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Nieukerken, E. J. van. — A taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic species of the subge-
nera Zimmermannia Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s. str. (Lepidoptera, Nepticuli-
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E. J. van NIEUKERKEN. — A taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic species
of the subgenera Zimmermannia Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s.str. (Lepido-
ptera, Nepticulidae), with notes on their phylogeny, pp. 1—164, figs. 1—549.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 128, afl. 1 Gepubliceerd 20-XII-1985
eb tah a ad
PE NI x Ret
DROPS BN dites Line. ah,
ANS
s
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE WESTERN
PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE SUBGENERA
ZIMMERMANNIA HERING AND ECTOEDEMIA BUSCK S.STR.
(LEPIDOPTERA, NEPTICULIDAE),
WITH NOTES ON THEIR PHYLOGENY
by
ERIK J. VAN NIEUKERKEN
Department of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography, Vrye Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
ABSTRACT
The subgenera Zimmermannia Hering and Ectoedemia s.str., together forming the genus
Ectoedemia Busck sensu Wilkinson & Newton (1981) are described and redefined, and the
Western Palaearctic species are revised. In total 50 species are recognised, including the new
species hispanica, monemvasiae, nuristanica in Zimmermannia and andalusiae, algeriensis,
leucothorax, alnifoliae, contorta and two unnamed species in Ectoedemia s.str.
Fifteen new synonymies and ten new combinations are established and 42 lectotypes are
designated. Primary types have been examined in many cases. Data on larvae and biology
are included and keys to all species are provided.
The monophyly and the sister group relationships of both subgenera are demonstrated.
The subgenus Ectoedemia can be divided into the populella group, suberis group, subbima-
culella group and occultella group, being monophyletic entities, and the possibly paraphyle-
tic angulifasciella group. Two alternative hypotheses of the phylogeny within Ectoedemia
s.str. are presented.
Decisions on species discrimination have in many cases been corroborated by study of
allozymes.
CONTENTS Weknowledvements ssa ae er ee eee re 92
RDS BAR ee Si ue te a Me aie 1", References JMeter hia Oi A ers I 92
AO ETD ree ee ee ee 1 Index to (sub)genera and species treated ........ 98
REESE BEE RIO AERO CARE CES 4
Robart polo payer E gl ren RENE GR re ee : INTRODUCTION
Hiaxonomic treatments: us). bi Sash ee ee 8 The present revision deals with the 50 West-
Checklist of species treated .. SOCCER eee eee 8 ern Palaearctic species of Ectoedemia Busck,
Keys to the Western Palaearctic species of Ectoe- 1907, here assigned to the subgenera Zimmer-
or ame Zimmermannia and Ectoe- 9 mannia Hering and Ectoedemia s.str. These two
Subgenus Zimmermannia .................... 17 form the genus Ectoedemia in the sense of Wil-
LENS ÉOLIEN 27 Kinson & Scoble (1979) and Wilkinson & New-
Whepopwlellgeroupls en, A NO UNE SORA 28 ton (1981). The concept of Ectoedemia was re-
Thepreisseckerügroup . NON 37 cently enlarged by Scoble (1983) to contain the
Whetwberislevoupss gern GAL ai 38 subgenera Fomoria Beirne and Laqueus Scoble,
The subbimaculella PROUP TAS MERE RIAA o 43 and one more subgenus will be included in a
Theterebinthivora group … sooner 63 forthcoming generic revision of Holarctic Nep-
Dal angalizsciella CLOUD Me EE REC CI erlas (Van Nieukerken, in preparation). An
NG CCOAMALR LOUD Se EEE ES Come 78 lee EN Pal He
Names of doubtful status, probably belonging to oh Bo ER are
De Era EE g2 Species assigned to the subgenera of Ectoedemia
Catalogue of Hostplants of Western Palaearctic ger treated here, will be presented by Van
ILL OE Dd BIS EAD ie ee EL Baa ON 82 Nieukerken (in press).
PRIS STORE DR Eee BILIA ea 85 Throughout this work the name Ectoedemia
Bioseosraphyan re RIN a ee 91 alone is reserved for the combination of the two
2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
subgenera treated here, Ectoedemia s.str. is the
typical subgenus and Ectoedemia s.l. is the en-
larged genus in the concept of Van Nieukerken
(in press).
For a taxonomic history of the genus and de-
scription of the Nearctic species refer to Wil-
kinson & Scoble (1979) and Wilkinson & New-
ton (1981). The three South-African species
have been described by Scoble (1978, 1979).
A complete revision of the known Ectoede-
mia species in the Western Palaearctic region
has not been carried out previously. The last au-
thor reviewing all European species was Meess
(1910) who assigned most species to Nepticula
Heyden (= Stigmella Schrank). Of the 138 spe-
cies in his work only 19 belong to Ectoedemia
in the present sense, of which 15 are here recog-
nised as good species, hence the number of spe-
cies has since been more than tripled.
In Europe Petersen (1930) figured the male
genitalia of some nepticulid species for the first
time, but retained them in the large genus Nep-
ticula. Beirne (1945), who divided the Nepticu-
lidae into several genera on the basis of the male
genitalia of the British species, erected the genus
Dechtiria for the leafmining species here as-
signed to Ectoedemia s.str.
Hering (1940) erected Zimmermannia as a
genus for the barkminers, but most European
authors placed them in Ectoedemia, following
Busck, as did Klimesch (1953) in his revision of
the four known European species.
Svensson (1966) was the first to discover the
similarity between Ectoedemia and Dechtiria
and hence synonymised both. This was fol-
lowed by Borkowski (1972) and Emmet (1976)
in their local fauna works. These authors recog-
nised Dechtiria and Zimmermannia as separate
subgenera, but Wilkinson & Newton (1981)
treated them as synonyms of Ectoedemia. Zim-
mermannia is here re-established as subgenus
for reasons to be discussed.
Apart from the four species treated by Kli-
mesch (1953), no part of the genus has been
completely revised and published in Europe
previously.
Most species described since Meess (1910)
were assigned originally to Nepticula or Stig-
mella, but several have in recent years been re-
combined with Ectoedemia or Trifurcula s.l., al-
though frequently only in faunistic lists, with-
out any comments. Most names given to
European nepticulid species have been assigned
to their correct genus in my checklist (Van
Nieukerken, in press), but a few doubtful names
still exist. Two are treated at the end of this pa-
per.
For those species, likely to be included in Ect-
oedemia, primary types were studied as far as
possible. A few old types were either not avail-
able during this study or could not be traced. In
most cases however, there has been enough
proof of their status. For some recently de-
scribed species, no types have been studied, be-
cause detailed description and figures of genita-
lia made it unnecessary. A large wealth of
material from several museums, private collec-
tions and our own collection has been studied
and resulted in the discovery of eight undes-
cribed species, and much new distribution data.
However, knowledge of Ectoedemia species
in the Mediterranean region and Middle East is
still poor and based on scanty data, as can be in-
ferred from the distribution maps. For instance
none of the autumn-feeding species of the an-
gulifasciella group are recorded from Spain,
probably because autumn-mines have not yet
been collected.
For all species, including those recently de-
scribed, complete (re)descriptions are provided.
For most species the female genitalia are de-
scribed here for the first time. These often ap-
pear to give better diagnostic characters than
the male genitalia in this genus.
Because of limitations in time and space, I
have refrained from giving detailed descriptions
of larvae, although much material was available.
However, it is hoped that a full treatment of the
larvae can be made later. _
Concise biological data have been provided,
based on own observations, unless otherwise
stated.
A discussion of the phylogeny of the genus,
using cladistic methods, concludes this revision.
METHODS
Preparation of genitalia
Genitalia slides were prepared following
Robinson (1976), but adapted slightly for the
Nepticulidae. The abdomens were macerated in
10% KOH heated in a waterbath of 90 °C for
10—15 minutes. After preliminary rinsing and
cleaning they were stored overnight in ethanol
70%. Cleaning appeared to be much easier after
treatment with ethanol and there were no disad-
vantages. Cleaning and removal of scales was
carried out with a snipe-feather primary or a
pointed piece of stiff paper. For dissecting min-
ute-pins were mounted in handles.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 3
Male genitalia were usually stained red with
haemaluin and females either with haemaluin or
chlorazol black E.
Dissecting was usually done in glycerin to
prevent floating. Male genitalia were removed
from the abdomen, the aedeagus was taken out
in some specimens of each species, by perforat-
ing the membranes holding it to the valvae and
capsule; in Ectoedemia this is often difficult be-
cause of the tight connections to the aedeagal
carinae. It is therefore advisable not to remove
the aedeagus from all specimens, otherwise their
in-situ connections can not be studied. Hooking
out the vesica is possible in the larger species,
but usually impracticable in smaller ones. Fe-
male genitalia were removed by separating seg-
ment 7 to 9 with the internal genitalia from the
abdomen. Before mounting, genitalia were ex-
amined in glycerin in order to study their three-
dimensional structure and to make figures in
various aspects.
After dehydration the genitalia were em-
bedded in euparal, and arranged in their desired
position. The euparal was placed in a thin layer
so that the parts could not move and the slide
was then dried in an oven overnight. Thereafter
a small drop of euparal was added and the cov-
erslip positioned with, if necessary, euparal es-
sence. This method prevents the parts from be-
coming displaced and disorientated. Care must
however be taken not to damage protruding
parts such as the gnathos or uncus with the cov-
erslip. Male genitalia were mounted ventral side
up, female genitalia either with ventral or dorsal
side. In order to study the female postabdomen
embedding with dorsal side up is most desir-
able.
In the above described method the genitalia
are not squashed, which has a disadvantage in
that focussing for photography is difficult, but
this is outweighed by the disadvantage of dis-
tortion by squashing. It has unfortunately
proved to be virtually impossible to unroll the
male genitalia in the way practiced for Incurva-
rioidea (see Nielsen, 1980), because of the
strongly sclerotised capsule, the tightly fused
valvae, and the small size of the genitalia.
Figures
Drawings of genitalia were made with a Zeiss
universal microscope and camera lucida attach-
ment both from permanent slides and genitalıa
in glycerin. Dorsal aspects of valvae were drawn
from ventrally mounted specimens, thus repre-
senting in fact a mirror image of the right valva
as seen through the valva. From the transtilla
only one half is figured. Setae are often repre-
sented in drawings by their sockets only be-
cause they are often broken in slides. In the fig-
ures of aedeagi in Ectoedemia s.str. the vesica is
omitted.
The practice of illustrating complete genitalia
in taxonomic papers on Lepidoptera is not fol-
lowed, since such figures are usually too com-
plicated to show the diagnostic features unam-
biguously. Therefore the most characteristic
parts of the genitalia are separately figured and
presented in a comparative way. However, to
give an overall impression of the genitalia, pho-
tographs are also provided. These were pre-
pared with a Zeiss universal photo-microscope,
using bright-field contrast.
SEM micrographs were taken with an ISI 40
Scanning electron microscope, using a beam
current of 10kV. Specimens were air-dried,
mounted on stubs and gold-coated.
Adults were photographed with a Zeiss Tes-
sovar camera, using black velvet as background,
and concealed lighting, thus reducing reflections
to a minimum. Photographs of mines in dried
leaves were taken with a reproduction camera
and transmitted light.
Measurements
Forewing length was measured only when
flat from wing base to tip of fringe, using an oc-
ular-micrometer in a Wild M5 stereomicroscope
at a magnification of 25. Forewing length is pre-
ferred to the less accurate wingspan mea-
surement, but for reasons of comparability with
other authors the latter figure is added too.
Genitalia were measured using a Zeiss univer-
sal research microscope with ocular-microme-
ter, either with objective 6.3 X (bursa length
and signa if very long) or 16 X (other mea-
surements). Capsule length was measured along
mid-line from tip of tegumen to anterior margin
of ventral plate of vinculum, exactly in middle
of anterior concavity, thus excluding lateral
projections of vinculum. Valva length was mea-
sured from tip to anteriormost extension of ven-
tral surface, thus excluding the transulla. Ae-
deagus length was measured including carinal
processes.
The bursa length could only be measured
very roughly, approximately from point of en-
trance of ductus spermathecae to anterior tp.
Measurements of signa are self-evident.
4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
From all species measurement range is given
first, followed by mean, standard deviation and
sample-size in brackets.
Mean and standard deviations are only calcu-
lated for a sample-size of five and larger. An in-
dividual of extreme size falling far outside the
normal range is given in brackets. Wing mea-
surements of extremely small specimens, proba-
bly caused by food-shortage, are excluded. Not
too much statistical significance should be given
to these figures, because the samples were not
selected statistically, and sometimes individuals
only belong to one population.
Material
A considerable part of the adult material was
reared in our laboratory, and will be mainly
transferred to the collection of ZMA, however
some specimens will be distributed to other mu-
seums. In addition material of many collections,
listed below, has been examined. The material is
listed at the end of each description in alphabeti-
cal order of localities, arranged in an alphabeti-
cal list of countries. When a number of consec-
utive data in one country is based on material
from one collection, the abbreviation of this
collection is only given at the end of these data.
Primary types, cited under the species headings
are included in material examined again, when
actually studied.
Locality names are spelled as far as possible
according to The Times Atlas of the World
(Comprehensive Edition, 1975), a deviating
name on a label is given in brackets.
A particular problem form the locality-names
on the labels of C. Chrétien, who often used ab-
breviations of small hamlets or local names,
which can not even be traced on topographical
maps. By courtesy of G. Luquet, who prepared
a list of Départements visited by Chrétien in
various years, it has been possible to locate
some of these obscure places. «Antarv.» has not
been traced, but the collecting dates suggest that
this is near Digne. «Nesp.» is an abbreviation of
Nespouls, but most likely not of the village of
that name in Corréze. From a combination with
“Artén.” (= montagne d’Arténac) and the col-
lecting year on certain labels it is inferred to be
probably near St. Pons (Hérault).
Countries are used with their present-day po-
litical boundaries, but for convenience East-
Germany comprises here both the German
Democratic Republic and Berlin.
Distribution maps are prepared on the base of
material examined and reliable literature re-
cords. When a certain literature record was far
beyond the known range, and its correctness
could not otherwise be proved it has been ex-
cluded. Many additonal data were received by
courtesy of R. Buvat, R. Johansson, O. Kars-
holt, J. Klimesch, J. Kyrki and S. E. White-
bread. A list of literature used in compiling the
maps wil be given later.
The data on biology are for a considerable
part based on own observations, supplemented
by literature data. Unless otherwise stated,
mines have been collected between 1978 and
1984 by me or my colleagues or students, chief-
ly C.J. M. Alders, J. J. Boomsma, G. Bryan, B.
J. van Cronenburg, H. van Driel, S. B. J. Men-
ken, J. W. Schoorl, and stored in our collection.
Larvae have been examined living, and are part-
ly also stored in alcohol in our collection.
Nomenclature of hostplants follows Tutin et
al. (1964, 1968). Some abbreviations used are: ©
a.l. = at light, e.l. = ex larva, S = sternite, T =
tergite.
List of collections from which material has been
studied
Institutions and Museums: BMNH, British
Museum (Natural History), London, U.K.;
ETHZ, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule,
Entomologisches Institut, Zurich, Switzerland;
IPAK, Institute of the Polish Academy of Sci-
ences, Krakow, Poland; IRSN, Institute Royal
des Sciences naturelles, Bruxelles, Belgium;
LNK, Landessammlungen für Naturkunde,
Karlsruhe, West Germany; MCST, Museo Civ-
ico di Storia Naturale, Terrasini, Italy; MHUB,
Museum ftir Naturkunde der Humboldt-Uni-
versitat, Berlin, East Germany; MNHN,
Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris,
France; MRST, Museo Regionale di Scienze
Naturali, Torino, Italy; NMW, Naturhisto-
risches Museum, Wien, Austria; RMNH,
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden,
Netherlands; RMS, Riksmuseum Stockholm,
Sweden; SMNS, Staatliches Museum fur Natur-
kunde, Stuttgart, West Germany; TMAB,
Természettudomanyi Múzeum, Allatära, Buda-
pest, Hungary; UMZC, University Museum of
Zoology, Cambridge, U.K.; USNM, United
States Natural History Museum, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington D.C., U.S.A.; ZIAS,
Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, Le-
ningrad, USSR; ZMA, Instituut voor Taxono-
mische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum),
Amsterdam, Netherlands; ZMC, Zoologisk
Museum, Universitet, Kobenhavn, Denmark;
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 5
ZSM, Zoologische Staatssammlung, München,
West Germany; ZSMK, idem, collection Kli-
mesch, Linz, Austria.
Private collections: AFW, coll. Van Franken-
huyzen, Wageningen, Netherlands; coll. Buvat,
Marseille, France; coll. Derra, Bamberg, West
Germany; ETO, coll. Traugott-Olsen, Marbel-
la, Spain; EvN, coll. Van Nieukerken, Leiden,
Netherlands; coll. Gielis, Lexmond, Nether-
lands; coll. Huisman, Melissant, Netherlands;
coll. Johansson, Växjö, Sweden; coll. Koster,
Callantsoog, Netherlands; coll. Kuchlein, Wa-
geningen, Netherlands; coll. Leraut, Paris,
France; coll. Speidel, Karlsruhe, West Ger-
many; coll. Wolschrijn, Apeldoorn, Nether-
lands.
MORPHOLOGY
The following discussion is mainly intended
to review those characteristics which are impor-
tant for understanding the phylogeny of Ectoe-
demia and those which are useful as diagnostic
features. Exhaustive treatments of the adult
morphology of Ectoedemia and the Nepticuli-
dae are given by Scoble (1979 and 1983), and of
the larval morphology by Gustafsson (1981a)
and Van Nieukerken & Jansen (in preparation).
Schönherr (1958) provides an excellent mono-
graph of the species E. liebwerdella.
Head (fig. 15).
The piliform scales on frons and vertex are
collectively treated as the frontal tuft, the colour
of which is often diagnostic, although some lo-
cal and geographical variation occurs in several
species. In Ectoedemia the collar is invariably
composed of piliform scales, in contrast to Stig-
mella where the scales are lamellar. Its colour 1s
often different from the frontal tuft. The term
collar, although descriptive, might be mislead-
ing, since these groups of scales, inserted poste-
rior of the eyes, are not homologous with the
collar of higher Ditrysia, which is a prothoracic
structure.
The number of antennal segments has some
diagnostic value, although it varies within a spe-
cies and sex, males have always more segments
than females of the same species. There is also a
positive correlation between individual size and
number of antennal segments. Scape and pedicel
are usually paler than the flagel, except in E. ın-
timella. For a detailed description of antennal
morphology see Van Nieukerken & Dop (in
preparation).
The mouthparts of the species treated do not
show diagnostic features. The eyes show the
typical lepidopteran corneal nipple array pat-
tern (fig. 16) (Davis, 1978).
Thorax and wings.
The thorax itself does not present many char-
acteristics, the colour of the scales on mesoscu-
tum and tegulae is sometimes diagnostic, but in
many species it is concolorous with the fore-
wings.
The colour-pattern and colour of the fore-
wings is one of the most remarkable diagnostic
features, although it is only useful in undam-
aged specimens, and many closely related spe-
cies have the same or a similar colour-pattern.
Most species of Ectoedemia s.str. have white
wing markings, often in the form of a medial
fascia, or opposite costal and dorsal spots. In
addition basal and discal spots may occur. It is
often difficult to distinguish between metallic
and non-metallic fasciae and spots. Compari-
sons should therefore be made with species in
which this state is known. Several species, espe-
cially in Zimmermannia, have the forewings
uniformly ochreous irrorate with brown, fus-
cous or similar tinges. In all but a few species
the cilia are light and separated from the darker
part of the forewing by a line formed by the tips
of the last row of lamellar scales, this line is
termed here the cilia-line. The scaling of the
forewing is invariably rough, the scales (figs. 25,
26) are of the normal advanced lepidopteran
type (Kristensen, 1970; Davis, 1978).
The hindwing of the males frequently pos-
sesses diagnostic secondary sexual characters. A
frenulum is always present, in additon several
species mining Quercus have a row of costal
bristles. Most other species however bear a
brush of hair-scales instead, arising near the fre-
nulum, which is believed to be homologous
with the costal bristles. Following Scoble (1983)
it is named here hair-pencil. In rest it is laid par-
allel to the main-axis of the hindwing, in a shal-
low groove, which is especially prominent in
several E. (Zimmermannia) species (figs. 10—
14, 21—24). The hair-pencil can be spread out,
and probably plays an important role in
courtship, as Schönherr (1958) has shown for E.
liebwerdella (see his figs. 26 and 41). The hair-
pencil is often surrounded by lamellar scales
which are differently coloured from the rest of
the hindwing, these scales are referred to as spe-
cial or androconial scales (figs. 18—20). The
fine structure differs from the normal wing
scales. In some species they occupy almost the
6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
complete dorsal surface of the hindwing, as in
terebinthivora or heringella (figs. 53, 62). Col-
our of these scales and the hair-pencil is very di-
agnostic. In E. (Zimmermannia) and to a lesser
extent in some other species, the shape of the
hindwing is influenced by the presence of the
hair-pencil: the costal margin is abruptedly
emarginated and curved inwards beyond the
pencil and there is often a prominent humeral
lobe (figs. 8, 10—19).
In several species the males possess in addi-
tion to the hindwing characteristics, specialisa-
tions on the underside of the forewing, such as a
patch of differently coloured, androconial scales
(figs. 63, 86). Species with a hair-pencil often
have a scaleless area on the forewing under sur-
face, probably in rest contacting the hair-pencil.
Females always bear a row of costal bristles,
and lack any additional sexual characters.
The venation of Ectoedemia (figs. 8, 9) is very
uniform, with only slight non-diagnostic varia-
tion in length and tracheation of some veins.
The venation is essentially similar to that in the
taxa Fomoria Beirne and Etainia Beirne.
Abdomen.
The scaling of the abdomen is uniform, and
although there is some interspecific variation,
the colour has not been found to be diagnostic.
The anterior part of sternite 2 (see Kristensen &
Nielsen, 1980) has a triangular shape. The male
bears a pair of anal tufts on tergite 8. The exter-
nal shape of the female ovipositor is sometimes
diagnostic, especially when it is pointed, such as
in E. turbidella or agrimoniae.
Male genitalia (figs. 3, 4, 27, 28).
The male genitalia of the species under study
show a remarkable uniformity when compared
to other nepticulid genera, in several cases they
do not even provide characters to distinguish
between species.
It must be stressed here that slight differences
which apear from the illustrations often depend
on the way of mounting the slides. A slight de-
viation from the ventral view can change the
shape of the vinculum for instance, and since
most structures are hinged by membranes to
each other, mutual changes in position occur
easily. This is especially the case with the gna-
thos. It is therefore advisable to study the geni-
talia in fluid (glycerin) before mounting perma-
nently, and squashing should be avoided.
The vinculum forms a complete strongly scle-
roused ring and is invisibly fused with the tegu-
men; together they are termed the capsule. The
ventral plate of the vinculum is always short,
and slightly concave anteriorly; the ventral plate
can be divided by the ring, formed by the at-
tachment to segment 8, in an anterior part,
which is situated within the abdomen, and a
posterior part, covered with scales. The anterior
part has in the past erroneously been referred to
as the saccus (Beirne, 1945; Wilkinson & New-
ton, 1981).
The tegumen is posteriorly produced into a
pseuduncus, which can be approximately trian-
gular, rounded, truncate or pointed. It is cov-
ered with many tactile hairs and scales.
The uncus is absent, it has been believed (cf
Beirne, 1945) that it is membranous, but the
membranous structure which is present be-
tween gnathos and tegumen is in my opinion
formed by the anal tube only.
The gnathos is strongly sclerotised, and es-
sentially composed of two lateral arms and a
more ventral central element, which projects
posteriorly and is more or less tongue-shaped.
The form of the central element is highly diag-
nostic, but it must be viewed at the correct an-
gle. In several species of Ectoedemia s.str. the
central element is in fact divided in two parts: a
basal ventral part, fused to the lateral arms and
distally ending with a serrate margin, and a
more distal, tongue-shaped element which is in-
serted dorsal to the basal part and connected by
less sclerotised tissue. In lateral view the divi-
sion is clearly seen, but in ventral view this is
less obvious. The lateral arms of the gnathos are
hinged by membranes to the lateral arms of the
vinculum.
The valva is roughly triangular in ventral
view, with an often inwardly directed tip. It is
essentially a hollow sac, which is open at the an-
terior end. On the ventral and outer (lateral)
surface, the valva is covered with many setae
and scales, whilst the inner and dorsal surfaces
bear comparatively few setae, which however
become more abundant towards the tip. Al-
though it has been the practice in Nepticulidae
to illustrate only the ventral surface of the valva,
the dorsal surface offers more diagnostic detail
and so is here illustrated as seen through ven-
trally mounted genitalia — thus viewing
through the valva. Therefore it has not been
necessary to spread or remove the valva. Ven-
trally the valvae are hinged to each other and
the vinculum by membranes, dorsally they are
tightly fused by the transtillae, which are con-
sidered to be a part of the valvae. In Ectoedemia
ns
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 7
the transtillae always possess a well sclerotised
horizontal bar and ventral arms. The length of
the ventral arms varies within the species and
therefore has a limited diagnostic value.
The aedeagus bears apically paired carinae,
except in E. spiraeae. These have been incor-
rectly referred to as the juxta by Beirne (1945),
see also Scoble (1983) for a discussion of aedea-
gal structures. Most Ectoedemia s.str. species
have one pair of ventral carinae only, they are
usually pointed and often divided in two or
more processes. Additional spines occur in
some species near the base of the carinae (fig.
28). Some species have a dorsolateral pair of ca-
rinae in addition, and most E. (Zimmermannia)
species possess three pairs of carinae. The ven-
tral carinae are hinged by a slightly sclerotised
ventral process to the vinculum and by mem-
branes to the valvae. Although the ventral pro-
cess is always present, it has not been illustrated
here in all species. Dorsal and lateral carinae are
hinged by membranes to the valvae and transtil-
la. In E. (Zimmermannia) the large ventral cari-
nae are tightly connected with the valvae, which
have a fold on the inner surface in which the ca-
rinae fit. Probably for this reason the carinae in
this group have sometimes been misinterpreted
as parts of the valva. The membranes fusing the
aedeagus to the rest of the genitalia tolerate only
a small posterior movement of the aedeagus,
hence in the everted position the carinae are
folded back.
The aedeagus is often slightly asymmetric,
such that it is longer at the right side, and often
the two carinae of one pair differ slightly. An
exceptional case is klimeschi, which has a highly
asymmetrical aedeagus. The ejaculatory duct
enters the aedeagus through an approximately
circular opening on the ventral side, below the
middle. Posterior to this opening a group of mi-
crosetae (setal pores) can be observed. The vesi-
ca is typically covered with numerous small
spine-like cornuti, and only occasionally addi-
tional larger spines and other sclerotisations oc-
cur.
Female genitalia (figs. 6, 7, 30—34).
The female genitalia of Nepticulidae have
been paid much less attention to than those of
the male, since they were often thought of lesser
diagnostic value. In fact in Ectoedemia they of-
ten provide better characteristics than the male
genitalia. However, the weak sclerotisation and
the greater individual variation — compared
with males — make study and interpretation
more difficult. Several structures, which have
not been used before, are found in this study to
have high diagnostic value.
The only earlier complete and correct inter-
pretation of the terminal segments is that of
Dugdale (1974), see also the comments in Van
Nieukerken (1983). Segment 7 is the last com-
plete and more or less unmodified segment,
which ventrally reaches the tip of the abdomen.
The tip of sternite 7 is covered with many setae,
probably mostly tactile. Dorsally tergite 7 en-
circles segments 8 and 9. Segment 8 comprises a
distinct tergite, which is often approximately
rectangular, and the complex anterior apo-
physes. They are dorsally united by tergite 8
and posteriorly by a semi-circular or angular,
sclerotised bar, which is interpreted as sternite
8. The latter is covered by a membrane bearing
many minute spines (fig. 30) and forms usually
the tip of the abdomen and “ovipositor”.
It is not completely clear if the integument
covering tergite 8 belongs to that segment or is
formed by segment 7, the latter possibility 1s
suggested by the fact that the border between
tergites 7 and 8 is often not clear. For practical
reasons, however, setae and scales which in dor-
sal view appear to occur on tergite 8 are de-
scribed as belonging to that segment. The poste-
rior part of tergites 7 and 8 bear several sensory
structures. Principally there are two lateral
patches of scales and setae on tergite 8, and of-
ten some setae on tergite 7 as well, which is fur-
ther covered with scales. In several species the
scales on 8 are reduced and the number and size
of setae increased, often forming distinct pat-
terns or rows. Especially in species mining bark
and evergreen Quercus there are large groups of
long setae on these segments (figs. 31—34),
which probably function in localising suitable
oviposition sites. It is not clear if these setae are
all mechanoreceptors only, or if these are partly
chemoreceptors as well. In E. caradjai and E.
monemvasiae the long setae are pectinate (fig.
32), in other species examined they are smooth.
Segment 9 comprises a distinct tergite, often
partly covered by tergite 8, with two distinct
patches of setae (anal papillae) and the posterior
apophyses. These end in indistinctly sclerotised
internal structures, which probably have a func-
tion in opening and closing the genital and anal
openings. The region near tergite 9 is difficult to
interpret since many membranous structures
occur, it is therefore not clear if there is under-
neath the anal opening a structure which can be
considered to be sternite 9.
8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
The enlarged portion of the vagina is referred
to as the vestibulum, this part has earlier been
regarded as part of the ductus bursae (Scoble,
1983) and sometimes termed colliculum (Wil-
kinson & Scoble, 1979; Wilkinson & Newton,
1981). Here the term ductus bursae is reserved
for the narrowed part anterior of the entrance of
the ductus spermathecae.
The vestibulum bears in E. (Zimmermannia)
some indistinct sclerotisations and in most Ec-
toedemia s.str. species a ring-shaped sclerite
(fig. 419), which in analogy to the Eriocraniidae
(Davis, 1978) is termed vaginal sclerite. In addi-
tion to this sclerite the vestibulum has dorsally
an evaginated pouch which often bears many
spicules (fig. 420). At the transition of the vesti-
bulum and the ductus bursae there is often a
patch of very closely packed pectinations, simi-
lar to those on the corpus bursae. The corpus
bursae is typically covered with many of such
pectinations, combs of small denticles, and a
pair of reticulate signa. The cells of the signa are
also covered by small denticles. Shape and size
of the signa is often diagnostic, but there is con-
siderable intraspecific variation. The ductus
spermathecae comprises a strongly sclerotised
internal canal, ending in a sclerotised vesicle,
and a membranous external canal, both canals
are spiraled. The number of convolutions of the
spermathecal duct appears to be fairly constant
within a species, and has therefore high diag-
nostic value. The most common condition is
2%—3 convolutions, but as many as 14 convo-
lutions have been found. In counting the convo-
lutions the vesicle must be excluded. A distinct
spermathecal papilla is absent.
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT
Ectoedemia Busck, 1907
(subgenera Zimmermannia Hering and
Ectoedemia s.str.)
Diagnosis.
The following combination of characters is
diagnostic:
1. Collar comprising piliform scales.
2. Cilia-line usually distinct (except occultella-
group).
3. Forewing with closed cel between R and
M+Cu.
4. Hindwing with two-branched Rs+M.
5. Antenna with sensillum vesiculocladum re-
duced into an unbranched blisterlike struc-
ture (Van Nieukerken & Dop, in prepara-
tion).
6. In © only 1 sensillum vesiculocladum per
segment (Van Nieukerken & Dop, in prepa-
ration).
7. Uncus absent.
Stigmella species are easily separated by the
collar with lamellar scales and the different ve-
nation and genitalia. Acalyptris (= Niepeltia)
species can be separated by the almost straight
R+M vein in the forewing, and the reduced
closed cell, shifted towards the base. Externally
Acalyptris species in Europe are not likely to be
confused with Ectoedemia because they have
different colour patterns. Only A. minimella
(Rebel) resembles somewhat E. gilvipennella or
E. nigrosparsella, but it is more yellow and has a
yellow hair-pencil. Trifurcula species can al-
ways be recognised by the three branched con-
dition of the Rs+M in the hindwing. In addition
males can always be recognized by the three
pairs of anal tufts and the “velvet patch” on the
underside of the hindwing. For Parafomoria see
Van Nieukerken (1983). European Ectoedemia
(Etainia) species have two fasciae, and the males
possess a long dorsal apodeme on the valvae (see
Scoble, 1983). Bohemannia species can be sepa-
rated by the absence of a closed cell in forewing
and the presence of an uncus. Ectoedemia (Fo-
moria) and E. (Laqueus) are externally not sepa-
rable from the subgenera treated here. They
both possess an uncus, and-have generally a dif-
ferent form of genitalia (Scoble, 1983). In addi-
tion E. (Laqueus) has an anal loop in the fore-
wing.
Taxonomy.
Two subgenera are recognised here, viz. Zim-
mermannia Hering and Ectoedemia s.str. This
division is re-established here, because both
groups are characterised by many more apo-
morphies than they share, they have very differ-
ent biologies, and species can easily be recogni-
sed as belonging to one of the subgenera. Ectoe-
demia s.str. can also be subdivided further, but
then much fewer characters are available and
monophyly is not easily demonstrated. These
groups are merely treated as species-groups
without formal taxonomic status. See further
section on phylogeny.
CHECKLIST OF SPECIES TREATED
Ectoedemia Busck
Subgenus Zimmermannia Hering
1. atrifrontella (Stainton)
2. hebwerdella Zimmermann
3. longicaudella Klimesch
peinu (Nemes) syn. n.
OND LA
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 9
hispanica sp. n.
monemvasiae sp. n.
amani Svensson
nuristanica Sp. n.
liguricella Klimesch
Subgenus Ectoedemia Busck
Dechtiria Beirne
mes group
4
I.
12.
13.
intimella (Zeller)
hannoverella (Glitz)
turbidella (Zeller)
populialbae (Hering)
klimeschi (Skala)
niculescui (Nemes) syn. n.
argyropeza (Zeller)
simplicella (Heinemann) syn. n.
preisseckeri group
14.
preisseckeri (Klimesch)
suberis group
ley
16.
17.
18.
19.
caradjai (Groschke)
spec. (specimen 1843)
suberis (Stainton) comb. n.
viridella (Mendes) syn. n.
andalusiae sp. n.
aegilopidella (Klimesch) comb. n.
subbimaculella group
20.
21:
22.
DSE
24.
25:
26.
27:
28.
29.
30.
SUE
32.
33.
34.
33.
quinquella (Bedell)
algeriensis sp. n.
gilvipennella (Klimesch) comb. n.
leucothorax sp. n.
haraldi (Soffner)
ilicis (Mendes) comb. n.
heringella (Mariani) comb. n.
alnifoliae sp. n.
nigrosparsella (Klimesch)
albifasciella complex (29—32)
albifasciella (Heinemann)
cerris (Zimmermann)
montissancti (Skala) syn. n.
pubescivora (Weber) comb. n.
contorta sp. n.
subbimaculella complex (33—36)
subbimaculella (Haworth)
nigrociliella (Stephens) syn. n.
heringi (Toll)
quercifoliae (Toll)
sativella (Klimesch) syn. n.
zimmermanni (Hering) syn. n.
liechtensteini (Zimmermann)
36. phyllotomella (Klimesch) comb. n.
37. spec. (specimen 1375)
terebinthivora group
38. terebinthivora (Klimesch) comb. n.
“angulifasciella group”
39. erythrogenella (Joannis)
40. spiraeae Gregor & Povolny
41. agrimoniae (Frey)
42. hexapetalae (Szöcs) comb. n.
angulıfasciella complex (43—46)
43. angulifasciella (Stainton)
schleichiella (Frey) syn. n.
utensis (Weber) syn. n.
minorella (Zimmermann) syn. n.
? brunniella (Sauber)
44. atricollis (Stainton)
aterrima (Wocke)
staphyleae (Zimmermann) syn. n.
45. arcuatella (Herrich-Schaffer)
46. rubivora (Wocke)
47. spinosella (Joannis)
48. mahalebella (Klimesch)
occultella group
49. occultella (Linnaeus)
strigilella (Thunberg)
? mucidella (Hübner)
mediofasciella (Haworth) syn. n.
argentipedella (Zeller)
50. minimella (Zetterstedt) comb. n.
mediofasciella auct. nec Haworth
woolhopiella (Stainton) syn. n.
viridicola (Weber) syn. n.
Keys TO THE WESTERN PALAEARCTIC SPECIES
OF ECTOEDEMIA SUBGENERA ZIMMERMANNIA
AND ECTOEDEMIA S.STR.
Based mainly on external characters!)
1. Forewings without distinct colour-pattern,
irrorate or unicolorous, with at most incon-
spicuous group of white scales at tornus.. 2
— Forewings with distinct white spot(s) or
fascia): Hob ARR MONON ro Pate ODI, 12
. Frontal tuft dark fuscous brown to black 3
— Frontal tuft yellowish or orange, sometimes
mixediw.ichituscousui m IR. 8
3. Thorax dorsally white with darker tips on
N
1) Two species mentioned in the text, but still un-
described have been excluded.
10
10.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
mesoscutum and tegulae. é with white
hair-pencil 1. atrifrontella
Thorax dorsally brown with at most white
tips on mesoscutum and tegulae......... 4
. 6 hindwing without hair-pencil or costal
emargination. ® with large patch of long
tactile hairs on T7, extending almost to an-
terior margin. Occurring in Afghanıstan ...
N Gens ean oe ten tee 7. nuristanica
dg hindwing with hair-pencil and usually
costal emargination. If 2 with patch of long
hairs, then only in posterior half of T7. Spe-
cies occur in Europe or Anatolia
. Hair-pencil in à short, about 1/4 hindwing
length; without distinct costal emargination
in hindwing. 2 unknown 4. hispanica
Hair-pencil longer, at least 1/3 of hindwing
length. Costal emargination conspicuous
(isst ANT Re. 6
. Forewing with small tornal and costal white
spots beyond middle, less conspicuous ın
3. Hair-pencil in d white. Forewing scales
almost uniformly dark .... 2. hebwerdella
Forewing with at most a tornal spot beyond
middle. & hair-pencil fuscous or yellowish
browne Sealestdarkenauepser ne 7
. 6 hair-pencil surrounded by brown scales.
2 with large patch of approximately 100
very long tactile hairs on T7 and 8 (visible
without dissection). Only known from
Greece and Anatolia 5. monemvasiae
& hair-pencil surrounded by white scales.
2 with group of 20—30 long hairs, much
shorter than in monemvasiae. Throughout
Europe and Anatolia...... 3. longicaudella
. Large species, forewing length 3.0—4.5
mm. Cilia-line indistinct. Aedeagus with 2
or 3 pairs of carinae. @ genitalia without
vaginal sclerite
Smaller species, forewing length 1.9—2.9
mm (rarely 3.0 mm). Cilia-line distinct. Ae-
deagus with one pair of carinae only. 2
genitalia with vaginal sclerite .......... 10
. Ground colour dark brown, irrorate with
white. d antennae with 36—41, ® with
36—37 segments. d hindwing with hair-
pencil and costal emargination .... 6. amanı
Ground colour lighter, more yellowish
brown, irrorate with white. d antennae
with 43—48, ® with 39—44 segments.d
hindwing without hair-pencil or costal
emargination 8. liguricella
Ground colour white, with scattered brown
Il,
12:
16.
17.
18.
NEL
. Scape white, with brown scales
Ground colour brown to yellowish brown,
mixed with yellowish white scales. & with-
out hair-pencil, but with costal bristles (d
of alnifoliae unknown)
Scape white, without brown scales. Fore-
wing with many yellow scales between
brown ones. ® ductus spermathecae with
13—14 convolutions. Larva feeds on decid-
uous Quercus in Europe . 28. nigrosparsella
Scape white with some brown scales. Fore-
wing mainly brown with few white scales.
® ductus spermathecae with 3 convolu-
tions. Larva on Quercus alnifolia in Cyprus
27. alnifoliae (& unknown)
Forewing with dorsal (tornal) spot only,
but occasionally a few white scales along
COSTA LE ent EE 13
FASCIATA it SAR 17
. Dorsal spot postmedial in position ..... 14 °
Dorsal spot medial in position ......... 15
Sc ae UE E. (Fomoria) or Trifurcula spp.
Scape unicolorous white see 2
. Scales of forewing not significantly lighter
at bases. Flagellum yellowish orange, simi-
lar to scape and pedicel. & with hair-pencil,
2 with pointed ovipositor .... 9. intimella
Scales of forewing distinctly lighter at base.
Flagellum darker than scape and pedicel. d
with costal bristles, 2 with blunt ovipositor
ema dn ie on REE 16
Forewing with dorsal spot only. d hind-
wing or forewing without androconial
scales 25. ilicis
Forewing usually with some white scales
along costa, opposite dorsal spot, but not
forming distinct spot. d hindwing upper-
side and forewing underside with elongate
patch of brown androconial scales.........
26. heringella
Forewing with dorsal and costal distinctly
postmediallin' position re
ROL Aaa see 6, 2. liebwerdella
Forewing with costal and dorsal spot medi-
al or more basal, or fascia present ...... 18
Moth almost completely jet-black or grey-
ish black, including cilia; cilia-line absent.
Medial fascia present. Larva feeds on Betu-
lacca Deere eee 19
Moth not completely black, usually with a
fuscous or brownish tinge, cilia silvery
white beyond distinct cilia-line. Larva feeds
Onlotheritoodplantsirmi ee 20
3 underside of forewing with small patch
20.
22.
25}
24.
25}
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 11
of narrow white scales (difficult to see, fig.
86). Hair-pencil white. © frontal tuft yel-
low or yellowish orange. Aedeagus without -
long cornuti (fig. 405) 49. occultella
d underside of forewing without small
patch of narrow white scales, hair-pencil
grey. ® frontal tuft black, occasionally
mixed with some fuscous and/or yellow
scales. Aedeagus with group of about 20
long cornuti (fig. 406) 50. minimella
Forewing with white spots in addition to
costal and dorsal spots or fascia ........ 21
Forewing with either fascia or costal and
dorsal spot only 27
. Forewing with discal spot beyond middle.
Brontaltuitiuscous black as daa 22.2. 22
Forewing without discal spot in second
half. Frontal tuft usually with at least some
yellow scales, but occasionally dark .... 23
Thorax completely white. Forewing with
basal spot (sometimes small). 2 with group
of long hairs on tergites 7 and 8. Feeds on
evergreen Quercus......... 21. algeriensis
Thorax fuscous black, with at most a white
distal half. Forewing without basal spot,
but sometimes with some white scales. ?
with only few long hairs on T7 and 8. Feeds
on deciduous Quercus...... 20. quinquella
Forewings with many white scales scattered
in basal half, sometimes becoming a discal
spot or even confluent with other spots . 24
Forewings with only a basal spot or basal-
dorsal streak, scattered white scales absent
Ggpractically iso? St MORE RENT. 25
Frontal tuft yellowish orange to light ferru-
ginous, never with fuscous scales. © with
blunt ovipositor. & genitalia: valva without
pointed tip (fig. 241), aedeagus fig. 361
N Ie) e Dt 10. bannoverella
Frontal tuft light yellowish or yellowish
fuscous to dark fuscous, never orange
(light-headed 3 can not always be identi-
fied with certainty on externals). © with
pointed ovipositor (visible without dissec-
tion). d genitalia: valva with pointed tip
(fig. 242), aedeagus fig. 362.. 11. turbidella
Costal spot distinctly more proximal than
dorsal spot, not forming a fascia. Basal spot
clearly separate from dorsal. d with costal
bristles. without patch of long tactile
hairs on T7 and 8
33—36. subbimacullela-complex
Costal spot opposite dorsal, usually form-
ing a fascia. Basal spot extending along dor-
sal margin, often confluent with fascia. d
26.
Li
28.
29.
30.
31.
with hair-pencil or costal bristles. 2 with
patch of many long tactile hairs on T7 and 8
Ee PCAN DETTE CALNE FR BARNA EA 26
Thorax white. Frontal tuft intensively
orange. d with costal bristles. 2 terminalia
complex, with thickened anterior apo-
physes (fig. 444) .......... 23. leucothorax
Thorax fuscous black. Frontal tuft yellow-
ish, or mixed with fuscous. d with hair-
pencil. Anterior apophyses not especially
thickened (fig. 436) 15. caradjaı
Fascıa or spots shining metallic silver (feed
allkonvNosaceac I aa oa 38
Fascia or spots dull white or yellowish
white (various foodplants, including Rosa-
Cedo A Dati Sl Dem ects a! 28
Costal and tornal spot opposite, often
forming fascia. d hindwing without costal
bristles, in some species with hair-pencil 30
Dorsal spot distinctly beyond costal spot,
usually not forming a fascia. d hindwing
with costal bristles, hair-pencil absent .. 29
Thorax usually uniform dark. Forewing
ground colour almost uniformly blackish
ern scales only slightly lighter at bases.
3 aedeagus with two pairs of carinae, valva
fig. 244. 2 bursa with pectinations. Larva
on Ulmus 14. preisseckeri
Thorax usually with white tips of mesoscu-
tum and tegulae. Forewing ground colour
fuscous blackish, slightly speckled because
of lighter scale bases. d aedeagus with one
pair of carinae, valva figs. 261—264. 2 bur-
sa without pectinations. Larva on decidu-
ous Quercus 29—32. albifasciella-complex
Thorax with or without white tips. Fore-
wing ground colour brown, more irrorate
than preceding species, scales, especially at
forewing tip only dark at their tips. d ae-
deagus with one pair of carinae, valva fig.
255. 2 bursa without pectinations. Larva
on evergreen Quercus 24. haraldi
Basal half of forewing with scattered white
Selen tr ne er see 24
Basal half of forewing never with white
scaleswoursidemheispotste an ne 31
Large species, forewing length 2.6—3.2
mm. Antennae in d with 49—60 segments,
in 2 with 34—39. & with hair-pencil, never
with brown lamellar androconial scales . 32
Smaller species, forewing length 1.7—2.5
mm. Antennae in 6 with 30-40, in 2 with
23—35 segments. d with or without hair-
pencil, with or without brown androconial
SCHES veers ine 19, ARE anc elite 35
DDR
33.
Dn
93.
36.
DI
38.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Costal and dorsal spot forming distinct fas-
cia. d with white or brown hair-pencil. ©
with broad oval signa of same length. Medi- -
terranean species, feed on evergreen Quer-
cus DI)
Costal and dorsal spot clearly separate. ó
with yellow hair-pencil. 2 with elongate
signa of different length. European species,
feed on Populus 34
3 hair-pencil white. Capsule length 260—
300 um. 2 with dense patch of very long
tactile hairs on T7 and 8 (fig. 437)
EDER O BERN 17. suberis
dg hair-pencil ochreous-brown. Capsule
length 220—260 um. 2 without long tactile
hairs on T7 and 8 (fig. 438) .. 18. andalusiae
3, or with 34—38 antennal segments.
On P. alba 12. klimeschi
2 only, parthenogenetic, with 26—32 an-
tennal segments. On P. tremula...........
13. argyropeza
d with patch of brown androconial scales
on upperside of hindwing and underside of
forewing. Forewings ochreous brown, or
greyish brown with yellowish tinge, com-
paratively light. Fascia ill-defined. Mediter-
GANCANISPECIE EEE RR: 36
3 without brown androconial scales. Fore-
wings definitely dark, fuscous black. Fascia
distinct. Species from central and southeast-
ern Europe 37
Frontal tuft yellow, orange or fuscous. 6
without hair-pencil. 2 genitalia with elon-
gate signa (fig. 202) 38. terebinthivora
Frontal tuft yellowish white. d with yel-
lowish white hair-pencil. 2 genitalia with
small oval signa (fig. 176) . 19. aegilopidella
Very small species, forewing length 1.7—
2.1 mm. d without hair-pencil. Aedeagus
with spinose dorsal process and ventral ca-
rinae. 2 genitalia with vaginal sclerite.
Feeds on Filipendula vulgaris.............
42. hexapetalae
Larger, forewing length 2.2—2.5 mm. &
with yellowish white hair-pencil. Aedeagus
without carinate processes. ® genitalia
without vaginal sclerite. Feeds on Spiraea
media 40. spiraeae
Frontal tuft very dark, blackish fuscous. 3
hindwing with white hair-pencil
46. rubivora
Frontal tuft varying from yellowish orange
or pale ochreous to fuscous, but never
black. d hindwing with or without hair-
PEIN Sy payors ay) eal a ee 59
39!
40.
All.
42.
A9?
44.
A5).
46.
a
Forewing with costal and dorsal spot usual-
ly separate, dorsal spot distinctly beyond
costal spot. Frontal tuft ferruginous, with
sometimes fuscous scales on crown; collar
yellowish white. 6 hindwing without hair-
pencil Meine ae ee 39. erythrogenella
Forewing with costal and dorsal spot often
united to form constricted fascia. Dorsal
part of fascia not distinctly beyond costal
part. d hair-pencil present or absent.... 40
dui na ehe 41
SM; 45
Hindwing with fuscous hair-pencil, sur-
rounded by patch of brown scales. Small
species, forewing length 1.4—2.1mm......
47. spinosella
Hindwing with white hair-pencil 42
Hindwing without hair-pencil.........
Collar yellowish orange to ferruginous, ap-
proximately same colour as frontal tuft.
Valvae with inner margin distinctly sinuate
dele Ge ele ere pe 43. angulifasciella
Collar brown to black, darker than frontal
tuft. Valvae with inner margin approxi-
mately straight maa 00 NC SRI
Frontal tuft ferruginous yellow, often
mixed with fuscous. Smaller species, fore-
wing length 1.8—2.3 mm. Feeds on Fraga-
ria and Potentilla 46. arcuatella
Frontal tuft orange to ferruginous. Slightly
larger, forewing length 2.2—2.7 mm. Feeds
on Rosaceous trees and Staphylea
ot. A 44. atricollis
Frontal tuft yellowish to ferruginous, or
even fuscous. Collar greyish brown. Scape
often with brown scales. Forewing length
2.3—3.0 mm. Tegumen pointed. Feeds on
ARRONE 41. agrimoniae
Frontal tuft and collar yellowish orange to
ferruginous. Scape uniform white. Fore-
wing length 1.9—2.4 mm. Tegumen round-
ed. Feeds on Prunus spp... 48. mahalebella
Collar and frontal tuft concolorous, yel-
lowish orange to ferruginous 46
Collar distinctly different in colour from
frontal tuft: greyish brown to fuscous
black. Frontal tuft yellowish orange to fus-
cous
Larger species, forewing length 2.0—2.9
mm. Signa elongate (figs. 211, 212)
VIGO ALA 43. angulifasciella
Smaller species, forewing length 1.9—2.4
aon, SMe Ovvell Gul, BN QMO) os so caacc
vet bethere ns Sede 48. mahalebella
Scape usually with some brown scales, es-
48.
49.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 13
pecially along distal margin. Collar greyish
brown. Ovipositor slightly pointed........
Has a ae ur 41. agrimoniae
Scape uniform white. Collar fuscous to
blacks Ovipositor blunt. aa... nino. 48
Small or medium sized species, forewing
length 1.4—2.4 mm. Signa length 200—370
ED 46 à Se RER ER ee EE 49
Larger species, forewing length 2.3—2.8
mm. Signa distinctly longer, 380—490 um.
Feeds on Rosaceous trees and Staphylea....
BPE HRA se send: HEURE 44. atricollis
Small species, forewing length 1.4—2.1
mm. Signa with smooth, uniformly curved
outline, longest 250—370 um, shortest
230—330 um, 2.4—3.5 X as long as wide.
Feeds on Prunus spp......... 47. spinosella
Medium sized species, forewing length
1.7—2.4 mm. Signa with irregular outline,
longest 230—310 um, shortest 205—280
um, 3.1—4.1 X as long as wide. Feeds on
Fragaria or Potentilla 45. arcuatella
Based mainly on male genitalia!)
. Aedeagus with three pairs (two in liguricel-
la) of carinae, with ventral pair usually very
prominent and longer than other carinae;
dorsal carinae sometimes composed of sev-
eral spines (palmate). Valva: tip straight or
only very slightly curved inwards; often an
inner (mesal) lobe present; large genitalia,
capsule 320—430 um, aedeagus 370—500
um. (350 in nuristanica); valva longer than
270 um. Subgenus Zimmermannia ...... 2
Aedeagus with one or two pairs of carinae,
or carinae absent, ventral pair not more
pronounced and larger than dorsolateral
pair. Valva tip usually curved inwards, in-
ner lobe absent. Genitalia usually smaller,
capsule 150—320 um (—390 in occultella);
aedeagus 205—410 um; valva shorter than
270 um (except leucothorax and occultella,
to 320 um). Subgenus Ectoedemia ....... 9
. Aedeagus with two pairs of carinae, the
ventral pointed and widely separate. Aedea-
gus with two distal spinose lobes (figs.
356—358). Valva (fig. 238) with inner lobe.
Tegumen with tongue shaped process (fig.
336) 8. liguricella
Aedeagus with three pairs of carinae, the
ventral not widely separate, aedeagus with-
1) Males of E. alnifoliae are unknown.
10.
out spinose lobes. Tegumen without tong-
Wea ped | PROCESS an ne CURE. 3
. Capsule very wide (+ 370 um), almost as
wide as long. Valva broad (fig. 236). Aedea-
gus almost half as wide as long, dorsal cari-
nae comprising row of 4—5 teeth 6. amani
Capsule narrower, less than 360 um wide.
Valva narrower, aedeagus less than half as
wide as long. Dorsal carinae simple, bifid or
Palmare mente hs vee ace sale cn 4
. Ventral carinae prominent, long and point-
ed, larger than dorsal and lateral pairs.
Hindwing with hair-pencil............. 5
Ventral carinae about same size as dorsal
and lateral, with bifurcate tip. Valva nar-
rowed before tip (fig. 237). Hindwing with-
out hair-pencil 7. nuristanica
. Valva with prominent inner lobe, approxi-
mately, amma logan eras rere nee tee 6
Valva without inner lobe, or with very
slight lobe, not projecting beyond inner
Maine, Bean nen Med. 7
. Gnathos with narrow pointed central el-
ement. Aedeagus with palmate dorsal cari-
nae and stout triangular cornutus
SE hae ttes Set o] 5. monemvasiae
Gnathos with broad triangular central el-
ement. Aedeagus with single or bifurcate
dorsal carinae, without stout cornutus .....
4. hispanica
. Aedeagus clearly constricted in middle.
Dorsal and lateral carinae connected by dis-
tiNnctiti eens ira 8
Aedeagus not constricted in middle. Dorsal
and lateral carinae not connected by rim....
3. longicaudella
. Outer margin of ventral carinae distinctly
serrate. Tip of valva rounded. Ventral arm
of transtillae very short .… 1. atrifrontella
Outer margin of ventral carinae smooth or
with a few spines. Tip of valva always
slightly hooked. Ventral arm of transtilla
usuallylongern. ran. 2. hebwerdella
. Aedeagus with ventral and dorso-lateral ca-
OON a Blo Re chon Des Van tee eee LE Lio eae re 10
Aedeagus with ventral carinae only,
sometimes divided, or noneatall....... 14
Dorso-lateral carinae stout, curved in
lateral view, larger than ventral pair, often
bifurcate. Ventral carinae connected by bas-
allplareh Sp ire 11
Dorso-lateral carınae same size as ventral
carinae or smaller, not particularly stout.
Ventral carinae not similarly connected . 12
. Valva ending in abruptly narrowed tip. Ae-
14
12,
5).
16.
17%
18.
19.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
deagus not markedly asymmetrical (fig.
362) 11. turbidella
Valva gradually narrowing towards up. Ae-
deagus markedly asymmetrical (figs. 363,
400, 401) 12. klimeschi
Ventral carinae curved, often overlapping
(fig. 364). Gnathos triangular, pointed
ERNEUTE EM 14. preisseckeri
Ventral carinae straight, distinctly separate.
Gnathos with rounded central element. . 13
. Valva with broad blunt tip, widest beyond
middle. Gnathos with spines on central el-
MICA I I Se 10. hannoverella
Valva with pointed tip, widest at basis.
Gnathos broad, without spines 9. intimella
. Tegumen cuspidate, long pointed. Carinae
divided each in at least 4 similar spines (figs.
BOARDS) ET END MALE PRE 15
Tegumen triangular, rounded or blunt. Ca-
rinae single, or with some additional, usual-
ly smaller, spines
Small species, aedeagus 180—230 um. Cari-
nae distinctly below tip of aedeagus, with
pointed tips. Ventral process with some
spines. Gnathos triangular . 41. agrimoniae
Large species, aedeagus at least 280 um
long. Carinae with blunt tips reaching tip of
aedeagus. Ventral process smooth. Gnathos
blunt ge wa bl 16
Aedeagus with small triangular cornuti only
(fig. 405). Gnathos with very wide, blunt,
central element (fig. 327). Comparatively
large, aedeagus 305— 350 um . 49. occultella
Aedeagus with a row of about 20 long elon-
gate cornuti at right side (fig. 406). Gnathos
with narrow, truncate, central element (fig.
328). Smaller species, aedeagus 280—310
um 50. minimella
Aedeagus without any carinae. Tegumen
protruding, triangular (fig. 127). Gnathos
with central element reduced (fig. 318).
Valva fig. 271 40. spiraeae
Aedeagus with ventral carinae. If tegumen
protruding, than blunt or rounded. Gna-
thos usually with distinct central element
ERE U GEO ARE RED ame 18
Aedeagus dorsally with medial spinose pro-
cess (fig. 403, 404). Small species, capsule
195—240 um, as wide as long, and aedeagus
relatively long, 260—290 um
42. hexapetalae
Aedeagus without dorsal spinose process
19
Capsule 150—170 um long, wider than
long. Tegumen bulbous (fig. 410). Gnathos
20.
ZA
DDR
257
DAS
258
with central element in form of transverse
bar (fig. 298) 19. aegilopidella
Capsule longer than 190 um. Tegumen not
bulbous. Gnathos with central element not
In LOSMVOL trans Versel ate see
Carinae with many small additional spines
at base (figs. 28, 390—393). Tegumen
prominent, longer than wide, cut off (fig.
413). Valva with inner margin straight or
slightly sinuous
Carinae without or with few additional
spines. Tegumen triangular, rounded or
wider thanilongan urn... en
Valva with inner margin sinuous, forming a
slight bulge beyond middle (fig. 273). Cap-
sule length 210—260 um, aedeagus 215—
275 um 43. angulifasciella
Valva with inner margin straight below
apex (figs. 274276)
44. atricollis (capsule 270—290 um, ae-
gedagus 260—290 um, head orange)
46. rubivora (capsule 255—285 um, aedea-
gus 235—265 um, head black)
45. arcuatella (capsule 250—255 um, ae-
deagus 230—245 um, head orange)
Valva with many setae on dorsal and inner
surface, the prominent sockets result in a
distinctly serrate inner margin (figs. 260—
266). Gnathos undivided, without serrate
margins. (Hindwing with costal bristles) 23
Valva with comparatively few setae on in-
ner and dorsal surface, usually restricted to
posterior half; rarely a few prominent sock-
ets along inner margin, never distinctly ser-
rate. Gnathos divided or undivided, with or
without serrate margins. (Hindwing with
or without hair-pencil or costal bristles) 24
Gnathos with central element truncate (figs.
307—312). Aedeagus with carinae simple...
29—32. albifasciella-complex (forewing
with white spots)
28. nigrosparsella (forewing irrorate)
Gnathos with central element rounded
(figs. 313—315). Aedeagus with carinae
usually with a few additional spines .......
33-36. subbimaculella-complex
Tegumen wider than long, truncate (fig.
412). Gnathos with very short central el-
ement. Valva fig. 268 .... 38. terebinthivora
Tegumen longer than wide, or not protrud-
ing at all. Gnathos with conspicuous central
clement NR 25
Valva with inner margin almost straight up
to the distinctly separate apex. Small spe-
cies, capsule length 190—225 um... 26
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannıa and Ectoedemia 15
Valva with inner margin markedly concave,
especially in distal half, with gradual tran-
sition into apex. Small or large species .. 27
Gnathos with smooth triangular central el-
ement. Valva with apex almost posteriorly
pointing (fig. 269) 39. erythrogenella
Gnathos divided, basal part with more or
less serrate margin. Valva with inwards
GUvediapex (fest 277,278). man ala...
BAU. ei; 47. spinosella (with hair-pencil)
48. mahalebella (without hair-pencil)
Gnathos with smooth, undivided triangular
or tongue-shaped central element. Aedea-
gus distinctly longer than capsule, carinae
simple 28
Gnathos with divided central element, basal
part with serrate margins, distal part spatu-
late. Aedeagus about as long as capsule,
shorter or slightly longer. Carinae usually
withladchtionalspineser nnn el 31
Valva with inner margin basally convex,
apically concave, with sharp delimitation.
Aedeagus very long, 310—395 um... 29
Valva with inner margin basally hardly con-
vex, without sharp delimitation between
basal part and concave distal part. Aedeagus
shorter, 275—290 um (305 in specimen
1843) 30
Tegumen produced in broadly triangular
pseuduncus with rounded tip. Capsule lon-
ger than 260 um 17. suberis
Tegumen broad, truncate, not produced in-
to pseuduncus. Capsule 225—235 um...
18. andalusiae
Tegumen produced into distinct rounded
pseuduncus. Aedeagus 275—290 um.......
15. caradjaı
Tegumen truncate, not produced into pseu-
duneus aedeious 305 um ne see ee le
16. specimen 1843
. Valva with very prominent bulging outer
margin (122255) Ae ee an. 24. haraldı
Valva with outer margin uniformly convex
32
. Valva dorsal surface with back-folded lobe
(fig. 253). Hindwing with prominent black
hair-pencil 22. gilvipennella
Valva without dorsal lobe. Hindwing with
lighter hair-pencil or without.......... 55
. Valva extremely long and narrow (fig. 254),
longer than 270 um. Aedeagus distinctly
shorter than capsule... 23. leucothorax
Valva not extremely long and narrow,
shorter than 260, usually shorter than 220
34.
um. Aedeagus as long as capsule or longer
DE SEDIA ASIA EERIE). SRE AE Le. 34
Hindwing with costal bristles. Forewing
withädorsalispotonly. 22.2.2. see 35
Hindwing with hair-pencil. Forewing with
at least three spots 36
. Hindwing upperside and forewing under-
side with brown androconial scales
26. heringella
25. ilicis
. Tip of valva pointed. Hair-pencil yellowish
20. quinquella
Tip of valva truncate. Hair-pencil white ....
21. cf algeriensis
Based mainly on female genitalia!)
. Corpus bursae longer than 880 um, usually
longer than 1000 um. Vestibulum with in-
conspicuous sclerotisations or spines, with-
out vaginal sclerite. Margin of signa wider
than individual cells. Subgenus Zimmer-
NE NS oes Be re 2
Corpus bursae usually shorter than 880 um,
but occasionally up to 935 um, and then al-
ways with vaginal sclerite. Margin of signa
narrower than individual cells. Subgenus
Betoedenna ash. een sie 6
. Ductus spermathecae with 12/—13 con-
volutions.Vestibulum with two groups of
SPIIEST Rn Ie FR 6. amanti
Ductus spermathecae with 412—5V4 con-
vo lutions de eeen ee 3
Ductus spermathecae with 2/—3% con-
volutionsai Aat gan ee 5
. T7 with large patch of long tactile hairs, ex-
tending almost to anterior margin (fig. 426)
ef TREND IE ne ef 7. nuristanica
T7 with long hairs only at posterior margin
. T7 and 8 with dense bunch of many long
hairs (fig 424). Longest signum longer than
500 um. Eastern mediterranean species.....
at era Me 5. monemvasıae
T7 and 8 with some long setae in a row, not
forming a dense bunch (figs. 427, 428).
Longest sıgnum shorter than 500 um. West-
ern mediterranean species..... 8. liguricella
. Ductus spermathecae with 3/—3% con-
VolUtionsé bikie? mnd 3. longicaudella
Ductus spermathecae with 2'2—3 convolu-
1. atrifrontella or
2. hebwerdella
') Females of E. hispanica are unknown.
16
il.
10%
157
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
. Corpus bursae without pectinations, com-
pletely smooth outside signa. A group of
densely packed pectinations present in ves-
(LEA UE PR a Cee RON NE 7
Corpus bursae mostly covered with small
pectinations or spines. Densely packed pec-
tinations in vestibulum may be either pre-
sent or absent 14
. Signa of about same length, approximately
2.6—3.4 X as long as wide. Anterior apo-
physes much widened (fig. 444). Large
group of many long hairs along posterior
MATOS ae 23. leucothorax
Signa distinctly dissimilar, more than 3.5 x
as long as wide. Anterior apophyses not
markediyawidenedwr ee 8
. Ductus spermathecae with more than 31%
Convolutionsmas m ae m. 9
Ductus spermathecae with 2—3V4 convolu-
ONSEN RUES i OR ten coil: 10
3/2—4 convolutions ........... 30. cerris
M eee 31. pubescivora
10Y%2—12 (rarely 1312) convolutions
VEN EEE IE 32. contorta
1312—14 convolutions .. 28. nigrosparsella
. T7 and 8 with in total more than 70 setae,
including some very long (fig. 441). Anal
papillae each with more than 24 setae
lara, Beer zahl 21. algeriensis
T7 and 8 with much fewer setae, usually not
exceeding 25. Anal papillae with less than
ZA SERA CAMPI WIRE ARCS. bo REN 11
Abdominal tip narrow, T8 and 9 with dis-
tinctly converging margins (fig. 429). Spicu-
late pouch with small, single denticles, ap-
proximately equally spaced ... 9. intimella
Abdominal tip wider, T8 and 9 not so dis-
tinctly converging. Spiculate pouch with
small denticles, often in small groups, not
equallysspacedae nen ge RR 12
T7 with distinct row of 6—14 setae along
Posten opm an 13
T7 without such a row, at most few scat-
teredishoraserae sro ra ate
24. haraldi, 20. quinquella or 27. alnıfoliae,
compare externals and figures of female ter-
minalia (figs. 445, 440, 449).
Sides of S8 almost parallel. Convolutions of
ductus spermathecae very wide (fig. 416) ...
29. albifasciella
Sides of S8 diverging anteriorly. Convolu-
tions of ductus spermathecae narrow (figs.
AIS) ane NN TES al
22. gilvipennella, 25. ilicis, 26. heringella or
ry
14.
Sy.
IO,
117
18.
19.
20.
De
33—36. subbimaculella-complex, compare
externals and figures of female terminalia.
T7 and 8 covered with many (more than
100) very long hairs, reaching abdominal
tip. Ductus spermathecae with 3/— 4/5
convolutions. ERRORE 15
T7 and 8 covered with few short setae only,
at most 20. Ductus spermathecae either
with 5 or less than 31/2 convolutions... 16
Bursa almost globular. Long setae smooth.
Ductus spermathecae with 4—4 distinct
convolutions. Abdominal tip fig. 437
17. suberis
Bursa elongate. Long setae pectinate. Duc-
tus spermathecae with 3!2—4 less distinct
convolutions. Abdominal tip fig. 436
15. caradjai
Ductus spermathecae with 5/2 convolu-
18. andalusiae
Ductus spermathecae with 2—3'/ convolu- |
17
Vestibulum with patch of densely packed
pectinations near entrance to ductus sper-
mathecae. Vaginal sclerite present. Spiculate
pouch conspicuous, usually with many dis-
tinct spines (sun. AIO ee eee 18
Vestibulum without patch of densely pack-
ed pectinations. Vaginal sclerite present or
absent. Spiculate pouch inconspicuous or
absent 23
Signa completely different in form and
length, longest reaching into vestibulum,
shortest 4.2—5.0 X as long as wide. Termi-
nalia fig. 459 38. terebinthivora
Signa similar in form, sometimes slightly
different in length, not reaching into vesti-
bulum 19
T7 with distinct row of 4—12 setae along
posterior margin. Spines of spiculate pouch:
not all equally spaced, or very few only . 20
T7 without distinct row of setae along pos-
terior margin. Spines of spiculate pouch dis-
tinct, all equally spaced, not grouped ... 21
Signa 2.4—3.0 X as long as wide. Terminal
segments narrow, fig. 435 .. 14. preisseckeri
Signa 3.0—5.6 X as long as wide. Terminal
segments wider, fig. 460 39. erythrogenella
T8 and 9 posteriorly narrowed, forming
pointed ovipositor. Posterior apophyses
widened at anterior tips (figs. 431, 432). ....
else mp e 11. turbidella
T8 and 9 not so much narrowed, ovipositor
blunt. Posterior apophyses not distinctly
widened 22
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 17
22. T8 about 2 X as wide as long (fig. 430).
Anal papillae with 6—11 setae. Signa 390—
480 um. S8 without pronounced corners ...
EN EN 10. hannoverella
— TS more than 2 X as wide as long (fig. 433).
Anal papillae with 9—11 setae. Signa 373—
416 um. S8 with pronounced corners ......
LARMES 12. klimeschi
— T8 more than 2 x as wide as long (fig. 434).
Anal papillae with 5—9 setae. Signa 270—
394 um long. S8 without pronounced cor-
MERS pode SA ae 13. argyropeza
23. Anal papillae with 18—40 setae. Terminal
segments wide (figs. 470, 471). Pectinations
in bursa in two longitudinal bands, running
halfway between the signa 49. occultella or
NN EMF REC 50. minimella
— Anal papillae with 4—16 setae. Terminal
segments not so wide. Pectinations in bursa
more regularly distributed ............ 24
24. Vestibulum completely smooth, without
vaginal sclerite or spiculate pouch. T8 di-
idedinimiddle. men pesa ann ae. 25
— Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, although
sometimes indistinct, and sometimes with
inconspicuous spiculate pouch. T8 undi-
leder ingenieur dida 26
25. Signa dissimilar, 320—440 um long. Anal
papillae with 13—16 setae. Terminal seg-
MANS REL NEON. ent 40. spiraeae
— Signa similar, 180—300 um long. Anal pa-
pillae with 7—12 setae. Terminal segments
fig. 462 41. agrimoniae
26. Bursa very small, 310—350 um. Signa
short, 189—223 um, oval, occupying large
EME Or DUR EP RE 19. aegilopidella
— Bursa larger, 570—715 um. Signa short,
200—300 um, oval, confined to posterior
[afosa nn). 48. mahalebella
— Bursa intermediate, 400—660 um. Signa
variable in length, elongate, throughout
Dui SB REED. Ra N RE ce sit
42. hexapetalae, 47. spinosella and 43—46.
angulıfasciella-complex, compare externals,
diagnoses, or genitalia figures.
Subgenus Zimmermannia Hering
Zimmermannia Hering, 1940: 266. Type-species:
Ectoedemia liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940, by
original designation and monotypy.
Ectoedemia sensu Klimesch, 1953: 163 [European
species].
Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia); Schönherr, 1958: 6:
Borkowski, 1972: 699; Emmet, 1976: 188, 203.
Ectoedemia castaneae group sensu Wilkinson &
Newton, 1981: 72.
Description.
Adult. Relatively large nepticulid moths,
forewing length 2.8—4.5 mm, wingspan 6.4—
9.8 mm (in Palaearctic species).
Head. Antennae long, more than half length
of forewing, in male with 36—58 segments, in
female with 36—49 segments. Scape and pedicel
white, flagellum darker.
Wings. Uniform irrorate ochreous or yellow-
ish-white, with darker scaling, often predomi-
nantly brown, without fascia, sometimes a small
dorsal (tornal) and/or costal spot present. Cilia-
line not distinct. Hindwing in male without cos-
tal bristles, hair-pencil present in most species,
surrounded by special scales. Humeral lobe of-
ten prominent, beyond which hindwing is sud-
denly emarginated (figs. 10—14).
Forewing venation (fig. 8). R and M + Cu
forming closed cell, branches R,, R,,;, Ry, Rs,
M and Cu present. A thickened, without anal
loop. Cu and A often very long, seeming fused
at tips.
Male genitalia. Vinculum ring-shaped, ante-
rior extension not long, anteriorly convex. Te-
gumen slightly produced into a triangular or
blunt pseuduncus. Uncus absent. Gnathos with
prominent spatulate or triangular central el-
ement, margins smooth. Valva approximately
triangular, tip not separate, usually not curved
inwards; often with a mesal (inner) lobe. Aedea-
gus stout, with large ventral carinae, smaller
dorso-lateral carinae and usually dorsal carinae.
Ventral carinae fitting by membranes to fold in
dorsal surface of valvae. Dorsal carinae palmate
in some species. Vesica with numerous denticu-
late cornuti and usually one large cornutus or
sclerotised plate posteriorly.
Female genitalia. On tergites 7 and 8, near an-
terior margin of T8 usually a group or row of
very long setae, T8 with many shorter setae,
without scales. Anal papillae with setae. Poste-
rior apophyses often reaching beyond anterior
apophyses. Vestibulum with indistinct paired
sclerotisation, or with groups of spines, vaginal
sclerite or spiculate pouch absent. Corpus bur-
sae long, elongate, covered with pectinations,
except in anterior part, arranged in concentric
bands around long signa. Margin of signa wider
than individual cells.
Larva. Long yellow larvae with strongly scle-
rotised head-capsule, feeding venter upwards.
18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
See Schönherr (1958) and van Nieukerken &
Jansen (in preparation). E. lebwerdella has six
to eight larval instars (Schönherr, 1958).
Biology.
The larvae of the species where the life histo-
ry is known, are bark-miners (or gall-makers in
bark: E. castaneae) in Fagaceae (Fagus, Quer-
cus, Castanea), and Ulmaceae (E. amani only).
The mines are galleries. The larvae feed for one
or two years and leave the mine in spring to pu-
pate in the soil. Adults fly throughout the sum-
mer. The life-history became particularly well-
known through the excellent work of Schönherr
(1958) on E. hebwerdella, and the studies of
Busck (1913, 1914a,b) on American species.
Distribution and composition.
Eight species are described here from the
Western Palaearctic region as far east as Af-
ghanistan, two species (E. admiranda and E. sı-
vickisi) were described by Puplesis (1984b) from
the Eastern Palaearctic region, and twelve spe-
cies were recorded from North America by
Wilkinson & Newton (1981) and Wilkinson
(1981), and more unnamed Nearctic species are
present in collections.
Remarks.
The species of this subgenus are remarkably
uniform both in external features and genitalia,
also when the Nearctic species are taken into
consideration. Although the life history of only
3 Nearctic and 4 Palaearctic species is (partly)
known, it seems very probable that all species
are bark-miners, and the majority feeds on Fa-
gaceae. Several of the species of which the life-
history is unknown have also been collected in
vegetation containing many Fagaceae (Quer-
cus). There are mines also known which have
not yet been associated with existing species.
Schonherr (1958) for instance reported mines on
Carpinus, and he and Klimesch (1953) on Cas-
tanea. I also found mines on Castanea and
Quercus ilex in the south of France, and on
Q. coccifera in Spain. Unfortunately rearing of
Zimmermannia larvae proved very difficult, so
it will probably be a long time before the life-
histories of all species have been worked out.
1. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) atrifrontella
(Stainton, 1851)
(figs. 8, 10, 33, 34, 35, 89, 143, 144, 231, 281,
3295 337) 93989 246 1215072514)
Trifurcula atrifrontella Stainton, 1851: 11. 2 Syntypes,
England, G. Bedell (depository unknown) [not
examined].
Zimmermannia heringiella Doets, 1947: 504—506, 5
figs. Lectotype d (here designated), Netherlands:
Hollandse Rading, 15.v11.1946, el. Quercus, J.
Doets, Genitalia slide V. 679 on pin (RMNH) [ex-
amined, genitalia figured by Doets]. [Synony-
mised by Klimesch, 1953].
Trifurcula atrifrontella; Stainton, 1854: 306; Herrich-
Schaffer, 1855: 360; Stainton, 1859: 438; Wocke,
1871: 335; 1874: 97; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877:
726; Meyrick, 1895: 727; Tutt, 1899: 358; Rebel,
1901: 221; Meess, 1910: 482; Meyrick, 1928: 864;
Beirne, 1945: 207, 208; Gerasimov, 1952: 202;
Karsholt & Nielsen, 1978: 3, 4, figs. 7, 8 (d geni-
talia).
Ectoedemia done: Klimesch, 1953: 191—193,
fig. 18 (revision, 6 genitalia); 1961: 749;
Lhomme, 1963: 1210; Szöcs, 1965: 49; Bradley et
al., 1972: 3; Borkowski, 1975: 496; Emmet, 1976:
203 pl tiga, pl he
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) atrıfrontella;
1971: 245.
Johansson,
Diagnosis: the white thorax together with the
black head separate atrıfrontella from other
Zimmermannia species, the snow-white hair-
pencil in the male is a good additional character
separating it from longicaudella. The narrow
capsule, constricted aedeagus, serrate carinae
and short ventral arms of transtilla are diagnos-
tic characters of the male genitalia. The female
genitalia differ from longicaudella by shorter
posterior apophyses and lower number of con-
volutions in ductus spermathecae, but cannot be
separated from liebwerdella.
Description.
Male (fig. 35). Forewing length 2.88—3.24
mm (3.05 + 0.13, 12), wingspan 6.5—7.4 mm.
Head: frontal tuft and collar dark brown to
black. Antennae long, with 45—53 segments
(48.3 + 2.7, 7). Thorax yellowish white, except
brown caudal tips of mesoscutum and tegulae.
Forewings dark brown, irrorate with varying
amount of white, tornal spot usually white; cilia
silvery white beyond ill-defined cilia-line.
Hindwing (fig. 10) with snow-white hair-pencil
of approximately % hindwing length, sur-
rounded by white lamellar scales; humeral lobe
prominent, costal margin distinctly emarginated
beyond hair-pencil.
Female. Forewing length 3.2—3.84 mm (3.59
+ 0.23, 9); wingspan 7.2—8.5 mm. Antennal
segments 37/—49 (42.2 + 3.2, 10).
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 19
Male genitalia (figs. 89, 329). Capsule length
390—411 um (404.2 + 8.7, 7), slender, width
274—304 um. Vinculum with posterior part of
ventral plate less than one third of ventral plate.
Tegumen slightly cuspidate. Gnathos (fig. 281)
with central element long and narrow, parallel-
sided. Valva (fig. 231) slender, length 287—321
um (297.6 + 12.6, 7), approximately triangular,
without any lobe along inner margin, tip round-
ed; transtilla with ventral arm extremely short.
Aedeagus (figs. 337, 338, 346) 450—501 um
(471.4 + 19.2, 7), constricted at level of opening
for ductus ejaculatorius; ventral carinae long,
approximately one third of total length aedea-
gus, with distinct serrate outer margins; lateral
and dorsal carinae connected by prominent rim,
stout and pointed, the dorsal longer. Vesica
with distally a sclerotised plate with indistinct
folds or ridges in addition to small cornuti.
Female genitalia (figs. 33, 34, 143, 144, 421).
