species,

usually has dark green or grass-green leaves, while a tropical species,

M. proserpinacoides, introduced and established around Blue Spring

in Crawford County, has leaves of a blue-green or gray-green color.

Another common species with a dark color is Ceratophyllum demersum.

It usually is dark green, but varies from dark bronze-green to bronze

and purple and even dark brown with blackish green. Anacharis

occidentalis is most frequently dark grass-green. It often gives a

black appearance to the water when it occurs in large masses. It is

often found with Myriophyllum heterophyllum, and where the two

are close together, with a similar dark green or blackish green color,

the differentiation of the two plants may be made at some distance

by the smaller, more terete or pencil-shaped, smoother masses of

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

507

Anacharis, compared with the broader, more worm-like or bushy-

tailed appearance of Myriophyllum heterophyllum. The latter is

sometimes called coon's- tail, in allusion to the bushy- tailed appear-

ance of its large strands. Anacharis also appears in other colors,

such as coppery, dark coppery green, dull green mixed with red, and

russet-brown and green. The latter color combination was observed

in some places during the spring season. Alisma subcordatum usually

has dark green leaves, as has also Peplis diandra, and Saururus

cernuus. Peplis diandra may assume shades of rose or orange when

exposed to bright, steady sunlight. Chara and Nitella species are

frequently dark green, but also vary considerably. In some species

of Chara the color may usually be dull olive-green or it may be dark

green or dark grass-green. In species of Nitella the color is usually

dark green, but may vary from light green to olive- and gray-green.

Among the Lemnaceae of spring waters, most species of Lemna,

Wolffia, and Spirodela are of light to grass-green shades. The excep-

tion is Lemna trisulca, which is usually dark blue-green.

Utricularia gibba most often occurs in light to olive- or grass-

green mats, but Mentha piperita is characteristically grass-green.

The various types of leaf arrangement serve to distinguish many

of the species occurring in the spring and give them their charac-

teristic appearance.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

The species discussed below are those which are either charac-

teristic of the spring, that is, they are the ones found the greatest

number of times among the species occurring in the spring water,

or they are species usually found in springs. This list includes the

following species:

Sparganium americanum

Potamogeton amplifolius

Potamogeton lucens

Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton folwsus var. genuinus

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus

Potamogeton panormitanus var. major

Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Anacharis occidentalis

Poa annua var. reptans

Eleocharis acicularis var. typica

Eleocharis acicularis var. gracilescens

Lemna trisulca

Wolffia punctata

Polygonum hydropiperoides

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis

Ceratophyllum demersum

Ranunculus longirostris

Callitriche heterophylla

Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Species not included in the above list are ones which either are

not found typically in springs or spring water but occur in many

Polygonum hydropiperoides

Ludvigia palustris var

americana

Zannichellia palustris var.

major

Eleocharis acicularis var.

typica

FIG. 46. Distribution in Missouri of the species of the fresh-water springs.

508

Rorippa Nasturtium-

aquaticum

Cardamine bulbosa f.

fontinalis

FIG. 47. Distribution in Missouri of the species of the fresh-water springs.

509

Veronica connata and var.

glaberrima

Potamogeton foliosus var.

macellus

Potamogeton amplifolius

Myriophyllum heterophyllum

FIG. 48. Distribution in Missouri of the species of the fresh-water springs.

510

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

511

Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus

Potamogeton panormitanus

var. major

Wolffia punctata

Potamogeton panormitamis

var. minor

FIG. 49. Distribution in Missouri of the species of the fresh-water springs.

other types of habitat, or else are species which occur only casually

in or around spring water. On the other hand, all the species listed

above are typically found in spring water in Missouri or are found

for the most part inhabiting this kind of water.

It is interesting to note the distribution in Missouri of the species

mentioned above which occur in the springs. The distribution of

these species by counties as shown in figures 46-49 reveals the fact

that more than half of them (59 per cent) are limited to the Ozarks, and

one-third of them are mostly general throughout Missouri, although

three of these, namely, Eleocharis acicularis var. typica, Ceratophyllum

demersum, and Zannichellia palustris var. major, are predominantly

Ozarkian in distribution, and the others are chiefly Ozarkian, while

two of the species in the list, or 9 per cent, are extremely local and

both occur within the Ozark region. The following table analyzes

these differences:

512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN MISSOURI CHARACTERISTIC OF OZARK SPRINGS

Limited to Ozarks in Missouri

Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus

Potamogeton amplifolius

Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton lucens

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima

Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Anacharis occidentalis

Sparganium americanum

Lemna trisulca

Ranunculus longirostris

Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

Cardamine bulbosa f. fontinalis

General in Missouri

Polygonum hydropiperoides

Poa annua var. reptans

Ludvigia palustris var. americana

Zannichellia palustris var. major (mainly

Ocarkian)

Ceratophyllum demersum (mainly Ozark-

ian)

Eleocharis acicularis (mainly Ozarkian)

Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus

(mainly Ozarkian)

Local in Missouri

Potamogeton panormitanus var. major

Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor

Wolffia punctata

When the distribution within the United States of most of

the species in the above list is studied (see figs. 50-66), l it will be

noticed that the ranges fall within three main categories: (1) Those

species that have a range more or less general throughout the

United States; (2) those species that are distributed in the northern

half of the United States and in Canada; and (3) those species that

are predominantly in the eastern half or northeastern part of the

United States. The first group includes Ludvigia palustris var.

americana, Zannichellia palustris var. major, Ceratophyllum demer-

sum, and Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus. The second group of

more northern types includes Ranunculus longirostris, Lemna trisulca,

P. lucens, P. foliosusvar. macellus, P. panormitanus var. major and var.

minor, Eleocharis acicularis var. typica, Rorippa Nasturtium-aquati-

cum, and Veronica connata. The third group, the range of which is

concentrated mainly in the eastern half or northeastern part of the

United States, includes Sparganium americanum, Anacharis occi-

dentalis, Potamogeton amplifolius, and Myriophyllum heterophyllum.

About half of these species are of northern distribution and about

one-third of general distribution, while only one-fourth or one-fifth

show an eastern or northeastern type of range.

It is interesting to observe that some species whose general dis-

tribution is mainly in the northern half of the United States, have

their distribution in Missouri confined to the Ozark region. One

would naturally expect that species found in Iowa, Minnesota,

Wisconsin, Indiana, and other states to the north would occur as

1 The data on these maps were provided by the examination of specimens

from the herbaria of the following institutions: Field Museum of Natural History,

Gray Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden, New York Botanical Garden,

United States National Museum, and the University of Minnesota. To the

curators of these herbaria the author is deeply grateful for the opportunity of

examining specimens from the collections in their charge.

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530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

well normally in northern Missouri. Such is not the case, as may be

observed from the maps which show distribution. Many of them,

in fact, more than half of the species of springs, are confined to the

Ozarks. This type of distribution — species which range to the north

and east of Missouri but which in Missouri occur chiefly or only in

the Ozark region — is not only limited to some of the species occur-

ring within the Ozark springs; it is more or less characteristic of the

distributions of many Missouri species of Ozarkian range.

In the case of the species occurring in the springs whose dis-

tribution in Missouri is confined to the Ozark region, the limiting

factor appears to be the suitable habitat of cooler waters found in

the Ozark springs as compared to the temperatures found in rivers,

lakes, sloughs, and other types of aquatic environment in other

parts of the state. All the species which in Missouri are confined,

or practically confined, to the springs in the Ozarks, and yet are

found north and northeast of Missouri, appear to find in the springs

a suitable habitat. The only property possessed by Ozark Springs

which is not duplicated in streams, lakes, sloughs, and other bodies

of water in Missouri, is cold water. Other properties, such as rapid

current, pH concentration, gravel, sand, or mud substratum, and

clarity of the water, are all duplicated in other bodies of water in

Missouri. Yet, as we have seen, species may be found abundantly

in spring water, but are totally lacking in the slightly warmer but

otherwise similar waters of the Ozark streams into which the spring

water empties. This is well demonstrated in the case of Blue

Spring, Shannon County. At this place Potamogeton americanus

is found in the Current River only five feet away from the con-

fluence of Blue Spring branch with Current River, and yet is not

found in Blue Spring proper. Potamogeton americanus never occurs

in the cool waters of the Ozark springs, but is common in the some-

what warmer waters of the Ozark streams. Conversely, species

which are abundant in the cooler waters of the Ozark springs fail to

reappear in the slightly warmer waters of the Ozark streams. Some-

times the cooler spring water persists for a few hundred feet down

the main stream into which it empties, and as long as the influence

of the cooler temperature of its water persists, so does the vegetation

characteristic of the spring water. However, just as soon as this

influence is lost and the water becomes warmer, the species typi-

cal of the springs likewise disappear. Water cress is so charac-

teristic of spring water in the Missouri Ozarks that as soon as one

sees this species, one knows that the water in which this plant appears

is spring-fed. Such is the case also for water milfoil (Myriophyllum

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI— II 531

heterophyllum), ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna trisulca), water speed-

well (Veronica connata), shining pond weed (Potamogeton lucens),

and the others which have been listed as limited to the Ozarks.

It may be hypothesized that the species of the springs which are

confined to the Ozarks illustrate by this limited distribution their

relict nature or their persistence in unglaciated regions. In other

words, some may argue that northern and central Missouri, having

been glaciated, lost these species through destruction and elimination

of their habitats, and that these species found an area in which they

could survive, south of the Missouri River. Against this hypothesis,

however, it should be argued that all these species which do not occur

in the glaciated area of northern and central Missouri, do occur in the

glaciated areas of states to the north and northeast of Missouri in habi-

tats many of which have nothing to do with spring water, and just as

surely as they can occur in the glaciated regions of these other states

in non-spring habitats, so too could they occur in the glaciated sec-

tions of northern and central Missouri in non-spring habitats. The

main factor for the absence of these species in northern and central

glaciated Missouri appears to be lack of a suitable habitat, i.e., lack

of cool spring water. The large springs in Missouri are all confined

to the Ozark region, and this is related to topography and past

geological history of the state. If large, cool springs were found in

northern and central Missouri, then no doubt these same species

would appear in the glaciated portions of Missouri as well. In the

states north and northeast of Missouri these same species occur in

the cool waters of lakes, streams, and sloughs, as well as in springs.

In the many cases of other species in the Missouri flora, discussing

now those not found in spring water, there are many which, unlike

those confined to the springs in the Ozarks, seem restricted to the

Ozarks because they have persisted in an unglaciated region; in the

Ozark region they have remained in such suitable restricted habitats

as were left to them after similar ones had been destroyed in the now

glaciated areas of northern and central Missouri. No doubt, suitable

types of habitats related to a certain topography, or rock substratum

or geological structure, are exceedingly important, and are involved

in many cases where the species is now restricted to an unglaciated

region because the habitats it seeks have been destroyed or eliminated

or have become inaccessible in glaciated areas where presumably

they may previously have occurred before glaciation took place.

Even though the Kansan and lowan glaciations in Missouri were

old ones, preceding the recent Illinoian and Wisconsin ice sheets

532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

(which did not come into Missouri), and would have allowed suf-

ficient time for Ozark spring-inhabiting and other types of Ozark

species to spread into and invade habitats to the northward in Mis-

souri, the fact remains that throughout all the time since the last

glaciation in Missouri, few of these Ozark-confined species have ever

spread into this glaciated area. In the case of many of these species

the habitat can no longer be duplicated or it may have been destroyed

and never regained. In the case of the spring-inhabiting species

there seem to be no cool spring waters available in northern and

central Missouri, and this appears to be the chief if not the only

reason for their absence from that area.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRINGS ON THE

MISSOURI FLORA

As has been brought out in the preceding section of this report,

the water of the springs averages much cooler (52°-58° F.) than

that of rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water. This cooler water is

the habitat of a limited number of species which are not found, or

very rarely found, outside of spring water. Mention of species con-

fined to springs or spring water in Missouri includes Sparganium

americanum, Potamogeton amplifolius, P. lucens, P. crispus (intro-

duced from Europe), P. panormitanus var. major and var. minor,

Anacharis occidentalis, Lemna trisuka, Rorippa Nasturtium-aquati-

cum, Ranunculus longirostris, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Veronica

connata, and Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis. Their affinity for spring

water is best shown by the fact that these same species suddenly

disappear immediately or shortly after the influence of the cooler

spring water has been lost in the river water into which the spring

has emptied. These species are, for the most part, an index or guide

to the occurrence of spring water or spring-fed water. Even though

the waters of most Ozark streams are spring-fed, the amount of

spring water in them is not sufficient to keep their temperature down

to as low an average as that found in spring water. Consequently,

waters of streams average higher temperatures than those of springs

and harbor species most of which are never found in spring water.

Examples of species found in running water of spring-fed Ozark

streams and not found in cooler springs and spring branches include

eel grass (Vallisneria americana), fennel-leaved pond weed (Pota-

mogeton pectinatus), long-leaved pond weed (Potamogeton americanus),

yellow water crowfoot (Ranunculus flabellaris), and large bladder-

wort ( Utricularia vulgaris var. americana).

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 533

A number of species found in the springs are of very limited

distribution in Missouri. The isolation and rarity of ivy-leaved

duckweed is a good example. It is found in a few widely separated

places: in Greer Spring, Oregon County; Blue Spring, Shannon

County, in southeastern Missouri; Tucker Bay Spring, Ripley County;

and in a spring-fed pond in Jackson County, west-central Missouri.

Shining pondweed is confined to approximately fifteen springs located

in the eastern and central portions of the Ozarks. Water speedwell

is found in a small number of counties in the Missouri Ozarks and

reaches in this region one of its southern limits of range in the

United States.

The waters from springs naturally test higher in alkalinity, since

nearly all the Ozark springs flow underground through water-soluble

rocks which dissolve and carry with them calcium carbonate, and the

outlets of nearly all the springs are from limestone rock horizons.

This alkalinity may play some role in the delimitation of certain

species to spring waters, but it would not seem to carry much weight,

inasmuch as the same species are found in other portions of their

range in acid or neutral waters.

A number of spring-inhabiting species also adapt themselves

to warmer waters of ponds, sloughs, and slow streams. For example,

water purslane inhabits the shores of slow streams, ponds, and other

bodies of water. Needle spike rush and water starwort are often

found around muddy margins in quiet water of upland sink-hole

ponds. Water-weed, hornwort, water milfoil, white water crowfoot,

and bur-reed frequently inhabit the quiet waters of spring-fed

sloughs of deep standing water. Horned pondweed is often found in

warm waters of salt- or sulphur-fed springs.

KEY TO SPECIES FOUND IN OR ALONG THE WATER

OF THE SPRINGS AND SPRING BRANCHES

Plants with what appear to be slender, green stems and whorls of

small, linear or setaceous, leaf-like parts, but which actually are only

elongate cells, belong to the non-vascular, higher algae Characeae,

chiefly of the genera Nitella and Chara, and are not included in this key.

1. Minute, floating plants, of a circular or oblong shape, each plant less than 8 mm.

long 2.

1. Plants not as above 4.

2. Plants rootless Wolffia punctata.

2. Plants with roots 3.

3. Plants with 1 root . . Lemna.

534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

3. Plants with 2-16 roots Spirodela.

4. Plants in chain-like groups, each plant very small and 10 mm. long or

less Lemna trisulca.

4. Plants not as above 5.

5. Leaves provided with tiny bladders or half-moon-shaped structures;

flowers yellow Utricularia gibba.

5. Leaves not as above 6.

6. Leaves arising only at the base of the plant (basal) 7.

6. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled on the stem 13.

7. Leaves at their base with a broad, triangular or arrow-shaped

lobe on each side 8.

7. Leaves not as above 9.

8. Most of the stems and leaves growing out of water; lobes of the

leaves acute or acuminate Sagittaria latifolia.

8. Most of the stems and leaves growing in the water; lobes of the

leaves rounded or obtuse Nuphar ozarkanum.

9. Stems and leaves filiform, delicate, less than 0.5 mm. broad.

Eleocharis acicularis and var. gracilescens.

9. Stems and leaves broader, or at least without the above

combination of characters 10.

10. Stems and leaves wiry, stiff, narrowly linear or setaceous,

or at most 3 mm. broad in middle and upper portions .11.

10. Stems and leaves much broader and not as above .... 12.

11. Stems creeping, usually leafless; stems mostly support-

ing a solitary flower spikelet; sheaths at base of stems

truncate at the apex, and encircling the stem.

Eleocharis calva.

11. Stems tufted, with leaves usually present; stems sup-

porting several to many clusters of flowers; sheaths

at base of stems not truncate, open along one side.

Juncus.

12. Leaves light or grass-green; plants 3-10.5 dm. tall;

flowers in white or green, rounded masses.

Sparganium americanum.

12. Leaves bluish or silvery green; plants 9-15 dm. tall;

flowers in brown, club-shaped masses . Typha latifolia.

13. Leaves alternate 14.

13. Leaves opposite or whorled 27.

14. Leaves deeply lobed, deeply dissected, or

divided 15.

14. Leaves simple, not deeply lobed or divided ... 16.

15. Leaves finely dissected into filiform divisions.

Ranunculus longirostris.

15. Leaves divided into 3-11 round, oblong, or

ovate leaflets . . RorippaNasturtium-aquaticum.

16. Leaves linear and grass-like (includes Poo

annua var. reptans, Glyceria striata, and

Agrostis stolonifera) 17.

16. Leaves not linear or grass-like 21.

17. Leaves blue-green, most of them occurring

on the lower half or third of the stem.

Poa annua var. reptans.

17. Leaves yellow- or grass-green, more or less

equally distributed along the stem .... 18.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 535

18. Leaves mostly 2-6 mm. broad, without

any conspicuous midrib; flowers yellow.

Heteranthera dubia.

18. Leaves 0.4-2 mm. broad, with a con-

spicuous midrib or, if the midrib is in-

conspicuous, then the leaves are 1 mm.

wide or less; flowers greenish 19.

19. Leaves 0.4-1 mm. broad, the midrib

mostly not conspicuous; flowers

occurring along the sides of the stem.

Zannichellia palustris var. major.

19. Leaves 1-2 mm. broad, the midrib

conspicuous; flowers occurring at

the ends of the stem 20.

20. Peduncles 0.4-1 cm. long, usually thickened in the upper part; stems either

unbranched or with short branches or not much branched.

Potamogeton foliosus and varieties.

20. Peduncles usually 1.5-8 cm. long, thread-like, scarcely thickened in the upper

part; stems usually long and much branched.

Potamogeton panormitanus and varieties.

21. No sheathing stipules present at the base of the leaves 22.

21. Sheathing stipules present at the base of the leaves 23.

22. Leaves light or grass-green; basal and lowest leaves rounded or obtuse

at the apex; main cauline leaves not deeply cordate at the base; small

tubers occurring on rootstock; no creeping rootstocks present.

Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis.

22. Leaves dark green; basal and lowest leaves acute or acuminate at the

apex; cauline leaves deeply cordate at the base; no small tubers present

on the rootstock; long, creeping rootstocks present . . . Saururus cernuus.

23. Leaves with only 1 nerve running lengthwise; sheathing stipules with

a fringe of bristles or long hairs around the border 24.

23. Leaves with at least 3 nerves running lengthwise; sheathing stipules

not fringed nor with long hairs 25.

24. Perennial plants, often completely submerged in spring water.

Polygonum hydro piper aides.

24. Annual plants, rooting on land, never submerged in spring water.

Polygonum punctatum.

25. Leaves with finely toothed margins; only 3 main longitudinal

nerves present; none of the leaves petioled . . Potamogeton crispus.

25. Leaves with entire margins; 11-50 longitudinal nerves present;

at least the lower leaves petioled 26.

26. Leaves with 11-13 longitudinal nerves, submerged leaves not

strongly wavy or recurved Potamogeton lucens.

26. Leaves, at least the floating ones, with 17-50 longitudinal

nerves, submerged leaves strongly wavy or recurved.

Potamogeton amplifolius.

27. Leaves usually in whorls of 3-6 28.

27. Leaves in pairs always opposite on the stem 32.

28. Leaves in whorls of usually 3 narrow, undivided and

undissected leaves Anacharis occidentalis.

28. Leaves in whorls of 4, 5, or 6, filiform or capillary, divided

and dissected leaves 29.

29. Leaves forked and branched; leaf segments with teeth

or irregularities on margins . . Ceratophyllum demersum.

29. Leaves pinnately parted; leaf segments without teeth

or other irregularities on the margins 30.

536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

30. Leaves bluish or grayish green; all the leaves similar

in appearance Myriophyllum proserpinacoides.

30. Leaves dark or grass-green, brown, or brownish

green; upper emersed leaves different in appearance

from the lower immersed ones 31.

31. Rare; some of the leaves on the plant not whorled;

stems mostly creeping and prostrate, slender,

usually less than 1 dm. tall; emersed and floral

leaves linear, deeply toothed or cut.

Myriophyllum scabratum.

31. Common; all the leaves whorled; stems usually

upright and elongate, stout, usually more than

3 dm. tall; emersed and floral leaves ovate to

oblanceolate, entire or slightly toothed.

Myriophyllum heterophyllum.

32. Leaves, when crushed, with a mint odor; leaves

serrate Mentha piperita.

32. Leaves without this combination of characters.

33.

33. Most or all of plant growing on land 34.

33. Most or all of plant submerged in water. .36.

34. At least some of the leaves faintly toothed

or with irregular margins; leaves mostly

8-30 mm. broad.

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima.

34. All the leaves with entire margins; leaves

1-8 mm. broad 35.

35. Leaves noticeably tapering at the base,

subpetiolate, 3-8 mm. broad, broadest

near the middle.

Rotala ramosior var. interior.

35. Leaves only slightly tapering at the base

or sessile, not subpetiolate, 1-3 mm.

broad, mostly of about the same width

from base to apex Peplis diandra.

36. At least some of the leaves faintly

toothed or with irregular margins;

leaves mostly 8-30 mm. broad.

Veronica connata and var. glaberrima.

36. Without the above combination of

characters 37.

37. Submerged leaves mostly spreading

upward or ascending; leaves with

very minute teeth on each margin

(use magnifying lens).

Najas guadalupensis.

37. Submerged leaves mostly wide-

spreading; leaves with entire mar-

gins (use magnifying lens) 38.

38. Leaves light or pale green; leaves

with usually 2 different shapes

present on the same plant, the

linear leaves 1-1.5 mm. broad.

Callitriche heterophylla.

38. Leaves dark or dull green, all

similar in shape on same plant, 1.5-

2.5 mm. broad. . . .Peplis diandra.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI— II 537

DESCRIPTION OF SPRINGS, AND THE OCCURRENCE

AND ENUMERATION OF THEIR FLORA

In the following pages are described the occurrences and habitats

of the flora of each major spring in Missouri:

ALTHEA SPRING (Plate I)

Located in sec. 25, T. 23 N., R. 12 W., at Althea, Ozark County.

The water rises in a circular basin about three and one-half feet deep

and 20 to 25 feet in diameter, and comes out of limestone boulders

bordered above by ledges of Roubidoux sandstone. In the water

occur mostly rocks that are covered with mosses and a liverwort

(Porella pinnata). A slight amount of milfoil and water starwort

grows with the mosses.

The water plunges rapidly from the circular basin into a spring

branch about two feet in depth. This branch curves about, and

along the sides contains many algae associated with water cress.

Going downstream the branch is about 30 feet wide and the main

current flows over quantities of milfoil, which is the dominant plant

in the branch. Along the sides of the branch are strands of water

starwort, bur-reed, and horned pond weed.

Just before coming to its first rock dam, the branch for 25 to

30 feet is loaded with sandy mud and has a swift current. Here

occur flowing mats of milfoil, light green plants of horned pondweed,

bur-reed, needle spike rush, light green in color, and large, robust

strands of water- weed. The milfoil is the commonest species here.

Between here and the second dam of the branch, the water flows

rapidly, the dominant plant being horned pondweed. Scattered

with it are milfoil and water starwort. Then water starwort and

horned pondweed predominate in the swift flow of the water to the

third dam.

From the third dam to the North Fork of White River the water

tumbles over rocks covered with moss and algae, with water cress

scattered here and there. Just below the third dam and growing

along the side and away from the current is an occasional plant of

hornwort. The substratum of this portion of the branch is loose

and has clear-colored sand and gravel.

Near its confluence with the North Fork of White River the

spring branch contains water milfoil, water cress, and horned pond-

weed as its chief components. Occasional clumps of dark, bright,

grass-green pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus) also occur.

538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

The total distance of flow of the branch from its outlet to the

North Fork of White River is 600 feet.

LIST OF SPECIES

Liverwort (Porella pinnatd) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero- tris var. major)

phyllum) Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- var. typica)

ticum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla} Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

macellus)

ALLEY SPRING

Located in sec. 25, T. 29 N., R. 5 W., at Alley Spring State Park,

five miles west of Eminence, Shannon County. The water "issues

from the base of a rocky cliff, flows over a dam which develops power

for a grist mill, and empties into Jacks Fork at a distance of a half-

mile." The water is of a slightly lighter blue color than that of

Round Spring. The basin or lake portion of the spring is 150 to

200 feet wide. The water here is deep and the banks are steeply

sloping. Along the margin of the basin occur water milfoil and water

cress. Water starwort occurs in places within the basin.

From the basin the water of the spring pours down over rocks at

two places, and these branches join about 50 feet farther down. The

water here is rapid and shallow, flowing over a gravel bottom. Along

the left branch as one goes downstream, where the water rushes

out, occur light grass-green mats of spring cress submerged in the

water or sending up flower stalks above the surface, and surrounded

by rocks covered with mosses and green algae. The right branch

has quantities of mosses and algae. Farther down its course there

is much water cress.