T8 with many long hairs, more than 50, a row
of 10—20 thicker and very long setae along an-
terior margin of T8, scales absent; anterior mar-
gin of T8 slightly indented. Anal papillae with
8—13 setae. Posterior apophyses hardly reach-
ing beyond anterior apophyses. Vestibulum
with pair of indistinct sclerotisations. Corpus
bursae 1080—1270 um, covered with pectina-
tions, partly in concentric bands around signa;
signa elongate, similar, length 473—572 um
(510 + 41, 14), 4.4—6.7 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 2'2—3 convolu-
tions, becoming wider distally.
Larva. Yellow, very elongate. Head-capsule
brown. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Host plants: Quercus robur L., Q. pubescens
Willd. and probably other Quercus species. In
Spain the species was collected in cork-oak
woods with some Quercus faginea Lam., of
which the latter is the most likely foodplant
here.
Mine (fig. 472). Contorted gallery in smooth
bark of branches and thin trunks. The larva
feeds mainly in the direction of the main axis.
Life history. Incompletely known, larvae
start feeding probably in summer and over-
winter at least once, but analogous to liebwer-
della and longicaudella it could have a two year
cycle. Full grown larvae collected late May and
June pupate soon and emerge within a few
weeks. Adults are frequently caught at light
from early July until the middle of September.
Rearing is difficult, and actually very few speci-
mens have been reared.
Distribution (fig. 514).
Widely distributed in Europe from southern
Finland to Spain, but not recorded from eastern
Europe, except Hungary, nor from Belgium
(Janmoulle’s 1947 record actually refers to
longicaudella), Ireland, Norway or Portugal.
This is the only Zimmermannia species known
from Great Britain. In central and southern Eu-
rope this species is often less common than
longicaudella. Occurrence in Anatolia (one un-
certain female) has to be confirmed.
Remarks.
Stainton described this species from two
specimens from Bedell’s collection. Unfortu-
nately these specimens could not be found in
BMNH, and the collection seems to have been
dispersed after auctioning, so the types remain
unknown. The identity of this species however
seems to be beyond doubt, since there are two
subsequent correctly identified specimens in
Staintons collection, which represent this, the
only British Zimmermannia species.
Records prior to 1953, and also several more
recent ones, cannot be relied on since they refer
at least partly to E. longicaudella.
The life-history of this species was discovered
by Doets (1947), who at that time described it as
the new species Zimmermannia heringiella.
Previously E. atrifrontella was incorrectly be-
lieved to mine bark of Sarothamnus.
Material examined: 26 6, 18 2. — Austria: 5 6,
Gumpoldskirchen, Glaslauterriegel, 10.vı1.1958,
10.v11.1981, 26.viu.1983, and 1.1x.1983, F. Kasy; 1 6,
Hundsheimer Berg, Porta Hungarica (near Hain-
burg), 2.vu.1977, F. Kasy (NMW). — France: 1 d,
“Antarv”. (? near Digne), 13.vi11.1903, Chrétien; 1 d,
Digne, vı1.1903, Chrétien (MNHN); 2 dg, Viens
(Vaucluse) (near Apt), 6.vı1.1974, 1.1x.1975, Buvat
(coll. Buvat). — Germany, West: 2 ©, Leine, Eime,
10.viii.1889, coll. J. Schlumberger. — Germany, East:
1 2, Altenburg, Krause (MNHN). — Great Britain: 1
2, Dartford Heath (Kent), 12.vin.1892, Tyerman; 1
3, Ham Street (Kent), 16.1x.1961, S. Wakeley
(UMZC); 1 2, Lewisham (London), 13.vm.1851,
beaten from oak, J. Stainton; 1 d, 1851, J. Grant, no
further data (BMNH); 1 à, 1897, J. B. Hodgkinson,
no further data; 2 d, no data, Whittle coll. (genitalia
figured by Klimesch, 1953) (BMNH). — Hungary: 1
2, Nadap (near Velencei-t6), 6.1x.1951, Kovacs
(TMAB). —Netherlands: 3 d, 4 ©, Hilversum, el.
10—17.vii.1948, el. 21.viii.1950, Quercus, Doets
20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
(RMNH, 1 MHUB); 1 6, 3 ® (lecto- and paralecto-
types of heringiella Doets), Hollandse Rading, e.l.
10—15.v111.1946, Quercus, Doets (RMNH, ZMA); 1
d, Leuvenum, Ullerberg, 1.1x.1926, a.l., P. Tutein
Nolthenius; 1 2, Nijmegen, 7.1x.1921, Lycklama a
Nijeholt (ZMA); 1 d, Overveen, 29.viii.1930, G. A.
Bentinck (RMNH).— Spain: 2 d, Andalucia, road to
Istan, 400 m, 28.vi.1972, E. Traugott-Olsen; 1 9,
idem, 200 m, 8.vii.1972; 2 &, Andalucia, road to Ca-
sares, 500 m, 9.vii.1973, E. Traugott-Olsen (ETO). —
Switzerland: 1 2, Erschmatt-Rotafen (Valais), 920 m,
e:l. 7.vu.1983, mine Quercus pubescens 21.v.1983, S.
E. Whitebread (coll. Whitebread).
Mines.— Netherlands: Hollandse Radıng.
Identity uncertain: Turkey: 1 9, Anatolia, Kizilca-
hamam, 700 m, 31.vii-1.viti.1963, Arenberger (LNK)
(specimen damaged).
Additional records. — Italy: Latina, Monti Aurun-
ci, Castelforte, 22.vi.1969, R. Johansson (adults at
light); Piemonte (coll. Jackh) (R. Johansson, pers.
comm.).
2. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella
Zimmermann, 1940
(figs. 11, 36, 37 ,90, 145, 146, 232, 282, 330, 343,
348, 422, 473, 515)
Ectoedemia liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940: 264,
265, 1 fig. Holotype 2, Czechoslovakia: Deëín,
(Tetschen) Liebwerd, 8.vi.1939, F. Zimmermann,
Rindemine: Fagus silvat., Genitalia slide on pin
(MHUB) [examined].
Ectoedemia liebwerdella; Klimesch, 1953: 195; 1961:
749; Schonherr, 1958: 1—71, figs. (detailed de-
scription of all stages and biology); Lindner, 1959:
7—8 (Distribution in West-Germany); Szócs,
1965: 49; Haase, 1968: 61 (Distribution in East-
Germany); Borkowski, 1975: 496.
Zimmermannia liebwerdella; Hering, 1940: 266.
Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) lebwerdella; Hering,
1957: 437; Dorfmann, 1960: 17.
Diagnosis: externally similar to longicaudella,
but tornal and costal spots more distinct, expe-
cially in female, and male with white hair-pen-
cil. Differs from atrifrontella by brown thorax.
Male genitalia extremely similar to atrifrontella,
bud carinae hardly or not serrate, valva broader
and ventral arms of transtilla longer. Female
genitalia cannot be differentiated with certainty
from atrifrontella.
Description.
Male (fig. 36). Forewing length 3.00—3.04
mm (3), wingspan 6.5—6.9 mm. Head: frontal
tuft and collar dark brown to black. Antennae
long, with 46—48 segments (2). Thorax dark
brown to blackish fuscous. Forewings dark
brown to blackish fuscous, almost uniform,
sometimes slightly irrorate, tornal and to a less-
er extent, costal spots white; cilia white beyond
ill-defined cilia-line. Hindwing (fig. 11) with
long white hair-pencil, of more than Ys hind-
wing length, surrounded by white lamellar
scales. Humeral lobe and costal emargination
more pronounced than in other species.
Female (fig. 37). Forewing length 3.60—3.64
mm (2), wingspan 7.8—8.4 mm. Antennal seg-
ments 40—41 (2). Costal and tornal spot more
pronounced than in male.
Male genitalia (figs. 90, 330). Capsule length
377—429 um (4), slightly wider than in atrı-
frontella: 291—343 um. Tegumen slightly cus-
pidate. Gnathos (fig. 282) with central element
long and narrow, parallel-sided. Valva (fig. 232)
length 296—321 um (4), approximately triangu-
lar, slender, but in comparison with atrifrontella
wider, without any inner lobe, tip slightly
hooked; transtillae with ventral arms interme- |
diate in length between atrifrontella and longi-
caudella. Aedeagus (figs. 343, 348) 454463
um (4), constricted at level of opening for duc-
tus ejaculatorius; ventral carinae long, approxi-
mately one third of total length aedeagus, with
hardly serrate or smooth outer margins; lateral
and dorsal carinae connected by prominent rim,
stout and pointed, the dorsal longer. Vesica
with distally a sclerotised plate with indistinct
folds or ridges, in addition to small cornuti.
Female genitalia (figs. 145, 146, 422). T8 with
many long hairs, a row of 16—20 thicker and
very long setae along anterior margin of T8,
scales absent; anterior margin slightly indented.
Anal papillae with 6—10 setae. Posterior apo-
physes reaching slightly beyond anterior apo-
physes. Vestibulum with pair of indistinct scle-
rotisations. Corpus bursae + 1100 um, covered
with pectinations, partly in concentric bands
around signa; signa elongate, almost similar,
length 390—495 um (6), 3.6—4.0 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2'2—3 convo-
lutions, becoming wider distally.
Larva. Yellow, very elongate. Head-capsule
brown. Ventral plates absent. See also
Schonherr (1958).
Biology.
Host plant: Fagus sylvatica L.
Mine (fig. 473). Contorted gallery in bark of
trunks or thick branches. The larva feeds mainly
in the direction of the main axis. Especially
abundant on sunny side of trees.
Life history. See excellent treatment by
Schönherr (1958), larvae feed during two sum-
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 21
mers and overwinter twice to pupate in May-
July, thus having a two-year cycle (in East Ger-
many), but specimens completing their cycle in
one year do occur (Schönherr, l.c). Adults
emerge from early July to August.
Distribution (fig. 515).
Adults are only known from reared material
from DDR, the holotype and French and Italian
specimens collected at light. Records of mines
known from East and West Germany, Silesia in
Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy: Alps and
Apennines, France: Alps and Pyrenees. In
northernmost Germany and Denmark the spe-
cies could not be found, despite intensive search
(Lindner, 1959; Schönherr, 1958).
Material examined: 5 8,3 2. — Czechoslovakia: 1
2 Holotype, see above — France: 1 d, St. Barnabé,
Col de Vence, 900 m (Alpes Marit.), 2—7.vu.1962,
Arenberger (LNK). — Germany, East: 3 d, 2 9,
Tharandt, el. 4—19.vii.1956, Fagus sylvatica, J.
Schönherr (MHUB, 1 ZMC). — Italy: 1 &, Calabria-
La Sila, prov. Cosenza, Longobucco, 1600 m,
3.v11.1982, at light, J. H. Kuchlein (coll. Kuchlein).
Mines. — France: PEpine (Hautes Alpes); le Per-
thus (Pyr.Or.); le Sappey-en-Chartreuse (Isere).
Additional records. — Italy: Parco Nationale d’A-
bruzzo, 1700—1800 m, mines, R. Johansson (pers.
comm.); Trento, Mte Maranza, 10.x.1983, mines, E. J.
van Nieukerken.
3. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) longicaudella
Klimesch, 1953
19217, 21,27, 38,91, 147, 148, 233, 283, 331,
339,349, 34754235516)
Ectoedemia longicaudella Klimesch, 1953; 193, 194,
fig. 19. Lectotype d (here designated), Hungary:
Nagy Nyir, Kecskemét, 17—28.v.1937, J. Kli-
mesch, Genitalia slide Kl. 438 (ZSMK) [not exam-
ined, genitalia figured by Klimesch].
Stigmella (Fomoria) peinii Nemes, 1972: 153—156,
1 fig. Holotype d, Rumania: Wald Gîrboavele,
Bezirk Galati, 7.vii.1968, I. Nemes, Genitalia slide
1299 (coll. Nemes) [not examined]. Syn. nov.
Trifurcula atrifrontella sensu auctt. partim.
Ectoedemia longicaudella; Szócs, 1965: 50;
Borkowski, 1970: 549, figs. 19, 26 (3 genitalia,
externals); 1975: 496; van Nieukerken, 1982: 106,
107.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) longicaudella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) longicaudella;
kowski, 1972: fig. 12 (venation).
Bor-
Diagnosis: the brown thorax and yellowish
brown hair-pencil separate this species from
atrifrontella, the hair-pencil and the absence of
a costal spot from liebwerdella. From both spe-
cies it is distinguished by the unconstricted ae-
deagus, the shorter carinae, the wider capsule
and longer ventral arms of transtilla in male, and
by the long posterior apophyses and number of
convolutions in spermathecal duct in female.
See also hispanica and monemvasiae.
Description.
Male (fig. 38). Forewing length 2.68—3.64
mm (3.27 + 0.20, 28), wingspan 7.0—8.0 mm.
Head: frontal tuft and collar dark brown to
black. Antennae long, with 41—50 segments
(45.2 + 2.5, 11). Thorax dark brown, often with
white caudal tips of mesoscutum and tegulae.
Forewings dark brown, irrorate with varying
amount of white, tornal spot usually white; cilia
silvery white beyond ill-defined cilia-line.
Hindwing (fig. 12) with yellowish brown hair-
pencil of approximately Vs hindwing length,
surrounded by white lamellar scales; humeral
lobe prominent, costal margin distinctly emar-
ginated beyond hair-pencil
Female. Forewing length 3.32—3.92 mm
(3.67 + 0.19, 10), wingspan 7.2—8.6 mm. An-
tennal segments 40—42 (41.2 + 0.8, 5).
Male genitalia (figs. 91, 331). Capsule length
364—424 um (388 + 19.4, 15), wider than in
atrifrontella, width 308—356 um. Vinculum
with posterior part of ventral plate about half as
long as ventral plate. Tegumen slightly cuspi-
date. Gnathos (fig. 283) with central element
long and narrow, parallel-sided. Valva (fig. 233)
length 279—321 um (299.7 + 13.5, 15), triangu-
lar, with indistinct rounded mesal lobe basally,
not projecting beyond inner margin; transtilla
with long ventral arm. Aedeagus (figs. 339, 340,
347) 343—403 um (435.7 + 19.1, 15), not con-
stricted; ventral carinae long, but shorter than
in atrifrontella, not serrate; lateral and dorsal
carinae not connected by rim, stout and point-
ed; dorsal carinae often bi- or multifurcate, with
up to four horns each. Vesica with egg-shaped
sclerotised plate in addition to small cornuti.
Female genitalia (figs. 147, 148, 423). T8 with
many long hairs, a row of more than 20 thicker
and very long setae along anterior margin, scales
absent; anterior margin of T8 almost straight,
slightly indented. Anal papillae with 7—12 se-
tae. Posterior apophyses reaching distinctly be-
yond anterior apophyses. Vestibulum with pair
of indistinct sclerotisations. Corpus bursae
1050—1450 um, covered with pectinations,
partly in concentric bands around signa; signa
elongate, similar, length 440— 737 um (562 + 77
22. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
um, 16), 4.0—5.2 x as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 34:—3% convolutions.
Larva not examined.
Biology.
Host plants: Quercus robur L. and probably
other Quercus species. Mines on Castanea
could also belong to this species. In fact only
reared once by Schönherr (1958), but mistaken
for atrifrontella.
“Mine. Not described, but probably not differ-
ent from that of atrıfrontella.
Life history. Under the name atrifrontella,
Schönherr (1958) reported a two year cycle for
this species — this is analogous to hiebwerdella.
Adults are frequently collected at light in the
months June and July, in Yugoslavia also in
May, and occasionally in early August, thus not
occurring as late as atrifrontella.
Distribution (fig. 516).
Widely distributed in central and southern
Europe, but absent from Britain, and in Scandi-
navia only known from southern Sweden. Not
yet recorded from Portugal, Switzerland,
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Greece, but oc-
curring in Anatolia.
Remarks.
This species was described from a long series
covering many localities. Klimesch did not
specify a holotype, but the identity of this spe-
cies is clearly understood from his description
and figure. Although I did not study the syn-
types, I select here the specimen of which the
genitalia were figured by Klimesch, as lecto-
type, and therefore restrict the type locality to
Nagy Nyir near Kecskemet, which also was
listed as first locality in Klimesch’s list.
Although I was not able to examine Stigmella
(Fomoria) peruu Nemes, from the description
and figure of male genitalia there is little doubt
it isa synonym of longicaudella.
Material examined: 40 46, 13 2, 1 ex. — Austria: 2
3, Gumpoldskirchen, Glaslauterriegel, 4.vu.1976,
18.vii.1980, F. Kasy; 8 d, Hackelsberg N. of Neu-
siedlersee (near Jois), 23.vi.1975, 24.vi.1977 and
2.v1.1977, F. Kasy; 2 6, Hundsheimer Berg, Porta
Hungarica (near Hainburg), 28.vi.1976, 2.vu.1977, F.
Kasy (NMW). — Belgium: 1 2, Aye, 4.vu.1946, A.
Richard; 2 2, Aye, 27.v11.1949, E. Janmoulle (IRSN).
— lancer go Le “Nomina; (2 mear Diamo)
18.vii.1903, Chrétien; 3 d, Célé (Lot), 24—26 [= de-
cades?], C. Dumont; 2 d, 1 2, Digne, vii—viii.1903,
Chrétien snee MN 06 MR Ava land
16.vi.1917, Chrétien; 1 d, 2 ©, Revent. (interpreted
as Reventin-Vaugris), 12—27.v11.1902, Chrétien
(MNHN); 2 6, 1 2, St. Barrabé, Col de Vence
(Alpes Marit.), 900 m, 2—7.v11.1962, Arenberger
(ENIS) MES Viens Vaucluse) (nea pn),
10.viu.1974, R. Buvat (coll. Buvat). — Germany,
East: 1 ©, Tharandt, el. 9.vii.1956, Quercus robur, J.
Schönherr (MHUB). — Hungary, 1 d, Budakeszi,
Härsbokorh., 24.vu.1952, L. Gozmany (MHUB); 1
36, Cserkut near Pécs, 12—20.vi.1936, J. Klimesch
(LNK); 1 ex., Hu Nyírség, Bátorliget, 14.v1.1949,
Kaszab & Székessy (MHUB); 1 dé, Kunadacs,
10.vi.1958, L. Kovacs (TMAB). — Netherlands: 4 6,
Nijmegen, 14.vu.1926, 21.v11.1929, and 11.vu.1932.
Lycklama a Nyeholt (RMNH, ZMA). — Spain: 4 d,
3 2, San Ildelfonso (La Granja), 8.vu.1902, Chrétien
(MNHN). — . Sweden: 3 6, Högsby (Sm.),
17.vii.1976, R. Johansson (BMNH, EvN). — Turkey:
1 6, Anatolia, Kizilcahamam, 20.vi—8.vii.1970, Pink-
r (LNK). — Yugoslavia: 1 2, Macedonia, Matka,
Treschka Schlucht, 19—29.v.1955, J. Klimesch
(ZSMK).
Additional records. — Italy: Latina, Monti Aurun-
ci, R. Johansson; Piemonte, Rocciamelone, 800 m,
8.vii.1961, at light, E. Jackh (both R. Johansson, pers.
comm.).
4. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) hispanica
sp. n.
(figs. 39, 92, 234, 284, 332, 344, 345, 517)
Type material: Holotype d, Spain: Andalu-
cia, Sierra de Marbella, El Mirandor, 700 m,
14.vii.1980, E. Traugott-Olsen, Genitalia slide
VU 1931 (ZMC). Paratype d, Spain: Aragon,
Rubielos de Mora, 4.vii.1967, Arenberger
(LNK).
Diagnosis: male genitalia very characteristic
with the pronounced lobe along inner margin of
valva and broad and stout gnathos. Aedeagus
similar to longicaudella. Externally character-
ised by inconspicuous costal emargination and
short hair-pencil.
Description.
Male (fig. 39). Forewing length 2.88—3.08
mm, wingspan 6.2—6.8 mm. Head: frontal tuft
fuscous to dark brown. Antennae long, with
50—56 segments. Colour of thorax not unequi-
vocal to determine (worn specimens). Fore-
wings brown, probably uniformly coloured.
Hindwing with relatively short white hair-pen-
cil, about Y4 of hindwing length, surrounded by
some white lamellar scales; humeral lobe less
pronounced than in previous species, costal
emargination very inconspicuous.
Female unknown.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 23
Male genitalia (figs. 92, 332). Capsule length
334—374 um. Tegumen extended into rounded
pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 284) with central el-
ement wide and truncate. Valva (fig. 234) length
270—279 um, triangular, with prominent inner
lobe in middle of valva; transtilla with long ven-
tral arm. Aedeagus (figs. 344, 345) 377 um,
slightly constricted in middle; ventral carinae
long, as in longicaudella, not serrate; lateral and
dorsal carinae not connected by rim, stout and
pointed; dorsal carinae sometimes bifurcate.
Larva unknown.
Biology.
Hostplant unknown. There are in the type-
locality some large old Castanea trees and
Quercus suber, but a search for barkmines in
February 1984 was not succesful. Adults have
been caught in July.
Distribution (fig. 517).
East and South Spain.
Remarks.
This species seems closely related to E. longı-
caudella, but the male genitalia and hair-pencil
are different enough to justify describing a new
species.
5. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) monemvasiae
sp. n.
(figs. 13, 31, 32, 40, 93, 149, 150, 235, 285, 333,
349, 351, 352, 424, 538)
Type material: Holotype 4, Greece (Hellas):
Lakonia, 5 km s. Monemvasia, 28.v11.1979, G.
Christensen, Genitalia slide VU 468 (ZMC).
Paratypes: 5 6,4 9. — Greece: 1 2, Lakonia, 5
km s. Monemvasia, 1.viii.1978, G. Christensen;
2 ®, same data, but 28.vii.1979; 1 &, same data,
but 8.vii.1979; 1 36, Lakonia, 7 km sw. Mo-
nemvasia, 4.vii1.1979, G. Christensen; 1 9,
same data, but 25.vii.1980; 1 d, same data, but
8.viu.1980 (ZMC, ZMA). — Turkey: 2 a,
Anatolia, Kizilcahamam, 200 m, 31.vii—
1.v111.1963, Arenberger (LNK).
Other material: Greece, 1 ? (abdomen and
metathorax missing), Lakonia, 7 km sw Mo-
nemvasia, 10.v11.1980, G. Christensen (ZMC).
Diagnosis: male distinguished from the other
Zimmermannia species treated here, by long
brownish hair-pencil, surrounded by dark
brown lamellar scales. Female by very dense
bunch of long setae on abdominal tip dorsally.
Male genitalia diagnosed by shape of vinculum,
slender valvae with inner lobe, configuration of
carinae and triangular cornutus and female geni-
talia by number of convolutions in ductus sper-
mathecae and hairy T8 and T9.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.84—3.36 mm (3.05
+ 0.19, 5), wingspan 6.5—7.5 mm. Head: fron-
tal tuft and collar fuscous. Antennae very long,
with 49—58 segments (53.2 + 3.7, 5). Thorax
and forewings brown, irrorate with white,
sometimes an inconspicuous tornal spot white;
cilia white beyond ill-defined cilia-line. Hind-
wing (fig. 13) with long brown hair-pencil, al-
most half as long as hindwing, surrounded by
field of dark brown lamellar scales; humeral
lobe prominent, costal margin with distinct
emargination beyond hair-pencil.
Female (fig. 40). Forewing length 2.6—3.0
mm (2.83 + 0.15, 5), wingspan 6.5—7 mm. An-
tennal segments 42—44 (43.3 + 1.0, 4).
Male genitalia (figs. 93, 333). Capsule length
386—429 um (3). Vinculum with ventral plate
short, slightly excavate. Tegumen produced into
blunt pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 285) with cen-
tral element long and narrow, tapering towards
sharp point. Valva (fig. 235) length 303—343
um (3), narrow triangular, with prominent inner
lobe in middle of valva; transtilla with very long
ventral arm. Aedeagus (figs. 349, 351, 352)
437—467 um (3), slightly constricted near
opening of ductus ejaculatorius; ventral carinae
long and parallel, fused near tip; lateral carinae
small, almost triangular; dorsal carinae palmate,
comprising each 4—5 teeth. Vesica with stout
pointed triangular cornutus in addition to nu-
merous small cornuti.
Female genitalia (figs. 31, 149, 150, 424).
Along anterior margin of T8 (? partly on T7)
crescent shaped bundle of more than 50 very
long setae, easily visible in undissected material,
setae pectinate (fig. 32), on rest of T8 many
short setae, scales absent. Anal papillae with
more than 30 setae. Posterior apophyses reach-
ing beyond anterior apophyses. Vestibulum
wide, without distinct sclerotisations. Corpus
bursae 1040—1080 um, covered with pectina-
tions, partly in concentric bands around signa;
signa elongate, slightly dissimilar, shortest
484—506 um, largest 583—616 um. Ductus
spermathecae with 4/2—5 convolutions.
Larva unknown.
Biology.
Hostplant: unknown, possibly a barkminer
on Fagaceae.
24 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Life history. Adults have been taken in July
and early August.
Distribution (fig. 538).
Greece: Peloponnesos and Turkey: Anatolia.
Remarks.
This is a very distinctive species, of which
several specimens of both sexes were collected
from the type locality. The remarkably hairy
abdominal tip of the female and the pectinate se-
tae, suggest that this species lays its eggs on a
very rough surface, such as old rugose bark.
6. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) amani Svens-
son, 1966
(figs. 14, 41, 94, 151, 152, 236, 286,
334, 341, 342, 350, 425, 472, 474, 517)
Ectoedemia amani Svensson, 1966: 200, 201, fig. 34,
pl. 4 fig. 3. Holotype 4, Sweden: Sdm., Saltsjöba-
den, 3.vii.1958, E. Aman, Genitalia slide 4107
(RMS) [examined].
Ectoedemia amani; Borkowski, 1975: 497, fig. 5 (d
genitalia).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) amanı; Johansson, 1971: 245.
Trifurcula amani; Larsen, 1981: 71, 72, figs. 1—4 (4,
2 genitalia, distribution).
Diagnosis: largest Ectoedemia from Europe,
distinguished form preceding five species by
orange head, absence of white spots on fore-
wing and lower number of antennal segments.
Differs from externally similar, but lighter, ligu-
ricella, by presence of hair-pencil in male and
lower number of antennal segments, in both
sexes. Male genitalia characteristic with short
and wide aedeagus, configuration of carinae and
broad triangular valvae. Female genitalia espe-
cially characterised by long spiraled ductus
spermathecae, absence of long hairs on T8 and
spines in vestibulum.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 3.2—3.92 mm (3.72 +
0.15, 6), wingspan 7.8—8.8 mm. Head: frontal
tuft and collar orange to ochreous. Antennae
not very long, with 36—41 segments (3). Tho-
rax and forewing uniformly brown irrorate with
white, without white spots; cilia lighter but ci-
lia-line very inconspicuous. Hindwing (fig. 14)
with snowwhite hair-pencil, approximately Y,
of hindwing length, with a row of white scales
along costal margin, but no specialised scales
along dorsal edge; humeral lobe prominent,
costal emargination present beyond hair-pencil.
Female (fig. 41). Forewing length 3.84—4.52
mm (3), wingspan 8.8—9.8 mm. Antennal seg-
ments 36—37 (3).
Male genitalia (figs. 94, 334). Capsule length
+ 420 um (2), capsule very wide, 369—373 um
(2). Vinculum with very short ventral plate. Te-
gumen broadly rounded, not produced.
Gnathos (fig. 286) with wide triangular central
element. Valva (fig. 236) length 270—280 um
(2), triangular, comparatively wide, tip curved
slightly inwards, dorsal surface with indistinct
serrate lobe. Aedeagus (figs. 341, 342, 350)
369—420 um (5), gradually widening from an-
terior end towards wide posterior end; ventral
carinae broadly triangular, separated, inner
margin serrate; lateral carinae indistinct, round-
ed; dorsal carinae comprising a row of 4—5
teeth; surface of aedeagus between ventral and
lateral carinae with minute spines. Vesica with
one broad triangular cornutus in addition to nu- ~
merous small cornuti.
Female genitalia (figs. 151, 152, 425, 472). T8
with a row of 16—18 setae along anterior mar-
gin and 4—10 small setae on disc, scales absent.
Anal papillae with 15—21 seatae. Posterior apo-
physes clearly reaching beyond anterior apo-
physes. Vestibulum with two groups of spines,
one near opening of ductus spermathecae and
one opposite (fig. 472). Corpus bursae 1430—
1640 um, covered with pectinations, partly in
concentric bands around signa; signa similar,
527—594 um (4) long, + 4 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 12'2—13 convolu-
tions.
Larva. Yellow, very elongate. Head-capsule
brown. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Host plant: Ulmus spp. The species has not
been reared, but often caught on Elm on which
barkmines were observed (Johansson, pers.
comm., Larsen, 1981).
Mine (fig. 474). A long contorted gallery in
smooth bark of rather thin branches, similar to
that of atrifrontella.
Life history. Not studied, but probably simi-
lar to that of Lebwerdella. Adults have been
caught in June (southern Europe only) and July.
Distribution (fig. 517).
Recorded from southern Norway (see below,
not on map), southern Sweden, Denmark:
Bornholm and Falster, Austria: Vienna region,
and Yugoslavia: Macedonia.
| Kritzendorfer
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 25
Remarks.
Although one of the largest nepticulid spe-
| cies, E. amani was only discovered in 1966 by
| Svensson in Sweden. Since then several speci-
mens have been found in Sweden and Denmark
(Larsen, 1981). Outside Scandinavia only the
four specimens cited below are at present
known, plus the larva and mines found near Bad
Deutsch Altenburg. This species resembles
E. piperella Wilkinson & Newton, 1981 from
USA.
Material examined: 8 6, 4 2. — Austria: 1 6,
Hundsheimer Berg, Porta Hungarica (near Hain-
burg), 23.vii.1977, F. Kasy; 1 dg, Klosterneuburg,
Au, 29.v1.1936, al, Preissecker
(NMW). — Sweden: 1 & Holotype, see above; 2 d, 2
©, Kullaberg (Sk.), 19.vi1.1974, 11—12.v11.1975, R.
Johansson (BMNH, EvN); 2 6, Stockholm,
Skogskyrkogd, 4.vi1.1973, B. Gustafsson; 1 6,
Upland, Riksmuseet, 10.vii.1973, B. Gustafsson
(RMS). — Yugoslavia: 1 2, Macedonia, Stari Dojran,
10—19.vi.1955, J. Klimesch (ZSMK); 1 2, Macedo-
nia, Treschka Schlucht near Skopje, 1—8.vii, F. Kasy
(NMW).
Larva and mines. — Austria; 1 final instar larva,
mines, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, W. of Hainburg, Pfaf-
fenberg, 23.x.1983, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Additional record. — Norway; Ak., Baerum,
Ostoya, 1 d, 2—9.v11.1983 (Johansson, in litt.).
7. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) nuristanica
sp. n.
(figs. 42, 95, 153, 154, 237, 287, 335, 353—355,
426)
Type material: Holotype d, Afghanistan:
Nuristan, 25 km N. Barikot, 1800 m, 12—
17.vi1.1963, Kasy & Vartian, Genitalia slide MV
5402 (NMW). Paratype ®, same data (NMW).
Diagnosis: the only known dark-headed (Pal-
aearctic) Zimmermannia without hair-pencil in
| male. Male genitalia characterised by pointed
pseuduncus, narrow valvae and three pairs of al-
most similar carinae. Female characterised by
very dense bundle of extremely long setae on
tergite 7.
Description.
Male holotype (fig. 42). Forewing length 2.84
mm, wingspan 6.4 mm. Head: frontal tuft and
collar dark brown. Antennae broken. Thorax
and forewings brown irrorate with white, with
an inconspicuous white dorsal spot. Hindwing
without hair-pencil, costal bristles or specialised
scales; humeral lobe more or less distinct.
Female paratype. Forewing length 3.08 mm,
wingspan 7 mm. Antennae long, with 41 seg-
ments.
Male genitalia (figs. 95, 335). Capsule length
403 um, width 261 um. Tegumen produced into
cuspidate pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 287) with
long, slender central element (in figure not in
proper ventral view). Valva (fig. 237) length 266
um, narrow triangular, with indistinct inner
lobe (mesal), distally suddenly narrowed into
fingerlike tip. Aedeagus (figs. 353—355) 351
um, hardly constricted; ventral carinae short,
widely separate, bifurcate; lateral and dorsal ca-
rinae similar in size and shape, horn-shaped,
closely placed. Vesica difficult to study in holo-
type, no special cornuti visible.
Female genitalia (figs. 153, 154, 426). T7 with
horseshoe-shaped dense bundle of extremely
long setae, reaching beyond abdominal tip. T8
with a row of about 20 long setae along anterior
margin and with many shorter setae on disc.
Anal papillae with 30—32 setae. Posterior apo-
physes hardly reaching beyond anterior apo-
physes. Vestibulum with indistinct sclerotisa-
tion. Corpus bursae 935 um long, covered with
pectinations, partly in concentric bands around
signa; signa similar, 399 and 424 um long, 4.5—
4.65 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae
with 412 convolutions.
Larva unknown.
Biology.
Hostplant: unknown. The specimens were
taken at light in mountains with extensive
woods of Quercus baloot Griff., a relative of
Q. ilex L. (Kasy, 1965), it is therefore possible
that nuristanica is a barkminer of Q. baloot.
Life history. Adults taken in July.
Distribution.
Only known from East Afghanistan: Nuris-
tan.
Remarks.
It is assumed that both sexes described here
belong to the same species, since they are exter-
nally similar and have been collected together.
8. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liguricella
Klimesch, 1953
(figs. 43, 96, 155, 156, 238, 288, 336, 356—358,
427, 428, 539)
Ectoedemia liguricella Klimesch, 1953: 194, 195, figs.
20—22. Lectotype d (here designated), Italy: Li-
guria, prov. Savona, Noli, v or 1x.1951, J. Kli-
26 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
mesch, Genitalia slide Kl. 513 (ZSMK) [not exam-
ined, genitalia figured by Klimesch].
Ectoedemia liguricella; Sz6es, 1965: 49.
Diagnosis: differs from all treated Zimmer-
mannia species, except amani, by light coloured
head. Males can be separated from amanı by ab-
sence of hair-pencil, and females by larger num-
ber of antennal segments. Diagnostic in male
genitalia are the vinculum process, the short
narrow gnathos, the shape of the valva and the
configuration of the carinae. The female genita-
lia are characterised by the relatively few setae
on T8 and the 4/—512 convolutions of the
ductus spermathecae. E. liguricella can be con-
fused with Trifurcula species, see generic diag-
nosis.
Description.
Male (fig. 43). Forewing length 3.0—4.04 mm
(3.58 + 0.29, 12), wingspan 7.6—8.8 mm.
Head: frontal tuft and collar yellow to yellow
ochreous. Antennae long, with 43—48 seg-
ments (44.9 + 1.7, 7). Thorax and forewings
brown irrorate with yellowish-white (European
specimens darker than Moroccan), with
sometimes small indistinct white tornal spot; cı-
lia-line hardly visible. Hindwing without hair-
pencil, costal bristles or special scales. Humeral
lobe distinct, rounded.
Female. Forewing length 3.44—4.0 mm (3.73
+ 0.24, 6), wingspan 7.6—9 mm. Antennal seg-
ments 39—44 (41.6 + 2.9, 7).
Male genitalia (figs. 96, 336). Capsule length
321—377 um (357 + 20.4, 10). Vinculum with
ventral plate narrow. Tegumen rounded, with
an obvious anteriorly directed, tongue-shaped
process. Gnathos (fig. 288) with narrow pointed
central element, shorter than in related species.
Valva (fig. 238) length 270—304 um (284.8 +
12.7, 9), narrow triangular, with distinct inner
(mesal) lobe in middle; transtillae with short
transverse bar. Aedeagus (figs. 356—358) 369—
420 um (398.1 + 16.7, 10), slightly constricted;
ventral carinae long, widely separate, pointing
outwards; lateral carinae absent; dorsal carinae
simple, pointed; aedeagus dorsally ending in
two weakly sclerotised lobes covered with spin-
es, less spines on left lobe. Vesica with small
cornuti only.
Female genitalia (figs. 155, 156, 427, 428). T8
with a row of about 10—20 relatively long se-
tae, along anterior margin, and with a row of
10—20 shorter setae more posteriorly, scales
absent. Anal papillae with 15—27 setae. Posteri-
or apophyses reaching beyond anterior apo-
physes. Vestibulum with indistinct internal scle-
rotisation. Corpus bursae 880—1100 um, cov-
ered with pectinations, especially dense in
ductus bursae, partly in concentric bands
around signa; signa similar, 308—493 um (395.9
+ 59.4, 8), 5.57.0 x as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 4/2—512 convolutions.
Larva unknown.
Biology.
Hostplant: unknown. It might be a barkmin-
er of evergreen Quercus, since it has often been
collected amongst those trees. In one of the lo-
calities near Marbella I noted a few barkmines
on Quercus coccifera, which could belong to
E. liguricella.
Life history. Adults taken from May to Sep-
tember.
Distribution (fig. 539).
A western mediterranean species, known
from the Italian Riviera, France, Spain and Mo-
rocco. Occurs from sea-level to high elevations
in the mountains (1600 m in Spain, 2600 m in
Morocco).
Remarks.
I have not examined any types of liguricella,
because the identity of this species is clear from
Klimesch’s (1953) figure of the male genitalia,
and hence, the specimen represented by that fig-
ure is here selected as lectotype. For the first
time the species is here recorded from areas out-
side the type-locality.
The female collected in the company of 6
males in Morocco has slightly different genitalia
(fig. 428) from the Spanish specimens, and is
therefore not included in the measurements of
the female genitalia. It has 80 setae along the an-
terior margin of T8, 45 setae more posterior on
T8 and anal papillae with 39 setae. The bursa is
smaller, 715 um, with signa of 283 and 317 um.
The total appearance of the specimen however,
does not indicate that it is a different species,
but more material is needed to see if this varia-
tion is constant.
Material examined: 39 d, 21 9. — France: 2 dg,
“Nesp.” (? near St. Pons, dep. Hérault), 15.vi.1904,
Chrétien; 1 6, Ile du Levant (Var), 19.vu.1941,
H. Legrand (MNHN). — Morocco: 6 d, 1 2, Haut
Atlas, Oukaim’den (near Toubqual), 2600 m, 9—
11.vu.1975, F. Kasy (NMW). — Spain: 1 d, Albarra-
cin, Noguera, 1600 m, 18—22.vii.1960, Vartan
(NMW); 3 6, Andalucia, road to Benahavis,
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 27
8.v1.1983, E. Traugott-Olsen; 1 9, Andalucia, road to
Casares, 500 m, 9.vii.1973, E. Traugott-Olsen; 2 d, 4
2, Andalucia (Marbella-region), road to Istan, 400 m,
data: 17.vii.1971, 21.v1.1972, 4.v1.1973, 25.vi.1975,
15.vii.1982, E. Traugott-Olsen; 2 d, 6 9, Andalucia
(Marbella-region), road to Ojen, 150 m, data:
5.v.1980, 12 and 25.vi.1981, 20 and 25.v1.1983,
E. Traugott-Olsen; 1 9, Andalucia (Marbella-region),
Refugio de Juanar, 700 m, 29.vii.1971, E. Traugott-
Olsen, 2 &, 1 2, Andalucia, Sierra de Marbella, El
Mirandor, 700 m, 21.vii.1982, E. Traugott-Olsen
(ETO, ZMA, ZMC, EvN); 1 6, Andalucia (Gra-
nada), Sierra de Alfacar, 1200 m, 26.vi—8.vii.1962,
W. Glaser (LNK); 1 ©, idem, 1500 m, 23.vi.1968,
K. Sattler & D. J. Carter (BMNH); 1 6, Aragon, Ru-
bielos de Mora, 4.v11.1967, Arenberger; 2 d, 5 &,
Cataluna, Port Bou, 11—18.vii.1967, Arenberger; 3
6, idem, 0—300 m, 9—24.vi.1964, M. & W. Glaser
(LNK); 1 6, Huelva prov., Torre la Higuera,
12.v.1981, C. Gielis (coll. Gielis); 12 d, 1 2, idem,
221v—9.v.1983. J. B. Wolschrijn (coll. Wolschrijn,
ZMA, EvN).
Subgenus Ectoedemia Busck
Ectoedemia Busck, 1907: 97. Type-species: Ectoede-
mia populella Busck, 1907: 98; by original desig-
nation and monotypy.
Dechtiria Beirne, 1945: 204. Type-species: Tinea sub-
bimaculella Haworth, 1828: 583; by original des-
ignation. (Synonymised by Svensson, 1966: 200).
Ectoedemia (Dechtiria); Borkowski, 1972: 699; Em-
met, 1976: 188, 191.
Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia); Borkowski, 1972: 699;
Emmet, 1976: 188, 189; Scoble, 1983: 20.
Ectoedemia; Scoble, 1978: 82; 1979: 35—54; Wilkin-
son & Scoble, 1979: 73; Wilkinson & Newton,
1981: 32 partım.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia); Johansson, 1971: 245.
Description.
Adult. Small to moderately large nepticulid
moths, forewing length 1.7—3.7 mm (wingspan
3.28.4 mm).
Head. Antennae short or long; in male with
24—63 segments, in female with 21—43.
Wings. Colour pattern variable, often a white
medial fascia or costal and dorsal spots present,
sometimes basal or discal spot in addition,
sometimes white markings absent. Cilia-line
present except in occultella-group and populella.
Hindwing in male either with costal bristles or
hair-pencil, in some species both absent. Addi-
tional special scales occur in several species.
Humeral lobe not very prominent, or absent.
Forewing venation (fig. 9). R and M + Cu
forming closed cell, branches R,, R,,3, Ry, Rs,
M and Cu present. A thickened, without anal
loop. Cu and A in some species very long,
seeming fused at tips.
Male genitalia. Vinculum ring shaped, ante-
rior extension short, anteriorly convex. Tegu-
men produced into distinct pseuduncus, of vari-
able form. Uncus absent. Gnathos with spatu-
late or triangular central element, sometimes
divided into a distal spatulate part and basal part
with serrate margins. Valva approximately tri-
angular, or almost rectangular, with tip directed
inwards or posteriorly, often clearly separate
from rest of valva. No mesal (inner) lobes pre-
sent. Aedeagus in all but one species with ven-
tral carinae, often bi- or multifurcate, and in
some species in addition with dorsolateral cari-
nae. Vesica in all but one species with numerous
small denticulate cornuti only:
Female genitalia. Tergite 7 with or without a
row of long setae near anterior margin of tergite
8. Tergite 8 often with two patches of setae and
scales, sometimes with setae only. Anal papillae
with setae. Vestibulum in most species with
ring-shaped vaginal sclerite and denticulate
pouch. Corpus bursae with numerous pectina-
tions, or pectinations concentrated posteriorly
near vestibulum. Reticulate signa present, of
variable form and often dissimilar. Margin of
signa narrower than individual cells. Ductus
spermathecae spiraled, with variable number of
convolutions.
Larva. Yellow, white, green or grey, feeds
venter upwards. Probably all species have four
larval instars. Many species have 12 sclerotised
ventral plates during second and third instar,
being shed in the final instar, independently
from moult. In some species similar dorsal
plates occur in addition.
Biology.
Larva leaf-miner, or petiole-miner. Western
Palaearctic species mine on Fagaceae, Rosaceae,
Salicaceae and to a lesser extent on Betulaceae,
Ulmaceae and Anacardiaceae. In addition spe-
cies from other regions are recorded from Nys-
saceae, Platanaceae, Juglandaceae, Aceraceae,
Hippocastanaceae, Ericaceae, Caprifoliaceae
and Burseraceae. Most European species are
univoltine, feeding in late summer or autumn,
but al least terebinthivora is bivoltine, and some
others are suspected to be so. Larvae of many
species are often gregarious. Larvae overwinter
full-fed in cocoons in the soil, or in the mine in
the case of agrimoniae and pupate in spring.
Adults emerge in March—July. Some mediter-
ranean species, on evergreen oaks, feed in the
winter and aestivate in their cocoons, or emerge
in spring.
28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Distribution and composition.
The distribution is mainly Holarctic: 42 spe-
cies are reported here from the West Palaearc-
tic, Wilkinson & Newton (1981) and Wilkinson
(1981) reported 18 North American species, Pu-
plesis (1984a and b) described 9 species from the
eastern USSR and about 25 species occur in a
collection of Japanese Nepticulidae. In addition
three species are known from Southern Africa
(Scoble, 1978; 1979).
The Ectoedemia populella group
This group comprises all the Salicaceae-feed-
ing Ectoedemia species. Most make mines in the
petiole and later in the lamina of Populus spe-
cies, intimella makes a similar mine on Salix but
starts in the midrib, not the petiole, and the
Nearctic populella makes a petiole-gall. All feed
late in the year and are often found in the green
islands of fallen leaves. Adults are often found
resting on trunks.
Male genitalia are characterised by the pres-
ence of two pairs of carinae, which are often
large.
Female genitalia are characterised by the
presence of a vaginal sclerite, a spiculate pouch
with conspicuous and equally spaced spicules
and a bursa, usually covered with pectinations
(except intimella). The ductus spermathecae has
212—3 convolutions and the signa are elongate
and almost similar.
Males invariably possess a hair-pencil on the
hindwing.
The group is Holarctic, and comprises also
the Nearctic E. populella Busck and E. canutus
Wilkinson & Scoble and the Eastern Palaearctic
E. wilkinsoni Puplesis, 1984a.
Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) populella Busck,
(figs. 98, 240, 360)
Ectoedemia populella Busck, 1907: 98.
Ectoedemia populella; Borkowski, 1972: 697; Wilkin-
son & Scoble, 1979: 74—77, figs. 41, 42; Wilkin-
son & Newton, 1981: 41, figs. 4, 5.
E. populella does not occur in the Western
Palaearctic Region, but is treated here because it
is the type-species of Ectoedemia. A full de-
scription is given by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979).
Some descriptive notes are given in order to
compare it with the Western Palaearctic species.
Adult. Antennae very long, with approxi-
mately 63 segments in d and 42—43 in 2. Fore-
wings including cilia uniform cupreous brown,
no cilia-line, hindwing in d with short incon-
spicuous brown hair-pencil.
Male genitalia (figs. 98, 240, 360). Capsule
length + 390 um. Tegumen produced into
rounded pseuduncus. Gnathos with smooth
spatulate, slightly truncate central element. Val-
va (fig. 240) length + 215 um, broad, tip hardly
demarcated, with many setae; inner margin
slightly sinuous. Aedeagus (fig. 360) + 380 um,
with long pointed ventral carinae and very simi-
lar dorsolateral carinae.
Female genitalia. Terminalia very wide. T7
without row of setae. T8 wide, with two
patches of scales and 10 setae at least. Anal pa-
pillae with 7—11 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal
sclerite, a spiculate pouch with many short, sin-
gle denticles and a dense patch of pectinations
near entrance of ductus spermathecae. Corpus
bursae without pectinations; signa comparative-
ly short, + 270—320 um, cells very spiny. Duc- |
tus spermathecae broken in single slide exam-
ined.
Remarks.
E. populella makes petiole-galls in several
Populus-species. In some characters it is aber-
rant in comparison with European species such
as absence of cilia-line, large number of anten-
nal segments.
Material examined. — USA: 4 6, 2 9, syntypes,
no. 3238, 12—24.v.1884, Poplar (USNM).
9. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) intimella (Zeller,
1848)
(es 09/4407 1571585 2395 289 SSP ONE
520)
Nepticula intimella Zeller, 1848: 323. Holotype ©.
Poland: Glogöw (Glogau), Zeller (depository un-
known) [not examined].
Nepticula intimella; Stainton, 1849: 29; 1854: 299;
Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: 356; Frey, 1857: 393,
394: Stainton, 1859: 432; Wocke, 1871: 339; 1874:
102; Nolcken, 1871: 792; Heinemann & Wocke,
1877: 764; Sorhagen, 1886: 309; Meyrick, 1895:
724, 725; Tutt, 1899: 341, 342; Rebel, 1901: 227;
Meess, 1910: 480; Sorhagen, 1922: 54, pl. 3 fig.
61; Meyrick, 1928: 861; Petersen, 1930: 74, fig.
110 (d genitalia); Hering, 1943: 275, fig. 2 (d
genitalia); Szöcs, 1965: 82.
Dechtiria intimella; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 67 (6 geni
talia); Emmet, 1971: 280, 281.
Stigmella intimella; Klimesch, 1951: 63, 64; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 244; Klimesch, 1961: 762; Lhomme,
1963: 1199; Borkowski, 1969: 112.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) intimella; Hering, 1957: 811,
928, fig. 588b (mine).
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 29
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) intimella; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia intimella; Bradley et al., 1972: 3;
Borkowski, 1975: 494; Emmet, 1976: 190, pl. 7
fig. 1, pl. 12 fig. 34; van Nieukerken, 1982: 107.
Trifurcula intimella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976: 18.
Diagnosis: easily separated from most Ectoe-
demia species by presence of a medial dorsal
spot only on forewing. Distinguished from ilicis
and heringella by more uniformly dark fore-
wings, hair-pencil in male, and the flagellum be-
ing the same colour as the scape: it is the only
treated Ectoedemia, with this character. Species
of Fomoria, Stigmella or Ectoedemia (Zimmer-
mannia) with dorsal spot only, have it in post-
medial position.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.4—2.84 mm (2.58 +
0.15, 16), wingspan 5.3—6.3 mm. Head: frontal
tuft and collar intensively ferruginous to yel-
| lowish orange. Antenna with 39—45 segments
. (41.3 + 2.0, 12), scape, pedicel and flagellum
| yellowish white, with an orange tinge. Thorax
and forewings uniformly blackish fuscous, with
a faint purplish gloss, scales almost uniformly
dark; a yellowish white dorsal spot in middle of
forewing, conspicuous. Hindwing with a very
short ochreous hair-pencil, less than 1/5 of
hindwing length.
Female (fig. 44). Forewing length 2.48—3.04
mm (2.75 + 0.19, 7), wingspan 5.6—6.8 mm.
Antenna with 27—30 segments (28 + 1.1, 6).
Ovipositor protruding, pointed.
Male genitalia (figs. 97, 239, 289, 359). Cap-
sule length 287—304 um (294.3 + 8.0, 6). Tegu-
men produced into wide, triangular pseudun-
cus. Gnathos (fig. 289) with central element
very wide, uniformly rounded. Valva (fig. 239)
length 210—236 um (217.1 + 9.3, 6), basally
broad, suddenly narrowed in middle with inner
margin becoming strongly concave; tip pointed.
Aedeagus (fig. 359) 317—364 um (340.3 + 18.3,
5), with pair of slender, pointed ventral carinae,
sometimes bifid, and pair of pointed dorsolat-
eral carinae with additional spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 157, 158, 429). T7 with
a row of 6—8 setae along posterior margin. T8
narrowed posteriorly, with two lateral groups
of 11—16 short and long setae. Anal papillae
narrow, with 14—15 setae. Vestibulum with va-
ginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate pouch with
comparatively few (less than 40) spines, all sin-
gle and equally spaced; patch of densely packed
pectinations near opening of ductus spermathe-
cae. Corpus bursae 505—605 um, without pec-
tinations; signa dissimilar, longest 304— 347 um
(4), shortest 257—313 um (4), 4.9—5.5 X as
long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 212—3
convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow. Sternites present on pro-
and mesothorax and abdominal segment 10.
Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants. Salix caprea L., S. cinerea L.,
S. pentandra L., S. fragilis L., and S. phylicifolia
L
Mine (fig. 477). Egg on upperside, against
midrib. Early mine in midrib, later becoming
large elongate blotch at one side of midrib, with
black frass deposited in two lateral lines, such
that larva can pass in between to conceal itself in
midrib. Only final instar larva mines in leaf-
blade.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae feed late in
the season, from late September until Novem-
ber, often in green islands in fallen leaves.
Adults in June and July.
Distribution (fig. 520).
Widely distributed in northern, western and
central Europe, but not yet recorded from Nor-
way and Ireland. In the south only known from
northern Italy, North Yugoslavia and Rumania.
Remarks.
There is unfortunately no specimen in the
Zeller collection in BMNH, which can be re-
garded as the holotype. Zeller’s description 1s
however very clear, since he amongst others
noted the completely yellow antennae, which
are very characteristic for intimella. Conse-
quently the identity of this species has never
been in doubt.
Material examined: 31 d, 23 2, 1 ex. — Austria: 1
3, Hirschdorf, Ob. Ost., el. 11.v. 1898, Hauder; 1 9,
Klosterneuburg, Freiberg, e.l. 28.v.1941, Salix caprea,
Preissecker (NMW). — Germany, East: 2 d, 1 2,
Berlin, Finkenkrug, el. 27.ii—7.111.1918, Salix caprea,
Hering; 1 dg, 1 ©, Bredow near Nauen, el. 31.v—
2.vi.1923, Hering (MHUB); 1 &, Görlitz, 24.vi.1884
(NMW); 1 8, Rachlau, Schütze (ZSM); 2 6, 3 ®,
Rachlau, 1902, Salıx caprea, Schütze (MHUB). —
Great Britain: 2 6,1 2, 2 km SE Earls Colne: Chalk-
ney Wood (Essex), e.l. 30.v—16.vi.1980, Salix caprea,
Bryan, Emmet & van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Nether-
lands: 1 ©, Amsterdamse Bos, e.l. 24.v1.1983, Salix
cinerea, J. Brouwer; 1 d, 2 2, Ootmarsum: Ageler-
30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
broek, e.l. 8—12.v.1982, Salix cinerea, Andeweg &
van Nieukerken; 4 &, Rockanje: Voornes Duin, e.l.
17.vi—4.vii.1980, Salix cinerea, van Nieukerken; 3 d,
Schinveld, 29.vi.1975, G.R. Langohr (ZMA); 1 2,
Zwanewater, 5.vu.1982, Koster (coll. Koster). — Po-
land: 8 6, 5 ©, 1 ex, Wroclaw (Breslau), el. 11 —
iv.1875, Salix fragilis, Wocke (MHUB, NMW,
RMNH, ZSM); 1 6,1 ©, Silesia (MHUB). — Swit-
zerland: 1 ©, St. Gallen, e.l. iv.1915, Müller-Rutz
(ZSM). — Yugoslavia: 2 d, 3 9, Mt. Slavnik, 8 km
S. Herpelje-Kozina (Slovenia), + 900 m, e.l. 10—
15.vi.1984, Salix caprea, J.J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. On Salix caprea: Austria: Nassfeld Pass, SW
Hermagor.— Belgium: Zolder. — Great Britain: SE
Earls Colne. — Yugoslavia: Mt. Slavnik, S. Herpelje-
Kozina. On Salix cinerea: Netherlands: Aalsmeer;
Amsterdamse Bos; Ootmarsum; Rockanje.
10. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) hannoverella
(Glitz, 1872)
(ES, Je AAR AS, OD, USD 160 ZAAL MIO soils SY)
430, 475, 518)
Nepticula hannoverella Glitz, 1872: 25, 26. Lectotype
d (here designated), Germany: Hannover, Glitz,
coll. Staudinger, Genitalia slide 1521 RJ (MHUB)
[examined]
Nepticula hannoverella; Wocke, 1871: 340; 1874:
103; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 766; Rebel,
1901: 227; Meess, 1910: 480; Sorhagen, 1922: 58;
Petersen, 1930: 76, fig. 116 (d genitalia); Hering,
1935: 7; Szöcs, 1965: 85.
Stigmella hannoverella; Klimesch, 1951: 64; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 241; Klimesch, 1961: 763; Lhomme,
1963: 102; Borkowski, 1969: 107.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) hannoverella; Hering, 1957: 811
(mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) hannoverella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia hannoverella; Borkowski, 1972: fig. 7 (6
genitalia); 1975: 495; van Nieukerken, 1982: 107,
figs. 1,5 (5 genitalia, mine).
Diagnosis: externally easy to confuse with
turbidella, but in female the blunt ovipositor of
hannoverella separates it immediately from tur-
bidella, which has a pointed ovipositor. Males
with dark heads always belong to turbidella, but
light-headed males can only be separated by the
genitalia. These are very different in shape of
valva, shape and size of carinate processes, and
gnathos, which bears spines in hannoverella.
From other Ectoedemia species hannoverella
and turbidella can be separated by the presence
of a white discal spot in basal part of forewing
and many scattered white scales; males also pos-
sess a hair-pencil.
Description.
Male (fig. 45). Forewing length 2.4—3.16 mm
(2.84 + 0.21, 18), wingspan 5.2—6.8 mm.
Head: frontal tuft yellowish orange to light fer-
ruginous; collar slightly lighter. Antennae with
4453 segments (48.8 + 2.8, 10). Thorax fus-
cous black with some white scales along frontal
margin; forewings fuscous black with a variable
pattern of yellowish white spots; usually a me-
dial costal and opposite dorsal spot, sometimes
fused by some, more distally placed, scales; bas-
al half with many scattered white scales, often
forming a small discal spot halfway between
wingbase and costal spot, and a basal spot along
dorsal margin. Specimens with almost uniform
dark forewings occur. Hindwing with a yellow-
ish-white hair-pencil, about 1/5th of hindwing
length.
Female. Forewing length 2.8—3.32 mm (3.05
+ 0.16, 14), wingspan 6.2—7.2 mm. Antennae’
with 29—33 segments (30.9 + 1.6, 9).
Male genitalia (figs. 99, 241, 290, 361, 399).
Capsule length 249—309 um (282.9 + 20.8, 6).
Tegumen wide and rounded. Gnathos (fig. 290)
with moderately long central element, ventrally
with some rows of spines. Valva (fig. 241)
length 201—236 um (217.3 + 11.8, 7), inner
margin almost straight, except basally; outer
margin strongly convex, widest part beyond
middle; apex of valva not separated, hardly
curved inwards, forming an almost right angle.
Aedeagus (figs. 361, 299) 291—339 um (309.8 +
16.2, 7), with two pairs almost similar pointed
carinae, hardly curved, without additional
spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 159, 160, 430). 17
without row of setae. T8 broad, rectangular or
trapezoid, with two lateral patches of scales and
at least 12—17 setae. Anal papillae with 6—11
setae. Vestibulum strongly folded
stained by chlorazol), with vaginal sclerite, dor-
sal spiculate pouch with + 50 single and equally
spaced spines, and a patch of densely packed
pectinations near entrance of ductus spermathe-
cae. Corpus bursae long and slender, 660—880
um, covered with pectinations, partly in con-
centric bands around signa, absent in anterior
part; signa almost similar, 390—480 um (422.1
+ 26.4, 10), 3.43.7 X as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 212—3 convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow. All thoracic segments and
abdominal segments 8—10 with light brown
sternites. Ventral plates absent.
(heavily |
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 31
Biology.
Hostplants: Populus nigra L. and its hybrids
(P. x canadensis Moench.)
Mine (fig. 475). Egg deposited on lateral side
of petiole, about one centimeter from lamina.
Mine first straight gallery in petiole, causing
swelling; in final instar larva enters lamina,
making elongate blotch, usually between first
lateral vein and leaf margin, occasionally be-
tween midrib and first lateral vein; frass in two
| parallel lines, leaving passage for larva, which
can withdraw itself in petiole.
Live history. Univoltine. Larvae start feeding
early, probably already in July, but feed very
| slowly; blotches with final instar larvae can be
found from late September to November, often
in green islands of fallen leaves. Larvae feed
| usually in the dark. Adults in May and June.
Distribution (fig. 518).
Only known from a comparatively small area
in central Europe, where it is widespread and
often abundant. Absent from the British Isles
and Scandinavia, but known from Denmark.
Only two records from France, and not yet re-
corded south of the Po valley in Italy or south
of the Danube in Yugoslavia. Buszko (in litt.)
suggests that the species is expanding its area,
on the basis of an increase of records in Poland.
Remarks.
Since types no longer exist in the Glitz collec-
tion in Hannover (Niedersächsisches Landes-
museum), a lectotype is selected from specimens
in the Staudinger collection.
Material examined: 66 6,56 2. — Austria: 2 6, 1
9, Klosterneuburg, Kritzendorfer Au, el. 11—
15.v.1937, 24.iv.1938, Preissecker (NMW); 1 4,
Wien, Mann, Zeller coll. (sub turbidella) (BMNH); 1
2, Wien, Prater, el. 10—12.v1.1984, E. J. van Nieu-
kerken (ZMA). — Belgium: 1 2, Elewijt, 20.v1.1944,
| L. Legiest; 1 d, Laeken (Brussel), 9.v.1945, L. Legiest
(IRSN); 2 d, 1 2, S. of Rouvreux (Liège), el. 26—
| 27.v.1980, Bryan & van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
france: 1 8, 1 2, Alpes Maritimes, Toet s.Var,
10.v.1980, C. Gielis (coll. Gielis). — Germany, West:
1 g, Baiern, 1858 (NMW); 1 6, 1 ©, Grünnstadt,
Pfalz, Eppelsheim (ZSM); 1 d, Hannover, Heine-
| mann (RMNH); 1 ©, Hannover, (NMW); 2 d, 1 2
(lecto- and paralectotypes), Hannover, Glitz, coll.
Staudinger (MHUB); 2 6, 2 2, Regensburg, D. O.
Hofmann (RMNH); 3 d, Regensburg, Frank (ZSM);
1 ©, Regensburg, 28.v.1885 (NMW); 6 d, 3 ©, Re-
gensburg (MHUB). — Germany, East: 1 ©, Bautzen,
2.11.1907 (NMW); 4 6, 9 2, Berlin-Dahlem, el.
28.11— 10.11.1958, Hering; 5 d, 8 9, Bredow near
Nauen, el. 22.11—16.1v.1924, 1.vu.1923, Hering
(MHUB); 1 2, Erfurt, e.l. 1884 (RMNH). — Nether-
lands: 19 6, 15 2, from following localities: Amster-
damse Bos; Bunde; Geulle; De Lutte; Oostvoorne;
Susteren; Winterswijk; Zwanewater (ZMA, coll. Kos-
ter). — Poland: 4 6, 1 ©, Wroclaw (Breslau), e.l.
11.1868, 11.1869, [Wocke] (MHUB, ZMA). — Swit-
zerland: 1 à, Landquart, e.l. 26.1v.1916, Müller-Rutz
(ZSM). — Yugoslavia: 2 9, 2 km W of Bezdan (Voj-
vodina), valley of Danube, el. 16—19.v1.1984, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — Austria: Klosterneuburg; Mühlleiten
(Grossenzersdorf). — France: Schirmeck. — Ger-
many, West: Hillesheim. — Italy: Cimolais. — Neth-
erlands: Amsterdamse Bos; Bunde; Chaam; Dene-
kamp; Hilversum; Hoogerheide; Oostvoorne; Ulven-
hout; Winterswijk. — Yugoslavia: Bezdan.
11. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) turbidella
(Zeller, 1848)
(figs. 46, 100, 161, 162, 184, 242, 291, 362, 431,
432, 476, 519)
Nepticula argyropeza var. turbidella Zeller, 1848:
321, 322. Syntypes, Poland: Glogow (Glogau),
Zeller (depository unknown) [not examined].
[no genus] argyropeza; Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]: pl.
106 figs. 838, 839; [1854]: pl. 114 fig. 930 [misi-
dentification].
Nepticula argyropezella Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: 357.
(replacement name for turbidella Zeller).
Nepticula populi-albae Hering, 1935: 7. Lectotype ?
(here designated), Germany: Berlin, Tiergarten,
22.11.1933, M. Hering. Populus alba, N 4058, coll.
Hypon., M. Hering, Genitalia slide on pin
(MHUB) [examined].
Stigmella marionella Ford, 1950: 39, fig. Holotype 6,
England: Stanmore, Middlesex, v, L. T. Ford
(BMNH) [not examined].
[Nepticula argyropeza; Frey, 1857: 398—400, partim,
misidentification |.
Nepticula turbidella; Wocke, 1871: 339; 1874: 103;
Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 766; Sorhagen, 1886:
310; Rebel, 1901: 227; Meess, 1910: 480; Peter-
sen, 1930: 76, fig. 115 (d genitalia); Hering, 1935:
7:Szöcs, 1965: 85.
Stigmella turbidella; Klimesch, 1951: 64; Gerasimov,
1952: 265, 266; Klimesch, 1961: 762; Lhomme,
1963: 1202.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) turbidella; Hering, 1957: 811,
fig. 488a (mine).
Dechtiria turbidella; Vari, 1950: 182, 184, figs. 9, 10
(8, 2 genitalia); Emmet, 1970a: 37—41, figs. (d
genitalia, mine); 1971: 242, 243.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) turbidella; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia turbidella; Bradley et al., 1972: 3;
32 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Borkowski, 1972: fig. 6 (d genitalia); Emmet,
1976: 189, pl. 12 fig. 36, pl. 7 fig. 2; van Nieuker-
ken, 1982: fig. 2 (4 genitalia).
Trifurcula turbidella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976: 18.
Stigmella populialbae; Gerasimov, 1952: 252.
Ectoedemia populialbae; Borkowski, 1975: 495.
Diagnosis: see diagnosis of hannoverella for
the differences between it and turbidella. The
male genitalia resemble those of klimeschi, but
can be recognised by the shape of the valva,
with tooth-shaped tip in turbidella, and the
asymmetric aedeagus in klimeschi. The female
genitalia are very characteristic with the pointed
ovipositor, and the long and broad apophyses.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.8—3.68 mm (3.34 +
0.21, 30), wingspan 6.2—8.4 mm. Head: frontal
tuft light yellowish-orange or yellowish och-
reous to dark fuscous; collar slightly lighter.
Antenna with 46—59 segments (54.5 + 3.1, 23).
Thorax blackish fuscous, with scattered white
scales and sometimes a white tip; forewings
blackish fuscous with a variable pattern of yel-
lowish white spots: usually a medial costal and
opposite dorsal spot; basal half with many scat-
tered white scales, often forming a small discal
spot halfway between wingbase and costal spot,
and a basal spot along dorsal margin, usually
giving a lighter appearance than hannoverella.
Hindwing with a yellowish hair-pencil of about
one-fifth of hindwing length.
Female (fig. 46). Forewing length 2.76—3.48
mm (3.12 + 0.20, 29), wingspan 6.0—7.8 mm.
Head: frontal tuft yellowish orange, never fus-
cous. Antennae with 27—32 segments (29.3 +
1.3, 21). Ovipositor very conspicuous, pointed.
Male genitalia (figs. 100, 242, 291, 362). Cap-
sule length 270—347 um (304.3 + 23.0, 13). Te-
gumen produced into a widely rounded pseu-
duncus. Gnathos (fig. 291) with central element
short triangular, smooth. Valva (fig. 242) length
193—227 um (210 + 9.5, 9), widest at base,
gradually narrowing; tip inwards curved, tooth-
shaped, clearly demarcated from valva. Aedea-
gus (fig. 362) 369-399 um (377.6 + 13.9, 10),
very long and stout, with two pairs of promi-
nent carınae: ventral pair at extreme posterior
tip, basally connected, pointed, single or with
two or more tips; dorsolateral pair more ante-
riorly placed, longer than ventral carinae,
strongly curved, dorsally connected, often with
additional spines at base, often asymmetrical.
Female genitalia (figs. 161, 162, 184, 431,
432). T7 without row of setae. T8 relatively nar-
row, tapering posteriorly, with two groups of
6—15 setae (to 20 in Iranian specimens), with-
out or with very few scales. Anal papillae nar-
row, with 7—12 setae. Anterior apophyses
widened in middle, especially in lateral view.
Posterior apophyses widening towards anterior
end. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal
spiculate pouch with many (about 100) single,
equally spaced, spines; and a patch of densely
packed pectinations near entrance of ductus
bursae. Corpus bursae relatively small, 420—
660 um, covered with small pectinations, except
in anterior part, partly in concentric bands
around signa; signa slightly dissimilar in length
(not in shape), longest 219—283 um (263.6 +
23.7, 6), shortest 184—266 um (227.9 + 29.6,
6), 3.3—4.4 X as long as wide (data for speci-
mens from Iran resp.: long signum 240—334
um; short 227—279, 2.7—3.4 x as long as
wide). Ductus spermathecae with 2'4—3 con-
volutions.
Larva. Pale yellow. Sternite on prothorax on-
ly. Ventral plates absent. This is the only Ectoe-
demia s.str. species with dorsal as well as ven-
tral calli.
Biology.
Hostplants: Populus alba L., P. canescens (Ai-
ton.) Sm., only on the smaller leaves of older
shoots of large trees, never on saplings. Material
from Potsdam (leg. Hinneberg) is labelled with
“Pop.nigr.”, but this is probably incorrect.
Mine (figs. 476). Egg deposited on side of
petiole, about 1/2—2 cm from leaf base. Mine
first straight gallery in petiole, causing swelling;
final instar larva makes triangular blotch be-
tween first lateral vein and leaf margin, or less
often between midrib and first lateral vein; frass
deposited in two lateral lines, leaving passage
for larva, which can withdraw itself in petiole.
Live history. Univoltine. Larvae start feeding
probably in summer, mature larvae can be
found in October and November, usually later
than hannoverella, often in green islands in fall-
en leaves. The larva usually feeds in the night.
Adults in May-June, or April in the South.
Distribution (fig. 519).
Widespread. In Scandinavia in southern Swe-
den and Denmark only, very local in the ex-
treme east of England, locally abundant
throughout central Europe. Some scattered re-
cords are known from southern Europe: Spain,
Sicily. Also in North Iran (see remarks).
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 33
Remarks.
Zeller (1848) described turbidella as a variety
of argyropeza, as follows: “?Var. c. major; stri-
gula ex costa prope basim obliqua dorsoque
basali albidis, ceterum ut. b. Turbidella Z. in
lit.”. Further (p. 322) he said that he believed it
to possibly be a separate species. Unfortunately
there is no specimen in the Zeller collection ın
BMNH that can be identified as a syntype of
turbidella. His description can, however, only
refer to turbidella or hannoverella. Borkowski
(1975) referred to turbidella types, examined by
Johansson. However, Johansson (verbal comm.)
only saw one specimen (genitalia slide BMNH
20537) which actually is argyropeza, and was
sent by Mann in Vienna to Zeller in 1856, too
late to be a turbidella syntype. Hence, the syno-
nymy of turbidella with argyropeza by
. Borskowski (l.c.) is unjustified. Ever since 1848,
turbidella Zeller has been used for the species
mining on Populus alba, with white scales in the
basal half of the wing. This is not contradicted
by the description, and thus its identity is firmly
established. It is therefore not necessary to se-
lect a neotype here.
Unfortunately Herrich-Schaffer interchanged
the names turbidella and argyropeza, although
he knew exactly what Zeller meant by both
names. Thus turbidella Herrich-Schaffer is a
different species from turbidella Zeller, which
was named by him’ first argyropeza Herrich-
Schaffer (1853) and later argyropezella.
Nepticula populi-albae Hering was described
on the basis of a different head colour only, but
since this is a very variable character, even with-
in one population, it does not justify a separate
identity.
The fine series of turbidella collected by F.
Kasy in Iran, consisting of only females, shows
some slight differences from the European form
in the genitalia. The most remarkable are that
segments 8 and 9 are wider (fig. 432) and there
is an oblique, hyaline bar in the vestibulum of
all specimens examined (fig. 184). See also the
measurements above. A sound taxonomic con-
clusion about these specimens cannot be made
without examination of males from the same re-
gion, and preferably a study of the biology. The
Iranian population is certainly not parthenoge-
netic — as in argyropeza — for spermatophores
were found in several of the bursae examined.
Material examined: 175 8, 167 2. — Austria: 3 9,
Hundsheimer Berg (near Hainburg), 15—16.v.1975,
F. Kasy; 2 2, Klosterneuburg, Kuhau, 11.v.1915 and
14.111.1938, Preissecker; 1 d, Klosterneuburg, Krit-
zendorfer Au, 16.111.1938, Preissecker; 1 2, Linz,
2.v.1910, Knitsche (NMW); 1 6,1 2, Linz, el. il
iv.1936, Klimesch (NMW, ZMA); 1 2, Traun, e.l.
22—30.111.1936, J. Klimesch (ZMA); 1 2, Wien, Prat-
er, 24.iv.1904; 13 6, 14 2, Wien, Prater, el. 4.iv—
21.vi.1984, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 d,1 9,
Wien, Aspern, e.l. 27.v.1934, Koschabek; 1 ©, Lobau
(Wien), 10.v.1908, Zerny (NMW). — Belgium: 3 9,
Berg, 19.v.1945, L. Legiest; 2 d, Jette (Brussel),
28.iv.1945, L. Legiest; 1 dé, Laeken (Brussel),
13.v.1944, L. Legiest (IRSN). — Denmark: 1 6, 1 ?,
Stigsnaes, 23.vi.1955, N. L. Wolff (MHUB). — Ger-
many, West: 3 6,1 9, Bavaria, A. Schmid (RMNH);
1 6, 3 2, Braunschweig, Heinemann (MHUB). —
Germany, East: 2 d, 1 © (lecto- and paralectotypes
populialbae), Berlin, Tiergarten, el. 19—22.11.1933,
Hering; 14 d, 6 ©, Berlin, Tiergarten, el. 11.1934,
Hering; 16 d, 27 ©, Berlin, Botanische Garten, 11—
12.15.1948 and 17—28.11.1952, Hering (MHUB); 7 d,
9 ©, Potsdam, 28.1—10.11.1895, Pop. nigra (sıc!),
Hinneberg (MHUB, ZMA, ZSM). — Great Britain: 2
3,2 2, Loughton: Epping Forest, el. 10—12.v.1980,
Bryan & van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Iran: 10 ©, Ke-
redj N., 27.iv.1970, Exp. Mus. Vind. (NMW). —
Netherlands: 2 6, 1 9, Leiden, Leidse Hout, el. 22—
23.iv.1981, E. J. van Nieukerken; 9 d, 4 9, Oost-
voorne, Mildenburg, e.l. 10—20.v.1983, Boomsma &
Alders (ZMA); 1 6, Oostvoorne, 3.v.1981, Huisman
(coll. Huisman); 1 4, Oostmaerland, 12.v.1974, G.
Langohr, 28, Overveen, 10.v.1927 and 3.vi.1942,
Bentinck; 37 d, 179, Santpoort, 1944—1948, Vari,
Helmers, Doets (RMNH, ZMA); 1 6, 2 9, Santpoort
N., Duin- en Kruidberg, e.l. 19.v.1983, Boomsma &
Alders; 2 3, 2 2, Schinveld, 16.v.1976, G. Langohr;
39 8,23 2, Wijlre, 19.v.1974 and 22.v.1977, G. Lang-
ohr (ZMA). — Poland: 5 6, 3 ©, Wroclaw (Breslau),
el. i.1864 [Wocke] (MHUB, RMNH, ZMA); 1 ?,
Wroclaw (Breslau), 19.v.1912 (NMW); 1 à, Silesia,
Wocke (MHUB). — Spain: 2 6, Granada, 21—22.1v.
1883, Staudinger (MHUB); 1 d, 19 ©, Teruel, Valde-
tormo, 8.v.1978, C. Gielis (coll. Gielis). — Yugosla-
via: 6 ©, 2 km w. of Bezdan (Vojvodina), valley of
Danube, el. 27.iv.—7.v.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J.
van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — Austria: Muhlleiten (Grossenzersdorf);
Wien, Prater. — France: Schirmeck. — Great Britain:
Loughton, Epping Forest. — Netherlands: Santpoort.
— Yugoslavia: Bezdan.
12. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) klimeschi
(Skala, 1933)
(figs. 47, 101, 163, 164, 243, 292, 363, 400, 401,
433, 478, 541)
Nepticula klimeschi Skala, 1933: 31. Syntypes, Aus-
tria: Linz, Donauauen, Populus alba, mines 1931,
e.l. 1932, J. Klimesch (ZSMK, MHUB) [exam-
ined].
Stigmella (Fomoria) niculescui Nemes, 1970: 33—35,
figs. 1, 2. Holotype d, Rumania: Itcani (Suceava),
34 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
16.iv.1966, 1. Nemes, Genitalia slide 1182 (coll.
Nemes) [not examined] Syn. nov.
[Nepticula argyropeza; Petersen, 1930: 78, fig. 122 (d
genitalia) misidentification].
Stigmella klimeschi; Gerasimov, 1952: 244, 245; Klı-
mesch, 1961: 763.
Nepticula klimeschi; Hering, 1935: 7; Szöcs, 1965: 85.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) klimeschi; Hering, 1957: 811
(mine).
Ectoedemia klimeschi; Borkowski, 1975: 495.
Diagnosis: females are externally almost inse-
parable from E. argyropeza, only the larger
number of antennal segments (34—38 in klimes-
chi, 26—32 in argyropeza) being diagnostic. Fe-
male genitalia can be separated from argyropeza
by the signa which are longer in klimeschi, at
least always longer than the shortest signum of
argyropeza. There is some resemblance to the
species of E. albifasciella-complex, but the latter
have the costal spot always nearer the wing base
and lack the hair-pencil in the male. See key for
differences with suberis.
Description.
Male (fig. 47). Forewing length 2.76-3.6 mm
(GOE) 0 272) win espan 16.032 main:
Head: frontal tuft and collar yellowish orange.
Antennae with 49—58 segments (52.8 + 3.2,
13). Thorax and forewings blackish fuscous,
slightly irrorate by lighter scale-bases; a medial
dorsal and costal white spot, opposite, usually
widely separate; dorsal spot sometimes extend-
ing along dorsal margin towards base. Hind-
wing with yellowish hair-pencil of Y%—¥,
hindwing length.
Female. Forewing length 3.0—3.08 mm (3.05
+ 0.03, 5), wingspan 6.7—6.8 mm. Antennae
with 34— 38 segments (35.1 + 1.3, 15).
Male genitalia (figs. 101, 243, 292, 363, 400,
401). Capsule length 292—321 um (307.7 +
11.9, 5). Tegumen produced into a widely
rounded pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 292) with
relatively long, triangular central element. Valva
(fig. 243) length 214-236 um (226.3 + 8.2, 5),
widest at base, gradually narrowing into trian-
gular tip, not demarcated from valva. Aedeagus
(figs. 363, 400, 401) 390—411 um (405.4 + 8.9,
5), very long and stout, markedly asymmetrical,
posteriorly curved at right-hand side; with two
pairs of prominent carinae: ventral pair at ex-
treme posterior tip, basally connected, pointed,
single; dorsolateral pair more anteriorly placed,
longer than ventral carinae, strongly curved,
dorsally connected, often with additional spine
at base, which is larger in left process, asymme-
trical.
Female genitalia (figs. 163, 164, 433). T7
without row of setae. T8 wide, trapezoid, with
two lateral groups of scales and many setae
(13—20 at least). Anal papillae with 9-11 setae.
Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spicu-
late pouch with many (more than 60) single,
equally spaced, denticles; and a patch of densely
packed pectinations near entrance of ductus
spermathecae. Corpus bursae 660—715 um,
covered with small pectinations, partly in con-
centric bands around signa; signa almost simi-
lar, 373—416 um (394.3 + 12.5, 8), 3.544 x
as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with
2%—3 convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow. Prothorax and segment
10 with sternites. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplant: Populus alba L., on saplings and
large lobed leaves of young branches on trees.
When sympatric with turbidella, always on dif-
ferent leaves, but sometimes on the same
branch.