The main spring branch continues downstream and makes a

slight turn. At this point a little overflow from the branch is filled

with still water and on its shallow side has bur-reed and water cress.

Thus far in the main branch there have appeared only water

cress, peppermint, and an occasional clump of water speedwell.

Farther down, however, on the gravel substratum occur a little

water starwort and spring cress, but water cress continues to be

the chief species. As a whole, the vegetation is really scattered,

with green and blue-green algae and mosses occurring plentifully.

Farther down, a portion of the branch winds about and, before

meeting the main branch again, forms a small backwater or slough

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 539

with mud bottom and quiet water away from the main current. Here

occur bronze-colored pond weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus),

bur-reed, and water speedwell. The last, a dull olive-green in color,

occurs in close mats with small leaves, along the side of the water.

From here on down and in the lower half of the branch, these latter

two species become commoner.

In the lower half of the spring branch the water speedwell is

common. With it is a clump of water- weed (Anacharis occidentalis),

a slight amount of milfoil, water starwort, and a large quantity of

water cress. About halfway down this branch submerged plants of

annual bluegrass occur.

The branch has now become large and is about 35 feet broad.

It makes several bends before emptying into Jacks Fork of Current

River. Just below the limits of Alley Spring State Park at a flood-

gate on the right bank of the branch in a muddy place, occur some

dark, grass-green plants of a species of Chara. At another place

above this gate, away from the main current, is found some dark,

grass-green pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). In its

last one-fourth of flow before reaching the river, a large gravel bar

is seen along one side of the branch and a limestone bluff covered

with red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) on the other. In this last

portion and at the confluence with the river, water speedwell is the

chief aquatic plant, and both the species and variety (Veronica

connata and var. glaberrima) occur here. The plants of Veronica con-

nata found in the upper half of the branch near the main outlet,

where the water is deeper, are larger-leaved than those in the lower

half of the branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero- Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

phyllum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- genuinus)

ticum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep-

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f. tans)

fontinalis) Water speedwell (Veronica connata and

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) var. glaberrima)

Peppermint (Mentha peperita)

AMSDEN MILL SPRING

Also called Purtle's Spring, Amazon Spring, and Amsolen Spring;

located in sec. 19, T. 31 N., R. 1 E., six miles south of Centerville,

Reynolds County. The water used to bubble up from a gravel bed,

but has been dammed to form a lake. The water flows from the lake

as falls over a pipe and empties into the creek. The water in

540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

the lake basin is mostly overgrown with water-weed, which, accord-

ing to the owner of the property in 1936, was introduced and planted

in the spring in 1934. At one end of the basin are quantities of cat-

tail, along one side is creeping spike rush, and along the margins of

the lake is knotty-leaved rush. Other water plants occurring in the

lake basin are dull green plants of pondweed, scattered plants of

water purslane, bur-reed, and grass-leaved sagittaria.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) macellus)

Cat-tail (Typha latifolia) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calva) americana)

Knotty-leaved rush (Juncusacuminatus) Grass-leaved sagittaria (Sagittaria gra-

minea)

ASPLEY SPRING

Located in sec. 28, T. 27 N., R. 5 E., two miles south of Williams-

ville, Wayne County. The spring rises in a small basin at the base

of a rocky, wooded bluff, and the branch is dammed to form a lake.

It is filled with many plants, including a species of Chara, bur-reed,

water purslane with copper-colored leaves, pondweed, and water-weed.

The branch then flows from the lake and empties into Black River,

a short distance away.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. macellus)

americana) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Chara sp.

BARTLETT MILL SPRING

Located in sec. 16, T. 36 N., R. 12 W., at Pippin Lodge, five miles

northwest of Waynesville, Pulaski County. It rises in a long, ellip-

tical-oblong basin at the base of a small, wooded, non-rocky hill.

From the very beginning to a point where the water flows over a

dam, it is very deep. "The water flows 600 feet to a dam 10 feet

high where power is developed to operate a mill and to furnish

electric lights for the lodge, and empties into Gasconade River."

In the deep basin the aquatic plants are milfoil, water- weed, water

starwort, water cress, and, along the margin, a liverwort (Porella).

Of these the milfoil is by far the commonest, and with its long, sterile,

brown strands, forms most of the vegetation. The water cress grows

in submerged, green masses.

Only a short spring branch flows from the overflow of the dam

to the Gasconade River. Over some artificial rocks composed of

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 541

cement and at the base of the overflow in the current of the water

grows milfoil, and along the margin some plants of water star-grass,

while rooting in the sand are plants of water starwort and horned

pondweed.

On the muddy substratum along the margin of the Gasconade

River at its junction with the spring branch are plants of hornwort.

LIST OP SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) iris var. major)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

ticum) Liverwort (Porella)

BEAVER SPRING

Located in sec. 34, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., six miles west of Steelville,

Crawford County. It rises in a small opening at the head of a broad

ravine at the base of a small limestone bluff 20-30 feet high, and

then flows through a rock-lined chute about 25 feet long. This is

filled with many plants of shining pondweed and with bronze or dull

green pondweed.

The water continues from the chute into two lake basins. The

first lake is filled with shining pondweed, while associated with this

are plants of horned pondweed. In the second lake basin shining

pondweed also is abundant and the dominant species.

The spring branch then flows from the second lake into the valley

through which it winds. The branch, shallow and with a gravel

bottom, is soon joined by another spring branch which issues from a

field. This latter spring branch contains water cress, bur-reed,

and water purslane.

Both branches merge and continue down the valley. From this

point on, the water is devoid of any vegetation except water cress,

and moss on the rocks.

LIST OP SPECIES

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. ticum)

genuinus) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

tris var. major) americana)

BENNETT SPRING (Plate I)

Also called Niangua Spring and Brice Spring. It is located in

sec. 1, T. 34 N., R. 18 W., at Brice, in Bennett Spring State Park,

Laclede County. The water issues from a circular basin 50 feet in

542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

diameter in a gravel bed and flows one and one-half miles into

Niangua River.

Around the edges of the circular spring basin are algae, mosses,

and water cress, while at the beginning of the spring branch are

occasional plants of bur-reed. Following down the branch, purplish

submerged plants of mild water pepper, milfoil, and bur-reed are

found. Large mats of water cress occur all the way down the spring

branch.

Proceeding downstream, a series of sloughs or quiet extensions

of the spring branch occur. In the first slough are milfoil, white

water crowfoot, green mild water pepper, and bur-reed.

Downstream from the first slough are noticed large mats of

water-weed along the side of the branch above a bridge. At one

place is a small patch of red and green plants of water purslane, and

this is the only place along the branch where the species was observed.

A dam in the spring branch is used to develop power for a grist mill

at Brice, and a series of trout hatcheries is located around the mill.

Just above the falls, by the dam, in deep and more quiet water, are

large beds of milfoil. Thus far along the spring branch milfoil and

water-weed have been the most common plants, and water starwort

and water cress also have been common. Dark bronze-green plants

of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus) occur here, and

this is as far down the branch as this species grows. Between here

and the main spring are many more plants of it. Between the

bridge by the hatchery and the mill are beds of milfoil, with occasional

plants of bur-reed, water cress, and aquatic mosses.

By the mill race in the adjacent slow water is a large bed of white

water crowfoot, associated with smaller amounts of water speedwell

and water starwort. Below the mill race the water becomes deeper

and more quiet, and the result is a greater variety of aquatic plants.

Here are large mats of milfoil, some water speedwell, water cress,

water-weed, reddish-tinged, submerged plants of mild water pepper,

and small amounts of water starwort. This combination of aquatic

plants continues for a greater part of the distance down the stream.

The branch has dense clumps of water cress and needle spike rush

along its banks.

Proceeding downstream, milfoil and mild water pepper are

the commonest plants, with milfoil the more abundant. Farther

down the branch the milfoil for the first time does not occur in mats.

Dark grass-green plants of horned pondweed grow with water speed-

well, algae, and mosses.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 543

The spring branch then flows rapidly into the Niangua River.

At and near the confluence water plants are sparse, only mosses and

milfoil being found here. Water cress is the commonest plant

between the circular spring basin and the dam, while milfoil is the

commonest between the dam and Niangua River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

ticum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) macellus)

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro- Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

piperoides) Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) var. typica)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

longirostris) tris var. major)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

americana)

BIG SPRING (Plates II and III)

Located in sec. 6, T. 26 N., R. 1 E., four miles southeast of Van

Buren, in Big Spring State Park, Carter County. The water gushes

from the base of a rocky cliff and flows 800 feet before emptying into

Current River. Where the main jet of water rushes out, only algae

and mosses cover the rocks. No species of higher plants is found

until the water has become more quiet.

The aquatic vegetation is prolific, and very rich and diversified

throughout the spring branch. Proceeding down the branch along

the left margin in gravelly mud are submerged, red and olive-

green mats of mild water pepper associated with aquatic mosses.

On the same left side, near the Polygonum, are long strands of

milfoil and olive-grass-green strands up to four feet long of shining

pondweed. Near the shore are olive-green strands of water star-

grass, and water starwort, the latter in the shallowest, broadest

portions of the cove. In the muddy portions near shore grows horn-

wort. The most common plant in this part of the branch is milfoil.

Proceeding downstream from this point, long strands of milfoil

grow along both sides of the spring branch, but in the middle of the

branch and between the strands of milfoil the water is clear and

light blue and no plants are present. With the milfoil are dark

grass-green strands three to four feet long of pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. genuinus) and dark copperish red and green clumps of

water purslane. On the muddy substratum are shining pondweed and

water star-grass. The last, with its broader and more curved leaves

of a duller brown color, contrasts strongly with the greener

leaves of the pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus).

544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Following down the branch, submerged clumps of flowering

annual bluegrass occur with an occasional clump of water speedwell.

About 200 yards downstream, on the muddy substratum, occurs

horned pondweed, covered with a brown-colored alga. At this place

water cress makes its appearance, and here also are some purplish

red, submerged plants of mild water pepper.

Downstream there is a slough of quiet water filled with water-

weed, milfoil, shining pondweed, water starwort, mild water pepper,

and water cress. Covering the entire muddy bottom of this slough

is water star-grass. On the left side of the slough, and between

it and the confluence of the spring branch is a sandbar, on the freshly

deposited part of which are young plants of horned pondweed and

pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). Milfoil is common

here as in all other places along the branch.

Along the right side of the branch, near its confluence with

Current River, are mats of milfoil and water-weed, together with

water cress and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus}.

In the final portion of the spring branch, along the right side, the

water is deeper and away from the current is seen a diversity of

aquatic plants, for here the flora is more luxuriant in number of

species than on the left side. Here are water star-grass, water cress,

shining pondweed, water starwort, and mild water pepper.

The shining pondweed in the quiet water has erect, curved, and

ascending leaves, but in running water the leaves have a darker,

more grass-green color and the margins are less curled or ruffled.

Following the entire course of the spring branch, switch cane

(Arundinaria gigantea) and mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) are

very common, the latter occurring on sycamore (Platanus occiden-

talis) and American elm (Ulmus americana).

LIST OF SPECIES

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro- Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

piperoides) americana)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) reptans)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Water speedwell (Veronica connate)

genuinus) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia) iris var. major)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) ticum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

BIG SPRING

Located in sec. 19, T. 25 N., R. 31 W., at Neosho, Newton County.

It issues from two places at the base of a limestone bluff in front of

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 545

the Big Spring Inn. At the base of the bluff it is walled in a narrow

basin; then it flows over a gravel substratum. The water here is

about one and one-half feet deep. With a gush, the water rushes

under a bridge, then flows rapidly down over moss-covered boul-

ders and rocks to the Big Spring Inn. The only higher plant at

present known in the spring is water cress, and this occurs only in

the shallower part of the branch. Formerly, around 1900, water-

weed grew in the spring, but it has been exterminated. The

collection of this Anacharis made by Mr. Henry Eggert resembled

A. canadensis, because of exceptionally broad, ovate-lanceolate

leaves, but the specimens evidently represent only an unusually

vigorous vegetative state of A. occidenlalis. Some plants of forget-

me-not have been planted around the spring branch and grow partly

in and along the water.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

ticum) Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides)

BIG SPRING (Plate III)

Located in sec. 2, T. 28 N., R. 27 W., four miles west of Mount

Vernon, Lawrence County. It issues from the base of an exposed,

arching, limestone bluff 120 feet high, known as Baptist Hill. The

spring branch is rather wide and shallow where it issues from several

places at the base of the bluff. Here it flows over rocks covered with

moss and algae. The branch at first is about 30 feet wide. Farther

downstream it is deeper and contains quantities of milfoil and

water cress. The spring branch has a total flow of about 200 feet

before discharging into Spring River. The milfoil continues in

Spring River for some distance down the stream.

LIST OP SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

BLISS SPRING

Located in sec. 7, T. 25 N., R. 2 W., in a small valley near Eleven

Points River, two and one-half miles southwest of Wilderness,

Oregon County. The spring arises in a small opening at the base of a

slope in the valley and flows as a branch one-fourth of a mile before

emptying into Eleven Points River. The only higher aquatic plants

in the spring and branch are water starwort and water cress. Knotty-

leaved rush occurs along the branch. The water is shallow and flows

over a gravel substratum.

546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Knotty-leaved rush (Juncus acumina-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- tus)

ticum)

BLUE SPRING (Plate V)

Located in sec. 16, T. 22 N., R. 2 W., at "The Narrows," near

the confluence of Fredericks Fork with Eleven Points River, about

one mile northwest of Calm, Oregon County. The spring issues

from two outlets. One outlet emerges at the base of a small bluff,

and runs as a small spring branch over a sandy bottom bordered

along the margins by mud. Here are water starwort, horned pond-

weed, a fresh- water red alga (Batrachyspermum}, and milfoil. The

last species is the commonest. This branch from the one outlet

runs into the large spring or second outlet which issues from the base

of a limestone cliff, "The Narrows," about 150 feet high, which

separates Fredericks Fork from Eleven Points River. This larger

spring from the second outlet is deep, has a blue color, and broadens

into a triangular area.

Bluff

Valley \. 8rQnch

1st Ouflet

The two branches converge and flow as one over a deep, sandy,

mud bottom with muddy banks. Here are found milfoil and light

green plants of horned pond weed. On these muddy bottoms the

branch is practically devoid of vegetation. Along the muddy margins

here are bronze and purplish plants of hornwort, which has a darker

cast than has milfoil, when the two occur together.

Farther downstream, the following plants grow along the muddy

margins: hornwort, horned pondweed, and pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. genuinus). In the part of the water colored a steel

gray-blue, the milfoil is commonest.

Along the bend of the branch on the other side and at the base

of a bluff are large beds of milfoil mixed with copper-colored plants

of mild water pepper. Water cress also occurs here.

Near the confluence of the spring branch with Eleven Points

River, milfoil and mild water pepper are dominant plants. All the

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 547

way down its course, the color of the water in the spring branch has

been a clear steel gray-blue, varying from blue to gray-blue and

back again to a blue. The total flow of the branch is 200 feet.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Horn wort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- licum)

tris var. major) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro- genuinus)

piperoides) Fresh-water red alga (Batrachysper-

mum)

BLUE SPRING (Plate IV)

Located in sec. 30, T. 36 N., R. 17 W., six miles west of Eldridge,

Laclede County. It issues from the base of a limestone bluff about

30 feet high and wooded above. It begins in a circular basin of deep

and dark blue water. Milfoil borders the basin, growing on mud.

The branch then flows 200 feet and empties into Niangua River.

The water is rather deep (2-3 feet) and about 30-50 feet wide. In

it are many plants of hornwort and submerged mild water pepper.

The latter species is exceedingly colorful because its broad leaves

are bronze-purple on the lower surface and olive-green on the upper;

it is the commonest species along the margin of the branch. In the

center of the stream, where the current is swift and the substratum

is more sandy, are bluish green plants of horned pondweed, this

species being the common and dominant one in this part of the

spring branch. Some water cress grows scattered among plants of

mild water pepper, while light green strands of water starwort

appear among clumps of hornwort.

The most interesting feature of the spring is the fact that milfoil

is not the dominant aquatic plant, as is the case with most springs

in the Ozarks. It appears around the main basin and there is a

slight amount of it along the margin of the spring branch near its

confluence with the Niangua River. The commonest aquatic plants

in the spring are hornwort and mild water pepper.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) tris var. major)

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro- Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

piperoides) ticum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

BLUE SPRING

Located in SW. M NW. 1A sec. 14, T. 24 N., R. 11 W., at McCabe,

Ozark County. The spring bubbles up in a basin 20 feet deep at the

548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

base of a small limestone cliff 30 feet high, along the side of the North

Fork of White River. There is practically no spring branch, since

the water flows only about 25 feet before emptying into the North

Fork of White River. In the spring and spring branch only water

starwort occurs. Along the North Fork of White River, downstream

from the confluence with the spring branch, grow milfoil, water

star-grass, water-weed, and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus).

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) genuinus)

Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

BLUE SPRING

Located in sec. 2, T. 39 N., R. 3 W., two miles southeast of

Bourbon, Crawford County. The spring rises in a wooded valley

in a park which has a fish hatchery. The water rises at one place

in a concrete-lined pool, the deep blue water arising from a hole in

the limestone substratum. Two lakes, Blue Spring Lake and Osage

Lake, are formed by damming the spring. The water of the spring

and lakes is of a deep blue color. In Blue Spring Lake roots of

white willow covered with algae occur all around the margin of its

concrete-lined pool. In this place curly-leaved muck-weed is domi-

nant and abundant. It is of a dark, brown-green color and the stems

grow upright with the leaves growing out distichously. Scattered

with the algae are broad-leaved pondweed, pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. genuinus}, a small amount of water starwort, and some

water- weed. The water flows into a lake basin filled with rainbow

trout.

A part of this main spring is then diverted into another place

underground, coming out through a pipe which gushes forth a large

amount of water. Here the bottom is gravelly mud and is covered

mostly with curly-leaved muck- weed and water- weed.

Another part of the spring emerges at the base of a small ledge

farther down the valley and has a muddy bottom covered with water-

weed growing in dense, light-green beds. Some curly-leaved muck-

weed and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) occurs here.

Lying on the mud in quiet water are many clumps of green algae.

Rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) grows all along the margin. This

part of the spring is separated by an earth fill from the main part,

which flows quietly over the muddy bottom. It is a large, shallow

pool about 75 feet long and 45 feet broad, known as Osage Lake.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 549

Lining the pool and growing in mud are water cress, water starwort,

white water crowfoot, curly-leaved muck- weed, and water- weed.

Of these species the curly-leaved muck-weed is dominant, with

scattered plants of water cress and water-weed next most common.

Clumps of green algae grow plentifully in this basin, and along

the rock ledges on one side are quantities of myrtle (Vinca minor).

This portion of the spring flows underneath the hill and has an

outlet on the other side, forming another flow which runs as a small

branch without higher plant life. It eventually enters a pool filled

with algae and having a gravelly mud bottom.

The main spring branch from Osage Lake described above flows

as a narrow branch over a concrete bottom lined with blue-green

algae, and eventually enters the gravel-laden creek. The diverted

basin portion of Blue Spring Lake runs as a long branch with an

abundance of trout, but it does not contain higher plant life. This

main branch continues, with water one and one-half feet deep.

The stream has a concrete-lined bottom and sides.

Across the road from the spring area described above, the water is

diverted into a couple of lakes bordered by sandbar willow (Salix

interior). The first lake (the one nearest the spring outlet) is filled

with quantities of water feather, water-weed, and curly-leaved muck-

weed. Some Ozark spatterdock also grows here.

The other lake is about 300 feet long and 100 feet broad, and is

larger than the first. The surface of the water is covered with sweet-

scented water lily, and there is an abundance of hornwort. In one

place along the margin of the lake in quiet water is lesser duckweed,

while along the margins in deep, quiet water commonly occur naiad

and water feather. False nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical, field mint

(Mentha arvensis var. glabrata), mad-dog skullcap (Scutellaria lateri-

flora), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), and iron weed (Vernonia

crinita) occur along the banks. Some pickerel-weed grows along one

edge of the muddy margins with broad-leaved arrowhead and some

water purslane.

The water from the first lake falls over a concrete spillway about

one-quarter mile from the source of Blue Spring. At the place where

it falls grow hornwort, naiad, sweet-scented water lily, Ozark spatter-

dock, some water feather, and curly-leaved muck- weed. Water

cress and water purslane are found on the gravelly substratum in

the current along the margin of the branch.

This flows into the main spring branch, which continues over a

limestone and gravel stream bed in shallow water. The most common

550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

plants here are water cress and water feather. All along the margin

of the branch grow water-weed and curly-leaved muck- weed. In a

shallow and more quiet section of the branch is hornwort. In a por-

tion of the branch with a fast current and a gravelly mud or silty sand

substratum is found horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris var.

major). Along the margin is cat- tail with scattered plants of yellow

flag (Iris pseudacorus). Curly-leaved muck- weed, so plentiful at

Blue Spring, is an introduced species which is very rare in Missouri,

being known otherwise in the state only from a spring in Newton

County.

LIST OF SPECIES

Curly-leaved muck-weed (Potamogeton White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

crispus) longirostris)

Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum)

amplifolius) Sweet-scented water lily (Nymphaea

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. odorata)

genuinus) Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Lesser duckweed (Lemna minor)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Naiad (Najas guadalupensis)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Pickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata)

ticum) Broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria la-

Water feather (Myriophyllum proser- tifolia)

pinacoides) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. iris var. major)

americana)

BLUE SPRING

Located in NE. y±, sec. 21, T. 29 N., R. 2 W., 12 miles east of

Eminence, and two miles east of Powder Mill Ford, Shannon County.

The water, of dark turquoise-blue color, flows out of a deep hole at

the base of a limestone bluff. The rim of this basin is rocky and

appears as if it were a part of the bluff which surrounds it. Over the

top of this rocky rim is a muddy substratum. All around its crater

the spring basin is lined with bur-reed, growing as far down as 10 to

12 feet below the surface of the water. Because of the muddy sub-

stratum and quiet water, the bur-reed is common in the beginning.

Nearer the shore and along the margin, also on the muddy substra-

tum, grow water starwort, needle spike rush, water speedwell, water

cress, and water- weed. Near the margin the mud is mixed with a

little gravel. Various water mosses cover submerged boulders

around the basin. All along the shore of this basin water cress is

abundant, growing in shallow water on mud with water-weed and

water speedwell. A small amount of ditch stonecrop is found in

mud around the margin.

As the water leaves the beautiful blue basin and starts a spring

branch, water cress is the first higher plant to be seen. It grows

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 551

submerged at the beginning of the branch. In sandy silt away from

the current, along the margin of the branch, are submerged bunches

of ivy-leaved duckweed and spring cress, growing with water cress.

Proceeding down the branch, water starwort is encountered along

the margins.

In the beginning this spring branch is 50 feet wide, one and one-

half to two feet deep, and flows mostly over large pieces of rock and

gravel. The rocks are covered by dark green and blackish green

species of moss. About 100 feet downstream on the south or left

side along the margin of the spring branch are plants of bur-reed.

Across from these plants on the other side are clumps of water cress,

water speedwell, and spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f . fontinalis)

growing on gravel in 6 to 12 inches of water near the margin where

the current is less swift.

The branch continues, flowing over water speedwell and water

cress, which grow near the margin in shallow water. Beds of mosses

and floating green algae cover the surface on both sides of the stream,

growing away from the direct flow of the current. In shallow, swift

water on the gravel occur submerged blue-green strands of red top

grass near the margin of the branch where water cress and water

speedwell are growing.

Then, about 75 yards farther downstream, the spring branch

passes a small, low island, 75 feet long and 50 feet broad. Its middle

portion has been cut through by part of the spring branch, while

two other branches of the spring pass on either side. The spring

branch thus makes three forks here. The swiftest current is in the

left fork, which dashes rapidly over moss-covered rocks, making white

foam. The other forks are shallower. Only moss and algae grow

here, with a small amount of spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f.

fontinalis) and water speedwell, both species occurring more plenti-

fully where the water is quieter. Growing submerged and pros-

trate along the gravelly margin of the right side of the left branch is

false dragon-head with dark green leaves.

Soon the forks join and the branch is narrow, only 20 feet broad

at their junction, but it is faster and deeper here than above. It

makes a sharp bend, then flows over light-colored gravel with mosses

covering the rock. As the water becomes deeper in one place, it

assumes a steel gray-blue color.

Then the branch reaches a more shallow stretch, where it flows

over gravel and broadens to 30 feet across. Here bur-reed, of a

rich green color, occurs on one side, while on the other side along the

552 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

margin growing on the gravel in shallow water are submerged, long

(3-^4 feet), grass-green strands of fowl meadow grass with water

speedwell. The fowl meadow grass is readily distinguished by its

distichous leaves of equal length appearing all along the stem, while

submerged or sterile plants of red top grass, which may be confused

with it, have paler, blue- or gray-green leaves which are long and

unequal and appear only near the base of the plant. A small quan-

tity of white water crowfoot occurs by the island.

In a place away from the current, where the gravel has been

swept away, is a mud bar, and on it grow clumps of water starwort

and water speedwell. Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f. fontinalis)

and bur-reed occur near here in gravel in deeper water.

The spring branch, after a flow of one-quarter of a mile,

makes another bend and flows swiftly, three to four feet in depth,

just before it enters Current River. At the confluence it has a deep

blue color. Just at the mouth on gravel and in 6 to 12 inches of

water are blue-green clumps of fowl meadow grass. Its leaves

are blue-gray on the upper surface and grass-green on the lower.

Also at this point in shallow water on gravel is a small amount

of water cress. On the other (north) side of the confluence the

water is deeper.

Immediately downstream from the confluence (about five feet

away) the water in Current River is warmer and of a bronze-green

color. Here are plants of long-leaved pondweed with narrow and

submerged leaves. This species is one which avoids the colder water

of the springs, so that its appearance in the warmer water of the river

proper, yet only a few feet from the mouth of the spring branch,

illustrates how important the factor of water temperature is in

relation to the distribution and occurrence of aquatic species.

An interesting and unusual feature of Blue Spring is the relative

abundance of ivy-leaved duckweed, a species that is seldom found

in Missouri.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f .

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) fontinalis)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis False dragon-head (Physostegia vir-

var. typica) giniand)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) Water speedwell (Veronica connata var.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- glaberrima)

ticum) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) longirostris)

Ditch stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides) Ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna trisulca)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa) Red top grass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Fowl meadow grass (Glyceria striata)

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 553

BLUE SPRING

Located in sec. 4, T. 25 N., R. 1 W., 10 miles northwest of Ben-

nett, and 16 miles west of Grandin, in Carter County. The spring

issues at the base of a wooded slope and flows in a small branch

into Big Barren Creek. The only aquatic plants growing in the

branch are milfoil and water cress.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

BOILING SPRING

Located in sec. 33, T. 37 N., R. 10 W., four miles northeast of

Hooker, Pulaski County. The water, bright blue in color, vigorously

bubbles up in Gasconade River along the side of the stream.

No water cress grows in the spring or around it. Aquatic plants

are found only around its margins, and of these shining pondweed

is commonest. The other plants are milfoil and pondweed (Pota-

mogelon foliosus var. genuinus), of a bright green color.

LIST OF SPECIES

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) genuinus)

BOILING SPRING

Located in sec. 24, T. 32 N., R. 10 W., eight miles southwest of

Licking, Texas County. The spring bubbles up on the bank and

bottom of Big Piney River. In its water occurs thin grass, with

blue-green leaves. This is out of place here, normally growing in

woods and along stream banks. Also in and around the spring are

plants of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) with firm,

dark green leaves, water purslane, needle spike rush, water cress,

a species of Nitella, and water starwort. Along the mud in a nearby

slough of Big Piney River is found false pimpernel.

LIST OF SPECIES

Thin grass (Agrostis perennans) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. ticum)

genuinus) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. False pimpernel (Lindernia dubia var.

americana) typica)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Nitella sp.

var. typica)

BOYLERS MILL SPRING

Located in sec. 7, T. 41 N., R 19 W., at Boylers Mill, Morgan

County. It rises in a circular lake basin having an area of about an

554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

acre, and is situated in the valley of Big Buffalo Creek. The lake

has quantities of shining pondweed and pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. macellus). The basin is deep and its bottom muddy.

A spring branch issues from the basin and flows over a dam which

formerly was used to develop power for operating a mill. This

branch flows in the valley next to a wooded slope. It is filled here

with water cress and moss-covered rocks. It then flows, a shallow

stream, only 10 feet wide, over a gravel substratum. Near its

confluence with Big Buffalo Creek are beds of water speedwell, the

only place in the spring where this species occurs.

LIST OP SPECIES

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. ticum)

macellus) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

BOZE MILL SPRING (Plate IV)

Located in sec. 16, T. 23 N., R. 2 W., 12 miles east of Alton,

Oregon County. The main spring rises in a low swale or sink-hole

basin in alluvial woods near Eleven Points River, and flows 500 feet

in a short branch which has a dam built across it. The branch

empties into Eleven Points River. The water of the spring in the

main basin has a deep, murky, blue color. Around the margin of

the spring basin are various kinds of green and blue-green algae. In

order of their appearance from the margin towards the center of

the basin occur water starwort, water cress, milfoil, pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus), water speedwell, and white

water crowfoot.

From the beginning of the branch to where the dam crosses it,

the water is swift-flowing. The higher plants found here are water

cress with some milfoil, but most of the plants are cryptogams, com-

prising various algae and mosses (Fissidens Julianus and others),

and a liverwort (Porella pinnata).

From the dam to the mouth of the branch are the same species

previously encountered. In addition, there are slender, light green

plants of a species of Nitella. Near the confluence of the spring

branch with Eleven Points River, blue-green plants of red top grass

grow in swift-running water.

At the mouth of the spring branch, at its confluence with the

river, occurs a great variety of aquatic plants. In shallow, quiet

water in muddy soil at the confluence are found water-weed, white

water crowfoot, and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus").

Also in the middle portion of the confluence, rooting in sandy or

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 555

gravel mud, is another assortment of aquatics, composed of milfoil,

water cress, water purslane, annual bluegrass, water speedwell,

water star-grass, and horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris var.

major). The last species grows here in long, light green strands, its

branching resembling strands of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

macellus).

This spring exhibits a larger number of species of aquatic plants

than most of the Missouri springs.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) americana)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

ticum) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) reptans)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

longirostris) tris var. major)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Red top grass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Liverwort (Porella pinnata)

macellus and var. genuinus) Nilella sp.

BRYANT SPRING

Located at Bryant, Douglas County, in sec. 7, T. 27 N., R. 15 W.,

along a road about a mile west of highway No. 5. The spring

rises in a valley along the slopes of a wooded hill in a quiet lake,

formed by a dam. The lake has an area of about one and one-half

acres. On its muddy bottom grow beds of a species of Cham.

Towards the far head of the lake are clumps of water purslane and

water plantain. Along the margin bur-reed is very common, and

in the middle of the lake are quantities of water cress and green algae.

A surprising feature of the spring is the total absence of milfoil,

which is usually common in such springs.

The water of the spring then flows about 200 feet over a chute in

a raceway to a mill which it operates, falling 16 feet in its course.

This part of the spring branch is not more than 5 to 10 feet wide,

especially where the current is strong and the flow rapid. It con-

tains quantities of bur-reed, some water starwort, and olive-green

strands of pondweed. All along the course of the branch water

cress occurs, and in especially large quantities before the water flows

over the turbine. Finally the branch empties into Bryant Creek.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

americana) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) macellus)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Char a sp.

ticum)

556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

CARTER SPRING (Plates VIII and IX)

Located in sec. 34, T. 29 N., R. 2 E., seven miles west of Pied-

mont, Reynolds County. The water flows from a hole in a bluff

about 15 feet high, by a farmhouse. It is used to operate a water-

wheel and grindstone. The spring comes from the outlet, four

feet across, with a steady, gentle flow, traveling over a gravel and

rock bottom. The water is about one foot deep and clear, where it

comes out. Horned pondweed and water starwort grow around the

edge of the basin, which is 25 feet broad and 15 feet long.

The water then flows over a concrete wall, under a shed, and

down a shallow, gravelly branch. Next it flows into deeper water

over a muddy bottom. Here it is filled with water starwort,

water cress, and horned pondweed. Peppermint grows abundantly

along the margins of the branch, and in the water is some mild

water pepper. Following down the branch, one sees beds of a

species of Cham having an olive-green or grass-green color. There

is an abundance of algae all along the water. Rooting on the muddy

bottom are some strands of pondweed, of a brick-brown and

olive-green color.

Farther down the branch, at another place, pondweed (Pota-

mogelon foliosus) becomes common and assumes a bright green

color. In a place away from the current along the margin of the

branch is water purslane, with an orange and olive-green cast. Here

also occurs water speedwell, with a grass-green color.

After a flow of another hundred yards, the branch narrows and

flows in a shallow stream, only three inches deep, over a gravel sub-

stratum. Here pondweed (Potamogelon foliosus) is common and of

a bright green color. From this locality onward the gravel is com-

mon and the flow more rapid. Here the branch is only 10 feet wide,

and the commonest plants are water speedwell and a species of Chara.

Some other algae and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus) of a bright

green color occur. Water speedwell is common on the gravel,

while water starwort, which was found in the beginning, is com-

monest on mud and in more quiet water.

In the last half of the spring branch water speedwell and water

cress are the species occurring most frequently. This dominance

persists as the branch empties into Webb Creek, after a flow of

about 200 yards.

An interesting feature of the spring is that no water milfoil or

bur-reed occurs.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 557

LIST OF SPECIES

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

tris var. major) americana)

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus) Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) piperoides)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Char a sp.

ticum)

CAVE SPRING

(1) Located in sec. 4, T. 30 N., R. 23 W., near Pearl, Greene

County. In a well-cultivated area near a house on a grass-covered

hill marginal to a valley, a small stream of water issues from a rock-

lined cavity in the ground. It emerges from a low ledge of limestone

rock and flows 200 feet into Asher Creek. The spring branch is

small, only three feet wide, with a gravelly substratum. On its

open bank it is lined along the side by limestone. The only higher

water plant is water cress. Below the confluence of the spring

branch with Asher Creek is found an aquatic moss.

(2) Another spring just one-eighth of a mile up Asher Creek is

larger than Cave Spring, issues from a rock ledge, and flows over a

gravel substratum. It has a larger branch than that of Cave Spring.

In it are water cress and aquatic mosses (species of Fissidens and

Fontinalis). It flows 200 feet, then empties into Asher Creek.

LIST OP SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum)

CAVE SPRING (Plate V)

Located in sec. 28, T. 31 N., R. 5 W., nine miles southeast of

Cedar Grove, Shannon County. "It issues from a cave at the base

of a rocky cliff 40 feet high and empties into Current River 50 feet

away." In the deep blue water of the spring the commonest

aquatic plant is milfoil. Many aquatic mosses occur throughout the

spring, and other common plants are water cress, water speedwell,

and shining pondweed. All these occur rather abundantly through-

out the short spring branch, to and beyond its confluence with

Current River. The river is much influenced by the temperature of

the water from the spring, because along the river downstream

one-fourth mile from its confluence with the spring branch occur

water cress, milfoil, and water speedwell. Pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. macellus), which was not found in the spring or spring

branch, grows in the Current River rooted in gravel in shallow water

one-fourth mile below the mouth of the branch.

558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Shining pondweed (Potamogetpn lucens)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

ticum) macellus)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

CHESAPEAKE SPRING (Plate VI)

Located in the SW. % SW. 1A sec. 21, T. 28 N., R. 25 W., at

Chesapeake, in Chesapeake State Park, Lawrence County. It issues

from a gravel bed 30 feet north of highway No. 38. The spring

is in a circular, rock-lined basin 25 feet in diameter and about

three feet deep. It flows a small spring branch about five feet wide

through a valley. The rock and gravel substratum are covered

with moss. The only higher plants in the branch are horned pond-

weed, which occurs in dense mats, water starwort, of which there are

only occasional clumps, and submerged plants of annual bluegrass.

Where the spring branch enters the creek there is water cress, but

none grows in the branch proper.

LIST OF SPECIES

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

iris var. major) reptans)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

CLARKSON SPRING

Located in SE. ^ sec. 17, T. 27 N., R. 28 W., seven miles north

of Pierce City, Lawrence County. The water comes out in a small

seepage by a rock wall at the base of rocky ledges among wooded,

red clay slopes. A concrete wall lines the spring on both sides, form-

ing a triangular basin. No current or flow is evident in the basin;

its bottom is muddy. At one end of this triangular basin, on gravel,

water cress occurs, and it is present all along the borders. Water

milfoil, masses of a liverwort (Riccia fluitans), and aquatic mosses

are also found. At first the mud is red along one end of the basin,

then as one proceeds farther away from the head of the spring, gravel

becomes more common. Some water starwort grows near the mar-

gins. Water milfoil is the dominant plant in the basin, forming dense

masses all over the bottom. This plant has a dark bronze color.

The water in some of the deeper places is clear and bluish in color.

The basin, about 300 feet wide and 200 feet long at the base of

the slopes, is surrounded by a concrete wall which makes it nar-

rower as one approaches the end of the basin and the beginning of

the spring branch. Springs appear from various places on the bottom

within this enclosure.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 559

The branch which issues as an outlet from the basin is shallow,

from one to six feet deep, and flows over a gravel substratum. At the

beginning of the branch in swift water on gravel occur water milfoil

and water starwort, while along the sides grow mostly water cress

and masses of water milfoil. Next, the branch continues with mud

along its margins and gravel in the rest of the stream bed. On the

muddy margins grow water cress, water milfoil, a liverwort (Riccia

Base of Slopes

_ . .. -Wall

Wall

Beginning

of Spring Branch

fluitans), and occasional water starwort. In the middle of the stream

bed practically no higher plants are seen except an occasional clump

of water cress.

The flow of the lower half of the branch is slow. At its confluence

with Center Creek mostly a mud substratum occurs. Here is found

only water milfoil, water cress, and a liverwort (Riccia fluitans).

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

ticum) Liverwort (Riccia fluitans)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

COLD SPRING

Located in E. % SW. % sec. 4, T. 37 N., R. 1 E., near Floyd,

Washington County. The water emerges as a small outlet in gravel

at the head of a branch in a ravine. At this place is found water

cress, bur-reed, a species of Nitella, and spring cress.

The water then travels down from one lake to another through a

series of short falls and chutes which contain occasional plants of

water cress, water starwort, and bur-reed. Around the margins of

some of these lakes (formerly used as trout hatcheries), nothing is

found except filamentous green algae and dark green clumps of

Nitella.

560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

The branch continues, bordered by a field on one side and wooded

slopes on the other. Throughout this final portion of its course, no

vegetation is found in the stream itself.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

ticum) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f . Nitella sp.

fontinalis)

COPPEDGE SPRING (Plate XIX)

Also called Relfe Spring, Freeman Spring, and Spring Creek

Spring. It is located in sec. 36, T. 35 N., R. 10 W., at Relfe, Phelps

County. The spring rises at the side of a road from a terrace-like

platform, gushing forth two cascades of water over rocks covered

with moss and interspersed with peppermint and water cress. The

branch which emerges makes a turn and flows parallel to Spring

Creek, into which it empties a short distance away.

The dominant plant in the branch is water cress. In the lower

part of the branch occur some plants of white water crowfoot and

water starwort. Near the confluence of the branch with Spring

Creek are a few plants of peppermint.

LIST OF SPECIES

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- longirostris)

ticum) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

CREASY SPRING (Plates VI and VII)

Also called Bubble Spring. Located in sec. 16, T. 36 N., R. 12 W.,

about one mile upstream from Pippin Lodge, five miles northwest of

Waynesville, Pulaski County. The spring rises from a heavily

wooded bank along the side of Gasconade River. Sometimes the

river submerges the spring during high-water stages. The water

bubbles up from a circular basin only five feet away from the river.

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), river birch (Betula nigra], and

American elm (Ulmus americana), by means of their roots, hold

the gravel, mud, and sand bank together; this is all that separates

the spring from the river. The spring is located on the opposite

side of the river and about one mile upstream from Bartlett Mill

Spring and just slightly downstream from Falling Spring.

In the water of the spring, which is deep and of a gray-green color,

milfoil is the commonest plant. A few plants of water cress occur

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 561

along one side of the spring, associated with some aquatic mosses

and a liverwort (Porella).

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Liverwort (Porella sp.)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

CRYSTAL SPRING

Located in sec. 22, T. 26 N., R. 15 W., at Larissa, Douglas

County. The water emerges from a bed of Roubidoux sandstone

boulders at the base of a hill and flows out of the gravel into a deep

basin covered with sandy, gray mud. Immediately bordering the

rocks, covered with moss, are plants of bur-reed.

The course of the spring is dammed by a rocky concrete wall

which makes the water flow into a large basin about 200 feet long

and 50 feet wide. Mats of water cress grow around the margins of

the basin, associated with mats of species of Chara. Bur-reed is

dominant all around the basin. Around its muddy margins needle

spike rush and pond weed are common. Scattered on the muddy

margins are dark green plants of water plantain. Most of the basin

is filled with plants of water starwort and pondweed, together with

quantities of milfoil.

The water next passes through a wooden chute, then flows a

branch about 20 feet wide with a gravelly bottom. The branch is

heavily lined with water cress. In deeper places of the branch and

along its entire course in the middle are dark green mats of milfoil.

The crystal-clear water in the middle of the branch flows above the

substratum of gray, sandy mud. Immediately along the branch are

flowering plants of speedwell or neckweed (Veronica peregrina}.

Following down the spring branch there are found, in addition

to milfoil, streaming olive-green strands of pondweed occurring in

the main current, with some plants of water starwort along the mar-

gin. A small amount of bur-reed grows in the middle of the stream.

Where the branch makes a bend, are found many plants of mil-

foil with water starwort occurring in still water here. Lower down,

milfoil becomes the dominant species.

The branch, after flowing 1,000 feet, empties into Hunter Creek.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- macellus)

ticum) Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

var. typica) Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Chara sp.

562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

DAVIDSON'S BLUE SPRING

Located along the St. Francis River, in sec. 5, T. 27 N., R. 6 E.,

five miles southeast of Greenville, Wayne County. The water issues

at the base of a limestone bluff and forms a large basin of deep

water, pale blue in color. Most of the substratum is muddy. The

only aquatic plant in the spring or spring branch is horned pond-

weed, which grows in shallow water along the edge of the basin.

There are no plants in the spring outlet proper.

The branch flows about 50 feet and empties into the St.

Francis River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris var. major)

DOUBLE SPRING (Plates XIII and XIV)

Also known as Rainbow Spring. It is located in NE. % NE. %

sec. 32, T. 24 N., R. 11 W., four miles northeast of Dormis, Ozark

County. The water flows from the base of a moss-lined, semicircular

slope of a wooded hill having an abundance of Roubidoux sandstone

boulders. The spring gushes forth a large flow of clear water having

a greenish blue color. It rushes over moss-covered boulders, making

a white spray as it falls. Where the water emerges at the base of the

bluff it "boils" up and forms a basin 40 feet across. Where the

branch first comes out, the flow is 75 feet across. In the beginning

and for the next 25 feet from the outlet occur moss-covered boulders

along the margins and on the bottom. Fifty feet from the outlet

the water divides into two branches, one flowing north, the other

south. Growing partly in the water at the very beginning and along

the margin is bitter dock, and around the head of the spring is

spotted jewel weed (Impaliens bi flora).

The left (north) branch will be described first. Twenty-five feet

from the outlet along the margins are light green plants of spring

cress, all submerged and growing with water milfoil and water mosses.

In the deep water along the margin, away from the current, are

bronze-green plants of broad-leaved pondweed, bur-reed, and water

milfoil. Then at a place on the left side where the water is deep are

grass-green beds of mild water pepper in masses five feet across and

growing in two to four feet of water. Bur-reed, similarly, forms large

mats. Now the branch is clogged with a wonderful diversity of aquatic

plants — one of the richest floras to be found in the Missouri

springs. All this variety and density of vegetation occurs about

40 feet from the outlet of the spring. Away from the right or left

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 563

currents and in the center of the broad spring branch are many

plants of bur-reed and broad-leaved pond weed. In shallow (one foot)

water are beds of water milfoil in dense mats with broad-leaved

pondweed, bur-reed, horned pondweed, water-weed, and water cress.

The water-weed and water cress are mostly in quiet water along

the margins, while bur-reed, water milfoil, horned pondweed, and

especially broad-leaved pondweed grow in the faster current.

This left branch broadens and flows north in an oblong basin

about 150 yards long and 100 feet broad. Many floating as well as

submerged masses of water cress dominate the branch now. The

water cress occupies the shallow margins and the more quiet water

between the several currents, and in these places forms dense beds.

On the rest of the bottom water cress is supplanted by broad-leaved

pondweed, colored bronze and russet-red and orange mixed with

olive-green and dull grass-green, by bur-reed, and by water milfoil. Of

these, the broad-leaved pondweed is dominant. Along the right side

of the left branch, on the mud and away from the current, is water

milfoil, dark green in color. It is the dominant species here and

occurs with light green plants of water starwort and dark grass-green

plants of water-weed. Dense beds of this water-weed are seen all

along the muddy and quiet margins, and even greater quantities of

water cress grow here. In the water on mud, but mostly out of

water, are plants of broad-leaved arrowhead. Hornwort also is

found here; it is of a dark, dull green color with light green tips.

Towards the end of this stretch of muddy water without a cur-

rent are white water crowfoot, dull green plants of pondweed (Pota-

mogeton foliosus) in spreading, large beds, in water six feet deep, and

the broad-leaved arrowhead. This is in a bog away from the main

branch along part of an old dam site.

The left branch makes several meanders around a small, grassy

island covered by a few large trees of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis),

American elm (Ulmus americana), walnut (Juglans nigra), and

bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). The main branch or current

follows along the extreme left side or west bank, while the slow mean-

der with quiet water and muddy substratum, covered with white

water crowfoot and hornwort, is along the east or right fork around

the island. The preceding discussion of the vegetation described the

right or east fork of the left branch.

Proceeding now to the left side or west bank of the left branch,

where the flow is steady and the water deep, there is found on the

muddy substratum large quantities of water milfoil, water-weed, and

564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

water cress. Halfway down the branch are slightly submerged

plants of mild water pepper. Proceeding towards the end of this

branch, nearer the dam, water-weed is the commonest plant, occur-

ring as large beds of dark green in water three to four feet deep.

Just before reaching the dam, as the water flows into a deep pocket

with a mud substratum, occur long, bronze-green strands of pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus). Then the water flows through holes in the

wooden dam and drops two feet into the remnants of the spring

branch, which now flows over a gravel substratum and is only six

inches to one foot deep and about 30 feet across. In this shallow

gravel stretch is water milfoil in dark green, blackish bronze, and

dull bronze, prostrate mats. In one place along the margin is found

water purslane with red and green or dark grass-green color. Pond-

weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus) grows along the margin

in gravel. Making prostrate growths over gravel substratum in

shallow water, with the current flowing over them, are plants of bur-

reed and mild water pepper. Along one side on the muddy margins

are some plants of lizard's tail. Along the muddy, gravelly, shallow

margins occur submerged plants of blue-green red top grass and

field mint. Here also, in swift, shallow water over a gravelly bottom,

along the margins, are dense, small-leaved mats of pastel green water

speedwell. After flowing 700 feet, this branch enters North Fork of

White River. At the confluence are beds of prostrate water mil-

foil, followed in lesser abundance by light green mats of water speed-

well, with occasional water cress and spring cress. Away from the

current and mostly in the deeper and more quiet water of the river

at the confluence with this part of the spring branch are bur-reed

and flowering water milfoil.

Having described the nature and distribution of the vegetation

in and along the left (north) branch of Double Spring, we come to a

discussion of the right (south) branch. In the beginning the stream

flows over some moss-covered rocks, but soon forks around a small,

rocky island. The latter is bordered with water cress, bur-reed, and

broad-leaved pondweed. The bur-reed grows both in the strong

current of rapid water in the submerged condition, and away from

the current, where it is flowering. Farther down the branch are large

quantities of water milfoil, bur-reed, and submerged bunches of

water cress. This right (south) branch has a more gravelly or sandy

mud substratum of a lighter color than has the left (north) branch.

In this right branch now occur large, submerged beds of light green

water cress, with broad-leaved pondweed, mild water pepper, and,

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 565

along the margins, water milfoil. The spring branch now main-

tains a steady, rapid current in a stream 100 feet wide. The flow

is over a light-colored substratum with gravel and sandy mud along

the margin. On some of the shallower sandy mud bottoms are

light green plants of horned pondweed growing with water cress and

water milfoil. On the gravelly portion of the stream bed are pale,

delicate olive-green or light green, submerged and sterile plants of

needle spike rush. Towards the other side, where the water is

deeper and the current more swift, occur bur-reed, water cress,

broad-leaved pondweed, and large quantities of water milfoil. Pro-

ceeding down the branch, the dominant species are water milfoil,

water cress, bur-reed, and broad-leaved pondweed. The broad-leaved

pondweed grows among the water milfoil. Here the substratum

is sandy, silty mud. Along the margins grows water speedwell.

The spring branch possesses several currents and where the cur-

rent is less strong in the middle, bur-reed is common and grows

upright in dense colonies. Along both margins the current is stronger.

Water cress is scattered throughout the course of the branch and

along the right side is more or less continuous. Water milfoil forms

almost continuous beds of dark bronze-green color on the left side.

Water-weed occurs along the margins. In the deeper, swifter current

on the right side are bur-reed, water cress, and aquatic mosses.

Proceeding downstream, we find the middle of the branch com-

pletely covered with dense beds of darker brown water milfoil.

Water starwort occurs in small quantities now with hornwort and

water- weed. The last is found in large quantities on a muddy sub-

stratum along the quiet margin of the left-hand side. Where horn-

wort and water milfoil occur side by side, they may be distinguished

by certain field characters. Hornwort possesses many bushy, closely

ascending branches near the tips, giving a cone-shaped appearance

to the branches. Moreover, the branching occurs from all sides all

along the stem. On the other hand, water milfoil has long stems,

mostly unbranched, with especially long, simple, unbranched tips.

Farther down, the branch approaches the wooden wall of an old

dam. About 100 yards from the dam the substratum is much

muddier and from the margins inward towards the center for 20 feet

occur large quantities of hornwort. It grows in long, large mats of

bronze-green tipped with light, dull green. Water cress occurs with

it. Some small clumps of water starwort grow in the mud along the

margin. The hornwort grows best here on mud in water from four

to five feet deep with a slight current, growing in clumps as much

566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

as 10 feet long and four feet wide. Here it occurs next to the water

milfoil, water cress, and water-weed, all dominant species in this

part of the branch. Bur-reed is found here in insignificant, small,

submerged patches only. At the dam the water is from 8 to 12 feet

deep. Here are beautiful beds of horn wort, water milfoil, bur-reed

with leaves three feet long, and, near the margin, water- weed.