Mine. (fig. 478). Egg on petiole, but almost
impossible to find, between long hairs. Mine
first straight gallery in petiole, causing it to
swell. In final instar larva enters leaf, and makes
blotch, usually not between veins, but incorpo-
rating vein or midrib in middle of mine; frass in
two lateral lines, leaving passage for larva,
which can withdraw itself in petiole. Sometimes
the larva feeds so long in the petiole, that there
is hardly a mine in the lamina. E. klimeschi does
not cause such conspicuous green islands as the
related species.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae probably
start feeding in summer, mature larvae can be
found in October and November. Adults in
June and July.
Distribution (fig. 541).
East and Southeast Europe, especially com-
mon in Danube bassin, from West Germany to
Rumania. Also recorded from East Germany,
Poland, Switzerland and northern Italy.
Remarks.
The types from Skala’s collection are lost, but
syntypes are still extant in other collections. I
have examined syntypes from Berlin, but it
would be more appropriate to select a lectotype
from Klimesch’s collection. Previously this spe-
neuburg,
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 35
cies has been confused with argyropeza, and
probably most records of argyropeza males re-
fer in fact to klimeschi.
Stigmella niculescui Nemes is undoubtedly a
synonym of klimeschi, the genitalia figure
shows the characteristic valvae. The figure,
however, is completely symmetrical, whilst the
genitalia are asymmetrical.
This species was previously believed to occur
only in the leaves of saplings, but in 1983 we
were able to find it also on similarly shaped
leaves on large trees. Sometimes they were even
found on the same branches as turbidella, but
always in the lobed leaves.
Material examined: 20 4, 19 2. — Austria: 1 9,
Gramatneusiedl, Furbachwiesen, 11.vi.1982, F. Kasy;
2 d, 1 2, Hundsheimer Berg (near Hainburg),
13.vi.1979 and 8.vı1.1980, F. Kasy; 1 d, 1 ©, Kloster-
Kritzendorfer Au, el. 15—16.1v.1938,
Preissecker; 1 d, Klosterneuburg, Kuhau, el.
19.1v.1937, Preissecker; 1 ©, Klosterneuburg, Ziege-
lofen, e.l. 17.v.1937, Preissecker (NMW); 1 2, Klos-
terneuburg, Rollfähren, el. 19—21.v.1984, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 6, 1 2
(syntypes), Linz, Donauauen, el. 6.1v.1932, J. Kli-
mesch (MHUB); 4 6, 2 ©, Linz, Donauauen, e.l.
21.1v.—2.v.1934, J. Klimesch (MHUB, NMW); 1 6,
Linz, 12.v.1974, J. Klimesch; 4 6, 1 ©, Linz, Holz-
heim, el. 3.vi.1980, 30.1v—12.v.1981, J. Klimesch; 2
6, 3 2, Wien, Prater, el. 15.v—19.vi.1984, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA). — Germany, Fast: 2 d, Bautzen,
| e.l. 20—22.iv.1949, J.:Klimesch (ZMA). — Hungary:
1 4, Magyaresisatre, el. 12.1v.1917; 1 6, Nagy Nyir
near Kecskemet, 4.v1.1914 (NMW). — Yugoslavia: 7
2,2 km W. of Bezdan (Vojvodina), valley of Danube,
el. 5.„—12.v1.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieu-
kerken (ZMA).
Mines. — Austria: Klosterneuburg; Linz (leg. Kli-
mesch); Wien, Prater. — Germany, West: Munchen,
Isarauen, 2.x1.1949, Groschke (BMNH). — Yugosla-
via: Bezdan.
Additional record: Italy: Piemonte, Poggio d’Aras-
co, 9.vi.1977, Baldizzone (figure of d genitalia by
Klimesch examined).
13. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) argyropeza
(Zeller, 1839)
(figs. 48, 165, 166, 434, 521)
Lyonetia argyropeza Zeller, 1839: 215. Lectotype 9
(here designated) Poland: Silesia, Glogéw (Gross
Glogau), 183., Zeller, Walsingham coll. 1910—
427; 101291, Genitalia slide BM 22611 (BMNH)
[examined].
Nepticula apicella Stainton, 1854: 300. Lectotype ®
(here designated), England: Beckenham, palings,
20.v.[18]51, Stainton, S 327/57, Genitalia slide
22610 (BMNH) [examined]. (Synonymised by
Heinemann & Wocke, 1877).
[No genus] turbidella Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]: pl.
106 fig. 837 [nomenclatorially unavailable].
Nepticula turbidella Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: 357, nec
Zeller. Syntypes, Austria: Wien (depository un-
known) [not examined].
Nepticula argyropezella Doubleday, 1859: 36 (unjus-
tified emendation).
Nepticula turbulentella Wocke, 1861: 129 (replace-
ment name for N. turbidella Herrich-Schaffer nec
Zeller).
Nepticula simplicella Heinemann, 1862: 319, 320.
Lectotype 2 (here designated), Germany: [Wolf-
enbüttel], Buchheister (specimen painted... by R.
Johansson) (Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum,
Hannover) [examined by R. Johansson]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula argyropeza ab. morosella Steudel & Hof-
mann, 1882: 244.
Nepticula argyropeza ab. houzeaui Dufrane, 1942: 11.
Lyonetia argyropeza; Tengström, 1848: 152.
Nepticula argyropeza; Zeller, 1848: 320, 321; Stain-
ton, 1851: 11; 1854: 300; Frey, 1857: 398—400
[partım]; Stainton, 1859: 433 [partım, larva only];
1862: 188—195, pl. 9 fig. 2 [partim, larva only];
Heinemann, 1871: 221; Nolcken, 1871: 795—797;
Wocke, 1871: 339; 1874: 103; Heinemann &
Wocke, 1877: 768; Sorhagen, 1886: 311; Tutt,
1899: 327—330; Rebel, 1901: 228; Meess, 1910:
481; Sorhagen, 1922: 57, pl. 4 fig. 66; Meyrick,
1928: 863; Hering, 1935: 7; Klimesch, 1936: 210;
Szócs, 1965: 84.
Nepticula apicella; Frey, 1857: 400, 401; Stainton,
1859: 433; Wocke, 1871: 339; Meyrick, 1895:
726.
[Nepticula turbidella; Frey, 1857: 401, 402. Misiden-
ufication].
Nepticula simplicella; Wocke, 1871: 340; Heinemann
& Wocke, 1877: 770; Rebel, 1901: 228; Meess,
1910: 481.
Stigmella argyropeza; Klimesch, 1951: 64; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 227; Klimesch, 1961: 763; Lhomme,
1963: 1205; Borkowski, 1969: 107.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) argyropeza; Hering, 1957: 811
(mine).
Dechtiria argyropeza; Emmet, 1971: 243, 244.
Trifurcula (Dechtiria) argyropeza; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia argyropeza; Bradley et al., 1972: 3;
Borkowski, 1975: 494; Emmet, 1976: 189, pl. 7
fig. 4, pl. 12 fig. 35.
Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia)
1972: fig. 11 (venation).
Trifurcula argyropeza; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976: 18.
argyropeza; Borkowski
Diagnosis: only females are known, which
can easily be confused with klimeschi, see diag-
nosis for that species.
Description.
Female (fig. 48). Forewing length (2.08) 2.6—
3.16 mm (3.16 + 0.25, 39), wingspan (4.5) 5.0—
36 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
6.8 mm. Head: frontal tuft and collar yellowish
orange. Antennae with 26—32 segments (29.0
+ 1.7, 23). Thorax and forewings blackish fus-
cous, slightly irrorate by lighter scale basis; a
medial dorsal and costal white spot, opposite,
usually widely separate; dorsal spot sometimes
extending along dorsal margin towards base.
Female genitalia (figs. 165, 166, 434). T7
without row of setae. T8 wide, trapezoid, with
two lateral groups of scales and many setae (8—
12 at least). Anal papillae with 5-9 setae. Vesti-
bulum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate
pouch with many (about 70) single, equally
spaced denticles; and a patch of densely packed
pectinations near entrance of ductus spermathe-
cae. Corpus bursae 495—660 um, covered with
small pectinations, partly in concentric bands
around signa; signa slightly dissimilar, longest
270—394 um (325.4 + 42.0, 14), shortest 240—
351 um (307.3 + 35.4, 14), 3.44.3 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2/2—3 convo-
lutions.
Larva. Pale yellow. Prothorax and segment
10 with sternites. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplant: Populus tremula L.
Mine. Egg on side of petiole, about 1 cm from
leaf base. Mine first straight gallery in petiole,
causing it to swell, later blotch in lamina be-
tween midrib and first lateral vein; frass in two
lateral lines, leaving passage for larva, which of-
ten hides in petiole; mine similar to turbidella.
Life history. Univoltine. Larva starts feeding
early, from July, mature larvae can be found
from early September to November, often in
green islands in fallen leaves. The larva feeds
usually in dark only. Time of completing larval
cycle largely depends on age of leaf: when leaf
falls in September the larva will be full-grown a
long time before larvae in leaves still on the tree.
This probably applies as well to the related spe-
cies. Adults in May and June.
Distribution (fig. 521).
Widely distributed in Europe, and often very
abundant. Not yet recorded from Ireland, Iberi-
an Peninsula and south of Po valley, North Yu-
goslavia and Rumania.
Remarks.
Although a distinct species, E. argyropeza
has been the subject of much nomenclatorial
confusion. I have designated as lectotype the
specimen in the Zeller collection, which had
been labelled holotype by Durrant. Herrich-
Schaffer (1853, 1855) was aware of the differ-
ence between argyropeza and turbidella, but in-
_terchanged these names deliberately and thus
renamed argyropeza as N. turbidella. This in-
correct use has, however, only been followed by
Frey (1856, 1857). Stainton correctly described
the biology of argyropeza, but mistook the
adult of albifasciella for argyropeza (see under
albifasciella). He therefore had to rename the
real argyropeza, and gave it the name apicella.
R. Johansson examined the types of N. sim-
plicella Heinemann and found they were just
uniformly coloured examples of argyropeza. By
courtesy of Mr. Johansson I designate here the
lectotype that he selected but did not publish.
E. argyropeza is a parthenogenetic species, of
which males are unknown. Reported males be-
long to either albifasciella or klimeschi. We have
several times bred larvae from single females, —
which therefore corroborates their absolute par-
thenogenetic reproduction. Wilkinson & Scoble
(1979) reported the species also from Canada
and the USA, where it is parthenogenetic as
well. Study of Canadian material showed that
there is not much difference in morphology or
allozyme pattern (Menken, in preparation) be-
tween them and the European populations. It is
therefore likely that the North American popu-
lations are the offspring of recent introductions
which may not warrant subspecific status.
Material examined: 169 9. — Austria: 1 9,
Gumpoldskirchen, Glaslauterriegel, 17.v.1983, F. Ka-
sy (NMW); 1 2, Linz, el. 17.11.1932, J. Klimesch
(MHUB); 12, Waldburg (near Freistadt)), el.
13.1.1921, Knitschke; 3 2, Wien, Haschberg, e.l.
12—18.11.1937, Preissecker; 1 2, Wien, Prater, 1867
(NMW); 22, no further data (RMNH). — France: 1
2, Malesherbes (Loiret), 8.v.1955, Buvat; 1 9, Puy
Saint Vincent (Hautes Alpes), 6.vi.1965, Buvat (coll.
Buvat). — Germany, West: 3 9, Braunschweig,
Heinemann (MHUB); 1 ©, Freiburg (MHUB); 1 9,
Heidelberg, Ziegelhausen, 17.v.1976, W. Speidel (coll.
Speidel). — Germany, East: 30 ®, Berlin, e.l. v.
Hering; 8 ©, Nauen, el. 24.11—2.11.1924, Hering
(MHUB); 9 ©, Potsdam, el. 13—19.11.1893, Hınne-
berg (MHUB, ZMA). — Great Britain: 6 ©, Berley,
Kent, 15.v.1947, S.N.A. Jacobs (ZMA); 3 ©, (lecto-
and paralectotypes of apicella), Beckenham, palings,
20—25.v.1851, Stainton (BMNH). — Italy: 2 ©, Na-
turno (Bolzano), 2 km SE, N. slope, 800 m, e.l.
4.v.1984, J. J. Boomsma (ZMA). — Netherlands: 83
2 from following localities: Berg en Dal; Denekamp;
’s-Graveland; Groote Peel; Hilversum; Overveen;
Winterswijk; Zwanewater (RMNH, ZMA, coll. Kos-
ter). — Poland: 6 2, Wroclaw (Breslau), e.l. 15—
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 37
16.v.1858, 1863, [Wocke] (MHUB); 1 2 (Lectotype,
see above). — No data: 1 9, e.l. 24.11.1866 (MHUB).
Mines. — Austria: Peggau. — France: Barr. —
Germany, West: Birresborn; Blankenheim; Wies-
baum. — Germany, East: Berlin, leg. Hering
(BMNH). —Great Britain: Earls Colne (Essex). —
Hungary: Budapest. — Italy: Naturno. — Nether-
lands: many localities. — Yugoslavia: Fuzine, SW of
Delnice.
The Ectoedemia preisseckeri group
14. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) preisseckeri
(Klimesch, 1941)
(figs. 49, 102, 167, 168, 244, 293, 364, 402, 435,
479, 540)
Nepticula preisseckeri Klimesch, 1941: 162—168, figs.
1—10, pl. 16. Lectotype d (here designated) Aus-
tria: Klosterneuburg, Kritzendf. Au, e.l. 2.v.1939,
Preissecker, Ulm., Genitalia slide MV 12214
(NMW) [examined].
Stigmella preisseckeri; Hering, 1957: 1092, fig. 698,
705b (mine); Klimesch, 1961: 760.
Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) preisseckeri; Klimesch, 1975c:
11,3 figs. (d genitalia, mine).
Ectoedemia preisseckeri; Borkowski, 1975: 493.
Diagnosis: externally almost inseparable from
albifasciella-complex, see key-characters. Male
genitalia characterised by two pairs of similar,
curved carinae and triangular gnathos. Female
genitalia differ by combination of pectinate bur-
sa and slightly dissimilar signa, which are much
shorter than in albifasciella-complex.
Description.
Male (fig. 49). Forewing length 5.6—6.0 mm
(2.63 + 0.09, 6), wingspan 5.6—6.0 mm. Head:
frontal tuft and collar yellowish orange to ferru-
ginous. Antennae with 36—39 segments (37.2 +
1.2, 6). Thorax and forewings blackish fuscous,
thorax without white scales at tip of mesoscu-
tum and tegulae; forewing with yellowish
white, not shining spots: one dorsal in middle,
and one costal before middle, sometimes united
to form fascia. Hindwing without hair-pencil
but with costal bristles.
Female. Forewing length 2.56—2.68 mm
(2.62 + 0.06, 5), wingspan 5.7—6.0 mm. Anten-
nae with 27—31 segments (29 + 1.6, 5).
Male genitalia (figs. 102, 244, 293, 364, 402).
Capsule length 257—317 um (4). Tegumen pro-
duced into broadly triangular pseuduncus.
Gnathos (fig. 293) Sith central element triangu-
lar, pointed. Valva (fig. 244) length 214 um (3),
widest at base, inner margin serrate by promi-
nent setal sockets, tip rounded; posterior mar-
gin with a notch, in ventral view suggesting a
double tip. Aedeagus (fig. 364, 402) 330—334
um (4), with a dorsal and dorsolateral pair of
strong, curved carinae of same length, dorsal
pair often overlapping; aedeagus slightly con-
stricted.
Female genitalia (figs. 167, 168, 435). Ab-
dominal tip narrow. T7 with a row of 6—12 se-
tae along posterior margin. T8 approximately
quadrate, with two groups of 1-4 setae, without
scales. Anal papillae with 12—19 setae. Vestibu-
lum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate
pouch with many spines, both single and in
rows, and a dense patch of pectinations near en-
trance of ductus spermathecae. Ductus bursae
densely covered with pectinations. Corpus bur-
sae 550—790 um, covered with small pectina-
tions, except anterior part; signa ovoid, slightly
dissimilar in length, longest 369—441 um (3),
shortest 330—394 um (3), 2.43.0 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 21/5—312 con-
volutions.
Larva. Whitish, with distinct ganglia. Penulti-
mate stages with 12 dark brown ventral plates,
which are shed during final instar. See detailed
description by Klimesch (1941).
Biology.
Hostplant: Ulmus spp.
Mine (fig. 479). Egg on either side of leaf, on
a vein. Early mine narrow, much contorted gal-
lery, with frass in widely separated pellets, then
abruptly widening into elongate blotch, with
blackish frass concentrated in basal half or at
margins, often absorbing early gallery.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae in Septem-
ber—Oktober. Adults probably in May-June
(reared in April—June).
Distribution (fig. 540).
Only known from the Danube valley, near
Vienna and Budapest, although not always near
the river.
Material examined: 84, 5 2. — Austria: 2 d, Bad
Deutsch Altenburg, Pfaffenberg, 3 km SW Hainburg,
e.l. 21.vi.1984, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 4,1 2
(paralectotypes), Klosterneuburg, e.l. 23.iv.1939, J.
Klimesch; 2 d, 1 © (lecto- and paralectotypes), Klos-
terneuburg, Kritzendf. Au, e.l. 1—3.v.1939, Ulm.,
Preissecker; 1 9, Klosterneuburg, Kuhau, el.
7.v.1939, Preissecker; 1 6, Wien, L.-Enzersdorf, e.l
19.v.1918, Ulm, Preissecker (NMW). — Hungary: 2
3, 2 9, Budapest, Kamaraerdö, el. 19—20.v.1975,
Ulmus camp., J. Szöcs (TMAB).
Mines. — Austria: Bad Deutsch Altenburg (Hain-
burg); Wien, Prater.
38 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
The Ectoedemia suberis group
The species of this group feed on Quercus
species, and make blotch mines. Except aegilo-
pidella, they form a relatively uniform group of
fasciate moths, with conspicuous hair-pencil in
male, and often a hairy abdominal tip in female.
Male genitalia have large curved valvae, one
pair of single carinae, and a simple gnathos.
Female genitalia are characterised by weak
development of vaginal sclerite and spiculate
pouch, a globular bursa, covered with pectina-
tions and wide, similar, oval signa.
The larvae are invariably green and have no
ventral plates.
The European species all occur in the south-
ern part and the group is probably also present
in the Eastern Palaearctic area (E. chasanella
Puplesis, 1984a).
15. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) caradjai
(Groschke, 1944)
(igs 5011035 178,245,2406,294,365,407,.436,
483, 526)
Nepticula caradjai Hering, 1932: 16. [nomen nudum,
description of mine only]; Toll, 1934b: 72 (record
of mine).
Nepticula caradjai Groschke, 1944: 118, figs. 3, 4.
? Holotype ©, [Italy: Sicilia, Taormina], 518 [e.l.
9.1x.1942, Quercus pubescens, F. Groschke]
(SMNS) [examined].
Stigmella caradjai; Klimesch, 1951: 65, fig. 73; Gera-
sımov, 1952: 232; Hering, 1957: 876, figs. 530,
538, 544 (mine); Klimesch, 1961: 762.
Nepticula caradjai; Sz6cs, 1965: 87.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) caradjai; Klimesch,
250, figs. 23, 24 (mine).
Ectoedemia caradjai; Sz6cs, 1981: 211.
? Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) species; Klimesch, 1978,
250, 251, fig. 25 (mine).
1978:
Diagnosis: male recognised by combination
of fascia, basal white streak on forewing and
white hair-pencil, female by same wing-pattern
and hairy abdominal tip. Sometimes basal streak
inconspicuous, then similar to larger suberis, but
in male of caradjai hair-pencil not surrounded
by special scales. See also leucothorax. Male
genitalia characterised by shape of valva. Female
genitalia separated from suberis by shape of sig-
na.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 1.88—2.4 mm (2.19 +
0.15, 13), wingspan 4.2—5.3 mm. Head: frontal
tuft yellowish to yellow mixed fuscous; collar
yellowish. Antennae long, with 43—51 seg-
ments (48.3 + 2.6, 11), scape with some brown
scales. Thorax brown, with some white scales,
especially at tip of mesoscutum and tegulae.
Forewings fuscous, with a basal white streak
along dorsum, sometimes joining fascia,
sometimes inconspicuous, and a medial, almost
straight fascia, sometimes broken. Hindwing
with snowwhite hair-pencil of ‘4 hindwing
length, not surrounded by special scales.
Female (fig. 50). Forewing length 2.32—2.68
mm (4), wingspan 5.2—5.8 mm. Antennal seg-
ments 30—32 (4).
Male genitalia (figs. 103, 245, 246, 294, 365,
407). Capsule length 244—261 um (251.1 + 7.8,
5). Tegumen produced into small, but distinct,
rounded pseuduncus (fig. 407). Gnathos (fig.
294) with narrow long central element, blunt at
tip, with smooth margins. Valva (fig. 245)
length 171193 m'(1187-7, #93, 5) mnermar-
gin basally almost straight, gradually becoming
strongly concave towards pointed tip; outer
margin uniformly convex. Aedeagus (fig. 365)
274—291 um (282 + 7.0, 5), cärınae pointed,
single, curved outwards.
Female genitalia (figs. 173, 436). T7 with a
crescent-shaped patch of at least 100, very long
setae, appearing pectinate at large magnifica-
tions (1000 x). In addition T7 + 8 covered with
about 50 shorter, more widely spaced setae, T8
without scales. Anal papillae wide, each with
about 40 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite,
and an indistinct dorsal spiculate plate, with few
spines. Corpus bursae 495—570 um, covered
with pectinations, except in distal third; signa
almost similar, 300— 394 um (6), 2.4—2.7 umes
as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with
31/,—4 inconspicuous convolutions.
Larva. Green. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l.,
from which it has been reared most often. Mines
recorded from: Q. frainetto Ten., Q. petraea L.
s.l.. About occurrence on Q. infectoria Olivier
and Q. coccifera L. see remarks.
Mine (fig. 483). Egg on either surface, usually
near or at margin. Early mine narrow contorted
gallery up to 1.5 cm long, filled with frass,
abruptly enlarging into roundish or elongated
blotch with frass heaped near entrance, or in
two lateral lines.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from July to
September, adults from late May to early July,
earlier records refer to reared material. Klı-
mesch (1978) supposed that a second generation
|
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 39
occurred in Anatolia, since his July larvae gave
rise to adults in August.
Distribution. (fig. 526).
In central and southern Europe, south and
east of the Alps. Westernmost locality is in
France. Not yet recorded, but to be expected
from Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Bulgaria.
Remarks.
Most authors incorrectly attribute the name
caradjai to Hering. Although he gave this name
to the species, it is not available, since he de-
scribed the mine only, after 1930 (Code, art.
13a, 16). Toll was the first who reared the adult,
and some of his specimens are labelled as type,
but he failed to describe the species. Thus,
Groschke has to be regarded as the author, since
he was the first who described caradjai. The
collection of Groschke is in SMNS, but it is al-
most useless, since his specimens bear only la-
bels with a number. According to W. Speidel
(pers. comm.) no diaries or notebooks belong-
ing to Groschke could be traced to find the
meaning of these numbers. However, when I
borrowed all the Nepticulidae from this collec-
tion, it was apparent that all specimens num-
bered from 514 tot 573 belong to species, which
were collected in Taormina, Sicily, during the
war. We know this from Groschke (1944) and
from the Hering Herbarium (BMNH), where
many nepticulid mines collected by Groschke
are to be found. It is furthermore notable, that
the first (514) and last (573) number are repre-
sented by species, which are typically mediter-
ranean, i.e. Nepticula euphorbiella Stainton and
N. groschkei Skala, therefore probably none of
this series was collected elsewhere. There is one
2 specimen in this collection, labelled 518,
which corresponds completely with Groschke’s
description, and undoubtedly belongs to carad-
jai, but unfortunately lacks the abdomen.
Groschke only mentioned one specimen in his
description, so with some reluctance, it 1s ac-
cepted as the holotype of caradjai.
It is not yet clear if caradjai is one variable
species, or forms a complex comparable with
subbimaculella. Klimesch reared some very sim-
ilar specimens from the semi-evergreen Quercus
infectoria and the evergreen Q. coccifera (Kli-
mesch, 1978). These specimens differ slightly
since they are smaller, but do not show diagnos-
tic differences. Their measurements are
therefore excluded from the above mentioned
data, but follow here:
1. from GQ. infectoria. 3d: forewing length
1.84—2.04 mm (2), antennal segments 47—
48. Capsule 206 um, valva 171 um (fig.
246), aedeagus 244 um. 9 : forewing length
1.88—2.04 mm, antennal segments 31—32.
Bursa 440 um, signa 227—270 um, 2.3—2.5
x as wide as long, less setae on T8 and anal
papillae (about 20) (see fig. 174).
2. from Q. coccifera. 2: forewing length 2.2
mm, antennal segments 33. Bursa 570 um,
signa 334—343 um, 2.8 X as long as wide,
30 setae on anal papillae; ductus spermathe-
cae with 3 convolutions (fig. 175).
More material is needed to check the constan-
cy of these observations, and also especially to
compare specimens reared from Q. pubescens
on Rhodos.
Material examined: 17 6, 7 2. — Austria: 1 d,
Gumpoldskirchen, Glaslauterriegel, 4.v11.1976, Kasy;
2 8, Hackelsberg, N. of Neusiedlersee, 23.v1.1975,
29.vi.1977, Kasy; 1 d, Wien, Leopoldsberg, e.l.
26.v.1943, Q. pubescens, Preissecker (NMW). —
Hungary: 1 6, Csopak, e.l. 24.v.1971, J. Szöcs; 1 2,
Nagykovacsi, Remetehegy, el. 19.vi.1963, J. Szócs
(TMAB). — Italy: 6 d, Monti Aurunci (Latina), 4 km
NW Castelforte, 400 m, 22—23.vi + 1.vu.1969, R.
Johansson (coll. Johansson); 1 d, Sitizano (Calabria),
450 m, 28.viii.1977, S. E. Whitebread (coll. White-
bread); 1 2, ? Holotype (see above). — Turkey: 1 6,
Anatolia, Kizilcahamam, 700 m, 31.vii—1.vi.1963,
Arenberger (LNK); USSR: 2 d, 4 2, Babince, k.
Rae (Reclelle), else 5s 388, 187 1eı—
1.iv.1939, Q. pubescens, S. Toll (IPAK, MHUB); 2 5,
Scianka Hlody, p. Borszezów (Podolia), el. 25
26.11.1939, S. Toll (IPAK, MHUB). — Yugoslavia: 1
?. Treschkaschlucht, near Skopje, 21—30.v1.1959, F.
Kasy (NMW).
Identity uncertain: 2 d, 4 2. — Greece: 2 d,3 9,
Rhodos, Treas, e.l. 20—30.iv.1978, Quercus infecto-
ria, J. Klimesch; 1 2, Rhodos, Trianta, e.l. 4.v.1974,
Quercus cocafera, J. Klimesch (ZSMK).
Mines. — On Quercus frainetto. — Greece: Oiti
Oros (Fthiotis). On Quercus petraea s.l.. — Greece:
W. Palaiokastron (Evritania). On Quercus pubescens.
— Austria: Gumpoldskirchen; Hainburg: Hunds-
heimer Berg. — France: Aix-en-Provence, leg. J. W.
Schoorl; Viens (Vaucluse) (near Apt), leg. R. Buvat.
— Greece: Evvoia, Dhirfis Oros; Oiti Oros (Fthio-
tis); Voutonasi (Ioannina). — Italy: Abruzzi: Goia dei
Marsi; Picinisco; Lazio: Veio; Sicilia, Taormina, leg
Groschke (BMNH); USSR: Bendery (Tighina), leg.
Hering (BMNH).
Identity uncertain: on Quercus infectoria. —
Greece: Rhodos, leg. Klimesch.
16. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) species
(specimen 1843)
(figs. 104, 247, 295, 366)
40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Material: 1 d: Spain: Aragon, Rubielos de
Mora, 4.vii.1967, Arenberger, Genitalia slide
VU 1843 (LNK).
This specimen clearly belongs in the group
near caradjai and suberis, but is almost certainly
specifically different. Due to the bad condition
of the specimen, however, I refrain from nam-
ing it. It is most easily separated from the other
species in the group by the ochreous brown
hair-pencil, surrounded by brown lamellar
scales. The genitalia are most similar to caradjat.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.44 mm, wingspan
5.4 mm. Antennal segments not countable.
Worn specimen, wing pattern similar to suberis.
Hindwing with ochreous brown hair-pencil,
surrounded by brown lamellar special scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 104, 247, 295, 366). Cap-
sule length 257 um. Tegumen very broad, trun-
cate. Gnathos with triangular central element
(fig. 295). Valva (fig. 247) length 206 um, inner
margin concave, outer margin strongly convex,
tip pointed. Aedeagus (fig. 366) 304 um, carinae
pointed, single.
17. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) suberis
(Stainton, 1869) comb.n.
(figs. 51, 105, 169, 170, 248, 296, 367, 408, 437,
480, 542)
Nepticula suberis Stainton, 1869: 229. Lectotype d
(here designated), France: Cannes, e.l., found
dead, iii.[18]68, Q. suber, green larva, Stainton,
Genitalia slide BM 22577 (BMNH) [examined].
Nepticula viridella Mendes, 1910: 165, pl. 7, figs. 6, 9.
Syntypes, Portugal, prov. Beira Baixa, San Fiel,
Mendes (depository unknown) [not examined]
Syn. nov.
Nepticula suberis; Wocke, 1871: 338; Rebel, 1901:
227; Meess, 1910: 479; Petersen, 1930; 71, fig. 101
(6 genitalia).
Stigmella suberis; Gerasimov, 1952: 262; Hering,
1957: 868, fig. 539 (mine); Lhomme, 1963: 1196.
Stigmella (Stigmella) suberis; Leraut, 1980: 48.
Nepticula viridella; Hering, 1935: 373.
Stigmella viridella; Gerasimov, 1952: 260; Hering,
1957: 867 (mine).
Diagnosis: separated from caradjai by ab-
sence of white basal streak on forewing, and
presence in male of white lamellar scales, sur-
rounding hair-pencil. The hair-pencil in male,
and the dense group of long setae on the female
postabdomen also separate suberis from haraldi
and other similar oak-mining species. In male
genitalia the shape of the valva is very character-
istic. See also diagnosis for andalusiae.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.72—3.08 mm (2.95
+ 0.09, 22), wingspan 6.5—6.8 mm. Head:
frontal tuft yellowish orange to ferruginous;
collar lighter. Antennae long with 49—60 short
segments (54.9 + 3.3, 17). Thorax and forewing
brown, irrorate with white; a medial almost
straight dull white fascia. Hindwing with white
hair-pencil surrounded by white special lamellar
scales.
Female (fig. 51). Forewing length 2.8—3.24
mm (3.05 + 0.10, 23), wingspan 6.4—7.2 mm.
Antennal segments 37—43 (39.1 + 1.5, 18).
Male genitalia (figs. 105, 248, 296, 367, 408).
Capsule length.261—296 um (279.5 + 11.5, 9).
Tegumen produced into broadly triangular,
rounded pseuduncus (fig. 408). Gnathos (fig.
296) with long triangular central element. Valva
(fig. 248) length 201—227 um (212.7 + 9.1, 8),
basally broad with inner margin convex, below |
middle suddenly narrowed and inner margin be-
coming concave towards tip. Aedeagus (fig.
367) 343—394 um (375 + 18.0, 8), much longer
than capsule, carinae single, pointed, slightly
curved outwards.
Female genitalia (figs. 169, 170, 437). T7 with
a semicircular patch of 120—200 very long,
smooth setae. T7 and 8 in addition with about
80—100 shorter setae, without scales. Anal pa-
pillae with 29—37 setae. Vestibulum with vagi-
nal sclerite and a spiculate pouch with hardly
visible spines, without pectinations. Corpus
bursae almost globular, 550—660 um; covered
with minute pectinations; signa similar, 364—
437 um (417.4 + 40.0, 10), 2.3—2.4 x as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 4—4' distinct
convolutions.
Larva. Dirty green, with conspicuous brown
ganglia. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L.,
Q. rotundifolia Lam, Q. coccifera L. and possi-
bly Q. faginea Lam.
Mine (fig. 480). Egg on leaf-upperside. Mine
starts as contorted gallery filled with frass, later
widening into large irregular blotch with the
frass in basal half or in two lateral lines. Larva
feeds only in upper parenchym layers.
Life history. Univoltine. Larva feeds in win-
ter, mainly from January to March, occasionally
early April. Larva or pupa aestivates in cocoon,
adult flies from July to early October, but some
specimens from Marbella were taken in June.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 41
Distribution (fig. 542).
Western mediterranean species, known from
Iberian peninsula, France, Corsica, Sardınıa and
North Africa. Not recorded from mainland
i Italy.
Remarks.
In contrast with ilicis, no types of viridella
. Mendes could be found in the De Joannis col-
lection in Paris, but it does contain two speci-
mens, labelled viridella, collected in Salamanca
(Spain), probably by Mendes, who lived there
after 1910 (Zerkowitz, 1946). These specimens
are identical with suberis. Also Mendes’ descrip-
tion does not give reason to believe that virıdel-
la should be regarded as a distinct species, it is
therefore synonymised here.
Material examined: 33 gd, 33 ©. — France: 1 6,
Lectotype (see above); 2 6d, Cannes, Ragonot
(RMNH); 2 d, 4 9, Alp. Mar., Cannes, Constant
(IRSN, MNHN, RMNH); 1 2, Collobriéres (Var),
e.l. 3.1x.1981, Quercus suber, S. E. Whitebread (coll.
Whitebread); 3 6, Corse, el. 29.vin + 6.1x.1906, Q.
ilex, Chrétien (MNHN); 1 ©, Golfe Juan, Alp. marit.,
Constant (IRSN); 1 d, 3 9, « Nesp. » (? near St.
' Pons, dep. Hérault), 2.vii.1904, Chrétien; 3 d, St.
Pons, 4.vii.1904, Chrétien (MNHN). — Italy: 3 6,
Sardegna, Mt. Istiddi, 1.1x.1978, G. Derra; 1 d, Sar-
degna, Bacu Trotu, Ortuabis, 800 m, 28.vi11.1978, G.
Derra (coll. Derra); 1 4, Sardegna, prov. Nuoro, Vil-
lanova-Strisaili 885 m, 7.vii.1983, J. Kuchlein (coll.
Kuchlein). — Morocco: 1 d, Tanger, 2.v.1902, Wal-
singham (BMNH). — Spain: 1 9, Albarracin (Arago-
nia), el. 1x.1933, Quercus ilex, Hering (MHUB); 1 4,
1 2, Alcuescar, Caceres, 1.x.1983, C. Gielis (Coll.
Gielis; EvN); 3 d, Andalucia, prov. Malaga, road to
Ojen, 150 m, 12.vi.1981, E. Traugott-Olsen (ETO); 1
3,7 km N. Benahavis (Málaga), road to Ronda, 800
m, e.l. 21—22.viti.1984, Quercus coccifera, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 d, 1 2, La Vid (Burgos), 800
m, 23—28.1x.1965, H. G. Amsel; 1 &, Cataluna, Port
Bou, 18—28.ix.1966, Arenberger (LNK); 1 ?, 4 km
NE Igualeja, Serrania de Ronda (Malaga), 1100 m, e.l.
21—22.vi11.1984, Quercus rotundifolia, E. J. van
Nieukerken; 1 d, 7 2, Marbella (Malaga), Casa y
Campo, 100 m, el. 29.viii—29.x.1984, Quercus cocci-
fera, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 d 2 2, Las Mur-
tas (near Elche), Murcia, 23.ix.1983, C. Gielis (coll.
Gielis, EvN); 1 d, 1 2, Salamanca, el. 25.viii., Q. ilex
[Mendes], coll. de Joannis (as viridella) (MNHN); 1
2, San Roque, Cadiz, 29.ix.1983, C. Gielis; 4 d, 10
2, Sierra Blanca, 6 km N. Marbella (Málaga), El Mira-
dor, 800 m, e.l. 13—28.viii.1984, Quercus suber + ro-
tundifolia, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Quercus suber. — France: Collo-
brieres, Var., leg. Whitebread; Plan d’Aups, Var., leg.
Whitebread (coll. Whitebread). — Spain: prov. Mala-
ga: Casares; Istan; Marbella; Serranıa de Ronda; Sier-
ra Blanca, N. Marbella. — Tunisia: Jebel Abiod; Ain
Draham. On Quercus ilex. — France: Corsica, Barbi-
caja, leg. Buhr (BMNH). On Quercus rotundifolia. —
Algeria: Aurés Mts, near Arris; Aures Mts, Dj.
Chélia. — Spain: Sierra Almijara, N. Otivar; Sierra
Blanca, N. Marbella; Serrania de Ronda. Identity un-
certain: on Quercus faginea. — Spain: Istan.
18. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) andalusiae
sp. n.
(figs. 52, 106, 171, 172, 249, 297, 368, 409, 438,
481, 526)
Type material: Holotype 2: Spain (Malaga):
Marbella, Casa y Campo, 100 m, 8.11.1984, e.l.
17—18.v.1984, Quercus coccifera, VU no.
84043 KE, E. J. van Nieukerken, Genitalia Slide
1899 (ZMA). Paratypes, 4 6, 3 9. — Spain: 2
d, 1 2, Andalucia, prov. Malaga, Camino de
(road to) Ojen, 150 m, 12.v1.1981, E. Traugott-
Olsena ZN AERO) RS dem Aleviel Osos
©, Andalucia, prov. Málaga, Camino de (road
to) Istan, 400 m, 4.v11.1973, E. Traugott-Olsen
(ETO); 1 3, Marbella, Casa y Campo, ca 100
m, 18.1x.1982, E. Traugott-Olsen (ETO); 1 2,
Pyr. Orient., Tolorin b. Martinet, 6.v11.1967,
Arenberger (LNK). Mines examined: on
Q. coccifera from type locality, mixed with
E. suberis mines.
Diagnosis: 2 separated from suberis by ab-
sence of long setae on abdominal tip; from ha-
raldı by straighter fascia and genitalia. d very
similar to suberis, separated by ochreous-brown
hair-pencil instead of white, and markedly
shorter capsule with blunt and wide tegumen.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.44—2.72 mm (4):
wingspan 5.4—6.2 mm. Head: frontal tuft and
collar yellowish-orange. Antennae with 49-57
segments. Thorax and forewings brown, with
medial, almost straight, constricted, dull-white
fascia. Hindwing with ochreous-brown hair-
pencil, surrounded by white lamellar scales as in
suberis.
Female (fig. 52). Forewing length 2.4—3.04
mm (4), wingspan 5.5—6.9 mm. Antennae with
35—38 segments.
Male genitalia (figs. 106, 249, 297, 368, 409).
Capsule length 223—261 um (4). Vinculum an-
teriorly narrower than in suberis. Tegumen
truncate, very broad, hardly produced into
pseuduncus (fig. 409). Gnathos (fig. 297) with
tiangular central element. Valva (fig. 249) length
193—210 um (4), basally broad with inner mar-
gin convex, below middle suddenly narrowed
42 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
and inner margin becoming concave towards
tip. Aedeagus (fig. 368) 309—351 um (4), much
longer than capsule, carinae single, pointed,
slightly curved outwards.
Female genitalia (figs. 171, 172, 438). T7
without long setae. T8 with two lateral patches
of scales and 4—7 setae. Anal papillae wide,
with 18—24 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal
sclerite and a spiculate pouch with very few,
small spines, without pectinations. Corpus bur-
sae almost globular, 495—640 um; covered with
minute pectinations; signa similar, 330—377 um
(348.2 + 1.41, 8), 1.92.5 x as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 512 convolutions.
Larva. As suberis.
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus coccifera L., from which
holotype was bred.
Mine (fig. 481). Not differentiated from the
mine of suberis.
Life history. Adults taken in June, July and
one male in September, larvae found ın January.
Distribution (fig. 526).
Only known from Spain.
Remarks.
This species is closely related to E. suberis,
but the female shows several diagnostic fea-
tures, especially in the abdominal tip. The holo-
type was reared from a mixed sample of mines
collected on Quercus coccifera, from which also
suberis has been reared. The mines do not give
any evidence of the presence of two species.
19. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) aegilopidella
(Klimesch, 1978) comb. n.
(figs. 53, 54, 107, 176, 250, 298, 369, 410, 439,
482, 546)
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) aegilopidella Klimesch, 1978:
269—271, figs. 65—69. Holotype d, Greece:
Rhodos: Rodini, e.l. 17—30.iv.1973, Zucht nr.
1054, Quercus macrolepis, 22.1x.1972, J. Klimesch,
Genitalia slide Kl. 4107 (ZSMK) [genitalia slide
examined].
Diagnosis: very small species with a wing-
span of less than 4.2 mm. Males with basal % of
hindwing covered with brown special scales, as
in heringella and terebinthivora, but separated
from these two by presence of a hair-pencil in
aegilopidella. Females very similar to terebin-
thivora, but terebinthivora has a more yellow
fascia. Male genitalia very characteristic and di-
agnosed by small size, wide capsule, gnathos
and tegumen. Female genitalia characterised by
absence of group of many long setae and small
and short signa.
Description.
Male (fig. 53). Forewing length 1.80—1.92
mm (2), wingspan 4.0—4.2 mm. Head: frontal
tuft and collar yellowish white. Antennae with
35—37 segments (2). Thorax and forewings
ochreous-brown, with a medial, often ill-de-
fined, straight fascia, colour yellowish white.
Underside of forewing with a group of brown
androconial scales in distal half, and a group of
short, yellowish-white lamellar scales near cos-
tal retinaculum. Hindwing with a yellowish-
white hair-pencil of ‘4 hindwing length; basal
% covered with brown lamellar, special scales.
Female (fig. 54). Forewing length 1.58—1.80 ©
mm (3), wingspan 3.8—4.1 mm. Antennae with
23—25 segments (3). Underside forewing and
hindwing without special scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 107, 250, 298, 369, 410).
Capsule very short, length 150—167 um (3).
Tegumen produced into ventral globular pseu-
duncus (fig. 410). Gnathos (fig. 298) with cen-
tral element broad and truncate, in form of a
transverse bar. Valva (fig. 250) length 133—150
um, basally broad, below middle suddenly nar-
rowed and inner margin becoming concave to-
wards tip; outer margin uniformly convex. Ae-
deagus (fig. 369) 244—279 um (3), more than
1.5 X as long as capsule, carinae single, pointed.
Female genitalia (figs. 176, 439). T7 without
long setae. T8 small, with few scales laterally
and with 8—14 setae. Anal papillae with 6—8
setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, slightly
different from that in other species and a spicu-
late pouch with very few small spines, without
pectinations. Corpus bursae small, 310—350
um, covered with many pectinations, except
distal part; signa similar, oval, 189—223 um
(209.3 + 14.9, 6), 2.0—2.3 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 3—3¥, convolutions.
Larva emerald green, head-capsule brown.
No ventral plates (Klimesch, 1978).
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus macrolepis Kotschy.
Mine (fig. 482). Egg on leaf upperside. Early
mine contorted gallery, widening into irregular
blotch or wide gallery, with dispersed central
frass.
Life history. Probably univoltine. Larvae col-
lected in September, adults emerged in April.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 43
Distribution (fig. 546).
Only known from Rhodos.
Material examined: 3 d, 3 © (holo- and paratypes),
' Greece, Rhodos, Rodini, e.l. 17—30.iv.1973, Quercus
macrolepis, 22.ix.1972, J. Klimesch (ZSMK). Mines: 2
mines, same data (ZMA).
The Ectoedemia subbimaculella group
This is a uniform group of Quercus mining
species, making gallery mines or gallery-blotch
mines.
Adults of this group have various colour pat-
terns, but never with metallic shining spots or
fasciae. Males of most species possess costal
bristles instead of a hair-pencil, except quın-
quella, cf. algeriensis and gilvipennella.
The group is best characterised by the female
| genitalia: vestibulum with a ring-shaped vaginal
sclerite, a spiculate pouch with the spicules
partly separate, partly in small rows of 2—3 in
contrast to populella-group, and a patch of
dense pectinations near entrance of ductus sper-
mathecae. In contrast with all other Ectoedemia
species except intimella, the corpus bursae is de-
L void of pectinations.The signa are long and
elongate, dissimilar, the shortest being 3.5—7.5
times as long as wide, except in leucothorax.
Larvae are yellow, whitish or green, and
many species possess black ventral plates during
the penultimate instars.
The group is best developed in the mediterra-
nean area, and also occurs in Japan.
20. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) quinquella
(Bedell, 1848)
He 106177251299 570) Al L440) 485°
527)
Microsetia quinquella Bedell, 1848: 1986. Syntypes,
England, West Wickham, 30.vi.1847, G. Bedell,
(depository unknown), [not examined]
[no genus] quinquella; Herrich-Schäffer [1854]: pl.
114 fig. 928.
Nepticula quinquella; Stainton, 1849: 29; 1854: 301;
Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: 355; Frey, 1857: 407,
408; Stainton, 1859: 433; Wocke, 1871: 339; Mey-
mak, 18775 iil, UWS 19958 7259 gi WEE Sr
343; Rebel, 1901: 227; Meess, 1910: 480; Mey-
rick, 1928: 862; Petersen, 1930: 76, fig. 114 (d
genitalia).
Dechtiria quinquella; Beirne, 1945: 206, fig. 71 (d
genitalia); Emmet, 1971: 248.
Stigmella quinquella; Gerasimov,
Lhomme, 1963: 1201.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) quinquella; Hering, 1957: 870,
fig. 534 (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) quinquella; Johansson, 1971:
245.
1952 2552
Ectoedemia quinquella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2; Em-
met, 1976: 189, pl. 6, fig. 16, pl. 12, fig. 33.
Diagnosis: easily separated from all other
Ectoedemia species, described here, except alge-
riensis, by characteristic pattern of three white
spots on forewing: a costal, a dorsal and a discal
spot. It can be separated from algeriensis by its
dark thorax, and males from cf algeriensis by
the darker hair-pencil and different form of val-
va and gnathos.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 1.84—2.28 mm (2.10
+ 0.17, 6), wingspan 4.2—5.0 mm. Head: fron-
tal tuft almost completely black, with a few fus-
cous scales on frons; collar black. Antennae
with 36—42 segments (39.8 + 2.6, 4). Thorax
black, posterior tips of mesoscutum and tegulae
white. Forewings black with three white spots:
a costal on Vs from wingbase, a dorsal, approxi-
mately in middle, and a discal on % from base,
sometimes a few white scales near wingbase.
Hindwing with yellowish hair-pencil of approx-
imately Va hindwing length, surrounded by yel-
low lamellar scales.
Female (fig. 55). Forewing length 2.04—2.68
mm (2.37 + 0.19, 8), wingspan 4.6—5.6 mm.
Antennal segments 26—29 (28.1 + 1.1, 7).
Male genitalia (figs. 108, 251, 299, 370, 411).
Capsule length 227—266 um (2). Tegumen (fig.
411) rounded, slightly indented at tip. Gnathos
(fig. 299) with central element divided, distal
part spatulate, basal part with serrate margin.
Valva (fig. 251) length 171—257 um (2), inner
margin concave, except basally, tip narrow,
dorsal surface with comparatively few setae.
Aedeagus (fig. 370) length 171—257 um (3), ca-
rinae pointed, single or bifurcate, sometimes
with additional spines at base.
Female genitalia (figs. 177, 440). T8 with two
lateral groups of scales and few setae, on T7
along anterior margin of T8 a few small setae,
not arranged in distinct row. Anal papillae with
12—18 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a
dorsal spiculate pouch, and a group of densely
packed pectinations near entrance of ductus
spermathecae. Corpus bursae 550—670 um,
without pectinations; signa dissimilar, longest
411—514 um (4), shortest 356—454 um, 4.0—
4.7 X as long as wide (4). Ductus spermathecae
with 2 indistinct convolutions.
Larva. Yellow, with dark brown head-capsule
and conspicuous black ventral plates, which are
shed during final instar. Thereafter ganglia visi-
ble.
44 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea
el:
Mine (fig. 485). Egg on leat underside, often
against vein. Mine highly contorted gallery; ear-
ly mine filled with narrow linear frass, later
with irregular dispersed black frass, leaving
wide clear margins. Often many mines occur in
the same leaf.
-Life history. Univoltine. Larvae occur late in
the season, in England in late October and No-
vember, in Greece very young larvae have been
found in mid September. The adults fly in the
second half of June and early July.
Distribution (fig. 527).
Atlantic-mediterranean species, locally abun-
dant in southern England, known from a small
number of localities in Belgium, France, Italy
and Greece. Record from Norway (Grönlien,
1937) probably incorrect.
Remarks.
Types of this species are unknown, and Be-
dell’s collection does not seem to exist any more
(see atrifrontella). From Bedell’s description
and figure the identity of this species is not in
doubt.
Material examined: 6 d, 119. — Belgium: 1 9,
Tervuren, 20.vi.1888, Crombrugghe; 1 ©, Zolder,
27.v1.1938, E. Janmoulle (IRSN). — France: 1 ®,
Achères (Yvelines), 22.vi.1947, Le Marchand; 1 6,
l’Etang la Ville (Yvelines), 21.vi.1942, Le Marchand
(MNHN); 1 6, Vannes, e.l. 27.vi.1913, Joannis
(IRSN). — Great Britain: 2 d, 19, 10 km NE New-
market, Herringswell, 11.x1.1981, e.l. 8—10.vi.1982,
A. M. Emmet, J. W. Schoorl; 1 2, Pods Wood, 2 km
N. of Tiptree (Essex), 23.x.1979, e.l. 17.vi.1980, A. M.
Emmet, G. Bryan & E. J. van Nieukerken; 2 6, 4 2,3
km E. Rainham, Belhus Wood, 24.x.1979, e.l. vi.1980,
G. Bryan, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA, partly on al-
cohol). — Greece: 1 2, Litochorion, 3—400 m, 14—
22.v1.1957, J. Klimesch (ZSMK). — Country un-
known: 1 ©, Macedonia, Kr., coll. Staudinger
(MHUB).
Mines. — On Quercus robur. — Great Britain:
Herringswell; Tiptree; Rainham; Weeley. On Quer-
cus petraea sl. — Greece: 4 km W. Palaiokastron,
Evritania.
Additional records (figs. of externals and d genita-
lia by Klimesch, examined). — Italy: Liguria, Testico
(near Alassio), 470 m, 5.vii.1969, Jackh; Liguria, Con-
na, S. Sebastiano (near Pigna), 4.vii.1969, Jackh.
21. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) algeriensis
sp.n.
(figs. 56, 178, 441, 484, 527)
Type material: Holotype 9: Algeria: Aures,
near Arris, 32 km SSE of Batna, 1700 m,
28 1V 1280 MopentO Wes wes, Sit 25, El
13.vi.1980, Quercus ilex, VU no 80064 KE,
Bryan, van Nieukerken & Oosterbroek, Geni-
talia slide 1125 (ZMA). Paratypes, 2 2, same
data as holotype, e.l. 13—16.v1.1980 (BMNH,
ZMA); Mines examined from type locality and
from Algeria: Aures, Dj. Chélia, 1600—1900 m.
Diagnosis: externally very similar to quin-
quella, but thorax entirely white and basal white
spot present. Genitalia (2) very characteristic
by dense hairy abdominal tip.
Description.
Male. Unknown, but see below.
Female (fig. 56). Forewing length 2.28—2.56
mm (3), wingspan 5.0—5.6 mm. Head: frontal -
tuft and collar fuscous to black. Antennae with
27—33 segments (3). Thorax completely white.
Forewings black, with four white spots: a small
basal, a large costal before middle, a dorsal, ap-
proximately in middle and a discal at 24 from
wingbase.
Female genitalia (figs. 178, 441). T8 (and T7?)
with more than 70 long setae, partly in row
along anterior margin, no scales. Anal papillae
with 24—28 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal
sclerite, a prominent dorsal spiculate pouch, and
a group of densely packed pectinations near en-
trance of ductus spermathecae. Corpus bursae
605—660 um without pectinations; signa dissi-
milar, longest 386—450 um (2), shortest 355—
420 um, 3.5—3.9 X as long as wide (2). Ductus
spermathecae with 2 indistinct convolutions.
Larva. Green, without ventral plates. Not ex-
amined in detail.
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus rotundifolia Lam. (often
regarded as form of ilex).
Mine (fig. 484). Egg on upper surface, often
on or near vein. Gallery, much contorted with
black frass leaving narrow clear margins. Mine
similar to that of ilicis, heringella and haraldi,
only separable by colour of larva.
Life history. Larvae taken in late April, adults
emerged in June. Males of cf. algeriensis found
in July.
Distribution (fig. 527).
Algeria: Aurés mountains, and probably Mo-
rocco (see remarks).
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 45
Remarks.
This species is described from three females
reared from a small sample, from which unfor-
| tunately no males emerged. Although clearly re-
| lated to quinquella, it is a distinct species, differ-
ing in genitalia and biology. The males de-
| scribed below probably belong to algeriensis
because, although they resemble quinquella,
they also differ in some ways. It is however not
wise to include them in the type-series of alge-
riensis, since they are too worn. Also they have
not been reared.
I have reared 1 ®, (slide 1897) from Quercus
coccifera from Spain (Malaga): 7 km N. Benaha-
vis, road to Ronda, 800 m, 7.11.1984, e.l. 17—
18.iv.1984, which externally corresponds with
| algeriensis, and also in the internal genitalia.
However, the terminal segments differ (fig. 442)
from those of the type series, and I therefore
can not identify this specimen with certainty
* until further material is available.
21A. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) cf. algeriensis
sp.n. (male)
(figs. 109. 252, 300, 371)
Material: 2 &, Morocco: Moyenne Atlas, Az-
rou, 16.vu.1975, F. Kasy (NMW). Two worn
males, which probably belong to algeriensis, see
remarks on that species.
Diagnosis: wing pattern unknown, differs
from ilicis and heringella by presence of hair-
pencil, from quinquella by white hair-pencil,
and from all by large number of antennal seg-
ments. Genitalia similar to ilicis and heringella,
but central element of gnathos remarkably
large.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.4 mm, wingspan +
5.4 mm. Head: colour of frontal tuft unknown,
all scales lost in the two specimens. Antennae
long, with 53—54 segments. Thorax probably
white. Colour-pattern of forewing not recogni-
sable, but presence of discal spot likely, the dis-
tribution of the few scales left on the wings,
suggest the likelyhood of a similar pattern as al-
geriensis. Hindwing with a white hair-pencil,
surrounded by a patch of yellow scales.
Male genitalia (figs. 109, 252, 300, 371). Cap-
sule 257 um long. Tegumen rounded. Gnathos
(fig. 300) with central element divided, distal
part prominent, spatulate, basal part with ser-
rate margin. Valva (fig. 252) length 206 um, in-
ner margin concave, tip wide and truncate, dor-
sal surface with few setae. Aedeagus (fig. 371)
274 um, carinae pointed, bi- or trifurcate.
22. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) gilvipennella
(Klimesch, 1946) comb. n.
(figs. 57, 58, 110, 179; 253, 301, 372, 443, 486,
543)
Stigmella gilvipennella Klimesch, 1946: 168, fig. 8.
Lectotype ¢ (here designated), Italy: Liguria, Fer-
rania near Altare, el. 26.1v.—7.v.1945, Quercus
cerris, ix.1944, Zucht No. 509, J. Klimesch, Geni-
talia slide Kl. 272 (ZSMK) [examined].
Stigmella (Stigmella) gilvipennella; Hering, 1957: 870.
Nepticula (Stigmella) gilvipennella; Szöcs, 1968: 228.
Diagnosis: the only predominantly white
Ectoedemia, further characterised in the male
by the prominent fuscous or black hair-pencil.
The other uniformly coloured Ectoedemia
species are darker and often larger. Without
examining genitalia or venation, females could
be mistaken for Trifurcula or Acalyptris species.
Male genitalia very similar to those of quin-
quella, but separated by dorsal lobe of valva.
Description.
Male (figs. 57, 58). Forewing length 2.08—
2.48 mm (2.32 + 0.13, 12), wingspan 4.9—5.4
mm. Head: frontal tuft yellowish, mixed with
fuscous, especially on vertex; collar yellowish
white. Antennae with 28—34 segments (30.8 +
1.5, 11). Thorax and forewings predominantly
white, irrorate with dark brown tipped scales,
no distinct colour-pattern. Hindwing with
fuscous to black hair-pencil of % hindwing
length, not surrounded by special scales.
Female. Forewing length 1.96—2.36 mm
(2.21 + 0.13, 13), wingspan 4.4—5.2 mm. An-
tennal segments (17)23—24 (23.4 + 0.5, 10).
Male genitalia (figs. 110, 253, 301, 372). Cap-
sule length 210—240 um (219.4 + 11.9, 5). Te-
gumen rounded. Gnathos (fig. 301) with central
element divided, distal part spatulate, basal part
with serrate margin. Valva (fig. 253) length
171—193 um (177 + 8.9, 5), inner margin con-
cave, outer margin dorsally folded back, form-
ing an inwardly projecting lobe, covering sever-
al setae, tip pointed. Aedeagus (fig. 372) 244—
257 um (248.6 + 6.1, 4), carinae pointed, single.
Female genitalia (figs. 179, 443). T7 with a
row of 8 long setae along anterior margin of T8;
T8 with 8 setae, no scales. Anal papillae with
11—13 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a
dorsal spiculate pouch, and a group of densely
packed pectinations near entrance of ductus
spermathecae. Corpus bursae 500 um, without
46 TijpscHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
pectinations; signa dissimilar, longest 347 um
(1), shortest 330 um (1), 3.9 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 3 convolutions.
Larva. Bright emerald green, with light yel-
low head-capsule. Ganglia invisible, ventral
plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus cerris L.
„Mine (fig. 486). Egg on leaf upperside, often
on or near vein. Early mine: narrow contorted
gallery with broken brown frass, later becoming
wide and more contorted gallery filled with
brown dispersed frass.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from late
October until late November. Adults reared
from April to June.
Distribution (fig. 543).
Probably throughout the range of Quercus
cerris, but yet only recorded from northwest
Italy, Hungary, and here for the first time from
Austria and Yugoslavia.
Material examined: 14 6, 13 2. — Austria: 6 6, 8
2, Hof am Leithagebirge, S. of Mannersdorf (Nie-
deröst), 200 m, el. 30.iv—14.vi.1984, E. J. van Nieu-
kerken; 2 5, 3 2, Loretto, 7 km N. Eisenstadt (Bur-
genland), 240 m, el. 30.iv.—8.v.1984, E. J. van Nieu-
kerken (ZMA). — Hungary: 1 d, Törökbálint (W. of
Budapest), 27.1v.1965, e.l., J. Szöcs; 3 d, 2 ®, same
data, el. 13—24.v.1974 (TMAB). — Italy: 2 d (lecto-
and paralectotype), Liguria, Ferrania near Altare, e.l.
26.iv.—7.v.1945, J. Klimesch (ZSMK).
Mines. — Austria: Hof am Leithagebirge; Loretto.
— Hungary: Törökbálint. — Yugoslavia (Bosna): S.
of Han Knezica, 11 km N. of Prijedor.
23. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) leucothorax
sp. n.
(figs. 59, 111, 180, 181, 254, 302, 372, 444, 527)
Type material: Holotype 6, Spain, Marbella
(Malaga), 5.v.1981, C. Gielis, Genitalia slide
VU 1892 (ZMA). Paratypes, 2 6,3 2. — Spain:
1 2, Andalusia, Marbella, L. Monteros, 25 m,
12.vii.1972, E, Traugott-Olsen (ZMC); 1 di,
Andalucia, Camino de (road to) Ojen, 150 m
(Marbella), 25.vi.1983, E. Traugott- Olsen
(ETO); 1 g, 2 2, Estepona, 10-21.v1.1979, Leo
Kohonen (ZMUO, ZMA).
Diagnosis: easily recognised by white thorax,
orange head and forewing with white streak
along dorsal margin, running from base to fas-
cia, and in male absence of hair-pencil. Exter-
nally most sımilar caradjaı has a dark thorax
and hair-pencil. Male genitalia characterised by
very long, slender valvae and aedeagus shorter
than capsule or valvae; female genitalia by
widened anterior apophyses, shape of T8, hairy
abdominal tip, similar signa and smooth bursa.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.28—2.44 mm (2),
wingspan 5.2—6.0 mm. Head: frontal tuft and
collar intensively orange. Antennae with 41—42
segments (2). Thorax and tegulae white, except
brown outer edge of tegulae; forewings fuscous,
with medial arched or interrupted white fascia,
united by white streak along dorsal margin to
wingbase, occupying 3—4 rows of scales; white
pattern in rest position of moth forming anchor-
shaped figure. Hindwing without hair-pencil,
but with costal bristles.
Female (fig. 59). Forewing length 2.4—2.72 |
mm (3), wingspan 5.2—6.0 mm. Antennae with
31—32 segments (3).
Male genitalia (figs. 111, 254, 302, 372). Cap-
sule length 304—330 um (3). Tegumen pro-
duced into rounded, approximately triangular,
pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 302), divided, with
narrow spatulate distal part, basal part with ser-
rate margin. Valva (fig. 254) length 279—321
um, very long and narrow, inner margin com-
pletely concave, outer margin completely con-
vex. Aedeagus (fig. 372) 244—279 um (3), dis-
tinctly shorter than capsule or valva, with single
pointed carinae, curved outwards.
Female genitalia (figs. 180, 181, 444). T7 with
a semicircular patch with about 200 closely set
long, smooth setae. T7 and 8 in addition with
about 50 shorter setae and a few scales laterally;
T8 with posteror margin truncate with promi-
nent corners. Anal papillae broad, with 16 setae.
Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spicu-
late pouch with many small spicules and a group
of densely packed pectinations near entrance of
ductus spermathecae. Corpus bursae 620—660
um, without pectinations; signa similar, 309—
339 um, 2.6—3.4 X as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 2 convolutions and a promi-
nent vesicle.
Larva unknown.
Biology.
Hostplant unknown, but most likely ever-
green Quercus, judging from its relationships
and localities. In the Marbella localities Quercus
suber or Q. coccifera grow. In February 1984 I
was not able to collect there any other mines
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 47
| than those similar to E. suberis, but it is possible
| that leucothorax feeds in another season.
Life history. Adults found from early May to
early July, all collected at light.
Distribution (fig. 527).
Only known from the Costa del Sol in Spain.
Remarks.
This species shows some similarities with the
| suberis group, but the absence of pectinations in
the bursa, the presence of a group of pectina-
tions in the vestibulum, the form of the gnathos
and the presence of costal bristles in the male in-
dicate that it in fact belongs to the subbimaculel-
la group. The presence of many long setae on
the female abdominal tip probably is an adapta-
| tion to oviposition on rough surfaces of ever-
green oak leaves, and hence a parallel devel-
opment with suberis and algeriensis.
24. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) haraldi,
(Soffner, 1942)
(figs. 60, 112, 182, 255, 303, 374, 445, 487, 545)
Nepticula haraldı Soffner, 1942: 56, figs. 1—12. Lec-
totype d (here designated), France: Angouleme,
el. v.1941, Quercus ilex, 11.1941, Zucht No. 382a,
Soffner, Genitalia slide 4776 (MHUB) [examined].
| Stigmella prinophyllella Le Marchand, 1946: 285. Ho-
| Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) haraldi; Klimesch,
lotype © [in description as 4], France: Villenave
d’Ornon, Gironde, e.l. 23.v.1928, Le Marchand,
Genitalia slide VU 0941 (MNHN) [examined].
(Synonymised by Le Marchand, 1948).
Stigmella haraldı; Hering, 1957: 867, fig. 553 (mine);
Lhomme, 1963: 1196.
1975a:
864, figs. 5, 6(¢ genitalia).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) haraldi; Leraut, 1980: 49.
Nepticula ilicella Constant [nomen nudum]. (Synony-
mised by Klimesch, 1975a: 864.
Diagnosis: externally very similar to albifas-
ciella complex and preisseckeri, but with gener-
ally lighter appearance. E. ilicis and heringella
can be separated by the absence of a costal spot,
and androconial scales in male heringella. E. su-
beris can be distinguished by the straighter fas-
cia and by the presence of a hair-pencil in male
and hairy abdomen tip in female. Females of an-
dalusiae are very similar to haraldi, and can on-
ly be identified with certainty by genitalia. Male
genitalia very characteristic by shape of valva
with bulgy outer margin. Female genitalia char-
acterised by wide T8 and wide, rounded S8.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.88—3.32 mm (3.07
+ 0.13, 8), wingspan 6.2—7.1 mm. Head: fron-
tal tuft light yellow to yellowish orange; collar
similar. Antennae with 35—42 segments (37.8
+ 2.4, 8). Thorax brown, sometimes mesoscu-
tum with white tip. Forewings brown, with a
white dorsal spot in middle, and a costal spot
before middle, sometimes united to form a fas-
cia. Hindwing without hair-pencil, but with
costal bristles.
Female (fig. 60). Forewing length 2.56—2.88
m (2.75 + 0.13, 10), wingspan 5.8—6.5 mm.
Antennal segments 27—31 (29.1 + 1.5, 8). Fe-
male distinctly smaller than male.
Male genitalia (figs. 112, 255, 303, 374). Cap-
sule length 266—300 um (286.3 + 14.7, 5). Te-
gumen rounded. Gnathos (fig. 303) with central
element divided, distal part truncate, basal part
with serrate margin. Valva (fig. 255) length
193—206 um (201.4 + 5.2, 5), outer margin
bulging distally, inner margin basally straight or
convex, from 1/3 distinctly concave, up pro-
nounced, pointed. Aedeagus (fig. 374) 274—283
um (279.4 + 3.6, 5), carinae varying from single
to multifurcate.
Female genitalia (figs. 182, 445). T7 with only
few short setae along anterior margin of T8, not
in distinct rows. T8 with two lateral groups of
scales and 3—5 setae each; posterior margin al-
most straight, lateral corners pronounced,
rounded; S8 broadly rounded. Anal papillae
with 14—23 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal
sclerite, a dorsal spiculate pouch, and a group of
densely packed pectinations near the entrance of
ductus spermathecae. Corpus bursae 570—825
um, without pectinations; signa dissimilar,
longest 363—577 um (460 + 56, 11), shortest
308—495 um (402 + 48, 11), 4.05.4 X as long
as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2 indistinct
convolutions.
Larva. Whitish, opaque, with distinct brown
ganglia. Head-capsule and prothoracic plate
dark brown. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus ilex L., Q. rotundifolia
Lam. and Q. coccifera L. Not yet recorded from
Q. suber L., but probably also feeds on that
species.
Mine (fig. 487). Egg on leaf upperside, not
against vein. Early mine: slightly contorted nar-
row gallery, gradually widening, remaining lin-
ear throughout. Filled with thick black frass,
hardly leaving clear margins. Not always sepa-
rable from mines of algeriensis, ilicis or heringel-
la.
48 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae collected in
February and March, adults from April to June.
Distribution (fig. 545).
Widespread in southern France, occurring
along Atlantic coast up to Angouleme, further
recorded from Spain, Portugal, Italy and
Greece.
_ Remarks.
Syntypes of haraldi are present in many col-
lections. A lectotype is here designated from the
Hering collection in Berlin, since it contains a
large number of nepticulid types. The Soffner
collection is not housed there.
Marchand incorrectly gave the holotype of
prinophylella as male. He was the first to sepa-
rate this species from suberis, with which it had
been confused earlier.
Material examined: 18 6, 26 2. — France: 4 4,49
(lecto- and paralectotypes of haraldi), Angouleme, e.l.
v.1941, Quercus ilex, J. Soffner (MHUB, ZMA,
ZMC); 1 9, Bize, v.1909, Chrétien; 2 d, 2 2, Alpes
marit., Cannes, 13, 15 [decade], Constant (MNHN);
2 6,1 2, Golfe Juan, Alpes maritimes, 8—15.vi.1894,
Constant (BMNH); 1 d, “Nesp.” (? near St. Pons,
dep. Hérault), 15.vi.1904, Chrétien; 2 d, 2 2, Roque-
fort (B. du Rh.), between Cassis and Cuges les Pins,
el. 14—24.1v.1984, Quercus ilex, R. Buvat (ZMA); 1
2, Viens (Vaucluse) (near Apt), el. 5.v.1971, Quercus
ilex, R. Buvat (coll. Buvat); 3 d, 1 2 (holo- and para-
types of prinophylella), Villenave d’Ornon, Gironde,
el. 23.v.—1.vi.1928, Quercus ilex, Le Marchand
(MNHN). — Greece: 1 ©, Lakonia, 7 km SW Mo-
nemvasia, 9.iv.1981, B. Skule (ZMC). — Italy: 3 9,
Sistiana Mare, 0—60 m, e.l. 6—9.v.1970, Quercus ilex,
G. Deschka (LNK). — Portugal: 2 9, San Fiel, el.
20.iv, Quercus coccifera, [Mendes], coll. Joannis; 3 d,
4 9, [prov. Beira Baixa, San Fiel] e.l. 23.iv, Q. dex,
[Mendes], coll. Joannis; 1 d, (misidentified paralecto-
type of cs Mendes) idem, el. 22.v. (MNHN). —
Spain: 3 9, 7 km N. Benahavis (Málaga), road to Ron-
da, 800 m, el. 3—18.iv.1984, Quercus coccifera, E. J.
van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Quercus coccifera. — Spain: 7 km N.
Benahavis. On Quercus ilex. — France: Angoulème,
leg. Soffner (BMNH); between Cassis and Cuges les
Pins, leg. Buvat.
25. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) ilicis
(Mendes, 1910) comb. n.
(figs. 61, 113, 183, 256, 257, 304, 375, 446, 488,
489, 543)
Nepticula ilicis Mendes, 1910: 164, pl. 7 figs. 7, 8. Lec-
totype d (here designated), Portugal: [San Fiel,
prov. Beira Baixa] e.l. 22.v., Q. ilex, [Mendes],
Chenille a téte noire, Coll. L. & J. de Joannis,
Genitalia slide VU 1358 (MNHN) [examined].
Stigmella ilicis; Gerasimov, 1952: 243; Hering, 1957:
869 (mine).
Diagnosis: ilicis and heringella are the only
western Palaearctic oak-mining species with
dorsal spot only. Fomoria septembrella (Stain-
ton), Stigmella catharticella (Stainton) and Zim-
mermannia species also have dorsal spot only,
but this is situated postmedially, whereas it is
medial in zlıcıs. This is also the case in E. inti-
mella, but this species can be separated by its
‘unicolorous antennae, uniform dark scales on
the forewings, and hair-pencil in the male. See
heringella for differences with that species. The
mines are easily confused with haraldi, but
adults are easily separated by totally different
valva in male and the distinct row of setae on T7
and form of T8 in female of ilzcis.
Description.
Male (fig. 61). Forewing length 2.48—3.36
mm (2.87 + 0.25, 13), wingspan 5.6—7.2 mm.
Head: frontal tuft and collar yellowish orange.
Antennae with 31—40 segments (37 + 2.5, 13);
scape white, with sometimes some brown
scales. Thorax and forewings brown, with a
dorsal spot only in medial position, sometimes
slightly extending along dorsal margin towards
base; sometimes a few scattered white scales
present in addition. Hindwing without hair-
pencil, but with costal bristles.
Female. Forewing length 2.36—2.88 mm
(2.68 + 0.16, 10), wingspan 5.1—6.5 mm. An-
tennal segments 28—31 (30.1 + 1.0, 8).
Male genitalia (figs. 113, 256, 257, 304, 375).
Capsule length 231—244 um (240 + 6.1, 5). Te-
gumen broad and rounded. Gnathos (fig. 304)
with central element undivided, slightly trun-
cate, lateral margins serrate. Valva (figs. 256,
257) length 176—193 um (183.4 + 7.0, 5), inner
margin basally straight or convex, from 1/3 dis-
tinctly concave, inwards pointed tip prominent,
truncate. Aedeagus (fig. 375) 253—274 um (264
+ 9.9, 5), carinae split into two or more spines
each.
Female genitalia (figs. 183, 446). T7 with a
distinct row of 8-14 long setae along anterior
margin of T8. T8 with two groups of about 3—
6 setae, scales absent; T8 narrow with slightly
sinuous posterior margin. Anal papillae with 8-
14 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a
dorsal spiculate pouch and a group of densely
packed pectinations near the entrance of ductus
spermathecae. Corpus bursae 660—825 um,
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 49
without pectinations; signa dissimilar, longest
407—471 um (432.9 + 26.9, 5), shortest 369—
416 um (395.1 + 19.3, 5), 3.9—5.1 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2 indistinct
convolutions.
Larva. Yellow with conspicuous brown gan-
glia. Head light brown. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus ilex L., Q. rotundifolia
Lam. and Q. suber L. Often sympatric with ha-
raldi and suberis.
Mine (fig. 488, 489). Egg on leaf upperside,
usually against vein. Early mine: much con-
torted gallery, starting very narrow. Frass
black, dispersed, leaving narrow clear margins.
Mine seems longer and more contorted than in
haraldı, but difficult to separate.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae found in Jan-
uary and February. Adults from March to the
end of June.
Distribution (fig. 543).
Clearly west mediterranean.
Remarks.
As in the case of Parafomoria ladaniphila
(Mendes) (Van Nieukerken, 1983: 469) type
material of ilicis seems no longer to exist in Por-
tugal, but Portuguese material in de Joannis col-
lection (MNHN) can be regarded as syntype
material if labelled as ilicis. I examined 3 d and 1
2 mounted on the same block of pith and la-
belled “ilicis Mendes”. One of these males be-
longs to haraldi, but the other specimens are
this species. Since Mendes clearly refers in his
description to the species with a dorsal spot on-
ly, one male of the two is selected lectotype, and
the haraldi male is regarded as a misidentified
paralectotype. Later I found more paralecto-
types in the Hering collection in Berlin.
Material examined: 14 d, 12 9. — Algeria: 1 d,
Batna, 1.v.1903, Walsingham (BMNH). — France: 1
2, Bize, 30.vi.1910, Chrétien; 1 6; 3 2, “Nesp.” (?
near St. Pons, dep. Hérault), 15.vi.1904, Chrétien
(MNHN). — Portugal: 3 5, 2 © (lecto- and paralec-
totypes), [San Fiel, prov. Beira Baixa], e.l. 22+ 26.v,
| Quercus ilex, [Mendes] (MNHN, MHUB). — Spain:
1 ®, Sierra de Alfacar (near Granada), 24.1v.1880,
Staudinger (MHUB); 1 4, Marbella, El Mirandor, 100
m, 17.v.1969, E. Traugott-Olsen (ETO); 2 ®, Port
Bou, el. 29—30.111.1968, Quercus ilex, J. Klimesch
(ZSMK); 7 d, 3 2, 4 km NE. Igualeja, Serrania de
Ronda (Malaga), 1100 m, el. 19.11—16.1v.1984,
| Quercus rotundifolia, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 4,1 ©,
Sierra Blanca, 6 km N. Marbella (Malaga), El Mira-
dor, 800 m, el. 17—24.iv.1984, Quercus rotundifolia
(2)+ Q. suber (d), E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Quercus rotundifolia. — Portugal:
San Fiel, leg. Mendes (BMNH). — Spain: Serrania de
Ronda; Sierra Blanca. On Quercus suber: Spain: Sier-
ra Blanca.
Additional record. — France: 1 6, 1 2, Marseille,
el. 17.v.1971, 27.v.1972, Quercus ilex, R. Buvat (R.
Johansson, pers. comm.).
26. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) heringella
(Mariani, 1939) comb. n.
(figs. 62—64, 114, 115, 185, 186, 258, 259, 305,
306, 376, 377, 447, 448, 544)
Nepticula heringella Mariani, 1939: 5, 6, fig. 1a, pl. 1.
Lectotype d (here designated), Italy: Sicilia, Parti-
nico, 1.v.1937 [Quercus ilex], Mariani (MCST)
[examined].
Nepticula heringella f. alliatae Mariani, 1939: 7.
Stigmella heringella; Hering, 1957: 868, fig. 554
(mine).
Diagnosis: very similar to zlıcıs, but male easi-
ly separated (also from most other species) by
patches of brown androconial scales on hind-
wing upperside and forewing underside. Female
cannot always be separated with certainty from
has, but usually heringella has some white
scales in the region of the costal spot and also
has slightly longer signa.
Description.
Male (figs. 62, 63). Forewing length 2.08—
2.68 mm (2.43 + 0.13, 19), wingspan 4.4—6.0
mm. Head: frontal tuft yellowish white to
orange, in specimens from Cyprus fuscous on
vertex; collar yellowish white. Antennae with
35—42 segments (38.4 + 1.8, 15); scape with
some brown scales in posterior distal corner.
Thorax and forewings brown with some scat-
tered white scales; medial dorsal spot white,
some white scales along costa, not forming a
distinct costal spot; underside of forewings with
basally an elongate patch of brown (androconi-
al) scales. Hindwing without hair-pencil, but
with costal bristles; in basal half with a patch of
brown (androconial) scales on upperside.
Female (fig. 64). Forewing length 2.24—2.60
mm (2.44 + 0.20, 14), wingspan 4.6—5.8 mm.
Antennal segments 27—32 (29.9 + 1.4, 16).
Without patches of brown scales on underside
forewing or upperside hindwing.
Male genitalia (figs. 114, 115, 258, 259, 305,
306, 376, 377). Capsule length 236—283 um
(252.9 + 16.5, 9). Tegumen broad and rounded.
50 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Gnathos (figs. 305, 306) with central element di-
vided, distal part spatulate, basal part with ser-
rate margin. Valva (figs. 258, 259) length 180—
223 um (209.0 + 17.2, 9), inner margin almost
straight or concave, tip prominent, slightly
truncate. Aedeagus (figs. 376, 377) 257—300
um (274.3 + 16.5, 9) carinae single, bi- or trifur-
cate.
Female genitalia (figs. 185, 186, 447, 448). T7
with a distinct row of 8—12 long setae along
anterior margin of T8. T8 with two groups of
2—4 setae (7 in Cyprus specimen), without
scales, but some scales present in specimen from
Corsica; T8 narrow, with slightly sinuous pos-
terior margin. Anal papillae with 8—15 setae.
Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spicu-
late pouch and a group of densely packed pecti-
nations near the entrance of ductus spermathe-
cae. Corpus bursae 580—715 um, without pec-
tinations; signa dissimilar, longest 407—583 um
(484 +73, 5), shortest 353—517 um, (116 + 73,
5), 4.04.7 X as long as wide. Ductus sperma-
thecae with 2 indistinct convolutions.
Larva not examined.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus ilex L., Q. alnifolia
Poech (on Cyprus).
Mine. Egg on leaf upperside, often near vein.
Mine: much contorted gallery, amost filled with
black frass. Not to be separated from mine of
ilicis.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae taken from
November to April (Hering, 1957). Adults from
late April to the end of June.
Distribution (fig. 544).
From Corsica eastwards to Cyprus. Seems to
be the eastern vicariant of E. ilicis. Not yet re-
corded from Greece.
Remarks.
This species shows some variability. The
specimens from Cyprus differ in darker head-
colour and some genitalic details, but, since they
also have the diagnostic features of heringella, I
regard these as conspecific with heringella. The
form alliatae, described by Mariani has no taxo-
nomic value, it is probably described from worn
specimens.