Below the dam the water rushes from the outlet and emerges as

a swift branch flowing over a gravel substratum. The branch has

narrowed to 50 feet now. The dominant species here on the gravel in

shallow water are water cress, mosses, and mild water pepper with

grass- or olive-green, rose and red leaves in submerged condition, and

green leaves in emerged condition. Most of the red color of this species

is present on the lower side of the leaves and along the lower and basal

leaves. In the shallow margins away from the current grows water

milfoil. Farther down the branch in gravel near the margin and

away from the main current are water speedwell and water milfoil.

Along the left bank occurs the rare water pennywort. After flowing

300 feet from the wooden dam, and 1,500 feet from the main spring

outlet, the branch enters North Fork of White River. At the con-

fluence are water speedwell, mild water pepper, water cress, horned

pondweed, water milfoil, mosses, algae, and submerged clumps of red

top grass. Away from the main current occurs water milfoil.

Down river from here the plants enumerated above continue

growing as a result of the influence of the temperature of the spring

water on that of the river. This cool spring water is important in

delimiting the occurrence of the various aquatic species which are

characteristic of spring water. Water milfoil and bur-reed grow,

especially along the margins. In the middle of the branch no plants

occur except mosses, which cover the rocks.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. longirostris)

macellus) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero- americana)

phyllum) Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro-

Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton piperoides)

amplifolius) Lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Red top grass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia pains- Field mint (Mentha arvensis var. gla-

tris var. major) braid)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa)

ticum) Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f.

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) fontinalis)

Broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria lati- Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicu-

folia) laris var. gracilescens)

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 567

EBB AND FLOW SPRING

Located in NW. Y± sec. 35, T. 27 N., R. 6 W., near Rymer's

Ranch, six miles northwest of Birch Tree, Shannon County. "It

issues from the base of a high hill and flows into Jacks Fork at a

distance of 10 feet." The water rises quietly at the base of a small

rock ledge about 15 feet high and 25 feet broad. There is no higher

plant growth in the spring. The spring basin is small, only 20 feet

long and 10 feet broad, and has a depth of about two feet. Its

bottom is gravelly mud.

The spring flows over some large rocks and then sends a short

branch 10 feet long and one foot broad over some moss-covered rocks.

At its confluence with Jacks Fork the substratum is a sandy silt

upon which grow in the quiet water bronze-green plants of pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus), water milfoil, broad-leaved pond-

weed (Potamogeton amplifolius), and Ozark spatterdock. No other

plants occur. The plants enumerated above do not occur in the

spring branch, but grow in the river just at the confluence.

The spring is exceptional in not having at the present time water

cress. It is now used as a water supply for a fishing club, and its

continued use and thorough cleaning out may have led to the exter-

mination of any water cress or any other species which may have

grown there formerly. "As its name implies, the spring ebbs and

flows at periodic intervals."

LIST OF SPECIES

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero-

macellus) phyllum)

Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum)

amplifolius)

ELM SPRING

Located in sec. 2, T. 26 N., R. 10 W., three miles southwest of

Willow Springs, Howell County, in the valley of Noblett Creek.

The water bubbles up in sand in a small outlet, and forms a swamp.

Around the spring grow water cress, bur-reed, water plantain,

and water purslane. Water cress and bur-reed are the dominant

aquatic plants in the water of the spring-fed swamp. Here also occur

plants of broad-leaved pondweed.

A tiny spring branch one foot wide flows from the swamp.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

ticum) americana)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum) amplifolius)

568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

EVANS SPRING

Located in NW. ^ sec. 2, T. 37 N., R. 4 W., one mile southeast

of Steelville, Crawford County. The water issues from the base of

a high limestone bluff into a large, concrete-lined basin, and is carried

in a canal to a small plant which is sometimes used to develop electric

power. In the basin immediately at the base of the bluff are

quantities of moss and algae. The water here is a clear blue-gray

in color.

At first the spring branch used to flow out directly in front of the

bluff, but concrete-lined chutes have forced its flow parallel to the

bluffs into a series of basins. In these pools the naiad forms dense,

brownish green to blackish mats 5 to 10 feet long. Where the water

in these pools is more quiet, water starwort is common, and it and

a species of Nitella comprise the dominant plants of the pools. There

is also some water purslane here.

After leaving the pools, the spring branch begins to follow its

natural course, and here water cress becomes the dominant species.

The branch then flows about one mile before emptying into Yadkin

Creek, but is devoid of any aquatic vegetation, except water mosses,

water cress, and annual bluegrass, which are found rooting on its

shallow gravel bottom.

LIST OF SPECIES

Naiad (Najas guadalupensis) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) ticum)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

americana) reptans)

Nitella sp.

FALLING SPRING

Located on a line between sees. 17 and 20, T. 36 N., R. 12 W.,

about three-fourths of a mile upstream from Pippin Lodge, five miles

northwest of Waynesville, Pulaski County. It is about 200 yards

upstream from Creasy Spring and on the opposite side of Gasconade

River. From a circular basin about 20 feet in diameter the water rises

from the base of a rocky, wooded slope covered at the base above the

spring by sugar maple (Acer saccharum var. glaucum), butternut

(Juglans cinerea), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and

sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) . The water of the basin is of a

dark, turbid, green color.

The only higher plant in the water of the basin is milfoil. In

running, shallow water of the basin are plants of a fresh-water red

alga, Batrachyspermum. The water next flows with ripples over five

feet of gravel, then cascades over some small boulders one and one-

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 569

half feet in diameter and covered with moss. As the water falls

over these boulders it makes a drop of about eight feet. Finally, it

flows a spring branch 30 feet long over muddy substratum and

empties into Gasconade River after a course of 150 feet from the

main spring. No higher aquatic plants are found between the circu-

lar basin of the spring and its confluence with Gasconade River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Fresh-water red alga (Batrachysper-

mum)

GAINES FORD SPRING (Plate XIV)

Located in the NW. % sec. 35, T. 39 N., R. 9 W., 10 miles north-

west of Rolla, in Maries County. The water bubbles out at the base

of a limestone bluff and flows a spring branch about 20 feet across,

into Gasconade River — a .distance of 500 feet. Around the outlet

of the spring are piled up boulders of limestone and Roubidoux

sandstone.

The water in the branch flows over a gravelly bottom and is one

and one-half feet deep. It is bordered by moss-covered rocks. At

the very beginning of the stream, rooted on the gravel substratum,

are buff -brown plants of shining pondweed — the first higher aquatic

plant to appear in the spring. It occurs about 25 feet from the

spring outlet. Then appear along the sides quantities of dark grass-

green plants of water-weed in large clumps. These grow in shallow

water and on a gravel substratum.

Downstream the water becomes deeper and flows over a mud

substratum. Here milfoil begins to predominate after the first 100

feet of flow, and scattered clumps of water starwort and water-weed

are seen now rather frequently with the milfoil.

The two most common plants throughout the spring branch are

milfoil and water-weed. Over the muddy substratum and during

the last two-thirds of flow, water cress is common.

LIST OF SPECIES

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) ticum)

GRAVEL SPRING

Located at the base of Paint Rock Bluff along Current River,

sec. 4, T. 28 N., R. 1 E., 20 miles southeast of Eminence, Shannon

County. The spring bubbles up from the gravel in the bed of Cur-

rent River at the base of Paint Rock Bluff and spreads out in a

570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

series of deep holes, flowing a short branch into Current River,

along which it issues. In the deep water of the spring is a species of

Cham. Other aquatic plants in the spring are milfoil, water-weed,

and pond weed.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) genuinus)

Chara sp.

GRAVOIS MILLS SPRING (Plate XI)

Also called Collins Spring. Located in sec. 19, T. 41 N., R. 17 W.,

one mile west of Gravois Mills, Morgan County. It issues as a small

branch, five feet broad and from four to six inches deep, coming from

gravel at the head of a wooded ravine, and flows a short distance.

Along its sides it is overgrown with water cress, and throughout the

first part of the flow this plant is the common one. The branch

broadens into a funnel-shaped basin filled with water cress growing

mostly away from the current. Then the water spills over a small

dam and enters a series of trout basins filled with algae. At the end

of the first basin in deep quiet water are long leaves of bur-reed.

The water then rushes over a second basin and through chutes.

In some of the basins with more quiet water large quantities of

green algae have accumulated, and the only higher plant is bur-

reed. In some basins where no other higher plants exist are dull

green plants of pondweed and water cress. Both pondweed and

bur-reed grow in ponds where there is not much current.

In one basin on the right side are large quantities of bur-reed

growing on mud in quiet water from three to five feet deep. Here

also are plants of water cress and pondweed. In another large basin

next to the preceding one are plants of pondweed. In the deep basin

on the right side, growing with bur-reed, water cress, and pondweed,

are floating plants of hornwort and submerged ones of mild water

pepper. There are also plants of the last species with stems flower-

ing above the surface of the water.

Following down the valley one encounters the next basin, which

is dammed and does not receive water from any part of the main

current. Its bottom is muddy. Most of this lake (on the left side

as you proceed down the valley) is filled by hornwort, while along

its shallow margins in mud in quiet water grow water purslane

(Ludvigia palustris var. americana), tooth-cup, and creeping love

grass. The water of this lake, as previously stated, is modified

spring water.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 571

However, in the lake adjacent to it on the right side, water flows

through a chute and there grow bur-reed, hornwort, and bronze-red

and green plants of water purslane (Peplis diandra), in still water

10 to 12 feet deep. This latter basin broadens into a large lake, deep

and still, with the water of a deep blue-green to deep dark green in

color. On the right side this lake lies along the base of a limestone,

wooded bluff, and on its sunny, exposed, muddy margin are large

rose-red and brick-colored, rounded clumps of water purslane (Peplis

diandra), olive-gray-green, submerged plants of ditch stonecrop, bur-

reed, and pale green and pastel-colored plants of pondweed, with

widely spreading leaves. The water from this lake then runs out

from the sides of a rock dam 20 feet high and sends forth a spring

branch. This branch will be described later.

In the lake on the left side occur solid beds of bronzy-green

plants of pondweed. Also on the muddy margin around one

lobe of the lake are solid mats of rose-red plants of tooth-cup, grow-

ing mostly out of the water. Where they are submerged, the plants

are of a deep dark green color, but out of water in bright sun they

assume a rose-red color. Farther out in the deep water along this

side of the lake, exposed to the bright sun, grow broad-leaved pond-

weed with leaves of a rose-red or brick-red color mixed with brown.

Here the floating leaves of this species are olive-green. Water

purslane (Peplis diandra} also occurs here, assuming various colors

according to the amount of sunlight present. For instance, in shade

and along margins where growing with other plants, the leaves are

dark or grass-green, but where the plants are exposed to the full rays

of the sun for most of the day, the leaves assume chiefly a bright

rose-red or brick-rose color. Some plants of bright rose-red-colored

water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. americana) also grow here in

the sun. It is interesting to note that certain species, even though

similarly exposed to the sun, never seem to turn a rose or brick color.

Such species are pondweed and bur-reed, which remain shades of

green, while other plants, such as water purslane (Ludvigia palustris

var. americana), water purslane (Peplis diandra}, and broad-leaved

pondweed, turn to shades of rose-red or brick-red when exposed to

the sun. In some of the shallow, muddy, swampy depressions along

this lake are plants of pondweed, hornwort, and naiad. This is the

only place in the spring where naiad grows. Along the margins here

are also large quantities of water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

americana}, creeping spike rush, and tooth-cup.

This lake on the left side reaches its outlet and flows a branch

coming from one of the chutes in a channel. In the beginning the

572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

branch is narrow and deep, and flows over a muddy substratum

covered mostly by bur-reed. This species grows where the water is

deep and has a muddy substratum.

Going back now in the description to the outlet of the lake on

the right side, the branch at the base of the rock dam proceeds over

a gravelly bottom with a fast current. At first only bur-reed and

water cress are seen along the margins. Then the stream becomes

narrower and deeper, 20 feet broad and two feet deep, and flows

over a sandy gravel substratum. Here occur bur-reed and water

cress, mostly along the sides but also in the middle of the stream bed.

Growing in the loose substratum are dull grass- and rich grass-green,

small mats of pond weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus), and

plants of shining pondweed, growing only where the water is more

shallow (six inches deep) and the current is rapid. Now the stream

enters a basin where the flow is less rapid, and from two to three feet

deep. The deeper and less rapid water at this point is caused by a

flood sluice gate built across the branch, located about 50 yards

downstream from the rock dam, described above. Here in deep,

rather quiet water on the muddy, sand-gravel bottom are a few

mats of water purslane (Peplis diandra) with a light, dull, grass-

green color at the tips of the plants, and otherwise dark, dull green

mixed with bronze or pinkish lower down and at the base of the

plant. This coloring of the plants exists in shade. There are also

some submerged mosses here where the bottom is of a muddy sand-

gravel. Past the sluice gate this branch has a faster flow. Its course

is over gravel and the water usually is only from two to six inches

deep, although in places one foot deep, and from 10 to 20 feet broad.

Water cress occurs along the sides and is commonest along the mar-

gins where the water is shallow and the current less swift. Some

plants of bur-reed also grow along the margins and in gravel in the

middle of the stream bed.

Farther down in some swift water where the main current flows

over the middle of the stream bed and the stream narrows, occur

bright green plants of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genui-

nus). After making a couple of bends the branch meets the other

spring branch which came from the original source of Gravois Mills

Spring, and which runs along the left (north) side as one goes down-

stream. The two branches unite to form a swift but narrow branch,

10 feet in width, which flows over a gravel bed. Mostly water

cress occurs along the margin of the branch now. Where part of it

flows over a riffle in the gravel-bed and is only one or two feet deep, are

blue-green plants of fowl meadow grass. Where the rocks are larger

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 573

in this portion of the branch, they are often covered by aquatic

mosses. The stream continues to flow with shallow water over a

gravel substratum. In some places the water is deeper. Along the

sides grow water cress, and from here on it is the only higher plant

to occur until the branch flows into the Lake-of-the-Ozarks.

The left branch which originally started its flow near the head of

Gravois Mills Spring at first has a gravel bottom, is narrow (five

feet broad), and flows through a ditch or depression along the road.

Water cress, bur-reed, pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus)

of a bright green color, and shining pondweed with bright green

leaves, occur here. The bur-reed and shining pondweed are very

common. The latter occurs mostly in a shallow, swift current in

the middle of the stream bed.

LIST OF SPECIES

IN SPRING WATER

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water purslane (Peplis diandra)

ticum) Ditch stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) macellus and var. genuinus)

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro- Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

piperoides) Fowl meadow grass (Glyceria striata)

IN LAKE ON LEFT

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Water purslane (Peplis diandra)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

americana) Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

Tooth-cup (Rotala ramosior var. interior) amplifolius)

Creeping love grass (Eragrostis hyp- Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus)

noides)

GREEK SPRING (Plate XV)

Located in sec. 36, T. 25 N., R. 4 W., a mile north of Greer post

office, and about eight miles northeast of Alton, Oregon County.

"It has two outlets 300 feet apart, both of which are located in a

deep, narrow gorge." At its upper outlet about one-fourth of its

water issues horizontally from a cave situated at the head of a deep

ravine cut in cherty dolomitic Ordovician rocks. The water is

clear and cold. Around the first outlet from the cave, where the

water is deep and swift-flowing, only moss grows around the rocks.

The stream dashes rapidly over boulders covered with mosses and

a liverwort (Marchantia). There are no higher plants between the

first and second outlets except spring cress, which occurs along the

margins away from the main current. The branch from the first

outlet dashes into the second, larger outlet which "boils up" the

remaining three-fourths of the water volume of the spring in a cir-

574 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

cular basin 40 feet in diameter. The water here is of steel-blue color.

No plants grow in the direct force of this large volume of water, but

around its margins there are various submerged mosses on the rocks.

Also found here in mats are light green plants of spring cress. Dark

green fowl meadow grass, some of which is submerged, occurs along

the margin. Directly above this lower outlet is an American elm

(Ulmus americana) bearing on its branches a clump of mistletoe

(Phoradendron flavescens*). A liverwort (Dumortiera hirsuta) grows

on some of the rocks around the margin of the lower outlet.

At first the spring branch is about 30 feet broad on the average,

widening in some places to 40 or 50 feet. Fifty yards from the

second outlet, water cress forms a large bed along the margin away

from the current, and grows from rather deep water all the way to

shore. The branch dashes rapidly over moss-covered boulders and

sounds like a mountain stream in the canyon. It is from two to

three feet in depth here and flows over many large rocks. A

liverwort (Dumortiera hirsuta) grows on the rocks and submerged

logs in the current itself. Away from the current along the margin

and at one place in the middle of the stream, behind the protection

of a tree trunk which protrudes above the water and throws the

current to both sides of the branch, are flowering mats of white

water crowfoot. The latter and water cress are the dominant and

only species of higher plants thus far.

On the north side of the branch the water is shallower, about one

foot deep, and contains beds of water cress and white water crow-

foot. The strands of the latter have a grass-green color, and all

grow on more or less shallow, level places in the stream bed. The

gravel is fine and light-colored. It is a common sight here to find

masses of this species occurring as rich, dark green or grass-green

mats from four to six feet long. They grow somewhat away from

the main current, along the sides, but nevertheless in the actual

current. Here and there are flowering clumps of water speedwell in

the shallower water near the margin. Water cress grows here away

from the current, but is in some deep water where it forms masses

of stems, lying upon one another.

Along more quiet margins on a shallow, muddy substratum next

the shore are water starwort, water pimpernel, and water cress.

Water cress lines the remainder of the flow of the spring branch.

For the first one-quarter of a mile the branch has been a rough and

tumbling one, then, as it becomes less rough, the species of plants

mentioned above, especially white water crowfoot, become more

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 575

conspicuous and continue in prolific quantities for the last half-mile

of flow.

Occasional mats of spring cress are found floating where they

have become detached from rocks or attached at other places. Both

the spring cress and water cress, which occurs with it in long

bunches, are of a light green or grass-green color.

The branch now makes a turn to the left with a stretch of grassy

meadow on the left and a steep bank on the right. Here, adjacent

to the bank, is a pool with deep blue rapid-running water, while

along the left side the water is shallower and flows over a light-

colored gravel. The latter area receives more sunshine, which

accounts for the bronze color of the mats of white water crowfoot

found here. After making this bend the branch becomes 100 feet

wide in places and spreads out over a shallow stream bed covered

by a foot of water flowing over light-colored, small gravel. The

current here is much less rapid and has few places where the water

is white and foamy from cascades and waterfalls. In this shallower

and slower water the bottom is covered with mats of light green

water cress, and white water crowfoot with a bronze color where the

sun is strong, but with a grass-green or dark green where it grows in

the shade. This latter species assumes the dark green or grass-green

phase along and near the shady margins. White water crowfoot is

the dominant and most common species now, with water cress

second in abundance.

Along the margins of the grassy meadow mentioned above grow

field mint, of an olive-green or light green color, some of it slightly

submerged, and mats of spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora)

among beds of water cress, and submerged, dark green, leafy, sterile

plants of fowl meadow grass.

Downstream along the north side of the branch on the margin,

in shade and shallow water, are olive-grass-green plants of a liver-

wort (Riccia fluitans) and duckweed.

Growing in the full sun on the stream is water speedwell, which

has a light olive-green color suffused with a pastel brick or russet-

brownish tinge. Again the white water crowfoot growing in the sun

assumes a bronze or brown mixed with green.

Following down the lower part of the course of the branch is

seen for the first time a plant of bur-reed, growing along the margins

behind a bed of water cress mixed with creeping spike rush. Land

plants found near the margin at this point are blue flag (7ns vir-

ginica), water horehound (Lycopus rubellus), bugle weed (Lycopus

576 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

virginicus), mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum), blue lobelia

(Lobelia siphilitica) , spotted touch-me-not (Impaliens biflora), and

Rudbeckia palustris.

Farther down the stream, beds of water cress cover the shallowest

portions of the spring branch, to the exclusion of almost everything

else. A liverwort (Riccia fluilans) occurs all along the quiet margins.

Growing in the shallow water are bunches of water speedwell, with

small leaves and short internodes, their color tinged with brick or

even reddish. In grassy places water pepper (Polygonum punctatum)

is common, in association with monkey flower (Mimulus alatus},

water horehound (Lycopus rubellus], boneset (Eupatorium perfoli-

atum), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrical), and willow herb (Epilobium

coloratum). Red top (Agrostis stolonifera) is the chief sod-making

grass. Here and there, in shallow water on gravelly substratum with

water cress, occurs bitter dock (Rumex oUusifolius).

As the flow becomes less rapid and the water shallower, water

speedwell and water cress become the commonest species. In this

lower stretch of the stream are islands of water cress, where the

species of the grassy, swampy meadows sometimes have their

beginning. The thick beds of water cress make it possible for a

large amount of detritus and silt to accumulate under a slower cur-

rent, and initiates a mucky substratum in which red top grass (Agros-

tis stolonifera) and creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calm] can take root.

When the latter have established enough of a sod, the beginning of

a swampy meadow is formed, and the previously mentioned species

of the swampy meadow rapidly close in upon the now available soil.

After having had broad and shallow stretches for most of its

course, the branch again narrows and becomes much swifter and

deeper, flowing here over some large rocks. At this point is found

for the first time horned pondweed, growing here in a fast current in

water one and one-half feet deep. It roots on gravel among the

rocks. Its foliage is of a bright grass-green and it forms dense, pros-

trate, rich-colored beds in mats one to two feet long and six inches

to one foot broad. Red top grass (Agrostis stolonifera), with a blue-

green or gray-green color, occurs along gravelly margins here.

Next, as the branch becomes deeper and the current stronger,

water cress disappears from most of the stream except the margins.

Consequently, water speedwell and horned pondweed dominate the

bottom of the stream bed, growing in patches. Along the quiet,

shallow margins in sandy mud occur more clumps of bur-reed, the

first seen for a quarter of a mile.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 577

Now the branch divides around an island covered by a swampy

meadow. One fork continues to flow straight, and in its shallow

water are more patches of water speedwell and water cress; but the

other branch curves around a bend where, on gravel in the shallow

current, grows shining pondweed, with a bronze and brick color on

some plants and a bright green on others. It is fully exposed to sun-

light. Adjacent to this curve is a stretch of mud on one side. On it

grow water cress and water speedwell, and behind them, nearer the

land, bur-reed and broad-leaved arrowhead. The water is choked

with beds of white water crowfoot. The muddy substratum here is

due to the silty deposit made by a small spring which enters at this

point and is surrounded by a swampy meadow overgrown with

Rudbeckia palustris, Panicum agrostoides, and many other species.

Down the remainder of the main branch, bur-reed is common along

the margins. Around this small spring branch water speedwell and

bronze-colored shining pondweed are dominants, with water cress

and broad-leaved arrowhead occurring along the muddy margins.

In muddy places here also grow white water crowfoot and water

speedwell with shining pondweed. The latter species forms beds of

floating leaves while some of it is in flower. Also seen along these

muddy margins nearer land are creeping spike rush, rice cut grass,

and knotty-leaved rush.

After the branches have forked around this island, they join in a

shallow, gravelly branch about 100 feet broad. Here are abundant

beds of water cress, water speedwell, and horned pondweed. A

smaller amount of white water crowfoot is present. A beautiful

mottled color effect is produced by the light green of water cress

growing with pastel brick- and russet-colored water speedwell and

light olive-green horned pondweed. The water speedwell forms large

beds, while the other two species occur in lesser abundance.

Finally, the spring branch joins the Eleven Points River, after a

flow of one and one-quarter miles throughout, in which it has fallen

46 feet. At the confluence the following species grow submerged:

Water cress, white water crowfoot, water speedwell, and horned

pondweed. The two last species are dominant here, and where the

current is strongest, at the mouth of the spring branch, horned pond-

weed becomes the dominant species, forming large beds three or

four feet long and four or five feet broad. It grows here mostly

in a strong current of shallow water, rooted on the gravel, but in

places the water is from two to three feet deep.

After the branch enters Eleven Points River, there are many

beds of water milfoil and smaller amounts of horn wort; neither species

578 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

was found in the spring branch proper. The hornwort grows in shal-

low places in gravel along the river margin, while the water milfoil

occurs along the margin in muddier soil, away from the current. It

grows also in the river with water speedwell and white water crow-

foot. On the shallow gravel away from the current are beds of

water speedwell.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f. Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

fontinalis) Broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria laii-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- folia)

ticum) Little duckweed (Lemna minor)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calva)

longirostris) Knotty-leaved rush (Juncus acumi-

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) natus)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Fowl meadow grass (Glyceria striata)

Water pimpernel (Samolus parviflorus) Rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides)

Field mint (Mentha arvensis var. gla- Liverwort (Marchantia)

brata) Liverwort (Dumortiera hirsuta)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Liverwort (Riccia fluitans)

tris var. major)

HAHATONKA SPRING (Plate XVI)

Located in sec. 2, T. 37 N., R. 17 W., at Hahatonka, Camden

County. The outlet appears at the base of a high, limestone bluff.

The color of the water is greenish gray-blue. At the very beginning,

in deep water, are large beds of milfoil, alternating with water cress.

Along the sides are rocks covered with algae and mosses. In the

beginning the substratum is gravelly.

This deep basin of water continues for several hundred feet

enclosed by wooded bluff slopes. All along the margin and in the

center of the basin are long strands of milfoil, and along the deeper

portions of the margin grow plants of hornwort. These two species

are the only ones found in the basin. A low, narrow, wooded ridge

extends towards the middle of the basin and divides the spring into

two main branches. The right spring branch runs along the base of

a precipitous, rocky wall and is deep. The only plants which occur

in it are hornwort, milfoil, and occasionally water cress.

The left spring branch is very rich in aquatic plants. It is nar-

row, about 10 to 12 feet wide, and has a deep blue-gray color. Here

are beds of broad-leaved, purple or green mild water pepper, bur-

reed, water starwort, and water speedwell, the last very abundant.

Mild water pepper grows where the current is fastest, while bur-reed

occurs mostly along the margin of the branch.

The spring empties into the Niangua River about a half-mile

away from its source.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

579

LIST OF SPECIES

Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero-

phyllum)

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus)

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi-

peroides)

Bur-reed (Sparganinm americanum)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

HAZLETON SPRING (Plate XVI)

Located in sec. 34, T. 33 N., R. 10 W., at Hazleton, Texas County.

It rises in a 5-acre lake "formed by a dam in the spring branch, which

is used to run a grist mill," and empties into Piney River 500 feet

Water Cress

Swampy Field

Water Cress

Head of Spring Branch

Hibiscus

•Short Branch

-Mill

below the mill. The lake lies in a field in a swampy section. The

branch is bordered by dense masses of water cress, with which occur

horned pondweed and bur-reed, and the lake is surrounded by clumps

of silky willow (Salix sericea). The swampy ground is further

inhabited by black willow (Salix nigra), ladies' thumb (Polygonum

lapathifolium), panic grass (Panicum dichotomiflorum), swamp dock

(Rumex verticillatus), masses of tear thumb (Polygonum sagittatum),

and plants of swamp mallow (Hibiscus lasiocarpos).

The water cress grows along both sides of the spring branch, and

where the latter curves around a great bend of standing water there

are many plants of water starwort and masses of Ricciocarpus and

greater duckweed.

The branch gradually widens into a long lake, at the other end

of which is the grist mill. Along one side of the lake is a bay. Much

swampy ground, overgrown with alder (Alnus rugosa), spreads

around the bay. Below the bay and along one side of the lake are

many plants of swamp mallow, associated with ladies' thumb and

580 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

cocklebur (Xanthium chinense). In this portion of the lake are

many clumps of bur-reed. The chief plants of the lake, however,

are water cress and water- weed. With them are associated sub-

merged masses of Riccia fluitans and hornwort. Towards the end of

the lake near the mill grow many plants of water-weed with milfoil

and pond weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). Plants of

water purslane occur along the margin.

A short branch flows from the lake to the grist mill and then

empties 500 feet below the mill.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

ticum) Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

iris var. major) genuinus)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) americana)

Greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) Liverwort (Riccia fluitans)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Liverwort (Ricciocarpus sp.)

HODGSON MILL SPRING (Plate XVII)

Located in sec. 34, T. 24 N., R. 12 W., near Sycamore, Ozark

County. The water, which flows from the narrow mouth of a cave, is

dark green-blue in color, and about 15 feet deep. It then flows into

an almost circular, rock-walled basin, about eight feet deep, 50 feet

wide one way, and about 30 feet the other. In this basin occurs water

starwort, water speedwell, water cress, bur-reed, and milfoil, the last

species the most common. The water then flows over a dam. It

has a direct fall of nine feet and the power is used by the grist mill

erected nearby.

The spring branch formed is clear and swift-flowing, and about

50 feet wide. Milfoil is the dominant plant. It grows plentifully

along the sides, leaving free only the narrow, clear, sandy, gravelly

center of the spring branch. Scattered beds of bur-reed occur in

the branch, and along the muddy bottoms are occasional clumps of

water starwort, bronze-green plants of pondweed, and dark copper-

red and green plants of water purslane. Most of the bur-reed is

found on the left side of the spring branch. Also on the left

side are occasional plants of white water crowfoot, in the mud, and

plants of the fresh-water red alga, Batrachyspermum, which grows in

the main current of the water.

Along the margin of the spring branch, and towards its confluence

with Bryant Creek, occurs horned pondweed. The substratum in

this portion of the branch is a yellow-gray, sandy mud. At and near

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 581

the confluence are a few plants of water star-grass. The water

then flows into Bryant Creek over a ledge covered with mud from

the branch.

Throughout the course of the branch milfoil predominates.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) americana)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

ticum) longirostris)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) tris var. major)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

macellus) Fresh-water red alga (Batrachysper-

mum)

HOWE'S MILL SPRING

Located in sec. 15, T. 34 N., R. 3 W., at Howe's Mill, Dent

County. It arises as a dammed-up lake basin filled with a species

of Chara, water cress, pondweed, and bur-reed. The branch from the

basin runs into Howe's Mill Branch, which empties into Huzzah Creek.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

ticum) Chara sp.

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus)

KEENER SPRING (Plates VII and VIII)

Located in sec. 9, T. 26 N., R. 5 E., one mile northwest of Keener,

Butler County. The water flows from several places at the base of

a brown and gray, dolomitic limestone bluff, 20 feet high. At its

outlet there are only algal and moss-covered rocks. The spring is

shallow but broad, since it flows from several outlets over the

gravel. After flowing over shallow gravel for 20 feet with a stream

bed 20 feet broad, the spring falls over a large rock pile and broadens

out. In deep water away from the current at the base of the bluff

and away from the outlet is flowering water milfoil.

Another spring enters the valley from the north and flows 100

feet into the same water into which the main spring flows. The

former is loaded along its sides with water milfoil.

From the first rock pile, which forms a dam, the water goes over

a second rock pile, then empties into a main branch which is about

40 feet wide at first. The main branch then enters a large basin

and from here it commences to flow over gravel; the water is clear

down the entire course.

582 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

About 100 feet down the branch the first plants of water cress

occur, being found along the margins away from the main current.

The branch then bends abruptly here, and water milfoil grows in

the shallow current, assuming a dark green color, but red at the

tips; it grows prostrate, with roots sent out from the stems into

the gravel. The plant is reddish purple and green. At this bend,

in shallow mud along the margin, grow water-weed, water milfoil,

a little water cress, some water purslane, pond weed with a dull, pale

brown color, and water milfoil, rooting in the mud and with its

dissected leaves resembling milfoil (Myriophyllum scabratum) . Along

the muddy shore occur whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia longifolia),

primrose- willow (Jussiaea decurrens), broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagit-

taria lalifolia), and tooth-cup (Rotala ramosior var. interior).

Farther down the branch in swift-running, shallow water near

the margin is a bright green pondweed in long strands. Water

milfoil, in strands four feet long, is dominant and commoner than

water cress, forming beds of dull bronze-green all along the margin

of the stream.

On a muddy bar or "island" in the latter half of flow of the branch,

along its margin mostly in mud where there is a slight current,

is found horned pondweed, growing mostly loose and not in its usual

dense, green mats. It has a rich, grass-green color. It occurs with

water milfoil.

After flowing for 600 feet, and averaging six inches deep and 12 to

15 feet broad, the branch enters Black River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

ticum) tris var. major)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

americana) Water milfoil (Myriophyllum hetero-

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. phyllum)

genuinus)

KRATZ SPRING (Plate XVII)

Located in sec. 19, T. 41 N., R. 2 W., four miles west of Stanton,

Franklin County. The water bubbles up from three places in

a gravel bed, forming the beginning of Spring Creek. It arises

in a cultivated field. The spring makes several semicircular loops,

and then forms one main branch which flows a very swift current with

clear, greenish blue water over a gravel substratum. On one side

of the branch is the valley; on the other side are low, wooded bluff

slopes. The dominant plants of the branch are water cress and

bur-reed. Quantities of moss grow on the rocks in the branch.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 583

In the lower quarter of the branch, in a muddy place away from

the main current of the spring, is a colony of water speedwell. In

one deep place along the margin are plants of Nitella. The branch

flows a distance of one-fourth mile before emptying into Spring Creek.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water speedwell (Veronica connate)

ticum) Nitella sp.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

MABREY SPRING

Located near the mouth of Big Barren Creek, sec. 3, T. 25 N.,

R. 1 E., five and one-half miles northeast of Bennett, Ripley County.

The spring rises in a valley and issues from a small opening at the

base of a rocky, cherty, limestone hill, flowing into a lake-like basin.

Along the margin of the lake grow white water crowfoot, tooth-cup

(Rotala ramosior var. interior), Eryngium prostratum, clammy hedge

hyssop (Gratiola lutea), and needle spike rush. In the water of the

lake occur hornwort, horned pondweed, water starwort, large-

leaved pondweed, forming large colonies in the lake, milfoil, and

water-weed.

From the lake a spring branch flows one-fourth mile to empty

into Current River. Floating in still water of the branch are a

liverwort (Ricciocarpus'), and duckweed.

LIST OF SPECIES

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

longirostris) Large-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicu- amylifolius)

laris var. typica) Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Duckweed (Lemna valdiviana)

iris var. major) Liverwort (Ricciocarpus)

MARKHAM SPRING

Located in sec. 23, T. 27 N., R. 4 E., three miles west of Williams-

ville, Wayne County. "It rises in a small natural lake and empties

into Black River a half-mile away." The lake is full of plants. In

the deepest portion of it, near the center, the color of the water is

deep blue. The commonest plant of the lake is milfoil ; it has purplish

red stems, and occurs in the deepest waters as well as elsewhere

throughout the water. Along the deep margins grow light green plants

of bur-reed, some of the plants growing in deep water and having

long leaves. Dark green plants of hornwort are scattered along the

margin, while along the muddy shore occur plants of creeping spike

rush. Horned pondweed is rather common along the margin. Shin-

584 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

ing pondweed is very common, and occurs from near shore towards

deeper water in the center.

The spring branch flowing from the lake has many aquatic plants.

Water-weed, bur-reed, and needle spike rush are found commonly

along the stream. On a sandy riffle exposed to the sun, where a

road crosses the branch about halfway down, are plants of horned

pondweed, which is found also in a slough at one end of the lake.

Plants of water purslane with brownish red and green leaves occur

here and there along the branch. In shaded, swift-running water,

water star-grass grows in long, leafy strands, all the plants in a

vegetative state with long internodes, while on sunny portions of

the branch, creeping on the mud, are found flowering plants of this

species with short stems and crowded internodes. Water speedwell

occurs about halfway down the branch, then continues commonly

as far as the confluence of the branch with Black River.

Near the confluence the water flows more slowly and runs

over a more muddy substratum. In this slower water occurs

Ozark spatterdock. In a slough back of the lake are plants

of long-leaved pondweed (Potamogelon americanus), creeping on

the mud, with short stems and crowded internodes, and also

plants of naiad.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicu-

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) laris var. typica)

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calva) americana)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

tris var. major) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Naiad (Najas guadalupensis)

MERAMEC (MARAMEC) SPRING

Located in sec. 1, T. 37 N., R. 6 W., six miles southeast of St.

James, Phelps County. "The water issues from a circular basin at

the base of a rocky cliff, spreads and falls over the remains of an

old rock dam, and flows swiftly down the spring branch one mile

into Meramec River."

The main portion of the spring is too deep for aquatic plants, but

farther down, as the water becomes shallower, strands of milfoil

can be seen in the center. Along the sides of the deep portion are

water cress, bur-reed, which roots in the gravel, needle spike rush, and

flowering plants of the aquatic phase of annual bluegrass. Around

the main, deep portion of the spring are arching limbs of American

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 585

linden (Tilia glabra), and along the sides are trees of hop hornbeam

(Ostrya virginiana).

The spring then narrows into a broad branch which contains

some water- weed. The branch cascades down the remains of the

old rock dam, where there are green, moss-covered rocks with mats

of water cress growing between them. Below the cascades occur

peppermint and a liverwort (Porella pinnata).

At this point a small bridge crosses the spring branch, and

below the bridge the shallow water flows swiftly over a gravel bottom.

In the shallow stream are many moss- and algae-covered rocks, but

water cress is the chief species of aquatic seed plant occurring here;

it is found along the sides of the branch. Occasionally there are

seen in this portion of the spring strands of milfoil and bur-reed.

These latter species are found along the depositional area of the

branch farthest away from the main current of the spring.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- tans)

ticum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Bur-reed (Sparganium amerwanum) Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Liverwort (Porella pinnata)

var. typica)

MILL CREEK SPRING

Located in sec. 19-30, T. 22 N., R. 23 W., four miles southwest

of Radical, Stone County. The water rises as a small outlet in a

ravine and flows a short branch 50 feet long which empties into

White River. The branch flows with a smooth trickle over a gravel

bottom. The only plants are water cress, pondweed, water mosses,

and algae.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water mosses

ticum) Algae

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus)

MILL SPRING

Located in sec. 36, T. 28 N., R. 3 E., at the town of Mill Spring,

Wayne County. The water bubbles out into an oblong basin at

the base of a limestone bluff near the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and

is used by the company to furnish water for locomotives. The

water in the basin is clear and blue. Along the margins and growing

also in the water of the main spring basin, is peppermint, although

the chief aquatic plants of the spring basin are russet-bronze and

green clumps of water-weed, growing with shining pondweed and

586 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

a liverwort (Porella). Annual bluegrass and peppermint grow along

the margins of the spring.

The spring branch then flows in a grassy, cultivated valley

one-fourth mile before emptying into Black River. At first the

branch has a gravel bottom covered in places by beds of dull greenish

red water- weed, light green horned pond weed, and peppermint.

Farther down, the bottom becomes more muddy. Stretches of sand

alternate with mud farther along and are covered by large patches

of light green horned pond weed and brown-red water- weed. Sub-

merged plants of red top grass along the margins of the spring branch

here add a blue-green cast of color to the varied greens.

Proceeding farther down the spring branch, bright olive-green

plants of pondweed in long strands are found. These occur in the

lower portion of the stream. Growing here in the water are plants

of sour dock (Rumex crispus). Along the margin grows butter weed

(Senecio gldbellus). The mouth of the branch at its confluence with

Black River is covered with beds of spike rush.

LIST OF SPECIES

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) tris var. major]

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep- genuinus)

tans) Spike rush (Eleocharis Smallii)

Red top grass (Agrostis stolonifera) Liverwort (Porella sp.)

MILL POND

Located in sec. 18, T. 23 N., R. 15 W., at Hammond, Ozark

County. The spring rises in a lake formed by the damming of two

branches. Quantities of Ozark spatterdock occur all around the

margins of the pond. At the far end is water purslane, while milfoil

is found at the lower end of the pond. Pondweed occurs below the

dam along the creek, which emerges at one end of the lake and

eventually flows into Little North Fork of White River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum) Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

americana) genuinus)

MILLER SPRING

Located in sec. 6, T. 34 N., R. 10 W., three miles north of Big

Piney post office, Pulaski County. The spring bubbles up in a more

or less circular pool about 30 to 40 feet wide at the base of a wooded,

cherty slope. The color of the water is a turbid green-blue. The

main part of the spring is devoid of plant life, except for a few

scattered plants of white water crowfoot.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 587

The spring branch which issues forth flows through low woods

of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and black willow (Salix nigra).

At the head of the branch, where the road crosses it, are grass-green

rosettes of peppermint, and following down the branch a large variety

and abundance of aquatic plants are found. Here occur water star-

wort, water cress (not so common), water- weed, light green plants of

shining pondweed, bronze-green plants of pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. genuinus), white water crowfoot, with dark green leaves

and grass-green stems, horned pondweed occurring in long, light green

strands streaming in the current in the middle of the spring branch,

submerged and light green plants of water speedwell, and water

purslane, which has olive-green leaves with red and orange at the tips.

At first the spring branch flows over a cherty, gravelly substratum

and is shallow, with many curves. Proceeding down the branch, the

substratum becomes muddy as more silt is deposited. On the deeper

mud farther down the branch are some plants of mud plantain.

Near the mouth of the branch in deep water are long, sterile strands

of plants of water star-grass, some of whose leaves are almost 1 cm.

broad. In this same area occur dark green fragments of plants of

hornwort along the muddy bottom in deep water. At its confluence

with Big Piney River the spring branch broadens out to 90 feet.

The distance from the head to the mouth of the branch is about

one-fourth mile.

Of all the species in the spring branch, the three commonest are

water starwort, horned pondweed, and water-weed. A striking

feature is the absence of milfoil, which is one of the commonest

species of Missouri springs.

LIST OF SPECIES

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Water speedwell (Veronica connate)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- americana)

ticum) Mud plantain (Alisma subcordatum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

genuinus) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia pains- longirostris)

tris var. major) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

MONTAUK SPRING (Plate XII)

Located in SE. y± sec. 22, T. 32 N., R. 7 W., a half-mile north

of Montauk, in Montauk State Park, Dent County. In the beginning

Montauk Spring is made up of several sources which head in a low-

land woods of American elm (Ulmus americana), while the spring

sources themselves are surrounded by Ward's willow (Salix longipes

588 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

var. Wardii) and smooth alder (Alnus rugosa}. All the sources are

in basins with a gravelly substratum. One of them is in a basin

covered by water cress. The basin is egg-shaped, shallow, 20 feet

broad and 30 feet long, with water cress and little duckweed along the

margins. Then a slight amount of spring cress is seen. Away from

the main current on the right side of the branch bur-reed roots in

fine, muddy, sandy silt and fine gravel. In the main current and

in sandy silt there is a small amount of water speedwell.

After flowing 50 feet the branch forks on either side of an island

covered with sycamore (Platanus occidentalis} and eventually joins the

1st Spring Source

X 2nd Spring Source

3rd Spring

Source

Main Stream of Crooked Creek

main stream of Crooked Creek. The confluence is completely filled

with water cress and spring cress, the former occurring in greater

quantities and growing all along the sides as well as in the main

stream bed. A small amount of white water crowfoot occurs on gravel

at the confluence of this spring branch and Crooked Creek.

The right spring branch is dominated by spring cress. This

branch meets another branch from the extreme right (north) side.

The latter fork curves in around a bed of water cress as it meets

the other branch. The water cress forms here a dense, spongy mass

growing mostly over deep water. Around its head on marshy land

occur spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens biflora) and arrow-leaved

tear thumb (Polygonum sagitlatum).

Altogether three or four main sources or branches of the spring

converge. All flow out from their point of origin, join, and form a

main branch 30 feet broad with a depth of one to two feet of clear,

sparkling, colorless water flowing rapidly over a gravel substratum.

The main stream now makes a sweeping curve. Some submerged,

blue-green plants of fowl meadow grass occur here. The branch

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 589

then tumbles rapidly over larger rocks on which are scattered dark

green clumps of white water crowfoot growing in swift water a foot

deep. Along the margins here occurs a slight amount of water cress.

For the first 300 yards water cress, spring cress, and white water

crowfoot are the predominant growth, occurring as scattered clumps

with some aquatic mosses. Along the margins farther downstream

grow mostly water cress and creeping spike rush. Then the branch

broadens, the water here being deep and of a clear, dull blue. Mud

occurs along one side and on it grow water cress and white water

crowfoot. Proceeding downstream a small amount of water star-

wort is found growing along the muddy margin with mosses, in three

feet of water. Now, most of the bottom is muddy and the stream

broadens out to 50 feet.

Then the branch again flows over gravel and here are water

cress, white water crowfoot, and fowl meadow grass. Proceeding

downstream another one-quarter of a mile, the same conditions

continue except that the stream eventually broadens to 100 feet

or more, with little or no current, flowing over a muddy bottom

lined on the margin with water cress. In one to three feet of water

near the muddy margin are upright, dull green and olive-bronze

strands of pond weed (Polamogelon foliosus var. macellus).

The water then falls three feet over a concrete dam and continues

its course downstream. Water cress is dominant now. Before

crossing the road which goes to the park hotel and office, it receives

another branch from the right. This branch from the right contains

large quantities of pondweed (Potamogelon foliosus var. macellus) and

water speedwell. It and the main branch unite and flow across the

road. Rooting in the gravel in shallow water are water cress and

fowl meadow grass. The latter occurs in the swift, shallow portion

of the water.

There is little aquatic vegetation besides water cress from the

last point farther downstream until the branch curves sharply to

the left and flows along the base of the bluffs. Here it receives the

spring branch of Bubbling Spring, which originates farther up

the valley on the west side, and will be described later. Now there

occur many plants of pondweed, water speedwell, horned pondweed,

water starwort, and water cress. This branch continues down-

stream, becoming larger and deeper, and forms the main source

of Current River.

Additional Features. — On the right side of the valley of the

spring branch is Bubbling Spring, which arises as a circular pool

590 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

eight feet in diameter in a depression in a swampy meadow. The

water bubbles up from a soft, gray-brown, sandy mud. Water cress

immediately clogs its branch. The branch curves around from the

pool and flows along limestone bluffs. A large thicket of silky

willow (Salix sericea), Hibiscus lasiocarpos, and smooth alder (Alnus

rugosa) grow in the swampy meadow here. This small branch, four

feet broad and two inches to one foot in depth, flows gently over a j

sandy, silty bottom, its margins lined with water cress and broad-

leaved arrowhead. Farther down this branch at the base of the

bluffs is a slough-like part without any noticeable current, and filled

with white water crowfoot. Finally, after passing this slough, the

branch flows around at the base of the bluffs and empties into the

main branch described above.

The other spring branch which meets the main branch just before

it crosses the road leading to the park hotel and office may be .

described to its source as follows: It starts originally from the base

of high bluffs on the west or right side of the valley, directly opposite

the portion of the valley (east side) where the three or four main

sources of Montauk Spring occur. However, the original source

of the outlet of the spring at the base of bluffs on the west side of

the valley has been dammed to form a lake of dark blue-green color,

whose water is very deep. The lake is about 1,000 feet long and 200

feet broad. In it now grow in water 5 to 10 feet deep, along the

sides of the slopes and bluffs, long strands of water purslane, pond-

weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus), and white water crowfoot.

Some water cress occurs along the margin. It is the water originating

from this spring source by the bluff on the west side which forms a

series of lakes and hatchery ponds. Some plants of water starwort

and bur-reed occur along the deep margins. Also submerged here

is water cress. The original spring here has been covered from 5 to

10 feet deep. Near its head are large quantities of bur-reed. In

part of the narrow, spring-fed channel, along the base of the bluffs,

submerged 5 to 10 feet, occur plants of water plantain and water

purslane.

After leaving the lake the water flows over a concrete dam and

makes a waterfall about 25 feet high. This water forms the main

right branch which flows down the valley along the main road leading

through Montauk Park. It is this branch which possesses the

most plentiful supply of aquatic plants. It has variations of sub-

stratum, but is mainly of a gravel type.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 591

The branch varies in depth from six inches at the base of the

fall to four or five feet in other places. Where the water is deep, it

is of a green-blue color. One of the commonest plants in the branch

is pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus), with long green

strands. White water crowfoot forms here solid beds three feet

in length. Also common in this spring branch are submerged plants

of water speedwell, in dense, light green mats. Water cress occurs

along the margins and grows submerged also. In one to two feet of

water are some plants of water starwort. Mats of pondweed (Pota-

mogeton foliosus var. macellus) grow with mats of water speedwell,

and plants of the latter also occur with large beds of white water

crowfoot. In addition, one finds reddish or brick-colored clumps of

water purslane. Occurring occasionally along the margins in deep,

quiet water are floating or rooting mats of a dark green species of

alga (Char a). The commonest plants in this branch are pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus) and white water crowfoot.

In the fish hatcheries between the main spring-fed lake (just

described in the preceding section) and the main spring branch of

Montauk Spring (described in the beginning of the report) are a

series of ponds with muddy bottoms. These contain submerged

plants of the alga (Chara), and pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

macellus), which have mostly died owing to the rapid drainage of

the ponds followed by their refilling. Here occur a variety of

plants characteristic of quiet water and mud substratum, such as

water plantain, false pimpernel, and water purslane. Creeping

spike rush is present around the margins.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

ticum) macellus and var. genuinus)

Little duckweed (Lemna minor) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f. tris var. major)

fontinalis) Broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria lati-

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) folia)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Fowl meadow grass (Glyceria slriata) americana)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum)

longirostris) False pimpernel (Lindernia dubia var.

Creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calva) typica)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Chara sp.

MOSSY SPRING

Located in sec. 2, T. 36 N., R. 11 W., three miles west of Hooker,

Pulaski County. It rises in a field along the Gasconade River and

flows a small branch three feet wide and about one-half foot deep.

The water is clear and flows over a gravel substratum for a few

592 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

hundred feet. The branch empties into Gasconade River. Water

cress is the only higher aquatic plant found in the water.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum)

OLD POND

Located in sec. 35, T. 23 N., R. 16 W., two miles southeast

of Long Run, Ozark County. This is a spring-fed slough located

in a valley along Pond Fork Creek, the slough fed by a small spring

which issues from a low slope. In the immediate spring occurs

water starwort. In the slough, which has a muddy bottom, grows

a great variety of aquatic plants. Floating on the still water are

lesser duckweed, greater duckweed, bladderwort, and a liverwort

(Ricciocarpus). In the slough are milfoils, Myriophyllum hetero-

phyllum and M. scabratum, the latter rooting along the muddy

margins. Common all along the margin of the slough are quantities

of bur-reed, growing with water speedwell, water purslane, and

cat-tail. On the bottom are plants of a species of Chara. At one

end of the slough is lotus. Here along the shore grow knotty-leaved

rush, chairmaker's rush, and rice cut grass.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Lesser duckweed (Lemna papulifera) americana)

Greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) Cat-tail (Typha latifolia)

Bladderwort (Utricularia gibba) Lotus (Nelumbo pentapetala)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Knotty-leaved rush (Juncusacuminat us)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum, scabratum) Chairmaker's rush (Scirpus americanus)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) Liverwort (Ricclocarpus)

Chara sp.