Material examined: 28 d, 26 9. — Cyprus: 1 à, 1
©, Arakapos (Troödos mountains), el. 25.11.1980,
Quercus alnifolia, B. Gustafsson (RMS). — France: 1
3, 1 2, Corsica: Corte, 14.vi.1899, Walsingham
(BMNH). — Italy: 4 6, 3 9, Latina, Monti Aurunci,
5 km. N. Itri, 600 m, 24—30.vi.1969, R. Johansson
(coll. Johansson); 2 2 (paralectotypes), Sicilia, Paler-
mo, 8.vi.1928, Mariani; 1 6, 1 2, idem, el.
Sileviel9375 Mariani (MEST) Crhiden sel
16.vi.1964, W. Glaser (LNK); 5 6, 6 ® (lecto- and
paralectotypes), Sicilia, Partinico, 1—11.v.1937, Mari-
ani (MCST, MHUB, ZMC). — Yugoslavia: 12 d, 18
2, Rijeka, Istria, 100 m, el. 6—20.v.1970, Quercus 1l-
ex, G. Deschka (LNK); 1 6, Split, Dalmatia,
19.v.1959, Novak (TMAB); 3 6, 4 2, Zadar, Dalma-
tia, 0-60 m, el. 13—24.v.1970, Quercus ilex, G.
Deschka (LNK).
Mines. — On Quercus alnifolia. — Cyprus: Araka-
pos, leg. Gustafsson (RMS). On Quercus ilex. —Italy:
Sicilia, Taormina, leg. Groschke (BMNH).
27. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) alnifoliae sp. n.
(figs. 65, 187, 188, 449, 546)
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) sp.; Gustafsson, 1981b: 468, _
fig. 9.
Type material: Holotype 2, Cyprus: Tro-
ödos, 10.11.1979, [e.l. 17.1v.1979], Quercus alni-
folia, [B. Gustafsson], Genitalia slide RMS 6572
(RMS). Mine from which holotype emerged ex-
amined.
Diagnosis: externally similar to nigrosparsel-
la, but light scales not intensively yellow, and
scape with scattered brown scales. Female geni-
talia without long spiraled ductus spermathecae,
with only 3 narrow convolutions.
Description.
Male unknown.
Female holotype (fig. 65). Forewing length
2.88 mm, wingspan 6.6 mm. Head: frontal tuft
orange, darker on vertex, collar yellowish. An-
tennae broken, scape white with some brown
scales. Thorax and forewings dark brown, irro-
rate with some yellowish-white scales, no col-
our pattern present.
Female genitalia (figs. 187, 188, 449). T7
without a row of setae. T8 with two lateral
groups of scales and approximately 5 setae each.
Anal papillae with 15—18 setae. Vestibulum
with vaginal sclerite, a prominent dorsal spicu-
late pouch, and a group of densely packed pecti-
nations near entrance of ductus spermathecae.
Corpus bursae 690 um, without pectinations;
signa dissimilar, longest 540 um, shorter 440
um, 4.0 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae
with 2 narrow convolutions.
Larva not examined.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 51
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus alnifolia Poech, an ever-
| green oak.
Mine. Egg on leaf underside. Mine starting as
narrow gallery, suddenly enlarging into large
blotch against leaf margin, frass not visible in
single mine examined. See also Gustafsson
(1981b: 469, fig. 9C).
Life history. Larva taken in March, adult
| emerged in April.
Distribution (fig. 546).
Troödos mountains on Cyprus.
Remarks.
Although only one female was available, this
species is here described as new, since it shows
sufficient diagnostic characters to separate it
from other species, and the identity of males of
this species can easily be determined by host-
plant, mine-form and locality.
28. Ectoedemia (Ectoemedia) nigrosparsella
(Klimesch, 1940)
(figs. 66, 116, 189, 190, 260, 307, 378, 450, 491,
546)
Nepticula nigrosparsella Klimesch, 1940a: 91, pl. 14
figs. 8, 9, pl. 15, figs. 10—12. Lectotype d (here
designated). Italy: Teriolis merid., Naturno, near
Merano, e.l. iv.1939, J. Klimesch, Genitalia slide
449/39 Hering (MHUB) [examined].
Stigmella nigrosparsella; Klimesch, 1951: 64; Hering,
1957: 869, fig. 543.(mine); Klimesch, 1961: 763.
Ectoedemia nigrosparsella; Kasy, 1983: 5.
Diagnosis: characterised by brown irrorate
with yellow forewings and absence of hair-pen-
cil in male. Male genitalia not separable from al-
bifasciella complex. Female genitalia character-
ised by long spiraled ductus spermathecae, with
1312—14 convolutions, whereas contorta usual-
ly has 10%—12 convolutions (except one Spee
men).
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.0—2.68 mm (2.43 +
0.19, 9), wingspan 4.3—6.0 mm. Head: frontal
tuft ferruginous, sometimes mixed with fus-
cous; collar similar. Antennae with 28—37 seg-
ments (32.5 + 3.2, 6). Thorax and forewings
brown irrorate with light yellow scales, being a
more pronounced yellow than in most other
species; colour pattern absent, but light scales
predominant at tornus. Hindwing without hair-
pencil, but with costal bristles.
Female (fig. 66). Forewing length 2.72—2.88
mm (2.79 + 0.07, 4), wingspan 6.0—6.4 mm.
Antennal segments 25—27 (2.8 + 1.0, 4).
Male genitalia (figs. 116, 260, 307, 378). Cap-
sule length 283—309 um, (3). Tegumen round-
ed. Gnathos (fig. 307) with central element
truncate, as cut off. Valva (fig. 260) length
206—223 um (4), inner margin strongly convex,
except apically, serrate by prominent setal sock-
ets, tip pointed; dorsal surface with many setae.
Aedeagus (fig. 378) 279—287 um (4), carinae
pointed, single.
Female genitalia (figs. 189, 190, 450). T7 with
a row of 8—12 setae along posterior margin; T8
with two lateral groups of scales and 2—4 setae
each. Anal papillae with 14—17 setae. Vestibu-
lum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate
pouch, and a group of densely packed pectina-
tions near entrance of ductus spermathecae.
Corpus bursae 740—825 um, without pectina-
tions; signa dissimilar, longest 485—695 um (3),
shortest 450—458 um, 4.1—4.4 X as long as
wide (3). Ductus spermathecae with very prom-
inent spiralised inner canal, with 13/2—14 con-
volutions.
Larva. Yellow, with greenish tinge in young-
er larvae, head-capsule brown. In penultimate
instars with conspicuous brown ventral plates,
which are shed during final instar; thereafter the
ganglia become visible.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus pubescens Willd., occa-
sionally on Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. (Kli-
mesch, 1951).
Mine (fig. 491). Egg on leaf underside, occa-
sionally on upperside. Early mine highly con-
torted, forming brown blot with irregularly ac-
cumulated brown frass; later gallery less con-
torted, with brown dispersed or coiled frass,
leaving narrow clear margins. Mine confined to
small area, often near leaf-margin.
Life history. Univoltine, larvae occurring
from mid October to November. Adults col-
lected at light mid June, reared in April and
May (forced).
Distribution (fig. 546).
Known from a limited number of localities in
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Italy and
France. Usually occurs in exposed southern
slopes on calcareous soil — the typical habitat
for Q. pubescens.
115) Oy Is ©.
Glaslauterriegel,
— Austria: 2 6,
10.vi.1983, Be
Material examined:
Gumpoldskirchen,
52 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Kasy (NMW); 4 6, 5 9, ibid., e.l. 25.1v.—2.v.1984,
Quercus pubescens, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1
3, Hundsheimer Berg, Porta Hungarica (near Hain-
burg), 19.vi.1976, F. Kasy (NMW). — France: 2 2,
Aubagne (Bouches du Rhone), e.l. 10—17.v.1977,
Quercus pubescens, Buvat (coll. Buvat). — Hungary:
4 6, 2 2, Törökbálint (W. of Budapest), el. 10—
18.iv.1974, 16.v.1976, Q. pubescens, J. Szöcs
(TMAB). — Italy: 1 d, 1 2 (lecto- and paralecto-
type), Naturno near Merano, e.l. iv.1939, J. Klimesch
(MHUB); 3 6, 3 ©, Trento, Sardagna, 500 m, el.
iv.1946, Q. pubescens, J. Klimesch (MHUB, ZMA).
Mines. — Austria: Gumpoldskirchen; Hainburg;
Loretto; Wien, Leopoldsberg. — Italy: Naturno, leg.
Klimesch; Trento, leg. Klimesch (BMNH).
The Ectoedemia albifasciella complex
This is a complex of four sibling species com-
parable with the subbimaculella complex, but
differing in so far that the species are well sepa-
rable on the female genitalia, the number of
convolutions of the ductus spermathecae being
a good and constant character in this complex:
albifasciella with 2Y,—2¥,, cerris 3'%—4
pubescivora 5—6 and contorta with 10%—12
(131%) convolutions. The externals and male
genitalia do not provide any diagnostic charac-
ters. The species seem to have a different food-
plant choice: albifasciella on Quercus robur and
Q. petraea, pubescivora and contorta on Q.
pubescens and cerris on Q. cerris, on which only
one exception is known. Only E. albifasciella is
described fully, the other species only as far as
they differ.
29. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) albifasciella
(Heinemann, 1871)
Gress O67 17, ION, ISA, 2618505 0979;
416, 451, 490, 522)
Nepticula albifasciella Heinemann, 1871: 222. 2 Syn-
types, Germany, West: Braunschweig, e.l. Quer-
cus, Heinemann (depository unknown) [not exam-
ined].
[Nepticula argyropeza; Stainton, 1854: 300 (partim,
imago only); 1859: 433; 1862: 188—191, pl. 9, fig.
2 m (imago); Meyrick, 1895: 726, sbtoniel
uon.]
Nepticula subapicella Stainton, 1886: 238. Lectotype
3 (here designated), England: Beckenham, Pal-
ings, 17.vi.[18]51, S 7609, 57, Stainton, Genitalia
slide BMNH 22609 (BMNH) [examined] (Syno-
nymised by Emmet, 1974b: 274—276).
Nepticula albifasciella; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877:
769; Snellen 1882: 1002; Sorhagen, 1886: 312;
Waters, 1928: 248—251 (redescription, biology);
Petersen, 1930: 77; fig. 121bis (6 genitalia); Kli-
mesch, 1936: 210; Szöcs, 1965: 84.
Nepticula subbimaculella var. albifasciella; Rebel,
1901: 228; Meess, 1910: 481.
Dechtiria albifasciella; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 65 (d
genitalia); Emmet, 1971: 246, 247.
Stigmella albifasciella; Klimesch, 1951: 66; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 224; Klimesch, 1961: 762; Lhomme,
1963: 1204; Borkowski, 1969: 110.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) albifasciella; Hering, 1957: 867
(mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) albifasciella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) albifasciella; Borkowski,
1972: fig. 13 (venation).
Ectoedemia albifasciella; Bradley et al., 1972: 3;
Borkowski, 1975: 491; Emmet, 1976: 199, pl. 6
fig. 10, pl. 12 fig. 30.
Trifurcula albifasciella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976: 18.
[Dechtiria argyropeza; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 66 (d
genitalia) misidentification.]
Diagnosis: only separable from the other
members of the complex in the female sex, by
the lower number of convolutions in the ductus
spermathecae. Externally also very similar to
preisseckeri and haraldi, which can however
easily be separated on genitalia (see there). Dis-
tinguished from E. subbimaculella complex by
absence of basal spot, truncate gnathos and sin-
gle carinae in male and wider convolutions of
ductus spermathecae in female. Other species
with white costal and dorsal spot (not metallic)
have these spots opposite, or forming an wo
straight fascia, and a hair-pencil in male.
erythrogenella has a similar pattern, but er:
silver spots.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.32—2. 96 mm (2.68
+ 0.17, 23), wingspan 5.2—6.4 mm. Head:
frontal tuft and collar uniformly orange to fer-
ruginous. Antennae with 34—41 segments (36.4
+ 1.9, 19). Thorax blackish fuscous, with a few
white scales at tip of mesoscutum and tegulae.
Forewings blackish fuscous, with a white dorsal
spot in middle and a costal spot before middle,
sometimes united to form a fascia. Hindwing
without hair-pencil, but with costa! bristles.
Female (fig. 67). Forewing length 2.32—2.92
mm (2.67 + 0.18, 24), wingspan 5.2—6.5 mm.
Antennal segments 25—28 (26.3 + 1.0, 23).
Male genitalia (figs. 117, 261, 308, 309, 379).
Capsule length 244—321 um (292.1 + 18.5, 13).
Tegumen distinctly produced into almost trian-
gular, rounded pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 308,
309) with central element parallel-sided, with
blunt, truncate tip. Valva (fig. 261) length 180—
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 53
236 wm (220.1 + 14.1, 14), apically distinctly
narrowed into pointed tip; inner margin strong-
ly convex, becoming concave near tip, serrate
by prominent sockets of numerous setae on in-
ner and dorsal surfaces. Aedeagus (fig. 379)
236—313 um (275.8 + 20.1, 14), carinae point-
ed, single.
Female genitalia (figs. 191, 192, 416, 451). T7
with a row of 6-12 setae along posterior margin;
T8 with two lateral groups of scales and 2—6
setae each; S8 almost quadrate, with parallel
sides. Anal papillae with 13—29 setae. Vestibu-
lum with vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate
pouch, and a group of densely packed pectina-
tions near entrance of ductus spermathecae.
Corpus bursae 660—825 um, without pectina-
tions; signa dissimilar, longest 460—560 um
(519 = 34.7, 10), shortest 395—530 (473 +
39.0, 11), 4.97.5 X as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 2/4—2% convolutions, the
convolutions being very wide and prominent
(fig. 416).
Larva. Yellowish white with light brown
head-capsule, inconspicuous ganglia. Penulti-
mate instars with indistinct brown ventral
plates.
Biology.
Host plants: Quercus robur L., and Q. pe-
traea (Mattuschka) Liebl. Occurs on several
other deciduous oaks in botanical gardens, and
occasionally on Castanea sativa.
Mine (fig. 490). Egg on upperside beside vein,
or midrib. Mine starting as narrow linear gal-
lery, often along midrib and later following
lateral vein outwards, abruptly changing into al-
most rectangular blotch; sometimes blotch
| takes form of wide, irregular gallery. Early mine
with linear frass, in blotch frass in basal half.
Life history. Univoltine, larvae from end of
August until October, usually much earlier than
heringi and subbimaculella, but occasionally
still feeding in green islands in late October;
adults flying in May and June.
Distribution (fig. 522).
Widely distributed in Central and North Eu-
rope, apparently occurring farther northwards
than subbimaculella and heringi. In Scandinavia
as far north as the limit of Quercus in southern
Finland and north of Stockholm in Sweden. Not
yet recorded from Norway, but presumably oc-
curring along the south coast. Common in
Great-Britain as far north as the Scottish High-
lands. The distribution in the south is hardly
known, due to confusion with other species of
the complex. E. albifasciella is there with cer-
tainty known from Austria, Hungary and cen-
tral Greece (Pindhos mountains).
Remarks.
This species has been the subject of much
confusion. Stainton (1854, 1859, 1862) misiden-
tified it as E. argyropeza Zeller, and incorrectly
equated the immature stages with those of the
real argyropeza. The imago of argyropeza he
described as apicella Stainton (see under E. ar-
gyropeza). By 1863 Stainton was aware of this
incongruency, but did not settle the problem,
since he thought that Fritsche was going to pub-
lish the solution (Stainton, 1886; Emmet,
1974b). Not until 1886 did he propose the name
subapicella for the adults he had previously de-
scribed as argyropeza Zeller, still without
knowing the life-history. I have studied three
specimens from the Stainton collection, labelled
as argyropeza which he presumably used for his
description of argyropeza and, hence, subapicel-
la. From these specimens I selected a lectotype
of subapicella.
Although Heinemann (1871) also noted
Stainton’s misinterpretation of argyropeza, he
did not link it up with the new species which he
reared from oak, and described as albifasciella.
In the Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum Han-
nover, there is no material of this species left in
the Heinemann collection (pers. comm. R. Jo-
hansson), neither in the Berlin or Leningrad
museums. However, the clear description, with
the note on the foodplant, and the type-locality
(Braunschweig) make it most likely that the pre-
sent interpretation of albifasciella is correct.
Waters (1928) was the first to describe the bi-
ology of albifasciella in detail, and to separate it
from subbimaculella. Since that time mines and
larvae were still often confused with heringi
(described in 1934), and in southern Europe
with the other species of the complex.
I have only seen correct albifasciella females
reared from Quercus robur and Q. petraea, all
specimens reared from Q. pubescens appear to
belong to either E. pubescivora or contorta.
However, as this refers to comparatively few
specimens, it cannot definitively been concluded
that these species are completely host-specific.
Material examined: 128 d, 109 2, 23 ex. — Aus-
tria: 1 d, Klosterneuburg, Freiberg, 9.v.1932, Preis-
54 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
secker; 3 9, Klosterneuburg, Buchberg, el. 8—
16.v.1942, Q. robur, Preissecker (NMW); 1 d, 1 ®, 5
km W. Völkermarkt, Pörtschach (Kärnten), e.l. 27—
30.1v.1984, Quercus robur, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA). — France: 1 6, Pontault,
18.v.1977, Leraut (coll. Leraut). — Germany, West: 1
3, Rohr (Württemberg), el. 18.11.1934, Worz
(LNK); 1 6, Schwabisch Hall, 13.vi.1978, W. Speidel
(coll. Speidel). — Germany, East: 2 d, Berlin, Fin-
kenkrug, 15.v.1923, 22.v.1930, Hering; 1 d, 3 ?,
Nordhausen, 24—29.v.1898, Petry (MHUB). —
Great Britain: 3 d (lecto- and paralectotypes of suba-
picella), Beckenham, Palings, 17 + 22.v1.1851, Stain-
ton (BMNH); 1 ©, Saffron Walden, e.l. 25.v.1980,
Bryan, Emmet & van Nieukerken; 1 2, Southampton,
15.vi.1935, Fassnidge (ZMA); 2 6, no locality,
8.v.1884, Stevens; 3 6,5 ©, no further data, Walsing-
ham (BMNH). — Greece: 1 6, 2 ©, Palaiokastron,
Evritania, 1200 m, e.l. 8—13.v.1981, Quercus petraea
s.]. 21.1x.1980, Menken & van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
Hungary: 1 ©, Budapest, Petnehäzi-rét, el.
20.v.1979, Q. petraea, J. Szöcs; 1 d, 1 2, Matra He-
gység, Sástó, el. 12 + 14.v.1973, Q. petraea, Q. ro-
bur, J. Szöcs (TMAB). — Netherlands: 98 4,78 2, 23
ex. from following localities: Aerdenhout, Arnhem,
Bergen op Zoom, Breda, Bussum, Doetinchem, Drie-
sum, Epen, Groesbeek, Den Haag, Helvoirt, Hilver-
sum, Hoge Veluwe near Deelen, Hollandse Rading,
Horst, Hulshorst, Leeuwarden, Leuvenum, Loenen
(Gld.), De Lutte, Nunspeet, Oosterbeek, Overberg,
Overveen, Rhenen, Rockanje, Rotterdam, Rijs, Sant-
poort, Tietjerk, Ubbergen, Vaals, Venlo, Wageningen,
Wassenaar, Winterswijk, Zandvoort (RMNH, ZMA,
AFW, coll. Huisman, coll. Kuchlein). — Poland: 3 6,
Dabie (Alt Damm), 11.iv.Krone (TMAB); 5 d, 10 2,
Krosno Odr. (Crossen a. Oder), e.l. 18.v—10.v1.1930,
Quercus robur, Hering; 2 d, Osiecznica (Günters-
berg O.), near Krosno, 6.vi.1915, Hering (MHUB).
— Switzerland: 1 ®, Lussy (VD), LS 05A, el.
10.vi.1977, S. E. Whitebread (coll. Whitebread).
Mines. — On Castanea sativa. — Great Britain:
Reading. On Quercus petraea and robur. — Austria:
Hof am Leithagebirge; Hundsheimer Berg near Hain-
burg; Völkermarkt. — Belgium: Zolder. — France:
Andlau. — Germany, West: Blankenheim; Wies-
baum. — Great Britain: Little Waltham; Reading;
Redhill. — Greece: W. of Palaiokastron, Evritania. —
Italy: Tolmezzo. — Netherlands: many localities.
Males of albifasciella-complex with uncertain iden-
tity. 5 d. — Spain: 1 d, San Ildelfonso (La Granja),
22.vi.1902, Chrétien (MNHN); 1 d, Sierra de Alfa-
car, 24.iv.1880, Staudinger (MHUB). — Turkey: 1 6,
Asia minor, SW of Yalova, Sea of Marmara,
11.v.1969, Kasy (NMW). — USSR: 1 d, Krasnoar-
meysk (Sarepta), 22.v.1859, Christoph (BMNH). —
Yugoslavia: 1 4, Drenovo, near Kavadarci (Macedo-
nia), 20—30.v.1957, Kasy (NMW).
30. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) cerris
(Zimmermann, 1944)
(figs. 68, 118, 193, 194, 262, 310, 380, 452, 492,
548)
Nepticula cerris Zimmermann, 1944: 121. Lectotype
® (here designated), Czechoslovakia: Moravia
merid., Lednice (Eisgrub), F. Zimmermann, Geni-
talia slide VU 1333 (MHUB) [examined].
Nepticula sp.; Skala, 1942: 6, 7, figs. 1, 2 (description
of species, later named montissancti).
Nepticula montissancti Skala, 1948: 121, 122. Holo-
type, Czechoslovakia: Mikulov (Nikolsburg), v.
1943, e.l., Quercus cerris (Skala) (lost) [not exam-
ined]. Syn. nov.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) cerris; Hering, 1957: 866, fig.
555 (mine).
Nepticula (Dechtiria) cerris; Szöcs, 1968: 227.
Ectoedemia cerris; Sz6cs, 1978: 266; 1981: 210.
Diagnosis: separated from the other members
of the complex by the ductus spermathecae of
the female, with 3'!2—4 convolutions.
Description. |
Male. Forewing length 2.24—2.28 mm (3), |
wingspan + 5.0 mm. Antennae with 32-34 (3)
segments. Similar to albifasciella, fascia general-
ly broken.
Female (fig. 68). Forewing length 2.32—2.4
mm (5). Wingspan 5.2—5.3 mm. Antennae with
25—28 segments (4).
Male genitalia (figs. 118, 262, 310, 380). As
albifasciella. Capsule 250—285 um (2); valva
200—205 um (2); aedeagus 245—250 um (2).
Female genitalia (figs. 193, 194, 452). T7 with
a row of 6 setae; T8 with 3—6 setae on each
side. Anal papillae with 8—13 setae. Corpus
bursae 790—860 um; longest signum 462—560
(4), shortest 418—540 (4), 5.4—7 X as wide as
long. Ductus spermathecae with 3/2—4 convo-
lutions.
Larva. Whitish, with dark head-capsule and
conspicuous black ventral plates which are shed
during final instar.
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus cerris L.
Mine (fig. 492). Egg on upperside, on or near
vein. Early mine narrow gallery, following vein
or contorted, with broken linear frass; suddenly
widening into large blotch, in which frass 1s ac-
cumulated near opening. Mine often away from
the midrib.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae have been
found from late September to the end of Octo-
ber, but most plentiful in early October. The
adults appeared in May.
Distribution (fig. 548).
Known from Hungary, Moravia, eastern
Austria, Italy and Yugoslavia.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 55
Remarks.
Skala (1948) described montissancti as a third
species on Quercus cerris, separate from cerris
and liechtensteini, but his description of mine
and adult clearly indicate that he was describing
cerris again, hence the synonymy. The holotype
was according to Skala himself destroyed by
psocids. E. cerris is in the autumn the earliest
Ectoedemia species mining on Q. cerris. In the
first week of October 1983 we found many
feeding larvae in Austria, but no other Ectoede-
mia species, whereas in the last week of Octo-
ber, on the same localities almost only empty
mines were found between many larvae of
liechtensteini and gilvipennella.
Material examined: 7 6, 13 2. — Austria: 5 2, Hof
am Leithagebirge, S. of Mannersdorf (Niederöst), e.l.
3—7.v.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken; 1
©, Wien, Kahlenberg, SE, 400 m, e.l. 3.v.1984, E. J.
van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Czechoslovakia: © lecto-
type, see above. — Hungary: 1 4, Budaörs, Csiki-he-
gyek, el. 14.v.1971, Q. cerris, J. Szöcs; 2 6,4 ?, Szar,
Q. cerris, el. 1.v.1965, 20.1v.1966, 1.v.1966, 18—
19.v.1968, J. Szócs; 1 d, Törökbálint, e.l. 15.v.1965, J.
Szócs (TMAB). — Italy: 2 d, P. N. d'Abruzzo, Opi,
Bivio, la Camosciara (L’Aquilla), el. 5—7.v.1984, S.
B. J. Menken; 1 6, 2 ©, between Tolfa-Allumiere
(Roma), e.l. 9—16.v.1984, S. B. J. Menken (ZMA).
Mines. — Austria: Hof am Leithagebirge; Eisens-
tadt; Loretto, N. of Eisenstadt; Wien, Kahlenberg; —
Hungary: Törökbálint. — Italy: Opi; Sabaudia; Tol-
fa; Veio. — Yugoslavia: S. of Han Knezica, N. of Pri-
jedor.
31. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) pubescivora
(Weber, 1937) comb. n.
(figs. 69, 119, 195, 196, 263, 311, 381, 453, 493,
547)
Nepticula pubescivora Weber, 1937b: 212, fig. 2. Lec-
totype ® (here designated), Switzerland: Somaz-
zo, 12.x.1932, Querc. cerris (sic!), Weber, Genita-
lia slide ETH 1236 (ETHZ) [examined].
Stigmella pubescivora; Klimesch, 1948: 73, 74, figs.
; 52—54 (4 genitalia); Klimesch, 1951: 65; Hering,
1957: 870, fig. 547 (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) pubescivora; Kasy, 1978: 4.
Diagnosis: separated from the other members
of the complex by the ductus spermathecae in
the female, with 6 wide convolutions.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.24—2.56 mm (2.45
+ 0,13, 5), wingspan 5.0—5.8 mm. Antennae
with 34— 35 (3) segments. Further as albifasciel-
la.
Female (fig. 69). Forewing length 2.4—2.76
mm (2.55 + 0.11, 9), wingspan 5.2—6.0 mm.
Antennae with 25—27 segments (25.7 + 0.8, 7).
Male genitalia (figs. 119, 263, 311, 381). As
albifasciella. Capsule 270—300 um (3); valva
223—236 um (3); aedeagus 253—274 um (3).
Female genitalia (figs. 195, 196, 453). T7 with
a row of 6—10 setae; T8 with 2—5 setae on
each side. Anal papillae with 10—17 setae. Cor-
pus bursae 680—935 um; longest signum 430—
650 um (543 + 46, 14), shortest 395—550 um
(485 + 43, 14), 4.3—6 X as long as wide. Duc-
tus spermathecae with 5—6 very wide convolu-
tions.
Larva. As in cerris, with black ventral plates.
Biology.
Host plant: Quercus pubescens Willd. The
specimens in the type-series are labelled Q. cer-
ris, but Weber refers clearly to pubescens in his
description.
Mine (fig. 493). Egg on either surface of leaf.
Mine largely as in albifasciella, but both linear
part and blotch part often more contorted, and
blotch often more forming wide gallery.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae of the type-
series have been found in mid October, adults
were reared or collected in late May or first half
of June.
Distribution (fig. 547).
With certainty only known from the material
examined. The records of mines on Quercus pu-
bescens from France and Italy are probably cor-
rect. Other records are doubtful, and not in-
cluded here.
Material examined: 9 6, 20 2. — France: 2 9,
“Nesp.” (? near St. Pons, dep. Herault), 15.v1.1904,
Chrétien (MNHN); 2 2, Viens (Vaucluse) (near Apt),
el. 16—17.v.1979, Quercus pubescens, Buvat (coll.
Buvat). — Italy: 3 8, 5 ©, Sardegna, Belvi, environs,
700 m, 29.v—15.v1.1975, F. Hartig (MRST); 4 ©, Sar-
degna, Gennargentu, Belvi, 800 m, 19.v.1976, G. Der-
ra (coll. Derra): 4 d, 5 2, [Sicilia, Taormina], 572,
Groschke (SMNS). — Switzerland: 2 d, 2 © (lecto-
and paralectotypes), Somazzo, Monte Generoso, min-
es 12.x.1932, Weber (ETHZ).
Mines. — France: Aix-en-Provence; Viens (Vau-
cluse), leg. Buvat. — Italy: Abruzzi: Alfredena; Goia
dei Marsi; Sicilia, Taormina, leg. Groschke (BMNH).
— Switzerland: Astano, leg. + coll. Whitebread; So-
mazzo, leg. Weber (ETHZ); idem, leg. + coll. White-
bread.
32. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) contorta sp. n.
(figs. 70, 120, 197, 198, 312, 382, 454, 547)
Ectoedemia spec.; Van Nieukerken in Kasy, 1983: 5.
56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Ectoedemia ct albifasciella; Van Nieukerken in Kasy,
1983: 5.
Type material: Holotype ©, Hungary: Bu-
daörs, Csiki-hegyek, Quercus pubescens, e.l.
6.v.1966, J. Szöcs, Genitalia slide VU 1388
(TMAB). Paratypes, 8 9. — Austria: 1 9,
Hundsheimer Berg, Porta Hungarica (near
Hainburg), 19.vi.1976, F. Kasy; 1 ©, Leithage-
birge, N. Burgenland, Zeilerberg S., 30.v.1964,
Kasy & Vartan (NMW). — Hungary: 1 9,
Csopak, 3.v.1971, Q. pubescens, J. Szöcs; 1 9,
Eszakborsodi-karszt, Haragistya, e.l. 3.v.1965,
Q. pubescens, J. Szöcs; 1 ®, Matra Hegység,
Sástó, el. 16.v.1973, Q. robur, J. Szöcs; 3 9,
Nagykovacsi, Kis Szénas (W. of Budapest), e.l.
14—15.v.1964, Q. pubescens, J. Szöcs (TMAB,
ZMA).
Other material: 4 6, probably belonging to
contorta. — Austria: 2 3, Hundsheimer Berg
(near Hainburg), 17.vi + 8.vii.1980, F. Kasy
(NMW). — Hungary: 1 6, Budaörs. Csiki-he-
gyek, el. 10.v.1966, Q. pubescens, J. Szöcs; 1 3,
Nagykovacsi, Kis Szenas, e.l. 8.v.1964, Q. pu-
bescens, J. Szöcs (TMAB).
Diagnosis: easily separated from other fe-
males in the species complex by the long spi-
raled ductus spermathecae, with 10%—131%
convolutions. E. nigroparsella has a similar duc-
tus, but has a very different wing pattern.
Description.
Female (fig. 70). Forewing length: 1.84—2.56
(2.24 + 0.21, 9), wingspan 4.6—5.4 mm. Anten-
nae with 22—26 segments (24 + 1.2, 9). Further
as albifasciella.
Male. Forewing length 2.36—2.48 mm, wing-
span 5.2—5.6 mm. Antennae with 32—35 seg-
ments.
Female genitalia (figs. 197, 198, 454). T7 with
a row of 10—12 setae; T8 with 2—5 setae on
each side. Anal papillae with 9—21 setae. Cor-
pus bursae 715—925 um; long signum 460—
585 um (520 + 52.2, 8), short 430—550 um (487
+ 54.1, 8). Ductus spermathecae with 10%—12
(in 1 specimen 1312) convolutions. Further as
albifasciella.
Male genitalia (figs. 120, 264, 312, 382). Simi-
lar to albifasciella. Capsule length 257—278 um.
Valva 210—227 um. Aedeagus 257—278 um.
Larva not examined.
Biology.
Hostplants: Quercus pubescens Willd. One
specimen reared from Q. robur L.
Mine unknown, but since all specimens
reared were identified by Szöcs as albifasciella,
it probably is very similar to the mine of albifas-
ciella.
Life history. Univoltine. Adults reared or
collected in May, June, and early July. Larvae
collected in autumn, but exact data unknown.
Distribution (fig. 547).
At present only known from eastern Austria
and Hungary.
Remarks.
This species was discovered amongst material
identified as albifasciella. All specimens reared
by Szöcs from Quercus pubescens appear to be-
long to contorta, and all but one reared from
Q. robur and Q. petraea are the real albifasciel-
la. Only one contorta has been reared from
Q. robur. Also the Austrian localities have
dense stands of Q. pubescens, so it seems likely
that E. contorta is restricted to this oak, and an
eastern vicariant of E. pubescivora.
As in the other species of this complex, only
the females can be identified with certainty,
therefore the males are excluded from the type-
series, and the order of description is changed
accordingly.
The Ectoedemia subbimaculella complex
The complex of species around E. subbimacu-
lella is one of the most difficult species com-
plexes in Nepticulidae, and not completely un-
derstood. Externally all these species are ex-
tremely similar, and show only slight
differences in head-colour and size. The male
genitalia do not provide constant diagnostic
characters and the female genitalia only show
minute differences to separate subbimaculella
from other species. More than one species has
been described because of differences in larval
habit and foodplant choice. The larva of E. sub-
bimaculella invariably slits its mine open during
its last instar, and the larva of E. phyllotomella
cuts out a circular disc at the end of its mine.
The other species in this complex, without hav-
ing such pecularities, have been described be-
cause they feed on different species of Quercus,
or Castanea, viz. heringi and quercifoliae on
Q. robur, and Q. petraea, zimmermanni on
Q. pubescens, liechtensteini on Q. cerris and sa-
tivella on Castanea sativa. In my experience the
larvae found on Q. robur, Q. petraea, Q. pu-
bescens and Castanea do not show any differ-
ence, but larvae collected on Q. cerris are very
EE ES TS us
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 57
different in colour, agreeing with the descrip-
tion of liechtensteini. Similar larvae, however,
have also been collected in low number on
Q. pubescens and Q. petraea, together with the
commoner type, so that food plant difference
does not seem te be constant. By electrophoresis
of allozymes there is indication of some isola-
tion in the following species, but in contrast
with other situations no diagnostic enzymes
have been found: subbimaculella, “heringi”
from Q. robur and Q. pubescens and liech-
tensteini” from Q.cerris and Q. pubescens
(Menken, in preparation). On the ground that
the larvae from Castanea and Q. pubescens do
not show differences from those from Q. robur,
zimmermanni, sativella and quercıfoliae are
considered provisionally to be synonymous
with beringi. This hypothesis is open to further
tests. Hereafter only E. subbimaculella is de-
scribed fully, and the other species only in so far
as they differ from it.
33. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) subbimaculella
(Haworth, 1828)
(figs. 71, 121, 199, 200, 265, 313, 384, 417, 455,
494, 523)
Tinea subbimaculella Haworth, 1828: 583. Lectotype
d (here designated), [England], Haworth Coll.;
Stainton Coll., Genitalia slide BM 22595 (BMNH)
[examined].
Microsetia nigrociliella Stephens, 1829: 208 [nomen
nudum].
Microsetia nigrociliella Stephens, 1834: 267. Lecto-
type d (here designated), [England], Stephens
coll., Genitalia slide BM 22599 (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula cursoriella Zeller, 1848: 326. Holotype ?,
Germany: Frankfurt am Main, Heyden (deposito-
ry unknown) [not examined].
Microsetia subbimaculella; Stephens, 1829: 208; 1834:
267.
Nepticula subbimaculella; Stainton, 1849: 29; 1854:
300; 1855: 258—271, pl. 7, fig. 3; Frey, 1856: 379;
1857: 397, 398; Stainton, 1849: 433; Wocke, 1871:
339; 1874: 102; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 767;
Snellen, 1882: 1002—3; Sorhagen, 1886: 310, 311;
Meyrick, 1895: 725, 726; Tutt, 1899: 352; Rebel,
1901: 228; Meess, 1910: 481; Sorhagen, 1922: 56,
57 (partim); Meyrick, 1928: 863; Waters, 1928:
248—251 (differences with albifasciella); Petersen,
1930: 77, fig. 121 (d genitalia); Szöcs, 1965: 86.
Stigmella subbimaculella; Klimesch, 1951: 65; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 262; Klimesch, 1961: 761; Lhomme,
1963: 1204; Borkowski, 1969: 111.
| Dechtiria subbimaculella; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 64
(9 genitalia); Emmet, 1971: 247, 248.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) subbimaculella; Hering, 1957:
866, fig. 533 (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) subbimaculella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia subbimaculella; Bradley et al., 1972: 3;
Borkowski, 1975: 490; Emmet, 1976: 200, fig.
60a; b, pl. 7, fıg.,3, pl. 12; fig. 32.
Trifurcula subbimaculella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976:
18.
[no genus] cursoriella; Herrich-Schaffer, [1853]: pl.
106, fig. 844.
Nepticula cursoriella; Herrich-Schäffer, 1855: 356.
Diagnosis: from most other Ectoedemia spe-
cies distinguished by the white basal spot on the
forewing and absence of hair-pencil in male.
Very difficult to separate from other species in
the complex, which have usually a darker head
and are slightly smaller. The differences in the
male genitalia are not diagnostic. The female can
be separated by the wider convolutions in the
ductus spermathecae. E. subbimaculella is most
easily identified by the dark larval head and pro-
thorax and the slit in the mine.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.24—2.8 mm (2.50 +
0.15, 26), wingspan 4.8—6.1 mm. Head: frontal
tuft yellowish orange, sometimes with fuscous
scales on vertex; collar dark brown. Antennae
with 31—36 segments (33.3 + 1.3, 21). Thorax
black, with some white scales at tips of meso-
scutum and tegulae. Forewing blackish fuscous
with a white basal spot along dorsal margin, a
dorsal spot in middle and a costal spot before
middle, sometimes uniting to form a fascia.
Hindwing without hair-pencil, but with costal
bristles.
Female (fig. 71). Forewing length 2.16—2.8
mm (2.52 + 0.19, 25). Antennae with 24—29
segments (25.7 + 1.1, 24).
Male genitalia (figs. 121, 265, 313, 384). Cap-
sule length 231—304 um (274.1 + 19.2, 24). Te-
gumen produced into rounded pseuduncus.
Gnathos (fig. 313) with central element gradual-
ly narrowing to rounded tip. Valva (fig. 265)
length 193—244 um (222.7 + 13.8, 25), apically
gradually narrowed into blunt tip; inner margin
little convex to concave, serrate by prominent
sockets of many setae on inner and dorsal sur-
faces. Aedeagus (fig. 384) 210—261 um (243.5
+ 14.3, 23), carinae with variable number of
spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 199, 200, 417, 455). T7
with a row of 6—10 setae along anterior margin
of T8; T8 with two lateral groups of scales and
3—7 setae each; S8 with converging margins.
Anal papillae with 9—16 setae. Vestibulum with
58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
vaginal sclerite, a dorsal spiculate pouch, and a
group of densely packed pectinations near en-
trance of ductus spermathecae. Corpus bursae
450—710 um, without pectinations; signa dissi-
milar, longest 390-514 (459.0 + 34.3, 11),
shortest 339—467 wm (408.3 + 38.4, 11), 4.4—
5.6 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae
with 2/4241 (rarely 3) convolutions, wider
than in heringi, narrower than in albifasciella
(fig. 417).
Larva. Translucent glossy white, with dark
brown or black head-capsule and prothoracic
plate. Ganglia more or less conspicuous. Ventral
plates absent.
Biology.
Host plants: Quercus robur L., Q. petraea
(Mattuschka) Liebl., Q. pyrenaica Willd. and
Q. pubescens Willd., a few mines known from
Oncenriseles in Tagodavt. Rarely on Q. rubra
L. In botanical gardens on a wide variety ot de-
ciduous oaks.
Mine (fig. 494). Egg on upperside of leaf, be-
side vein. Mine: narrow linear gallery along
vein, abruptly changing in blotch, usually in an-
gle between midrib and lateral vein. The larva
makes a slit in the under epidermis, through
which water and frass fall out of the mine. In
Austrian mines on Q. pubescens the slit was of-
ten in the upper epidermis or in both surfaces.
When the egg is laid along a lateral vein, the lar-
va usually feeds towards the midrib.
Life history. Univoltine, larvae from late Sep-
tember until November, adults flying in June
and July
Distribution (fig. 523).
Widely distributed in West and Central Eu-
rope, in Scandinavia only in southern Sweden
and Denmark, most northern records being
misidentifications (R. Johansson, pers. comm.);
it is not recorded from Ireland and Scotland. In
the south the distribution is insufficiently
known, confirmed records are available from
northern Italy, Sicily, Hungary, Yugoslavia and
southwest USSR.
Remarks.
The lectotype is a male in good condition
which was placed in the Stainton collection with
a “Type” label. On examining the lectotype of
nigrociliella Stephens, also from Stainton’s col-
lection, the synonymy was confirmed, which
was already suggested by several authors (Stain-
ton, 1855; Bradley et al., 1972). Types of curso-
riella Zeller could not be found, but it is likely
to be a synonym of subbimaculella, and has al-
ways been treated as such since Herrich-
Schaffer (1855).
Until the beginning of this century, this was
the only oak-mining species of this group rec-
ognised by most authors, even albifasciella was
generally considered a variety. Waters (1928)
was the first to recognise the differences in bi-
ology between subbimaculella and albifasciella.
Therefore all older literature records are useless,
unless a clear description of the characteristic
mine with slit is given. More recent records of
adults which have not been reared have to be
checked since they are easily confused. Hering
(1957) mentioned a probable new species from
Sicily on Q. pubescens, with similar mines, but
with larvae making cocoons in their mines. In
BMNH there are such mines, but in all cocoons | |
which are still in these mines, pupae of parasitic
Hymenoptera can be observed. The phenome-
non of parasitised larvae, spinning their cocoons
inside the mine has been noted in several spe-
cies, thus these are probably subbimaculella
mines. This is further corroborated by subbima-
culella adults in the Groschke collection, which
probably come from Taormina (see also carad-
Jai).
Material examined: 116 6, 122 ®, 3 ex. — Austria:
11 8, 14 2, Hainburg: Hundsheimer Berg, 200—400
m, el. 8—21.vi.1984, Quercus pubescens, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 dg, Hundsheimer Berg (near
Hainburg), 28.vi.1976, F. Kasy; 1 6, Klosterneuburg,
Buchberg, el. 14.v.1942, Q.robur, Preissecker
(NMW); 6 4,5 2, Loretto, 7 km N. Eisenstadt (Bur-
genland), 240 m, e.l. 30.iv—14.v.1984, Quercus pu-
bescens, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 d, Wien, Leopolds-
berg, W. of Kahlenberg, 200—400 m, e.l. 2.v.1984,
Quercus pubescens, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
France: 1 d, Pessac-Alouette (Gironde), 3.v1.1934, Le
Marchand; 1 d, Mutrécy (Calvados), S. of Caen,
15.vi.1919, Le Marchand (MNHN); 1 2, Mulhouse,
Bois de Nonnenbruch, 250 m, 12.v1.1977, S. E.
Whitebread (coll. Whitebread); 2 6, 1 2, Ozoir la
Ferrière, 30.v.1946, Le Marchand; 1 &, Vaucresson
(Hauts de Seine), 17.v1.1946, Le Marchand (MNHN);
1 8, Pontault, 28.1v.1977, P. Leraut (coll. Leraut). —
Germany, East: 7 d, 11 ©, Berlin, Finkenkrug, e.l.
25—31.v.1930, Q. robur, Hering (MHUB); 2 9,
Nordhausen, 27.v.1898, Krone (TMAB); 6 d, 6 9,
Potsdam, e.l. 2—18.v.1900, Hinneberg (MHUB). —
Great Britain: 2 6 (lectotypes subbimaculella and nı-
grociliella, see above); 3 3, 1 ©, Southampton,
15.vi.1935, Fassnidge; 1 2, Weeley (Essex), Maldon
Wood, e.l. 11.vi.1980, Bryan, Emmet & Van Nieuker-
ken (ZMA). — Hungary: 1 2, Budapest, Hivos, e.l.
24.v.1956. J. Szöcs (TMAB). — Italy: 3 6, 1 ©, [Sıcı-
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
lia, Taormina], 554, Groschke (SMNS). — Nethet-
lands: 65 6, 73 ©, from following localities: Aerden-
hout, Amerongen, Arnhem, Bergen (N.H.), Berghem,
Breda, Bussum, Doetinchem, Echt, Geulhem, Groes-
beek, Den Haag, Helvoirt, Herkenbosch, Hilversum,
Hollandse Rading, Horst, Hulshorst, De Lutte,
Maarn, Naardermeer, Nunspeet, Olterterp, Ooster-
beek, Overberg, Overveen, Rijs, Rotterdam, Sant-
poort, Ubbergen, Wageningen, Wassenaar, Winters-
wijk, Zandvoort, Zwanewater (RMNH, ZMA, AFW,
coll. Huisman, coll. Koster, coll. Kuchlein). — Po-
land: 1 6, Dabie (Alt Damm), el. 4.vi. Krone
(TMAB). — Portugal: 3 4,3 ©, [San Fiel, Beira Baix-
al], 9.v, Quercus toza (= Q. pyrenaica), [Mendes],
coll. De Joannis (MNNH). — Yugoslavia: 1 2, Backi
Monostor, 4 km S. Bezdan (Vojvodina), el. 5—
7.v.1984, Quercus petraea, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken; 1 d, Krizisce, 10 km NNW Crikvenica
(Hrvatska), e.l. 10.v.1984, Quercus pubescens, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Quercus cerris. — Yugoslavia: NE
Bihac. On Quercus petraea. Hungary:
Törökbálint. — Yugoslavia: NE Bihac; Baëki Monos-
tor, near Bezdan. On Quercus pubescens. — Austria:
Gumpoldskirchen; Hundsheimer Berg near Hain-
burg; Loretto; Wien, Leopoldsberg. — Italy: Picinis-
co; Sicilia, Taormina, leg. Groschke (BMNH).- Yu-
goslavia: NNW Crikvenica. On Quercus robur. —
Austria: Hof am Leithagebirge. — Belgium: Zolder.
— Great Britain: Danbury; Earls Colne; Rainham;
Tiptree, Weeley. — Netherlands: many localities.
34. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) heringi (Toll,
1934)
(figs. 72, 122, 123, 203, 266, 314, 315, 385, 418,
456, 495, 524)
Nepticula heringi Toll, 1934a: 1, figs. 3, 4. Lectotype
3 (here designated), Poland: Bydgoszcz, Rynko-
wo, e.l. 5.11.1934, Quercus penduculata, Toll,
Genitalia slide VU 1408 (IPK) [examined].
| Nepticula quercifoliae Toll, 1934b: 71, 81, pl. 2. Lec-
totype 2 (here designated), Poland, Bydgoszcz,
Rynkowo, e.l. 18.11.1935, Quercus robur, Toll,
Genitalia slide VU 1409 (IPK) [examined] [syno-
nymised by Borkowski, 1975].
Nepticula sativella Klimesch, 1936: 208, figs. 10—13.
Lectotype ® (here designated), Italy: Teriolis me-
rid., Naturno near Merano, e.l. 15—19.v.1935,
Castanea sativa, J. Klimesch, Genitalia slide VU
1391 (ZSMK) [examined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula zimmermanni Hering, 1942: 26, fig. Lecto-
type 2 (here designated), Czechoslovakia, Libo-
chowan (near Litomerice), Elbe, vi.1940, Quercus
lanuginosa, F. Zimmermann, Genitalia slide VU
0896 (MHUB) [examined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula heringi; Toll, 1934b: 71; Szöcs, 1965: 86.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) heringi; Hering, 1957: 867
(mine).
Stigmella heringi; Klimesch, 1961: 761; Borkowski,
1969: 110.
59
Ectoedemia heringi; Borkowski, 1975: 491; Emmet,
1979: 16.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) heringi; Kasy, 1978: 4; Le-
raut, 1980: 49.
Nepticula quercifoliae; Klimesch, 1936: 190; Szócs,
1965: 87.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) quercifoliae; Hering, 1957: 867
(mine).
Stigmella quercifoliae;
Borkowski, 1969: 110.
Ectoedemia quercifoliae; Bradley et al., 1972: 3; Em-
met, 1974a: 108, 147, 148; 1976: 200, fig. 60c, d,
pl. 12 fig. 31, pl. 6 fig. 11; Leraut, 1977: 91.
Stigmella sativella; Klimesch, 1948: 74—76, fig. 55—
57; Klimesch, 1951: 65.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) sativella; Hering, 1957: 256, fig.
165 (mine).
Stigmella zimmermanni; Klimesch, 1951: 65; 1961:
761.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) zimmermanni; Hering, 1957:
866, fig. 540 (mine).
Nepticula zimmermanni; Szöcs, 1965: 86.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) zimmermanni; Kasy, 1978:
Ato
Ectoedemia zimmermanni; Szöcs, 1981: 210.
Klimesch, 1961: 761;
Diagnosis: distinguished from E. subbimacu-
lella by the darker head and the ductus sperma-
thecae in the female; the species is slightly
smaller than subbimaculella. Adults not separa-
ble from phyllotomella or liechtensteini. In the
mine there is no slit, which makes it very similar
to the mine of E. albifasciella, however, heringi
usually feeds towards the midrib.
Description.
Male (fig. 72). Forewing length 1.88—2.4 mm
(2.18 + 0.18, 14), wingspan 4.2—5.3 mm.
Head: frontal tuft ferruginous, on vertex brown
to black, a sharp delimitation of the light and
dark area at the level of antennal insertion; col-
lar similar to vertex. Antennae with 29—32
(—36) segments (31 + 2.0, 13). Thorax and fore-
wing as in E. subbimaculella, but basal spot of-
ten larger. Hindwing with costal bristles.
Female. Forewing length 1.88—2.44 mm
(2.14 + 0,18, 8). Antennae with 22—25 seg-
ments 23.4 =-71377):
Male genitalia (figs. 121, 123, 266, 314, 315,
385). Capsule 230—270 um (249,6 + 14.6, 12).
Tegumen broadly rounded, slightly less produc-
ing than in subbimaculella. Gnathos (figs. 314,
315) with rather short and broad, rounded cen-
tral element. Valva (fig. 266) length 175—215
um (195.4 + 10.2, 12), tip blunt, broader than in
subbimaculella, inner margin straight, or hardly
convex in proximal third, concave apically. Ae-
60 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
deagus (fig. 385) 205—255 um (228.6 + 14.3,
12). Several specimens are not separable from
subbimaculella.
Female genitalia (figs. 203, 418, 456). T7 with
a row of 6—10 setae along posterior margin. T8
with two lateral groups of scales and 1—3 setae.
Anal papillae with 9—15 setae. Corpus bursae
410—660 um; longest signum 347—463 um
(395.5 + 35.9, 11), shortest 309—420 um (350.1
+ 33.6, 10), 4.45.8 X as long as wide. One
specimen with much smaller signa: 257, 287 um.
Ductus spermathecae with 2—2V4 narrow con-
volutions (fig. 418).
Larva. Translucent yellowish white, or green-
ish white, with dark brown head-capsule. Gan-
glia usually conspicuous, but sometimes less so.
Ventral plates absent. Separated from albifas-
ciella by darker head.
Biology.
Host plants: Quercus robur L., Q. petraea
(Mattuschka) Liebl., Q. pubescens Willd.,
Q. faginea Lam. and Castanea sativa Miller.
Mine (fig. 495). Egg on the upperside beside a
vein, often the midrib. Mine starts as narrow
linear gallery following vein, usually towards
midrib, abruptly changing into a blotch, or false
blotch, without slit, usually in angle between
midrib and lateral vein. Sometimes the last part
resembles more a wide gallery than a blotch.
Life history. Univoltine, larvae from late Sep-
tember until November, but in southern Spain
also found in February, adults flying in May in
the south and in June and July more in the
north.
Distribution (fig. 524).
Due to confusion with subbimaculella and al-
bifasciella insufficiently known. Apparently
lacking in Scandinavia and the Netherlands,
scarce in south east England, more common in
central Europe.
Remarks.
This species seems to have the widest range of
foodplant species within the subbimaculella
group. Some of the synonyms listed here were
described as separate species only on the basis
of a different foodplant species. These forms,
E. zimmermanni on Q. pubescens and E. sati-
vella on Castanea sativa, of which lectotypes
have been selected, differ neither morphologi-
cally, nor biologically and can therefore only be
treated as one species. E. heringi and quercifo-
liae were both described in 1934, but which was
published first is not clear, however, most likely
heringi should take priority, since it is also men-
tioned in Toll (1934b), as an established species.
In this paper Toll compares the larval characters
and the mines of both species. N. quercifoliae
was originally only described from mines and
larvae which were collected in the autumn of
1934. From these, in fact the syntypes, he reared
adults in 1935, which can therefore be regarded
as type material. The & in Toll’s collection,
bearing the label “type”, is selected as lectotype.
Material examined: 72 d, 76 © : reared from Quer-
cus robur or petraea: 33 6, 25 2. — Austria: 2 6,
Klosterneuburg, Freiberg, el. 9.v.1932, 18.1v.1938,
Preissecker; 1 ©, Klosterneuburg, Buchberg, el.
25.v.1941, Preissecker (NMW). — France: 3 6, 1 9:
Andlau (Bas-Rhin), Kastelberg, el. 9—19.v1.1979,
Q. petraea, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Hunga-
1 ©, Szentpéterfölde, el. 25.v.1969, Q. robur, J. .
Szócs (TMAB). — Poland: 3 d (lecto- and paralecto-
types of heringi), Bydgoszcz, Rynkowo, el. 28.1—
7.11.1934, Q. pedunculata, Toll (ZMC, MHUB); 2 d,
1 2 (lecto- and paralectotypes of quercifoliae), same
locality, el. 16—18.111.1935, Q. robur, petraea, Toll
PAR) DIS, Zi Aelen El wile, O. pezzo,
Toll (PAK, MHUB, MNHN). — Yugoslavia: 2 d, S.
of Han Knezica, 11 km N. of Prijedor (Bosna), e.l.
25.iv—1.v.1984, Quercus robur, J. J. Boomsma & E.
J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Reared from Q. pubescens: 23 3, 35 ©. — Austria:
3 6,7 2, Hainburg, Hundsheimer Berg, 200—400 m,
el. 27.iv.—1.v.1984, E. J. van Nieukerken; 3 6, 8 9,
Wien, Leopoldsberg, W. of Kahlenberg, 200—400 m,
el. 6—12.vi.1984 (ZMA). — Czechoslovakia: 14 dg,
16 2 (lecto- and paralectotypes of zimmermannı), Li-
bochowan (near Litomerice), Elbe, e.l. vi.1940, Zim-
mermann (MHUB, ZMC). — Hungary: 1 6, 1 2,
Pécs Mecsek, Misina, e.l. 27—29.1v.1966, J. Szöcs; 2
4, 3 2, Törökbälint (W. of Budapest), el. 12—
17.v.1974, J. Szöcs (TMAB).
Reared from Quercus faginea: 1 ?, Spain: 3 km
NW. San Pedro de Alcantara (Malaga), 300 m, mine
6.11.1984, el. 25—26.iv.1984, E. J. van Nieukerken
(ZMA).
Reared from Castanea sativa: 2 6,2 2. — Italy: 2
3,1 2 (lecto- and paralectotypes of sativella), Natur-
no, near Merano, e.l. 15—24.v.1935, Klimesch
(ZSMK); 1 ®, Trento, e.l. v.1946, J. Klimesch
(MNHN).
Reared from unknown Quercus or not reared, but
likely to be heringi: 14 d, 13 9. — Austria: 3 d, 6 &,
Hackelsberg, N. of Neusiedlersee, 1971—1977, F.
Kasy; 1 ©, Hundsheimer Berg (near Hainburg),
28.vi.1976, F. Kasy (NMW). — France: 2 6, no data,
De Joannis (MNHN). — Germany, West; 1 d, 1 9,
Stuttgart, Lindental, e.l. 27.iv—4.v.1947, Worz; 1 6,
1 2, Stuttgart, Wildpark, e.l. 9.v.1938, Wörz (LNK);
1 2, Wolfenbuttel, [Heinemann], coll. Staudinger
(MHUB). — Germany, East: 1 6, Altenburg, 1874,
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 61
Krause; 1 d, Dresden, Staudinger (MHUB). — Hun-
gary: 1 6, Budapest, Zanoshegg, el. 15.v.1960, J.
Szöcs; 1 d, Szigetszentmiklos, el. 23.v.1955, J. Szöcs
(TMAB). — Poland: 3 4,3 ©, Wroclaw (Breslau), e.l.
iv.1869, Wocke (MHUB).
Identity uncertain: 1 d, 1 2. — Albania: 1 d, Kula
Ljums, 7—14.vi.1918, Alban. Exped. — Yugoslavia: 1
2, Drenovo near Kavadarci, 20—30.v.1957, Kasy
(NMW).
Mines. — On Quercus faginea. — Spain: Istan;
NW of San Pedro de Alcantara. On Quercus petraea.
— France: Andlau. — Hungary: Törökbálint. — Po-
land: Bydgoszcz, leg. Toll (BMNH). — Yugoslavia:
11 km NE Bihac; Slavonska Pozega. On Quercus pu-
bescens. — Austria: Gumpoldskirchen; Hundsheimer
Berg; Loretto; Wien, Leopoldsberg. — Czechoslova-
kia: Libochowan, near Litomerice, leg. Zimmermann
(BMNH). — Hungary: Budaörs. On Quercus robur.
— Great Britain: S. of Weeley. — Poland: Bydgoszcz,
leg. Toll (BMNH). — Yugoslavia: Han Knezica, N.
of Prijedor.
35. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) liechtensteini
(Zimmermann, 1944)
(figs. 124, 204, 496, 525)
Nepticula liechtensteini Zimmermann, 1944: 119—
121, fig. 8. Lectotype © (here designated),
Czechoslovakia: Moravia merid., Lednice (Eis-
grub), F. Zimmermann, Genitalia slide 4775
(MHUB) [examined].
Stigmella (Dechtiria) liechtensteini; Hering, 1957:
866, fig. 558 (mine).
Ectoedemia liechtensteini; Szöcs, 1978: 266.
Diagnosis: adults cannot be separated from
heringi. Larvae intensely amber-yellow, with-
out visible ganglia in contrast with greenish
white larvae of heringi, which usually have dis-
tinct ganglia. Specific status doubtful.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.12—2.16 (3), wing-
span 4.8 mm. Antennae with 28—31 segments.
Further as heringi.
Female. Forewing length 1.8—2.28 (3), wing-
span 4.4—5.2 mm. Antennae with 22—24 seg-
ments.
Male genitalia (fig. 124). Similar to heringi.
Capsule length 249 um (2). Valva length 180—
| 210 um (2). Aedeagus 223—231 um (3).
Female genitalia (fig. 204). T7 with a row of
| 6—8 setae. T8 with 3—5 setae at each side. Anal
papillae with 10—12 setae. Corpus bursae
460—595 um; longest signum 334—411 um (2);
| shortest 291—356 um (2), 4.5—4.9 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2—2 Y, incon-
spicuous convolutions.
Larva. Intensely, glossy amber yellow, with
very light brown head-capsule and prothoracic
plate. Not the slightest indication of ganglia.
Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplants. Quercus cerris L. on which it can
be very abundant. Very occasionally on Q. pe-
traea (Mattuschka) Liebl. or GQ. pubescens
Willd. (see remarks).
Mine (fig. 496). Egg on leaf upperside. Mine
completely similar to heringi, in the axil of the
midrib and a lateral vein.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae in October-
November, usually much later than E. cerris, es-
pecially abundant in late October. Adults
(reared) from April to June.
Distribution (fig. 525).
With certainty from Moravia, east Austria,
Hungary and Yugoslavia.
Remarks.
The separate identity of this species is uncer-
tain. Adults are similar to heringi, but the larvae
are very different, and can easily be distin-
guished. Moreover, larvae of liechtensteini are
usually found on Q. cerris, whereas sympatric
heringi occurs on other oak species, but never
on cerris. However, in autumn 1983 I also
found one larva of the liechtensteini type on
Q. petraea, in a locality with numerous
liechtensteini on Q. cerris, and several larvae on
Q. pubescens in Gumpoldskirchen. In the latter
locality no Q. cerris grew, but on the Q. pubes-
cens some “normal” heringi larvae were also
noted. S. Menken (pers. comm.) could find no
difference in their allozymes and allozyme dif-
ferences with heringi were insignificant. It will
be necessary to set up foodplant choice and hy-
bridisation experiments in order to solve prob-
lems of isolation in this species complex.
The striking differences in the larva lead me
to consider liechtensteini tentatively as a sepa-
rate taxon, having no evidence to the contrary.
Material examined, 22 6, 22 2. — Austria: 7 6, 9
2, Hof am Leithagebirge, S. of Mannersdorf (Nie-
deröst.), 200 m, el. 2.v, 10—18.vi.1984, Quercus cer-
ris, E. J. van Nieukerken; 3 d, 3 2, Loretto, 7 km N.
Eisenstadt (Burgenland), 240 m, el. 5—25.v.1984,
Quercus cerris, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 d, Wien,
Kahlenberg SE., 400 m, e.l. 30.iv—1.v.1984, Quercus
cerris, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Czechoslova-
kia, 5 4,3 9 (lecto- and paralectotypes), Moravia me-
rid., Lednice (Eisgrub), Zimmermann (MHUB,
ZMC). — Hungary: 2 4,2 2, Törökbálint (W. of Bu-
62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
dapest), e.l. 5, 11.v.1968, 14, 18.v.1974, Q. cerris, ].
Szócs (TMAB); 2 d, Törökbálint, Nagy-erdö, 5 km
N. Erd, el. 25.iv—1.v.1984, Quercus cerris, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Yugo-
slavia: 2 6, 4 ©, Backi Monostor, 4 km S. Bezdan
(Vojvodina), e.l. 25.iv—4.v.1984, Quercus cerris, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. On Quercus cerris. — Austria: Eisenstadt;
Hof am Leithagebirge; Loretto. — Czechoslovakia:
Lednice (Eisgrub), leg. Zimmerman (BMNH). —
Hungary: Törökbálint. — Yugoslavia: Han Knezica,
N. of Prijedor; Baëki Monostor, S. of Bezdan. On
Quercus petraea. — Hungary: Törökbalınt (1 mine).
On Quercus pubescens. — Austria: Gumpoldskir-
chen.
36. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) phyllotomella
(Klimesch, 1946) comb. n.
(figsa/35 1255 20552675 3865497549752)
Stigmella phyllotomella Klimesch, 1946: 166, fig. 7,
pl. 12. Lectotype d (here designated), Italy: Ligu-
ria, Altare near Ferrania, el. 26.1v—7.v.1945,
Quercus cerris, 2.x1.1944, Zucht 507, J. Klimesch,
Genitalia slide Kl. 270 (ZSMK) [examined].
Stigmella phyllotomella; Hering, 1957: 855 (mine).
Diagnosis: adults not separable from heringi,
‘although head slightly lighter. Female separated
from subbimaculella by narrower convolutions
of ductus spermathecae. Mines very characteris-
tic by circular “cut-out”.
Description.
Male (fig. 73). Forewing length 2.16—2.24
mm, wingspan 4.9—5.2 mm. Antennae with
30—34 segments. Head: frontal tuft yellowish
orange, on vertex fuscous. Further as subbima-
culella.
Female. Forewing length 2.04 mm, wingspan
4.6 mm. Antennae with 23 segments.
Male genitalia (figs. 125, 267, 386). Similar to
subbimaculella. Capsule length 233—253 um
(3). Valva (fig. 267) length 193—210 um (3).
Aedeagus (fig. 386) 214—236 um (2).
Female genitalia (figs. 205, 457). T7 with a
row of 8 setae. T8 with 2—5 setae at each side.
Anal papillae with 8—9 setae. Corpus bursae
515—530 um; longest signum 386—390 um,
shortest 339—356 um, 4.6—4.9 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2 very incon-
spicuous convolutions.
Larva not examined.
Biology.
Hostplant: Quercus cerris L.
Mine (fig. 497). Egg on leaf upperside, against
midrib. Early gallery narrow, following vein or
midrib; later becoming highly contorted gallery
with linear frass, often forming false blotch. The
larva cuts out an oval case from the end of the
mine, in which it pupates. The case does not fall
immediately to the ground, but after some time,
by weathering of the leaf.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae collected in
late October and early November, adults reared
in April and May.
Distribution (fig. 525).
Only known from Italy: Liguria and Lucania.
Remarks.
The peculiar habit of the larva, and the food-
plant, suggest that phyllotomella is a separate
entity, isolated from the other species of the
complex. Study of larvae and electrophoresis of
allozymes might shed some light on the degree
of genetic isolation from its relatives.
Material examined: 3 6, 2 9. — Italy: 2 4,1 9
(lecto- and paralectotypes), Liguria, Altare near Fer-
rania, el. 26.iv—7.v.1945, J. Klimesch (ZSMK); 1 6,
1 2, Lucania, Mte Vulture, Laghi di Monticchio, 750
m, e.l. 2—7.1v.1966, F. Hartig (LNK).
Mines. — Italy: Ferrania, Ligur. Appenin, leg. Kli-
mesch (BMNH) (2 mines only).
37. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) spec.
(specimen 1375) (figs. 74, 206, 458)
Material: 1 2, Iran: 100 km W. Shiraz, 18.1v.1970,
Exp. Mus. Vind., Genitalia slide VU 1375 (NMW).
Undoubtedly a new species, which I do not
name here, because of limited material and lack
of knowledge on biology. It is externally most
similar to gilvipennella.
Description.
Male unknown.
Female (fig. 74). Forewing length 2.4 mm,
wingspan 5.3 mm. Head: frontal tuft ochreous-
white; collar white. Antenna with 23 segments.
Thorax and forewings uniform light brown
irrorate with yellowish white.
Female genitalia (figs. 206, 458). T7 with a
distinct row of 14 setae along posterior margin.
T8 with two groups of few (3—5) setae, no
scales. Anal papillae with 17—18 setae. Vestibu-
lum with vaginal sclerite, a spiculate pouch with
many spines and a dense patch of pectinations
near entrance of ductus spermathecae. Corpus
bursae 595 um, without pectinations; signa dis-
similar, longest 437 um, shortest 360 um, 3.9 x
as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 3
narrow convolutions.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 63
The Ectoedemia terebinthivora group
38. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) terebinthivora
(Klimesch, 1975) comb. n.
(figs. 75, 126, 201, 202, 268, 316, 383, 412, 459,
498, 540)
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) terebinthwora
1975b: 19—23, figs. 27—33. Syntypes, 4 d, 8 9,
Anatolia: Kanlidivane, along road Silifke-Mersin,
larvae 31.v.1970, e.l. 24—30. vi.1970, Klimesch
(ZSMK) [not examined].
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) terebinthivora; Klimesch,
1978: 251, figs. 26—28 (mine, d, © genitalia).
Diagnosis: externally characterised by small
size, light brown ground-colour with yellowish
tinge and in male by hindwing almost complete-
ly covered with brown androconial scales.
E. aegilopidella has similar scales in male but
has also a hair-pencil which is absent in terebin-
thivora.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 1.88—2.24 mm (2.08
+ 0.12, 8), wingspan 4.1—5.0 mm. Head: fron-
tal tuft very variable, from completely yellowish
to dark brown, variation not sex-linked; collar
similar or slightly lighter. Antennae with 39—
41 segments (40.3 + 1,0, 7). Thorax and fore-
wings brown, with an obvious yellow tinge;
thorax sometimes apically lighter; forewing
with a medial yellowish fascia, somewhat irreg-
ular, outer margin concave, sometimes fascia in-
distinct. Hindwing covered in basal two thirds
with brown lamellar androconial scales, not ex-
tending in fringe; costal bristles or hair-pencil
absent. Underside forewing with few similar
brown scales near base.
Female (fig. 75). Forewing length 2.12—2.32
mm (2.23 + 0.09, 8), wingspan 4.7—5.2 mm.
Antennae with 33—35 segments (34.1 + 0.7, 7).
Male genitalia (figs. 126, 268, 316, 383, 412).
Capsule length 197—214 um (4). Tegumen pro-
duced into broad, truncate pseuduncus (fig.
412). Gnathos (fig. 316) with very short, round-
ed central element. Valva (fig. 268) length 146—
163 um (4), inner margin almost straight, except
basally, tip pointed. Aedeagus (fig. 383) 279—
300 um (4), much longer than capsule, with pair
of single, pointed, dorsal carinae.
Female genitalia (figs. 201, 202, 459). T7
without row of setae. T8 with two lateral
patches of scales and setae (6—7). Anal papillae
with 8—10 setae. Anterior apophyses remark-
ably widened in middle. Vestibulum with vagi-
nal sclerite and dorsal spiculate pouch with
Klimesch, -
many pointed spines, and a dense patch of pecti-
nations near entrance of ductus spermathecae.
Corpus bursae 470—530 um, covered with
minute pectinations, except anteriormost part;
signa dissimilar, longest 369—403 um (4),
shortest 309—334 um (4), 4.2—5.0 X as long as
wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2—2 Y, convo-
lutions.
Larva. Yellowish white to whitish, in mine
appearing greenish, first 4 ganglia distinct.
Head-capsule brown. Penultimate stages with
12 ventral brown plates.
Biology.
Hostplant. Pistacia terebinthus L.
Mine (fig. 498). Egg always deposited on leaf
underside, close to midrib or lateral vein. Early
mine much contorted with thin brownish linear
or dispersed frass; later widening into large ir-
regular, elongate blotch with dispersed brown
frass.
Life history. Probably bivoltine, or at least
partly. Larvae in late May and June (Klimesch,
1975b) and in September. Adults reared in June
and July (from May and June larvae) and May—
June (from September larvae). Therefore Kli-
mesch’s assumption that the species is univol-
tine seems to be incorrect.
Distribution (fig. 540).
Greece, Ionian and Aegean Islands and Anat-
olia. Probably widespread in eastern Mediterra-
nean. Record from Keffalinia from mines in old
herbarium specimen of Pistacia in Rijksherbari-
um, Leiden, no. 897, 363—722.
Material examined: 12 d, 12 2. — Greece: 1 9,
Athina (Atena), 16.vi.1980, Leo Kohonen (ZMUO);
11 6,9 ©, 3 km E. of Dhelfoi (Fokis), 700 m, el.
2.v—11.vi1.1981, Pistacia terebinthus, 27.1x.1980, S. B.
J. Menken, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA, BMNH,
ZSMK); 1 6, 1 2, Kardhamili (Messinia), a.s.l., el.
14—16.vii.1984, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
Turkey: 1 ®, Asia minor, Tekir Tepisi, Taurus,
13.vii.1965, Arenberger (LNK).
Mines. — Greece: Parnis Oros (Attika); Evvoia: SE
Gouvés; Oiti Oros, SW Ipáu (Fthidtis); Dhelfoi
(Fökis); Kardhamili (Messinia).
The Ectoedemia angulifasciella group
This is a rather heterogenous assemblage of
Rosaceae mining species, comprising a tight
group — hexapetalae, angulifasciella complex,
mahalebella and spinosella — and some aber-
rant species which at present cannot be included
in any other group.
64 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
The adults usually have a shining metallic fas-
cia, and males have a hair-pencil, or this is sec-
ondarily lost.
Except in the first three species, the gnathos is
divided, and the basal part has a serrate margin.
The aedeagus has one pair of carinae, often with
additional spines. The valva is comparatively
uniform, with a more or less straight inner mar-
gin.
In female genitalia the vaginal sclerite is pre-
sent in most species except spiraeae and agrimo-
niae, but the spiculate pouch is less distinct than
in previous groups or even absent. The bursa is
covered with pectinations.
The larvae make gallery-blotch mines, and
only the species in the angulifasciella complex
have ventral plates in the penultimate stages.
Species belonging to this group occur also in
Japan and probably in North America (E. rubi-
foliella (Clemens)).
39. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) erythrogenella
(de Joannis, 1908)
(figs. 76, 128, 129, 207, 269, 317, 387, 460, 499,
528)
Nepticula erythrogenella J. de Joannis, 1908a: 327,
328. Lectotype d (here designated), France: Van-
nes, L. de Joannis, Genitalia slide VU 946
(MNHN) [examined].
[Nepticula rubivora; Walsingham, 1891:
dentification]
Nepticula erythrogenella; J. de Joannis, 1908b: 823,
figs. 1, 2, pl. 15 fig. 12 (mine, adult, larva); Kli-
mesch, 1940b: 190.
Stigmella erythrogenella; Gerasimov, 1952: 238; Her-
ing, 1957: 908 (mine); Lhomme, 1963: 1192.
152, misi-
Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) erythrogenella; Emmet,
1974c: 129, 130, fig. (mine).
Ectoedemia erythrogenella; Emmet, 1976: 195, fig.
59, pl. 9 fig. 16.
Trifurcula (Dechtiria) erythrogenella; Gustafsson,
1981b: 466—468, fig. 8 (d, @ genitalia, larva,
mine).
Stigmella erythrogenella ab. juncta Dufrane, 1949: 9.
Diagnosis: separated from all other Rosaceae
feeding Ectoedemia by costal spot (or costal
part of fascıa) placed distinctly before middle of
forewing; in addition separated from angulıfas-
ciella complex by absence of hair-pencil in male.
Externally similar to albifasciella-complex and
preisseckeri, but separated by shining silver
spots on forewing and absence of costal bristles
in male. Male genitalia characterised by shape of
valva, with almost posteriorly directed tip, and
undivided, smooth gnathos.
Description.
Male (fig. 76). Forewing length 1.76—2.28
mm (2.05 + 0.19, 13), wingspan 4.1—5.0 mm.
Head: frontal tuft ferruginous, or orange,
sometimes becoming fuscous towards crown;
collar yellowish white, lighter than frontal tuft.
Antenna with 33—41 segments (36.1 + 2.3, 10).
Thorax and forewings blackish, with shining sil-
very white spots, one slightly before middle on
costa, one in middle on dorsum, with sometimes
a small spot in between, less commonly united
to form a fascia (ab. juncta). Hindwing without
hair-pencil or costal bristles.
Female. Forewing length 1.88—2.52 mm
(2.23 + 0.22, 12), wingspan 4.1—5.6 mm. An-
tennae with 25—30 segments (27.5 + 1.4, 8).
Male genitalia (figs. 128, 129, 269, 317, 387).
Capsule length 189—223 um (206.6 + 13.7, 5).
Tegumen distinctly produced into slightly trun-
cate pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 317) with broad-
ly spatulate, undivided, smooth central element.
Valva (fig. 269) length 150—180 um (158.6 +
13.2, 5), gradually narrowing into pointed tip,
which points almost posteriorly; inner margin
approximately straight. Aedeagus (fig. 387)
223—253 um (238.2 + 14.1, 5), with pointed,
single carinae.
Female genitalia (figs. 207, 460). T7 with a
distinct row of 4—10 long setae along posterior
margin. T8 trapezoid, with two lateral patches
of scales and 3—5 setae. Anal papillae with 6—
11 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite, a spi-
culate pouch (sometimes indistinct) and a dense
patch of pectinations near entrance of ductus
spermathecae. Corpus bursae 440—690 um,
covered with pectinations, except anterior part,
especially closely set near vestibulum; signa
similar, 300—369 um (326.8 + 24.9, 12), 3.9—
5.6 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae
with 2 4—3 convolutions.
Larva. Dirty grey, but more yellowish in ear-
ly stages; ganglia conspicuous. Head capsule
dark brown. Ventral plates absent.
Biology.
Hostplant. Rubus fruticosus L. sensu lato, es-
pecially on evergreen Rubus ulmifolius Schott.
Mine (fig. 499). Egg on upperside against
midrib or vein. Early mine narrow gallery, fol-
lowing vein, often turning back, completely
filled with blackish frass; finally widening into
elongate blotch, with dispersed black frass in
basal part, or at sides. Leaves often stained red
around mine.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
Life history. Univoltine, with a very long pe-
riod of larval feeding. In the northern part of its
range larvae from September until November,
but in the south larvae can be found all over the
winter until March, April and occasionally later.
Some data: mid-October, Trieste, many early
instar larvae, full-fed after two or three weeks;
early February, south Spain, many early instar,
fewer late instar larvae, completing their larval
cycle in two to four weeks; late March, Sicily,
few larvae left; late April, Aures mountains in
Algeria, few larvae left, but still giving rise to
adults; July, southern France, very few larvae,
no adults reared. It is not clear if the July larvae
belonged to the old generation or were just very
early larvae of the new generation, but since no
young larvae were present it is most likely that
they belonged to the past generation and were
late because of parasitism. Adults emerged in
May—July, whether from autumn or early
spring larvae.
Distribution (fig. 528).
Essentially a mediterranean species, which is
abundant and widely distributed throughout the
‚ mediterranean region, both along coast and in-
land, although it has still to be recorded from
many places. Distributed along French Atlantic
coast as far as the south coast of England, where
it can only be found within a short distance of
the sea (Emmet, 1976), as a consequence of its
supposed vulnerability to frost. The species has
been recorded from Switzerland, where it might
occur in Tessin, but it certainly does not occur
in Austria as erroneously indicated by Emmet
(1976) (Klimesch, in litt.).
Material examined: 21 d, 23 9. — Algeria: 1 9,
Aures, Dj. Chelia, northern slopes, 1500 m, e.l.
5.vi.1980, Rubus ulmifolius, 29.iv, E. van Nieukerken,
G. Bryan, P. Oosterbroek (ZMA). — Cyprus: 3 d, 3
2, Limassol, Yermassoyia, 24 + 28.11.1980, Rubus,
B. Gustafsson (RMS). — France: 2 6, 4 ©, Cannes,
el. 27.v—12.vi.1889, Rubus fruticosus, ili. Walsing-
ham (BMNH); 5 d, 6 @ (lecto- and paralectotypes),
Vannes, ronce, 24.vi, 1.vii, Joannis (MNHN,
MHUB); 1 6, 3 2, Vannes, el. 28.vi—29.v11.1910,
mine 8.x.1909, Joannis, coll. Dufrane (IRSN). —
Great Britain: 3 d, 1 ©, Portland, Church Ope Cave,
el. 10—17.vi.1982, Rubus fruticosus, 28.ix.1981, Bry-
an & Menken (ZMA). — Italy: 1 6, Sicilia (Caltani-
setta), W. of Manzarino, e.l. 2—4.v.1981, Rubus ulmi-
folius, 25.11.1981, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
Spain: 1 d,2 ®, 7 km NW San Pedro de Alcantara
(Malaga), 350 m, e.l. 21.iv, 15.v, 3—4.vii.1984, Rubus
ulmifolius, E. J. van Nieukerken; 4 &, Sierra Blanca, 6
km N. Marbella (Malaga), El Mirador, 800 m, e.l.
65
12.1v—18.v1.1984, Rubus ulmifolius, E. J. van Nieu-
kerken (ZMA). — Yugoslavia: 1 d, 3 ®, 7 km SE
Piran, Cedle (Slovenia), 300 m, e.l. 22.iv—14.v.1984,
Rubus ulmifolius, J. J. Boomsma, E. J. van Nieuker-
ken (ZMA).
Mines. — Algeria: Aurés, Arris, 32 km SSE Batna;
Aurès, Dj. Chélia; La Calle (El Kala); E. of Morris. —
Corsica: Pisciatella; Porticcio (near Ajaccio). — Cy-
prus: Limassol, Yermassoyia (RMS). — France: Ba-
nyuls; Port Vendres; Douelle (Lot), Le Carriol
(BMNH); Bretagne (Cotes du Nord) (BMNH). —
Great Britain: Harwich; Newhaven (Sussex), Emmet;
Portland; St. Osyth. — Greece: Kardamyli (Messi-
nia). — Italy: Frascati (BMNH); Roma Fiumicino;
Sasso di Bordighera (BMNH); Trieste; Sicilia, Mazza-
rino; Sicilia, Montallegro; Sicilia, Taormina (BMNH).
— Spain: Marbella; San Pedro de Alcantara; Tunisia:
Ain Draham; Hammam Lif; Tabarka. — Yugoslavia:
Piran; Rovinj (BMNH).
40. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) spiraeae
Gregor & Povolny, 1983
(figs. 77, 127, 204, 271, 318, 388, 416, 500, 549)
Ectoedemia spiraeae Gregor & Povolny, 1983: 174—
177, figs. 4—7, 9. Holotype d, Czechoslovakia:
Ciganka Hill near Murän, 930 m, 26.1x.1981, el.
11.1982, Spiraea media, Gregor & Povolny (De-
partment of Entomology, Moravian Museum,
Brno) [not examined].
Stigmella sp.; Povolny & Gregor, 1952: 237, figs. c, d
(mine).
Stigmella spireae (sic!) Gregor & Povolny, 1955: 124,
127 (nomen nudum, no description); Hering,
1957: 1021 (mine).
Nepticula spireae; Szöcs, 1968: 229.
Diagnosis: externally characterised by light
head and collar, almost straight non-metallic
fascia and in male yellowish-white hair-pencil
and white tuft on underside forewing. Male
genitalia characterised by aedeagus without ca-
rinae and valvae with serrate inner margin and
inconspicuous tip. Female genitalia character-
ised by absence of both vaginal sclerite and spi-
culate pouch, and by dissimilar signa.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.42—2.52 mm (4),
wingspan 5.0—5.6 mm. Head: frontal tuft and
collar yellowish-orange. Antennae with 34—36
segments (4). Thorax and forewings blackish,
with medial, almost straight, non-shining fascia,
often interrupted. Underside of forewing with a
tuft of white hair-scales arising near costal reti-
naculum and a large scaleless area. Hindwing
with a yellowish-white hair-pencil.
Female (fig. 77). Forewing length 2.2—2.32
m (2.25 + 0.04, 7), wingspan 4.8—5.4 mm.
66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Antennae with 26—27 segments (26.8 + 0.5, 5).
Without characteristics on underside forewing.
Male genitalia (figs. 127, 271, 318, 388). Cap-
sule length 266—287 um (2). Tegumen pro-
duced into prominent triangular pseuduncus.
Gnathos (fig. 318) with central element very
short and inconspicuous, with wide truncate tip.
Valva (fig. 271) length 206—214 um (2), inner
margin approximately straight, but serrate by
prominent setal sockets; tip an inconspicuous,
pointed, inwards directed process. Aedeagus
(fig. 388) 244—266 um (2), without carinae, a
simple tube.
Female genitalia (figs. 204, 416). T7 with 6—8
short setae in an indistinct row along posterior
margin. T8 appearing as a double sclerite: with
two lateral patches of scales and 6—7 long setae.
Anal papillae with 13—16 setae. Vestibulum
smooth, without sclerite or spiculate pouch.
Corpus bursae 650—660 um, sparsely covered
with small spines or pectinations; signa clearly
dissimilar, longest 394—441 um (3), shortest
321—343 um (3), 3.8—3.9 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 2¥,—3 convolutions.
Larva not examined.
Biology.
Hostplant: Spiraea media Franz Schmidt.
Mine (fig. 500). Egg on leaf-underside against
midrib, often in axil between midrib and lateral
vein. Early mine linear, straight, following a
vein, or occasionally leaf margin, filled with
brown, dispersed frass; later abruptly widening
into wide, irregular blotch, with blackish dis-
persed frass.
Life history. Probably univoltine. Larvae
found in September—October. Adults reared in
February—March (probably indoors) and
May—June (Szócs, 1968).
Distribution (fig. 549).
Only known from Slovakia and Matra moun-
tains in Hungary.
Remarks.
This species was discovered by Povolny &
Gregor (1952), who described the mine as Stig-
mella sp. Later they named it Stigmella spireae
Gregor & Povolny, 1955, but still based this
name on mines only. This name therefore re-
mains a nomen nudum (Code, art. 13a, 16).
Later, Gregor & Povolny (1983) redescribed it
under the name Ectoedemia spiraeae and desig-
nated a neotype. However, since the 1955 name
is not available, the last description is to be re-
garded as the original species designation and
the neotype as holotype.
In a collection of Japanese Nepticulidae, at
present under study, there is a species reared
from Spiraea japonica L. and S. salicifolia L.,
which is almost unseparable from spiraeae but
has a brown hair-pencil instead of a yellowish-
white one.
Material examined: 5 6,5 2. — Czechoslovakia: 1
3, 1 ©, (paratypes) Slovakia centr. Murän, Huta:
Ciganka, 26.1x.1981 on Spiraea media, Gregor & Pov-
olny; 1 4, 1 ®, (paratypes), Slovakia or., Slovensky
Raj, Cingov, 27.1x.1981 on Spiraea media, Gregor
& Povolny (ZMA, EvN). — Hungary: 3 d, 3 2,
Matra Hegyseg, Sasto, e.l. 13—19.v.1973, Spiraea
media, J. Szöcs (TMAB, ZMA).
Mines. — Czechoslovakia: Erzgebirge, Sitno near
Banska Stiavnica, Gregor & Povolny (BMNH); Slo-
vakia or., Slov. Raj., Cingov, Gregor & Povolny .
(ZMA). — Hungary: Matra-Gebirge, Sasto (BMNH).
41. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) agrimoniae
(Frey, 1858)
figs278, 131,152, 2095270) 3195 392746275015
529)
Nepticula agrimoniae Frey, 1858: 44, 45. Lectotype d
(here designated), Germany: Regensburg, Hof-
mann, Frey coll., Genitalia slide 22676 (BMNH)
[examined].
Nepticula agrimoniella Herrich-Schaffer, 1860: 60.
Syntypes, Germany: Regensburg (Hofmann, An-
gerer) (depository unknown) [not examined].
Nepticula agrimoniella; Herrich-Schäffer, [1861]: fig.
169; Heinemann, 1862: 312, 313; Wocke, 1871:
338; 1874: 101; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 757,
758; Meyrick, 1895: 722; Sorhagen, 1922: 49, pl. 3
fig. 49; Meyrick, 1928: 859.
Nepticula agrimoniae; Ballett Fletcher, 1882: 211;
Tutt, 1899: 313—315; Rebel, 1901: 226; Meess,
1910: 479, pl. 91 fig. 68; Petersen, 1930: 68, fig. 92
(4 genitalia).
Dechtiria agrimoniae; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 61 (6
genitalia).
Stigmella agrimoniae; Gerasimov, 1952: 224; Kli-
mesch, 1961: 759; Lhomme, 1963: 1192;
Borkowski, 1970: 544, figs. 8, 23 (mine, exter-
nals).
Stigmella (Dechtiria) agrimoniae; Hering, 1957: 41,
fig. 19a (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia)
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia agrimoniae; Bradley et al., 1972: 2;
Borkowski, 1975: 491; Emmet, 1976: 191, pl. 6
He 1, poll, 112 is, 22,
Nepticula agrimomella (sic!); Rössler, 1881: 337 [mis-
spelling].
agrimoniae; Johansson,
Diagnosis: externally similar to species of an-
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 67
gulifasciella complex, but separated by absence
of hair-pencil in male, slightly pointed oviposi-
tor in female and brown edged scape. Separated
from smaller E. hexapetalae, mahalebella and
spiraeae by dark collar and edged scape. Both
male and female genitalia highly characteristic.
Description.
Male (fig. 78). Forewing length (1.84) 2.28—
2.96 mm (2.58 + 0.21, 15), wingspan (4) 5.2—
| 6.4 mm. Head: frontal tuft yellowish to ferrugi-
nous brown, sometimes completely brown; col-
lar greyish brown, different from frontal tuft.
| Antennae with 35—41 segments (38.3 + 1.7);
scape white, but caudal edge with some brown
| scales. Thorax and forewings fuscous black with
a yellowish silver medial fascia, constricted in
middle. Hindwing without hair-pencil or costal
bristles.
Female. Forewing length 2.0—2.48 mm (2.24
+ 0.15, 20), wingspan 4—5.6 mm. Antennae
with 31—36 segments (33.2 + 1.3, 15). Thorax
and forewings darker than in male, fascia more
shining silver. —
Male genitalia (figs. 131, 132, 270, 319, 394).
| Capsule length 214—240 um (225.7 + 8.4, 6).
Tegumen produced into pointed, cuspidate
pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 319) with triangular,
pointed central element, with smooth margins.
| Valva (fig. 270) length 163—189 um (174.3 +
10.7, 6), widest at base, distinctly constricted
below pointed and inwards curved tip. Aedea-
gus (fig. 394) 184—227 um (204.3 + 16.6, 6),
dorsal carinae inserted clearly below apex, each
divided into 4—5 pointed teeth; ventral projec-
tion with some small spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 209, 462). T7 with 6—8
| small setae along posterior margin. T8 in form
of a narrow curved band, almost split in middle,
with a group of scales and 4—7 setae on either
side. Anal papillae narrow, with 7—11 setae.
Vestibulum without vaginal sclerite, or spiculate
pouch. Corpus bursae 440—640 um, complete-
ly covered with pectinations; signa similar, cells
particularly spiny, length 180—300 um (237.9
+ 35.0, 14), 2.3—3.6 X as long as wide. Ductus
spermathecae with 3—3Y, convolutions.
Larva. Greenish yellow, with conspicuous
brown ganglia, head-capsule brown. Without
ventral plates.
Biology.
Hostplants. Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Are-
monia agrimonoides (L.) DC. (Greece only).
Mine (fig. 501). Egg on leaf-underside. Early
mine narrow tortuous gallery, sometimes fol-
lowing vein, with broken linear frass, occasion-
ally partly contorted; later widening into a wide
irregular gallery, or elongate blotch with dis-
persed frass. Cocoon made in mine.
Life history. Univoltine, larvae from the end
of August until October, pupae inside the mine.
Adults from May to July.
Distribution (fig. 529).
Widespread in Central Europe, the Balkans
and France, local in South England and south-
east Sweden. Not recorded from Denmark, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Iberian Peninsula or
Italy.
Material examined: 49 gd, 67 2, 91 ex.. — Austria:
4 d, 11 ©, Hainburg: Hundsheimer Berg, 200—400
m, el. 15—28.v.1984, Agrimonia eupatoria, J. J.
Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
Czechoslovakia: 1 ©, Praha (Prag), Pock. (NMW). —
Germany, West: 1 9, Baiern, 1858 (NMW); 1 6,1 9,
Frankfurt am Main, coll. Staudinger (MHUB); 1 6, 1
e, Hafen, el. iv.1928, Agrim. eupat., A. Wörz
(LNK); 2 d, München, coll. Staudinger; 1 d,2 9,
Regensburg, coll. Staudinger (MHUB); 1 d, 1 9,
(lecto- and paralectotype of agrimoniae), Regensburg,
Hofmann (BMNH); 2 4, 1 ©, Wolfenbuttel, [Heine-
mann] (MHUB). — Germany, without further data: 1
©, Jos. Mann; 1 6, 1 ®, ex coll. v. Heinemann
(RMNH); 1 ©, 1869, Lederer (NMW). — Germany,
East: 1 6, 1 2, Berlin-Finkenkrug, el. 15—
21.110303 Hlerine; 0 17 eee Berlin Erohnaus sel
10.v.1924, Hering; 91 ex., Berlin, MAJ, Agrimonia,
Hering; 5 d, 6 2, Berlin Rudersdf., el. 22.iii—
10.1v.1928, Hering; 7 dg, 7 2, Chorin (Mark), el. 1—
30.1v.1921, Hering (MHUB); 6 d, 6 2, Potsdam, el.
16—22.111.1894, Hinneberg (MHUB, NMW, ZMA);
1 2, [Potsdam] e.l. 16.11.1892, Agrimon. (ZMA). —
Great Britain: 3 2, Box Hill, el. 25.vi.1936,
11.v1.1938, 6.v1.1939, S. Jacobs (ZMA); 2 6,1 2, W.
of Hadleigh (Essex), South Benfleet, el. 29.vi—
7.v11.1982, G. Bryan & S. B. J. Menken (ZMA); 1 6, 1
?, no further data, Tyerman, ex coll. BMNH (ZMA).
— Greece: 4 4, 2 2, Evvoia: Dhirfis Oros, S. slopes
700—900 m, e.l. 2—18.v.1981, Aremonia agrimo-
noides, S. B. J. Menken & E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 4,
3 ©, Frangista (Evritania), valley, 600 m, el. 16.v—
3.vi, 1981, Aremonia and Agrimonia, S. B. J. Menken
& E. J. van Nieukerken; 2 d, 6 ©, Katsika (Ioannina)
near Limni Ioanninon, 480 m, e.l. 7—15.v.1981, Agrı-
monia eupatoria, S. B. J. Menken & E. J. van Nieu-
kerken; 2 d, 1 2, Métsovon (loánnina), 950—1000 m,
el. 14—22.v.1981, Agrimonia eupatoria, S. B. J. Men-
ken & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 d, 2 ©, Vard-
housia O., (Fthióus), Dafni, 7 km SE Marmara, 1100
m, e.l. 5—14.v.1981, Agrimonia eupatoria, S. B. J.
Menken & E. J. van Nieukerken. — Switzerland: I 6,
no further data, 1869 (NMW). — USSR: 3 à, 4
+O
68 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Bendery (Tighina), Bessarabia, e.l. 10.1v—20.v.1931,
Agrimonia eupatoria, Hering (MHUB).
Mines. — On Agrimonia eupatoria. — Austria:
Hundsheimer Berg near Hainburg. — Germany: Ber-
lin-Frohnau, Hering (BMNH). — Great Britain:
Hadleigh; Dorking, Box Hill (Surrey). — Greece: SE
Marmara, Vardhoúsia Ori (Fthtiotis). — USSR:
Bendery (Tighina), Hering (BMNH). — Yugoslavia:
Otoëac. On Aremonia agrimonoides. — Greece: Ev-
voia, Dhirfis Oros; SE Marmara, Vardhousia Ori
(Fthiötis); Frangísta (Evritania); Fournäs (Evritania).
42. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) hexapetalae
(Szöcs, 1957) comb. n.
(figs. 79, 130, 210, 272, 320, 389, 403, 404, 463,
502, 549)
Nepticula utensis Weber var. biol. hexapetalae Szöcs,
1957: 322, 323. Holotype d, Hungary: Budapest,
Sashegy, 24.vii.1956 e.l., Szöcs, Genitalia slide 944
Gozmany (TMAB) [examined].
Nepticula hexapetalae; Szöcs, 1965: 79; 1968: 228.
Trifurcula hexapetalae; Kasy, 1980: 47.
Diagnosis: this species differs externally from
most species of the angulifasciella group by its
small size, light collar, straight non-metallic fas-
cia, and absence of hair-pencil in male. It can
possibly be confused with E. mahalebella, in
which case the genitalia should be examined.
Male genitalia are immediately recognised by
the width and the dorsal spinose process of the
aedeagus. Female genitalia are easy to separate
from mahalebella by shape and position of sig-
na.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 1.96—2.12 mm (2.05
+ 0.07, 6), wingspan 4.4—4.7 mm. Head: fron-
tal tuft yellowish orange to orange brown; col-
lar slightly lighter. Antennae with 30—33 seg-
ments (32 + 1.2, 5). Thorax and forewings
brownish black with a medial, almost straight
fascia, dull white, not shining. Hindwing with-
out hair-pencil or costal bristles.
Female (fig. 79). Forewing length 1.68—2.04
m (1.89 + 0.13, 8), wingspan 3.7—4.6 mm.
Antennae with 24—26 segments (24.9 + 0.8, 8).
Male genitalia (figs. 130, 272, 320, 389, 403,
404). Capsule length 197—240 um (3), wider
than long. Tegumen distinctly produced into a
rounded pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 320) divided
into short distal element, and basal part with
serrate margin. Valva (fig. 272) length 167—184
um (3), relatively broad, inner margin almost
straight, but slightly concave below pointed tip.
Aedeagus (figs. 389, 403, 404) 261—287 um (3),
distinctly longer than capsule, relatively broad;
with pair of single or bifid carinae and a single
dorsal projection with many spines.
Female genitalia (figs. 210, 463). T7 with 4—6
scattered setae along posterior margin. T8 with
two lateral patches of scales and 3—5 setae.
Anal papillae with 7—18 setae. Vestibulum with
incomplete vaginal sclerite with an indistinct
ventral projection, without spiculate pouch.
Corpus bursae 460—630 um, completely cov-
ered by pectinations, especially dense near ves-
tibulum; signa similar, with only slight differ-
ences in length, 197—326 um (254.7 + 47.5, 7),
2.6—3.1 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathe-
cae with 2—3 convolutions.
Larva. Pale green, according to Szöcs (1957).
Biology.
Hostplant. Filipendula vulgaris Moench (=
hexapetala Gilibert).
Mine (fig. 502). Egg on leaf-underside. Mine ©
narrow gallery, often following leaf-margin;
early mine filled with brown dispersed frass,
later black dispersed frass leaving clear margins.
Life history. Probably bivoltine. Larvae most
abundant in June and July, again in lower num-
bers in August and October (Szöcs, 1968).
Adults from summer larvae emerged within a
month, from autumn larvae in May (only 1
specimen examined). The only specimen taken
at light flew in May.
Distribution (fig. 549).
Still only known from the region near Buda-
pest and the Fischawiesen near Gramatneusiedl
in the Vienna region. The population of the lat-
ter locality appears to be threatened, because
these meadows are yearly completely mowed
(pers. comm. Kasy), without leaving any old
leaves for the autumn generation.
Remarks.
Originally described as variety of utensis (=
angulifasciella) only, but E. hexapetalae appears
to be a very distinctive species. Together with
terebinthivora these are the only European Ec-
toedemia species which are known to be bivol-
tıne.
Material examined: 6 d,9 2. — Austria: 1 2, Gra-
matneusiedl, Fürbachwiesen (= Fischawiesen), e.l.
DEAL IB KAS 3 Ls idem, el. 19—20.vu.1979; 1
3, idem, 30.v.1979, at light (NMW). — Hungary: 2
6, 2 2, Budaörs, el. 15.vii.1962, 3.vu.1964, 6—
8.vu.1968, J. Szöcs; 1 6, 1 ©, Budaörs, Törökugrató,
el. 29.vi.1968, 21.v.1979, J. Szöcs; 1 d, 1 ©, (Holo-
and paratype), Budapest, Sasshegy, el. 24—
26.vu.1956, J. Szöcs (TMAB).
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 69
Mines. — Austria: Gramatneusiedl, Fischawiesen,
leg. Kasy. — Hungary: Budapest, Sasshegy, leg. Szöcs
(BMNH).
The Ectoedemia angulifasciella complex
This is a complex of four very similar species,
mining on Rosaceae. The status of the four taxa
has recently been discussed by Wilkinson et al.
(1983), where it was shown that the four taxa
form two pairs of sibling species. In that paper
the forms schleichiella and staphyleae were not
treated, but it is shown here that these are syno-
nyms of E. angulifasciella and atricollis respecti-
vely.
As in the other complexes treated here, the
first species (angulifasciella) is described fully,
and the other species only as far as they differ
from it.
43. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) angulifasciella
(Stainton, 1849)
(es 0332/18 212° 273,321, 399, 464, 503,
532)
Nepticula angulifasciella Stainton, 1849: 29. Syntypes,
England, Stainton (depository unknown) [not ex-
amined].
Nepticula schleichiella Frey, 1870: 286. Lectotype 2
(here designated), Switzerland: Zürich, Frey,
Genitalia slide 22567 (BMNH) [examined]. Syn.
nov.
Nepticula utensis Weber, 1937a: 669, fig. 2. Lectotype
3 (here designated), Switzerland: Zürich, Ute,
28.1x.1935, Sanguis. offic., Z. 2368, Weber, Geni-
talia slide ETH 1240 (ETHZ) [examined]. Syn.
nov.
Nepticula minorella Zimmermann, 1944: 118, 119,
figs. 5, 7. Lectotype d (here designated), Austria:
Gumpoldskirchen near Wien, e.l. 26.v11.1943, Po-
terium min., F. Zimmermann (labelled paratypus).
Genitalia slide No. 763/1943 M. Hering (on pin)
(MHUB) [examined]. Syn. nov.
? Nepticula brunniella Sauber, 1904, Syntype mines,
Germany, West: Hamburg, Sorhagen (depository
unknown) [not examined].
Nepticula angulifasciella; Stainton, 1854: 304; Her-
rich-Schaffer, 1855: 350; Stainton, 1855: 88—97,
pl. 1 fig. 3; Frey, 1857: 417, 418; Stainton, 1859:
435; Heinemann, 1862: 314, 315; Wocke, 1871:
338; 1874: 101; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 758,
759; Sorhagen, 1886: 308; Meyrick, 1895: 859;
Tutt, 1899: 308—310; Rebel, 1901: 226; Meess,
1910: 479; Meyrick, 1928: 859; Petersen, 1930:
69, fig. 94 (d genitalia); Szócs, 1965: 78.
Dechtiria angulifasciella; Beirne, 1945: 205 (partim,
not fig. 68); Vari, 1951: 196, 197, figs. 13, 17 (d
genitalia, identity).
Stigmella angulifasciella; Klimesch, 1951: 62; Gerasi-
moy, 1952: 225: Klimesch, 1961: 759; Lhomme,
1963: 1193; Borkowski, 1969: 112.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) angulifasciella; Hering, 1957:
902 (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) angulifasciella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia angulifasciella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2;
Emmet, 1973: 178—180 (differences with atricol-
lis); 1976: 192, pl. 6 fig. 2, pl. 12 fig. 24; Wilkinson
et al., 1983: 211—224, figs. 1, 2, 9 (specific status).
Ectoedemia angulifasciella (partim); Borkowski,
1975: 492.
-Trifurcula angulifasciella (partim); Karsholt & Niel-
sen, 1976: 18.
Nepticula schleichiella; Wocke, 1871: 338; Heine-
mann & Wocke, 1877: 759, 760; Rebel, 1901: 226;
Meess, 1910: 479.
Stigmella schleichiella; Gerasimov, 1952: 259; Hering,
1957: 937 (mine).
Stigmella utensis; Klimesch, 1948: 72, 73, figs. 50, 51
(4 genitalia).
Stigmella minorella; Klimesch, 1961: 739.
? Nepticula brunniella; Sorhagen, 1922: 59, fig. 70.
Diagnosis: male characterised by the combi-
nation of a yellowish-orange collar, an oblique
metallic fascia and a white hair-pencil. E. spi-
raeae is very similar, but has almost no metallic
fascia and is usually smaller. Male genitalia
characterised by the shape of the valva, with si-
nuous inner margin. Female separated from ag-
rimoniae, atricollis and arcuatella by light col-
lar, E. mahalabella is very similar, but usually
smaller and with very different signa.
Description.
Male (fig. 80). Forewing length (excluding
specimens reared from Filipendula) 2.2—2.8
mm (2.56 + 0,18, 21), wingspan 5.2—6.6 mm.
Including Fihpendula specimens: forewing
length 1.92—2.8 (2.47 + 0.25, 25), wingspan
4.46.6 mm. Head: frontal tuft and collar pale
ochreous to ferruginous, usually lighter than in
atricollis; collar often slightly lighter. Antennae
with 29—35 segments (32.2 + 1.6, 18). Thorax
and forewings fuscous black, with a medial,
oblique, shining metallic silver fascia, rarely in-
terrupted in middle. Underside of forewing
with small scaleless area. Hindwing with white
hair-pencil and a few dark scales along costa.
Female. Forewing length (excluding speci-
mens reared from Filipendula) 2.04—2.68 mm
(2.52 + 0,18, 12), wingspan 4.7—6.1 mm. In-
cluding Filipendula specimens: forewing length
1.92—2.68 (2.40 + 0.26, 16), wingspan 4.5—6.1
mm. Antennae with 25—29 segments (27.1 +
1.0, 13).
Male genitalia (figs. 133, 273, 321, 390). Cap-
sule length 210—257 um (241.0 + 16.6, 9). Te-
70 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
gumen distinctly produced into truncate pseud-
uncus. Gnathos (fig. 321) with central element
divided, distal part spatulate, basal part with
serrate margin. Valva (fig. 273) length 159—193
um (175.3 + 11.6, 11), inner margin sinuous,
forming a slight, but distinct rounded bulge in
distal half, so that inner margin forms a right
angle with pointed tip. Aedeagus (fig. 390)
214—274 um (250.1 + 18.3, 11), slightly con-
stricted beyond middle, carinae single or bifid,
not sharply pointed, with many small spines at
base.
Female genitalia (figs. 211, 212, 464). T7
without setae in a row. T8 with two lateral
patches with many scales and about 4—8 setae;
anal papillae with 5—9 setae. Vestibulum with a
vaginal sclerite and a “spiculate” pouch without
spines. Corpus bursae 400—570 um, almost
completely covered with pectinations; signa dis-
similar, longest 249—381 um (326.1 + 38.0, 10),
shortest 227—356 um (289.5 + 37.1, 9), 3.3—
4.6 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathecae
with 2/—3 convolutions.
Larva. Greenish white, with distinct ganglia.
Head-capsule and prothoracic plate dark
brown. In 2nd and 3rd instar with chain of dark
brown ventral plates.
Biology.
Hostplants: Rosa spp., including evergreen
Rosa sempervirens L., occasionally on Sangui-
sorba minor Scop., S. officinalis L. and Filipen-
dula vulgaris Moench (in Hungary only).
Mine (fig. 503). Egg on leaf-underside. Early
mine highly contorted gallery filled with brown,
contorted frass; later widening into large irregu-
lar blotch or wide gallery with irregular dispers-
ed black frass.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from end of
August to early November. S. E. Whitebread
(in litt.) found some larvae in July in Switzer-
land. Adults flying from the middle of June to
the end of July. May records probably refer all
to indoor rearing.
Distribution (fig. 532).
Widespread in Europe, from southern Scan-
dinavia to Greece. Not yet recorded from Ire-
land, Iberian Peninsula and central Balkan.
Remarks.
In the Stainton collection there are only an-
gulifasciella specimens collected after 1849, thus
without syntype status. The type specimens
were not reared, but were later recognised by
Stainton as being the same species as the rose
miner. The identity of this species has been dis-
cussed by Wilkinson et al. (1983), with excep-
tion of the Sanguisorba form. Three authors de-
scribed the Sanguisorba form: Frey as schlei-
chiella, Weber as utensis (from the same locality
as Frey!) and Zimmermann as minorella. The
lectotypes of these taxa are morphologically
identical with angulifasciella, and also the biolo-
gy, except the foodplant, is similar. Electropho-
resis of one larva collected in the Pyrenees on
Sanguisorba minor showed that this form is also
genetically identical with angulifasciella (Men-
ken, in preparation). The conclusion is that an-
gulifasciella ıs-an oligophagous species, which
most commonly feeds on Rosa. Sz6cs also col-
lected the species in numbers on Filipendula
vulgaris in Hungary. These specimens are much
smaller than normal angulifasciella probably .
due to the size of the leaves. The measurements
of the adults have thus been given both exclud-
ing and including these specimens.
N. brunniella Sauber has been described on
the basis of some mines collected by Sorhagen
in Hamburg. Judging from Sorhagen’s (1922)
description and figure they could also belong to
angulıfasciella.
Material examined: 38 d, 28 ©, 42 ex. — Austria: 3
3, (lecto- and paralectotypes of minorella),
Gumpoldskirchen near Wien, el. 14.vi—26.v11.1943,
Poterium min., Zimmermann (MHUB); 1 4,
Gumpoldskirchen, Glaslauterriegel, 28.v11.1972, F.
Kasy; 2 6, Hundsheimer Berg (near Hainburg),
(Evil 77 5151980 NE Ma sy ENE ZVL
Knitsche (NMW). — France: 1 6, 1 2, Chaville, e.l.
31.v., Joannis (MNHN). — Germany, West: 1 d,
Bayers, 1858 (NMW); 2 6, 1.5 km NW Birresborn
(Rhl.-Pf.), Vulkanberg, 460 m, e.l. 24—27.v1.1983,
Rosa, Alders & Van Nieukerken (ZMA); 2 ®,
Braunschweig, Heinemann, coll. Staudinger
(MHUB); 2 d, 1 9, Stuttgart, 30.v1.1883; 19.vu.1886
(MHUB, NMW); 1 &, no data, ex coll. Heinemann,
coll. Snellen (RMNH). — Germany, East: 1 d, 1 9,
Friedland, 1, 9.v.1885, Stange; 5 d, 3 ©, Rachlau, el.
1897, Rosa canina, Schütze; 2 ©, Sachsenberg, Nord-
hausen, e.l. 29.vi.1899, Rosa, Petry (MHUB). —
Hungary: 5 d, 4 ©, Szär, el. 17—24.v1.1968, Filipen-
dula vulgaris, J. Szöcs (TMAB). — Netherlands: 3 6,
Nunspeet, el. 14—22.v11.1946, Rosa, L. Vari; 8 d, 5
2, Ootmarsum, Achter de Voort, e.l. 10—14.v11.1981,
Rosa, 15.x.1980, Andeweg & Van Nieukerken; 3 ®,
Winterswijk, quarry, e.l. 26.v11.1979, 12—13.v11.1982,
Van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Poland: 42 ex., Krosno
Odr. (Crossen a. Oder), e.l. 10—26.v1.1930, Rosa
canina, Hering; 3 d, 3 ©, idem, el. 15—23.v.1932; 1
3, Silesia, Wocke (MHUB); 1 à, Silesia, 1872, Stau-
dinger (NMW); 2 6, 4 ©, Wroclaw (Breslau), el.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 71
iv.1872, Rosa (Wocke) (MHUB). — Switzerland: 2 ?
(lecto- and paralectotype of schleichiella), Zürich,
Frey (BMNH); 1 d (lectotype of utensis, see above);
2 4,1 2, Zürich, Uto, mine 29.ix.1936, Sanguisorba
officinalis, Weber (ETHZ). — Yugoslavia: 3 d,2 9,
Selce, 4 km SE Crikvenica (Hrvatska), a.s.l., e.l.
24.v—18.vi.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieuker-
ken (ZMA). — No data: 1 6, Rosa (ZMA); 2 9, el.
6.vi.1884, v. 1903, Rosa (NMW).
Mines. — On Rosa spp. — Austria: Gumpoldskir-
chen. — France: Andlau; Arvieu; Barr; Corse, Portic-
cio; Modane. — Germany, West: Alendorf; Birres-
born; Hillesheim; Klotten. — Great Britain: Saffron
Walden; Takeley; Tintern. — Greece: Fournas, Evri-
tania; Oiti Oros, Fókis + Fthiótis; Olympia; Parnos
Oros, Attika. — Italy: Picinisco; Trento. — Nether-
lands: Cadier en Keer; Epen; Kunrade; De Lutte;
Ootmarsum; Winterswijk; Wijlre. On Sanguisorba
minor. — France: Porté-Puymorens. — Germany,
West: Alendorf.
44. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) atricollis
(Stainton, 1857)
(figs. 15—17, 28, 81, 134, 213, 214, 274, 323,
391, 465, 504, 505, 533)
Nepticula atricollis Stainton, 1857: 112. Lectotype ©
(here designated), England, ex Boyd Coll. B.M.,
1813—391, 2 5788, Nepticula atricollis Stn. Type,
Genitalia slide 22617 (BMNH) [examined].
Nepticula atricolella Doubleday, 1859: 36 (unjustified
emendation).
Nepticula aterrima Wocke, 1865: 270. Lectotype d
(here designated), Poland: Freiburg, Silesia, e.l.
iv.1862, Crataegus, Wocke, Genitalia slide VU
2325 (ZIAS) [examined].
Nepticula malivora Toll, 1934b: 70, 83, pl. 2 fig. 1.
Nomen nudum (no description or diagnosis, mine
only).
Nepticula atricollis var. aterrimoides Skala, 1940: 143.
Nomen nudum (no description or diagnosis).
Nepticula staphyleae Zimmermann, 1944: 117, 118,
figs. 4, 6. Lectotype d (here designated), Austria:
Gumpoldskirchen near Wien, e.l. 12.v1.1943, Sta-
phylea pinnata, F. Zimmermann, Genitalia slide
VU 1488 (MHUB) [examined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula atricollis var. prunivora Skala 1941: 1977.
Nomen nudum (no description or diagnosis, mine
only).
Nepticula atricollis; Stainton, 1859: 435; 1862: 228—
25 D AE ls K-leinemann, 1862: 313, 314;
Nolcken, 1871: 782; Wocke, 1871: 338; 1874:
101; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 758; Meyrick,
1895: 722; Tutt, 1899: 304—306; Rebel, 1901:
226; Meess, 1910: 479; Meyrick, 1928: 859; Peter-
sen, 1930: 69, fig. 93 (3 genitalia); Klimesch,
1936: 208; Zimmerman, 1944: fig. 6 a—c (d geni-
talia); Szöcs, 1965: 79.
Dechtiria atricollis; Vari, 1951: 197 (comparison with
angulifasciella); Emmet, 1971: 171, 240, 241.
Stigmella atricollis; Gerasimov, 1952: 228, Klimesch,
1961: 759; Lhomme,
1969: 104.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) atricollis; Hering, 1957: 349,
664, 690, 835, 854, 1010; figs. 229b, 408a.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) atricollis; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia atricollis; Bradley et al., 1972: 2; Emmet,
1973: 178—180 (differences with angulifasciella);
Emmet, 1976: 193, pl. 6 figs. 4, 5, pl. 12 fig. 25;
Wilkinson et al., 1983: 211—224, figs. 3, 4, 10
(specific status).
Dechtiria angulifasciella (partim); Beirne, 1945: 205,
fig. 68 (4 genitalia).
Ectoedemia angulıfasciella
1975: 492.
Trifurcula angulifasciella (partim); Karsholt & Niel-
sen, 1976: 18.
Nepticula aterrima; Wocke, 1871: 338, 1874: 102;
Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 763; Rebel, 1901:
227; Meess, 1910: 480.
Stigmella aterrima; Gerasimov, 1952: 228; Lhomme,
1963: 1198.
Nepticula malivora; Toll, 1936: 411.
Nepticula staphyleae; Szöcs, 1965: 79.
Stigmella staphyleae; Hering, 1957: 1027 (mine); Kli-
mesch, 1961: 759.
Ectoedemia staphyleae; Borkowski, 1975: 493.
1963: 1193; Borkowski,
(partim); Borkowski,
Diagnosis: separated from angulıfascıella,
mahalebella and spiraeae by dark collar, from
agrimoniae by hair-pencil in male and blunt
ovipositor in female (pointed in agrimoniae),
from rubivora by head colour and from spino-
sella by size, and dark coloured hair-pencil in
male spinosella. E. arcuatella can hardly be dis-
tinguished from atricollis, except by smaller
size, much shorter signa and shorter aedeagus of
arcuatella.
Description.
Male. Forewing length 2.16—2.56 mm (2.39
+ 0.12, 20), wingspan 4.8—6.0 mm. Head:
frontal tuft orange to ferruginous (rarely black);
collar dark fuscous to black. Antennae with
29—39 segments (33.3 + 2.4, 16). Hindwing
with white hair-pencil, surrounded by some
dark brown scales, especially along costa. Fur-
ther as angulifasciella.
Female (fig. 81). Forewing length 2.28—2.80
mm (2.56 + 0.14, 14), wingspan 5.2—6.2 mm.
Antennae with 26—30 segments (27.7 + 1.2,
12).
Male genitalia (figs. 134, 274, 323, 391). Cap-
sule length 270—287 um (278.6 + 6.9, 11).
Gnathos fig. 322. Valva (fig. 274) length 176—
206 um (189.4 + 8.5, 11), inner margin almost
straight, forming an obtuse angle with pointed
72 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
tip. Aedeagus (fig. 391) 261—287 um (273.1 +
8.8, 11), hardly constricted. Further as angulı-
fasciella.
Female genitalia (figs. 213, 214, 465). T8 with
3—4 setae at both sides. Anal papillae with 6—9
setae. Spiculate pouch with few almost invisible
spines. Corpus bursae 495—660 um; longest
signum (360) 411—489 um (435.5 + 32.3, 12),
shortest (356) 377—446 um (405 + 24.4, 12),
3.8—5.0 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathe-
cae with 3—3'/, convolutions.
Larva. Greenish white, with distinct ganglia.
Head-capsule and prothoracic plate black. In
2nd and 3rd instar with chain of black ventral
plates.
Biology.
Hostplants. Oligophagous on Rosaceous
trees: most abundant on Crataegus spp., com-
mon on Malus sylvestris Miller, Pyrus communis
L. and Prunus avium L., occasionally on Prunus
mahaleb L. and P. cerasifera Ehrh. Records on
Prunus spinosa L. probably all refer to E. spino-
sella. In east Central Europe also common on
Staphylea pinnata L. (Staphyleaceae).
Mine (figs. 504, 505). Egg on leaf-underside.
Early mine linear, following leaf-margin, or
slightly contorted, filled with brown frass; later
widening into large blotch with scattered black
frass.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from late
August until late October, commonest in Sep-
tember. Adults slightly earlier than angulifas-
ciella, from early June until late July. May re-
cords probably refer to indoor rearing.
Distribution (fig. 533).
Widespread in Europe, from Central Sweden
to Central Italy. Not yet found in a large part of
the mediterranean region and Ireland.
Remarks.
Beirne (1945) and Borkowski (1975) synony-
mised this species with angulifasciella, but Wil-
kinson et al. (1983) showed that both species are
separate, genetically isolated entities.
N. aterrıma Wocke is just a dark aberration
of atricollis. The nomina nuda malivora Toll
and aterrimoides Skala are based on mines of
atricollis.
N. staphyleae Zimmermann is morphologi-
cally identical to atricollis, the adult, larva, and
mine being completely similar. The hostplant of
staphyleae is however unrelated to the Rosa-
ceae. By analysis of allozymes (Menken, in
preparation) the larvae collected from Staphylea
in the autumn of 1983 are shown to be geneti-
cally identical to those of sympatric atricollis
from Crataegus. Therefore staphyleae is here
synonymised with atricollis.
Material examined: 64 6, 59 2, 1 ex. — Austria: 3
3, 1 2 (lecto- and paralectotypes of staphyleae),
Gumpoldskirchen near Wien, el. 12.vi—21.vii.1943,
Staphylea pinata, Zimmermann (MHUB); 1 4,1 2, 1
km N. Gumpoldskirchen, Richardshof, e.l. 5.vi.1984,
Staphylea pinnata, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieu-
kerken (ZMA); 1 9, Klosterneuburg, Buchberg, e.l.
24.v.1937, Preissecker; 1 2, Linz, 9.11.1911, Knitsche;
1 3, Wien, Haschbg., el. 22.v.1937, Preissecker
(NMW). — Czechoslovakia: 1 6, 1 ©, Decin (Tets-
chen, Elbe), el. 11, 23.v1.1943, Crataegus, Hering
(MHUB). — France, 2 6, 3 2, Clamart (Hauts de
Seine), e.l. 4.vi, Aubépine (Crataegus), De Joannis
(MNHN). —- Germany, West: 3 d, 2 9, Freiburg, el.
1v.1965, Pyr. mal., 1 ©, Hannover, Glitz; 2 ©, Wolf- .
enbuttel, [Heinemann] (MHUB). — Germany, East:
10 3, 9 ©, Berlin-Finkenkrug, el. 31.v—10.vi.1930,
Pyrus malus, Hering; 2 4, 4 2, Bredow b. Nauen, e.l.
25.1—2.1v.1925, Malus silvestris, Hering; 2 6, 2 9,
Rüdingsdorf, Nordhausen, el. 21.v—7.vi.1921,
1.v1.1925, Crataegus, Petry; 2 d, 4 2, Rachlau, el.
1.1888, 1897, Pyrus malus, Schutze (MHUB). — Great
Britain: 1 2 (lectotype, see above). — Hungary: 2 6,
Budapest, e.l. 16.vi.1953, Staphylea, J. Szöcs; 1 9,
Budapest, Csittepéta, e.l. 30.v.1978, Staphylea pinna-
ta, J. Szöcs; 1 2, Normafa, e.l. 14.v.1978, Staphylea
pinnata, J. Szöcs; 1 9, Budapest, Zugliget, el.
23.vi.1957, Staphylea pinnata, J. Szöcs (TMAB). —
Italy: 1 2, Formello (Roma), Valle delle mad. d. Sor-
bo, e.l. 5.vi.1984, Crataegus monogyna, S. B. J. Men-
ken (ZMA). — Netherlands: 32 d, 20 2, from fol-
lowing localities; Ankeveense Plassen, Castricum,
Loosdrecht, Nederhorst den Berg, St. Pietersberg,
Weesp, Winterswijk and own breeding, reared from
Crataegus, Malus or Pyrus (RMNH, ZMA). — Po-
land: 1 d (lectotype of aterrima, see above); 2 4,19,
Silesia, Wocke, Staudinger (MHUB, ZMA). —
Switzerland: 1 d,1 2, 1869, 1870 (NMW).
Mines. On Crataegus. — Austria: Hundsheimer
Berg near Hainburg; Orth am Donau. — Germany,
West: Bad Honnef; Birresborn; Gerolstein. — Great
Britain: Chepstow; Churchill; New Forest; Takeley.
— Netherlands: many localities. — Italy: Formello;
Opi. On Malus. — Austria: Orth am Donau. — Great
Britain: Stapleford Abbots. — Italy: Picinisco. —
Netherlands: Denekamp; Hilversum; Leiden; Neder-
horst ten Berg; Rockanje; Wassenaar; Winterswijk.
On Mespilus germanica. — Netherlands: Winters-
wijk. On Prunus avium. — Austria: Hof am Leitha-
gebirge. — Germany, West: Bad Honnef. — Nether-
lands: Oud Valkenburg; Rijckholt; Sibbe; St. Geer-
truid; Winterswijk. On Prunus cerasifera. —
Rumania: Cocos, Niculitel, Tulcea, 1.1x.1973, leg.
Draghia. On Prunus mahaleb. — Germany, West:
Klotten. Pyrus. — Italy: Opi. — Netherlands: Hilver-
|
| Nepticula arcuatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855:
| Stigmella (Dechtiria) arcuatella;
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 73
sum; Leiden; Wassenaar; Winterswijk. — Yugoslavia:
Slavonska Pozega. On Staphylea pinnata. — Austria:
Gumpoldskirchen; Hundsheimer Berg near Hain-
burg. — Yugoslavia: N. Bihac.
45. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) arcuatella
(Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
(figs. 82, 136, 215, 275, 323, 392, 466, 506, 534)
354.
Lectotype d (here designated) identical with lec-
totype of N. arcuata Frey, see below.
Nepticula arcuata Frey, 1856: 384, 385. Lectotype d
(here designated), Switzerland: Zurich, Frey,
Genitalia slide 22678 (BMNH) [examined].
Nepticula arcuosella Doubleday, 1859: 36 (unjustified
emendation).
Nepticula arcuata; Frey, 1857: 415—417; Stainton,
1858: 97; 1859: 434, 435; 1862: 196—203, pl. 9
fig. 3 (biology); Nolcken, 1871: 784—786.
| Nepticula arcuatella; Heinemann, 1862: 315, 316;
Wocke, 1871: 338; 1874: 101; Heinemann &
Wocke, 1877: 759; Meyrick, 1895: 723; Tutt,
1899: 306—308; Rebel, 1901: 226; Meess, 1910:
479; Meyrick, 1928: 860; Petersen, 1930: 70, fig.
96 (3 genitalia); Klimesch, 1936: 208; Szócs,
1965: 78.
Dechtiria arcuatella; Beirne, 1945: 206, fig. 70 (6
genitalia).
Stigmella arcuatella; Klimesch, 1951: Gerasimov,
1952: 226; Klimesch, 1961: 759; Lhomme, 1963:
1194; Borkowski, 1969: 105, figs. 13, 14.
Hering, 1957: 42,
454, 821, fig. 503c (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) arcuatella; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia arcuatella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2; Em-
met, 1973: 180, 278 (differences with rubivora);
Borkowski, 1975: 492; Emmet, 1976: 194, pl. 6
fig. 3, pl. 12 fig. 26; van Nieukerken, 1982: 108;
Wilkinson et al., 1983: 211—224, figs. 5, 6, 11
(specific status).
Trifurcula arcuatella (partim); Karsholt & Nielsen,
1976: 18.
Diagnosis: when not reared almost insepara-
ble from E. atricollis, see diagnosis for that spe-
cies. Females difficult to separate from spinosel-
la.
Description.
Male (fig. 82). Forewing length 1.80—2.24
m (2.11 + 0.17, 8), wingspan 4.0—4.9 mm.
| Head: frontal tuft yellow to ferruginous, mixed
with fuscous scales, getting darker towards col-
lar; collar fuscous to black. Antennae with 28—
| 32 segments (29.9 + 1.5, 8). Hindwing with a
white hair-pencil. Further as angulifasciella.
Female. Forewing length 1.64—2.32 mm
(2.05 + 0.26, 10), wingspan 3.6—5.2 mm. An-
tennae with 24—28 segments (26.2 + 1.4, 9).
Male genitalia (figs. 136, 275, 323, 392). Cap-
sule length 249—253 um (3). Gnathos fig. 323.
Valva (fig. 275) length 180—189 um (4), inner
margin almost straight, forming an obtuse angle
with pointed tip. Aedeagus (fig. 392) 231—244
um (4), hardly constricted.
Female genitalia (figs. 215, 466). T8 with
about 5 setae at each side. Anal papillae with
5—9 setae. Spiculate pouch with very few min-
ute spines. Corpus bursae 420—500 um; longest
signum 227—313 um (4), shortest 206—283 um
(4), 3.1—4.1 X as long as wide. Ductus sperma-
thecae with 2!/, convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow, ganglia not very distinct.
Head-capsule and prothoracic plate light
brown. Penultimate instars with chain of brown
ventral plates, which are shed in final instar.
Biology.
Hostplants. Fragaria vesca L., F. moschata
Duchesne, Potentilla erecta (L.) Räuschel,
P. sterilis (L.) Garcke.
Mine (fig. 506). Egg on leaf-underside. Early
mine highly contorted gallery with brown,
coiled frass; later widening into large irregular
blotch with scattered brown frass.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from late
August to middle of October. Adults emerge
from end of May to July.
Distribution (fig. 534).
Widespread in Europe, but scarcer than the
other three species of the complex. Only one re-
cord each from the Netherlands and France.
Not yet recorded from Norway, Iberian Penin-
sula, Belgium or Ireland.
Remarks.
Frey discovered this species, named it arcuata
and described it in 1856. However, Herrich-
Schaffer, who renamed it arcuatella and attrib-
uted the species to Frey, described it one year
ahead, and therefore is attributed with the
authorship. Since Herrich-Schaffer clearly re-
fers to the Frey material, it can be regarded as
type material for both arcuatella and arcuata.
The synonymy of rubivora with this species, as
suggested by Borkowski (1975) has been refut-
ed by Wilkinson et al. (1983).
Material examined: 29 d, 27 2. — Austria: 8 d, 6
2,5 km. W. Völkermarkt: Pörtschach (Kärnten), 500
m, e.l. 19.v—5.v1.1984, Fragaria vesca, J. J. Boomsma
& E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1 6, 12, Wien,
74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Haschbg., e.l. 13, 20.v.1937, Preissecker (NMW). —
Denmark: 2 ©, Bornholm, Gudhjem, el. 31.v—
Av Eragon (EIS Larsen (ZMO)Z Ger
Heinemann
many, West: 1 ©, Braunschweig,
(RMNH); 2 dg, Freiburg, 11.1882, Fragaria; 1 6,
Wolfenbuttel, [Heinemann] (MHUB); 2 ®, Pfalz,
Eppelsheim (MHUB, NMW); 1 2, no data, 1870,
Heinemann (MHUB); 1 4, locality illegible, Frag.
vesc., Heinemann (RMNH); 1 2, no data, 1878, Stau-
dinger (NMW). — Germany, East: 1 d, Friedland,
11.iv.1889, Stange (NMW); 1 ©, Kyffhausen,
12.vi.1912 (NMW); 2 ©, Rachlau, Schütze (MHUB).
— Greece: 1 d, Frangista (Evritania), valley, 600 m,
st. 29, e.l. 13—15.vi.1981, Fragaria vesca, Menken &
Van Nieukerken; 1 6, 1 2, 3 km SE Neráidha (Evri-
tania), 1200 m, st. 37, e.l. 3—4.vi.1981, Fragaria ves-
ca, Menken & Van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Nether-
lands: 1 6, 2 2, Woods W. of Wijlre, el. 3—
9.vii.1982, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Poland: 1
2, Wroclaw (Breslau), el. iv.1864, Fragarıa
(MHUB). — Switzerland: 1 4, 1 © (lecto- and para-
lectotype), Zurich, Frey (BMNH). — USSR: 4 6, 2
2, Bendery (Tighina), Bessarabia, e.l. 16—18.v.1931,
Fragaria vesca, Hering (MHUB). — Yugoslavia: 1 ?,
2 km W. Otocac (Hrvatska), 450—500 m, e.l. 26—
28.v.1984, Fragaria vesca, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Fragaria vesca. — Austria: Hof am
Leithagebirge; Volkermarkt. — Great Britain: Chur-
chill; Grays; Saffron Walden; Tintern. — Greece:
Fournäs, Evritania; Frangista, Evritania; Neraidha,
Evritania. — Italy: Tolmezzo. — Netherlands:
Wijlre. — Yugoslavia: Han Knezica, N. of Prijedor;
Otocac; Mt. Slavnik, S. of Herpelje-Kozina. On Po-
tentilla erecta. — Italy: Tramonti di Sopra.
46. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) rubivora
(Wocke, 1860)
(figs. 83, 135, 216, 276, 324, 393, 413, 467, 507,
535)
Nepticula rubivora Wocke, 1860, 132. Syntypes, Po-
land: Wroclaw (Breslau), e.l. ıv.18.. (ante 1860),
Wocke (depository unknown) [not examined].
Nepticula rubivora; Heinemann, 1862: 315; Nolcken,
1871: 783; Wocke, 1871: 338; 1874: 101; Heine-
mann & Wocke, 1877: 783; Meyrick, 1895: 722,
723; Tutt, 1899: 310—313; Rebel, 1901: 226;
Meess, 1910: 479; Sorhagen, 1922: 49, 50, pl. 3 fig.
52; Meyrick, 1928: 860; Petersen, 1930: 69, fig. 95
(4 genitalia); Klimesch, 1936: 208; Szöcs, 1965:
76.
Dechtiria rubivora; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 69 (G geni-
talia).
Stigmella rubivora; Klimesch, 1951: 62; Gerasimov,
1952: 257; Klimesch, 1961; 759; Lhomme, 1963:
1194; Borkowski, 1969: 112.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) rubivora; Hering, 1957: 908, fig.
579a.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) rubivora; Johansson, 1971:
245.
Ectoedemia rubivora; Bradley et al., 1972: 2; Emmet,
1973: 180, 278 (differences with arcuatella); 1976:
195, pl. 6 fig. 7, pl. 12 fig. 27; Wilkinson et al.,
1983: 211—224, figs. 7, 8, 12 (specific status).
Ectoedemia arcuatella rubivora; Borkowski, 1975:
492.
Trifurcula arcuatella (partim); Karsholt & Nielsen,
1976: 18.
Diagnosis: separated from the other Rosaceae
mining Ectoedemia species by the black head in
both sexes. In genitalia almost inseparable from
arcuatella, although signa seem to have fewer
cells.
Description.
Male (fig. 83). Forewing length 2.0—2.56 mm
(2.28 + 0.12, 25), wingspan 4.6—5.7 mm.
Head: frontal tuft and collar black, sometimes
with some fuscous scales. Antennae with 30— |
37 segments (33.2 + 1.7, 19). Hindwing with
white hair-pencil. Further as angulifasciella.
Female. Forewing length 2.08—2.69 (2.43 +
0.18, 28), wingspan 4.6—6.0 mm. Antennae
with 25—31 segments (27.9 + 1.6, 24).
Male genitalia (figs. 135, 276, 324, 393, 413).
Capsule length 257—283 um (269.1 + 9.8, 5).
Gnathos fig. 324. Valva (fig. 276) length 176—
206 um (196.3 + 11.9, 5), inner margin almost
straight, forming an obtuse angle with pointed
tip. Aedeagus (fig. 393) 236—266 um (248.6 +
12.5, 5), hardly constricted. Further as anguli-
fascıella.
Female genitalia (figs. 216, 467). T8 with few
setae at both sides. Anal papillae with 4—6 se-
tae. Spiculate pouch with some almost invisible
spines. Corpus bursae 410—460 um; longest
signum 227—274 um (245.5 + 17.1, 7), shortest
201—257 um (226.5 + 22.6, 7), 2.9—3.7 X as
long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2Y,
convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow, or yellowish white with
green tinge, ganglia conspicuous. Head-capsule
and prothoracic plate brown. Penultimate
instars with chain of dark brown ventral plates
and smaller, similar dorsal plates, which are
shed in final instar.
Biology.
Hostplants. Rubus fruticosus L. (sensu lato),
R. caesius L., R. saxatilis L., R. chamaemorus L.
and R. arcticus L. (Kyrki & Tabell, 1984). Not
found on R. idaeus L.
Mine (fig. 507). Egg on leaf-underside. Early
mine highly contorted gallery filled with brown
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 75
frass; later widening into large irregular blotch
with scattered black frass. Often staining sur-
rounding tissue purple.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from late
August until late October. Adults fly in June
and July.
Distribution (fig. 535).
Widespread in Europe, from Lapland south-
wards to Central Italy. In the mediterranean re-
gion usually in river valleys and mountains on-
ly.
Remarks.
According to R. Puplesis (in litt.) no type
material of this species is present in Wocke’s
collection in Leningrad, but from Wocke’s very
clear description and from subsequent Wocke
material there can be no doubt about the identi-
ty of his species. Wilkinson et al. (1983) dis-
cussed the separate identity of rubivora and ar-
cuatella.
Material examined: 62 6, 74 2. — Austria: 1 6,
Linz, Au, 23.v.1923, Knitsche (NMW). — Denmark:
2 ©, Faaborg (Fynen), Alliskus, el. 7—15.vi.1926,
Rubus; 1 3, 4 2, Faaborg (Fynen), Sändarsjöen, e.l.
6—10.v1.1920, 17.v1.1922, 12—15.vi.1926, Rubus
(ZMC). — Germany, West: 1 d, 2 9, Braunschweig,
Heinemann (MHUB); 1 6, Hannover, Lederer
(NMW); 1 &, Wolfenbuttel, [Heinemann] (MHUB).
— Germany, East: 1 d, 5 ©, Berlin-Finkenkrug, e.l.
6—12.vi.1930, Rubus caesius, Hering; 2 6, 2 9,
Friedland, el. 4—10.1v.1888, Rubus caesius, Stange
(MHUB); 2 d, idem, iv.1900 (NMW). — Great Bri-
tain: 1 d, 1 ©, Saffron Walden (Essex), 3 km NE, el.
24.vi-4.v11.1980, Bryan, Emmet & Van Nieukerken
(ZMA). — Italy: 2 d, 1 ©, 4 km WSW Tolmezzo
(Udine), Villa Verzegnis, 550 m, el. 16—18.vi.1984, J.
J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). —
Netherlands: 43 d, 41 ® from following localities:
Blaricum, Gronsveld, Hulshorst, Kortenhoef, Lunte-
ren, Nunspeet, Simpelveld, Winterswyk (RMNH,
ZMA). — Poland: 1 g, Silesia, Staudinger (RMNH);
1 2, Wroclaw (Breslau), e.l. iv.1869, Rubus caesius
(RMNH); 1 4, 5 2, Wroclaw (Breslau), v.1862,
[Wocke], Rubus caesius (MHUB). — Switzerland: 2
2, Glarus, el. 20.v., 7.v1.1875, Rubus petraeus (=
saxatilis) (MHUB); 2 6, Zurich, coll. Lederer
(MHUB); 1 ©, no data, 1868 (NMW). — USSR: 1 d,
Estonia, Nomme, Moor, Rub. cham., Petersen
(MHUB). — Yugoslavia: 2 2, Mt. Slavnik, 5 km S.
Herpelje-Kozina (Slovenia), 800 m, el. 26.v—
7.v1.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van Nieukerken; 2
2, Sovinjak, 9 km NE Motovun (Hrvatska), Mirna
valley, el. 8—15.vi.1984, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA). — No Data: 1 8, el. vi, Rubus
caes. (RMNH).
Mines. — Austria: Wien, Lobau. — Belgium: Zold-
er. — Germany, West: Gerolstein; Oberstadtfeld. —
Great Britain: Cheddar Gorge; Grays; Hadleigh; Sat-
fron Walden. — Italy: Tramonti di Sopra; Trento;
Tolmezzo. — Netherlands: many localities. —
Yugoslavia: NE Bihac; S. of Novska; Mt. Slavnik, S.
of Herpelje-Kozina; Sovinjak, NE Motovun.
47. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) spinosella
(de Joannis, 1908)
(figs. 18—20, 84, 137, 138, 217, 218, 277, 325,
395, 468, 508, 509, 536)
Nepticula spinosella J. de Joannis, 1908a: 328. Lecto-
type ® (here designated), France: Vannes, 18.vi.,
prunetier, L. de Joannis, Genitalia slide VU 947
(MNHN) [examined].
Nepticula spinosella; J. de Joannis, 1908b: 825, 826,
fig. 3, pl. 15 fig. 13 (larva, mine, adult); Klimesch,
1936: 206; 1941: 163, 164, pl. 16 fig. 5 (d genita-
lia); Szöcs, 1965: 78.
Stigmella spinosella; Klimesch, 1951: 62; Gerasimov,
1952: 260; Hering, 1957: 835, fig. 518 (mine); Kli-
mesch, 1961: 759; Lhomme, 1963: 1194; Emmet,
1970b: 121, 122, fig. 1.
Dechtiria spinosella; Emmet, 1971: 244.
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) spinosella; Johansson, 1971:
245,
Ectoedemia spinosella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2; Emmet,
1974a: 79, 80; Borkowski, 1975: 493; Emmet,
1976: 192, pl. 6 fig. 8, pl. 12 fig. 23; van Nieuker-
ken, 1982: 108, fig. 8 (mine).
Diagnosis: E. spinosella is externally similar
to the angulifasciella complex, but is smaller,
has a fuscous collar and the male has a brown
hair-pencil surrounded by some brown lamellar
scales. The female can be separated from atricol-
lis by shorter signa with smoother, more uni-
formly curved outline. See for separation from
mahalebella under that species.
Description.
Male (fig. 84). Forewing length 1.44—2.20
mm (1.87 + 0.15, 29), wingspan 3.2—4.9 mm.
Head: frontal tuft orange to orange fuscous,
sometimes completely fuscous; collar fuscous.
Antenna with 24—30 segments (26.8 + 1.7, 18).
Thorax and forewings blackish fuscous with
medial silvery fascia, slightly concave at inner
margin. Hindwing with brown hair-pencil, sur-
rounded by a small patch of brown, lamellar
scales. Underside of forewing with a tuft of long
grey or white hairscales, arising near costal reti-
naculum.
Female. Forewing length 1.52—2.24 mm
(1.85 + 0.16, 34), wingspan 3.4—5.0. Antennae
with 21—26 segments (22.5 + 1.1, 29). Hind-
76 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
wing without brown patch, forewing without
tuft.
Male genitalia (figs. 137, 138, 277, 325, 395).
Capsule length 193—219 um (207.9 + 8.9, 8).
Tegumen produced into broad and truncate
pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 325) divided, with
short, rounded distal element, and basal part
with serrate margin. Valva (fig. 277) length
133—150 um (142.5 + 5.5, 8), inner margin
slightly sinuous to almost straight, tip pointed.
Aedeagus (fig. 395) 231—253 um (242.1 + 7.6,
8), with single, or bifid, pointed carinae.
Female genitalia (figs. 217, 218, 468). T7
without a row of setae. T8 with two lateral
patches of scales and several setae (at least 4).
Anal papillae with 6—11 setae. Vestibulum with
incomplete vaginal sclerite, a spiculate pouch
with indistinct spines. Corpus bursae 440—550
um, completely covered with small pectinations
or minute spines; signa slightly dissimilar,
ovoid, with smooth, uniformly curved outline,
longest 249—373 um (312.4 + 44.6, 9) shortest
227—330 um (283.3 35.4, 9), 2.4—3.5 X as
long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2—2”
convolutions.
Larva. Greenish white, with distinct brown
ganglia. Head light brown. Ventral plates ab-
sent.
Biology.
Hostplants. Prunus spp., in central and north-
ern Europe only on P. spinosa L., in the south
also recorded from P. domestica L., P. cerasifera
Ehrh., P. fruticosa Pallas (to be confirmed), P.
dulcis (Miller) (Greece).
Mine (figs. 508, 509). Egg on leaf underside,
close to mid-rib, or less often lateral vein; occa-
sionally on leaf-margin. Early mine much con-
torted narrow gallery, filled with reddish frass,
later becoming elongate blotch with dispersed
black frass, often very compact.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from end of
July to October, most abundant in September,
but in southern Greece some mines were va-
cated already by mid June. Adults in June and
July (occasionally May).
Distribution (fig. 536).
Widespread in central Europe, but more lo-
calised northwards, occurring mainly on sun-
exposed hills, or near coast (in England). Proba-
bly widespread in mediterranean area, but not
yet recorded from Iberian Peninsula, the medi-
terranean islands, and most of the Balkan.
Borkowski (1975) did not mention E. spinosella
from Poland, but the specimens cited below,
collected by Hering, indicate its presence in Po-
land. Recently Buszko (in litt.) found it also in
Poland.
Remarks.
Before De Joannis discovered this species in
France, it had been mistaken several times for E.
atricollis. Named as such, specimens which
were collected by Eppelsheim in Pfalz can be
found in many collections. To my knowledge E.
atricollis has never been found on Prunus spino-
sa.
Greek specimens reared from Prunus dulcis
(on which itis locally almost a pest) differ
slightly in head-colour and female signa (usually
shorter), but electrophoretically they appeared
to be indistinguishable from normal spinosella
(Menken, in preparation).
Material examined: 52 6, 59 ©. — Austria: 1 6,
Dürnstein, e.l. 2.vi. 1936, J. Klimesch; 1 2, Kloster-
neuburg, Freiberg, e.l. 15.vi.1941, Preissecker; 2 à, 1
9, Mödling, e.l. 7—25.v.1938, Preissecker; 1 4, Neu-
Aigen, Schmidawiesen, e.l. 18.v.1937, Preissecker
(NMW). — France: 3 d, 4 2 (lecto- and paralecto-
types), Vannes, 18.vi, 2.vu, prunetier (= Prunus spin-
osa), Joannis (MNHN). — Germany, West: 2 9,
Grünstadt, Pfalz, Eppelsheim (MHUB, NMW); 3 9,
Pfalz, e.l. 1893, 1894, Prunus spinosa, Eppelsheim
(MHUB, NMW); 3 6, no data (probably Pfalz,
Eppelsheim) (ZMA); 1 d, 2 ©, Lemberg-Zufth.,
Württemberg, e.l. 5—10.v.1939, Prunus spinosa, A.
Worz (LNK, coll. Johansson). — Great Britain: 1 9,
Puddle Dock (Essex), e.l. 4.v1.1982, Prunus spinosa,
A. M. Emmet (ZMA). — Greece: 31 6, 25 ©, Arák-
hova (Voiotia), 950 m, el. 2.v.—8.v1.1981, Prunus
dulcis, 27—29.ix.1980, S. B. J. Menken, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA, ZSMK). — Hungary: 1 d, Badac-
sony, e.l. 10.v1.1969, Prunus spinosa, J. Szöcs; 1 6, 3
©, Torokbalint (W. of Budapest), el. 20.vi—
16.vu.1955, Prunus spinosa, J. Sz6cs (TMAB). —
Netherlands: 3 d, 5 2, Gulpen, el. 7—16.v1.1980,
Prunus spinosa, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 5,1 9, 2 km
NE Wijlre, Vrakelberg, e.l. 11—13.vi. 1980, Prunus
spinosa, E. J. van Nieukerken; 3 d,9 2, Woods W. of
Wijlre el. 22.vi—6.v11.1982, Prunus spinosa, Alders,
Van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Poland: 1 d,2 ©, Krosna
Odr. (Crossen a. Oder), el. 7—12.v1.1930, Prunus
spinosa, Hering (MHUB).
Mines. — On Prunus spinosa. — Austria:
Gumpoldskirchen. — France: Villefranche-de-Con-
tlent. — Germany, West: Kassel, 1.x.1946 (BMNH);
Klotten. — Netherlands: Gulpen; Wijlre. — Poland:
Bellinchen/Oder, W. of Chojna, 6.1x.1939, Hering;
Krosna Odr. (Crossen/Oder), 1x.1929, Hering
(BMNH). — Yugoslavia: Savudrija (Istria). On Pru-
nus dulcis. — Greece: Arakhova; Dhelfoi; Kardhami-
li.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 77
48. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) mahalebella
(Klimesch, 1936)
(figs. 85, 140, 141, 219, 278, 326, 396, 469, 510,
537)
Nepticula mahalebella Klimesch, 1936: 207, 208, figs.
8, 9. Syntypes, Italy: Naturno, Vintschgau, e.l.
5—21.v. 1935, Prunus mabaleb, J. Klimesch
(ZSMK) [not examined].
Nepticula mahalebella; Klimesch, 1940b: 190; Szöcs,
1965: 79.
Stigmella mahalebella; Lhomme, 1945: 155; Kli-
mesch, 1948: 72, figs. 47—49 (d genitalia); 1951:
62; 1961: 759; Lhomme, 1963: 1195.
Nepticula (Dechtiria) mahalebella; Klimesch, 1950:
28, figs. 13—15 (mine, dé. genitalia, foodplant
races).
Stigmella (Dechtiria) mahalebella; Hering, 1957: 836
(mine).
Ectoedemia mahalebella; Sz6cs, 1978: 266.
Diagnosis: easily separated from related spin-
osella by light collar, which is concolorous with
frontal tuft (darker in spznosella), and absence of
hair-pencil and special scales on hindwing of
male, and by position and shape of signa in fe-
male genitalia. Similar, but larger, angulifasciella
separated by presence of hair-pencil and differ-
ent shape of valva in male and signa in female.
See also diagnosis of hexapetalae.
Description.
Male (fig. 85). Forewing length 1.92—2.40
mm (2.14 + 0.17, 7), wingspan 4.3—5.3 mm.
Head: frontal tuft yellowish orange to ferrugi-
nous; collar concolorous with or lighter than
frontal tuft. Antennae with 26—32 segments
(28.7 + 1.9, 7). Thorax and forewings blackish
fuscous with medial silvery fascia, inner margin
slightly concave. Hindwing without hair-pencil
or costal bristles. Underside forewing with a
tuft of long grey hair-scales, arising near costal
retinaculum.
Female. Forewing length 2.0—2.36 mm (2.15
+ 0.10, 14), wingspan 4.4—5.2 mm. Antennae
with 23—27 segments (24.5 + 1.2, 11).
Male genitalia (figs. 140, 141, 278, 326, 396).
Capsule length 201—214 um (4). Tegumen pro-
duced into broad and truncate pseuduncus.
Gnathos (fig. 326) divided into short, rounded
distal part, and basal part with serrate margin.
Valva (fig. 278) length 129—150 um (4), inner
Margin straight, tip pointed; valva widest at
base, constricted below tip. Aedeagus (fig. 396)
231—274 um (260.6 + 17.0, 5), with single or
bifid, pointed carinae.
Female genitalia (figs. 219, 220, 469). T7
without a row of setae. T8 with two lateral
patches of scales and 6—8 setae. Anal papillae
with 5—11 setae. Vestibulum with complete va-
ginal sclerite, a spiculate pouch with indistinct
spines. Corpus bursae long, 570—715 um,
proximally covered with pectinations, distally
with small spines; signa ovoid, almost similar,
confined to proximal (posterior) half of corpus
bursae, length 201—304 um (238.9 + 26.3, 19),
1.8—2.4 X as long as wide. Ductus spermathe-
cae with 2'2—3 convolutions.
Larva. Greenish white, with distinct brown
ganglia. Head light brown. Ventral plates ab-
sent.
Biology.
Hostplants. Prunus mahaleb L., on which
most common, P. cocomilia Ten. (Greece), P.
tenella Batsch (Hungary), P. fruticosa Pallas, P.
avium L. and P. cerasus L. (Klimesch, 1950 and
own data).
Mine (fig. 510). Egg deposited on leaf-under-
side, usually at or near margin, in French and
Yugoslavian samples 99% at margin, but in Ital-
ian and Greek samples up to 50% close to mid-
rib or lateral vein. It is not yet clear if these min-
es belong all to mahalebella. Early gallery nar-
row, following leaf margin, or much contorted,
filled with reddish frass; later abruptly changing
into small roundish blotch, with blackish frass
accumulated in centre.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae from late Ju-
ly until mid-October. Adults in May and June
(rearing data).
Distribution (fig. 537).
A southern European species, south and east
of the Alps, including hot alpine valleys. Re-
corded from Rumania as E. spinosella (Draghia,
1967).
Remarks.
The types have not been examined, but from
Klimesch’s (1936) description, the identity of
this species is clear.
In central Europe E. mahalebella and spino-
sella are clearly separated by their host-plants,
but in the south, they could have overlapping
hostplant ranges. More data are needed to con-
firm this.
Material examined: 12 6, 19 2. — Austria: 2 9,
Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Pfaffenberg, el. 4 +
23.v1.1934, Weichsel (= P. mahaleb), Preissecker
(NMW). — France: 1 6, 1 ©, St. Thibaud-de-Couz
78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
(Savoie), 500—700 m, e.l. 11—19.v1.1980, Prunus ma-
haleb, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Greece: 1 9,
Parnassós Oros, NW Arakhova (Voiotía), plateau,
1150 m, el. 9—11.v.1981, Prunus cocomilia, S. B. J.
Menken & E. J. van Nieukerken; 2 d 5 ©, Mt. Tim-
fristös (Evritania) above Karpenission, 1200—1400 m,
e.l. 21.v—25.vi.1981, Prunus cocomilia and P. maha-
leb, S. B. J. Menken & E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA).
— Hungary: 3 ©, Budaörs, el. 3—7.vi.1971, Prunus
mahaleb, J. Szöcs; 3 36, Budaörs, Csiki-hegyek, e.l.
20—27.v1.1962, Prunus mahaleb, J. Szöcs; 1 2, Bu-
daòrs, Uthegy, e.l. 14.v1.1973, Prunus tenella, J. Szócs
(TMAB). — Italy: 1 6, 1 ©, Trento, Goccladoro, e.l.
iv.1946, Prunus mahaleb, J. Klimesch (ZMA). — Yu-
coslavias 5 @ 5 2, Sele, 4 lam Ss Crikvenica
(Biagio), acd, mimes W558, el Hi
3.v.1984, Prunus mahaleb, J. J. Boomsma & E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA).
Mines. — On Prunus avinm. — Italy: Guilliana
near Savona, 17.1x.1944, J. Klimesch (BMNH); Fras-
cati, 17.x11.1941, Groschke (BMNH). On Prunus co-
comilia. — Greece: Oiti Oros, SW Ipáu (Fthióus);
Oiti Oros, NE Strémi (Fokis); Mt. Timfristós above
Karpenision; Parnassos Oros, NW Arakhova (Voio-
tia). On P. fruticosa. — Austria: Hundsheimer Berg
near Hainburg. On P. mahaleb — Austria: Hainburg-
er Berge (BMNH). — France: St. Thibaud-de-Couz
(Savoie); Modane (Savoie); Villefranche-de-Conflent
(Pyr. Or.). — Greece: Mt. Timfristos above Karpen-
ision; Kastraki (Trikala). — Italy: Avezzano (Lazio);
Brenzone, x.1943, Groschke (BMNH); Susa, Pie-
monte, 20.viii.1960, 1.1x.1964, Jackh (BMNH). —
Yugoslavia: Crikvenica (Croatia); Novi Vinodolski
(Croatia).
The Ectoedemia occultella group
This group comprises two closely related spe-
cies, mining in Betulaceae. They differ from all
other described Ectoedemia s.str. species by the
absence of a cilia-line and the concolorous black
cilia. See further the descriptions.
The larvae are yellow and possess ventral
plates. This group occurs also in North America
(E. lindquisti (Freeman)) and in Japan.
49. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) occultella
(Linnaeus, 1767)
(figs. 4, 5, 86, 87, 139, 221, 279, 397, 405, 470,
HU, SUZ, 550)
Phalaena (Tinea) occultella Linnaeus, 1767: 899. Syn-
types, Sweden: Hammerby, Linnaeus (depository
unknown, probably lost) [not examined].
Tinea strigilella Thunberg, 1794: 87. Lectotype ©
(designated by Robinson & Nielsen, 1983), Swe-
den: [Uppsala], Gedner, Genitalia slide RJ 751A
(Zoological Institute, Uppsala) [not examined]
[Synonymised by Robinson & Nielsen, 1983].
? Tinea mucidella Hubner, [1814—1817]: pl. 65 fig.
435. Syntypes, [Europe] (depository unknown
[not examined].
Tinea mediofasciella Haworth, 1828: 584. Lectotype
3 (here designated), [England: London], ex Ha-
worth coll., Stainton coll., Genitalia slide 22608
(BMNH) [examined]. Syn. nov.
Lyonetia argentipedella Zeller, 1839: 215. Lectotype
2 (here designated) [Poland: Glogow (Glogau)],
28.v.[18]35, Zeller, Walsingham coll. 1910—427,
101267, Genitalia slide 22600 (BMNH) [exam-
ined]. [Synonymised by Robinson & Nielsen,
1983].
Lyonetia argentipedella; Tengström, 1848: 152.
Nepticula argentipedella; Heyden, 1843: 208; Zeller,
1848: 316, 317; Stainton, 1849: 29; 1854: 303;
Herrich-Schäffer, 1855: 353; Frey, 1856: 386,
387; 1857: 421, 422; Stainton, 1859: 435; 1862:
212—219, pl. 10 fig. 2; Heinemann, 1871: 218;
Nolcken, 1871: 780; Wocke, 1871: 338; 1874:
101; Heinemann & Wocke, 1877: 754, 755; Snel-
len, 1882: 996, 997; Sorhagen 1886: 307; Meyrick, .
1895: 721; Tutt, 1899: 289—291; Rebel, 1901:
225; Meess, 1910: 478, pl. 91 fig. 66; Sorhagen,
1922: 48, pl. 2 fig. 46; Meyrick, 1928: 858; Peter-
sen, 1930: 66, fig. 82 (d genitalia); Szócs, 1965:
64.
[no genus] argentipedella; Herrich-Schaffer, [1853]:
pl. 105, fig. 834.
Dechtiria argentipedella; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 62 (d
genitalia).
Stigmella argentipedella; Klimesch, 1951: 61; Gerasi-
mov, 1952: 226; Klimesch, 1961: 758; Lhomme,
1963: 1188.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) argentipedella; Hering, 1957:
179, fig. 124 (mine).
Nepticula (Dechtiria) argentipedella; Szöcs, 1968: 226
(biology).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) argentipedella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia argentipedella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2;
Borkowski, 1975: 493; Emmet, 1976: 197, pl. 6
fig. 9, pl. 12 fig. 28; van Frankenhuyzen & de
Vries, 1979: 129—135, figs. (biology).
Trifurcula argentipedella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976:
18.
Microsetia mediofasciella; Stephens, 1829: 208; 1834:
268.
? Elachista mucidella; Treitschke, 1833: 179.
Ectoedemia occultella; Robinson & Nielsen, 1983:
221,222.
Diagnosis: easily distinguished from other
Ectoedemia spp. (except minimella), by com-
pletely jet-black colour of thorax and forew-
ings, (except fascia), including cilia, and absence
of cilia-line. Separated from Stigmella species by
medial fascia (usually postmedial in Stigmella)
and collar, consisting of hair-scales, instead of
lamellar scales as in Stigmella. Separated from
very similar minimella by presence of group of
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 79
white scales on underside of forewing in male,
and by light coloured head in female. See also
minimella.
Description.
Male (fig. 86). Forewing length 2.36—3.44
mm (2.85 + 0.33, 23), wingspan 5.1—7.5 mm.
Head: frontal tuft black, often mixed with some
fuscous or ochreous scales; collar black. Anten-
nae with 31—42 segments (35.6 + 2.9, 19).
Thorax and forewings completely jet-black, less
coarsely scaled than in other Ectoedemia spe-
cies, with a rather broad, almost straight dull
white fascia, sometimes slightly constricted in
middle. Hindwing with a relatively long white
hair-pencil. Underside forewing with a small
elongate patch along costa with narrow white
scales, often difficult to see.
Female (fig. 87). Forewing length 2.56—3.84
mm (3.28 + 0.39, 20), wingspan 5.7—8.4 mm.
Head: frontal tuft yellowish to yellowish
Orange, sometimes mixed fuscous; collar yel-
low. Antennae with 27—32 segments (29.4 +
1.6). Patch of white scales on underside fore-
wing absent.
Male genitalia (figs. 139, 279, 397, 405). Cap-
sule length 313—390 um (353.6 + 27.4, 10),
very large comparing with other Ectoedemia
(s.s.) species. Tegumen produced into long ta-
pering, pointed pseuduncus. Gnathos (fig. 327)
with relatively broad, blunt central element.
Valva (fig. 279) length 236—279 um (245 + 8.3,
6), outer margin strongly convex, inner margin
slightly concave, almost straight; tip pointed,
pointing posteriorly. Aedeagus (figs. 397, 405)
304—351 um (326.8 + 17.5, 12), carinae each
divided into several blunt ending digitate pro-
cesses, number variable; vesica with many
small, triangular cornuti only.
Female genitalia (figs. 221, 470). T7 without
row of setae. T8 with two groups of scales and
3—5 setae. Anal papillae confluent, in total with
18 to 40 setae. Vestibulum with vaginal sclerite,
and a dorsal spiculate pouch with very few min-
ute spines only. Corpus bursae 495—580 um,
with pectinations closely set in two lateral
bands, at some distance from signa; signa dissi-
milar, one reaching vestibulum, longest 214—
334 um (275.3 + 34.1, 9), shortest 180—266 um
(221.0 + 27.9, 9), 2.2—3.3 X as long as wide.
Ductus spermathecae with 2/3 convolu-
tions.
Larva. Pale yellowish white, ganglia not very
conspicuous. Head light brown. Penultimate
stages with 12 black ventral plates.
Biology.
Hostplants. Betula spp. Occurring on al na-
tive Betula spp. in Europe and many species in
botanical gardens (Buhr, 1935, Van Franken-
huyzen & De Vries, 1979). In northern Finland
it has been found mining both on Salix pentan-
dra L. and Betula, but no adults have yet been
reared from Salix (J. Kyrki, pers. comm.).
Mine (figs. 511, 512). Egg on leaf underside,
rarely on upperside. Mine large blotch, often al-
most circular, with black circular blotch in mid-
dle, caused by staining of both epidermis layers;
frass black, irregular, but usually accumulated
under and near blotch. Mine does not start as
gallery, young mines consist of black blotch
only, through which larva cannot be seen.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae feed slowly
during long period, from the end of June to ear-
ly November. Complete mines with mature lar-
vae can occasionally be found from late July to
August, but are most common in September and
October. Adults fly in May and June. See de-
tailed description by Van Frankenhuyzen & De
Vries (1979).
Distribution (fig. 530).
One of the commonest and most widespread
Ectoedemia species in Europe, occurs in almost
all places where birch grows. In southern Eu-
rope probably in mountains only, and recorded
from Etna, Sicily.
Remarks.
This species has long been known as E. ar-
gentipedella (Zeller), but Robinson & Nielsen
(1983) showed that this is a junior synonym of
occultella Linnaeus.
The type series of Tinea mediofasciella Ha-
worth comprises five specimens, representing
several species, including Bucculatrix, Stigmella,
and one Ectoedemia. E. mediofasciella was pre-
viously incorrectly synonymised with woolho-
piella Stainton (= minimella), probably on the
basis of the single Ectoedemia specimen, se-
lected here as lectotype. Examination of the
genitalia, which had not earlier been dissected,
however, showed it to be occultella.
The identity of Tinea mucidella Hübner is
still unknown, this synonymy has been sug-
gested by Zeller (1839) in his description of ar-
gentipedella.
E. lindquisti (Freeman, 1962), described also
by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979) and Wilkinson &
Newton (1981) is extremely similar to occultella
in the adult and larval stage and in its life history
80 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
(Lindquist, 1962). The only difference seems to
be the absence of a patch of white scales on the
underside of the forewing of the males. The al-
lozyme differences are also small (Menken, in
preparation), so it is probable that lindquisti and
occultella are vicariant forms, and hence differ-
ent subspecies.
Material examined: 102 d, 88 9, 141 ex. — Aus-
tria: 1 ©, no further data (RMNH). — France: 3 d,
19, Pralognan (Savoie), 1450 m, e.l. 21—23.v.1980, E.
J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Germany, West: 1 d, 1
2, Alendorf, 8 km S. of Blankenheim (N.-Westf.), e.l.
10—18.v.1983, Alders & Van Nieukerken (ZMA); 1
©, Stuttgart (MHUB). — Germany, East: 1 ©, Berlin,
Bot. Garten, 12.v.1947, Hering; 2 6, 1 ©, Berlin Fin-
kenkrug, 1918—1932, Hering; 1 2, Berlin Frohnau,
18.11.1920, Hering; 3 5, 6 2, Potsdam, 13.1v.1886,
15—20v.1898, Hinneberg; 1 ex., Rachlau, 1884,
Schutze (MHUB). — Great Britain: 1 4,5 ©, Brom-
ley (London), 7—11.v.1939, S. Jacobs (ZMA); 1 d
(lectotype of mediofasciella, see above). — Nether-
lands: 82 d, 61 ©, 140 ex. from following localities:
Arnhem; Epen; Geulhem; ’s-Gravenhage; Hilver-
sum; Hoge Veluwe; Kerkrade; Kortenhoef; Korten-
hoefse Plassen; Kosberg; Loosduinen; Meijnweg;
Neerbosch; Nunspeet; Rockanje; Schin op Geul;
Schinveld; Slenaken; Wageningen; Wijlre; Winters-
wijk; Zwanewater (RMNH, ZMA, AFW, coll. Huis-
man, coll. Kuchlein). — Poland: 1 © (lectotype of ar-
gentipedella, see above); 2 ©, Obernigk, 11.1869; 1 à,
2 ©, Wroclaw (Breslau), 11.1869, Wocke (MHUB). —
Switzerland: 1 6, 2 2, Zürich (MHUB). — No Lo-
cality Data: 5 d,2 © (ZMA, RMNH, MHUB).
Material of lindquisti examined. — Canada: 6 d, 3
9, Ontario: Awenda Prov. Park, Penetang, Simcoe
Co., mines 24.viii.1981, Betula pe Evans, e.l.
2—8.v1.1982 (ZMA); USA: 2 6, 1 2, Maine, Bethel,
29.v1.1946, A. F. Braun (USNM).
Mines. — Austria: Gramatneusiedl; Hermagor;
Mühlleiten; Lavamünd. — Belgium: Bolderberg,
Zolder. — France: Le Hohwald; Pralognan. — Ger-
many, West: Alendorf; Oberstadtfeld. — Great Brit-
ain: Brentwood; Grays; New Forest. — Hungary:
Budapest. — Italy: Naturno; Tolmezzo; Trento. —
Netherlands: many localities. — Yugoslavia: Fuzine,
SW Delnice.
50. Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) minimella
(Zetterstedt, 1839) comb. n.
(figs. 88, 142, 222, 280, 328, 398, 406, 414, 415,
513, 531)
Elachista minimella Zetterstedt, 1839:
type ® (here designated), Norway: Nordland,
Bjorkvik, 14.vii, Zetterstedt, Genitalia slide RJ
(Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden) [examined
by R. Johansson].
Nepticula woolhopiella Stainton, 1887: 262. Lecto-
type 2 (here designated), Great Britain: Tarring-
1011. Lecto-
ton, 29.vi.1887, e.l. birch, Wood, Genitalia slide
11362 (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula viridicola Weber, 1937: 211, 212, fig. 1.
Lectotype 6 (here designated), Switzerland: Sim-
plon, 1970 m, mines 19.1x.1936, Alnus virid., Z.
2606, Weber, Genitalia slide ETH 1241 (ETHZ)
[examined]. Syn. nov.
Nepticula argentipedella [partim]; Meyrick,
721.
Nepticula woolhopiella; Tutt, 1899: 292, 293; Rebel,
1901: 225; Meess, 1910: 478; Meyrick, 1928: 858;
Petersen, 1930: 67.
Dechtiria woolhopiella; Beirne, 1945: 205, fig. 63 (d
genitalia).
Stigmella woolhopiella; Gerasimov, 1952: 270; Klı-
mesch, 1961: 758; Borkowski, 1969: 100.
Stigmella (Dechtiria) woolhopiella; Hering, 1957:
181, fig. 118b (mine).
Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) woolhopiella; Johansson,
1971: 245.
Ectoedemia woolhopiella; Borkowski, 1975: 493.
1895:
Stigmella viridicola; Klimesch, 1948: 70, figs. 43, 44
(8 genitalia); 1951: 61; Hering, 1957: 66, fig. 37a
(mine); Klimesch, 1961: 758.
Ectoedemia woolhopiella viridicola; Borkowski, 1975:
494,
[Ectoedemia mediofasciella; Bradley et al., 1972: 2;
Emmet, 1973: 282, 283; 1976: 197, pl. 6 fig. 12; pl.
12 fig. 29; Van Nieukerken, 1982: 107, 108, fig. 7
(mine). misidentification].
[Trifurcula mediofasciella; Karsholt & Nielsen, 1976:
18. misidentification].
Diagnosis: extremely similar to occultella, for
external differences see under that species. Male
genitalia can be separated by smaller size, pres-
ence of large elongate cornuti and shape of gna-
thos. Female genitalia extremely difficult to sep-
arate, but minimella has usually shorter and
wider signa, although there is some overlap.
Description.
Male (fig. 88). Forewing length 2.32—2.72
mm (2.54 + 0.11, 14), wingspan 5.1—6.1 mm.
Head: frontal tuft black; collar black. Antennae
with 35—42 segments (37.5 + 2.2, 14). Thorax
and forewings completely jet-black, less coarse-
ly scaled than in other Ectoedemia species, with
a rather broad, almost straight, dull white fascia,
sometimes slightly constricted in middle.
Hindwing with a greyish hair-pencil, slightly
shorter than occultella. Underside of forewing
without white scale patch.
Female. Forewing length 2.28—3.04 mm
(2710 = 10:24. 16), wingspan) 55|——6-Geamame
Head: frontal tuft black, or mixed with yellow
and fuscous scales, sometimes completely yel-
low on frons, but always black on vertex; collar
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 81
black. Antennae with 23—29 segments (26.3 +
1.9, 14).
Male genitalia (figs. 142, 280, 328, 398, 406,
414, 415). Capsule length 296—321 um (307.9
+ 11.6, 6). Tegumen (figs. 414, 415) produced
into long tapering, pointed pseuduncus.
Gnathos (fig. 328) with narrow, truncate central
element. Valva (fig. 280) length 214—227 um
(221.0 + 4.2, 7), outer margin strongly convex,
inner margin slightly concave, almost straight;
tip pointed, pointing posteriorly. ons
(figs. 398, 406) 283—309 um (297.1 + 10.0, 6),
carinae each divided into several blunt ending
processes, number variable; vesica with about
20—22 long, needle shaped cornuti at right side,
and many smaller cornuti in remaining part of
vesica.
Female genitalia (figs. 222, 471). T7 without
row of setae. T8 with two groups of scales and
about 4 setae. Anal papillae confluent, with
23—32 setae in total. Vestibulum with vaginal
sclerite, and dorsal spiculate pouch with very
few minute spines only. Corpus bursae 440—
550 um, with pectinations in two lateral bands,
at some distance from signa; signa dissimilar,
longest 176—279 um (240 + 37.4, 7), shortest
167—231 um (199.6 + 24.9, 7), 2.0—2.4 X as
long as wide. Ductus spermathecae with 2'2—3
convolutions.
Larva. Pale yellow to yellowish white, with
distinct brown ganglia. Head light brown. Pen-
ultimate instars with 12 black ventral plates.
Biology.
Hostplants. Betula spp., usually on B. pubes-
cens Ehrh., or in Scandinavia B. nana L., less
common on B. pendula Roth. In the Alps com-
mon on Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. in Lam. &
DC., which it seems to prefer even in the pre-
sense of Betula. In the west of Great Britain also
recorded from Corylus avellana L.
Mine (fig. 513). Egg deposited on leaf-under-
side. Early mine much contorted gallery, with
dispersed frass, staining leaf brown; later
abruptly enlarges into elongate blotch, which
often fills the space between two veins; dispers-
ed black frass.
Life history. Univoltine. Larvae found from
July to September, occasionally October in
south, but most abundant in August and early
September. Adults fly in May and June.
Distribution (fig. 531).
Common and widespread in Scandinavia and
locally in the Alps, but elsewhere very local and
always less common than occultella. Not yet re-
corded from Belgium, Spain (to be expected in
Pyrenees) or Yugoslavia (Alps).
Remarks.
This species has been known since 1972
(Bradley et al.) under the name E. mediofasciel-
la, but this was apparently based on a misinter-
pretation of the type, which in fact belongs to
occultella.
The first available name appears now to be
minimella Zetterstedt, a name of which the
identity was hitherto unknown. The two speci-
mens mentioned by Zetterstedt (1839) are both
in Lund, and were examined by R. Johansson,
who kindly communicated us his observations.
The specimen labelled “minimella 2” is identi-
cal with woolhopiella, and selected as lectotype.
The other specimen, described as variety, is a fe-
male of E. (Fomoria) weaveri (Stainton).
There seem to be no grounds for regarding
viridicola as a subspecies (Borkowski, 1975),
since it is not geographically or morphologically
separate, and shows no differences in allozyme
pattern (Menken, in preparation). The fact that
it often feeds only on Alnus, even in the pres-
ence of Betula might be explained by the ovipo-
sition preference of females, which they cannot
follow in other parts of its range where Alnus
viridis is absent. It would be interesting to study
minimella populations — if present — in north-
ern Siberia or Corsica, where other subspecies
of A. viridis occur.
The character given by Beirne (1945) to sepa-
rate minimella from occultella is incorrect and
probably based on an artifact. It is questionable
if the genitalia, depicted by him, belong to muni-
mella, since he did not figure the characteristic
cornuti.
Material examined: 17 d, 22 2. — Austria: 2 9,
Gr. Glockner, Guttal, 2000 m, e.l. iv.1944, Alnus viri-
dis, J. Klimesch (ZMA). — France: 1 d, 1 ©, Pralog-
nan (Savoie), 1450 m, e.l. 17—19.v.1980, Alnus viri-
dis, E. J. van Nieukerken (ZMA). — Great Britain: 1
9 (lectotype, see above). — Italy: 1 ©, Riva di Tures
(Rain in Taufers), Knuttental, 1800 m, 14.vi.1976, G.
Derra (coll. Derra). — Netherlands: 2 2, Lochem,
Ampsensche Veld, e.l. 16—18.iv.1983, Betula pubes-
cens, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 2, Rockanje: Voornes
Duin, e.l. 20—21.v.1980, Betula pubescens, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA). — Norway: 1 6, 1 ©, Alta (Al-
ten), 1.vu, Staudinger (MHUB); 4 d, 3 ©, Grovuda-
len, 900 m, 62.27 N, 8.54 E, el. 5—22.v.1981, Betula
pubescens, E. J. van Nieukerken; 1 6, 1 2, 2 km E.
Oppdal, 650 m, e.l. 7—8.v.1981, Betula pubescens, E.
J. van Nieukerken; 6 6,6 2, 11 km W. Rennebu, 600
82 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
m, el. 30.iv—12.v.1981, Betula pubescens, E. J. van
Nieukerken (ZMA). — Switzerland: 1 d, 1 © (lecto-
and paralectotype of viridicola), Simplon, 1970 m,
mine 19.1x.1936, Alnus virid., Weber (ETHZ); No lo-
cality data: 3 d, 2 2, bred in captivity (from Norwe-
gian material), el. 8—21.v.1982, Betula (ZMA).
Mines. — On Alnus viridis. — Austria: Lavamund.
— France: Pralognan. — Italy: Trento. — Switzer-
land: near Genève. On Betula nana. — Norway:
Grevudalen. On Betula pendula. — Germany, West:
Oberstadtfeld. On Betula pubescens. — France: Pra-
lognan. — Netherlands: Dalfsen; Griendtsveen; Den
Ham; Lochem; Mariénberg; Oostvoorne; Ootmar-
‘sum; Rockanje; Vilsteren; Vorden. — Norway:
Grovdal; Grovudalen; Hoem; Oppdal; Rennebu.
NAMES OF DOUBTFUL STATUS, PROBABLY
BELONGING TO ECTOEDEMIA
Nepticula bistrimaculella Heyden, 1861: 40.
According to Dr. H. Schröder (in litt.) there
is no type-material of this species left in the
Heyden collection in Frankfurt. From the de-
scription it seems to belong to the subbimaculel-
la complex and to feed on Betula. Most likely
this refers to an unusual case of xenophagy of
either ering: or subbimaculella.
Nepticula gilvella Rossler, 1866: 395; 1881:
338.
No material of this species is present in the
Rossler collection in Wiesbaden (Dr. M. Geis-
thardt, in litt.) nor in Strasbourg (Dr. J. Matter,
in litt.). The description is vague, so the identity
of this species-remains obscure. It could belong
to one of the Quercus feeding Ectoedemia spe-
cies.
CATALOGUE OF HOSTPLANTS OF WESTERN PALAEARCTIC ECTOEDEMIA
(Occasional occurrence on unusual hostplants in brackets)
SALICACEAE
Salix fragilis L. E. intimella
Salix caprea L. E. intimella
Salix cinerea L. E. intimella
Salix pentandra L. E. intimella, (occultella)
Salix phylicifolia L. E. intimella
Populus alba L. E. klimeschi, turbidella
Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. E. turbidella
Populus tremula L. E. argyropeza
Populus nigra L. E. hannoverella, (turbidella?)
Populus X canadensis Moench. E. hannoverella
BETULACEAE (incl. Corylaceae)
Betula pendula Roth. E. occultella, minimella
Betula pubescens Ehrh. E. occultella, minimella
Betula nana L. E. occultella, minimella
Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. in Lam. &
DC.
Corylus avellana L.
Carpinus betulus L.
FAGACEAE
Fagus sylvatica L.
Castanea sativa Miller
Quercus coccifera L.
Quercus ilex L. and rotundifolia Lam.
Quercus suber L.
Quercus macrolepis Kotschy
Quercus alnifolia Poech
Quercus infectoria Olivier
Quercus cerris L.
E. minimella
(E. minimella)
E. (Zimmermannia) spec.
E. liebwerdella
E. (Zimmermannia) spec., E. albifasciella, heringi
E. cf. algeriensis, haraldı, suberis, andalusiae, cf. caradjai
E. (Zimmermannia) spec., E. algeriensis, ilicis, heringella,
baraldi, suberis
E. haraldi, ilicis, suberis
E. aegilopidella
E. heringella, alnifoliae
E. cf. caradjai
? E. caradjai, gilvipennella, cerris, (subbimaculella),
liechtensteini, phyllotomella
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
Quercus petraea L. s.l.
Quercus robur L.
Quercus frainetto Ten.
Quercus pyrenaica Willd.
Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l.
Quercus faginea Lam.
Quercus ebrenbergi Kotschy
ULMACEAE
Ulmus spp.
ROSACEAE
Spiraea media Franz Schmidt
Filipendula vulgaris Moench
Agrimonia eupatoria L.
Aremonia agrimonioides (L.)DC.
Rubus chamaemorus L.
Rubus arcticus L.
Rubus saxatilis L.
Rubus caesius L.
Rubus fruticosus L. aggr.
Rubus ulmifolius Schott
Rosa spp.
Sanguisorba officinalis L.
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
Potentilla erecta (L.) Rauschel
Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke
Fragaria vesca L.
Fragaria moschata Duchesne
Pyrus communis L.
Malus sylvestris Miller
? Sorbus sp.
Mespilus germanica L.
Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC.
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
Prunus dulcis (Miller)
Prunus tenella Batsch
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.
Prunus spinosa L.
Prunus domestica L.
Prunus fruticosa Pallas
Prunus cocomilia Ten.
— Prunus avium L.
_ Prunus cerasus
Prunus mahaleb
ANACARDIACEAE
Pistacia terebinthus L.
STAPHYLEACEAE
Staphylea pinnata L.
E. caradjai, quinquella, nigrosparsella, albifasciella,
subbimaculella, heringi
E. atrifrontella, longicaudella, quinquella, albifasciella,
(contorta), subbimaculella, heringi
E. caradjai, E. albifasciella complex
E. subbimaculella
E. atrifrontella, caradjai, nigrosparsella, pubescivora,
contorta, subbimaculella, heringi, (? liechtensteini)
? E. atrifrontella, E. cf. suberis, heringi
E. caradjai
E. amani, preisseckeri
E. spiraeae
E. hexapetalae, angulifasciella
E. agrimoniae, (? rubivora, ? arcuatella)
. agrimoniae
. rubivora
rubivora
rubivora
rubivora
. rubivora, erythrogenella
erythrogenella
. angulifasciella
. angulifasciella
. angulifasciella
. arcuatella
arcuatella
arcuatella
arcuatella
atricollis
atricollis
atricollis
„atricollis
atricollis
atricollis
spinosella
mahalebella
spinosella ?, (atricollis)
spinosella
spinosella, (? mahalebella, ? atricollis)
mahalebella
.mabalebella
.atricollis, mahalebella
.mahalebella
. mahalebella, (atricollis)
tay Ors try Es Ens Ees Pr Ors Ems Ory Ems Eri oo em EM
E. terebinthivora
E. atricollis
83
84 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
È N° à 2 N e NG
OP RO I LE LAS ERS
STILO EN SME
x ss I x © Ke ; NN & Ss © Le 4 AS È
33*
26 Bas
36* 23A Ja
= 34L
38 28
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25
24
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8
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20018
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3
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1
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 85
PHYLOGENY
I have attempted to reconstruct the phyloge-
ny of Ectoedemia, using the cladistic approach
as outlined by Hennig (1966) and refined
amongst others by Wiley (1981).
Many difficulties arose with the assessment of
the polarity of character states, especially within
the subgenus Ectoedemia, since at first sight
there seemed to be no correlation at all between
the character distributions. This means that
there is a considerable amount of either homo-
plasy, secondary reduction, reversal or cases of
underlying synapomorphies (Saether, 1979),
which require many ad hoc statements to ex-
plain apparently conflicting evidence. It must be
stressed that many of such characters are rela-
tively simple morphological structures, which
therefore might have a simple genetic basis. If
so, reversals and parallelisms could appear quite
often in the course of evolution. Therefore it is
not always feasible to use parsimony, where on-
ly the number of “ad hoc” statements counts,
not their quality. The most parsimonious clado-
gram should only been chosen after some qual-
ification or weighing of the “ad hoc”
statements. For instance reduction of a simple
structure is a much more likely event than the
parallel development of a complex structure.
Another weak point in the phylogeny pre-
sented and discussed below, is that several mo-
nophyletic groups are defined by one character
only. Moreover these characters are frequently
suspected to be homoplasies, but similarity both
in morphology and biology often coincides with
the groups defined in the cladogram, and al-
though part of this similarity might be based on
plesiomorphies, it is also very likely that apo-
morphies, which can at present not be defined
easily, play an important role in this similarity.
An extension of this analysis with Nearctic and
eastern Palaearctic species, and larvae could res-
olve some of the existing uncertainties.
The following analysis has been carried out
by hand and as a consequence of the high pro-
KG NÉ
Q
v> NES SS EN
Oe HECHT NO) at È GO KT LE ON à ES
© os ES SS NS È SS LT OSE oo de Co x I
SN S LELE ET Vela ELE gol
40* 11% 46 47 52 58
39 15% 5! 93 57
[AR 50 56
~ 43 55%
42 6 *
xD & 4
= sij
38%
49
*
35
3
34 L
Figs. 1—3. Cladograms representing proposed phylogeny within Ectoedemia. Black squares denote apomor-
phies; black dots characters with uncertain status. Character numbers explained in text; in-group parallelisms
marked with an asterisk, frequent secondary loss denoted by L.
Figs. 1 and 2 give two alternative phylogenies for the basic branching in the genus, fig. 3 details the right branch
of figs. 1 and 2.
86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
portion of conflicting evidence, can only be re-
garded as a very rough preliminary analysis,
open to further tests. The supposed apomor-
phies found with the outgroup-rule are given
for pairs and groups of species. Autapomor-
phies for single species are not given here. Cla-
dograms representing the proposed phylogenies
are presented in figs. 1—3.
- Sistergroup and monophyly of Ectoedemia
The sistergroup of Ectoedemia s.str. and E.
(Zimmermannia) should be sought for amongst
the taxa Fomoria Beirne, Laqueus Scoble or
Etainia Beirne (van Nieukerken, in prepara-
tion). For neither of them convincing arguments
have been found, so for the following outgroup
comparisons all these taxa together have been
taken into consideration. The following apo-
morphies support the monophyly of the two
subgenera treated here and therefore corrobo-
rate the earlier suggestion of monophyly based
on character 1 only (Scoble, 1983).
1. Loss of uncus. — The classical character
(Beirne, 1945; Scoble, 1983). The uncus is
also absent in Holarctic species of Etainia,
but since it is present in some South Afri-
can Etainia species, it has probably been
lost independently. An uncus is present in
almost all other Nepticulidae.
2. Sensillum vesiculocladum blisterlike, not
branched (van Nieukerken & Dop, in
preparation). — A more or less similar sit-
uation in some species of Fomoria is tenta-
tively regarded as a parallelism.
3. Female with single sensillum vesiculocla-
dum per flagellar segment (van Nieukerken
& Dop, in preparation). — A unique char-
acter, checked for many species, represent-
ing all species groups.
Subgenus Zimmermannia
The Palaearctic and Nearctic species share a
number of uniquely derived characters which
demonstrate the monophyly of this subgenus,
and therefore justify its re-establishment.
4. Larvae barkmining. — The basic feeding
pattern in Nepticulidae larvae is leaf-min-
ing. Although some other species make
mines in bark of branches or shoots, only
Zimmermannia larvae make mines in the
bark of thick branches or trunks of trees,
especially Fagaceae. This character’ led
Hering (1940) to erect the genus Zimmer-
mannia, but later authors doubted the va-
lidity of this character to define a taxon
(i.e. Wilkinson & Newton, 1981). In my
opinion it is a sound autapomorphy for the
subgenus.
5. Larval life lengthened, with 6—8 instars.
— As a rule Nepticulidae larvae have four
or five larval instars, with probably four as
the most generalised condition (van Nieu-
kerken & Jansen, in preparation). How-
ever, this apomorphy is subject to some
reservation as it is only known with cer-
tainty for atrifrontella, liebwerdella and
longicaudella.
6. Colour pattern of forewings largely lost,
colour uniform or irrorate. — The pres-
ence of light dots or fasciae is assumed to
be the generalised condition in Nepticuli-
dae.
7. Male hindwing with pronounced costal
emargination. — The costal emargination, -
unknown outside Zimmermannia, is asso-
ciated with the relatively long hair-pencil.
In some species with reduced or without
hair-pencil, the emargination is absent. A
hair-pencil is considered to belong to the
ground-plan of Ectoedemia and 1s also pre-
sent in several non-European species of
Etainia, Laqueus and Fomoria. Therefore
the reduction of the hair-pencil and hence
of the emargination are thought to be
secondary (character 18).
8. Large size of ventral carinae and corre-
sponding dorsal fold of valva. — A pecu-
liar feature, which is clearly seen in undis-
sected genitalia.
9. Female with many long tactile setae on ter-
gites 7 and 8. — This character needs in-
vestigation in Nearctic species. It is proba-
bly secondary reduced in amani and liguri-
cella (character 19).
10. Bursa copulatrix extremely long and nar-
row.
11. Margin of signa wider than individual cells.
The available characters are insufficient to
present a cladogram of the western Palaearctic
species of Zimmermannia, however some sup-
posed apomorphies for groups of species are
given below and listed in table 1.
12. Aedeagus constricted.
13. Dorsal and dorsolateral carinae connected
by rim.
Characters 12 and 13 show the sister
relationship between atrifrontella and liebwer-
della.
14. Vesica with folded sclerotised plate. —
This character is shared by the first three
RT LE EEE TTT EE
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 87
Table 1. Data-matrix of some important characters in
Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) species. Species given
with their number and first three letters of epitheton,
characters and numbers refer to text. — 1 = character
present (supposed apomorphy), 0 = character absent
(either by plesiomorphy or secondary reduction),
? = status unknown.
Sh ance hte
Dar Me omsten brei DER heao
Cha 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12 1 1 (0) 0) (0) 0 0) 0)
13 1 1 (0) (0) (0) (0) 0 0
14 1 1 1 ? 0 (0) (0) 0
15 0 0 1 It 1 1 1 1
16 (0) 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1
1174 0 (0) (0) 0 1 1 0) (0)
18 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 0 1 il
19 (0) 0) 0) 0 (0) 1 0 1
species and therefore in conflict with the
following characters.
15. Valva with inner (mesal) lobe. — This lobe
is only slightly developed in longicaudella
and nuristanica.
16. Ductus spermathecae with more than 312
convolutions. — The basic number is 2 to 3
convolutions, increase of this number oc-
curred independently in various other
groups.
Characters 15 and 16 indicate a monophyly
of the species 3 to 8, but they are both only
slightly developed in longicaudella, which to-
gether with character 14 make its position un-
certain. The valval lobe is also only slightly de-
veloped in nuristanica, but it is present in many
Nearctic species, and it is therefore not at all un-
likely that the lobe belongs to the ground-plan
of Zimmermannia and has been lost in a few
species.
17. Vesica with stout sclerotised cornutus. —
Present in amani, monemvasiae and also in
several Nearctic species, in which the cor-
nutus bears also many secondary spines. It
is not clear if this character is a homologue
of the sclerotised plate (character 14) and
hence part of the same transformation se-
ries. In that case either 14 or 17 is invalid as
autopomorphy.
18. Loss of hair-pencil (and costal emargina-
tion) in 6. — See character 7.
19. Loss of long setae on abdominal tip in ©.
— See character 9.
Subgenus Ectoedemia s.str.
The following characters of the female genita-
lia are assumed to be apomorphic for the subge-
nus:
20. Vestibulum with circular vaginal sclerite.
— Vaginal sclerites are present in several
other nepticulids and according to Scoble
(1983) belong to the ground plan of Trifur-
culini, but they usually have a different
shape from the type here, which is unique
for Ectoedemia s.str. It is only absent in
spiraeae and agrimoniae.
21. Vestibulum with spiculate pouch. — Prob-
ably correlated with 20, this is another
unique character for the subgenus, which is
absent in the same two species and hexape-
talae, and less distinct or without spicules
in some other species.
22. Vestibulum with patch of densely packed
pectinations. — Shared by all species of the
populella group, subbimaculella group,
preisseckeri, terebinthivora and erythroge-
nella. It is either another synapomorphy
for the subgenus (fig. 1) or of a large part
(fig. 2), but in both cases secondarily lost in
many species.
The subgenus also exhibits high uniformity in
several other characters. For instance in the
shape of the valva, the aedeagus and genital cap-
sule; the general shape of the female genitalia
and several biological characters. Yet it appears
to be impossible to ascribe any of these similari-
ties to straightforward apomorphies, indeed
some of them are rather plesiomorphic. Some
other features, which easily identify a species as
belonging to Ectoedemia s.str. cannot be re-
garded as belonging to the groundplan because
they are absent in too many species, to explain
them all as secondary losses. However, present
evidence justifies the acceptance of Ectoedemia
s.str. as amonophyletic entity.
Subdivision of the subgenus into species
groups is desirable, for coping with the large
number of species. The aim has been to make
monophyletic groups, but on the basis of the
species treated here, it is difficult, and the subdi-
vision only tentative. The groups used here are
recognised by a combination of similarities in
both morphological and biological characters.
For some species which were hard to place, the
biology provided the decisive factors, so that all
groups recognised here feed on one hostplant
family. Most of these groups are likely to be
monophyletic, but at least one is suspected to be
paraphyletic. With the characters given, I have
presented two alternative phylogenies in figs.
1—3, but both still require many ad hoc
88 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
statements. The characters used are discussed
below and partly presented in the data-matrix in
table 2. Characters are treated in the order in
which they appear in the cladograms figs. 1 and
3, which I regard at present as the best alterna-
tives. The sequence of species in the main body
of the text also follows these cladograms.
The populella group forms one of the best de-
fined groups in Ectoedemia, with a high overall
similarity and the following supposed apomor-
phies:
23. Petiole or midrib miners. — Just as in the
case of Zimmermannia, this feeding pat-
tern is so unique and different from leaf-
mining, that it can be safely regarded as an
apomorphy for the populella group. With-
in this group the petiole-mining is proba-
bly more derived than the midrib mine of
intimella in Salix, which could be the first
step in the evolution from a “normal” leaf-
mine into a petiole mine. Hence, the peti-
ole-mine in Populus is regarded here as a
further step in the transformation series
and as such used with number 23A in fig.
1. A mine on Ostrya, strikingly similar to
that of intimella, has been figured by
Clemens (1872: figure on p. 27), but re-
mains undescribed.
24. Hostplant: Salicaceae. — The character
“hostplant” is difficult to interprete, but
certainly useful in some cases. It is possible
that oak (Quercus) is the ancestral host-
plant for Ectoedemia s.str. because it is also
the main hostplant for the sister-group,
Zimmermannia. This explains the fact why
two rather different groups mine in Quer-
cus; they have retained their plesiomorphic
hostplant. Salicaceae certainly seems to be
a good apomorphy. In other leaf mining
taxa, species feeding on Salicaceae are
closely related (Stigmella, Phyllocnystis).
25. Denticles on spiculate pouch single, equal-
ly spaced. — This character is diagnostic
for the populella group, but it is impossible
to decide if it is derived or ancestral.
On grounds discussed above intimella is re-
garded as the sister-species of the remaining
Populus feeding species. The following charac-
ter seems to be an apomorphy for turbidella and
klimeschi.
26. Aedeagal carinae very well developed and
large. — The total configuration of aedea-
gus, and in fact the male genitalia as a
whole is very similar in these two species.
This character is of course inappropriate
for the parthenogenetic argyropeza. On
the basis of high similarity this species can
be regarded as closely related to klimeschi,
which might be the sexually reproducing
ancestor of argyropeza.
For the remaining species groups the follow-
ing character is tentatively regarded as the only
apomorphy:
27. Second and third larval instar with 12 ven-
tral plates. — A unique character present
in many species of Ectoedemia s.str., but
again often absent from closely reihe spe-
cies. It does not occur in the populella
group and suberis group. It is supposed to
be an apomorphy for the subgenus without
the populella group in fig. 1 or for the sub-
genus without the szberis group in fig. 2. It
is either lost in the species in which it is ab-
sent, Or it is an underlying apomorphy.
E. preisseckeri has some affinities with the al- |
bifasciella complex but since it lacks apomor-
phies 28, 35 and 36 is placed here in a group of
Its Own, as a sister-group of the remaining spe-
cies. It is probably closely related to the Nearc-
tic E. ulmella (Braun).
All other species belong to one monophyletic
entity on the basis of the following apomorphy:
28. Aedeagus with only one pair of carinae. —
Within Ectoedemia s.l. the presence of sev-
eral (2—4) pairs of carinae is widespread in
the other subgenera, and therefore the ple-
siomorphic condition on grounds of out-
group argument. In cladogram fig. 1 the
reduction to one pair is regarded as an apo-
morphy for the remaining groups. The
very similar configuration of the carinae in
all species favours this solution, but a re-
duction on several occasions cannot be ex-
cluded and leads for instance to the clado-
gram in fig. 2. In spiraeae the dorsal cari-
nae are also lost.
The species of the suberis group share the fol-
lowing apomorphies:
29. Aedeagus very long in relation to capsule.
30. Signa oval. — The plesiomorphic condition
of the signa seems to be narrow elongate.
31. Larva green. — Most nepticulid larvae are
yellow or more transparent white. Bright
green larvae occur scattered throughout
the family, especially in Stigmella, but in
Ectoedemia, apart from all species in the
suberis group only algeriensis and gilvipen-
nella have green larvae.
Within the suberis group, aegilopidella takes
an isolated position, but the remaining species
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
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90 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
form a tight group with the following apomor-
phies:
32. T7 and 8 with many long tactile setae. —
This apomorphy occurs in various distant-
ly related species, feeding on evergreen
Quercus. It could be an apomorphy for this
part of the suberis group, and secondarily
lost in andalusiae.
33. Ductus spermathecae with more than 312
convolutions. — Although the increase of
the number of convolutions occurred sev-
eral times in Nepticulidae, it is supposed
that it is an apomorphy for this part of the
suberis group.
The remaining species of Ectoedemia s.str.
most likely form a monophyletic unit, at least
based on character 34. In fig. 2 character 28 is
also an apomorphy but as a parallelism with the
suberis group. The phylogeny within this part of
the genus is still far from resolved, the charac-
ters showing a very complicated pattern, but a
tentative phylogeny is given in fig. 3.
34. Gnathos with central element divided into
distal spatulate and basal serrate part. —
The single, smooth central element is the
generalised condition in Nepticulidae (Sco-
ble, 1983). The “divided” gnathos only oc-
curs in the subbimaculella group, exclud-
ing the two species complexes and nıgros-
parsella, and in the angulifasciella group,
excluding the first three species. Since the
structure is so uniform, it is most unlikely
that it originated twice independently,
therefore its absence in part of these
groups must be explained by reversal or its
presence by underlying synapomorphy.
Alternatively this character is only an apo-
morphy for species 20—26 and 42—48 to-
gether, in which case the hypotheses of
monophyly of the subbimaculella group
and angulifasciella group both must be re-
futed, but on parsimonious grounds I pre-
fer the present solution.
E. terebinthivora and the subbimaculella
group are here regarded as sister-groups on the
basis of the following:
35. Signa distinctly dissimilar in shape. —
Here the dorsal signum is much longer
than the ventral, it reaches almost into the
vestibulum, and the shape of the posterior
part is different from the other signum. A
slightly similar situation occurs in spiraeae.
The subbimaculella group is considered a mo-
nophyletic entity on the basis of the next two
characters:
36. Corpus bursae without pectinations. —
Pectinations on the bursa belong to the
ground-plan of Nepticulidae, their loss is
therefore an apomorphy. The only other
Ectoedemia species with this character,
probably as a parallelism, is ıntimella.
37. T7 with a distinct row of setae along ante-
rior margin of T8. — This row occurs in
most species of the subbimaculella group
but also in preisseckeri and erythrogenella.
Probably it has secondarily evolved into a
group of long setae similar to character 32
in the species algeriensis and leucothorax.
A large part of this group shares the follow-
ing character: -
38. Costal bristles present in male. — The in-
terpretation of this character is open to
doubt. In itself the presence of costal bris-
tles belongs to the groundplan of Nepticu- .
lidae. Costal bristles and the male hair-
pencil are homologous structures; they al-
ways occur more or less in the same posi-
tion, and hair-pencil and costal bristles are
mutually exclusive. The presence of a hair-
pencil is regarded as part of the groundplan
of Ectoedemia s.str., and in this case the
presence of costal bristles can best be ex-
plained as a reversal and therefore an apo-
morphy within the subgenus. The alterna-
tive explanation that these species retained
the plesiomorphic condition implies the
parallel development of a hair-pencil in
many cases, in which case it could be based
on an underlying apomorphy. The evi-
dence here is not sufficient to eliminate this
explanation entirely, but the presence of
this character in a group of species, which
also shares other attributes favours the re-
versal interpretation at present.
The remaining three species, quinquella, alge-
riensis and gilvipennella, possess a hair-pencil,
in this interpretation the plesiomorphic condi-
tion of 38. They are tentatively placed as the sis-
ter-group of the other species of the subbimacu-
lella group with the following possible apomor-
phy: Î |
39. Forewing with a pale discal spot in second
half. — A distinct feature of quinquella
and algeriensis. E. gilvipennella has a com-
pletely pale forewing with some scattered
dark scales, which can be explained as an
enlargement of the white spots and hence
as a further step in the transformation se-
ries 39, but this remains a weak character
which needs corroboration.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 91
E. quinquella and algeriensis clearly form a
pair of sister species, based on the following
apomorphy and corroborated by their high sim-
ilarity:
40. Male hindwing with patch of special scales
near hair-pencil.
E. leucothorax cannot be placed with certain-
ty in the cladogram. The next three species, ha-
raldi, ilicis and heringella are considered to form
a monophyletic group, merely based on simila-
rities. Especially mine form and life history are
very similar. E. ilicis and E. heringella are most
likely sister-species with the following apomor-
phy:
41. Loss of costal spot in forewing.
E. nigrosparsella, the albifasciella complex
and the subbimaculella complex form a well de-
fined monophyletic entity based on the follow-
ing characters:
42. Valva with many setae on inner (mesal)
surface.
43. Gnathos smooth and undivided. — A re-
versal of character 34.
44. Mine type. — The albifasciella and subbi-
maculella complexes have a unique mine
type: a narrow gallery, usually following a
vein, abruptly enlarging ınto a square or
triangular blotch, often in vein axil. Only
nigrosparsella has a different type but is on
other grounds regarded as a relative of the
albifasciella complex.
45. Hostplant deciduous Quercus. — This
might be correlated with character 44. Ev-
ergreen species form the majority of the
Fagaceae and deciduous forms occur ex-
clusively in temperate regions. From this
fact it seems likely that ancestral oak-min-
ing Nepticulidae lived on evergreen oaks.
However, this point needs further re-
search, especially in the extensive ever-
green cupuliferous forests in east and
southeast Asia.
The albifasciella complex and nigrosparsella
are characterised by:
46. Convolutions of ductus spermathecae
widened. — Except in albifasciella the
number of convolutions is also increased.
On the grounds of the number of convolu-
tions nigrosparsella seems close to contor-
ta, but otherwise it is quite different from
the complex.
The subbimaculella complex can be charac-
terised by:
47. Forewing with basal spot.
The angulifasciella group is a rather loose ag-
gregrate of species sharing the hostplant (Rosa-
ceae, character 48), which can hardly be re-
garded as a sound synapomorphy, considering
the wide variety of unrelated Nepticulidae and
many other Microlepidoptera feeding on this
plant family. The following morphological
character might be the only true synapomorphy
for this group:
49. Forewing with metallic coloured fascia. —
This is not or hardly developed in spiraeae
and hexapetalae, and remains a weak char-
acter. It is not unlikely that this group is in
fact paraphyletic in terms of either the sub-
bimaculella or occultella group or both.
Especially E. erythrogenella is different
from other species in the group, and shares
character 37 with the subbimaculella
group, and moreover resembles albifasciel-
la externally.
E. spiraeae and agrimoniae form a pair on the
following grounds:
50. Vaginal sclerite lost.
51. Spiculate pouch lost.
52. T8in female divided.
The remaining species of this group possibly
form a monophyletic entity based on their simi-
larity, but I failed to find a distinct apomorphy.
The branching within this group is presented as
an unresolved trichotomy between hexapetalae,
the angulifasciella complex and the pair spino-
sella and mabalebella. For the angulifasciella
complex the following character is an apomor-
phy:
53. Carinae with many basal spines.
The occultella group is a sound monophyletic
entity on the following apomorphies:
54. Cilia-line lost.
55. Tegumen cuspidate.
56. Carinae divided into blunt ending process-
es.
57. Pectinations on bursa arranged in bands.
58. Hostplant Betulaceae.
However, the affinities of this group are not
clear. It must be placed somewhere between the
suberis and angulifasciella groups since it shares
characters 27 and 28 with those groups, but any
indication about its sister-group relationship is
lacking, hence its tentative placement at the end.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
Discussion of the biogeography is limited to a
few remarks owing to the scanty knowledge of
the distribution. The subgenera discussed here
are both widely distributed in the Holarctic re-
gion, probably with the highest number of
92 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
(mostly unknown) species in the Eastern Pal-
aearctic, as indicated by some preliminary work
on that fauna. In the Southern Hemisphere only
Ectoedemia s. str. is known with three species
from South Africa (Scoble, 1978, 1979), a very
low number in relation to the total number of
species (Scoble, 1983). In a large collection of
Australian Nepticulidae the genus was not pre-
sent (Scoble, 1983), neither was it in New Zea-
land (Donner and Wilkinson, pers. comm.). Un-
fortunately little is known from the Oriental
and Neotropical regions, so that the conclusion
that the group is predominantly Holarctic is not
yet justified. In fact, the high number of Faga-
ceae feeding species might lead to the assump-
tion that these subgenera are well represented in
the Fagaceous forests of the Oriental region.
Many of the widespread European species
probably have a distribution which goes much
further east, but hardly any data are available
from the Soviet Union. Many species are re-
stricted to the mediterranean region and some
of these (quinquella, erythrogenella) have an at-
lantic-mediterranean distribution type.
The species pairs heringella-ilicis and contor-
ta-pubescivora are examples of vicariant species
pairs with an eastern and western mediterranean
element. These species are closely related and
feed on the same hostplant, so that they most
likely originated from populations isolated dur-
ing the glaciation in west or east mediterranean
refugia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following people for
the loan of material and for information: Mrs.
P. Arduino (Roma), Prof. Dr. R. Buvat (Mar-
seille), Dr. A. Casale (Torino), Dr. D. R. Davis
(Washington, D.C.), Mr. G. Derra (Bamberg),
Dr. W. Dierl (Munchen), Dr. J. P. Duffels
(Amsterdam), Dr. W. Foster (Cambridge), Mr.
A. van Frankenhuyzen (Wageningen), Dr. M.
Geisthardt (Wiesbaden), Dr. Ph. Georges
(Brussel), Mr. C. Gielis (Lexmond), Dr. L.
Gozmany (Budapest), Dr. F. Gregor (Brno),
Mr. B. Gustafsson (Stockholm), Dr. H. Hanigk
(Lobbach), Prof. Dr. H. J. Hannemann (Berlin),
Mr. W. Hogenes (Amsterdam), Mr. K. J. Huis-
man (Melissant), Mr. R. Johansson (Växjô), Dr.
R. de Jong (Leiden), Mr. ©. Karsholt (Koben-
havn), Dr. F. Kasy (Wien), Dr. J. Klimesch
(Linz), Mr. J. Koster (Callantsoog), Dr. N. P.
Kristensen (Kobenhavn), Mr. J. Kuchlein (Wa-
geningen), Mr. J. Kyrki (Oulu), Mr. P. Leraut
(Paris), Dr. G. Luquet (Paris), Dr. J. Matter
(Strasbourg), Dr. E. S. Nielsen (Canberra),
Prof. Dr. D. Povolny (Brno), Dr. R. Puplesis
(Leningrad), Prof. Dr. J. Razowski (Krakow),
Dr. U. Roesler (Karlsruhe), Dr. K. Sattler
(London), Prof. Dr. W. Sauter (Zürich), Dr. H.
Schröder (Frankfurt), Mr. W. Speidel
(Karlsruhe), Dr. P. D. Syme (Salt Ste. Marie),
Dr. E. Traugott-Olsen (Marbella), Mr. K. Tuck
(London), Dr. P. Viette (Paris), Dr. S. E. White-
bread (Magden) and Mr. J. Wolschrijn (Apel-
doorn). Of these I would especially acknowl-
edge the help of R. Johansson, for the wealth of
unpublished data he allowed me to use in this
work. For their hospitality and help during col-
lecting trips I am indebted to Col. and Mrs. A.
M. Emmet (Saffron-Walden), Mrs. A. Hallın
and Mr. E. Traugott-Olsen (Marbella) and Dr.
F. Kasy (Wien). I would like to thank my col-
leagues of the Vrije Universiteit — Dr. Koos .
Boomsma, Dr. Georgina Bryan and Dr. Steph
Menken — for their advice and cooperation
during the course of my studies and in joint col-
lecting-trips, and Steph Menken also for all his
data on allozyme studies of Ectoedemia. I am
indebted for advice and critical remarks to Prof.
Dr. C. Wilkinson, who also initiated this study.
Similarly Dr. R. de Jong is acknowledged.
Technical assistance by Mr. Kees Alders, Mr.
Bart Jan van Cronenburg, Mrs. Daisy Kloos
and Mr. Adri Rol, especially in preparation of
genitalia and rearing work is much appreciated.
I wish to acknowledge Messrs T. Feijen, P. W.
A. van Huijstee and B. H. van Nifterik for as-
sisting with photographic work, Mrs. Silvia
Richter and Désirée Hoonhout for typing the
manuscript, and Mr. L. Sanna for preparing figs.
1—3. For collecting trips to Greece and Central
Europe grants were received from the Nether-
lands Organisation for the Advancement of
Pure Research (ZWO) and the Uyttenboogaart-
Eliasen foundation.
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29: 3—6, 60—64, 78—91, 107—122.
98 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Index to (sub)genera and species treated
Reference to the first page of the treatment of
each species is given only. Synonyms are given
in italics, unavailable names provided with a
double dagger (+) and misidentifications are cit-
ed in square brackets.
aegilopidella
agrimomella
agrimoniae
agrimoniella
albifasciella
albifasciella-complex
algeriensis
algeriensis, cf
+ alliatae
alnifoliae
amani
andalusiae
angulifasciella
angulıfasciella partim
angulifasciella-complex
angulifasciella-group
apicella
arcuata
arcuatella
arcuatella partim
arcuosella
argentipedella
argentipedella partim
argyropeza Herrich-Schäffer
argyropeza Zeller
[argyropeza sensu Beirne]
[argyropeza sensu Petersen]
[argyropeza sensu Stainton]
argyropezella Doubleday
argyropezella Herrich-Schäffer
aterrima
+ aterrimoides
atricolella
atricollis
atrifrontella
bistrimaculella
brunniella
caradjai
castaneae-group
cerris
contorta
cursoriella
Dechtiria
Ectoedemia
erythrogenella
gilvella
gilvipennella
hannoverella
haraldi
heringella
heringi
heringiella
hexapetalae
hispanica
+ houzeaui
+ ilicella
ilicis
intimella
+ juncta
klimeschi
leucothorax
liebwerdella
liechtensteini
liguricella
lindquisti
longicaudella
mahalebella
+ malivora
marionella
mediofasciella
[mediofasciella sensu Bradley]
minimella
minorella
monemvasiae
montissancti
+ morosella
mucidella
niculescui
nigrociliella
nigrosparsella
nuristanica
occultella
occultella-group
peinu
phyllotomella
populella
populella-group
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
populi-albae
preisseckeri
preisseckeri-group
prinophyllella
+ prunivora
pubescivora
quercifoliae
quinquella
rubivora
[rubivora sensu Walsingham |
sativella
schleichiella
simplicella
“species” (specimen 1843)
“species” (specimen 1375)
“species” Gustafsson
“species” Klimesch
“species” van Nieukerken
“species” Povolny & Gregor
“species” Skala
spinosella
spiraeae
spireae
31
57
37
staphyleae
strigilella
subapicella
subbimaculella
subbimaculella-complex
subbimaculella-group
suberis
suberis-group
terebinthivora
terebinthivora-group
Trifurcula partim
turbidella Herrich-Schäffer
turbidella Zeller
turbulentella
utensis
viridella
viridicola
woolhopiella
zimmermanni
Zimmermannia
99
71
78
52
57
56
43
40
38
63
63
277
55
31
35
69
40
80
80
59
17
100 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
N
N
Figs. 4—7. Schematic diagrams of genitalia in Ectoedemia (s.str.). 4,5, 3 genitalia, E. occultella; 4, ventral as-
pect; 5, lateral aspect. a = aedeagus; ca = carinae; de = ductus ejaculatorius; g = gnathos; lv = lateral arm of
vinculum; t = tegumen; tr = transtilla; v = valva: vp = ventral process of aedeagus; vv = ventral plate of vincu-
lum. 6, 7, 2 genitalia. 6, E. albifasciella, ventral aspect; 7, E. hannoverella,lateral aspect. aa = anterior apo-
physes; ap = anal papillae; bc = bursa copulatrix; ds = ductus spermathecae; pa = posterior apophyses; s =
signum; s7 = segment 7, s8 = sternite 8; sp = spiculate pouch; t8/9 = tergite 8/9; v = vestibulum; vs = vaginal
sclerite. Scales: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 101
Figs. 8—9. Venation in Ectoedemia. 8, E. (Zimmermannıa) atrıfrontella, 3, slide VU 252, Netherlands, Hilver-
sum; 9, E. (s.str.) intimella, 3, veins labelled, f = fold (no vein), slide VU 196, Netherlands, Schinveld. Figs.
10—14. Hindwings of Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia), 3, showing hair-pencil and surrounding special scales.
Normal hindwing scales and fringe not drawn. 10, E. atrifrontella, Netherlands, Hilversum; 11, E. liebwerdella,
East Germany, Tharandt; 12, E. longicaudella, Netherlands, Nijmegen; 13, E. monemvasiae, holotype, hair-
pencil spread out; 14, E. amani, Sweden, Stockholm. Scales: 0.5 mm.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, aFL. 1, 1985
102
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Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
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110 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 89—97. Ectoedemia spp., 6 genitalia (aedeagus removed in 93—95), ventral aspect. 89, E. atrifrontella,
slide VU 087, Netherlands, Overveen; 90, E. liebwerdella, East Germany, Tharandt, slide on pin; 91, E. longı-
caudella, slide VU 1835, Anatolia, Kizilcahamam; 92, E. hispanica, slide VU 1931, holotype; 93, E. monemva-
siae, slide VU 1834, paratype, Anatolia, Kizilcahamam; 94, E. amani, slide MV 5752, Austria, Hundsheimer
Berg; 95, E. nuristanica, slide MV 5402, holotype; 96, E. liguricella, slide VU 1828, Spain, Sierra Alfacar; 97. E.
intimella, slide VU 1213, Netherlands, Rockanje.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 111
98 99 100
103
106
Figs. 98—106. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., & genitalia, ventral aspect (aedeagus removed in 103). 98, E. populella,
slide VU 1252, syntype, USA; 99, E. hannoverella, slide MV 12202, West Germany, Baiern; 100, E. turbidella,
slide MV 12206, Austria, Linz; 101, E. klimeschi, slide VU 1230, Austria, Linz; 102, E. preisseckeri, slide MV
12218, Austria, Wien; 103, E. caradjai, slide VU 1382, Hungary, Csopak; 104, E. spec. (specimen 1843), slide
VU 1843, Spain, Rubielos de Mora; 105, E. suberis, slide VU 1112, France, “Nesp.”; 106, E. andalusiae, slide
VU 1415, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen.
112 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
107 108 ~ 109
110
1 114 115
Figs. 107—115. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., d genitalia, ventral aspect, aedeagus removed (except in 113). 107, E.
aegilopidella, slide Klim. 1299, paratype, Greece, Rhodos; 108, E. quinquella, slide VU 869, England, Rainham;
109, E. cf. algeriensis, slide VU 1864, Morocco, Azrou; 110, E. gilvipennella, slide VU 1381, Hungary,
Törökbálint; 111, E. leucothorax, slide VU 1885, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen; 112, E. haraldi, slide VU
868, paralectotype, France, Angouléme; 113, E. ilicis, slide VU 1420, Spain, Marbella; 114, E. heringella, slide
VU 1395, Italy, Monti Aurunci; 115, E. heringella, slide RM 6666, Cyprus, Arakapos.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 113
116 117 118
119 121
122 123 124
Figs. 116—124. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., & genitalia, ventral aspect, aedeagus removed (except in 118, 120,
122). 116, E. nigrosparsella, slide VU 1378, Hungary, Törökbálint; 117, E. albifasciella, slide VU 864, Nether-
lands, Hilversum; 118, E. cerris, slide VU 1729, Hungary, Szar; 119, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1342, paralecto-
type, Switzerland, Somazzo; 120, E. cf. contorta, slide VU 909, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 121, E. subbimacu-
lella, slide VU 863, Netherlands, Hilversum; 122, E. heringi, slide VU 1109, Poland, Bydgoszcz; 123, E. her-
ingi, slide VU 867, paralectotype N. zimmermanni, Czechoslovakia, Libochowan; 124, E. liechtensteini, slide
VU 1875, Hungary, Törökbalınt.
114 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
EZ =
125 126 127
128 129
131 132 133
Figs. 125—133. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., & genitalia, ventral aspect, aedeagus removed in 127—129. 125, E.
phyllotomella, slide VU 1849, Italy, Mte Vulture; 126, E. terebinthivora, slide VU 1250, Greece, Dhelfoi; 127,
E. spiraeae, slide VU 873, Hungary, Sástó; 128, 129, E. erythrogenella, slide VU 946, lectotype, 129 focussed on
more dorsal part; 130, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1739, Hungary, Budaörs; 131, E. agrimoniae, slide VU 642,
Greece, Evvoia; 132, E. agrimoniae, slide MV 12186, East Germany, Potsdam (focussed more dorsally); 133, E.
angulifasciella, slide MV 12180, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 115
136
134 135
139
137 138
140 141 ni 142
Figs. 134—142. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., d genitalia, ventral aspect. 134, E. atricollis, slide VU 1152, France,
Clamart (from Crataegus); 135, E. rubivora, slide VU 1103, Denmark, Faaborg; 136, E. arcuatella, slide MV
12184, East Germany, Friedland; 137, 138, E. spinosella, slide VU 644, Greece, Arakhova (138 focussed more
dorsally); 139, E. occultella, slide VU 1227, France, Pralognan; 140, 141, E. mahalebella, slide VU 997, Greece,
Mt. Timfristos, (141 focussed more dorsally); 142, E. minimella, slide VU 1173, Norway, Rennebu.
116 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 143—154. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., ® genitalia. 143, E. atrifrontella, abdominal tip, slide VU
496, Netherlands, Nijmegen; 144, idem, bursa, slide VU 483, Netherlands, Hilversum; 145, 146, E. liebwerdel-
la, slide VU 1873, East Germany, Tharandt; 147, 148, E. longicaudella, slide VU 860, Belgium, Aye; 149, 150,
E. monemvasiae, slide VU 486, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia; 151, 152, E. amanı, slide VU 918, Sweden, Kul-
laberg; 153, 154, E. nuristanica, slide MV 12141, paratype.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 117
156 158 160
162 164 166
Figs. 155—166. Ectoedemia spp., 2 genitalia. 155, 156, E. liguricella, slide VU 1414, Spain, Refugio de Juanar;
157, 158, E. intimella, slide VU 1254, England, Earls Colne; 159, 160, E. hannoverella, slide MV 12205, East
Germany, Bautzen; 161, 162, E. turbidella, slide VU 1491, Netherlands, Santpoort; 163, 164, E. klimeschi, slide
MV 12193, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 165, 166, E. argyropeza, slide VU 1933, Austria, Gumpoldskirchen.
118 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
168 + Im. 172
174 -
Figs. 167—175. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 9 genitalia. 167, 168, E. preisseckeri, slide VU 1955, Hungary, Buda- |
pest; 169, 170, E. suberis, slide VU 899, France, Golfe Juan; 171, 172, E. andalusiae, slide VU 1417, paratype, |
Spain, Camino de Ojen; 173, E. caradjai, slide VU 1447, USSR, Babince, ex Quercus pubescens; 174, E. cf
caradjai, slide VU 1867, Greece, Rhodos, ex Quercus infectoria; 175, E. cf caradjai, slide VU 1393, Greece,
Rhodos, ex Quercus coccifera.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 119
178
r
179 180 181
182 183 184
Figs. 176—184. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., ® genitalia. 176, E. aegilopidella, slide VU 1390, paratype, Greece,
Rhodos; 177, E. quinquella, slide VU 898, England, Rainham; 178, E. algeriensis, slide VU 1125, holotype; 179,
E. gilvipennella, slide VU 1380, Hungary, Törökbalınt; 180, 181, E. leucothorax, slide Klim. 774, paratype,
Spain, Marbella; 182, E. haraldi, slide VU 901, paralectotype, France, Angouléme; 183, E. ilicis, slide VU 943,
paralectotype, Portugal, San Fiel; 184, E. cf. turbidella, slide VU 1492, Iran, Kered).
120 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
186 188 nn 190
Figs. 185—196. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., © genitalia. 185, 186, E. heringella, slide VU 1398, Italy, Monti
Aurunci; 186, 187, E. alnifoliae, slide RM 6572, holotype; 189, 190, E. nigrosparsella, slide VU 897, Italy,
Sardegna; 191, 192, E. albifasciella, slide VU 892, Netherlands, Hilversum; 193, 194, E. cerris, slide VU 1333,
lectotype; 195, 196, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1403, Italy, Sardegna, Belvi.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 121
200 202
203 © 205
Figs. 197—205. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 2 genitalia. 197, 198, E. contorta, slide VU 1388, holotype; 199, 200,
E. subbimaculella, slide VU 891, Netherlands, Hilversum; 201, 202, E. terebinthivora, slide VU 1245, Greece,
Dhelfoi; 203, E. heringi, slide VU 894, paralectotype N. zimmermanni, Czechoslovakia, Libochowan; 204, E.
hechtensteini, slide VU 1876, Hungary, Törökbálint; 205, E. phyllotomella, slide VU 1392, paralectotype, Italy,
Ferrania.
122 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
206 207
zo
Figs. 206— 214. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., © genitalia. 206, E. spec. (specimen 1375), slide VU 1375, Iran, W.
Shiraz; 207, E. erythrogenella, slide VU 972, France, Vannes; 208, E. spiraeae, VU 1868, paratype, Czechoslo-
vakia, Cingov; 209, E. agrimoniae, slide VU 970, Greece, Kätsika; 210, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1741, Hunga-
ry, Budaörs; 211, E. angulifasaella, slide MV 12178, no locality, ex Rosa; 212, E. angulifasciella, slide VU 1345,
paralectotype N. utensis, Switzerland, Zürich, ex Sanguisorba; 213, E. atricollis, slide MV 12177, Austria, Linz;
214, E. atricollis, slide VU 1186, Hungary, Budapest, ex Staphylea.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 123
215 es 216 ” 211
218 219 220
221 222 223
Figs. 215—222. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 2 genitalia. 215, E. arcuatella, slide MV 12183, Austria, Wien; 216, E.
rubivora, slide VU 964, Netherlands, Winterswijk; 217, E. spinosella, slide VU 947, lectotype; 218, E. spinosella,
slide VU 1171, Greece, Arakhova, ex Prunus dulcis; 219, E. mahalebella, slide VU 976, Greece, Mt. Timfristos;
220, E. mahalebella, slide VU 1751, Hungary, Budaörs; 221, E. occultella, slide VU 1182, Austria; 222, E. mini-
mella, slide VU 1220, France, Pralognan; 223, E. (Zimmermannia) amanı, detail of vestibulum with two groups
of spines (arrows), slide VU 918, Sweden, Kullaberg.
124 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 224230. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., details of 2 genitalia. 224, 225, 227, 228, Vestibulum; 226, 229, 230,
Part of bursa with signa. 224, E. preisseckeri, with dense concentration of pectinations (arrow), slide VU 1955;
225, E. terebinthivora, spiculate pouch with single, long pointed spines, slide VU 1245; 226, E. agrimoniae,
“spiny” signa, slide VU 970; 227, E. hannoverella, spiculate pouch with “single” spines, slide VU 1208; 228, E.
contorta, spiculate pouch with single and grouped spines, slide VU 1388, holotype; 229, E. hannoverella, bursa
with pectinations, slide VU 1208; 230, E. contorta, bursa smooth, slide VU 1388, holotype.
125
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia
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TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
126
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VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 127
239
241
Figs. 239—244. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., populella and preisseckeri groups, 6 valva, dorsal (inner) aspect. 239,
E. intimella, slide VU 1253, England, Earls Colne; 240, E. populella, slide VU 1252, syntype, USA; 241, E. han-
noverella, slide MV 12202, West Germany, Baiern; 242, E. turbidella, slide MV 12206, Austria, Linz; 243, E.
klimeschi, slide VU 1230, Austria, Linz; 244, E. preisseckeri, slide MV 12218, Austria, Wien. Scale: 0.05 mm.
128 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
246
250
Figs. 245—250. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., suberis group, d, valva, dorsal (inner) aspect. 245, E. caradjai, slide
MV 12153, Austria, Gumpoldskirchen; 246, E. cf. caradjai, slide Klim. 4200, Greece, Rhodos, from Quercus
infectoria; 247, E. spec. (specimen 1843), slide VU 1843, Spain, Rubielos de Mora; 248, E. suberis, slide VU
1112, France, “Nesp.”; 249, E. andalusiae, slide VU 1416, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen; 250, E. aegilopi-
della, slide Klim. 1299, paratype, Greece, Rhodos. Scale: 0.05 mm.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 129
254
Figs. 251—256. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., subbimaculella-group, 3, valva, dorsal (inner) aspect. 251, E. quin-
quella, slide VU 1111, England, Rainham; 252, E. cf. algeriensis, slide VU 1864, Morocco, Azrou; 253, E. gilvi-
pennella, slide VU 1381, Hungary, Törökbálint; 254, E. leucothorax, slide VU 1885, paratype, Spain, Camino de
Ojen; 255, E. haraldi, slide VU 942, Portugal, [San Fiel]; 256, E. ilicis, slide VU 1358, lectotype. Scale: 0.05 mm.
130 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 257262. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., subbimaculella group, &, valva, dorsal (inner) aspect. 257, E. ılıcıs,
slide VU 1420, Spain, Marbella; 258, E. heringella, slide VU 1395, Italy, Monti Aurunci; 259, E. heringella, slide
RM 6666, Cyprus, Arakapos; 260, E. nigrosparsella, slide VU 1378, Hungary, Törökbalınt; 261, E. albifasciella,
slide VU 637, Netherlands, Winterswijk; 262, E. cerris, slide VU 1729, Hungary, Szar. Scale: 0.05 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 131
Figs. 263—268. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., subbimaculella and terebinthivora group, 6, valva, dorsal (inner) as-
pect. 263, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1342, paralectotype, Switzerland, Somazzo; 264, E. cf. contorta, slide VU
1387, Hungary, Nagykovacsi; 265, E. subbimaculella, slide VU 1105, France, Alouette Pessac; 266, E. heringi,
slide MV 12142, Austria, Klosterneuburg; 267, E. phyllotomella, slide Klim. 269, paralectotype, Italy, Ferrania;
268, E. terebinthivora, slide VU 1250, Greece, Dhelfoi. Scale: 0.05 mm.
132 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
269
273
Figs. 269—274. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., angulifasciella group, 6, valva, dorsal (inner) aspect. 269, E. erythro-
genella, slide VU 1170, paralectotype, France, Vannes; 270, E. agrimoniae, slide VU 642, Greece, Evvoia; 271,
E. spiraeae, slide VU 873, Hungary, Sástó; 272, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1739, Hungary, Budaörs; 273,
E. angulifasciella, slide MV 12180, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 274, E. atricollis, slide VU 608, Netherlands,
Winterswijk. Scale: 0.05 mm.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 133
276
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278 279
Figs. 275—280. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., angulifasciella and occultella group, &, valva, dorsal (inner) aspect.
275, E. arcuatella, slide MV 12184, East Germany, Friedland; 276, E. rubivora, slide VU 1103, Denmark, Faa-
borg; 277, E. spinosella, slide VU 1137, Netherlands, Gulpen; 278, E. mahalebella, slide VU 881, Greece, Mt.
Timfristos; 279, E. occultella, slide VU 1226, Netherlands, Rockanje; 280, E. minimella, slide VU 1173, Nor-
way, Rennebu. Scale: 0.05 mm.
134 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985 |
281 283
D
284 285 286
287 288 289
290 291 292
Figs. 281—292. Ectoedemia spp., 6 genitalia, gnathos, ventral aspect (287 ventro-caudal aspect). 281, E. atrı-
frontella, slide VU 937, France, Digne; 282, E. liebwerdella, slide VU 1832, France, St. Barnabé; 283, E. longı-
caudella, slide VU 983, France, Digne; 284, E. hispanica, slide VU 1931, holotype; 285, E. monemvasiae, slide
VU 1372, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia; 286, E. amani, slide MV 5752, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 287, E.
nuristanica, slide MV 5402, holotype; 288, E. liguricella, slide VU 1828, Spain, Sierra Alfacar; 289, E. intimella,
slide VU 1253, England, Earls Colne; 290, E. hannoverella, slide VU 292, West Germany, Regensburg; 291, E.
turbidella, slide MV 12206, Austria, Linz; 292, E. klimeschi, slide VU 1230, Austria, Linz. Scale: 0.05 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 135
294
297 298
de
307
308 309 310
Figs. 293—310. Ectoedemia spp., 6 genitalia, gnathos, ventral aspect. 293, E. preisseckeri, slide MV 12218,
Austria, Wien; 294, E. caradjai, slide RJ 946, Italy, Monti Aurunci (slightly squashed); 295, E. spec. (specimen
1843), slide VU 1843, Spain, Rubielos de Mora; 296, E. suberis, slide VU 1112, “Nesp.”; 297, E. andalusiae,
slide VU 1416, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen; 298, E. aegilopidella, slide Klim. 1298, paratype, Greece,
Rhodos; 299, E. quinquella, slide VU 1110, France, L’Etang-la-Ville; 300, E. cf algeriensis, slide VU 1864, Mo-
rocco, Azrou; 301, E. gilvipennella, slide Klim. 272, lectotype; 302, E. leucothorax, slide VU 1885, paratype,
Spain, Camino de Ojen; 303, E. haraldi, slide VU 868, paralectotype, France, Angoulème; 304, E. ilicis, slide
VU 1420, Spain, Marbella; 305, E. heringella, slide VU 1395, Italy, Monti Aurunci; 306, E. heringella, slide RM
6666, Cyprus, Arakapos; 307, E. nigrosparsella, slide VU 1736, Hungary, Törökbálint; 308, E. albifasciella,
slide VU 240, Netherlands, Hollandse Rading; 309, E. albifasciella, slide VU 1199, Netherlands, Overveen (po-
sition of gnathos slightly different from 308); E. cerris, slide VU 1729, Hungary, Szar. Scale: 0.05 mm.
136 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
311 | 312
315 316
317 318 319
TE CC IS
320 321 322
| 323 324 325
326 327 328
Figs. 311—328. Ectoedemia spp., 8 genitalia, gnathos, ventral aspect. 311, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1342, para-
lectotype, Switzerland, Somazzo; 312, E. cf. contorta, slide VU 909, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 313, E. subbi-
maculella, slide VU 1105, France, Alouette Pessac; 314, E. heringi, slide VU 1731, Hungary, Pécs Mecsek; 315,
E. heringi, slide VU 867, paralectotype N. zimmermanni, Czechoslovakia, Libochowan; 316, E. terebinthivora
slide VU 1250, Greece, Dhelfoi; 317, E. erythrogenella, slide VU 946, lectotype; 318, E. spiraeae, slide VU
1187, Hungary, Sástó; 319, E. agrimoniae, slide VU 642, Greece, Evvoia; 320, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1740,
Hungary, Budapest; 321, E. angulifasciella, slide VU 1870, Netherlands, Ootmarsum; 322, E. atricollis, slide
VU 1152, France, Clamart; 323, E. arcuatella, slide MV 12184, East Germany, Friedland; 324, E. rubivora, slide
VU 1001/1002, Netherlands, Winterswijk; 325, E. spinosella, slide VU 1139, paralectotype, France, Vannes;
326, E. mahalebella, slide VU 997, Greece, Mt. Timfristos; 327, E. occultella, slide VU 1495, Netherlands,
Kerkrade; 328, E. minimella, slide VU 825, Norway, Rennebu. Scale: 0.05 mm.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 137
334 335 336
Figs. 329—336. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp-, d genitalia, capsule, ventral aspect, outline of left valva dot-
ted or omitted. 329, E. atrifrontella, slide VU 937, France, Digne; 330, E. lebwerdella, slide Carolsfeld-Krause,
East Germany, Tharandt; 331, E. longicaudella, slide VU 983, France, Digne; 332, E. hispanica, slide VU 1830,
paratype, Spain, Rubielos de Mora; 333, E. monemvasiae, slide VU 476, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia; 334. E.
amanı, slide VU 848, Sweden, Stockholm; 335, E. nuristanica, slide MV 5402, holotype; 336, E. liguricella, slide
VU 929, France, “Nesp.”. Scale: 0.1 mm.
138 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 337—345. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., 6, aedeagus, ventral (337, 339, 341, 344) and dorsal aspect
(338, 340, 342, 343, 345). 337, 338, E. atrifrontella, slide VU 087, Netherlands, Overveen; 339, 340, E. longicau-
della, slide VU 830, Netherlands, Nijmegen; 341, 342, E. amani, slide MV 5752, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg;
343, E. liebwerdella, slide Carolsfeld-Krause, East Germany, Tharandt; 344, 345, E. hispanica, slide VU 1931,
holotype. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 139
Figs. 346—350. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., 6, aedeagus, left lateral aspect, in 346, 347 and 349 vesica
extracted, in 348 and 350 omitted. 346, E. atrifrontella, slide MV 12134, Austria, Gumpoldskirchen; 347, E.
longicaudella, slide VU 830, Netherlands, Nijmegen; 348, E. liebwerdella, slide Carolsfeld-Krause, East Ger-
many, Tharandt; 349, E. monemvasiae, slide VU 482, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia; 350, E. amani, slide MV
5752, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg. Scale: 0.1 mm.
140 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
354
Figs. 351—358. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., d, aedeagus, 351, 353, 356, ventral aspect, 352, 354, 357,
dorsal aspect; 355, 358, lateral aspect. 351, 352, E. monemvasiae, slide VU 470, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia;
353—355, E. nuristanica, slide MV 5402, holotype; 356—358, E. liguricella, slide MV 5415, Morocco, Ou-
kaim’den. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 141
364 365 366 367 368
Figs. 359—368. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 6, aedeagus, ventral aspect. 359, E. intimella, slide VU 1213, Nether-
lands, Rockanje. 360, E. populella, slide VU 1252, syntype, USA; 361, E. hannoverella, slide VU 278, Nether-
lands, Winterswijk; 362, E. turbidella, slide MV 12206, Austria, Linz; 363, E. klimeschi, slide VU 1230, Austria,
Linz; 364, E. preisseckeri, slide MV 12214, lectotype; 365, E. caradjai, slide MV 12152, Austria, Hackelsberg;
366, E. spec. (specimen 1843), slide VU 1843, Spain, Rubielos de Mora; 367, E. suberis, slide VU 1112, France,
“Nesp.”; 368, E. andalusiae, slide VU 1416, Spain, Camino de Ojen. Scale: 0.1 mm.
142 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
369 370 371 372 373
374 375 376 377 378
Figs. 369—378. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 6, aedeagus, ventral aspect. 369, E. aegilopidella, slide Klim. 4107, ho-
lotype; 370, E. quinquella, slide VU 1111, England, Rainham; 371, E. cf. algeriensis, slide VU 1864, Morocco,
Azrou; 372, E. gilvipennella, slide VU 1737, Hungary, Törökbalınt; 373, E. leucothorax, slide VU 1892, holo-
type; 374, E. haraldi, slide VU 1116, France, Villenave d’Ornon, a, idem, tip of aedeagus of paralectotype, slide
VU 868; 375, E. ilicis, slide VU 1358, lectotype; 376, E. heringella, slide BM 22604, France, Corsica; 377, E.
heringella, slide RM 6666, Cyprus, Arakapos; 378, E. nigrosparsella, slide VU 1736, Hungary, Törökbálint.
Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 143
379 380 381 382 383
384 385 386 387 388
Figs. 379—388. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 6, aedeagus, ventral aspect. 379, E. albifasciella, slide VU 1199, Neth-
erlands, Overveen; 380. E. cerris, slide VU 1729, Hungary, Szar; 381, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1342, paralecto-
type, Switzerland, Somazzo; 382, E. cf. contorta, slide VU 1387, Hungary, Nagykovacsi; 383, E. terebinthivora,
slide VU 883, Greece, Dhelfoi; 384, E. subbimaculella, slide VU 863, Netherlands, Hilversum; 385, E. heringi,
slide VU 1109, Poland, Bydgoszcz; 386, E. phyllotomella, slide Klim. 269, paralectotype, Italy, Ferrania; 387, E.
erythrogenella, slide VU 1170, paralectotype, France, Vannes; 388, E. spiraeae, slide VU 1187, Hungary, Sástó.
Scale: 0.1 mm.
144 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
389 390 391 392 393
394 395 396 : 397 398
Figs. 389—398. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 6, aedeagus, ventral aspect. 389, £. hexapetalae, slide VU 1739, Hun-
gary, Budaors; 390, E. angulifasciella, slide VU 1157, France, Chaville; 391, E. atricollis, slide VU 1152, France,
Clamart; 392, E. arcuatella, slide MV 12184, East Germany, Friedland; 393, E. rubivora, slide 1103, Denmark,
Faaborg; 394, E. agrimoniae, slide VU 642, Greece, Evvoia; 395, E. spinosella, slide VU 1137, Netherlands,
Gulpen; 396, E. mahalebella, slide VU 1750, Hungary, Budaörs; 397, E. occultella, slide VU 1226, Netherlands,
Rockanje; 398, E. minimella, slide VU 1184, Norway, Grovudalen. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 145
400
399
403
Oe 405 406
Figs. 399—406. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., 6, aedeagus. 399, 401, right lateral aspect, 400, 402, 403, left lateral
aspect; 399, E. hannoverella, Netherlands, Winterswijk; 400, 401, E. klimeschi, slide VU 801, Austria, Linz;
402, E. preisseckeri, slide MV 12214, lectotype; 403, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1494, Hungary, Budaors; 404, E.
hexapetalae, dorsal aspect, detail of spinose lobe, slide VU 1739, Hungary, Budaörs; 405, 406, Aedeagus with
vesica, carinae omitted, ventral aspect; 405, E. occultella, slide VU 1226, Netherlands, Rockanje; 406, E. mini-
mella, slide VU 1184, Norway, Grovudalen. Scales, 399—403: 0.1 mm, 404: 0.05 mm, 405—406: 0.05 mm.
146 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
407 408 409
410 411 412
414 415
417 418 3
419 420
Figs. 407—420. Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., details of genitalia. 407—414, d, Tegumen (pseuduncus), ventral as-
pect. 407, E. caradjai, slide VU 1861, Anatolia, Kizilcahamam; 408, E. suberis, slide VU 1496, Italy, Sardegna,
Mt. Istiddi; 409, E. andalusiae, slide VU 1416, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen; 410, E. aegilopidella, slide Kl.
1298, paralectotype, Greece, Rhodos; 411, E. quinquella, slide VU 1111, England, Rainham (slightly squashed);
412, E. terebinthivora, slide VU 1249, Greece, Dhelfoi; 413, E. rubivora, slide 1001, Netherlands, Winterswijk;
414, E. minimella, slide VU 825, Norway, Rennebu; 415, idem, lateral aspect; 416—418, ©, Ductus spermathe-
cae. 416, E. albifasciella, slide VU 893, Greece, Palaiokastron; 417, E. subbimaculella, slide VU 638, England,
Weeley; 418, E. heringi, slide VU 1900, Spain, San Pedro de Alcantara; 419, E. pubescivora, vaginal sclerite,
ventral aspect, slide VU 1403, Italy, Sardegna, Belvi; 420, E. algeriensis, spiculate pouch, dorsal aspect, slide VU
1125, holotype. Scales: 407—415: 0.05 mm; 416—418: 0.1 mm; 419, 420: 0.05 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 147
424
Figs. 421—424. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., dorsal aspect. Setal sockets only
completely figured on one half of T8. 421, E. atrifrontella, slide VU 483, Netherlands, Hilversum; 422, E. lieb-
werdella, slide VU 1873, East Germany, Tharandt; 423, E. longicaudella, slide VU 862, Belgium, Aye; 424, E.
monemvasiae, slide VU 812, paratype, Greece, Monemvasia. Scale: 0.1 mm.
148 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 425—428. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) spp., dorsal aspect. 425, E. amani, slide
MV 1723 (slightly squashed), Yugoslavia, Skopje; 426, E. nuristanica, slide MV 12141, paratype, setal patch on
T7 indicated by broken line, setal sockets only partly figured; 427, E. liguricella, slide BM 22669, Spain, Sierra
Alfacar; 428, E. liguricella, aberrant specimen, slide MV 12140, Morocco, Oukaim’den. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 149
Figs. 429— 434, Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., populella group. 429, E. intimella, slide VU
1254, England, Earls Colne; 430, E. hannoverella, slide MV 12205, East Germany, Bautzen; 431, E. turbidella,
slide VU 1491, Netherlands, Santpoort; 432, E. cf. turbidella, slide VU 1492, Iran, Keredj; 433, E. klimeschi,
slide VU 1231, Austria, Linz; 434, E. argyropeza, slide VU 1918, West Germany, Heidelberg. Scale: 0.1 mm.
150 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 435—441. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., in 436 and 437 setal sockets only completed in
right half of T8. 435, E. preisseckeri, slide MV 12215, paralectotype, Austria, Klosterneuburg; 436, E. caradjas,
slide VU 1447, USSR, Babince; 437, E. suberis, slide VU 899, France, Golfe Juan; 438, E. andalusiae, slide VU
1417, paratype, Spain, Camino de Ojen; 439, E. aegilopidella, slide VU 1390, paratype, Greece, Rhodos; 440, E.
quinquella, slide VU 898, England, Rainham; 441, E. algeriensis, slide VU 900, paratype, Algeria, Aures. Scale:
0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 151
Figs. 442—449. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., subbimaculella group. 442, E. spec. near alge-
riensis, slide VU 1897, Spain, N. of Benahavis; 443, E. gilvipennella, slide VU 1380, Hungary, Torokbalint; 444,
E. leucothorax, slide Klim. 774, paratype, Spain, Marbella; 445, E. haraldı, slide VU 901, paralectotype, France,
Angouleme; 446, E. ilicis, slide VU 1352, France, “Nesp.”; 447, E. heringella, slide VU 902, paralectotype, Italy,
Sicilia, Partinico; 448, E. heringella, slide RM 6667, Cyprus, Arakapos; 449, E. alnifoliae, slide RM 6572, holo-
type. 448 and 449 slightly squashed. Scale: 0.1 mm.
152 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 450—457. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp., subbimaculella group. 450, E. nigrosparsella,
slide VU 1379, Hungary, Törökbálint; 451, E. albifasciella, slide VU 892, Netherlands, Hilversum; 452, E. cer-
ris, slide VU 1730, Hungary, Szar; 453, E. pubescivora, slide VU 1403, Italy, Sardegna, Belvi; 454, E. contorta,
slide VU 1388, holotype; 455, E. subbimaculella, slide VU 891, Netherlands, Hilversum; 456, E. heringı, slide
VU 895, paralectotype of N. zimmermanni, Czechoslovakia, Libochowan; 457, E. phyllotomella, slide VU
1392, paralectotype, Italy, Ferrania. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 153
Figs. 458—465. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp. 458, E. spec. (specimen 1375), slide VU 1375,
Iran, W. of Shiraz; 459, E. terebinthivora, slide VU 1248, Greece, Dhelfoi; 460, E. erythrogenella, slide BM
22675, France, Cannes; 461, E. spiraeae, slide VU 1868, paratype, Czechoslovakia, Cingov; 462, E. agrimoniae,
slide VU 1136, Greece, Katsika; 463, E. hexapetalae, slide VU 1742, Hungary, Budapest; 464, E. angulifasciella,
slide VU 969, Netherlands, Ootmarsum; 465, E. atricollis, slide VU 968, Netherlands, Ankeveense Plassen.
Scale: 0.1 mm.
154 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 466—471. Female postabdomen of Ectoedemia (s.str.) spp. 466, E. arcuatella, slide BM 22679, paralecto-
type, Switzerland, Zürich; 467, E. rubivora, slide VU 649, Netherlands, Winterswijk; 468, E. spinosella, slide
VU 947, lectotype; 469, E. mahalebella, slide VU 999, France, St. Thibaud-de-Couz; 470, E. occultella, slide
VU 1183, Austria; 471, E. minimella, slide VU 1220, France, Pralognan. Scale: 0.1 mm.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 155
Figs. 472—479. Mines of Ectoedemia. 472, E. atrifrontella on Quercus robur (dried branch), Netherlands, Hol-
landse Rading; 473, E. hebwerdella on Fagus sylvatica (dried bark), France, le Sappey-en-Chartreuse; 474, E.
amanı on Ulmus sp., Sweden, from colour-slide R. Johansson; 475, E. hannoverella on Populus X canadensis,
Netherlands, Bunde; 476, E. turbidella on Populus canescens, England, Loughton; 477, E. intimella on Salix cin-
erea, Netherlands, Rockanje; 478, E. klimeschi on Populus alba, Austria, Linz; 479, E. preisseckeri on Ulmus
sp., Austria, Wien.
156 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 480—487. Mines of Ectoedemia on leaves of Quercus spp. 480, E. suberis on Q. suber, Spain, Sierra Blan-
ca; 481, E. suberis or andalusiae on Q. coccifera, Spain, Marbella; 482, E. aegilopidella on Q. macrolepis, Greece,
Rhodos; 483, E. caradjai on Q. pubescens, Greece, Oiti Oros; 484, E. algeriensis on Q. rotundifolia, Algeria,
Arris; 485, E. quinquella on Q. robur, England, Herringswell; 486, E. gilvipennella on Q. cerris, Austria, Loret-
to; 487, E. haraldi on Q. ilex, France, Roquefort.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 157
Figs. 488—495. Mines of Ectoedemia on leaves ot Quercus spp. 488, 489, E. ilicis on Q. suber, Spain, Sierra
Blanca; 490, E. albifasciella on Q. petraea, West Germany, Wiesbaum; 491, E. nigrosparsella on Q. pubescens,
Austria, Gumpoldskirchen; 492, E. cerris on Q. cerris, Austria, Hof am Leithagebirge; 493, E. pubescivora on
Q. pubescens, Italy, Picinisco; 494, E. subbimaculella on Q. petraea, Yugoslavia, Bihac; 495, E. heringi on Q.
petraea, Hungary, Törökbálint.
158 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 496—504. Mines of Ectoedemia. 496, E. liechtensteini on Quercus cerris, Yugoslavia, Han Knezica; 497,
E. phyllotomella on Q. cerris, Italy, Ferrania; 498, E. terebinthivora on Pistacia terebinthus, Greece, Dhelfoi;
499, E. erythrogenella on Rubus ulmifolius, Yugoslavia, Piran; 500, E. spiraeae on Spiraea media, Czechoslova-
kia, Cingov; 501, E. agrimoniae on Agrımonia eupatoria, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 502, E. hexapetalae on
Filipendula vulgaris, Austria, Gramatneusiedl; 503, E. angulifasciella on Rosa canina, Netherlands, Ootmarsum;
504, E. atricollis on Prunus avium, Austria, Hof am Leithagebirge.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 159
Figs. 505—513. Mines ot Ectoedemia. 505, E. atricollis on Staphylea pinnata, Austria, Hundsheimer Berg; 506,
E. arcuatella on Fragaria vesca, Austria, Völkermarkt; 507, E. rubivora on Rubus saxatilis, Italy, Trento; 508, E.
spmosella on Prunus spinosa, Netherlands, Gulpen; 509, E. spinosella on Prunus dulcis, Greece, Arakhova; 510,
E. mahalebella on Prunus mahaleb, Yugoslavia, Selce; 511, E. occultella on Betula pubescens, Italy, Trento; 512,
E. occultella on B. pendula, Austria, Nassfeld Pass; 513, E. minimella on B. pubescens, Norway, Rennebu.
160 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 514—519. Distribution maps of Ectoedemia spp. 514, E. atrifrontella; 515, E. liebwerdella; 516, E. longi-
caudella; 517, E. hispanica (rectangles) and E. amani (dots); 518, E. hannoverella; 519, E. turbidella.
VAN NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 161
Figs. 520—525. Distribution maps of Ectoedemia spp. 520, E. intimella; 521, E. argyropeza; 522, E. albifasciel-
la; 523, E. subbimaculella; 524, E. heringi; 525, E. liechtensteini (dots) and E. phyllotomella (triangles).
162 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 526—531. Distribution maps of Ectoedemia spp. 526, E. caradjai (dots) and E. andalusiae (triangles); 527,
E. quinquella (dots), E. algeriensis and 6 cf. algeriensis (rectangles) and E. leucothorax and ® cf. algeriensis (tri-
angle); 528, E. erythrogenella; 529, E. agrimoniae; 530, E. occultella; 531, E. minimella.
Van NIEUKERKEN: Western Palaearctic Zimmermannia and Ectoedemia 163
(Figs. 532—537. Distribution maps of Ectoedemia ssp. 532, E. angulifasciella; 533, E. atricollis; 534, E. arcuatel-
la; 535, E. rubivora; 536, E. spinosella; 537, E. mahalebella.
164 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 1, 1985
Figs. 538—549. Distribution maps of Ectoedemia spp. 538, E. monemvasiae; 539, E. liguricella; 540, E. preis-
seckeri (dots) and E. terebinthivora (rectangles); 541, E. klimeschi; 542, E. suberis; 543, E. gilvipennella (rectan-
gles) and E. ilicis (dots); 544, E. heringella; 545, E. haraldi; 546, E. nigrosparsella (dots), E. aegilopidella (trian-
gle) and E. alnifoliae (star); 547, E. pubescivora (dots) and E. contorta (rectangles); 548, E. cerris; 549, E. spi-
raeae (dots) and E. hexapetalae (rectangles).
sf
RES A FAR i
DEEL 128 AFLEVERING 2 1985
TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
ser
INHOUD
M. R. DE Jonc. — Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini I: The genus
Prasia Stal, 1863 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae), pp. 165—191. figs. 1—91.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 128, afl. 2 Gepubliceerd 20-X11-1985
î AE PRET.
MARE tl ad
TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ORIENTAL
PRASIINI 1: THE GENUS PRASIA STAL, 1863 (HOMOPTERA,
TIBICINIDAE)
by
M. R. DE JONG
Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
The taxonomic concept of the genus Prasia is re-established on account of characters
found in the male genitalia. The genus now consists of a monophyletic group of seven spe-
cies: P. faticina Stal, 1863, P. princeps Distant, 1888, P. breddini n. sp., P. sarasinorum n.
sp., P. senilirata n. sp. and P. tuberculata n. sp., all from Sulawesi, and P. nigropercula n. sp.
from the nearby Muna Island. All species are (re)described and structures of taxonomic im-
portance as well as the whole insects are depicted. A key to the males is presented. Study of
(type-)material established the new synonymy of P. culta Distant, 1898, with P. faticina.
P. hariola Stal, 1863, and P. tincta Distant, 1909, are transferred to other genera of the Pra-
siini.
INTRODUCTION
The present study of the genus Prasia Stal,
1863, is a further contribution to a revision of
the tribe Prasiini, started by De Jong & Duffels
(1981) and De Jong (1982). Preliminary phylo-
genetic investigations plead in favour of com-
mon ancestry of four Oriental genera belonging
to this tribe: Prasia, Lembeja Distant, 1892, Ar-
faka Distant, 1905, and Jacatra Distant, 1905. It
is questionable whether the other genera placed
in the Prasuni, viz. Lacetas Karsch, 1890, Irua-
na Distant, 1905 (both from Africa), and Sapan-
tanga Distant, 1905 (from South America), do
form a monophyletic group together with the
four above mentioned genera. Taxonomic and
phylogenetic studies of the Oriental genera are
to provide a basis for a reconstruction of their
distributional history.
The tribe Prasiini is presently distributed, as
far as its Oriental members are concerned, in
the Philippines, Sanghir, Sulawesi, Java, Lesser
Sunda Islands, Misool, New Guinea and North-
ern Queensland (Australia), and therefore con-
sidered an excellent group to test Duffels’ idea
about the role of Tertiary island arcs in the de-
‘velopment of the Cicadoidea fauna of Sulawesi,
Moluccas, New Guinea and West Pacific. Duf-
fels (1983a, b) indicated two routes of dispersal:
in southern direction from the Philippines to
Sulawesi, and in eastern direction from the Phil-
ippines to the Moluccas, New Guinea and the
165
South-West Pacific. The eastern route itself is to
be divided in two subroutes: the Inner- and
Outer Melanesian Arcs (for a more detailed de-
scription the reader is referred to Holloway
(1979) and Duffels (1983a)). Study of the Prasii-
ni will extend the area dealt with by Duffels to
the Lesser Sunda Islands and Java, while materi-
al obtained recently contains representatives
from northern Borneo and Sumatera.
The present study of the genus Prasia reveals
that this very homogenous genus is confined to
Sulawesi and the nearby Muna Island.
HISTORY OF THE GENUS
The genus Prasia Stal, 1863, was described to
accommodate two new species, Prasia faticina
Stal, 1863, and Prasia hariola Stal, 1863. How-
ever, Stal (1862) had already referred Cephalo-
xys foliata Walker, 1858, to Prasia, thus creating
Prasia by indication (International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, 1985, Chapter iv,
Article 12b, 5). For various reasons!) I favour
suppression of this indication. A request to the
International Commission is in preperation.
!) According to the Rules (International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, 1985, Chapter iv, Article
12b 5), Cephaloxys foliata Walker, 1858, is the type-
species by monotypy of Prasia Stal, 1862. Since P. fo-
liata is currently placed in Lembeja Distant, 1892
(type-species L. maculosa (Distant, 1883)) by Distant
(continued overleaf)
166 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Pending the Commission’s decision I adhere to
common usage (e.g. Distant, 1905) in using Pra-
sia faticina as the type species of Prasia.
ET Stal (1870) added P. fatiloqua
Stal, 1870. In later publications P. princeps Dis-
tant, 1888, P. culta Distant, 1898, P. tincta Dis-
tant, 1909, and P. vitticollis Ashton, 1912, were
described. The last mentioned species was
transferred recently (De Jong, 1982) to the ge-
nus Lembeja, on account of similarities in the
opercula, male genitalia and wing-venation with
some New Guinean representatives of this ge-
nus.
Furthermore some non-Prasiini have been
(erroneously) attributed to the genus Prasia.
Metcalf (1963) listed the following species
under Prasia: P. culta, P. faticina, P. hariola,
P. princeps and P. tincta. P. fatiloqua and P. fo-
liata were listed as members of Lembeja, fol-
lowing Horvath (1913) and Myers (1928, 1929)
for fatiloqua and Distant (1906) for foliata.
My study of the genera Prasia and Lembeja
revealed that generic characters for Lembeja, as
defined in the rudimentary vein (Distant, 1892)
and the fusion of the Cu, and A, veins in the
wing (Karsch, 1890b; Jacobi, 1903; Schmidt,
1925), were unsatisfactory. Breddin (1901) even
ignored the existence of Lembeja and attributed
all species studied by him and known at the time
to Prasia. On the other hand he created the new
genus Drepanopsaltria Breddin, 1901, for two
Prasia species, viz. P. culta and P. princeps. Dis-
tant (1905) separated Prasia and Lembeja on ac-
count of characters in the tegmina. In Prasia the
3rd ulnar area is much shorter than the 1st,
whilst in Lembeja they are more or less of equal
length; the 4th ulnar area is much shorter than
the radial area in Prasia, whilst in Lembeja the
4th is about as long or even just a little longer
than the radial one. Apart from some borderline
cases this is more or less correct, but one must
bear in mind, that these characters are only valid
when comparing Prasia with Lembeja.
Here, a new concept for Prasia will be pre-
sented, readily distinguishing Prasia from the
other genera of the Oriental Prasiini.
(1906) and other authors, all species of Lembeja
should be transferred to Prasia, so that Lembeja be-
comes a junior subjective synonym of Prasia.
All authors have taken P. faticina as the type-spe-
cies of Prasia. A valid name for Prasia in its common
usage, 1.e. the concept based on P. faticina, could then
be Drepanopsaltria Breddin, 1901 (type-species Prasia
culta Distant, 1898, a junior synonym of Prasia fati-
cina Stal, 1863). The name Drepanopsaltria has not
been used as a valid name after 1905.
A NEW CONCEPT FOR THE GENUS PRASIA
Monophyly of the genus Prasia
In my opinion P. faticina (with P. culta as a
new synonym), P. princeps, and five new spe-
cies, viz. P. breddini n. sp., P. nigropercula n.
sp., P. sarasinorum n. sp., P. senilirata n. sp. and
P. tuberculata n. sp., form a monophyletic
group.
At first sight the Prasia species can be sepa-
rated from all other Oriental Prasiini by the
straight margins of the pronotum collar (in
lateral view), which are downgraded in the
other genera. However, not much phylogenetic
value can be attributed to this feature, since it is
found in several other groups of Cicadoidea.
The monophyly of Prasia in its new concept
finds its justification in the supposed apomor-
phy ou | in the degrading lateral margins of
the pygofer between the lateral lobes and the’
caudal dorsal beak (fig. 8).
Consequences of the new genus concept for
remaining Prasia species
Beside the species included now in Prasia,
Metcalf (1963) listed two other species: P. hari-
ola and P. tincta. As a consequence of the new
concept for Prasia these species are transferred
to other genera.
P. hariola, of which recently a small, but very
fine, series from Misoöl was discovered in the
Vienna Museum, does not show the shape of the
pygofer and the uplifted pronotum collar that
characterize Prasia within the Oriental Prasiini.
Moreover, P. hariola shows a structure of the
male genitalia and a venation of tegmina and
wings that characterize the previously monoty-
pic genus Arfaka. This is ample evidence that
P. hariola is to be considered a member of Arfa-
ka (together with A. fulva (Walker, 1868)).
A. hariola is described from the island of Misool
and also known from New Guinea (Vogelkop)
(Distant, 1892).
P. tincta is transferred to the genus Lembeja,
as it shows affinities with one of the four spe-
cies-groups of Lembeja, the so-called L. fatilo-
qua group. This group is characterized by the
longitudinally medially dinted abdominal tergite
1 in the males (see also De Jong, 1982). L. tincta
has been described from Bua-Kraeng and is
now also known from Lompobattang (both lo-
calities in South Sulawesi).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material examined for this study belongs
DE Jone: Oriental Prasia 167
to 13 institutions, which are listed as deposito-
ries. All type-material has been studied. Some
museums have been visited in order to look for
additional material.
For tracing the localities I have used the Atlas
van Tropisch Nederland (1938), the Times Atlas
of the world (1973) and personal information
from Dr. J. P. Duffels, Amsterdam. The distri-
butions are presented on fig. 7
Terminology follows Duffels (1977, 1983a)
with a few new morphological terms and modi-
fications introduced, which will be explained in
figs. 1—6, 8, 9, 11.
The methods of Duffels (1977) are used for
the examination of the male genitalia.
Measurements were, apart from using a
marking gauge with nonius, taken through a
stereoscopic microscope with a specially de-
signed ocular.
DEPOSITORIES
The abbreviations given below have been
used in the lists of material and throughout the
text.
AMS Australian Museum, Sydney
BIN Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor
Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel
BM British Museum (Natural History),
London
CNMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien
DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Insti-
tut, Eberswalde
MHNG Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Gen-
eve
MNP Museum National d'Histoire Natu-
relle, Paris
MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale
“G. Doria”, Genova
_MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense,
Bogor
NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock-
holm 4
SMD Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde,
Dresden
TMB Termeszettudomany Muzeum, Bu-
| dapest
| ZMA Instituut voor Taxonomische Zo-
dlogie, Zoölogisch Museum
Amsterdam.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
| Tam very obliged to Dr. J. P. Duffels and Dr.
P. Oosterbroek for their critical reading of the
manuscript.
The help and hospitality of Dr. W. J. Knight,
Mr. M. D. Webb and Mr. P. S. Broomtield
(BM), Mr. R. Detry (BIN), Dr. A. Kaltenbach
c.s. (CNMW), Dr. B. Hauser (MHNG), Dr. M.
Boulard (MNP), Dr. R. Poggi (MSNG) and Dr.
P. Lindskog (NRS), met with during my stay at
their institutions is gratefully acknowledged. I
feel also obliged to these persons for the loan of
material under their care. The remaining materi-
al was gratefully received from Dr. C. N.
Smithers (AMS); Prof. Dr. H. J. Muller, Dr. G.
Petersen and Dr. A. Täger (DEI); Dr. S. Ad-
isoemarto (MZB); Dr. R. Emmrich (SMD); Dr.
Z. Kaszab (TMB).
I am indebted to Mr. G. Verlaan and Mr. J.
Zaagman for technical assistance, to Mr. L. Van
der Laan for the photographs, to Miss A. Stoel
for typing the manuscript and to Dr. W. N. EI-
lis for help with nomenclatural problems.
The investigations werd supported by the
Foundation for Fundamental Biological Re-
search (BION), which is subsidized by the
Netherlands Organization for the Advancement
of Pure Research (ZWO).
The participation of Dr. J. P. Duffels in the
“Project Wallace” Expedition was supported by
the Netherlands Foundation for the Advance-
ment of Tropical Research (WOTRO).
TAXONOMY
Prasia Stal, 1863
Prasia Stal, 1862: 483 (num. nud.); Stal, 1863: 574
(original description); Walker, 1868: 94; Stal,
1870: 718; Distant, 1892: 103, 145; Breddin, 1901:
113, 153, 183, 200, 201; Jacobi, 1903: 12, 13; Dis-
tant, 1905: 275, 278 (equals Drepanopsaltria
Bredd.); Distant, 1906: 182, 183 (equals Drepa-
nopsaltria Bredd.); Ashton, 1912: 221; Kato,
1932: 14, 30, 188, 189; Kato, 1956: 23, 70, 77, 78,
80; Metcalf, 1963: 423; Boulard, 1975: 315; Duf-
fels, 1977: 205; Holloway, 1979: 235; De Jong &
Duffels, 1981: 53, 61; De Jong, 1982: 182, 183;
Duffels, 1983b: 492; Duffels & Van der Laan,
1985: 298.
Drepanopsaltria; Breddin, 1901: 113, 183, 200, 201;
Jacobi, 1903: 12; Metcalf, 1963: 425 (in synonymy
of Prasia Stal).
For a more complete list, refer to Metcalf
(1963).
Type-species: Prasia faticina Stal, designated
by Distant, 1905: 278.
Genital characters are given only for the
males as there were too few females available to
justify damaging specimens by dissection. When
168 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
more material will be available the study of the
female specimens will be continued.
Diagnosis.
Postclypeus obconically protruding in dorsal
view. Antennal segment 1 extending clearly
from under supra-antennal plate. Head 1.49—
2.07 X as long as width of vertex between eyes.
Width of head 2.26—2.76 X width of vertex be-
tween eyes. Head and pronotum together
somewhat longer than meso- and metanotum
together. Pronotum collar nearly twice as broad
as width of head including eyes, not bent ven-
trally, but forming a straight line along the
lateral margins of the pronotum to the head (fig.
5)
Fore femora with three thorns, basal cylindri-
cal one with a dark brown apex; two apical
thorns laterally compressed, middle thorn being
almost as long as basal one, most apical one very
small (fig. 3).
Male opercula sickle-shaped and reaching 2nd
sternite of abdomen. Female opercula small and
more or less rounded.
Figs. 1—5. Figures of Prasia: 1, male abdomen in ventral view, Prasia princeps; 2, right tegmen and wing, P.
princeps; 3, male femur in lateral view, P. princeps; 4, aedeagus in lateral view (after treatment with 10% KOH),
P. princeps; 5, head and pronotum in lateral view, P. princeps. (a 1—8 = 1st—8th apical area; A 1—3 = 1st—3rd
anal vein; aap = aedeagal appendage process; as 1—2 = antennal segment 1—2; at = apical thorn; bt = basal
thorn; Cu 2 = 2nd cubital vein; daa = dorsal aedeagal appendage; mop = male operculum; mpc = margin pro-
notum collar; mt = middle thorn; rad a = radial area; sap = supra antennal plate; st 1,8 = Ist, 8th sternite; ua
1—4 = 1st—4th ulnar area.)
DE Jone: Oriental Prasia
pere — | r
€
PS
pe ‘
Fig. 6. Tymbal, lateral view, P. nigropercula (Ir =
long ridge, sr = short ridge, tr = tymbal ridge).
Tegmina of males pale-hyaline, of females
subhyaline. Wings pale-hyaline. Tegmina with
fairly long apical areas, 3rd apical area less than
0.78 X the 4th one, 3rd ulnar area less than 0.87
X the Ist one, 4th ulnar area less than 0.77 x
radial area. A, and Cu, veins fused up to the
tegmen border.
Anal field of wing enclosed by a fusion of the
Cu, and A, veins or not. Anal lobe (area be-
tween A, and A) apically fairly narrow (fig. 2).
Male abdomen inflated, broadly raised me-
dially along its whole length (tergite 2—8), but
not carinate; ventrally bulged out. Tymbal
ridges on tergite 2 distinct (fig. 6). Abdominal
sternite 1 in males very large and swollen (fig.
1); its distal margin convex or slightly concave.
Male sternite 8 apically slightly to strongly
pointed.
Tymbals with 6—9 (in P. princeps sometimes
: 10) long ridges alternating with usually the same
_ number of short ridges.
Female abdomen distally more or less
clubshaped, since greatest width of segment 9 is
broader than width of hind margin of segment
8. Ovipositor sheath just or not reaching be-
yond caudal dorsal beak.
Lateral lobes of male pygofer fairly short,
i swollen and acutely pointed, not extending be-
| yond anal valves. Caudal dorsal beak laterally
i compressed, and therefore very slender and
long. Hind part of lateral margin between cau-
dal dorsal beak and each of lateral lobes degrad-
ing as in fig. 8. Claspers more or less swollen
169
and mostly elongate apically. Median uncus part
above aedeagus small. Aedeagus slender, with
two rounded, sometimes slightly dentate, lobes.
Aedeagus with a dorsal appendage, splitting in
two slender, apically pointed or rounded, pro-
cesses, weakly sclerotized (fig. 4). Adjustment
of aedeagus usually halfway the length of py-
gofer.
KEY TO THE MALES OF PRASIA
1. Operculum nearly black, contrasting with
pale underside of the thorax. Muna........
nigropercula (p. 180)
— Operculum concolorous with the (mostly
pale) underside of the thorax
2. Medium-sized to large species (body
length: 24.6—29.7 mm). Body colour green
to greenish-olivaceous. Cu, and A, veins in
the wing may be fused. North and Central
Sulawesi sn Pain a Re er ded ar 3
— Small to medium-sized species (body
length: 19.6—23.8 mm). Body colour
brown, pale-brown or orange-brown. Cu,
and A, veins never fused. Central, East and
South Sulawesi a). a ne Den 4
3. Genitalia as in figs. 60—68. Cu, and A,
veins usually fused. 9 (sometimes 8 or 10)
long ridges alternating with usually the
same number of short ridges. North Sula-
WIESE le STE princeps (p. 182)
— Genitalia as in figs. 76—81. Cu, and A, not
fused. 6 long ridges alternating with the
same number of short ridges. Central Sula-
WIESE N | senilirata (p. 186)
4. Central fascia on the pronotum usually
concolorous with it. Central and East Sula-
WESTEN Mirth a Neen or la ER DR 5
— Central fascia usually dark-brown col-
oured, or traces of such a coloration pre-
sent. Central and South Sulawesi........ 6
5. Operculum rounded apically (fig. 39). Cen-
traliSulawes Reese sarasinorum (p. 176)
— ©Operculum pointed apically (fig. 14). East
Sulawesi Ro e tuberculata (p. 178)
6. Genitalia as in figs. 8—13. South Sulawesi . .
faticana (p. 170)
— Genitalia as in figs. 21—26. Central Sula-
WESTIE N fii en A ki breddini (p. 174)
The females are not included in the key, since
these are known with certainty of two species
only. The females P. princeps are generally
green to greenish-olivaceous (sometimes with a
brownish tinge), whilst those of P. faticina are
usually orange-brownish with olivaceous
170 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985 |
tinges. Females of P. princeps (25.9—30.2 mm) Prasia faticina Stal, 1863
are usually larger than those of P. faticina (figs. 7—20, 86, 87)
(24.6—26.2 mm). Third ulnar area of P. faticina Prasia faticina Stal, 1863: 574 Stal, 1870: 94; Distant,
females often, but not always, shaped as in fig. 1888: 325; Distant, 1892: xiv, 145 (partim: only
20, of P. princeps females usually as in fig. 2, Makassar), pl. 7 figs. 14, 14a, b: 146; Jacobi, 1903:
some females have a 3rd ulnar area of interme- 12; Distant, 1905: 278; Distant, 1906: 183; Kato,
Alena shape (fig. 70). 1932: 189; Metcalf, 1963: 424.
@ princeps
O senilirata
A faticina
A breddini
M sarasinorum
O tuberculata
y nigropercula
120° 1222 124°
Fig. 7. Distributions of the species of Prasia, P. breddini, P. faticina, P. nigropercula, P. princeps, P. sarasino-
rum, P. senilirata and P. tuberculata.
DE Jong: Oriental Prasia 171
Prasia culta Distant, 1898: 97; Distant, 1905: 279
(equals Drepanopsaltria (Lembeja) culta Bredd.);
Distant, 1906: 184 (ditto); Kato, 1932: 32, text-
fig. 37c, 189, pl. 26, fig. 12; Metcalf, 1963: 424
Syn. nov.
Drepanopsaltria culta; Breddin, 1901: 28, 113; Jacobi,
1903:10.
The following references to Prasia faticina
were found to relate to other species: Distant,
1892: 145 (partim: specimen from Kandari is
unidentified); Breddin, 1901: 112, 113, 153, pl.
1 fig. 17 (= Lembeja maculosa (Distant, 1883)).
The following reference to Prasia culta was
found to relate to P. princeps: Lallemand, 1931:
78.
Lectotype designation.
Prasia culta was described after two male
specimens from Patunuang, both stored in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.). One, bearing the
| following labels, is designated lectotype: “culta/
Dist.” (handwritten, black); “S. Celebes/ Patu-
nuang/ Jan. 1896/ H. Fruhstorfer” (print, black
cadre); “Type” (round label, red edged, print);
SUN PEN (round label, blue edged;
print); “8” (print); “Distant Coll./ 1911—383”
(print). Consequently, the other specimen with
a syntype label is a paralectotype.
Synonymy.
Comparison of the female holotype of P. fati-
cina and the female P. culta specimens inferred
conspecificity, though the holotype of P. faticı-
na is of an almost entire olivaceous colour. The
original description of P. faticina by Stal (1863)
gives as body colour: “Pallidissime subolivaceo-
flavescens”, which means that the body had a
sort of yellowish colouring. This is an indication
that the original coloration has changed. Fur-
thermore, the female culta-specimens have a
coloration that is much more alike the colora-
tion given by Stal (1863).
Description.
Body of males dark-brown or light orange-
brownish, dark coloured specimens with a light
pronotum with a dark collar. Females orange-
yellowish with olivaceous. Dark male speci-
mens ventrally paler. Head and pronotum to-
gether 1.02—1.22 X as long as meso- and meta-
notum together. Female thorax and head to-
gether 0.83—0.94 x as long as abdomen; male
0.73—0.82 x as long. Greatest width of the
body at the height of pronotum collar or 3rd ab-
dominal segment.
Head. — Dark or light in males, light in fe-
males. Light coloured males brown between the
eyes with a middorsal stripe from margin of
-pronotum up to fissure between lateral ocelli.
Eyes 0.63—0.8 X as wide as vertex width be-
tween eyes. Ocelli raised. Distance between
lateral ocelli 1—1.45 X as long as distance be-
tween eye and lateral ocellus. Head 1.49—1.85
x as long as vertex width between eyes. Width
of head 2.26—2.6 X as wide as width of vertex
between eyes. Postclypeus in ventral view
strongly laterally compressed, paler than dorsal-
ly. Transverse ridges concolorous, sometimes
upper four ridges slightly darker coloured. Ros-
trum with a black apex reaching hind margin of
intermediate coxae.
Thorax. — In dark male specimens pronotum
collar, lateral margin of pronotum and central
fascia chocolate-brown, in lighter specimens
this coloration less conspicuous. Females with a
dark coloured line on the lateral margin (not
reaching the pronotum collar) only. Pronotum
collar 1.77—2.02 X as wide as head including
eyes. Mesonotum with four pale, irregularly
speckled obconical areas, sometimes hardly or
not discernable. Lateral parts of mesonotum
and parts in front of cruciform elevation
sometimes (especially in the females) olivaceous
tinged. In dark coloured male specimens poste-
rior part of cruciform elevation as well as meta-
notum chocolate-brown.
Legs. — Concolorous, except fore tibiae and
tarsi, which are mostly dark-brown.
3. Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina pale hya-
line, extreme base vermillion-red. Costal mem-
brane chocolate-brown, in lighter coloured
males pale-brown. Venation brownish- or pale-
ochraceous, basal area infuscated. Third ulnar
area (sometimes shaped as in fig. 20) 0.65—0.83
x as long as Ist ulnar area; 4th ulnar area 0.64—
0.74 X as long as radial area. Apical areas of the
tegmen long, 4th, 5th, 7th longest; 3rd apical
area 0.58—0.71 X as long as 4th one. Hardly
any indication of a corial fold, nor of any rem-
nant of a transverse vein extending from the 2nd
ulnar area into the 3rd. Wings pale hyaline, col-
our of venation as in tegmina, extreme base ver-
million-red. Cu, and A, do not fuse.
Operculum. — Pale-ochraceous. Slender,
pointed apically; meracanthus fairly broad,
sharply pointed, reaching beyond proximal part
of the operculum.
172 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Figs. 8—16. Prasia faticina, 3, Patunuang. 8, pygoter, ventral view (av = anal valves, cdb = caudal dorsal beak,
cl = clasper, hplm = hindpart lateral margin, Ip! = lateral pygofer lobe); 9. pygofer, ventrolateral view (aa =
aedeagal adjustment, u = uncus); 10, clasper, lateral view; 11, uncus and claspers, ventral view (mpu = median
part of uncus); 12, apex of aedeagus, 12a, laterodorsal view, 12b, lateral view; 13, apex of aedeagal appendage
process; 14, operculum, ventral view; 15, sternite 8, ventral view; 16, tymbal, lateral view.
De Jong: Oriental Prasia 173
Figs. 17—20. Prasia faticina; 17, & Patunuang; 18—20, © Patunuang. 17, edge of sternite 1, ventral view; 18,
sternite 7, ventral view; 19, operculum, ventral view; 20, 3rd ulnar area of right tegmen.
Abdomen. — Tergites dark- or light-brown,
with orange-red hindmargins. In darker speci-
mens hindmargins of sternites 3—7 greyish-
brown, and tergites with pale lateral spots. Ter-
gite 1 trapezoid with sharp proximal and obtuse
distal angles. Hindmargin of tergite 1 twice as
long as medial length of tergite. Tergite 3 long-
est. Sternite 8 apically pointed.
Tymbals. — Medium-sized, provided with 8
chocolate-brown long ridges alternating with
short orange-brown medial ridges, of which the
smallest one is sometimes hardly visible.
Genitalia. — Lateral lobes in lateral view
swollen and pointed, in ventral view basally
swollen, apically slender and pointed. Caudal
dorsal beak at a slight angle with dorsal part of
the pygofer. Claspers in lateral view very broad
and strongly curved apically; hardly elongate.
Uncus as in fig. 11, with a small or hardly devel-
oped medial protuberance. Aedeagus slender
with slender, slightly dentate, short apical lobes.
Adjustment of aedeagus situated at half the
length of the pygofer. Dorsal aedeagal append-
age originating at about 2/3 of aedeagus length
and split in two slender, apically pointed, pro-
cesses at about 2/3 of its own length, these pro-
cesses not reaching apex of aedeagus.
2. Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhya-
line with an orange-brownish tinge; extreme
base pale-red. Costal membrane white. Vena-
tion pale-ochraceous, basal area infuscated.
Third ulnar area (sometimes shaped as in fig. 20)
0.55—0.74 X as long as Ist ulnar area; 4th ulnar
area 0.62—0.66 X as long as radial area. Apical
areas as in males, 3rd apical area 0.55—0.69 x
as long as 4th one. Hardly any indication of a
transverse vein extending from the 2nd ulnar
area into the 3rd.
Wings pale hyaline, colour of venation as in
tegmina, extreme base pale-red. Cu, and A, do
not fuse.
Operculum. — Pale-ochraceous, rounded in
holotype, more of a pointed shape in the other
female specimens. Meracanthus as in males.
Abdomen. — Orange-brown with sometimes
an olivaceous tinge, especially on the weakly ca-
rinated medio-dorsal “ridge”. Caudal dorsal
beak slender. Ovipositor sheath not reaching
beyond caudal dorsal beak. Sternite 7 as in fig.
18.Measurements based upon all specimens
available: body length d: 19.6—23.8 mm, x =
22.3, o= 1.727, 9: 24.6—26.2 mm, x=
25.4, o = 0.583; width of pronotum collar
3: 7.2—8.3 mm, x = 7.7, 0 = 0.339, 2: 9—
9.6 mm, x = 9.3, o= 0.286; tegmen length
OS Asi nmr V5, U 105 2s
34.9—37.9 mm, x = 36.0, = 1.190.
Distribution. — South Sulawesi (Patunuang,
Ujung Pandang (= Makassar)) (fig. 7).
Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Patu-
nuang, H. Fruhstorfer, i. 1896, 1 d lectotype of Prasia
culta (BM), 1 d paralectotype of Prasia culta (BM), 4
3 2 2 (CNMW), same data but with: 1909—21, Pra-
sia sp., 1 2 (BM), same data but with: Prasia Dist;
1910—6, coll. A. Jacobi, 1 & (SMD), same data but
with: Prasia culta, 1 & (AMS), same data but with:
Drepanopsaltria culta, 1 8 (DEI), same data but with:
Drepanopsaltria culta Dist, 1 & (TMB), “Mak” (=
Makassar, now Ujung Pandang, blue round label,
handwritten), “Celeb/Wallace” (partly print, partly
174 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
handwritten), “faticina. Stal” (handwritten), “67/66”
(handwritten, blue round label), “syntype” (print,
blue edged, round label), 1 2, holotype of Prasia fati-
cina (BM).
Remarks.
P. faticina is closely related to P. breddini n.
sp., and differences between these species are
only small. Two other very closely related spe-
cies are P. tuberculata n. sp. and P. sarasinorum
n: sp., which are easier discerned from P. fatici-
na. Among the males of P. faticina are very
dark and light coloured specimens. Since, how-
ever, their genitalia are all alike, and no other
structural differences have been found, I have
refrained from a taxonomic separation between
the two colour forms.
Prasia breddini n. sp.
(figs. 7, 21—30)
Since Prasia breddini resembles P. faticina in
almost every respect, a differential description is
presented. The species is described after two
male specimens.
Description of the male.
Body of male dark, holotype a little paler
than a dark coloured P. faticina specimen. Head
and pronotum together 1.1—1.11 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Thorax and
head together 0.77 x as long as abdomen.
Greatest width of the body at the height of the
3rd abdominal segment.
Head. — Uniformly brown, with a dorsal
medial longitudinal pale line on postclypeus.
Eyes 0.71—0.79 X as wide as vertex width be-
tween eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli 1—
1.25 X as long as distance between lateral ocel-
lus and eye. Head 1.69—1.72 X as long as ver-
tex width between eyes. Head 2.42—2.58 X as
wide as vertex width between eyes. Transverse
ridges less distinct than in dark P. faticina speci-
mens. Head in lateral view more rounded than
in P. faticina. Rostrum reaching intermediate
trochanter.
Thorax. — Coloration of pronotum interme-
diate between dark and lighter coloured P. fati-
cina specimens. Pronotum collar 1.91—1.92 x
as wide as head including eyes. Mesonotum
pale-brown with patches indicating four obcon-
ical areas, except for a brown spot in front of
cruciform elevation. Ventral surface with thick-
er hairs than in P. faticina.
Legs. — Shape as in P. faticina, fore tibiae
and tarsi only slightly darker than femora.
Tegmina and wings. — Third ulnar area 0.63
x as long as 1st one; 4th ulnar area 0.62—0.67
x as long as radial area. 3rd apical area 0.61 X
as long as 4th one.
Operculum. — As in P. faticina. General ap-
pearance only slightly broader.
Abdomen. — In holotype paler than the dark
coloured P. faticina specimens, in paratype
fairly dark. Sternites with broad, orange-brown
to red coloured hindmargins.
Tymbals. — Eight pairs of alternating ridges,
the smallest short ridge is, as may be found in
P. faticina, hardly visible.
Genitalia. — Pygofer more sturdy than in
P. faticina. Claspers elongate and not strongly
curved apically; its dark brown apex pointed.
Median part of uncus above aedeagus broader
than in P. faticina; sometimes provided with a
small medial protuberance. Dorsal part of uncus
raised high above the lateral margin of the py-
gofer. Aedeagus longer and stouter than in
P. faticina, its apical lobes longer and less slen-
der; dentate. Adjustment of aedeagus at half the
length of the pygofer. Pointed processes of dor-
sal aedeagal appendage somewhat broader than
in P. faticina.
Measurements of the d types: body length:
22.3 mm; width of pronotum collar: 7.6—8.2
mm; tegmen length: 29.5 mm.
Distribution. — The male holotype has been
collected in Ussu, Central Sulawesi, near Malili.
The paratype is from Palopo, Central Sulawesi
(fig. 7).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “Celebes/ Us-
su/ leg. Dres. Sarasin” (handwritten), “Ussu”
(handwritten), “1910/ 6” (partly print, partly
handwritten), “coll. A. Jacobi” (print), “Staatl.
Museum für/ Tierkunde Dresden” (print), 1 6,
holotype of Prasia breddini (SMD); Palopo, Ce-
lebes, 1 6 paratype of Prasia breddini (MZB).
Etymology. — The species is named after the
German hemipterologist Dr. Gustav Breddin,
who recognized the separate taxonomic posi-
tion of Prasia as defined in his description of
Drepanopsaltria.
Remarks.
Differences between P. breddini and P. fatici-
na are mainly found in the genital structures of
the two species. As the differences are very
slight, the species are probably very closely re-
lated.
There are several female specimens that may
be attributed to P. breddini. The supposed taxo-
nomic position of some unidentified females
De Jone: Oriental Prasia 175
Figs. 21—28. Prasia breddini, holotype. 21, pygofer, lateral view; 22, clasper, lateral view; 23, pygofer, ventro-
lateral view; 24, uncus, ventral view; 25, apex of aedeagus, 25a, laterodorsal view, 25b, lateral view; 26, apex of
aedeagal appendage process; 27, edge of sternite 1, ventral view; 28, sternite 8, ventral view.
176 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
29
NEE: KL
Figs. 29, 30. Prasia breddini, holotype. 29, operculum, ventral view; 30, tymbal, lateral view.
will be discussed in the remarks of P. sarasino-
rum n. SP.
Prasia sarasinorum n. sp.
(figs. 7, 31—40, 88)
The differential description of P. sarasinorum
hereafter is made in comparison with P. fatici-
na. The species is described after four male
specimens.
Description of the male.
Body pale-orange-brown. Specimens studied
without traces of a dark coloured fascia on the
pronotum. Ventrally a little paler than dorsally.
Head and pronotum together 1.12—1.21 X as
long as meso- and metanotum together. Thorax
and head together 0.79 x as long as abdomen.
Greatest width of body at the height of either
the 3rd abdominal segment or pronotum collar.
Head. — Slightly darker between eyes. Eyes
0.78—0.84 X as wide as vertex between eyes.
Distance between lateral ocelli 0.91—1.52 X as
long as distance between eye and lateral ocellus.
Head 1.85—2 X as long as vertex width be-
tween eyes. Width of head 2.57—2.68 X as
wide as vertex between eyes. Rostrum reaching
beyond intermediate coxae.
Thorax. — Pronotum unicolorous, some-
times a little darker on pronotum collar, espe-
cially at the lateral corners. Pronotum collar
1.88—2.01 X as wide as head including eyes.
Mesonotum in only one specimen unicolorous,
which seems to be the natural coloration, since
the other specimens (with odd patches) have
been kept in alcohol for some time. Ventral sur-
face of thorax with thicker hairs than in P. fati-
cina.
Legs. — As in P. faticina, but fore tibiae and
tarsi less conspicuously darker coloured.
Tegmina and wings. — Third ulnar area
0.66—0.71 X as long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area
0.64—0.71 X as long as radial area. Third apical
area 0.67—0.69 X as long as 4th one.
Operculum. — Broader than in P. faticina;
apex distinctly rounded.
Abdomen. — Tergites orange-brown, ster-
nites only a little paler. Tergites 3—6 only with
small red, sternites with broad red hindmargins.
Sternite 1 laterally almost straight. Sternite 8
apically less pointed than in P. faticina.
Tymbals. — Eight long ridges alternating
with short ridges, smallest short one mostly dis-
tinctly visible, and even a 9th long ridge
sometimes discernable.
Genitalia. — Pygofer small compared to
P. faticina. Caudal dorsal beak shorter than in
P. faticina. Lateral margins of pygofer in be-
tween caudal dorsal beak and each of the lateral
lobes hardly, though distinctly, degrading.
Lateral lobes a little smaller than in P. faticina.
Claspers in lateral view more elongate and api-
cally dark, hardly curved. Aedeagus in general
appearance more sturdy than in P. faticina. Api-
cal lobes of aedeagus very short and broad; den-
tate. Adjustment of aedeagus situated less than
DE Jone: Oriental Prasia 177
32
a À
Figs. 31—40. Prasia sarasinorum. 31, pygofer, ventrolateral view, holotype; 32, apex of aedeagal appendage pro-
cess, holotype; 33, apex of aedeagus, 33a, laterodorsal view, 33b, lateral view, holotype; 34, pygofer, lateral
view, holotype; 35, clasper, lateral view, holotype; 36, uncus, ventral view, holotype; 37, sternite 8, ventral
view, holotype; 38, tymbal, lateral view, paratype Mapane; 39, operculum, ventral view, paratype Mapane; 40,
edge of sternite 1, ventral view, holotype.
178 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
halfway the length of the pygofer. Processes of
dorsal aedeagus appendage pointed.
Meaurements of the d types: body length:
22.9—23.2 mm (n = 2); width of pronotum col-
lar: 7.9—8.3 mm, x = 8.1, 0 = 0.145; tegmen
length: 28.5—28.9 mm, x = 28.8, 0 = 0.189.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (fig. 7).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “Celebes/
Mapane & Umgebg/ii.95 (Dres. Sarasin)”
(handwritten), “Prasia/Distanti/Bred.” (hand-
written), “Prasia culta?” (handwritten), „Dis-
tant Coll./1911—383.” (print), 1 6, holotype of
Prasia sarasınorum (BM); Mapane & surround-
ings, Dres. Sarasin, ii. 95, coll. A. Jacobi, 1910—
6, 1 d paratype of Prasia sarasinorum (SMD),
| same locality and collector but with: coll. Bred-
din, 1 d paratype of Prasia sarasinorum (DEI);
Posso (near lake), 11.95, Dres. Sarasin, coll.
Breddin, 1 d paratype of Prasia sarasinorum
(DEN),
Etymology.— This species is named after the
Sarasin brothers, in recognition of their contri-
butions to our knowledge of the fauna of Sula-
wesi by their collecting activities and important
publications on the biogeography of the island
(e.g. Sarasin & Sarasin, 1901).
Remarks.
The species is easily recognized by its round-
ed opercula, the apex of the aedeagus, and the
lacking of dark coloured central fascia on the
pronotum. The character last mentioned is
shared with P. tuberculata n. sp.
The material collected by the Sarasin brothers
also contained two females, one from the sur-
roundings of Lake Posso and one from the
southern headlands of the Takalekadjo Range in
Central Sulawesi. These are characterized by a
slender tergite 9 and the ovipositor sheath being
longer than in any other Prasia female. As there
is another female specimen from Tentena, that is
different from both specimens collected by the
Sarasins, it is impossible to attribute these three
females to any species yet, regarding P. sarası-
norum, P. senilirata n. sp. and P. breddini in
particular, since these three species are recorded
from Central Sulawesi. More material may lead
to a proper identification of these females.
Prasia tuberculata n. sp.
(figs. 7, 41—50)
The differential description, after the male
holotype, is made in comparison with P. fatici-
na.
Description of the male.
Body brown coloured. Ventrally paler than
dorsally. Head somewhat darker. Holotype
without traces of dark coloured fascia on the
pronotum. Head and pronotum together 1.05 x
as long as meso- and metanotum together. Tho-
rax and head together 0.78 X as long as abdo-
men. Greatest width of the body at the height of
the 3rd abdominal segment.
Head. — Slightly darker between ocelli. Eyes
0.72 X as wide as vertex between eyes. Distance
between lateral ocelli 1.2 X distance between
lateral ocellus and eye. Head 1.78 X as long as
width of vertex between eyes. Width of head
2.43 X width of vertex between eyes. Postcly-
peus ventrally pale coloured. Rostrum just
reaching intermediate trochanter.
Thorax. — Pronotum on the whole unicolo-
rous, somewhat darker coloured on the prono-
tum collar, especially at the lateral corners. Pro-
notum collar 1.86 X as wide as width of head
including eyes. Mesonotum, with the four ob-
conical areas slightly lighter coloured, concolo-
rous. Cruciform elevation slightly darker col-
oured.
Legs. — As in P. faticina, the fore tibiae and
tarsi only being slightly darker than the remain-
der.
Tegmina and wings. — Costal membrane not
as dark as in P. faticina. Third ulnar area
(shaped as in fig. 20) 0.81 X as long as 1st one;
4th ulnar area 0.66 X as long as radial area. Api-
cal areas 4, 5, 6 and 7 longest. Third apical area
0.66 X as long as 4th one.
Operculum. — As in P. faticina, meracanthus
more slender.
Abdomen. — Tergites brown, sternites only a
little paler. Tergites 3—6 only with small red,
sternites with broad pale-red hindmargins. Ster-
nite 8 far less pointed.
Tymbal. — Seven long ridges alternating with
an equal number of short ridges.
Genitalia. — Pygofer small compared to
P. faticina. Caudal dorsal beak mutilated.
Lateral margins of pygofer hardly, though dis-
tinctly, degrading. Lateral lobes a little smaller,
in ventral view more pointed. Claspers in lateral
view apically slender, but with a distinct swell-
ing dorsally. Median uncus part small, without
protuberance. Apex of aedeagus longer than in
P. faticina; aedeagus slender. Adjustment of ae-
deagus situated slightly lower in comparison
with P. faticina. Processes of dorsal aedeagal
appendage very slender and pointed apically.
Measurements of the holotype: body length:
DE Jone: Oriental Prasia 179
Figs. 41—48. Prasia tuberculata, holotype. 41, uncus, ventral view; 42, pygofer, lateral view; 43, clasper, lateral
view; 44, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 45, apex of aedeagal appendage process; 46, apex of aedeagus, 46a, latero-
dorsal view, 46b, lateral view; 47, operculum, ventral view; 48, sternite 8, ventral view.
180 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Figs. 49, 50. Prasia tuberculata, holotype. 49, tymbal, lateral view; 50, edge of sternite 1, ventral view.
22.8 mm; width of pronotum collar: 7.6 mm;
tegmen length: 27.4 mm.
Distribution. — The holotype is from Tom-
bugu (= Tombuko) in East Sulawesi (fig. 7).
Type. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “Ost-Cele-
bes/Tombugu/H. Kühn 1885” (print, black
cadre), 1 6 (MNP).
Etymology. — The species is named after its
swelling on the clasper, when looked at lateral-
ly. “Tuberculata” is Latin for swollen.
Remarks.
At first sight this species is easily mixed up
with P. sarasinorum, because of the lacking of
coloration of the central fascia on the prono-
tum. Its genitalia, however, are very different
from the species mentioned, and its opercula are
pointed, whilst in P. sarasinorum they are
rounded apically. The apex of the aedeagus
seems a sort of combination between P. faticina
and P. sarasinorum. The number of long ridges
is the same as in P. nigropercula.
Prasia nigropercula n. sp.
(figs. 6, 7, 51—59, 89)
The description is made in comparison with
P. faticina and based upon the single male speci-
men from Muna Island, situated near the south-
eastern arm of Sulawesi.
Description of the male.
Body fairly dark coloured, especially head,
pronotum collar, central fascia and obconical
spots on mesonotum. Head and pronotum to-
gether 1.34 X as long as meso- and metanotum
together. Head and thorax together 0.78 X as
long as abdomen. Greatest width of body at the
height of pronotum collar.
Head. — Dark-brown, ocelli on a black un-
derground. Head (a little damaged) much por-
rect. Eyes 0.67 X as wide as vertex width be-
tween eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli 1.1
x distance between eye and lateral ocellus.
Head 1.82 X as long as width of vertex between
eyes. Head 2.34 X as wide as vertex between
eyes. Postclypeus in ventral view darkening dis-
tad. Rostrum reaching intermediate coxae.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar, lateral margin of
pronotum, central fascia and some spots on the
pronotum dark-brown coloured. Pronotum col-
lar more or less pointed at the lateral corners,
1.96 X as wide as head including eyes. Mesono-
tum with sıx dark-brown coloured areas at
proximal margin, two paramedian ones half as
long as more lateral ones, which join broadly in
front of cruciform elevation. Cruciform eleva-
tion dark-brown for its greater part. Metano-
tum dark-brown. Ventrally pale ochraceous.
Legs. — As in P. faticina.
Tegmina and wings. — Venation and costal
membrane dark-brown. Third ulnar area 0.7 X
as long as 1st one; 4th ulnar area 0.67 X as long
as radial area. Third apical area 0.66 X as long as
4th one. Traces of coloration of transverse vein
present.
Operculum. — Dark, nearly black. Smaller
than in P. faticina; acutely pointed. Meracan-
thus dark coloured, size as in P. faticina.
DE Jong: Oriental Prasia 181
Figs. 51—56. Prasia nigropercula, holotype. 51, pygofer, lateral view; 52, apex of aedeagal appendage process;
53, pygofer, ventrolateral view: 54, uncus, ventral view: 55, clasper, lateral view; 56, edge of sternite 1, ventral
view.
Abdomen. — Dark-brown coloured with red
hindmargins, along tergites as well as sternites.
Tergite 1 for its greater part covered by metano-
tum. Sternite 1 apically somewhat smaller and
laterally more concave than in P. faticina; medi-
an protuberance more conspicuous. Sternite 8
hardly pointed apically.
Tymbals. — Seven long ridges alternating
with an equal number of short medial ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak almost in a
straight line with dorsal part of pygofer. Lateral
lobes smaller than in P. faticina. Median uncus
part above aedeagus broad. Claspers slender,
somewhat elongate, hardly curved and apically
182
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Figs. 57—59. Prasia nigropercula, holotype. 57, tymbal, lateral view; 58, sternite 8, ventral view; 59, operculum,
ventral view.
rounded. Aedeagus extremely slender (apex
mutilated). Adjustment of aedeagus situated less
than halfway the pygofer. Processes of dorsal
aedeagal appendage apically rounded.
Measurements of the holotype: body length:
23.4 mm; width of pronotum collar: 8.4 mm;
tegmen length: 28.4 mm.
Distribution. — Muna (Raha) (fig. 7).
Type. — Indonesia, Muna: “Raha/Moena/Ile
Celebes” (handwritten), 1 d (BIN).
Etymology. — The species is named after its
nearly black coloured operculum, that contrasts
with the pale underside of the body.
Remarks.
Beside its conspicuous coloration, the species
is very distinct within the genus because of
some characteristic details in the genitalia struc-
tures, viz. the shape of the claspers and the ad-
justment of the aedeagus, as well as the apically
rounded processes of the aedeagal appendage.
The shape of the clasper, though, is reminiscent
of that of P. sarasinorum.
A female from Kandari (= Kendari?), which
has probably lost the natural coloration, has
about the pronotum collar shape of P. nigroper-
cula. Since the material is too scanty, this speci-
men is still regarded as unidentified.
Prasia princeps Distant, 1888
(figs. 7, 60—75, 90, 91)
Prasia princeps Distant, 1888: 325; Distant, 1892: xiv,
145, pl. 13, figs. 14, 14a, b; Jacobi, 1903: 12; Dis-
tant, 1906: 184 (equals Drepanopsaltria (?) prin-
ceps Bredd.); Kato, 1932: 189; Metcalt, 1963: 425.
Drepanopsaltria (?) princeps; Breddin, 1901: 28, 113.
Drepanopsaltria princeps; Jacobi, 1903: 10.
Description.
Body olivaceous-green to green, sometimes
with a brownish tinge. Head darker coloured.
Body ventrally somewhat paler than dorsally.
Head and pronotum together 0.96—1.22 X as
long as meso- and metanotum together. Female
thorax and head together 0.81—1.02 X as long
as abdomen; male 0.69—0.75 X as long. Great-
est width of the body at the height of the 3rd
abdominal segment.
Head. — Dorsally olivaceous with brown be-
tween eyes. Eyes large, 0.67—0.88 X as wide as
vertex width between eyes. Ocelli raised. Dis-
tance between lateral ocelli 0.86—1.53 x dis-
tance between eye and lateral ocellus. Head
1.63—1.98 X as long as width of vertex between
eyes. Head 2.35—2.76 X as wide as vertex be-
tween eyes. Postclypeus in ventral view strong-
ly laterally compressed, olivaceous- to light-
brown coloured. Transverse ridges weak, con-
colorous. Rostrum with black apex reaching in-
termediate coxae.
Thorax. — Central fascia on pronotum collar
obsolete; pronotum collar broadly rounded,
1.84-2.11 X as wide as width of head including
eyes. Fissures on pronotum undeep. A lateral
brown line running from each eye backwards,
almost reaching latero-proximal corner of pro-
notum collar. Mesonotum with four speckled
obconical areas at proximal margin; the para-
DE Jone: Oriental Prasia 183
Figs. 60—67. Prasia princeps, 3. 60, 61, clasper, lateral view, 60, Menado, 61, Toli-Toli; 62, 63, pygofer, ventro-
lateral (62) and lateral (63) view, Tanggarie-Menado; 64, 65, apex of aedeagal appendage process, 64, Toli-Toli,
65, Menado; 66, apex of aedeagus, 66a, laterodorsal view, 66b, lateral view, Toli-Toli; 67, apex of aedeagus, 67a,
laterodorsal view, 67b, lateral view, Menado.
184
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Figs. 68—70. Prasia princeps: 68, 69, 3; 70, ©. 68, uncus, ventral view, Menado; 69, edge of sternite 1, ventral. |
view, Menado; 70, 3rd ulnar area of right tegmen, Toli-Toli.
median areas being half as long as the lateral
ones, whose length is about 3/4 of the disk.
Cruciform elevation fairly flattened. Metano-
tum just extending from below mesonotum.
Legs. — Concolorous, except fore tibiae and
tarsi, which are brownish.
3. Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina very
pale-ochraceous or olivaceous, subhyaline.
Costal membrane olivaceous. Extreme base red.
Apical areas of tegmen long, 4th, 5th and 6th
longest, 1st, 3rd and 7th shorter, 2nd and 8th
shortest. Third apical area 0.58—0.69 X as long
as 4th one. Third ulnar area (sometimes shaped
as in fig. 70) 0.7—0.87 X as long as 1st one; 4th
ulnar area 0.63—0.76 X as long as radial area.
Hardly any indication of a corial fold, nor of
any remnant of a transverse vein extending from
the 2nd ulnar area into the 3rd.
Wings pale hyaline, venation ochraceous, ex-
treme base red. Cu, and A, veins fused just be-
fore the wing border.
Operculum. — Large, sickle-shaped, broad
and pointed, just reaching or reaching just be-
yond sternite 2, concolorous. Meracanthus
short and slender, not reaching beyond proxi-
mal part of operculum.
Abdomen. — Sometimes irregularly speckled
with light patches, fresh specimens unicolorous.
Tergite 1 trapezoid with sharp proximal and ob-
tuse distal angles. Hindmargins of tergites
orange-brown coloured. Distal edge of sternite
1 convex with a weak median bulb. Sternite 8
apically slightly to hardly pointed.
Tymbals. — Medium-sized and consisting of
9 (sometimes 10 and one male from Toli-Toli 8)
long ridges alternating with short medial brown
ridges in a very regular pattern.
Genitalia. — Lateral lobes of the pygofer in
lateral view swollen and pointed, in ventral view
swollen, apically slender and pointed. Caudal
dorsal beak sometimes at an angle of at most 40°
with dorsal part of pygofer. Claspers in lateral
view broad, sometimes more narrowly shaped,
somewhat elongate, apically curved and point-
ed; in dorsal view median part slender and api-
cally swollen. Uncus consisting of two lateral,
slightly swollen parts and mostly of a medial
protuberance. Greater part of the aedeagus slen-
der. Dorsal aedeagal appendage originating at
about 2/3 of the aedeagal length, and split at
about 2/3 of its own length in two slender pro-
cesses, which are apically rounded or pointed.
These processes not reaching apex of aedeagus.
The rounded ones mostly slightly constricted
subapically. Apex of aedeagus consisting of two
lateral slender, or somewhat broader lobes, that
are dentate apically. Adjustment of aedeagus
situated halfway the pygofer.
2. Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina pale-
ochraceous or olivaceous, subhyaline. Costal
membrane white. Extreme base red. Apical
areas as in males. Third apical area 0.61—0.71 x
as long as 4th one. Third ulnar area (sometimes
shaped as in fig. 70) 0.59—0.76 X as long as Ist
one; 4th ulnar area 0.67—0.77 X as long as ra-
dial area. Hardly any indication of the corial
De Jong: Oriental Prasia 185
Figs. 71—75. Prasia princeps; 71—73, 3; 74, 75, 2. 71, sternite 8, ventral view, Menado; 72, operculum, ventral
view, Minahassa; 73, tymbal, lateral view, Menado; 74, sternite 7, ventral view, Menado; 75, operculum, ventral
view, Woloan-Menado.
fold, nor of any remnant of a transverse vein ex-
tending from the 2nd ulnar area into the 3rd.
Wings pale-hyaline, venation ochraceous, ex-
treme base pink. Cu, and A, fused in nearly all
specimens (including the type!) just before the
wing border.
Operculum. — Short, more or less broadly
rounded; distal part sometimes shorter than the
basal part. Meracanthus reaching just beyond
posterior margin of operculum.
Abdomen. — Olivaceous, greenish, some-
times slightly brownish tinged, fresh specimens
green. Broad tergites, weakly carinate medially.
Caudal dorsal beak slender. Ovipositor sheath
just reaching apex of caudal dorsal beak. Ster-
nite 7 as in fig. 74.
Measurements based upon all specimens
available: body length d: 24.6—28.9 mm, x =
27:3, 01.016, Pre 25,9 39.2, mm, x =
28.2, 6 = 1.394; width of pronotum collar
ds 8.0—95 mm, x= 90, o= 0.392, ©:
9.3—11.3 mm, x= 10.2, o = 0.583; tegmen
length d: 32—36.7 mm, x = 34.5, o = 1.223,
? : 39.1—41.9 mm, x = 40.6, 0 = 0.819.
Distribution. — North Sulawesi (fig. 7).
186 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Material examined.— Indonesia, Sulawesi: Dumo-
ga-Bone N.P., Sulawesi Utara, Project Wallace 1985,
st. 4, lowland rainforest near base camp, 29.i—
2.1.1985, at M.V. light, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Hollo-
way collectors, 1 2 (MZB), same locality and collec-
tors but with, st. 7, lowland rainforest at 120 m from
st. 4, 12.1.1985, at M.V. light, 1 2 (ZMA), 1 2
(MZB), same locality and collectors but with, st. 9,
subcamp 1, 4—8.11.1985, at light, 3 d (ZMA), 4 &
(MZB); Menado, van Braeckel, 1 d 1 2 (BIN); Mena-
do, van Braeckel, Prasia culta Dist., det. Lallemand
1930, 3 d (BIN); Minahassa, “Minahassa/Celebes”
(handwritten), “Syntype” (round label, blue edged,
print), “Distant Coll./1911—383” (print), 1 2, holo-
type of Prasia princeps (BM); Minahassa, Prasia prin-
ceps Dist., coll. Dr. D. MacGillavry, 1 2 (ZMA);
Minahassa, V. d. Bergh, Prasia faticina Stal, coll. Dr.
D. MacGillavry, 1 d (ZMA); Tanggarie-Menado,
Van Braeckel, Prasia culta Distant, det. Lallemand
1930, 1 d (BIN); Toli-Toli, Nord-Celebes, Nov.-
Dez. 1895, H. Fruhstorfer, 1 d (CNMW), same data
but with, 1909—21, 1 © (BM), same data but with
Prasia faticina Dist. 145.vii.14 (= Distant, 1892: 145,
pl. 7, fig. 14), 1 6 (MHNG), same data but with, Pra-
sia princeps dist. 145.x11.14 (= Distant, 1892: 145, pl.
13, fig. 14), 1 2 (MHNG); Tondano-Menado, Van
Braeckel, Prasia culta Distant, det. Lallemand, 1 3
(BIN); Woloan-Menado, 3 d 1 2 (BIN).
Specimens without further precision of the locality:
Celebes, 1 4 BIN; India Archipel, 1 2 CNMW.
Remarks.
At first there has been some hesitation
whether or not to attribute a separate taxonom-
ic position to the specimens from Toli-Toli.
Whilst the specimens from Menado display a
broad clasper, a very slender apex of the aedea-
gus and apically rounded processes of the ae-
deagal appendage (with the subapical constric-
tion), the Toli-Toli specimens possess a narrow
clasper, a broader shaped apex of the aedeagus
and pointed processes of the aedeagal append-
age.
Recent collecting in the Dumoga-Bone N.P.
in Sulawesi Utara (during the Project Wallace
Expedition) by Dr. Duffels and Dr. Holloway
(Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, Lon-
don) provided new material that displayed the
Menado-type of genitalia as well as a mixture of
the Menado- and the Toli-Toli-type. More
material from Toli-Toli must prove the stability
of its combination of genital characters in order
to reconsider a separate taxonomic position.
Prasia senilirata n. sp.
(figs. 7, 76—85)
As Prasia senilirata resembles P. princeps in
general appearance, mainly because of its size
and the olivaceous-green colouring of the body,
a differential description is presented based
upon the male holotype. Due to its large size the
magnification ratio’s of all drawings of P. semili-
rata are 0.75 X those used for the other species.
Description of the male.
Large species. Body colour (fresh) oliva-
ceous-green. Head a little darker coloured.
Body ventrally somewhat paler than dorsally.’
Head and pronotum 1.09 x as long as meso-
and metanotum together. Thorax and head to-
gether 0.76 X as long as abdomen. Greatest
width of the body at the height of the 3rd ab-
dominal segment.
Head. — Dark-green with brown between
the eyes. Eyes 0.86 X as wide as vertex width
between eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli
1.57 x distance between lateral ocellus and eye.
Head 2.07 X as long as and 2.72 X as wide as
width of vertex between eyes. Postclypeus
dark-coloured.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.94 X as wide as
head including eyes. Dark line running from the
eye hindwards very short.
Legs. — As in P. princeps.
Tegmina and wings. — Coloration as in
P. princeps (left tegmen of holotype has 7 apical
areas). Third apical area 0.7 X as long as the 4th
one. Third ulnar area 0.83 X as long as the Ist
one; 4th ulnar area 0.71 X as long as the radial
area.
Coloration of wings as in P. princeps. Cu, and
A, veins do not fuse.
Operculum. — Relatively not as large and
broad as in P. princeps; concolorous.
Abdomen. — Coloration as in olivaceous-
green P. princeps specimens. Distal edge of ster-
nite 1 smaller and far less bulbed than in P. prin-
ceps. Sternite 8 weakly pointed.
Tymbals. — Relatively small, consisting of 6
pair of long ridges alternating with short ridges.
Upper half of the tymbal shaded with black
above the small ridges.
Genitalia. — Lateral lobes less swollen than
in P. princeps. Caudal dorsal beak at a very
small angle with dorsal part of the pygofer.
Clasper more elongate than in P. princeps. Me-
dian uncus part very slender, without protuber-
ance. Aedeagus slender. Processes of dorsal ae-
deagal appendage apically pointed. Apex of ae-
deagus with two broadened flaps, that have a
slight curvature.
Measurements of the holotype: bedy length:
29.7 mm; width of pronotum collar: 9.9 mm;
tegmen length: 36.2 mm.
DE Jon: Oriental Prasia 187
Figs. 76—82. Prasia senilirata, holotype. 76, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 77, apex of aedeagus, 77a, laterodorsal
view, 77b, lateral view; 78, apex of aedeagal appendage process; 79, pygofer, lateral view; 80, uncus, ventral
view; 81 clasper, lateral view; 82, edge of sternite 1, ventral view.
188 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 2, 1985
Figs. 83—85. Prasia senilirata, holotype. 83, operculum, ventral view; 84, sternite 8, ventral view; 85, tymbal,
lateral view.
Distribution. — The holotype is from Central
Sulawesi (Lore Lindu National Park) (fig. 7).
Type. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “Stat. 44/Low-
land/rainforest/ML-light” (print), “Toke Pan-
gana/700 m/4 km NE Gimpu/16.111.1985/J. P.
& M. J. Duffels” (print), “Indonesia/Sulawesi
Tengah/Lore Lindu N.P.” (print), 1 d (ZMA).
Etymology. — “Senilirata” is derived from
the Latin words “seni”, meaning “each time six
of” and “lirata”, meaning “ridge made by a
plough”. The combination stands for the fact
that the species has six long ridges on the tym-
bal, which is characteristic, not only within the
genus, but also within the Oriental Prasiini as a
whole.
Remarks.
The species is very distinct, not only for its
low number of alternating ridges on the tymbal,
but also for its peculiar shaped apex of the ae-
deagus. As for a possible female representative
of the species the reader is referred to the re-
marks at the end of the description of P. sarası-
norum.
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DE Jone: Oriental Prasia 189
Figs. 86—88. General facies. 86, Prasia‘faticina 3, paratype P. culta; 87, Prasia faticina ©, holotype; 88, Prasia
sarasinorum 8, paratype Mapane surroundings.
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91
Figs. 89—91. General facies. 89, Prasia nigropercula 3, holotype; 90, Prasia princeps 3, Minahassa; 91, Prasia
princeps 2, holotype.
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plese
Author’s address: Institute of Taxonomic Zoology,
P.O. Box 2015, 1000 HC Amsterdam,
The Netherlands.
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DEEL 128 APLEVERING 3 1985
TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DEINE DEREANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
INHOUD
J. C. Roskam. — Evolutionary patterns in gall midge — host plant associations
(Diptera, cecidomyiidae), pp. 193—213, figs. 1—3.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 128, afl. 3 Gepubliceerd 20-XII-1985
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EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS
IN GALL MIDGE — HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
(DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE)
by
J.C. ROSKAM
Division of Population Biology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
Host plant associations of mainly West Palaearctic gall midges have been analyzed to ex-
plain some of the radiation of this highly specialized group of endophytophagous insects.
Gall midges behave according to some predictions formulated for phytophagous insects in
general: woody host plants accumulate more gall midge species than herbaceous ones. In
other aspects gall midges seem to be different: taxonomical affinity of host plants might be
more important to explain radiation in gall midges than it is for other groups of plant feed-
ers, especially external feeders. Furthermore, gall midges deserve particular attention be-
cause the gall inducing feeding mode in this group might be a result of polyphyletical devel-
opment. Specialization on host plant organs has been analyzed to support this assumption.
Finally, various evolutionary processes allied with insect—host plant interactions have been
analyzed for gall midges. Sequential evolution could be demonstrated in this group and
some examples of apparent parallel cladogenesis, each dealing with a different rank of host
plant taxonomy, are treated.
INTRODUCTION
According to recent estimates, about 792,000
species of insects have been described, of which
46% feed upon plants (Southwood, 1978; Price,
1977). Important pioneer work on insect—host
plant interactions has been done by Verschaffelt
(1910), Dethier (1954) and Fraenkel (1959). The
enormous expansion of literature on this subject
began with the classic papers by Ehrlich & Rav-
en (1964) on co-evolution, MacArthur & Wil-
son’s (1967) theory of island biogeography and
Janzen’s (1968) application of the latter theory
to insect-host plant interactions. Recent books
by Crawley (1983) and Strong et al. (1984) offer
a thorough introduction to the literature on this
subject. Plant chemistry and, because related
plant taxa often share similar compounds, plant
taxonomy played an important role in earlier
studies. Gradually more host plant traits be-
came involved to explain accumulations of in-
sect species on host plant taxa. Fowler & Law-
ton (1982), for example, used no less than nine
variables, a potpourri of characteristics of host
plants, phytophages and natural enemies of
phytophages in a multiple regression calculation
to explain the species richness of leafminers on
British Umbelliferae. In the latter study, host
plant taxonomy is not even a significant factor
193
anymore: 61% of the variation is explained by
habitat diversity and leaf form of the host
plants. In another study, however, about leaf-
miners on British trees, 36% of the variation
was caused by taxonomical diversity alone, geo-
graphic range being the second trait in impor-
tance (Godfray, 1982).
When the literature is subdivided according
to the different guilds of phytophagous insects,
it is remarkable that papers dealing with exter-
nal plant feeders (chewing and sucking insects)
are abundant, whereas references on endophy-
tophages, such as miners and gall insects are
scarce. Nevertheless it is obvious that not only
among external plant feeders, but also among
endophytophages there are many species with
an important impact on host plant development
and seed production, in natural situations (e.g.,
Harnett & Abrahamson, 1979), as well as in
pest control (e.g., Bess & Haramoto, 1959) and
in agriculture (e.g., Skuhravy et al., 1983). Fur-
thermore, in important aspects endophyto-
phages differ basically from external plant feed-
ers and deserve therefore special attention. Gall
insects in particular not only depend on plants
for nutriment, but also for shelter, which is con-
structed by manipulating the defense reactions
of the host plants. This very precise tuning of
194 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
the insect’s needs to the plant’s potentials may
explain why polyphagous gall insects (species
attacking host plants belonging to different fam-
ilies) are extremely scarce, whereas monopha-
gous species are abundant. For this reason eco-
logical opportunists (species shifting to new
host plants which are in close proximity to,
rather than taxonomically related with, the orig-
inal ones) may be rare too among this group. A
further consequence of the gall inducing feeding
mode is that colonization of new resources by
these insects, but also by miners, is a substan-
tially slower process (Strong et al., 1984).
Therefore, long term processes, playing in
“evolutionary time”, rather than short term
processes, in “ecological” time, seem to be more
apparent in interactions between host plants and
gall midges.
The present study deals with host plant rela-
tions of mainly West Palaearctic gall midges.
Compared with other groups of endophyto-
phages, gall midges have some advantages. As a
group, they have a broad host plant spectrum,
whereas cynipids, another main group of gall
insects, are abundant on Fagaceae and Rosaceae
only. Agromyzids are also an important group
of endophytophages, but are restricted to par-
ticular plant organs, mainly leaves.
Until now, it has been impossible to analyze
host plant relations of gall midges on a world
basis since the detailed knowledge needed for
such a study is only available for some parts of
the temperate regions. Therefore this study is
restricted to data presented by Buhr (1964—
1965) and Skuhrava (in press) for the West Pal-
aearctic, extended in some cases, where infor-
mation from the Nearctic was necessary, to Felt
(1940) and Gagné (1969, 1981). Whether the re-
sults will hold for other climatic areas must be
considered in future.
In the next section some main characteristics
will be given of the ecology and taxonomy of
gall midges. Which life history traits of gall
midges are important in connection to host
plant relations and change of host plants? How
are the Cecidomyiidae, the family gall midges
belong to, subdivided and which group(s) gave
rise to gall inducers? Gall midges may be unique
among gall insects, because arguments exist for
a polyphyletic transition of Cecidomyiidae to
the gall inducing feeding mode (Mamaev, 1968).
A comparison will be made for subgroups of
gall midges to investigate whether specialization
to different host plant organs (vegetative or gen-
erative) may contribute evidence for such a
polyphyletic shift.
Subsequently, our attention will be focussed
on host plant diversity. Because an analysis of
evolutionary aspects is our main goal, only tax-
onomical and some structural diversity of host
plants will be considered to explain radiation of
gall midges. Taxonomically diverse plant fami-
lies, including many species, are supposed to
support more midge species than less diverse
families, because there is more scope for adap-
tive radiation among phytophages in diverse
taxa (Crawley, 1983). Also we will contrast
woody against herbaceous host plants, because
the first live longer and may be structurally
more diverse, and are therefore a more predict-
able resource offering again more opportunities
for adaptive radiation (Lawton, 1983). Other
traits of host plants, such as geographical range, .
local abundance and habitat diversity, important
ecological variables indeed, must be omitted be-
cause accurate scoring is only possible for some
local areas, but not for the West Palaearctic as a
whole.
Finally, knowing something about interac-
tions between structural and taxonomical traits
of host plants and gall midge diversity, ques-
tions rise about the consequences for the evolu-
tion of these phytophages. Some interactions re-
sulted in the occurrence of related midge species
on related groups of host plants. But how abun-
dant are apparent parallel patterns in the clado-
genies of gall midges and host plants and to
what extent did they evolve? Are examples of
parallel cladogenesis the result of plant — gall
midge interaction, or were the host plants
changed under influence of other selection fac-
tors and did the gall midges follow these
changes? We will draw up examples of parallel
cladogenesis and discuss the processes.
LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS
Knowledge of life history patterns is essential
for evolutionary studies because each mode of
speciation needs particular prerequisites of the
involved organisms. Speciation processes of gall
midges, which are relevant here, are those in
which host plants are involved. Modes of sym-
patric speciation might exist when host plant
shifts occur and assortative mating can be dem-
onstrated. Partners are preferred which share
the same food plant, or a highly similar food
resource, during the larval phase. Therefore,
mating site, oviposition site and site of larval de-
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 195
velopment have to be coupled by localization
on the same host. A transfer to a new host re-
sults then not only in a new resource, but chan-
nels the gene flow by separating mating and ovi-
position sites of original and shifted populations
(Bush, 1975; Zwolfer & Bush, 1984). On the
other hand, modes of allopatric speciation may
result from co-evolution, as a reciprocal process
between host plants and phytophages or, when
the impact of phytophages on host plant
changes is doubtful or absent, sequential evolu-
tion (Jermy, 1976). Also co-evolution and se-
quential evolution require a highly coupled
niche structure, but host plant shifts are absent.
Therefore, cladogenesis of both groups of
organisms is characterized by corresponding di-
chotomies (Regenfuss, 1978). In order to inves-
tigate which modes of speciation may occur in
gall midges, relevant phases of the gall midge
life history are analyzed.
Gall midges!) alternate a sedentary phase, en-
capsulated in a gall, with a free-living adult
phase, in which dispersion is possible. The free-
living phase starts with the emergence of the
adults. Males usually emerge some hours earlier
than females and periods of activity are species
specific (Coutin & Harris, 1968; Jones et al.,
1983; Skuhravy & Skuhrava, 1982). After a
short period of rest males start swarming in
search of females; usually they hover in groups
in close proximity to galls where emerging fe-
males are expected. Males may mate several
times (Van Vreden & Arifin, 1977). Females,
like males, rest for a while after emergence.
During this period the ovipositor is extended in
a calling position, emitting sex pheromones
(McKay & Hatchett, 1984). Attracted males co-
pulate immediately, without any courtship be-
haviour. Females mate once, after mating they
retract the ovipositor and are not receptive any
more.
The mating, or “rendez-vous” site depends
on the site where pupation occurs and, conse-
quently, the female emerges. Before pupation,
mature larvae either drop onto the soil or re-
main in the gall. Galls, in their turn, either may
be shed from the host plant or may remain con-
nected with it. Fertilized females disperse in
search of host plants. Dispersal is mainly passive
but females, as well as males, are able to fly
against weak wind currents and respond to ol-
') Gall midges in the strict sense are gall inducers.
_ Among Cecidomyiidae, gall midges sensu lato, some
aberrant forms are predators. These are not sedentary.
factory cues (McKay & Hatchett, 1984; Skuhra-
vy et al, 1983; Sylvén, 1970).
Eggs are usually laid on or close to the site
where the neonate larva will penetrate the host
plant. There is a considerable variation in
clutch-size. The number of eggs may be one per
Oviposition or up to five. Some species, e.g.,
Contarinia pulchripes (Kieffer), deposit all (up
to 150) eggs in one batch (Parnell, 1963). Lar-
vae, eclosed from the same clutch, are gregari-
ous within a gall.
Many midge species produce unisexual fami-
lies, 1.e., the offspring of one female are either
all male or all female. This mechanism of sex
regulation might be common in gall midges be-
cause the sex ratio departs in many cases from
1:1, the ratio expected in obligatory crossbreed-
ing species. The mechanism has been studied by
Metcalfe (1935) and Gallun & Hatchett (1969)
for the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say).
Characteristics of the host plant, such as
chemical composition and phenology, may have
an important impact on gall midge development
and, ultimately, on fitness. Host plants that are
selected for oviposition may be less suitable, or
even unsuitable for larval development. Females
of Dasineura brassicae (Winnertz), for example,
prefer pods of Brassica napus and B. campestris
for oviposition but also lay eggs on B. juncea
and B. nigra. However, the percentage of
hatched eggs on the latter pair of host species is
lower and larval development less successful,
resulting in females with lower egg production
(Ahman, 1981 and in press). Females of Haplo-
diplosis marginata (Von Roser) search first for
grasses or cereals, but if these are not available,
especially during outbreaks, they will lay eggs
upon any other plant and even on the soil.
However, galls are only induced in grasses be-
longing to the tribes Triticeae and some Ave-
neae. Many eggs are laid upon Avena sativa, but
there is very little survival on this species. For
that reason Avena sativa is suggested for bio-
logical control of Haplodiplosis in schemes of
crop rotation (Skuhravy et al., 1983).
Another factor for successful larval devel-
opment is synchronization of host plant and gall
midge phenologies. Winter varieties of wheat
and barley are less susceptible for Haplodiplosis
than summer varieties because neonate larvae
are unable to penetrate, at the time of attack, the
more mature tissues of earlier planted varieties
(Nijveldt & Hulshoff, 1968; Skuhravy, 1982;
Skuhravy et al., 1983). Phenological synchroni-
zation is also important in other gall midge
196 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
pests, e.g., Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) on
rice (Van Vreden & Arifin, 1977), Thecodiplosis
brachyntera (Schwägrichen) on pine trees
(Skuhravy & Hochmut, 1969; Skuhravy, 1970).
Hatchett & Gallun (1970) demonstrated a ge-
netic basis for the ability of Mayetiola destruc-
tor (Say) to survive on different races of wheat.
These races of wheat possess genes for resis-
tance against attacks of Mayetiola, which on its
turn can also be subdivided into races having
genes to overcome this resistance. The gene-for-
gene interaction between wheat and Hessian fly
might have been developed as a reciprocal pro-
cess (Gallun, 1977).
At the end of this section on life history pat-
terns and host plant suitability we may conclude
that variation in life history patterns, relevant
for particular modes of speciation, is mainly
present during the free-living adult phase.
Sometimes a highly coupled niche structure ex-
ists indeed: if the pupation site is the gall, and
the host plant is long-lived, emerged females
may mate and lay eggs on the same host plant.
Female dispersal is especially reduced when the
eggs are laid in few (or only one) large batches
(Weis et al., 1983). However, swarming of
molles and daeaimesion of as by the mecha-
nism of unisexual families considerably reduces
the possibilities of assortative mating and hence
sympatric speciation. Furthermore, oviposition
on alien host plants occurs under some condi-
tions, but the possibility of larval development
may be a considerable hurdle for host plant
shifts. Therefore, allopatric models of speciation
will prevail in gall midges. Nevertheless, it is
hard to imagine that in genera which exhibit ex-
treme resource partitioning, such as the 62 Ste-
faniola species on Haloxylon, or the 28 Rhopa-
lomyia species, distinguished by Jones et al.
(1983) on Artemisia tridentata, have exclusively
radiated according to an allopatric model of
speciation.
TAXONOMY OF GALL MIDGES
Gall midges belong to the nematoceran fami-
ly Cecidomyiidae (4,300 described species
according to estimates of Skuhravä, in press).
Within the suborder Nematocera the Cecido-
mylidae are a distinct group: wing veins are
generally weak and reduced in number, the cos-
tal vein is usually continuous around the wing
and tibial spurs are absent. The larvae, usually
bright yellow, orange or reddish in colour, pos-
sess a supernumerary “neck” segment between
head and thorax, which allows a great mobility
of the head. On the ventral side of the protho-
rax a peculiar sclerotized plate, the sternal spat-
ula, is usually present. According to Mamaev
(1968) the Cecidomyiidae are closely related to
the mycetophagous scavengers Sciaridae, Sca-
topsidae and Hyperoscelidae.
A generally adopted subdivision of the family
is still lacking. Mamaev (1968), following Rub-
saamen & Hedicke (1925—1939) distinguished
only two subfamilies: the Lestremiinae, with
undifferentiated tarsi and with the ocelli usually
present; the Cecidomyiinae with short first tar-
someres and ocelli absent. Möhn (1955), fol-
lowed by many modern students of the group,
proposed a third subfamily Porricondylinae.
However, he was only able to separate this sub-
family by larval characters concerning position
and shape of the anal aperture. Mamaev, refin-
ing Rübsaamen & Hedicke’s system, differ-
entiated the system to the subtribal rank, but
many other specialists consider his system ten-
tative and do not use it. The system used by
Skuhrava (in press) in her catalogue is compared
here with Mamaev’s system in table 1. Further
differences concerning the Cecidomyiinae deal
with taxa that are difficult to place. First, the
Stomatosematidi in Skuhrava’s system, for ex-
ample, share various archaic traits, such as wing
venation (Rs well developed) and female genita-
lia (short, not extensile, sometimes even two-
segmented cerci) with Porricondylinae, but dif-
fer from this subfamily by the male genitalia,
which are reminiscent of those of Lasiopteridi.
Gagné (1975), therefore, proposed an indepen-
dent supertribal status for this taxon. Secondly,
Gagné (1976) placed Oligotrophini and Lasiop-
terini in the supertribus Lasiopteridi because
these tribes share derived character states of fe-
male genitalia and antennal flagellomeres; these
are lacking in their sister-group Ledomyiini,
which in its turn is characterized by derived
conditions regarding tarsal claws and male geni-
talia. The relationships of Brachineura, Epimyia
and Rhizomyia, placed in separate tribes, are
still unclear. These genera are now placed in La-
siopteridi, but may be better regarded as un-
placed (Gagné, 1976). Because of the still very
uncertain relationships of Gagné’s Stomatose-
matidi and Ledomyiini, we here adopt Ma-
maev’s classification, at least as far as it concerns
the tribal subdivisions.
Our special attention is focussed on host
plant relations and their importance for the evo-
lution of the gall midges. Therefore we will now
analyze the phyletic relations of the tribes in
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 197
Table 1. Comparison of systems of Cecidomyiidae according to Mamaev (1968) and Skuhravä (in press, pre-
sented with permission from the author). I, inquiline; M, mycetophagous; P, phytophagous and gall inducing;
Z, zoophagous.
MAMAEV
LESTREMIINAE
3 tribes, 7 subtribes
CECIDOMYIINAE
Heteropezini
Porricondylini
Lasiopterini
6 subtribes
Oligotrophini
Oligotrophina + 4 more str.
Brachyneurina
Rhizomyiina
Epimyiina
Stomatosematina
Asphondyliini
3 subtribes
Cecidomyiini
SKUHRAVA
LESTREMIINAE
2 supertribes, 8 tribes
PORRICONDYLINAE
Heteropezini + Leptosynini
Porricondylini + 7 more tribes
CECIDOMYIINAE
Lasiopteridi
Lasiopterini
no subdivision
Oligotrophini
Ledomyiini
Brachyneurini
Rhizomyiini
Epimyiini
Stomatosematidi
Asphondyliidi
4 tribes
Cecidomyiidi
no subdivision
species
feeding mode
13 subtribes
connection with their feeding modes. All Ceci-
domyiinae share the absence of ocelli and the
shortening of the first tarsal segment of legs,
both derived character states. The feeding mod-
es (table 1) in this subfamily are most diverse,
ranging from mycetophagy to various forms of
phytophagy and zoophagy (Mamaev, 1968). All
gall inducing midges, the “true” gall midges, be-
long to the Cecidomyiinae. Heteropezini and
Porricondylini, with primitive wing venation
(Rs usually present) and larval morphology
(pattern of setae on the final two abdominal seg-
ments and location of the anal aperture), are
mycetophagous, as are all Lestremiinae and all
forms of the related families Sciaridae, Scatopsi-
dae and Hyperoscelidae. Therefore, feeding on
decaying organic material must be regarded as
the original feeding mode of Cecidomyiidae
(Southwood, 1972; Mamaev, 1968; Roskam, in
press). Mycetophagy is also the feeding mode of
oligotrophine Rhizomyiina and some species of
Ledomyia. Although the larvae of Brachineuri-
na, Epimyiina and Stomatosematina are un-
known, these are expected to be mycetophagous
too (Mamaev, 1968; Gagné, 1975). Furthermore
larvae of the oligotrophine genus /sogynandro-
myia live in the upper layer of forest soil
(Spungis, 1981).
Mycetophagy i is also common in the tribe Ce-
cidomyiini; it is the feeding mode of Buhro-
myiella, Camptodiplosis, Clinodiplosis, Dichae-
tia, Dichodiplosis, Echinella, Giardomyia,
Karshomyia, Mycetodiplosis, Mycocecis, Myco-
diplosis, Neoisodiplosis and Neomycodiplosis, 59
species together. Some of these genera are close-
ly related, e.g., Möhn’s (1955) “Mycodiplosis
group” and “Clinodiplosis group”. Mamaev
(1968) considered, on morphological criteria,
mycetophagous Oligotrophini and Cecidomyii-
ni primitive forms within these two tribes. No
198 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
— te = ta w
= = = = 9
ui > > 3
= ® Ernie E
pei Cc £
= en 9 ©) =
O (©) 4 ic q
D 5 © a D
== re] (cb) (ep)
O a] O <
u)
= 5
= a ty
N > = 5
N T a > 2
Se © E 3
©) des
(©) © + je) =
© = O D =
ped do D) (4)
O © _ ©
T Q O O
7 8 10 11
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relations of the Cecidomyiinae tribes. Black squares indicate synapomorphic conditions. 1,
ocelli absent, shortened first tarsomeres; 2, paedogenesis; 3, larval anus shifted into ventral position and slit-like;
4, reduction in number of Malpighian tubes of larval digestive tract, reduced number of dorsal and ventral papil-
lae on the larval eighth abdominal segment; 5, substitution of parameres in male genitalia by mediobasal out-
growths of basimeres sheathing aedeagus, retractile ovipositor with fused cerci; 6, mediobasal outgrowths of
male genitalia absent, number of adult antennal segments basically fixed, 2 + 12; 7, constriction in larval mid-
gut shifted proximally; 8, wing vein R, closely adjacent to R, and C, reduced in length, antennal segments not or
barely sexually dimorphic and barrel-shaped, characteristic ovipositor with hooks and spines adapted to abrade
plant tissue; 9, binodal male antennal segments with looped circumfila, reduction of the eighth tergite of the
female abdomen; 10, loss of the constriction in the larval mid-gut; 11, necks of antennal segments reduced in
length with reticulate, closely appressed circumfila, retractile needle-like ovipositor with fused (reduced?) cerci.
For further explanation see text.
mycetophagous representatives are known of mites, six predate on aphids, five on coccids and
Asphondyliini and Lasiopterini. two attack other cecidomyiids. Three genera are
Zoophagy is mainly restricted to Cecidomyii- endoparasitoids of aphids and psyllids. Some of
ni. Four genera are known as predators of these zoophages are important agents in biolog-
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations
199
Table 2. Tribal preference for vegetative (veg.) and generative (gen.) host plant tissues. Gall midges belonging to
the “mixed” category attack both types of tissues. Data are from an analysis of keys on plant galls by Buhr
(1964—1965), only described gall midge species included and inquilines excluded. Expected values according to
“chi-square” calculation (in brackets).
TRIBUS 1. LASIOPTERINI
Lasioptera
Ozirhincus
Stefaniella
3 monotypic genera
TOTAL
TRIBUS 2. OLIGOTROPHINI
Arnoldiola
Bayeria
Cystiphora
Dasineura
Geocrypta
Iteomyia
Jaapiella
Janetia
Janetiella
Lathyromyza
Macrolabis
Mayetiola
Misospatha
Neomikiella
Oligotrophus
Physemocecis
Rabdophaga
Rhopalomyia
Wachtliella
21 monotypic genera
w
w
0
0
8
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
(0)
4
al
w
TOTAL 216(186.3) 54 (85.7)
TRIBUS 3. ASPHONDYLIINI
Asphondylia
Placochela
Polystepha
2 monotypic genera
TOTAL 23 (10,0)
TRIBUS 4. CECIDOMYIINI
N
w
Ametrodiplosis
Antichiridium
Contarinia
Diodaulus
Harmandia
Loewiola
Macrodiplosis
Massalongia
Planetella
Plemeliella
Thurauia
Tricholaba
18 monotypic genera
0
N
& D ND © N ND D À N O1 Na
N
(o>)
a
D
r
en
WONNWNNN & ©
Ho O05o05oION
H
ive}
r
oa
N
TOTAL 75 (91.5) 60 (42.1)
© ND NI hH © © © À © © © H © w © H WOO ©
200 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
ical control. Apart from the Cecidomyiini, some
species of Trotteria (T. galıı Rubsaamen and T.
ligustri Barnes), Lasiopterini, and of Ledomyia
(L. acarıphaga Marikovskij, L. acerina Giraud
and L. cardui Kieffer), Oligotrophini, are sup-
posed to be predators. Other forms of both gen-
era are inquilines, and are regarded as early off-
shoots within their respective tribes (Mamaev,
1968; Mohn, 1966). No conclusion is possible
about the origin and evolution of the zoopha-
gous Cecidomyiini. They may have evolved
polyphyletically from either mycetophagous or
phytophagous ancestors. Mohn (1955) indicated
three groups of related genera, namely, the Les-
todiplosis group (e.g., Lestodiplosis, Feltiella and
Therodiplosis, predators of gall midges, aphids
and mites), the Phaenobremia group (e.g.,
Phaenobremia, Aphidoletes and Monobremia,
on aphids) and the mutually close endoparasi-
toids Endaphis and Endopsylla.
A cladogram of Mamaev’s tribal division of
the Cecidomyiinae is presented in fig. 1. The
synapomorphies (shared derived character
states) 5 and 6, concerning male genitalia and
antennae of both sexes, validate the two com-
plexes of Oligotrophini-Lasiopterini and Ceci-
domyiini-Asphondyliini. At dichotomy A, a la-
siopterine form adopted phytophagy and sepa-
rated from the Oligotrophini. Then, at a further
dichotomy an oligotrophine form, becoming
phytophagous too, separated from the remain-
ing mycetophagous Oligotrophini. A similar
process, starting at B, subsequently gave rise to
phytophagous Asphondyliini and Cecidomyii-
ni. Hence, unless mycetophagy in Oligotrophi-
ni and Cecidomyiini is a derived feeding mode,
the transition to phytophagy, culminating in
gall inducing, occurred several times in a paral-
lel way. Morphological arguments (fig. 1, the
synapomorphies 7, 8, 10 and 11) as well as argu-
ments emerging from gall midge parasitoids
make a secondary transition to mycetophagy
highly improbable. Mycetophagous and phy-
tophagous cecidomyiids both have scelionid
parasitoids. Chalcidoid parasitoids, however,
are abundant on phytophages but do not attack
mycetophages. If mycetophages have evolved
from phytophages, undoubtedly some chalcı-
doid parasitoids would have followed their
hosts and would now be present on myceto-
phages (Mamaev, 1968).
SPECIALIZATION ON HOST PLANT ORGANS
The transition from mycetophagy to phyto-
phagy is supposed to coincide with the expan-
sion of the angiosperms during the Upper Cre-
taceous, about 65 million years ago (Klausnitz-
er, 1977; Mamaev, 1968; Zwolfer, 1978). In
Upper Miocene formations, 30 million years
ago, all gall midge tribes were well represented
(Gagné, 1973). Two prerequisites presumably
were responsible for angiosperm expansion,
namely, the progressive development of the
conducting system ensuring intensive
movements of sap and rapid progress in the de-
velopment of the flower as an adaptation to in-
sect pollination (Takhtajan, 1954). If the earlier
assertion of a polyphyletic transition to phyto-
phagy is true, it might be reflected in different
specializations of the phytophagous members of
the various tribes to the different progressive
developments of their host plants. In other
words, some tribes might basically be adapted
to exploit the conducting system of their host ~
plants, subsequently colonizing other organs,
such as leaves, whereas other tribes might be
primarily adapted to generative structures, such
as flowers, compact inflorescences as heads of
Asteraceae and fruits.
With the help of table 2 we can investigate
whether differences exist at the tribal rank in the
specialization of gall midge species on tissues of
their host plants. The species, compiled from
Buhr (1964—1965), are subdivided into three
categories: those causing deformations of vege-
tative structures, of generative structures and
those with a “mixed” strategy, attacking both
vegetative and generative structures. The data
have been submitted to a chi square-test. The
null hypothesis, i.e., no significant differences
exist between tribes regarding specialization for
organs of host plants, has to be rejected (x2 =
54.8, DF = 6, P<<0.001).
The frequencies of Lasiopterini accord with
the expected ones (in brackets), although the
species of this tribe have ovipositors which are
primarily adapted to abrade stems and to insert
eggs into them. Ozirhincus, although sharing
these morphological features, is aberrant, gal-
ling generative instead of vegetative tissues. In
North America, where the Lasiopterini are well
represented, most species are stem feeders since
only six out of 70 species belong to the “genera-
tive” or “mixed” category (Felt, 1940; Gagné,
1969). Oligotrophini have a distinct preference
for vegetative organs. Aberrant oligothrophine
genera are Gephyraulus, Kaltenbachiola and Se-
mudobia; aberrant species are found in most
larger genera, viz., Dasineura, Jaapiella, Macro-
labis, Misospatha, Rhopalomyia and Wachtliel-
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 201
Table 3. Distribution of gall midge species among orders of vascular plants. Only orders with West Palaearctic
representatives have been considered and are subdivided into a fundamentally woody (+) category and a funda-
mentally herbaceous one (Hutchinson, 1969). The numbers of the orders refer to Takhtajan (1980), the numbers
of plant species are taken from Rothmaler (1972), those of gall midge species from Buhr (1964—1965). (1) =
Hutchinson’s Brassicales; (2) = Hutchinson’s Umbellales.
(sub)class plant midge
species species
Lycopsida Lycopodiales
Selaginellales
Isoetales
Sphenopsida Equisetales
Pteropsida Ophioglossales
Osmundales
Polypodiales
Marsileales
Salviniales
Ginkgoopsida Ginkgoales
Taxopsida Taxales
Coniferopsida Pinales
Magnoliidae Aristolochiales
Nymphaeales
Ranunculidae Ranunculales
Papaverales
Hamamelidae Hamamelidales
Urticales
Fagales
Myricales
Juglandales
Caryophyllidae Caryophyllales
Polygonales
Plumbaginales
Dilleniidae Paeoniales
Theales
Violales
Capparales 1)
Tamaricales
Salicales
Ericales
Primulales
Malvales
+ Euphorbiales
+ Thymelaeales
r
>
Saxifragales
Rosales
Fabales
Myrtales
Rutales
Sapindales
Geraniales
Polygalales
Cornales
Araliales 2)
Celastrales
Santalales
Rhamnales
Qn
3
7
7
6
5
1
5
7
2
5
7
9
3
1
7
3
1
1
1
to
Asteridae Gentianales
Oleales
Dipsacales
Polemoniales
Lamiales
Scrophulariales
Campanulales
Asterales
Alismidae Alismatales
Najadales
Liliidae Liliales
Orchidales
Juncales
Cyperales
Poales
Arecidae Typhales
Arales
TOTALS woody orders
herbaceous orders
202 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
la. Asphondyliini occur predominantly on gen-
erative structures. However, Polystepha is aber-
rant as are nine out of 28 Asphondylia species.
The situation is rather complex in Cecidomyii-
ni. Although almost half of the species induce
galls in vegetative tissues, a substantially larger
portion is predicted. Contarinia, by far the
largest genus of Cecidomyiini, is almost com-
pletely responsible for deviations of this tribe
from the expected value.
The ambiguous preference of Cecidomyiini
does not allow drawing conclusions about the
original specialization of the group. Two alter-
native ways of radiation might be possible.
First, as in Oligotrophini, a phytophagous be-
haviour started on vegetative parts and differ-
entiation at the generic level coincided with a
shift to generative parts. The radiation of Con-
tarinia has than to be regarded in connection
with this shift from vegetative to generative or-
gans. Secondly, as in Asphondyliini, the prefer-
ence of Contarinia for generative organs should
be regarded as original. Specialists of vegetative
tissues, belonging to Contarinia as well as to
other genera, then have ancestors on generative
parts. Synapomorphic conditions of male geni-
talia and antennae in Cecidomyiini and Asphon-
dyliini (fig. 1: 6) support the second alternative,
but a further phylogenetic study (according to
current opinion Contarinia is not monophylet-
ic!) is needed to solve this problem.
SPECIES RICHNESS AND HOST PLANT DIVERSITY
A further consequence of the assumed coin-
cident radiation of gall midges and host plants is
that these ecologically linked groups of organ-
isms are expected to illustrate Eichler’s rule
(Eichler, 1948; Price, 1977): host plant taxa
with many species will support more midge spe-
cies than taxa which are less diverse, because
there is more scope for radiation among the -
midges. In table 3 the accumulations of gall
midge species are given for all orders of West
Palaearctic vascular plants. All dicotyledonous
2.0
T = trees ,n=21
H = herbs, n = 35
fami
©
©
8 1.5
(7)
te)
2
=
Y
2
©
a 1.0
(7)
®
= T
5
£ T T
m
0.5
H T H
He mmh nd le || mm huhu _
(o) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
plant species (log scale)
Fig. 2. Interdependence of numbers of plant and gall midge species per plant family. Midge species according to
Buhr (1964— 1965), plant species according to Rothmaler (1972).
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 203
orders which include ten species or more have
host plants attacked by gall midges. Fagales,
Salicales and Fabales (Leguminosae) in particu-
lar have host plants which shelter numerous gall
midge species. Large monocotyledonous orders,
such as Juncales and Orchidales, as well as most
ferns and gymnosperms, lack gall midges.
Poales and Cyperales, however, have many rep-
resentatives with gall midges.
In fig. 2 the interdependence between the
number of gall midge and host plant species per
plant family is analyzed. Contrary to earlier stu-
dents of insect species richness (e.g., Lawton &
Price, 1979; Fowler & Lawton, 1982), we used
the plant family and not the plant genus as the
variate for “taxonomic diversity” (= taxonomic
isolation) of host plants. This is because the pre-
sent study involves many host plant families,
whereas Lawton, Price and Fowler only dealt
with one family, Umbelliferae. Furthermore, in
different families different criteria are used to
delimit genera, which makes genera unsuitable
for comparison when more families are in-
volved. For logarithmic transformed data taxo-
nomical interdependence alone explains 52.5%
(r = 0.72) of the variation in gall midge species
richness on host plants, and is therefore a very
important factor. When host plants are subdi-
vided into woody and herbaceous categories the
percentages are even higher, namely, 66.1% (r
= 0.81) for woody and 63.3% (r = 0.80) for
herbaceous host plants. These high percentages
mean that taxonomic diversity, reflecting diver-
sity of host plant chemistry (Hegnauer, 1962—
1973) is not the only but apparently a major fac-
tor determining accumulation of gall midge spe-
cies on host plants. Similar suggestions were
made by Claridge & Wilson (1981), dealing
with mesophyll-feeding leafhoppers. Price
(1977) observed a similar interdependence for
another group of endophytophages: Agromyzi-
dae. In his calculation 50.4% of the variation of
leafminer species per host plant family was ex-
plained by the number of plant species in that
family (r = 0.71).
The regression lines for woody and herba-
ceous host plants do not differ significantly by
slope, only by intercept. Hence, gall midge spe-
cies are more numerous in plant families with
woody representatives than in those with herba-
ceous ones: the “high apparency” of long-lived
woody host plants (Fox, 1981; Lawton, 1983;
Lawton & Schréder, 1977; Klausnitzer, 1977)
also works positively out for gall midges.
When the gall midges are subdivided into
Table 4. Tribal preference with respect to the life
form of host plants. Data after an analysis of the keys
by Buhr (1964—1965).
percentage of life form
species
number
annual/
biennial
perennial
shrubs/
Lasiopterini
Oligotrophini
Asphondyliini
Cecidomyiini
tribes and host plants categories according to
their life form (table 4), most gall midges of all
tribes occur on perennial herbs, whereas short-
lived herbs are poorly represented. The high
score of Lasiopterini for short-lived herbs is
mainly caused by one species, Lasioptera caro-
phila F. Loew, which attacks many short-lived
umbellifers. When analyzing the life form pref-
erence of Lasiopterini for North America,
where L. carophila is absent (compilation of
Felt, 1940, and Gagné, 1969), 7.1% of 70 spe-
cies occur on annual and biennial host plants,
67.1% on perennial herbs and 25.7% on shrubs
and trees, values conforming to those of tribes
other than Lasiopterini in Europe.
The short-lived host plants need a further
analysis. Many of these plants are characterized
by conspicuous chemicals as furanocoumarins
(Apiaceae) or mustard oil glucosides (Brassica-
ceae). Short-lived Apiaceae are hosts for two
polyphagous species, viz., Lasioptera carophila
F. Loew and Kiefferia pimpinellae (F. Loew).
Short-lived Brassicaceae harbour polyphagous
Contarinia nasturtu (Kieffer). Dasineura brassi-
cae (Winnertz) and D. sisymbrii (Schrank) and
Gephyraulus raphanistri (Kieffer). Mayetiola
destructor (Say), Haplodiplosis marginata (Von
Roser) and Hybolasioptera cerealis (Lindeman)
have many annual cereals in their host ranges.
These cereals occur in high densities, in
“flocks”, and germinate not far from the place
where the previous generation lived. In this way
they are “predictable” resources and resemble
perennials. Finally, short-lived host plants are
present among Chenopodiaceae (Haloxylon),
Asteraceae (e.g., Senecio, Sonchus, Cirsium and
Carduus) and Leguminosae (e.g., Lathyrus,
204
Lens, Medicago, Melilotus, Pisum and Vicia).
These host plants either occur under natural
conditions in dense populations, or are also cul-
tivated.
PARALLEL PATTERNS IN GALL MIDGE AND HOST
PLANT EVOLUTION
If related parasites live on related hosts, allo-
patric speciation patterns in both groups of
organisms may have evolved along parallel
lines: dichotomies in host cladograms then have
corresponding dichotomies in cladograms of
parasites. Corresponding dichotomies or co-
cladogeneses may be the result of a reciprocal
process between hosts and parasites: parasite at-
tack, reducing fitness of the host, provokes the
host to develop defense or avoiding mecha-
nisms. Parasites, on their turn, try to overcome
host defenses by counter adaptations and so on.
However, long term reciprocal interactions (de-
fined by Janzen (1980) as co-evolution) are not
the only process resulting in parallel patterns.
Moreover, when they do so, they may be diffi-
cult to measure. Parasites usually share their
host plants with many other parasites, each pos-
sessing different trophic links with their hosts
(Klausnitzer, 1977). A change of a host, to
avoid one parasite, might be advantageous for
another. The complexity of interactions reduces
the profits of that change (Fox, 1981). Changes
in the host plant may also, and more frequently,
be the result of responses to abiotic changes of
the host plant habitat. Parasites may follow the
changes of their hosts for their own benefit.
This type of parallel evolution has been defined
by Jermy (1976) as sequential evolution. Fi-
nally, speciation processes in host plants and
parasites may coincide, but as independent re-
sponses to the same abiotic factor. Vicariance,
caused by the same geographic isolation in sub-
groups of hosts and parasites, may so cause a
parallel pattern in the phylogenies of both
groups (e.g., Roskam, 1979).
Parallel patterns need not necessarily be strict
because phytophages, unlike many parasites of
vertebrates, have a free phase during their life-
cycle. While dispersion of vertebrate parasites
usually occurs by conspecific contacts of their
hosts, dispersion of phytophages, at least in gall
midges is possible during a free-living phase, as
was reported in the above. They may shift to
other, usually related, host species during that
phase, causing disturbances of parallel patterns
(Regenfuss, 1978).
Whereas the host range of zoophagous and
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
saprophagous cecidomyiids is relatively wide
(Nijveldt, 1969; Skuhrava, 1973), most gall in-
ducing and inquiline species have only narrow
host plant ranges. They usually attack some re-
lated species belonging to the same genus, or
species belonging to closely related genera. Ex-
ceptions are, e.g., Lasioptera carophila F. Loew
and Kiefferia pimpinellae (F. Loew) on Apia-
ceae; Dasineura sisymbri (Schrank), D. brassi-
cae (Winnertz) and Gephyraulus raphanistri
(Kieffer) on Brassicaceae. Both host plant fami-
lies are distinct by chemical compounds, fura-
nocoumarins and mustard oil glucosides, re-
spectively. Some Asphondylia species alternate
host plants during their life-cycle, as do aphids.
According to Orphanides (1975), the winter
generation of the carob gall midge, Asphondylia
sp., induces galls in pods of carobs, Ceratonia
siliqua. Summer generations, however, attact :
various, not related, plant species, viz., Capsı-
cum and Solanum (Solanaceae), Capparıs (Cap-
paridaceae), Eruca and Sinapis (Brassicaceae),
Hypericum (Hypericaceae), Verbascum (Scro-
phulariaceae), Sesamum (Pedaliaceae) and even
monocots, viz., Urginea and Asphodelus (Lilia-
ceae). It is still uncertain whether midges reared
from these plants will be conspecific. Some,
however, certainly are. A similar situation
seems to exist in the soybean gall midge, As-
phondylia sp., overwintering in soybean pods
but with unknown summer hosts (Yukawa et
al., 1983).
Among gall midge genera large differences
exist regarding the breadth of their host plant
spectrum. In table 5 gall inducing midge genera
are subdivided into three categories, namely,
monophagous, oligophagous and polyphagous
genera. Genera with eight species or more are
listed, whereas smaller genera only are indicated
by their number of species. The large genera
Dasineura, Contarinia, Jaapiella and Macrola-
bis, but also the smaller Wachtliella, are pre-
sented in brackets, because they are highly artı-
ficial and therefore do not allow conclusions
about the affinities of their host plants. Interde-
pendence between gall midge species diversity
and breadth of the host plant spectrum seems to
be absent: not only large genera as Asphondylia,
Rhopalomyia and Lasioptera are polyphagous,
but also many small genera consist of species
which occur on host plants belonging to differ-
ent families. Monotypic polyphagous genera are
absent.
Lasioptera and Neolasioptera are two large
genera which are thought to be natural. Gagné
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 205
Table 5. Host plant spectrum of gall midge genera. M, monophagous genera, all host plants belong to only one
genus; O, oligophagous genera, host plants belong to one family; P, polyphagous genera, host plants belonging
to several families. Data from Skuhrava (in press, with permission from the author). For further explanation, see
text.
Dasineura
Contarinia 151
Stefaniola 69
Asphondylia 54
Rhopalomyia 49
Lasioptera 45
Rabdophaga 38
Halodiplosis 37
Jaapiella 31
Macrolabis 31
Planetella 26
Mayetiola 25
Baldratia 23
Janetiella 15
Ametrodiplosis 13
Cligotrophus 10
Arnoldiola 8
Wachtliella 8
2 genera 7
4 genera 6
5 genera 5
3 genera 4
15 genera 3
18 genera 2
total natural genera
(1969) revised the Nearctic species, of which
Felt (1940) presented the host plants. Both gen-
era are well represented on host plants belong-
ing to the subclasses Rosidae (orders: Rosales,
Fabales, Cornales and Rhamnales) and Asteri-
dae (orders: Lamiales, Scrophulariales and As-
terales). They are absent from Monocotyledo-
nae; two species of Lasioptera occur on Ephe-
dra (Gymnospermae, Gnetales). Lasioptera has
five species on host plants of the subclass Ham-
amelidae (Humulus and Quercus), from which
subclass Neolasioptera is absent. On the other
hand, Neolasioptera is represented in the sub-
classes Magnoliidae (Lauraceae: Benzoin) and
Ranunculidae (Ranunculaceae: Clematis) where
Lasioptera is absent. Although both genera have
accumulations of species on Rosidae and Asteri-
dae, apparent parallel patterns with the phylo-
genus nr. of
species
with more than one species
geny of host plants belonging to these sub-
classes are still lacking.
Some smaller genera also have species attack-
ing hosts belonging to unrelated families or even
have species with a non-cecidogenic feeding
mode. Janetiella, for example, occurs on hosts
belonging to Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Fagaceae,
Ulmaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae, Le-
guminosae, Vitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae
and Asteraceae. Host plants of Ametrodiplosis
belong to ten families; two species are inqui-
lines. Even among genera with only two includ-
ed species, nine occur on host plants which are
taxonomically distant. Physemocecis hartıgı
(Liebel) causes galls on Tilia (Tiliaceae), where-
as P. ulmi (Kieffer) occurs on Ulmus (Ulma-
ceae). Antichiridium caricis Kieffer and A. stria-
tum (Rübsaamen) cause galls on Carex (Cype-
206 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
raceae) and Molinia (Poaceae), respectively.
Plemiella abietina Seitner and P. betulicola
(Kieffer) have Abies (Pinaceae) and Betula (Be-
tulaceae), respectively, as host plants. These
genera may involve examples of ecological op-
portunists because the host plants on which
their species occur share the same habitat.
Other genera with two species, however, occur
on host plants which have neither taxonomical,
nor apparent ecological connections, e.g., Dic-
tyomyia navasiana Tavares and D. salsolae Ta-
vares on Santolina (Asteraceae) and Salsola
(Chenopodiaceae), Schizomyia galiorum Kieffer
and S. tami Kieffer on Galium (Rubiaceae) and
Tamus (Dioscoreaceae).
On the other hand, some larger genera ra-
diated on closely related host plants. Stefaniola
and Planetella have host plants belonging to on-
ly one genus, Haloxylon and Carex, respective-
ly. Rabdophaga occurs on Salicaceae (mainly on
Salix) and Mayetiola on grasses. Baldratia and
Halodiplosis exclusively occur on Chenopodia-
ceae. When apparently monophyletic genera are
taken together no less than 63% (38 out of 60
genera) radiated on host plants which are taxo-
nomically close.
Examples of parallel cladogenesis in gall
midges and host plants will primarily be found
in genera that radiated on taxonomically related
host plants. In the next paragraph of this section
some of these examples will be treated. The ex-
amples are arranged according to the taxonom-
ical rank of the host plants at which the radia-
tion occurred.
A. Host plant family
Host plants of Asphondylia mainly belong to
two families which are phylogenetically distant,
namely, Leguminosae and Labiatae. Correlated
with the taxonomic position of the host plants
there is a specialization with respect to the host
plant tissue. Out of 28 species mentioned in
Buhr (1964—1965), all species on Labiatae (6)
make flower galls, whereas 18 species on Legu-
minosae are specialized on pods (11) or vegeta-
tive parts (6); A. sarothamni H. Loew on Saro-
thamnus causes galls in pods, flowers and
shoots. Hence, species causing flower galls on
Labiatae and fruit galis (and later in evolution-
ary time, shoot galls?) on Leguminosae may
represent two different evolutionary lines in this
polyphagous genus.
Three genera, Mayetiola (Oligotrophini),
Haplodiplosis (Cecidomyiini) and Hybolasiop-
tera (Lasiopterini), of which the latter two are
monotypic, induce galls in culms and shoots of
Poaceae. As a rule, they attack many wild grass-
es. Some species, however, are extremely im-
portant pests of cereals. Mayetiola destructor
(Say), the Hessian fly, is the most important gall
midge species damaging cereals. Wild grasses
from which the species has been reported be-
long to Cynodon (Poaceae-Eragrostideae),
Phleum, Aegilops, and Agropyron (Poideae).
Other Mayetiola species, usually one per plant
genus, induce galls in culms and shoots of Ave-
na, Brachypodium, Calamagrostis (various
Mayetiola species occur in this genus), Dacty-
lus, Holcus, Molinia, Phalaris, Poa and Secale
(all Pooideae).- Giraudiella, one species, closely
related to Mayetiola, induces galls on Phrag-
mites (Pooideae). Hence, most host plants be-
long to the subfamily Pooideae, but at a lower
level apparent patterns are absent.
B. Host plant tribe
Four clusters of oligophagous genera, re-
stricted to Asteraceae, are of particular interest
with respect to parallel cladogenesis (table 6).
All five species of Ozirhincus (Lasiopterini) in-
duce fruit galls in host plants belonging to As-
teroideae-Anthemidae, as does Lasioptera (Pro-
lasioptera) niveocincta (Kieffer). The Nearctic
genus Asteromyia (Lasiopterini), with 20 spe-
cies, only induces galls in members of the tribe
Asteraceae. Two related Oligotrophini genera,
namely, Rhopalomyia (49 spp.), of which 14 are
mentioned in Buhr, and Misospatha (5 spp.), are
present in Anthemidae too. Cystiphora (6 spp.),
which also belongs to the Oligotrophini, only
causes galls in members of the subfamily Cicho-
rioideae. In Cystiphora, there is host specificity
below the genus level: C. hreracu (F. Low) and
C. pilosellae Kieffer are restricted to the Archie-
racium and Pilosella groups of species, respecti-
vely. In Asteroideae-Cardueae both species of
Loewiola (Cecidomyiini) induce leaf galls in
Centaurea and Serratula, whereas Acodiplosis (1
sp.), close to Loewiola, is present on Inula (Inu- |
leae). We may conclude that, contrary to gall
midges occurring on grasses, midge genera on
Asteraceae exhibit specificity at the tribal rank.
C. Host plant genus
Many gall midge genera are restricted to only
one host plant genus. Sometimes, related midge
genera have related host plants. Dryomyia, for
example, with four species, is reported from
leaves of Quercus, whereas its relative, Harti-
giola, with one species, causes galls in leaves of
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 207
Table 6. Gall midge genera associated with Asteraceae. Subdivision of Asteraceae according to Engler (1964).
| Cecido- Oligo-
myiini trophini
(Prolasioptera)
Loewiola
Acodiplosis
Rhopalomyia
Misospatha
Cystiphora
Ozirhincus
Asteromyia
subfamily
L.
Asteroideae Eupatorieae -
Senecioneae
Calenduleae =
Anthemideae Anthemis
Achillea
Matricaria
Chrysanthemum
Tanacetum
Artemisia
Astereae Erigeron
Aster
Solidago
Bigelowia
Inuleae Inula
Cynareae Serratula
Centaurea
Cichorioideae Cichorieae Hypochoeris
Leontodon
Scorzonera
Chondrilla
Taraxacum
Sonchus
Crepis
Hieracium
208 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
Fagus. Semudobia, with three Palaearctic spe-
cies, occurs on Betula, whereas its relative Mik-
omyia, with one species, causes galls in Corylus.
Within this category three examples have been
selected, viz., Rabdophaga (Oligotrophini),
with 38 species on Salix, Planetella (Cecido-
myiini), with 26 species on Carex, and Semudo-
bia (Oligotrophini) in fruit catkins of Betula.
One species of Rabdophaga is known from
twigs of Populus, the other species cause galls in
shoots, twigs and catkins of Salix. Within Salix,
there seem to be three levels of specialization
that coincide with the division of Salix into sub-
genera. Infections are absent from the subgenus
Chaematia Dumortier, all prostrate, small
shrubs. Some Rabdophaga species occur in both
remaining subgenera: Salix s.s. (trees and large
shrubs) and Caprisalix Dumortier (shrubs). R
terminalis Kieffer, for instance, occurs in shoots
and leaves, R. rosaria (H. Loew) in shoots, R.
deletrix (Rubsaamen) in buds and R. nervorum
(Kietter) in leaves. However, a number of spe-
cies exclusively attack willows of the subgenus
Salix: R. saliciperda (Dufour) in twigs, R. trian-
draperda Barnes in twigs, R. heterobia (H.
Loew) in shoots and in male catkins. The major-
ity of Rabdophaga species are restricted to the
large genus Caprisalix.
Table 7 presents the host plant relations of 13
Planetella species which are recorded in Buhr
(1964—1965). Two groups of species are dis-
tinct, namely, the species which cause galls in
sedges belonging to both sections Vignea
(Beauvois) Kükenthal and Carex, and those
which are restricted to the section Carex. Re-
cords are absent from the remaining subgenera
Indocarex Baillon and Primocarex Kükenthal.
When analyzing Rübsaamen & Hedicke’s
(1925—1939) keys, there is a parallel situation
in gall midges and host plants with respect to
the state of derivativeness of some characters:
the species which exhibit apomorphic character
states in the shape of the adult thorax and/or
number of male flagellomeres, viz., Planetella
tarda (Rübsaamen), rosenhaueri (Rübsaamen),
fischeri (Frauenfeld), tumorifica (Rübsaamen)
and cornifex (Kieffer), only occur on sedges
which in their turn share synapomorphies with
respect to the differentiation of their inflores-
cences in male and female spikes. Unfortu-
nately, the two poorly known species P.
kneuckeri (Kieffer) and P. subterranea (Kieffer
& Trotter), which were only reported from
sedges belonging to the section Vignea, are not
mentioned in Rubsaamen & Hedicke.
Table 7. Species of Planetella associated with subge-
nera of Carex. Subdivision of Carex according to
Chater (1980).
caricis
baudisi
granifex
arenaria
subterranea
gallarum
frireni
kneuckeri
tarda
cornifex
rosenhaueri
fischeri
tumorificus
Cladograms of gall midges and host plants
have been provided by Roskam (1979) for Se-
mudobia (five spp.), including two Nearctic
species, and Betula (about 40 spp.) (fig. 3). Four
dichotomies, or events of speciation, in Semu-
dobia have corresponding branchings in Betula.
First, S. skuhravae Roskam induces galls in the
bracts of fruit catkins, whereas S. betulae (Win-
nertz), S. tarda Roskam, S. brevipalpis Roskam
and S. steenisi Roskam, sharing apomorphies of
larval and adult morphology, make galls in
fruits. This dichotomy 1 is reflected in Betula at
the section level. Whereas birches belonging to
the sections Costatae (Regel) and Humiles
(Koch) have erect catkins with fruits overwin-
tering in the trees, birches of the sections Excel-
sae (Koch) and Acuminatae (Regel) bear pen-
dent catkins and disperse their fruits in the au-
tumn of the year of flowering, an apomorphic
condition. Acuminate birches lack Semudobia
galls. S. skuhravae causes galls in birches of all
remaining sections, but the fruit galling midges
are only present on birches of the section Excel-
sae. The structure of the catkins in the latter
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 209
Zu
sku COSTATAE\a2
o/ Lu LU
D
O
HUMILES E
(©)
SEMUDOBIA BETULA
bet ACUMINATAE
A a 9 \&
2 A
U
>
FAI
tar
populifoliasw
coerulea-gr._2
platyphylla~w
Ww
z
Al
È Ww
nee D
|
m
7 x
papyrifera\w m)
À 4
CU
fontinalis >
davuricasw
—
<
a.
pubescens,2
Fig. 3. Parallel cladogenesis in Betula and Semudobia. The numbers refer to corresponding dichotomies in the
cladograms. The branch which is not supported by apomorphies is indicated by a question mark. CIRC, Cir-
cumboreal; NE, Nearctic; PAL, Palaearctic; PUB, Pubescentes; VERR, Verrucosae; bet, Semudobia betulae;
bre, S. brevipalpis; sku, S. skuhravae; ste, S. steenisi; tar, S. tarda.
section allows fruit galling Semudobia species to
hibernate in the soil, which is a favourable con-
dition (Mohn, 1961).
Dichotomy 2 in Semudobia is parallelled by
Betula at the series level: S. tarda is common in
birches of the series Pubescentes Sukaczew of
Excelsae, whereas S. betulae predominates in
birches belonging to the series Verrucosae Su-
kaczew. This branching separates birches of dif-
ferent habitat conditions and apparently
evolved under allopatric conditions. However,
the recent birches of both series may occur
sympatrically, as do S. betulae and S. tarda.
Both midge species are able to induce galls in
birches belonging to both series, but their pref-
erence is different, reminiscent to the original,
allopatric situation (Roskam & Van Uffelen,
1981).
Finally, there is a correspondence regarding
the third and fourth branchings, as a result of
geographical vicariance. In both series of the
section Excelsae different species occur in the
western and eastern part of both Palaearctic and
Nearctic. In the “betulae group” of Semudobia
species, viz., S. betulae, S. brevipalpis and S.
steenisi, this vicariance is incompletely parallel-
led: S. brevipalpis and S. steenisi being restricted
to the East and West Nearctic, respectively, and
S. betulae occurring in the whole Palaearctic
(Roskam, 1979).
We must conclude, as was expected in phyto-
phages, that parallel branchings in Betula and
Semudobia are not complete. Moreover, fruit-
galling Semudobia species were able to shift to
other phyletic lines of birches under circum-
stances of secondary sympatry. Real reciprocal
adaptations are absent. The first dichotomy 1s
an example of sequential evolution: a change in
the construction of the catkin, in favour of dis-
persal of the birch fruits, is exploited by the
fruit-galling midges to improve their conditions
for hibernation. All other branchings evolved
simultaneously in plants and midges under con-
ditions of allopatry.
210 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 3, 1985
CONCLUSIONS
1. Two feeding modes are common in Ceci-
domyiidae, namely mycetophagy and phyto-
phagy, the latter eventually culminating in gall
induction. Phytophagy, occurring exclusively in
Cecidomyiinae, must be considered as a derived
feeding mode. Outgroup comparison of larval
and adult morphology, and feeding modes of re-
lated nematoceran families are arguments for
this conclusion. Within the Cecidomyiinae two
clusters of tribes can be defined on morphologi-
cal synapomorphies, viz., Oligotrophini — La-
siopterim and Cecidomyiini — Asphondyliini.
Because in both clusters mycetophagous repre-
sentatives exist, and a secondary transition from
phytophagy to mycetophagy is highly improba-
ble, an independent, and hence polyphyletic
transition from mycetophagy to phytophagy
must be accepted in gall midges.
2. When species richness of gall midges is de-
fined for families of host plants (logarithmically
transformed data), the taxonomic interdepen-
dence of gall midge and host plant species num-
bers explains more than half the variation of gall
midge species richness on those plants. Long-
lived, woody plants accumulate more gall midge
species than short-lived herbs. Contrary to
some results for external plant feeders, taxo-
nomical diversity of host plants is an important
variate for this group of endophytophages to
explain their radiation.
3. At the tribal rank gall inducing Cecido-
myiidae are differently adapted to structures of
their host plants. In Lasiopterini and Oligotro-
phini significantly more species are adapted to
vegetative organs, such as stems, vegetative
shoots and leaves, whereas in Asphondyliini
and Cecidomyiini more species are adapted to
generative organs, such as flowers, inflores-
cences and fruits. If the preference for genera-
tive tissues in Contarinia is original for Cecido-
myiini, the different preference of gall midge
tribes for host plant organs may function as evi-
dence for a polyphyletic transition to phytopha-
4. Most gall inducing midge species have nar-
row host plant spectra. Limits at the gall midge
genus level are usually narrow too: species of
the same genus have host plants which are also
congeneric or belong to some closely related
genera. Although examples of ecological oppor-
tunists are in the minority, they also exist in gall
midges. Gall midge — host plant relations may
be diffuse: parallel traits between gall midge and
host plant phylogenies are absent, due to shifts
of gall midges to, usually, related host species
during the free living adult phase. Sometimes re-
markable parallel traits are present in gall midge
and host plant phylogenies. Dichotomies at the
species level in gall midges match dichotomies
at various levels of host plant taxonomy. In As-
phondylia a dichotomy is present at the host
plant family level: one cluster of species causes
galls in flowers of Labiatae, whereas another
cluster is restricted to pods or vegetative parts
of Leguminosae. Loewiola and Acodiplosis, two
closely related Cecidomyiini, both occur on As-
teraceae, but have host plants belonging to the
different, also mutually close tribes Cynareae
and Inuleae, respectively. In Rabdophaga and
Planetella specificity is present below the genus
level of host plants. Species of the latter genus, .
which exhibit morphological synapomorphous
character stages occur on sedges which in their
turn are also characterized by synapomorphies,
indicating parallel evolution of both groups. In
Semudobia parallel traits with host plant phylo-
geny are obvious. Some corresponding dichoto-
mies evolved independently in both systems as a
result of geographical isolation, one event of
parallel cladogenesis apparently is the result of
sequential evolution.
5. Prerequisites for sympatric speciation are
present in gall midges which live in perennial
plants, hibernating and pupating in the galls;
mating and oviposition then occurs in close
proximity to the gall. However, assortative
mating, another prerequisite, is unlikely in
many instances because of the production of
unisexual families by females and swarming
flights of virgin males. Furthermore, in cases of
host shifts, even to closely related plant taxa, a
considerable reduction of fitness can be ob-
served. Nevertheless, analysis of life-history
traits offers a few examples in which gall midges
possess a niche structure appropriate for sympa-
tric speciation, e.g., Nearctic Rhopalomyia spe-
cies on Artemisia.
Finally, we must be aware that in a group of
phytophages, where so many related taxa share
related host plants, many more parallel events
will be discovered. Only when monographic
work is combined with a detailed study of host
plant relations, the major processes responsible
for the present gall midge diversity will become
understood.
Roskam: Gall midge — host plant associations 211
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to Dr R. J. Gagné (Washing-
ton, D.C.), Dr K. M. Harris (London) and Pro-
fessor Dr H. Zwölfer (Bayreuth) for their pro-
found criticism of earlier drafts of the manu-
script. Stans Kofman compiled many of the data
and Dr M. Zandee (Leiden) helped with the
statistics.
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DEEL 128 AFLEVERING 4 1985
TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
INHOUD
R. H. COBBEN. — Additions to the Eurasian saldid fauna, with a description of
fourteen new species (Heteroptera, Saldidae), pp. 215—270, figs. 1—21, maps
1—4.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 128, afl. 4 Gepubliceerd 20-XII-1985
hear gaar.
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ADDITIONS TO THE EURASIAN SALDID FAUNA, WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF FOURTEEN NEW SPECIES
(HETEROPTERA, SALDIDAE)
by
R. H. COBBEN
Department of Entomology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
The following new species of Eurasian Saldidae are described: Halosalda coracina
(Greece), Saldula hasegawai (far East USSR, Japan), S. tarwanensis (Taiwan), S. sibiricola
(USSR: Kazakhstan), Macrosaldula clavalis (USSR: Georgia), M. inornata (Iraq), M
kerzhneri (USSR: Kazakhstan), M. koktshetavica (USSR: Kazakhstan), M. miyamotoi (Ja-
pan), M. shikokuana (Japan), M. simulans (Siberia, Mongolia), M. violacea (Far East of
USSR, Japan), Calacanthia grandis (China), Salda kiritshenkoi (USSR: Central Asia, Far
East, N. E. China, Japan). A new subspecies M. oblonga acetabularis is described from
Kazakhstan. Salda nevadensis Wagn. and S. littoralis piechockit Wagn. are synonymized
with S. littoralis L. Lectotypes are designated for Salda micans Jak., S. splendens Jak. and
Macrosaldula roborowski Jak. comb. n. (transferred from Chartoscirta). The Macrosaldula
clade is discussed; it is provisionally taxonomically treated as a genus. A tentative key is
presented for 21 species of Macrosaldula presently recognized in Eurasia. Preliminary rede-
finitions of M. jakovleffi Reut. and M. nivalis Lindb. are provided, whereas the status of M.
mongolica Kir. needs further confirmation. The known localities of Macrosaldula, Teloleu-
ca and Salda species (except for those from W. Europe) are mapped and the zoogeography
of these genera is briefly discussed.
CONTENTS
Miner ne TONNERRE ANT EEN 215
Description of species and comparative
BOCES hrc ce AEN 217
Discussion of Eurasian Salda species ..... 246
Tentative key to Macrosaldula species .... 254
Comments on the zoogeography of Ma-
crosaldula, Salda and Teloleuca........ 262
Ncknomledeementene ve a. 263
REE ante 263
INTRODUCTION
The present study is based predominantly on
a revision of saldid material collected by Rus-
sian and Japanese heteropterists in the eastern
parts of the Palaearctic. I have added some new
species from Greece, Iraq and China, which
certainly belong to supraspecific taxa having
originated in the northern hemisphere of the
Old World. The description of one species from
Taiwan is included here as well, although it may
be a member of a species group from a more
southern origin. Although the description of
some species is based on only scanty material
and, consequently, the knowledge of variability
215
and distributional patterns is limited, I refrained
from a further delay of publication. This revi-
sion may stimulate the study of material I have
not seen, and exploration of areas from which
no or only sparse data are available. Detailed
ecogeographical analyses of population struc-
tures of selected species groups, as for example
undertaken by Dr P. Lindskog (in prep.) on the
complex S. orthochila-burmanica (see p. 225),
are dependent on more numerous material than
I had the opportunity to study.
The present paper does not include a revision
of the abundant material in Russian and Japa-
nese collections of small-sized typical Saldula
and Micracanthia species. Such a revision is ur-
gently needed in order to understand the zoo-
geography of these world-wide genera with
preponderance of species occurring in the
northern hemisphere. I sincerely hope that Dr
N. N. Vinokurov (Yakutsk, USSR), who initi-
ated a fine, detailed study on this difficult group
of saldids in Eastern USSR (Vinokurov, 1975,
1978, 1979a—c, 1981), will eventually be suc-
cessful in preparing a comprehensive revision.
We may expect more examples of Holarctic dis-
216 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Fig. 1. a—g, Saldula hasegawai. a, paramere; b, grasping plate of 3; c, apex of paramere; d, base of penisfilum
of two specimens; e, parandria; f, subgenital plate; g, median ardosomal sdeste. h—p, Halosalda. h, o, p, H.
lateralis; i, —|, H. coracina; m, n, H. concolor; h, i, paramere, left figure of i as seen in direction of arrow in
right figure; j, penisfilum; k, grasping plate; o, frontal aspect of head; p, left view of head.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae
tribution to be added to those presently known.
Eight of the new species described below be-
long to a group of species which is treated here
as the genus Macrosaldula. A preliminary dis-
cussion on its status is given on page 232 and a
key to the 21 species now recognized is added. I
intend to devote a separate paper to the pressing
problem of generic delimitations in the Saldidae
after publication (Cobben in press) of descrip-
tions of some twenty new taxa, mostly from Af-
rica.
I dedicate this paper to Prof. A. N. Kiritshen-
ko (1884—1971), the founder of Russian saldid
taxonomy who had already labelled some pres-
ently described species as new to science in Rus-
sian collections.
coracina sp.n.
body length in mm d 3.4—3.6
2 3.7—3.8
general coloration type series uniformly
black, apex of wing often
narrowly pale; pronotum
entirely black, rarely with
lateroventral pale streak
structure of forewing strongly coreaceous and
transversely vaulted;
remnant of membrane not
visibly demarcated from
corium
cuticle of forewing highly polished, entirely
smooth without any
sculpture, commissure
between clavus and
corium lined with a row
of pits
texture of dorsum hairless
217
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES AND COMPARATIVE
NOTES
Halosalda coracina sp.n.
(figs. 1 1-1; 2a, b).
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Typical Halosalda habitus, but dorsal cuticle
completely bare, highly smooth and polished.
Greece.
The characters of this new species are pre-
sented in comparison with conditions in the
other two Halosalda species. Since only of
H. lateralis (Fallen, 1807) and H. concolor (Pu-
ton, 1880) macropters are known, comparisons
below refer to semibrachypterous specimens
(forewing more or less coleopterous due to sub-
stantial reduction of membrane).
concolor
3.2—3.7
3.6—4.0
variable (see figs. 102—
105 in Cobben, 1960);
extension of black
pigment spreading in
eunomic series from
mesocorium outward;
predominantly dark
specimens ın west
mediterranean
as coracina but less
vaulted; membrane
weakly set off from
corium
shiny, weakly rugose;
suture between clavus and
corium indistinct
with very scattered short
adpressed setae (distance
between setae wider than
length of setae)
lateralis
3.24.1!)
3.6—4.6!)
highly variable, but pale
specimens predominating
(see figs. 94—98 in
Cobben, 1960); extension
of dark pigment in wing
starting from lateral sides
not coleopteroid, dorsum in
cross-section weakly
convex; visible borderline
between corium and
membrane
weakly shining, clearly
rugose; suture between
clavus and corium not
obvious, but claval ridge
along inner side of
commissure distinct
with rather dense regular
coat of short decumbent
setae (distance between
setae much shorter than
length of setae).
1) These numbers refer to specimens from various origins; the mean value for material from the west continental
coasts is clearly higher than for specimens from the British Isles and countries bordering the Black Sea.
218 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
ratio: width/length d 2.05—2.25 2.50—2.70 2.60—2.75
ef prenetum 9 2.35—2.50 2.65—2.90 2.70—2.95
scutellum anterior mid part wıth flat flat
shallow depression
head very polished, frons with rather shiny, frons rather dull, frons and vertex
only few scattered setae; | somewhat rugose, thickly covered with pale
- white parties of mouth moderately beset with setae (fig. 10); mouth
sclerites mostly as in fig. short setae (fig. lm, n); sclerites extensively light-
11, sometimes as in fig. 1m pigmentation of mouth coloured; post-clypeus
or in between fig. 1m and sclerites varying between __ transversely well-
n, but lateral edges of fig. Im and n, and developed, fused with
transverse band sometimes grading into mandibular plates and
(postclypeus) never that fig. lo, particularly in lateral swellings between
swollen specimens from Cyprus eye and antennal socket
antennae dark brownish, inner side dark specimens: segment entirely pale, segment 1 and
of segment 1 yellowish 1 and 2 pale, outer side 2 often with dark line along
with brown streak; light- external side
coloured specimens from
Cyprus: entirely pale
legs first acetabula largely dark specimens: first as in concolor
pale; coxa blackish, femur acetabula narrowly or
and tibia ochreous with largely pale; legs with
dark longitudinal stripes short brownish stripes;
lightest specimens: all
acetabula and entire legs
whitish
genitalia parandria slender (fig. 2b) parandrıa blunt (fig. 2c) parandria blunt (fig. 2c)
known geographic coast of NE Greece
distribution
Material. — Holotype (6), Porto Lagos, NE
Greece, 23.viil.1983, leg. R. H. Cobben. Paratypes 9
3 4 9, idem. Holotype and paratypes in coll. Wage-
ningen !), paratypes in Leningrad coll. and in coll.
Drosopoulos, Athens.
Comparative notes. — The type series, all
strongly semibrachypterous, was collected on
open patches of moist sandy soil in Salicornia
vegetation in the dunes bordering the Aegean
1) The indication “coll. Wageningen” throughout this
paper means: the collections of the Department of
Entomology of the Agricultural University at Wa-
geningen.
mediterranean (Italy,
France, Spain, Tunesia,
Cyprus, Corfu)
widely Palaearctic
Sea. The species occurred simultaneously with
H. lateralis. Since sampling was done in the eve-
ning twilight and only two specimens of H. la-
teralis were seen, the possibility of a difference
in the daily period of activity between both spe-
cies cannot be excluded. The most reliable char-
acter of H. coracina separating it from the other
two species, lies in the lack of any dorsal sculp-
ture and pilosity. As regards the coloration, the
new species forms the most dark extreme of a
gradual series of colour morphs, in which A. la- |
teralis represents the opposite extreme of pre-
dominantly light-coloured specimens. H. con-
color has a more or less intermediate position, at
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 219
Fig. 2. a—c, Halosalda. a, H. coracina, median endosomal sclerite; b, c, parandria of H. coracina (b), H. latera-
lis and H. concolor (c). d—i, Saldula taiwanensis. d, frontal aspect of head of 3; e, paramere; f, penisfilum; g, left
view of penis; h, parandria; i, left fore wing. j—l, Saldula inoana. j, parandria; k, paramere; |, frontal aspect of
head of 3; m, Saldula uichancoi: frontal aspect of head of d.
220
Fig. 3. Saldula hasegawai, general facies of 9.
least in the western mediterranean, where I of-
ten collected it together with H. lateralis.
population from Cyprus (near Akrotiri,
21.vi.1951, leg. G. Mavromoustakis), which on
the basis of cuticular structure and paucity of
setae definitely belongs to H. concolor, is con-
siderably different. All its individuals are ex-
tremely lightly pigmented. Some are even more
pale than the lightest individuals of H. lateralis I
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
have seen, the mid frontal pale spots on the head
conjugating with the transverse postclypeal
swelling. This sample from Cyprus furthermore
contains a high percentage of macropters (6 ma-
cropteres, 4 semibrachypters), the first seen in
H. concolor. Although Akrotiri is close to the |
sea, the locality label mentions “in fresh water |
marshes”. This fits in with my own and Josi-
fov’s (1957) experience that the macropters of
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 221
H. lateralis are occasionally found outside the
main habitat of the species.
It is expected that H. coracina occurs further
eastward in coastal salt-marshes in Turkey. My
collections from more south-eastern and west-
ern parts of Greece so far revealed only the
presence of H. lateralis. The distribution pat-
tern of H. concolor is still fragmentary, and col-
lections containing material from southern ori-
gins identified as H. lateralis need to be reinves-
tigated. On my request, Dr Kerzhner checked
the abundant material in the Leningrad Museum
and concluded that it all refers to H. lateralis
proper. This Euro-Siberian species occurs all
over Europe inclusive of Scandinavia and its
eastern range covers East-Mongolia and Trans-
baical.
Saldula hasegawai sp.n.
(figs. la—g; 3)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Rather small (3.0—3.6 mm), head and thorax
black, glossy, wing dull-black with ochreous
wing margin, semibrachypterous (membrane
half-way reduced), whole body with long pilos-
ity. Japan, Far East of the USSR.
Head: black, spherical preocellar spot and all
mouth-part sclerites, gular lobe and rostrum
yellowish brown; glabrous yellowish white tu-
mescence in between antennal socket and eye;
dorsal surface with numerous erect dark setae as
long as the trichobothrial setae and with recum-
bent short golden setae; eyes with short setae;
underside with semilong adpressed silvery setae.
Thorax: black, glossy, densely covered dorsally
with upstanding black setae and recumbent
semilong light setae; pronotum with distinct
collar, separated from callus by row of pits,
lateral sides weakly convex or straight, frontal
edges not wider than collar; dome about two-
and-a-half times as long as posterior lobe, pos-
terior border of dome lined with pits.
Wing: ashy black, clavus without apical pale
spot, endocorium entirely dark in specimens
from Japan, with one slight spot in centre and
another one on inner edge in specimens from E.
USSR; exocorium convex laterally, with light
brown lateral margin extending in light subbasal
and apical spot; with long erect brown and re-
cumbent, shaggy, semilong golden setae; mem-
brane distinctly reduced, dark smoky with och-
reous spots or entirely testaceous; hypocostal
lamina without secondary oblique ridge; apex
of hind wing reaching level of base of mem-
brane.
Extremities: ratio of antennal segments 1 :
2.1 : 1.5 : 1.5, segments 1 and 2 brown, shining,
with erect brown setae, which are slightly lon-
ger than diameter of segment, and some setae of
greater length on segment 2; segments 3 and 4
dark-brown with short white setae and scat-
tered dark erect bristles. Legs unicolorous light-
brown, acetabula and coxae black; tibiae with
erect brown setae, which along outer margin are
longer than width of tibiae, and dark spines as
long as tibial diameter.
Other structures: rudiment of larval organ
and sclerites of pregenital gland present; subge-
nital plate of © broadly truncate (fig. 1f), grasp-
ing plate of d with some 23 pegs (fig. 1b); par-
andria and paramere as figured (figs. le, a, c),
penisfilum coiled 212 times, endosomal sclerite
of normal shape (fig. 1g).
Holotype 6, length 3.16 mm, width 1.70
mm. Paratypes, 4 d, length 2.8—3.05 mm,
width 1.6—1.7 mm; 59, length 3.2—3.7 mm,
width 1.78—1.9 mm.
Material. — Holotype (4), Japan, Osorezan, Ao-
mori Pref., 2.viii.1953, leg. H. Hasegawa (in coll. Wa-
geningen). Paratypes, 3 d 4 ®, idem (in Hasegawa
coll.); 1 & 12, USSR, Sudzukhe (now Zapovednyy),
25 km S of Sokolovka Primorskiy Kray, coast of Japa-
nese Sea, 22.viii.1959, leg. I. Kerzhner; 1 d, near Vla-
divostok, 26.vii.1925, leg. Rostovykh (in coll. Lenin-
grad Museum).
Comparative notes. — Superficially this new
species resembles on the one hand the Micra-
canthia fennica group in general facies, pigmen-
tation (fig. 4g—j) and shape of the paramere
(fig. 4a—f), and, on the other hand, the Nearctic
Saldula bouchervillei (Prov.) (fig. 4m), S. orbi-
culata Uhl. (fig. 4n) and S. severini Harr., in
colour pattern and pilosity. Particularly the re-
semblance with S. orbiculata is rather strong,
but unlike in that species the pruinose areas on
the wings are lacking in S. hasegawai. Besides
smaller specific differences (e.g. in shape of par-
ameres, compare fig. la with figs. 4k, 1), S. ha-
segawai deviates clearly from all these species in
having a glabrous, lightish tumescence between
antennal socket and eye, and in not having the
secondary hypocostal ridge.
Saldula taiwanensis sp.n.
(fig. 2d—1i)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Rather small (3.5—4.0 mm), short-haired,
head and thorax black, moderately shiny, wings
fully developed, with black, bluish pruinose
222 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Fig. 4. a—j, Micracanthia. a—f, paramere; g—j, left fore wing. a, M. marginalis; b, M. humilis; c, M. drakei; d,
M. husseyi; e, M. pumpila; f, M. floridana; g—i, M. marginalis; j, M. fennica; k, m, 0, S. bouchervillei. |, n, p, S.
orbiculata. k, |, paramere; m, n, left fore wing; O, pP, pronotum.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae
and white markings more or less like in the ge-
nus Chartoscirta. Taiwan.
Head: black, anteclypeus, maxillary and man-
dibular plates largely yellowish, labrum black
with central part lightish, apex of gular lobe yel-
lowish, preocellar spot broadly touching eye
margin (fig. 2d); short adpressed golden hairs,
vertex with several semilong erect black setae,
underside with dense silvery pubescence; ros-
trum brown, reaching in between hind coxae.
Thorax: black, rather shiny, with adpressed
short golden pubescence, side margin of prono-
tum straight or weakly concave, front edges
slightly wider than collar; acetabula black.
Wings with irregular golden pubescence, on
mid part somewhat shaggy, clavus with only ap-
ical, small lightish spot, embolium yellowish
with black base; distribution of black, white and
pruinose areas of corium and pigmentation of
membrane as in fig. 21; hypocostal suture pre-
sent.
Extremities: antennae, length of segments
given in table 1, nr. 3, segment 1 yellowish
brown, underneath black; other segments dark
brown with short brown hairs, additional erect
hairs on segments 3 and 4 not longer than
diameter of segment. Legs yellowish, coxae
dark brown, femora ventrally with dark streak,
flat sides with brown dots; knees and apex of
last tarsal segment fuscous.
Other structures: larval organ present, stig-
mata not contacting side margins of sternites,
male coupling plate with about 18 small pegs.
Genital capsule of male with erect long brown
setae on dorsolateral sides; parandria widely
separated (fig. 2h); paramere with sharp pro-
cessus hamatus (fig. 2e); length of penisfilum
and phallic sclerites as in figs. 2f and g. Subgeni-
tal plate of £ broadly rounded, whitish.
Material. — Holotype (4), Taiwan, Baron-Nishi-
mura, 10.viii.1941, leg. H. Hasegawa (in coll. Wage-
ningen). Paratypes idem 8 d 3 @ (in coll. Hasegawa
and Wageningen); M. Taiwan, Keishinryo, nr. Chu-
chi, 1 d, 15.1v.1965, leg. T. Saigusa (in coll. Miyamo-
to).
Comparative notes. — The external aspect of
S. taiwanensis resembles very much the Pal-
aearctic Chartoscirta cincta (H.-S). The new
species, however, lacks the leg-wing sound pro-
ducing mechanism altogether; the unique shape
of the plectrum is diagnostic for Chartoscirta.
Other characters (shorter first antennal seg-
ment, male genitalia) also prevent inclusion into
Chartoscirta. The new species also has some su-
perficial resemblance to species of the S. fletche-
225
ri group (e.g. S. fletcheri (Dist.), S. moana Dr.,
S. uichancoi Dr. & Viad.). Male genitalia (fig. 2),
k), and other characteristics (fig. 21, m) of this
group are quite different from S. taiwanensis.
Saldula burmanica Lindskog, 1975 subsp.n.?
(fig. 5a—d, f, g)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Medium sized (3.44.6), mounticolous spe-
cies of the orthochila group, coalblack with
dense, often conspicuous semierect dark pubes-
cence, shining head, thorax and lateral wing
margin; wing mostly with some greyish white
spots, clavus most often with subbasal and sub-
apical spot; polymorphous, usually broadly
subovate subbrachypterous. Himalayan moun-
tain chain, India, Nepal.
Head: rather shining, with recumbent light
setae and some semilong dark setae which are
shorter than the trichobothrial bristles, eye with
scattered, very short setae; preocellar spot trian-
gular, one side adjacent to eye; middle pair of
trichobothrial setae on weak, black tumescence;
anteclypeus with two brisles; mouthpart scle-
rites pale yellowish, more darkened in female,
gular lobe black, rostrum light or dark brown.
Thorax: shiny, glossy, with some light ad-
pressed setae and an irregular vestiture of erect
short or semilong dark setae; pronotum (fig. 5g)
with straight of slightly convex lateral sides,
proximal side somewhat wider than collar,
dome not reaching side margins of pronotum,
central pit deep, posterior margin indicated with
row of pits; first acetabula with narrow pale
margin, acetabula 2 and 3 entirely black.
Hemielytron (fig. 5f): dull, lateral explanate
strip of exocorium and R + M ridge deep black,
shining; other wing parts ashy grey and black
with regular, rather short, semierect dark setae
and some scattered golden adpressed setae,
length of semierect setae subequal to width of
hind tibia; clavus mostly with a small subbasal
and subapical light spot, sometimes indistinct or
absent; endocorium with varying number of
small light spots, maximum number six, two
near R + M ridge, four in distal part, light spots
sometimes pruinose; exocorium with maximally
three pale spots in the inner region and one
larger spot distally near the wing margin; this
latter spot remaining visible in otherwise en-
tirely black specimens; membrane shining,
dark-light pattern more or less as in fig. 5f,
mostly subbrachypterous to varying degrees,
sometimes tending to semibrachyptery at high
altitudes (ca. 3000 m), hind wing as long as fore
224 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Fig 5. a, Antenna of S. orthochila from W Europe (above) and from S. burmanica (below); b, median endosomal
sclerite of S. orthochila (left) and S. burmanica (right); c, paramere of S. burmanica from Nepal (left), India
(right); d, parandria of S. burmanica from India (above), Nepal (middle), of S. orthochila (W Europe); e, para-
mere of S. orthochila from the Netherlands: f, g, S. burmanica; f, fore wing; g, pronotum; h, pronotum of speci-
men of the burmanica group from Vietnam.
R. H. CoBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 225
wing or reduced till apex of clavus of fore wing;
submacropterous condition of fore wing rare.
Extremities: Antennae shining, segment 1
light brown with some semilong dark bristles;
segment 2 light or dark brown with short dark
setae and some erect semilong dark setae along
median side, 2—3 times as long as width of seg-
ment (fig. 5a below); segments 3 and 4 black;
ratio of segments 1 : 2.5—2.6 : 1.7—1.8 : 1.9—
2.1. Legs shining, testaceous, with short light
brown pilosity, coxae black, femora with dark
blots on flat sides and ventrally with black
stripe; base, mid part and apex of tibiae dark-
ened, black spines as long as diameter of tibia,
last tarsal segment dark brown.
Other structures: larval organ absent, sclerite
of pregenital gland present; subgenital plate of
female broadly rounded, black, caudal margin
sometimes narrowly pale; coupling plate of
male with about 20 pegs in three rows, paran-
dria broad, nearly adjacent (fig. 5d), paramere
with acute-angled, black processus hamatus and
pronounced processus sensualis with long,
brown setae (fig. 5c); median endosomal sclerite
as in fig. 5b, right; penisfilum coiled two times.
Length of 10 d 3.44.1 mm, width 1.8—1.9
mm; of 5 2 3.94.9 mm, and 2.1—2.4 mm,
respectively.
Material. — India: W. Almora, 2 d 39, Kumaon,
(no date), leg. H. G. Champion; Kumaon, Nainital, 1
2, (no date), leg. H. G. Champion; Chakrate Div.
2.300 m, 16, 1.vii.1932, leg. H. G. Champion; Versi
gaon, Sallana Tehri, Garhwal, near stream, 1830 m, 1
3 1 2 2.vi.1946, leg. J. K. Uniyal; Uttar Pradesh,
Mussoorie, 1500—2200 m, 19, 3—14.viii.1978 (Co-
penhagen Zool. Mus. Exp.); Gopaldhara, Darjeeling,
1500—2000 m., 1 ®, 16.1x.1917, leg. H. Stevens; Sik-
kim, Karponang 3.300 m, 2 2, 16—24.111.1917 (leg.
H. S.); Sikkim-Nepal frontier, Tonglu, 3.350 m, 1 9,
vii—viii. 1919, leg. H. Stevens; Nepal: R. G. Yack
Exp. 1 6, 12.vii.1972, leg. R. A. Laurence; Pang-
boche, 4000 m, shore of marsh, 14 d 4 2, 11.v11.1964;
Junbesi, 2900 m, 1 ©, 28.vii.1964; between Those and
Junbesi, 1 2, viii.1974, leg. C. Ravaccia; Puiyan, 2900
m, mist-forest, 19.vii.1964; Thangpoche, 3500 m, 1 6,
11.vii.1964; Pheriche, 4350 m, shore of swamp, 11 à
7 2, 10.vii.1964, all. leg. R. Remane; Alm Darghari,
Maharigaon, 4000 m, 1 ®, ix.1971, leg. H. Franz; be-
tween Mulkharka and Tare-Pati, 1 9, ix—x.1971, leg.
H. Franz; Langtan vall., 1 6 1 2, 23.iv.1978, leg. H.
Kraigher; Gufa, Terhathum Distr. 2950—3000 m, 1 d
1 2, 29.x.1979, leg. M. Tomokuni; Ting Sang La,
3400 m, 1 d 1 2, 13—15.1v.1973, leg. J. Martens.
Comparative notes. — I must give an expla-
nation for the description of and discussion on a
taxon presented here, which was perfectly de-
scribed by Lindskog (1975) as S. burmanica,
based on 3 d and 4 ® from one locality (1200
m) in NE Burma. Since more than 15 years I
had in my collection specimens from high alti-
tudes in India which I described in manuscript
as a new species. In recent years I saw addition-
al material from many localities in the Hima-
laya. Since my and also Lindskog’s (1975, p.
170) belief was that indeed a valid species was
involved, I prepared its formal description for
the present paper. The manuscript of the pre-
sent paper was sent to Dr Lindskog for his com-
ments. Meanwhile Lindskog had also received
many additional specimens of “the new species”
and he wrote me that he is now inclined to con-
sider it at most a subspecies of S. burmanica
Lindskog. Having seen now the holotype and
paratypes of S. burmanica, which were kindly
sent by Lindskog for comparison, I agree with
Lindskog’s conclusion. Since the whole body of
my manuscript had already achieved its final
stage, inclusive the illustrations, I retain here
my original text, with only some necessary
amendments. I leave the final decision on the
taxonomic status to Per Lindskog who is pre-
paring a detailed study of the burmanica-ortho-
chila complex. His paper will provide a much
more detailed and geographical analysis than
presented here.
Saldula orthochila Fieber, the closest relative
of S. burmanica, differs in the following re-
spects: more slender (ratio body length: width
about 2.1—2.2, as against 1.8—2.0 in the S. bur-
manica form considered here); without long
erect black setae on head and thorax and with-
out erect dark pilosity on hemielytra; recum-
bent light setae more numerous; head and tho-
rax less shining; first acetabula broadly light;
lateral strip of fore wing dull, membrane for the
major part hyaline (see for more differences
Lindskog, 1975, p. 165). S. orthochila has a very
wide distribution covering nearly all West Eu-
ropean countries, and it is recorded eastwards
from S Russia, Turkestan and Siberia (Cobben,
1960). Iran is added here as a new country re-
cord (Mazanderan, Chalus-valley, 1300 m, 1 9,
13.viii.1968, leg. Heinz). I have seen material
from 3000m altitude in Tibet (Supi River, no
date, 6 d 14 2, leg. H. G. Champion, in Coll.
BMNH, London) and from Kashmir (Rukshu,
Tso-Morari, near frontier Tibet, 1 d, vii.1914,
leg. G. Babault, in Coll. Smiths. Inst. Washing-
ton). These match specimens from W Europe,
except for varying colour of second antennal
segment (dark brown to light brown), for some
long erect setae on head and pronotum, and for
226
somewhat denser and longer pilosity on the
wings. Increasing pilosity at higher altitudes is
also seen in other saldids (e.g. Saldula saltato-
ria), but the pilosity of S. orthochila remains
much less dense than in S. burmanica. The
semibrachypterous orthochila from Tibet have
further reduced hind wings, reaching about the
apex of the clavus; the extending setae on the
second antennal segment are of varying length,
mostly shorter than in western populations. On
the basis of all these characters, the orthochila
material from Tibet seems somewhat interme-
diate between typical S. orthochila and S. bur-
manica. A study of the geographic variation of
additional populations from western and more
eastern parts of the Himalaya is needed in order
to define subpopulations of S. orthochila and
S. burmanica.
To my surprise, I came across one female
from N Vietnam, which means a considerable
extension of the known orthochila-burmanica
chain. The specimen in the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, Washington, is labelled: Tonkin, Chapa,
v.1916, leg. R. V. de Salvaza. It is long-winged,
4.51 x 2.20 mm, and conforms most to the de-
scription of S. burmanica (second antennal seg-
ment light-brown with mediolateral setae about
two times as long as width of segment; area
around subapical spot of clavus concolorous
with the rest of clavus). The aspect of the pro-
notum (fig. 5h) seems to differ somewhat in that
it tapers more narrowly towards the collar than
in orthochila and our form of burmanica (fig.
5g). The taxonomic evaluation of the Vietnam
individual must wait till males are available from
that territory. It presumably lives there at high
elevations. An extensive survey of the habitat
and ecology of the orthochila group of species 1s
presented by Lindskog (1975). Another species
of this group, defined by the character set: sec-
ond antennal segment with some erect bristle-
like setae and absence of the