ONANDAGO SPRING1 (Plate XIX)

Located in sec. 35, T. 39 N., R. 3 W., five and one-half miles

southeast of Leasburg, Crawford County. It rises at the base of

a limestone bluff 25 feet high in a ravine and flows into a large

basin filled with deep, murky blue water. The basin is 150 feet

long and 60 feet wide. Along its sides the rocks are covered with

masses of dirty yellow-brown and green-yellow algae. Milfoil is

the common and dominant plant in the spring basin. It occurs

mostly along the margins of the basin and is covered with algae.

A small amount of water cress and water starwort grows along the

side of the basin. Just before the water of the basin plunges over a

cataract are clumps of the fresh-water red alga, Batrachyspermum.

1 Sometimes spelled Onondaga.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 593

Then the water flows as two cataracts over rocks and the resulting

spring branch flows 150 feet into a small branch filled with moss-

covered rocks, water cress, and water starwort. The stream then

makes a sharp bend to the left and enters the valley of the Meramec

River. The branch is now broad (25 feet) and has a murky, milky

blue color with deep water flowing over a muddy substratum. The

chief plants in the branch here are water-weed and water starwort,

the latter plant here very foliose, with a broad-leaved growth

throughout. Along the margin of the branch the water starwort

and water cress form most of the plant growth, being conspicuous

and floating along the margin. In depressions of sandy mud in the

middle of the branch are occasional large colonies of dark grass-

green plants of horned pondweed with fine, long leaves. Bronze-

red clumps of milfoil occur along the margin. In one place, rooting

in the mud, are dull olive-green plants of shining pondweed. By

far the largest masses of plant growth in the spring branch are

water-weed, which gives the water a black appearance wherever

it occurs in large masses rooting in deep mud. A few plants of

hornwort root along the muddy bottom and have a dark bronze-

green color. Where the latter grows with milfoil, as it here does,

the two, which resemble one another superficially, may be distin-

guished quickly if it is noted that the leaves of milfoil spread hori-

zontally, while those of hornwort curve upward.

After flowing down the valley in a more or less straight course

for 200 yards, the branch makes a right turn across the road, and

flows for 100 feet with water cress and water starwort. It then

makes another right bend, and flows into alluvial woods of

river birch (Betula nigra} and black willow (Salix nigra). Here,

where the branch is cluttered with brush, there is no vegetation, and

it has muddy, gravelly margins. In the lower portion of its flow, the

branch widens and joins the river as a slough about one-half mile

long. There are no aquatic plants in this slough.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- tris var. major)

ticum) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Fresh-water red alga (Batrachysper-

mum sp.)

PAYDOWN SPRING

Located in SW. 1A sec. 2, T. 40 N., R. 8 W., near Paydown

post office, Maries County. The spring bubbles up from the

594 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

gravel in several places along the stream bed in a lowland wooded

valley dominated by Shumard oak (Ouercus Shumardii), sycamore

(Platanus occidentalis) , shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), mulberry

(Moms rubra), and American elm (Ulmus americana).

In the beginning the spring flows through a cover of water cress

which has started growth on the gravel. One branch from the left

starts out surrounded by rice cut grass, sedge (Car ex Frankii),

fowl meadow grass, honewort (Cryptoiaenia canadensis), wood reed

grass (Cinna arundinacea} , and hog peanut (Amphicarpa comosa).

This branch flows a narrow stream 40 feet long, lined heavily with

water cress.

The other right branch begins in the gravel bed on the other

side as a sort of continuation of an underground stream and for about

200 yards contains water cress, aquatic mosses, algae, and, along

the edges, bur-reed. This main branch meets another spring branch

which starts in the gravel bed of another part of the valley. The

bur-reed roots in the gravel. The water here has a murky, gray-

blue color and flows rather rapidly over a gravel bottom. As the

branch continues, one finds quantities of bur-reed and water cress.

The sedges (Carex lurida, C. Frankii) and common bulrush (Scirpus

atrovirens) occur in wet soil along the banks.

This small branch then joins the main branch, which forks

almost immediately at a gravelly place and runs two branches.

These continue separately for 50 or 75 yards. The right branch has

a slow current, while the left one has a faster current with more

volume. The right branch has a liverwort (Porella) along its sides.

After uniting with the main spring branch, the course makes

several turns. The water becomes deeper, with less current. In

some places along the gravelly margins only water cress occurs,

while in other portions no higher type of plant life is found.

Parallel to the branch at this point is a slough of still water with a

mud bottom, at the base of a hill slope. In it are quantities of

milfoil and bur-reed.

Farther down the branch, rooting in the gravel along the sides

as well as in the middle of the stream bed, is water speedwell.

Throughout the course of the spring flow, water cress remains

dominant. Annual bluegrass occurs here also, growing on the gravel

in swift water, and flowering.

The water speedwell increases in abundance down the lower

half of the main spring branch, growing mostly in running water

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 595

in the current in midstream. Most of it is in sterile condition, and

only where the plants are growing in the more quiet margins do

they flower much. Along the margins in wet, muddy ground away

from the current occurs water plantain.

As the flow of water continues downstream, it becomes deep

and still, and assumes a murky, gray-blue color. No higher water

plants occur in some places. After making a bend around a mill,

the water flows over a slightly muddy, gravel bottom. Here the

branch widens and along the muddy margins away from any current

is horned pondweed of a grass-green color. This plant is common

here all along shallow muddy islands, bars, and margins, and in

one muddy place occurs water purslane. Then the branch con-

tinues over a gravel bottom with water cress growing here and there.

On its course down the remainder of the valley, the spring branch

makes several curves, in some places being much narrower than in

others. There is, for the most part, no water cress here and little

of any other form of higher plant life.

In places along the gravel in the current of the branch horned

pondweed grows. The branch in the lowest portion of its flow is

narrower than just above and below the mill, then it widens and

becomes deeper just before reaching the Gasconade River around

another bend. Next it grows narrower and flows swiftly over gravel,

with annual bluegrass and horned pondweed. In one place water-

weed occurs on gravelly mud along the margin in quiet water.

The branch makes some large sweeping bends, and becomes a deep,

slow, murky-muddy stream just before entering Gasconade River.

Lizard's- tail (Saururus cernuus), monkey flower (Mimulus alatus),

broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), and cocklebur (Xan-

thium chinense) occur along the banks at the confluence.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum)

ticum) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) americana)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum lieterophyllum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

iris var. major) reptans)

Water speedwell (Veronica connate) Liverwort (Porella sp.)

PHILLIPS SPRING

Also called Twin Springs. Located in sec. 10, T. 25 N., R. 1 E.,

12 miles southeast of Van Buren, Carter County. The water bubbles

out of the gravel as two outlets at the base of a ledge of limestone

rock about four feet high. One outlet is about 10 feet in diameter,

596 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

the other 20 feet. In the portions of the outlets which are constantly

bubbling up, there are no water plants.

Soon the water rushes over some gravel and moss-covered

boulders. Along the side of one of the outlets are light green plants

of needle spike rush and along the sides of both outlets occur purplish

red plants of mild water pepper.

Away from the current of the spring water a slough is found

about 50 feet downstream. In it are mild water pepper, water

cress, and water- weed. Bur-reed and water cress grow in another

slough near one of the outlets and about 20 feet distant from the first.

The spring branch then rushes down the valley along wooded,

limestone slopes, passing swiftly over a gravelly bottom where

there is very little plant growth. There are found in this part of

the branch only some algae and mosses on the rocks in the current

of the branch. Along the sides of the branch and away from the

main current are water cress, bur-reed, and purplish red, submerged

plants of mild water pepper, and on the side near the bluff is a

colony of water-weed.

The branch then turns to the right and flows in a deep slough

which empties into Current River. The bottom of the slough is

covered with a deposit of mud and in the deeper and more quiet,

clear water occur for the first time plants of shining pondweed and

milfoil. Mild water pepper also is found here, while of uncommon

and spotted occurrence is water speedwell. Horn wort grows plenti-

fully on the muddy bottom in the quiet water. The plants of

hornwort are of a dark green color, while nearby in places occur

reddish green clumps of water purslane, with large leaves. There

are only a few plants of bur-reed in the slough.

The spring branch flows about one-fourth mile before emptying

into Current River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

yar. typica) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi- Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

peroides) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

ticum) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) americana)

PINEY SPRING

Located in SE. % sec. 4, T. 35 N., R. 8 W., one and one-half

miles southeast of Yancy Mill post office, Phelps County. The

spring issues from the base of a small, semicircular, limestone bluff,

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 597

the water very deep and murky blue in color. Growing in the

spring is a small amount of water starwort. A spring branch then

passes down the valley; its banks and bottom are muddy. The

chief plant in and along the branch is water cress, and in one place

is a plant of horned pondweed. The spring flows 500 feet, with very

little plant life, before emptying into Little Piney River.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- tris var. major)

ticum)

PREWETT SPRING (Plate XVIII)

Also called Mammoth Spring. Located in Pulaski County in

sec. 32, T. 34 N., R. 10 W., one mile north of Edanville, Texas

County. It issues from the base of a bluff and flows into Big Piney

River. Around the head of the spring occur plants of mad dog

skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and willow herb (Epilobium colora-

tum). There are many moss-covered rocks in the spring, with some

plants of water cress, spring cress, and water starwort.

Proceeding down the spring branch there are plants of duck-

weed, horned pondweed rooting in the gravel, water speedwell,

water-weed, bur-reed, and in one place halfway down the branch,

a clump of water starwort. Along the margins grow mild water

pepper, broad-leaved arrowhead, and sticktight (Bidens cernua).

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

ticum) Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi-

Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) peroides)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Broad-leaved arrowhead (Sagittaria lati-

tris var. major) folia)

PULLTIGHT SPRING

Located in NE. % sec. 4, T. 30 N., R. 5 W., five miles south

of Akers, Shannon County. "The water flows from the rocks at

the base of a rocky cliff and after passing over three small dams with

a combined height of about 10 feet it empties into Current River

500 feet away. The spring is located in a small valley which has a

club house in it."

Along the margin of the spring proper at the base of the bluff

grow water-weed and white water crowfoot, the latter species rooting

in the mud. The branch which flows from the spring has quantities

of water cress in it, and this plant is dominant all along the course

598 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

of the stream as far as the first spillway. Growing in masses with

the water cress is the submerged aquatic state of spring cress.

Other plants in the branch are milfoil, bur-reed, water starwort, and

ivy-leaved duckweed. The last species is found in dense bunches.

At the base of the first spillway and along the branch to the

second spillway occur milfoil, bur-reed, water cress, ivy-leaved

duckweed, and spring cress. Along the shore here are spotted

jewel weed (Impatiens biflora), boneset (Eupatorium perfolialum),

mad dog skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) , and creeping love grass

(Eragrostis hypnoides).

From the base of the second spillway to the confluence of the

branch with Current River occur quantities of milfoil, water cress,

and bur-reed. There is also some water starwort in this last branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f. /on-

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus tinalis)

longirostris) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna trisulca)

ticum)

RANDOLPH SPRING

Also called Flowers Spring. Located in sec. 20, T. 30 N., R. 1 E.,

along highway No. 21, two and one-half miles north of Elling-

ton, Reynolds County. The spring rises in a small slough in a cul-

tivated field in Dry Valley, next to a farm house, and empties into

Logan Creek. The spring itself bubbles up in a shed. The muddy

bottom of the slough is covered with water cress, water starwort,

bur-reed, and bronze-green bunches of pondweed (Potamogeton

foliosus var. genuinus). These are the only species represented.

The slough is about 20 to 30 feet wide, with remains of buttonbush

plants (Cephalanthus occidentalis). The spring branch flows from

the slough and contains only plants of pondweed and water cress.

The branch continues across the road, becoming small, only 10 feet

wide, then flows down the valley. From this point on, no more

aquatic plants occur. The branch flows into Logan Creek.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

ticum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) genuinus)

REEDS SPRING

Also called Ball's Spring. Located in sec. 28, T. 32 N., R. 1 E.,

one-half mile east of Centerville, Reynolds County. The water

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 599

issues at the base of a steep, wooded hill around a cultivated slope

of a hill. It comes out as a narrow stream through red clay and

limestone and flows into a small basin studded with sunken limestone

boulders. In some places the limestone boulders surround the basin.

The water is deep, dark blue, clear, and cold. This small basin

has a dam across it.

From the bottom of the basin grow plants of water starwort and

pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus), from five to six feet

long, in bright green strands. The bottom is filled with dark green

bunches of a species of Cham. There occur also masses of algae,

mosses, and a little water cress.

The water then passes out through a walled dam bank into a

second deep basin and is carried out in a wooden flume to a water

wheel, where power is generated to operate a grist mill and to

furnish electric lights for Centerville. Where the current is swift,

are long, leafy strands of water starwort. Away from the current

in the deep basin are pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus),

a species of Chara, and some water cress. The pondweed and Chara

occur here only where the water is deep. Then the water falls over

a dam and some moss-covered rocks. Water cress and peppermint

grow around these rocks.

The spring branch then flows from the water wheel across the

road and makes a branch 150 feet long before emptying into the

West Fork of Black River. In this part of the branch grow mosses,

water cress, submerged, flowering plants of annual bluegrass, and

milfoil. The last is found for the first time in this part of the spring,

and occurs on gravelly mud.

The water in the last part of the spring branch becomes deep

near its confluence with West Fork and no higher plant life exists.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var.

genuinus and var. macellus) reptans)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

ticum) Chara sp.

ROARING RIVER SPRING (Plate XVIII)

Located in sec. 27, T. 22 N., R. 27 W., seven miles south of

Cassville, in Roaring River State Park, Barry County. The water

issues as a strong-flowing branch from a cave at the base of a high

limestone bluff, 150 to 175 feet high, the water gushing rapidly over

600 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

moss-covered boulders. Here the water is of a dark green color.

Near the outlet of the cave from the bluff are dark and bright green

plants of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) and water

starwort.

Downstream the water becomes deeper and contains a large

swaying mat, four feet long, of a species of Nitella. This plant con-

tinues into an artificial lake where the spring branch has been

dammed. A narrow chute leads from the lake and contains pond-

weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) and water starwort. Then

the water rushes out over two spillways. It passes into a second

lake, larger than the first artificial basin. The water in it is deep and

dark green. No plants, except a slight amount of water cress, were

seen in this second lake.

After leaving the lake, the water goes over a large, broad spillway

and becomes a broad spring branch (about 50 feet wide). It now

flows over a gravel substratum. No plants are found here. Soon

the branch flows into Roaring River, but no higher plants occur at

the confluence.

LIST OF SPECIES

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

genuinus) ticum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Nitella sp.

ROARING SPRING

Located in E. Y2 sec. 19, T. 41 N., R. 1 W., two miles east of

Stanton, Franklin County. The spring issues from a cave at the

base of a limestone bluff 150 feet high, in a small branch which

flows rapidly over limestone boulders covered with mosses and a

liverwort (Marchantia). The branch is only four feet wide. The

only higher plant besides mosses is water starwort. Most of the latter

appears in mud near the confluence of the branch with the Meramec

River, only 50 feet from the outlet of the branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Liverwort (Marchantia) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

ROCKBRIDGE SPRING

Located in sec. 5, T. 24 N., R. 13 W., at Rockbridge, Ozark

County. It has a beautiful setting, rising as a series of springs in

the bed of a lake about 1,500 feet long and 400 feet wide. The lake

has a deep, bluish green or brownish green color. It is formed by

a dam, which develops a head of nine feet and is used to operate

a mill. The dam backs up water along beautiful, wooded bluffs

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 601

on one side. The substratum in the lake is mud. The principal

plants in the lake, all in still water, on the side opposite the bluff

are large clumps of milfoil, with pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus), horned pondweed, and a species of Char a along the sides.

On the side of the lake along the bluff are milfoil, bur-reed,

water starwort, a species of Cham, pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus

var. macellus), and shining pondweed.

In a slough along one side the water is filled with a species of

Chara, milfoil, white water crowfoot, water speedwell, horned pond-

weed, water purslane, and sweet flag.

From the dam the water falls vertically about nine feet and then

rushes down to form a spring branch which flows over a gravelly

bottom. Here water speedwell, bur-reed, and mosses dominate.

Farther on, scarcely any aquatic plant occurs with the exception

of a slight amount of moss and scattered clumps of milfoil.

Downstream, another little spring joins the main branch and

here is found a rich variety of aquatic plants, comprising bur-reed,

milfoil, quantities of water speedwell, dark green clumps of a species

of Nitella, and shining pondweed.

High limestone bluffs, as one proceeds downstream, appear along

one side of the spring branch, and here, besides algae and water

cress, are found many plants of water speedwell, in dense mats.

The water at this place rushes over large boulders in the stream.

Then the branch curves around and flows by some high, lime-

stone bluffs that are flanked above by Roubidoux sandstone. At

this point the water is deep, clear, and of a gray-blue color. Milfoil

is still common, but most of the other species have disappeared.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. longirostris)

genuinus and var. macellus) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- americana)

tris var. major) Sweet flag (Acorus Calamus)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) ticum)

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Chara sp.

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) Nitella sp.

ROUBIDOUX SPRING (Plate IX)

Also called Waynesville Spring. Located in sec. 25, T. 36 N.,

R. 12 W., one-half mile from highway No. 66, at Waynesville,

Pulaski County. The water, enclosed on one side by a semicircular

cement wall 20 feet high, "boils up" from the ground along the road

602 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

at the base of a high, limestone bluff. In the spring basin itself the

only higher aquatic plant is milfoil.

The water then flows a branch from the basin for 50 feet before

emptying into Roubidoux Creek. The water of the branch is shallow

and dashes over moss-covered boulders. In the spring branch

water cress and milfoil are the commonest plants, the former occur-

ring chiefly along the margin of the branch.

At the beginning of the spring branch, near its head and along

the margin, are submerged flowering plants of annual bluegrass.

Farther down, also along the margin, are submerged clumps of mild

water pepper with olive-green and rose-colored, lanceolate leaves

which are closely matted and give the plant an appearance similar

to that of water purslane. On the other side of the branch, near its

junction with Roubidoux Creek, are copper or rose-green plants of

water purslane, growing in close mats along the gravelly substratum.

Milfoil and water cress are the commonest plants in the spring

and its branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllurn) Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydro-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- piperoides)

ticum) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans) americana)

ROUND SPRING (Plates XX and XXIII)

Located in sec. 20, T. 30 N., R. 4 W., along highway No. 19,

10 miles north of Eminence, Shannon County. "The spring rises

in a circular basin about 80 feet in diameter surrounded by a

rock wall 30 feet high." The water in this deep hole has a prussian-

blue color. The only aquatic plants here are milfoil and a small

amount of water cress, both around the margin of a deep basin.

The water then flows through a cave for 80 feet. Near this cave are

a few plants of spring cress and rocks covered with mosses, liver-

worts, and green and brown flowing strands of algae.

Where the water emerges at the foot of a small hill on the other

side of the cave are quantities of rocks covered with mosses and

algae. Here the water is filled with many plants of milfoil coated

by a growth of brown-colored algae, and water cress. Growing

along the sides of the spring here are plants of knotty-leaved rush

and water pimpernel.

After issuing from the cave, the spring branch flows through

a part of the valley and, 700 feet from its cave outlet, empties into

Current River.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

603

The occurrence and arrangement of the aquatic vegetation from

the point where the spring branch emerges from the cave to where

it empties into the river are as follows: The milfoil, which was

observed at the outlet by the cave, continues dominant along the

course of the branch. On both sides of the stream, starting 50 feet

from the cave outlet, bur-reed is common. Proceeding downstream,

a rocky riffle occurs and here water cress appears, associated with

moss-covered rocks, and spring cress grows along the banks. It is

Deep Basin

here that a small bridge was built across the branch. Bur-reed is

common all along the margin of the branch on one side, while water

cress is plentiful along the opposite margin. Milfoil is common all

the way down the branch to this point.

Farther down, mats of algae-covered milfoil and water cress

harbor a colony of water speedwell. Where the water becomes

shallower and flows over a pure gravel bottom, water speedwell is

common. Growing directly in the water of the branch are plants

of the aquatic state of spring cress, with flowering stems.

Downstream is a water-gap fence where the branch turns before

emptying into the river, and here where deeper water occurs grow

water-weed and water starwort.

At the junction of the branch with Current River are found

milfoil and water speedwell, these being the chief species occurring

here. At this point the bottom of the branch is sandy and gravelly

and annual bluegrass sends up flowering stalks from the water.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

ticum)

Knotty-leaved rush (Juncus acumina-

tus)

Water pimpernel (Samolus parviflorus)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa)

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f.

fontinalis)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans)

604 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

SANDS SPRING

Located in sec. 19, T. 35 N., R. 11 W., two and one-half miles

east of Tribune, Pulaski County. It arises in the bed of Gasconade

River. The aquatic plants found in the river in the vicinity of the

spring are hornwort, milfoil, and large-leaved pondweed.

LIST OP SPECIES

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Large-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) amplifolius)

SCHLICHT SPRING

Located in sec. 30, T. 37 N., R. 12 W., seven miles northwest

of Waynesville, Pulaski County. The spring flows from the base of

a small, 25-foot, limestone bluff and into a mill pond formed by a

small dam built in the spring branch. This pond is enclosed all

around by a rock wall and stands at the base of a small, rounded

hill. Quantities of algae border the margin of the pond, but grow

chiefly towards the overflow at its farther end. A few plants of

a species of Nitella and one plant of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus

var. genuinus) also occur in the pond, but the dominant plant is

water-weed, which forms a dense, dark grass-green growth around

the entire margin.

From the overflow of the pond flows a branch in which there is

much water cress in the first 100 feet from the mill; after this the

stream is devoid of most plants with the exception of peppermint

and mosses. The lower part of this branch flows through a valley

bordered by black willow (Salix nigra), silver maple (Acer saccha-

rinum), American elm (Ulmus americana), and sycamore (Platanus

occidentalism.

Part of the branch is diverted to form two large basins, dammed

up by a mud bank. The basin nearest the cabin is full of algae,

while the other, and the branch leading to it, are loaded with olive-

gray-green, fine-leaved plants of a species of Nitella.

At the confluence of the branch with the Gasconade River is a

small gravel bar overgrown with black willow (Salix nigra).

LIST OF SPECIES

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosiis var. Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

genuinus) ticum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalism Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Nitella sp.

SHANGHAI SPRING

Also called Blue Spring. Located in SW. % sec. 24, T. 36 N.,

R. 11 W., seven miles east of Waynesville, Pulaski County. It

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II

605

issues in a large, circular basin 40 feet in diameter at the base of a

limestone bluff 60 feet high, and flows 1,000 feet into Big Piney River.

A private clubhouse is located nearby. At the base of the bluff

just above the spring basin occurs hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana),

one tree on each side.

Along the margin of the basin are clumps of light green water

starwort. Some plants have a bronze or coppery color, others have

only a tint of this color mixed with light green. Also here are bunches

of aquatic mosses and a few elongate strands of pondweed (Potamogelon

Spring Branch

Bluff

Spring

Basin Spring Branch

foliosus var. genuinus) and water cress. On rocks by the wall near

the head of the basin are submerged flowering plants of annual blue-

grass. On the bluff side of the basin is one clump of olive-green white

water crowfoot. Near the farther end of this basin are submerged

plants of the aquatic state of spring cress, with large elongate leaves.

The color of the water in the basin where the water gently bubbles

up is a dark, turbid, blue-green; around the margin of the spring it

is somewhat bluer.

The water from the basin flows over five feet of rocks, forming

a low dam, then rushes as a spring branch which flows 1,000 feet

before emptying into Big Piney River.

Along the branch are clumps of water cress and white water

crowfoot, the commonest plant of the branch. This plant is common

all along the branch on a gravelly substratum. It grows in dense,

circular to almost four-sided masses and has a dull olive-green color

when submerged; it appears dark green when taken out of the water.

From the fence down the branch to its confluence with Big

Piney River, are clumps of white water crowfoot, light green plants

of bur-reed, water-weed occurring in long mats, some of which are

coppery in color, and water starwort.

606 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

After crossing the road, the spring branch diverges into two

prongs, the left one of which is much more prolific in vegetation,

containing mostly water cress and white water crowfoot. Both

branches are lined on their muddy shores with lizard's tail. Also

in one area along the muddy margins of the branch, away from the

current, are plants of bur-reed. The right spring branch near its

confluence with the left branch contains quantities of bur-reed.

Near the junction of the branch with Big Piney River are long

strands of water-weed, of dark, copper-green color. Also here in

the mud away from the main current is bur-reed. At the junction

are plants of water cress.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. longirostris)

genuinus) Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa f.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- fontinalis)

ticum) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep- Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

tans) Lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus)

SILVER LAKE

Located in sec. 1, T. 34 N., R. 9 E., at Silver Lake post office,

Perry County. This spring-fed natural lake originates in the valley of

Saline Creek. The water in the lake is deep and crystal-clear, and

aquatic plants of various colors grow abundantly on the bottom of

the basin. Milfoil forms large mats of light green and grass-green

in the lake, and is very common. Other plants of the lake are a

species of Chara, shining pondweed, a moss (Drepanocladus aduncus)

growing in two feet of water, and hornwort, forming bronze to reddish

clumps. Floating in shallower water of the lake are masses of a

rare pondweed (Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor}.

The spring branch flowing from the lake contains water speedwell

and needle spike rush, and in slow water of the branch grows horned

pondweed. Forming yellow-green mats in the branch is a moss

(Drepanocladus aduncus).

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) var. typica)

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Pondweed (Potamogeton panormitanus iris var. major)

var. minor) Moss (Drepanocladus aduncus)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata) Chara sp.

SLABTOWN SPRING (Plate XXI)

Located in sec. 15, T. 33 N., R. 10 W., five miles south of Edan-

ville, Texas County. It emerges at the base of a rock-strewn, wooded

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 607

slope in a series of bubbles in shallow water. At the very beginning

are rocks plentifully covered with mosses. Quantities of water cress

grow on all sides, and in about two feet of water on one side of the

spring basin are submerged plants of water starwort and horned

pond weed. The water flows into an oblong basin, about 75 feet

long, 30 feet wide, and three feet deep. Next it cascades and tumbles

over a pile of rock, and here are many large clumps of water cress.

Where the water is shallow and tumbles over rocks, mosses and algae

appear. The gravel bottom is densely covered with water cress,

and little else grows except a few scattered plants of water starwort.

The spring branch then flows across the road. Water cress is

the chief plant here, but horned pondweed is very common, and

is associated with submerged plants of annual bluegrass.

Farther down the branch is found a zonal arrangement correlated

with distance from the main current. Where the main current

flows, there are only rocks covered with mosses and algae, but away

from the current grow horned pondweed and water cress.

Down most of the branch, which flows in a valley, at first through

a field and finally through an alluvial stretch of woods, water cress

is the dominant plant, but about 100 yards from the confluence of

the branch with Big Piney River are clumps of water speedwell,

water-weed, and bur-reed, all on a gravelly substratum.

Most of the flow of the spring branch is rapid, the water shallow,

flowing over a gravelly substratum, and only 10 to 20 feet wide. It

empties into Big Piney River about one-fourth mile from its outlet.

The place is used as a watering area for livestock.

LIST OP SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep-

ticum) tans)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

tris var. major) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

STEELVILLE SPRING

Located in sec. 33, T. 38 N., R. 4 W., in the south part of

the town of Steelville, just south of highway No. 19, Crawford

County. The water issues from the base of a low, limestone bluff

at the head of a ravine and emerges in an oblong basin. Water

starwort is the first plant found, occurring in the very head of the

spring. A straight spring branch flows from the basin and is bordered

along its gravelly bottom with annual bluegrass. The water of

the branch is shallow and flows mostly over a gravel substratum.

Water cress then appears and remains the dominant growth until,

608 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

in a deeper place in the branch, with less rapid current, are found

bur-reed, water starwort, and water cress. Along the margins of

the branch grow beggar- ticks (Bidens frondosa), water pepper

(Polygonum punctatum), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa pungens).

Farther downstream the water spreads out, becomes wider, and

the bottom becomes muddier. Here water cress is commonest.

At this point is the first occurrence in the spring of water- weed,

and there is also some water starwort. The branch flows about

200 feet, then empties into Yadkin creek, located in Steelville.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep-

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- tans)

ticum) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

STONE MILL SPRING (Plate XX)

Located in Pulaski County in sec. 21, T. 35 N., R. 10 W., two

miles southwest of Spring Creek post office, Phelps County. The

water rises in a bubbling, whirling mass about 10 feet in diameter in

a pool at the base of a semicircular arch of a wooded, limestone and

moss-covered bluff. The margins of the spring proper are covered

by water cress and bordered by moss-covered rocks.

The spring flows a branch 100 feet long into Big Piney River,

the water clear and flowing over a gravel bottom. On its course

it dashes rapidly over cascades and there are several falls. In this

particular portion of the branch there are no plants except water

cress and mosses.

All along the branch the shallow water flows rapidly, dashing

over rocks, and only water cress occurs, but at the confluence of

the spring branch with Big Piney River, where the water is one and

one-half to two feet deep and not so swift, many species of water

plants grow. They occur in the river itself adjacent to the mouth

of the branch. Here are milfoil, water-weed, water purslane, and

pond weed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). Milfoil is the com-

monest species, while pondweed is next commonest. Water-weed

is confined to the deeper and more quiet portion of the water.

Farther away from the confluence, down the Big Piney River,

a little cove away from the direct flow of the current contains

milfoil, water-weed, and dark, olive- and grass-green plants of

shining pondweed. The dominant plant in the water at and below

the confluence is milfoil. Pondweed and water star-grass are fairly

common.

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 609

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

ticum) genuinus)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

americana) Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

THOMASSON MILL SPRING

Located in sec. 16, T. 22 N., R. 2 W., one-fourth mile from

"The Narrows," near the confluence of Fredericks Fork with Eleven

Points River, about one mile northwest of Calm, Oregon County.

"The spring rises in a small lake formed by a dam at which power

is developed to operate a small grist mill, and flows one-fourth mile

into Eleven Points River." The lake is oblong, about 900 feet long

and 200 feet wide, is quite deep, and is a deep blue-green in color

in the center. It is filled mostly with long strands of milfoil. On

one side, in deep mud bordering the flat margin, are water star wort,

pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus), horned pondweed,

scattered plants of water plantain, occasional clumps of water-weed,

and quantities of algae. On the opposite side, along the wooded

slopes, the shore is not so steep nor so abrupt. Here occur more

commonly than on the other more level side, plants of water-weed,

water starwort, horned pondweed, and milfoil. Near the dam the

aquatic plants are very prolific, with quantities of water cress and

milfoil, these two plants being the most common ones. Associated

with them by the dam are also water starwort, water purslane,

pondweed, and horned pondweed.

The water then flows over the rocky dam and sends forth a spring

branch with a gravelly mud bottom. Here the horned pondweed

is very common, appearing in long, grass-green or light green strands

that wave in the current. Large beds of milfoil also occur with the

horned pondweed. These two species continue as the two most

common plants about halfway down the branch.

Farther down the stream on the muddy shore of one side is a

bed of mild water pepper with water plantain. An occasional

clump of water-weed also is found along the muddy shore.

As the branch is followed downstream, beds of milfoil are

scattered all along the way. This species and reddish or bronze-

green plants of mild water pepper occupy most of the substratum

of the branch. The latter occurs in both a submerged and emerged

state along the muddy shores.

At the confluence of the spring branch with Eleven Points River

is found a variety of aquatic plants. In the deepest water at this

610 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

point and nearest the current of the river occurs milfoil. Nearer

the shore in shallower water and on muddy substratum next to the

main current at the confluence occur pondweed, horned pondweed,

a large bed of orange and green plants of mild water pepper, red and

purple water purslane, olive-green and brick-colored plants of water

speedwell, water starwort, water cress, and milfoil. Along the

bank are light green plants of ditch stonecrop, creeping spike rush,

and rice cut grass.

LIST OF SPECIES

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) ticum)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

genuinus) americana)

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi-

tris var. major) peroides)

Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum) Ditch stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Creeping spike rush (Eleocharis calva)

Rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides)

TOPAZ SPRING (Plates XXI and XXII)

Located in sec. 12, T. 26 N., R. 12 W., at Topaz, Douglas County.

The water arises in a lake 150 feet in diameter. In the deepest

part of the lake the water is a beautiful, deep turquoise blue. The

bottom is muddy and covered with fine sand. Here occur water

cress, milfoil, and olive-green plants of pondweed (Potamogeton foli-

osus var. macellus).

Then the water goes through a race to a mill, makes a waterfall,

then sends a swift spring branch about 10 to 12 feet wide and one

to one and one-half feet deep for about one-fourth mile before

emptying into North Fork of White River.

Along the branch are water cress and milfoil, the latter, very

common at first, growing rarer as one proceeds down the branch.

The substratum of the branch is gravel and sand. Along the

margins, where the water is deeper and the substratum muddier,

bur-reed occurs occasionally. Pondweed is common throughout the

entire course of the stream.

The last half of the flow of the branch is dominated by rooting

plants of water speedwell, which grows here in large clumps. About

three-fourths of the way down the branch one clump of white water

crowfoot is found, rooting in the sand in the middle of the branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

ticum) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. longirostris)

macellus)

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 611

TUCKER BAY SPRING

Located in sec. 3, T. 25 N., R. 1 E., five miles northeast of

Bennett, Ripley County. The spring arises in a valley along the

west side of Current River and flows a long branch into Current

River at Tucker Bay. The branch flows along a grassy bank covered

with fowl meadow grass (Glyceria striata), beggar- ticks (Bidens

frondosa and B. cernua), water smartweed (Polygonum punctatum),

and arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia). Along the muddy banks grow

lizard's tail and false pimpernel. In large masses on the gravelly

bottom of the branch is the rare ivy-leaved duckweed. In the water

also are found water-weed, water star-grass, in long, dense, sterile

strands, pondweed (Potamogeton panormitanus var. major) in strands

three feet long growing below the surface of the water, and needle

spike rush, also growing under the surface in fast-flowing water.

Other plants in the spring are milfoil, hornwort, and mild water

pepper.

The spring branch has a blue color, and is especially dark blue

as it enters Tucker Bay, where it is deep and there is less current.

LIST OF SPECIES

Lizard's tail (Saururus cernuus) Water star-grass (Heteranthera dubia)

False pimpernel (Lindernia dubia var. Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis

typica) var. gracilescens)

Ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna trisulca) Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalism Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Pondweed (Potamogeton panormitanus Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi-

var. major) peroides)

TURKEY CREEK SPRINGS

Three small springs arise in the wooded valley of Turkey Creek,

sec. 17, T. 23 N., R. 15 W., east of Hammond, Ozark County, and

flow narrow branches only three to five feet wide, which run a

short distance before emptying into Turkey Creek. The dominant

plants are water cress and milfoil. Associated with them are shining

pondweed, rooting in the gravel, and water purslane, growing in

the mud.

A larger spring nearby has a good flow, and the water is deeper

than that in the springs above described. In the water of this spring

grow water milfoil and bur-reed, which are the dominant plants.

Water speedwell occurs here only locally. There is a slight amount

of shining pondweed and water purslane, but no pondweed or water-

weed. In places along the branch grow peppermint, common bulrush,

water pepper (Polygonum punctatum), and fowl meadow grass

(Glyceria striata). The dominant shrubby plants along the branch

612 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

are heart-leaved willow (Salix cordata) and buttonbush (Cephalanthus

occidenlalis) .

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

ticum) americana)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

TURNER MILL SPRING (Plates XXII and XXIII)

Located in sec. 3, T. 24 N., R. 3 W., 10 miles northeast of Alton,

Oregon County. The water flows from a cave located at the base

of a high bluff, and "is carried 500 feet in a wooden flume to a

water wheel which is used to operate a small lumber mill, and then

flows into Eleven Points River." Where the water comes out of

the bluff, it rushes over limestone boulders and rocks covered with

mosses and algae. The spring branch, which flows down off the

moss-covered rocks and winds around beneath the high wooden

flume, has clear water flowing over a gravel and sand substratum.

In it are quantities of horned pondweed, red plants of water purslane,

and water starwort. Horned pondweed is the commonest of these.

Farther downstream past the mill and between the mill and

Eleven Points River are horned pondweed, water speedwell, water

starwort, and white water crowfoot. Quantities of the last plant

are found in the last 50 feet of flow of the branch. The plants of

water speedwell are olive-green, small, and rooted in gravel.

The branch for practically its entire course is about 15 feet

wide, the water swift-flowing and rather shallow. The fact that the

water is not deep and that it has a rapid, continuous current may

explain the absence of milfoil, water-weed, and bur-reed. However,

in Eleven Points River north of the confluence with the branch, many

plants of milfoil occur.

LIST OF SPECIES

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

tris var. major) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var. White water crowfoot (Ranunculus

americana) longirostris)

TWIN SPRINGS (Plate XXIV)

Located in sec. 11, T. 34 N., R. 4 W., 12 miles east of Salem,

Dent County. The springs are in a swampy meadow of a

valley. One of the springs issues from the base of a north-facing,

limestone, wooded bluff and flows a branch. The other rises in a

swampy meadow surrounded by clumps of Ward's willow (Salix

STUDIES OP THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 613

longipes var. Wardii) and silky willow (Salix sericea f. glabra).

In grassy places around the head of the spring occur rice cut grass

(Leersia oryzoides), common bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), rush

(Juncus effusus var. solutus], and water pepper (Polygonum punc-

tatum). A slow, deep branch flows from the head of the spring and

is covered with floating plants of bladderwort. Milfoil occurs in

this still water. Ozark spatterdock grows along the margins in deep

water. The surrounding shore is quite marshy and here grow

Ward's willow, heart-leaved willow (Salix cor data), spotted cowbane

(Cicuta maculata), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalism, and a

sedge (Carex lurida).

Proceeding down the branch, we find rooting on the muddy

shore, as well as submerged on the bottom, plants of needle spike

rush, water cress, bur-reed, pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

genuinus), and spring cress.

After the two spring branches meet, the united branch continues

along the base of the bluffs, the water flowing over a muddy sub-

stratum. Peppermint (Menlha piperila}, broad-leaved arrowhead

(Sagittaria latifolia), willow herb (Epilobium color atum), spike rush

(Eleocharis obtusa), rush (Juncus diffusissimus) , moneywort (Lysima-

chia Nummularia), mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropiperoides),

arrow-leaved tear thumb (Polygonum sagittatum) , and club moss

(Selaginella apus) occur on muddy, marshy ground bordering the

branch. A species of Chara, forming dull olive-green masses, is

common along the muddy bottom. In the water of the branch occur

Ozark spatterdock, water speedwell, growing both in and out of

water, water purslane, bur-reed, pondweed, lying upon the muddy

substratum, broad-leaved pondweed, and milfoil. Of all the plants

in the main spring branch, milfoil and water cress are commonest.

LIST OF SPECIES

Bladderwort (Utricularia gibba) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) americana)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

var. gracilescens) Broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. amplifolius)

genuinus) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Spring cress (Cardamine bulbosa) ticum)

Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum) Chara sp.

Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

WARNER BAY SPRING (Plate X)

Located in sec. 9, T. 31 N., R. 2 E., six miles south of Lesterville,

Reynolds County. The water issues from two separate outlets in

a cave at the base of a limestone bluff, and flows a branch one-

614 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

fourth mile long before emptying into Black River. The water at

the main spring is greenish and on the rocks bordering the spring

are mosses, species of blue and green algae, and a liverwort. Im-

mediately over the spring on the bluff hang plants of cat-brier

(Smilax Bona-nox). On the bank at the beginning of the branch

are plants of thyme-leaved speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia), and

on rocks in the branch water mosses are common.

The branch is shallow, with a gravelly substratum. In its upper

half horned pondweed is common and occurs with some scattered

plants of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). In the

lower half of the branch the latter is dominant. In this portion of

the stream there are local occurrences of water speedwell, and along

the shore grows fragrant bedstraw (Galium triflorum).

At the confluence of the branch with Black River sterile plants

of milfoil are found.

A smaller branch occurring up the valley from the main outlet

of the spring, but part of the same spring, contains horned pond-

weed, water starwort, and bur-reed.

LIST OF SPECIES

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum)

tris var. major) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

genuinus) Liverwort (Marchantia)

Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

WELCH SPRING (Plate XIII)

Located in sec. 14, T. 31 N., R. 6 W., three miles southeast of

Cedar Grove, Shannon County. "The water flows out of a cave

at the base of a rocky cliff and discharges into Current River 100

feet away." At the base of the bluff the water forms a fairly deep

basin filled with quantities of shining pondweed, which has an olive-

green color, and milfoil. Rooting in mud around the head of the

spring are white water crowfoot, water starwort, water- weed, and

submerged plants of slender rush. Occurring also around the main

part of the spring are plants of peppermint and bur-reed.

From the main spring flow two branches, one directly to Current

River 100 feet away; the other is diverted and flows through woods

paralleling the river about one-eighth mile before emptying into it.

In the branch which flows directly to the river are horned pondweed

and water cress. In the diverted branch grow water speedwell,

submerged plants of annual bluegrass, bur-reed, and water cress,

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 615

and rooting along the margins occur knotty-leaved rush and rush.

In the slow water of a slough along this branch occur, rooting in the

sand, false pimpernel, tooth-cup (Rotala ramosior var. interior),

water plantain, Cyperus rivularis, and Fimbristylis mucronulata.

At the confluence of the diverted spring branch with Current

River are found in swift water submerged plants of annual bluegrass.

LIST OF SPECIES

Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) ticum)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

longirostris) Annual bluegrass (Poo annua var. rep-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) tans)

Water- weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Knotty-leaved rush (Juncus acumina-

Slender rush (Juncus macer) tus)

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Rush (Juncus Dudleyi)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) False pimpernel (Lindernia dubia var.

Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus- typica)

tris var. major) Water plantain (Alisma subcordatum)

WESTOVER SPRING

Located in SW. ^ SE. % sec. 14, T. 37 N., R. 3 W., at Westover,

Crawford County. The spring emerges from several sources within

an area of about two acres. The main branch issues near Dry

Creek in a low field surrounded by woods, flows into a marshy lake,

curves around an island, then spreads out into a broad stream filled

with water cress, bur-reed, milfoil, water starwort, and pondweed

(Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus). These are the main plants

found throughout the course of the branch.

Down the stream are seen occasionally plants of hornwort,

shining pondweed, and a species of Nitella.

The water is then turned into a series of chutes for a trout

hatchery, where the dominant plant is milfoil. Other plants asso-

ciated with it are horned pondweed, which is seen only occasionally

in the branch, bur-reed, long strands of dark bronze-green pond-

weed, and an occasional light green clump of water speedwell.

The water ends at a mill, and pours out into Dry Creek, which

empties eventually into Huzzah Creek.

LIST OP SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

ticum) Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palus-

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) tris var. major)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. Nitella sp.

genuinus)

616 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

WILDER SPRING (Plate X)

Also called Breakup Spring. Located in sec. 14, T. 23 N., R. 11

W., on the Kelly- Wilder Ranch, six miles north of Elijah, Ozark

County. The spring bubbles out in a series of small, moss-lined

springs at the base of low, wooded, southwest-facing, rock bluffs

in the channel of Spring Creek. Moss and algae cover the rocks,

while water cress is the chief flowering plant. The spring flows

along the rock ledge over a broad, gravelly bottom and forms a

branch, the water here being deep sky-blue in color. In this deeper

water of the branch milfoil is dominant and is almost the only plant

growth, except mosses and algae. Bur-reed and white water crow-

foot occur in occasional clumps.

Farther down the branch, before it makes a turn, a great variety

of aquatic flowering plants is found. Here are clumps of water

speedwell of an olive-green color, water starwort, pondweed (Pota-

mogelon foliosus var. macellus), of a dark, bronze-green color, and dark

green plants of Nitella, growing in close clusters. These are inter-

spersed with quantities of milfoil and aquatic mosses, which grow in

the dashing water of the branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water speedwell (Veronica connata)

ticum) Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) macellus)

White water crowfoot (Ranunculus Nitella sp.

longirostris)

WILKINS SPRING

Located in S. ^ SE. % sec. 17, T. 36 N., R. 9 W., seven miles

southwest of Newburg, Phelps County. "It rises in a 2-acre lake

formed by an earth dam, flows down the valley 1,000 feet, and

empties into Mill Creek." The circular basin in which the spring

rises is bordered by rocks and a concrete wall. Here occur aquatic

mosses, hornwort, with a dark brown and blackish green color, mild

water pepper, a species of Riccia, water starwort, needle spike rush,

bur-reed in deeper water but still around the margin, and water

cress, both around the edge and in the center of the basin.

From the main part of the spring flows the branch, which curves

around a low meadow in the valley of Mill Creek. In and along the

branch are quantities of water cress, bur-reed, and long strands of

pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) with dark green and

bronze leaves. The dominant plants in the branch are water cress

STUDIES OF THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI — II 617

and pond weed. Other plants occurring, but much rarer, are sub-

merged flowering annual bluegrass with bluish green leaves, duck-

weed, and a species of Riccia, both of which are found along the

more quiet margins of the branch, needle spike rush, growing on the

sand along the branch, and water purslane, which was found in only

one place about halfway down the branch. It has very large and

long, olive-green leaves tinged with bronze and orange.

In the lower portion of the branch grow water cress, pondweed,

bur-reed, and water starwort, which is quite rare here. Water cress

and bur-reed are the commonest plants all along the branch.

LIST OF SPECIES

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Mild water pepper (Polygonum hydropi- genuinus)

peroides) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. rep-

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) tans)

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

var. typica) Water purslane (Ludvigia palustris var.

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- americana)

ticurri) Riccia sp.

Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

WILLIAMS SPRING

Located in sec. 34, T. 25 N., R. 1 E., in a valley tributary to

Current River, near Pike Slough, on the east side of the river, south-

west of Grandin, Ripley County. The spring rises at the base of a

wooded slope and flows a small branch containing water-weed,

water starwort, water speedwell, bur-reed, and water cress. After

flowing several hundred feet, the stream empties into Current River.

LIST OP SPECIES

Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis) Bur-reed (Sparganium americanum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua-

Water speedwell (Veronica connata var. ticum)

glaberrima)

WOODS LAKE

Located in sec. 24, T. 37 N., R. 1 W., one mile south of Berry-

man, Washington County. This lake is spring-fed, has a dark green

color, and varies from one to ten feet in depth. It is an old meander

cut off from the main course of Courtois Creek. The aquatic plants

found in it are water cress, milfoil, hornwort, water starwort, and

large-leaved pondweed. In deep water grow grass-green plants of

pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. genuinus) and Ozark spatterdock.

LIST OF SPECIES

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Large-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton

ticum) amplifolius)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) genuinus)

Water starwort (Calliiriche heterophylla) Ozark spatterdock (Nuphar ozarkanum)

618 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

YANCY MILL SPRING

Located in SW. Y± sec. 32, T. 36 N., R. 8 W., at Yancy Mill

post office, Phelps County. "The water bubbles up in a gravel bed,

which is surrounded by a low wall and dam," and empties into

Little Piney River.

In the spring at the very beginning is an abundance of needle

spike rush, water cress, water starwort, a small amount of milfoil,

and some aquatic mosses (Fontinalis and other genera). The spring

branch which flows from the spring across the road and into Little

Piney River has an abundance of water cress, water starwort, and

olive-green strands of pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus) .

Of these plants water cress is dominant and by far the commonest.

Along the Big Piney River near its confluence with the branch

are water cress, water-weed, and a species of Chara.

Another part of the flow from the spring has been dammed to

form a large lake bordered by a rocky, wooded slope on one side,

and on the other by an alluvial field. Most of the lake is overgrown

with a species of Chara, having a dull, olive-green color, and water-

weed is common along the margin. The other aquatic plants in

the lake are hornwort, milfoil, and least duckweed, the last a rare

species, floating among the dead leaves and algae on the surface of

the water. Around the margin are alder (Alnus rugosa), heart-

leaved willow (Salix cor data), and aster (Aster lateriflorus var.

pendulus).

At the far end of the lake, back of the dam wall, is an outlet

from the mill, which forms a small branch loaded with water plants.

Here are quantities of water cress and milfoil, short-stemmed,

dark green plants of pondweed, and water- weed.

LIST OP SPECIES

Needle spike rush (Eleocharis acicularis Pondweed (Potamogeton foliosus var.

var. gracilescens) macellus)

Water cress (Rorippa Nasturtium-aqua- Water-weed (Anacharis occidentalis)

ticum) Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)

Water starwort (Callitriche heterophylla) Least duckweed (Wolffia punctata)

Milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) Aquatic mosses (Fontinalis)

Chara sp.

THE

OF THE

«HIV!«SITY OF ILUMOI$

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate I

ALTHEA SPRING, OZARK COUNTY

Spring branch near confluence with North Fork of White River

BENNETT SPRING, LACLEDE COUNTY

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate II

BIG SPRING, CARTER COUNTY

Part of spring branch, showing mats of Myriophyllum heterophyllum

BIG SPRING, CARTER COUNTY

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate IV

BLUE SPRING, LACLEDE COUNTY

BOZE MILL SPRING, OREGON COUNTY

UIIVERSm Of ILLINOIS

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate VI

CHESAPEAKE SPRING, LAWRENCE COUNTY

CREASY SPRING, PULASKI COUNTY

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate VII

CREASY SPRING, PULASKI COUNTY

KEENER SPRING, BUTLER COUNTY

Head of spring

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany. Vol. IX, Plate VIII

KEENER SPRING, BUTLER COUNTY

Head of spring

CARTER SPRING, REYNOLDS COUNTY

Head of spring

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate IX

CARTER SPRING, REYNOLDS COUNTY

Narrow lower part of spring branch

WAYNESVILLE SPRING, PULASKI COUNTY

Head of spring

nil Mwnitni

OF THE

WIHVFRStTV Of ILLINOIS

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XI

GRAVOIS MILLS SPRING, MORGAN COUNTY

One of spring-fed basins

GRAVOIS MILLS SPRING, MORGAN COUNTY

Lower part of spring branch

Field Museum of Natural History

Ur int

m Of ILLINOIS

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XII

MONTAUK SPRING, DENT COUNTY

One of heads of spring, showing island of Rorippa Nasturlium-aquatieum

MONTAUK SPRING, DENT COUNTY

Junction of spring heads

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XIII

WELCH SPRING, SHANNON COUNTY

Head of spring

DOUBLE SPRING, OZARK COUNTY

Head of spring

UIIYERSm OF ILLINOIS

Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XIV

DOUBLE SPRING, OZARK COUNTY

GAINES FORD SPRING, MARIES COUNTY

Head of spring

O a>

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XVI

-.

HAHATONKA SPRING, CAMDEN COUNTY

HAZLETON SPRING, TEXAS COUNTY

Part of spring branch

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XVII

HODGSON MILL SPRING, OZARK COUNTY

KRATZ SPRING, FRANKLIN COUNTY

Head of spring

THE

OF THE

Of ILUKQIS

'

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XIX

ONANDAGO SPRING, CRAWFORD COUNTY

Head of spring

RELFE SPRING, PHELPS COUNTY

Head of spring

OF THE

Field Museum of Natural History ™' ' ' "' " UNQIS Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XX

ROUND SPRING, SHANNON COUNTY

Head of spring

STONE MILL SPRING, PULASKI COUNTY

Head of spring

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XXI

SLABTOWN SPRING, TEXAS COUNTY, LOOKING DOWN SPRING BRANCH

Note abundance of Rorippa Nasturtium-aquaticum

TOPAZ SPRING, DOUGLAS COUNTY

Head of spring

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XXII

TOPAZ SPRING, DOUGLAS COUNTY

Part of spring branch

TURNER'S MILL SPRING, OREGON COUNTY

Field Museum of Natural History

Botany, Vol. IX, Plate XXIV

TWIN SPRINGS, DENT COUNTY

Head of spring

TWIN SPRINGS, DENT COUNTY

Spring branch

INDEX

Abbreviations, 77

Abortion, 209

Abrus, 79, 293

Acacia, 79, 293

Acalypha, 301

Acanthaceae, 336

Acanthocereus, 315

Acanthophyllum, 79

Acer saccharum-Carya cordiformis as-

sociation, 421

Acer saccharum-Quercus alba asso-

ciation, 434

Achillea, 80

Achimenes, 335

Acorus, 80

Acrpstichum, 252

Actinidiaceae, 308

Adansonia, 80

Adiantum, 81, 252

Aechmea, 265

Aegiphila, 329

Agaric, 81

Agave, 269

Ageratum, 343

Aizoaceae, 288

Alhagi, 81

Alibertia, 337

Alismaceae, 256, 489

Alley Spring, 538

Allium, 82

Aloe, 83

Alsophila, 251

Althaea, 83

Althea Spring, 537

Alum, 189

Amaranthaceae, 287

Amaranthus, 287

Amaryllidaceae, 269

Amazon Spring, 539

Ammannia, 318

Amphitecna, 334

Amsden Mill Spring, 539

Amsolen Spring, 539

Amyris, 299

Anacardiaceae, 303

Anacardium, 303

Ananthacorus, 252

Andromeda, 324

Andropogon, 173, 256

Aniline reactions, 7

Annona, 289

Annonaceae, 289

Anoda, 305

Anthurium, 263

Antimonium sulphate, 189

Apocynaceae, 325

Appunia, 337

Araceae, 263

Araliaceae, 324

Arctium, 86

Ardisia, 324

Areca, 86

Aristolochia, 86, 285

Aristolpchiaceae, 285

Armenian earth, 189

Arsenic trisulphide, 190

Artemisia, 87

Artocarpus, 283

Asarum, 88

Asclepiadaceae, 327

Asclepias, 327

Asparagus, 88

Asperugo, 89

Asplenium, 253

Aspley Spring, 540

Astragalus, 89

Astrocaryum, 260

Ball's Spring, 598

Bambusa, 90

Bartlett Mill Spring, 540

Bauhinia, 293

Beaver Spring, 541

Bee's wax, 195

Begonia, 314

Begoniaceae, 314

Belotia, 304

Bennett Spring, 541

Benthamantha, 293

Berberis, 91

Besleria, 335

Beta, 91

Beureria, 328

Bezoar stones, 197

Bidens, 343

Big Spring, 543, 544, 545

Bignoniaceae, 334

Biophytum, 298

Bixa, 309

Bixaceae, 309

Blechnum, 253

Blechum, 336

Bliss Spring, 545

Blue Spring, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550,

553, 604

Boerhaavia, 287

Boiling Spring, 553

Bolbitis, 253

Bombacaceae, 306

Bombyx fortunatus, 195

Boraginaceae, 328

Borreria, 337

Boswellia, 92

Boucerosca, 135

Boylers Mill Spring, 553

Boze Mill Spring, 554

Brassica, 92

Breakup Spring, 616

619

620 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Brice Spring, 541

Bromelia, 266

Bromeliaceae, 265

Bryant Spring, 555

Bubble Spring, 560

Bursera, 299

Burseraceae, 299

Butea, 92

Byrsonima, 300

Cactaceae, 315

Caesalpinia, 93

Cakile, 290

Calamintha, 93

Calathea, 271

Calcium sulphate, 190

Calendula, 93

Calliandra, 294

Callitrichaceae, 490

Calocarpum, 325

Calopogonium, 294

Calycophyllum, 337

Calyptrocarya, 259

Camel's flesh, dried, 197

Campelia, 267

Campylocentrum, 272

Canna, 271

Cannaceae, 271

Capparidaceae, 291

Capparis, 94, 291

Capsicum, 94

Caricaceae, 314

Carludovica, 262

Carpotroche, 310

Carter Spring, 556

Carthamnus, 94

Carum, 95

Casearia, 311

Cassia, 96, 294

Castilla, 283

Catopsis, 266

Cave Spring, 557

Cecropia, 283

Ceiba, 306

Celosia, 97

Celtis, 97, 282

Cenchrus, 257

Cephaelis, 338

Ceratophyllaceae, 489

Cereus, 316

Cestrum, 331

Chaerophyllum, 97

Chahar-tukhmah, 98

Chamaedorea, 260

Chamot, E. M., 7

Chaptalia, 343

Chesapeake Spring, 558

Chest pains, 202

Childbirth, 211

Chloral hydrate-iodine reactions, 29

Chromic acid reactions, 32

Chrozophora, 98

Cicer, 98

Cichorium, 99

Cidaris, 194

Cinchona, 99

Cinnamomum, 100

Cirsium, 100

Cissampelos, 288

Cissus, 304

Citrullus, 100

Citrus, 101, 299

Clarkson Spring, 558

Cleome, 292

Clibadium, 343

Clidemia, 322

Clusia, 308

Clytostoma, 334

Coccocypselum, 338

Coccoloba, 286

Cochlospermaceae, 309

Cochlospermum, 309

Cocos, 261

Codonanthe, 336

Coix, 257

Colchicum, 102

Cold Spring, 559

Collins Spring, 570

Combretaceae, 319

Combretum, 319

Commelina, 267

Commelinaceae, 267

Commiphora, 103

Compositae, 343

Compsoneura, 289

Conium, 104

Conostegia, 322

Contraception, 210

Convolvulaceae, 327

Coppedge Spring, 560

Copper oxide, 190

Coptis, 105

Corallium rubrum, 194

Corchorus, 105

Cordia, 105, 328

Coriandrum, 106

Cornutia, 329

Cornwell, Ralph K. T., 7

Corylus, 106

Costus, 270

Cotoneaster, 106

Cowan, J. M., 75

Crataegus, 107

Creasy Spring, 560

Crinum, 269

Crocus, 107

Crotalaria, 294

Croton, 107, 301

Cruciferae, 290, 490

Cryptarrhenia, 272

Crystal Spring, 561

Cucumis, 108

Cucurbita, 108

Cucurbitaceae, 342

INDEX

621

Cuminum, 109

Cupania, 304

Cuphea, 318

Cupressus, 109

Curatella, 307

Curculigo, 269

Curcuma, 109

Cuttle fish bone, 199

Cyathaceae, 251

Cycadaceae, 256

Cyclanthaceae, 262

Cyclanthus, 263

Cyclopeltis, 253

Cydista, 334

Cynodon, 257

Cynometra, 294

Cyperaceae, 259, 489

Cyperus, 259

Cyphomandra, 331

Cypraea moneta, 195

Dalechampia, 302

Darlington, C. D., 75

Datura, 112

Daucus, 112

Davidson's Blue Spring, 562

Davilla, 308

Deamia, 316

Declieuxia, 338

Delphinium, 112

Depilatory, 215

Desmodium, 295

Desmoncus, 261

Dialium, 295

Dichaea, 272

Dichapetalaceae, 301

Dichapetalum, 301

Dichorisandra, 267

Dichromena, 259

Dicranopteris, 251

Dieffenbachia, 264

Differentiation of species, 502

Digitaria, 257

Dilleniaceae, 307

Dioscorea, 269

Dioscoreaceae, 269

Disciphania, 289

Distinguishing characters of species,

502

Dolichos, 113

Dorema, 113

Doronicum, 113

Dorstenia, 283

Double Spring, 562

Dracaena, 114, 268

Dracocephalum, 114

Drying oils, 47

Dryopteris, 253

Dysentery, 203

Ebb and Flow Spring, 567

Echinodorus, 256

Echinops, 115

Echites, 325

Echium, 115

Eclipta, 343

Ecological variations, 408

Edible clay, 190

Eichhornia, 268

Elaphoglossum, 254

Eleocharis, 260

Elettaria, 116

Eleusine, 257

Elm Spring, 567

Embelia, 116

Enallagma, 334

Entada, 116, 295

Enterolobium, 295

Epidendrum, 272

Epiphyllum, 316

Equisetum, 117

Erblichia, 313

Erechtites, 344

Eremurus, 117

Ericaceae, 324

Erigeron, 344

Erysimum, 117

Erythrina, 295

Eschweilera, 318

Eugenia, 118, 319

Eupatorium, 344

Euphorbia, 302

Euphorbiaceae, 301

Evans Spring, 568

Fagaceae, 281

Falling Spring, 568

Families, oils in relation to, 51

Ferric chloride reactions, 38

Ferula, 118

Ficus, 119, 283

Field, Henry, 75

Fimbristylis, 260

Flacourtiaceae, 310

Flowers Spring, 598

Foeniculum, 119

Forsteronia, 325

Fractured bones, 214

Freeman Spring, 560

Frequency of occurrence of species, 493

Fritillaria, 120

Fumaria, 121

Funastrum, 327

Gaines Ford Spring, 569

Gelatinization, temperature of, 7, 23

Genera, oils in relation to, 50

Genipa, 338

Gentian violet reactions, 17

Gentiana, 121

Geographical distribution of species,

507

Geonoma, 262

Geophila, 338

622 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Gesneriaceae, 335

Gilibertia, 324

Gleicheniaceae, 251

Gliricidia, 295

Gloeospermum, 309

Glossostemon, 121

Glycyrrhiza, 122

Goats' droppings, 198

Gomphrena, 287

Gossypium, 122

Gramineae, 256, 489

Gravel Spring, 569

Gravois Mills Spring, 570

Greer Spring, 573

Gronovia, 314

Guarea, 299

Guazuma, 307

Guettarda, 338

Guttiferae, 308

Gynerium, 257

Gypsophila, 123

Haemodoraceae, 268

Hahatonka Spring, 578

Hair restorer, 215

Halimodendron, 124

Haloragidaceae, 490

Hamamelidaceae, 292

Hamelia, 339

Hampea, 306

Hasseltia, 313

Hazleton Spring, 579

Headache, 200, 201

Hedychium, 271

Helianthus, 124

Heliconia, 270

Helicteres, 124, 307

Heliotropium, 329

Hemidiodia, 339

Hemionitis, 254

Hemitelia, 252

Hemorrhage, 205

Hemorrhoids, 203, 204, 205

Heracleum, 125

Heteranthera, 268

Heteropteris, 300

Hibiscus, 125

Hiraea, 300

Hirtella, 292

Hodgson Mill Spring, 580

Hoffmannia, 339

Holarrhena, 125

Hordium, 126

Houben-Weyl, 7

Howe's Mill Spring, 581

Hydrocharitaceae, 489

Hygrophila, 336

Hymenophyllaceae, 251

Hyoscyamus, 127

Hyperbaena, 289

Hypoxis, 269

Hyssopus, 128

Illicium, 128

Impotency, 212

Indigofera, 129, 296

Influence of springs on Missouri flora,

532

Inga, 295

Inula, 129

Iodine numbers, 61

Iodine reactions, 6, 14

Ipomoea, 130, 327

Iresine, 287

Iris, 130

Isotoma, 343

Jateorhiza, 131

Jatropha, 302

Johnston-Saint, P., 75

Juanilloa, 331

Juglans, 131

Juncaceae, 489

Juniperus, 131

Jussiaea, 323

Justicia, 336

Keener Spring, 581

Key to species, 533

Kratz Spring, 582

Kyllinga, 260

Labiatae, 331, 490

Lactuca, 132

Laetia, 313

Lagenaria, 132

Lallemantia, 132

Languas, 133

Lantana, 330

Larinus maculatus, 195

Lasiacis, 257

Lathyrus, 133

Lauraceae, 290

Lavandula, 134

Lawsonia, 134

Lead carbonate, 191

Lead oxide, 191

Leaves, waxes on, 50

Lecanora, 135

Lecythidaceae, 318

Leguminosae, 293

Lemaireocereus Eichlamii, 316

Lemnaceae, 489

Lens, 135

Lentibulariaceae, 490

Lepanthes, 273

Lepidium, 136

Lewkowitsch, Julius, 47

Liliaceae, 268

Ling, Arthur R., 3

Linum, 136

Liquidambar, 292

Loasaceae, 314

Lobelia, 343

Lobeliaceae, 343

INDEX

623

Loganiaceae, 325

Lolium, 137

Lonchocarpus, 296

Loranthaceae, 284

Loranthus, 137

Lucuma, 325

Luehea, 305

Luffa, 138, 342

Lunania, 313

Lycianthes, 331

Lycoseris, 344

Lygodium, 251

Lysiostyles, 327

Lythraceae, 318, 490

Mabea, 302

Mabrey Spring, 583

Machaerium, 297

Magnoliaceae, 289

Mallotus, 138

Malouetia, 326

Malpighiaceae, 300

Malva, 138

Malvaceae, 305

Malvaviscus, 305

Mammoth Spring, 597

Mangifera, 303

Maramec Spring, 584

Maranta, 271

Marantaceae, 271

Maripa, 327

Markea, 332

Markham Spring, 583

Martinella, 334

Matricaria, 139

Maxillaria, 273

Medicago, 139

Melanthera, 345

Melastomaceae, 322

Melia, 140, 299

Meliaceae, 299

Menispermaceae, 288

Menstrual period, delayed, 209

Menstruation, 207, 208

Mentha, 140

Meramec Spring, 584

Merendpa, 140

Mesechites, 326

Miconia, 322

Microtea, 287

Milk curds, 196

Mill Creek Spring, 585

Mill Pond, 586

Mill Spring, 585

Miller Spring, 586

Mimosa, 297

Mirabilis, 141, 287

Misanteca, 290

Mixed associations, 475

Mollugo, 288

Momordica, 342

Monimiaceae, 290

Montauk Spring, 587

Moraceae, 283

Morinda, 339

Morus, 141

Mossy Spring, 591

Mouriria, 323

Mummy, 198

Muntingia, 305

Musaceae, 270

Myrcia, 321

Myriocarpa, 283

Myristica, 142

Myristicaceae, 289

Myrosma, 272

Myrsinaceae, 324

Myrtaceae, 319

Myrtus, 142

Najadaceae, 489

Nanji, Dinshaw R., 3

Nannorrhops, 142

Nardostachys, 142

Native names, 217-241

Nectandra, 290

Neea, 287

Nelson, John M., 3

Nepeta, 143

Nephrolepis, 254

Neurolaena, 345

Niangua Spring, 541

Nicotiana, 143

Nigella, 144

Non-drying oils, 48

Non-subtropical plants, oils of, 52

Non-tropical plants, oils of, 52

Nosebleed, 206

Nummulites, 194

Nyctaginaceae, 287

Nymphaea, 144, 288

Nymphaeaceae, 288, 489

Oak-hickory association, 387

Oak-pine association, 393

Ochrocarpus, 145

Ochroma, 306

Ocimum, 145, 331

Ocotea, 290

Odontonema, 336

Oil groups, 64

Old Pond, 592

Olea, 146

Olyra, 257

Onagraceae, 323, 490

Onandago Spring, 592

Oncidium, 273

Onosma, 146

Opuntia, 316

Orbignya, 262

Orchidaceae, 272

Orchis, 146

Ornithocephalus, 273

Oryctanthus, 284

624 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. IX

Oryza, 147

Ossaea, 323

Otoliths of fish, 196

Oxalidaceae, 298

Oxalis, 299

Ozarks of Missouri, plant associations,

353

Ozarks of Missouri, plant succession,

353

Palicourea, 339

Palmae, 260

Panicum, 147, 258

Papaver, 147

Paragonia, 334

Parmelia, 148

Paspalum, 258

Passiflora, 314

Passifloraceae, 314

Paullinia, 304

Pavonia, 306

Paydown Spring, 593

Pedilanthus, 302

Peganum, 148

Pentagonia, 339

Peperomia, 274

Petiveria, 287

Peucedanum, 148

Pharus, 258

Phaseolus, 149, 297

Phillips Spring, 595

Philodendron, 264

Phoebe, 290

Phoenix, 149

Phoradendron, 284

Phthirusa, 484

Phyla, 330

Phyllanthus, 150, 303

Physalis, 150, 332

Phytolacca, 288

Phytolaccaceae, 287

Pilea, 284

Pimpinella, 151

Pinaceae, 256

Piney Spring, 596

Pinus, 256

Piper, 151, 276

Piperaceae, 274

Pistacia, 152

Pistia, 265

Pitcairnia, 266

Pithecolobium, 297

Pityrogramma, 254

Plant indicators of acidity, 404

Plant indicators of alkalinity, 404

Plant origins, oils in relation to, 53

Plantago, 154

Pleiostachya, 272

Pleurisy, 201

Pleurothallis, 273

Pluchea, 345

Plumbago, 155

Plumeria, 326

Plumeriopsis, 326

Pneumonia, 201

Podostemonaceae, 292

Poeppigia, 298

Poisons, 155

Polarization degrees, 12

Polarized light, starch reactions in, 5

Polygonaceae, 286, 489

Polygonum, 156, 286

Polymnia, 345

Polypodiaceae, 252

Polypodium, 156, 254

Polyporus, 156

Polypremum, 325

Polystachya, 273

Pontederia, 268

Pontederiaceae, 268, 489

Porophyllum, 345

Portulaca, 288

Portulacaceae, 288

Potassium nitrate, 191

Pothomprphe, 281

Pouzolzia, 284

Priva, 330

Prewett Spring, 597

Prockia, 313

Prosopis, 157

Prunus, 157

Psidium, 322

Psittacanthus, 285

Psychotria, 340

Pteridium, 255

Pterocarpus, 159

Publication references, 77

Pulltight Spring, 597

Punica, 159

Purdy's solution reactions, 41

Purtle's Spring, 539

Pyrethrum, 160

Pyrogallic acid reactions, 35

Pyrus, 160

Quamoclit, 328

Quararibea, 306

Quercus, 161, 281

Quercus alba-Acer rubrum association,

467

Quercus-Carya association, 456

Quercus-Pinus echinata association, 461

Quisqualis, 162

Rainbow Spring, 562

Randolph Spring, 598

Ranunculaceae, 489

Raphanus, 163

Rauwolfia, 326

Reeds Spring, 598

Reichert, Edward Tyson, 4

Reinhardtia, 262

Relfe Spring, 560

Renealmia, 271

INDEX

625

Rhabdadenia, 326

Rheum, 163

Rheumatism, 213, 214

Rhipsalis, 317

Rhodymenia, 164

Rhus, 164

Richardia, 342

Ricinus, 164, 303

Rinorea, 310

Rivina, 288

Roaring River Spring, 599

Roaring Spring, 600

Roccella, 165

Rockbridge Spring, 601

Rondeletia, 342

Rosa, 165

Rosaceae, 292

Roubidoux Spring, 601

Round Spring, 602

Rubia, 166

Rubiaceae, 337

Ruellia, 336

Rumex, 167

Russelia, 333

Russian clay, 191

Ruta, 167

Rutaceae, 299

Saccharum, 168

Safranin reactions, 20

Salicaceae, 281

Salix, 168, 281

Salvia, 168

Salvinia, 256

Salviniaceae, 256

Sands Spring, 604

Santalum, 169

Sapindaceae, 304

Sapium, 303

Saponification values, 55

Sapotaceae, 325

Saurauia, 308

Saururaceae, 489

Saussurea, 170

Scaphosepalum, 274

Schistocarpha, 345

Schizeaceae, 251

Schlicht Spring, 604

Schomburgkia, 274

Scleria, 260

Scoparia, 333

Scrophulariaceae, 333, 490

Seed coverings, oils in, 48

Seed kernels, oils in, 48

Selaginella, 256

Selaginellaceae, 256

Selenicereus, 318

Selenite, 5

Semecarpus, 170

Semi-drying oils, 48

Senecio, 346

Sesamum, 170

Sesbania, 171

Setaria, 258

Shaf-i-mamita, 192

Shanghai Spring, 604

Sheep's stomach, dried, 198

Sicydium, 342

Sida, 306

Sigillated earth, 192

Silver Lake, 606

Siparuna, 290

Sisymbrium, 171

Slabtown Spring, 606

Smilacaceae, 268

Smilax, 172, 268

Snakebite, 216

Sodium carbonate, 193

Solanaceae, 331

Solanum, 172, 332

Sommera, 342

Sorghum, 173

Sparganiaceae, 488

Spathiphyllum, 265

Species favoring deep water, 497

Species favoring mud substratum, 499

Species favoring quiet water, 498

Species favoring sand-gravel substra-

tum, 499

Species favoring shallow water, 497

Species favoring swift water, 498

Species, oils in relation to, 50

Specific gravity, 58

Spigelia, 325

Spinacia, 173

Spondias, 303

Sporobolus, 258

Spring Creek Spring, 560

Springs, 484

description, 537

enumeration of flora, 537

occurrence of flora, 537

vegetation of, 488

Stachys, 174

Stachytarpheta, 330

Starch, differential analysis of, 3, 11

Starch specimen, preparation of, 4

Steelville Spring, 607

Stelis, 274

Stems, waxes on, 50

Stenotaphrum, 259

Sterculia, 307

Sterculiaceae, 307

Stigmaphyllon, 300

Stomach pains, 202

Stone Mill Spring, 608

Struthanthus, 285

Strychnos, 174

Subclimax stage C, 474

Subclimax stages in the Ozarks, 401

Subtropical plants, oils of, 52

Sugar maple-bitternut hickory associ-

ation, 358

Sugar maple-white oak association, 372

626 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. IX

Sulphur, 193

Swartzia, 298

Swelling reagents, 7

Swietenia, 299

Symphonia, 308

Synechanthus, 262

Syngonium, 265

Tabernaemontana, 327

Tagetes, 175

Talauma, 289

Talinum, 288

Tamarindus, 175

Tamarix, 175

Taylor, T. Clinton, 3

Tectaria, 255

Terminalia, 177, 319

Tetranema, 333

Tetrapteris, 300

Teucrium, 177, 331

Thalia, 272

Thea, 178

Thomasson Mill Spring, 609

Thunbergia, 337

Thymus, 178

Tilia, 179

Tiliaceae, 304

Tillandsia, 266

Tithonia, 346

Topaz Spring, 610

Tortoise eggs, 196

Tournefortia, 329

Trachydium, 179

Trachylobium, 179

Trema, 283

Tribulus, 179

Trichachne, 259

Trichilia, 300

Trichomanes, 251

Tridax, 346

Trifolium, 180

Trigonella, 180

Tristicha, 292

Triticum, 181

Triumfetta, 305

Tropical plants, oils of, 52

Tucker Bay Spring, 611

Tulipa, 183

Turkey Creek Spring, 611

Turner Mill Spring, 612

Turneraceae, 313

Twin Springs, 595, 612

Typhaceae, 488

Ulmaceae, 282

Uncaria, 183

Urera, 284

Urticaceae, 283

Usnea, 135

Vanilla, 274

Vegetable fats, 48

Vegetable waxes, 48

Veratrum, 183

Verbascum, 184

Verbenaceae, 329

Verbesina, 346

Vernonia, 346

Vetiveria, 184

Vicia, 184

Vigna, 185, 298

Viola, 185

Violaceae, 309

Vitaceae, 304

Vitex, 330

Vitis, 185, 304

Vittaria, 256

Vochysia, 300

Vochysiaceae, 300

Vriesia, 267

Warner Bay Spring, 613

Waynesville Spring, 601

Wedelia, 346

Welch Spring, 614

Westover Spring, 615

White oak-red maple association, 397

Wilder Spring, 616

Wilkins Spring, 616

Williams Spring, 617

Withania, 186

Woods Lake, 617

Xiphidium, 268

Yancey Mill Spring, 618

Zamia, 256

Zanthoxylum, 186, 299

Zataria, 187

Zingiberaceae, 270

Zizyphora, 187

Zizyphus, 188

-R 1 8 1941

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

STUDIES OF

THE VEGETATION OF MISSOURI— II

PHANEROGAMIC FLORA OF THE FRESH- WATER SPRINGS

IN THE OZARKS OF MISSOURI

BY

JULIAN A. STEYERMARK

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME IX, NUMBER 6

FEBRUARY 28, 1941

PUBLICATION 491

4

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA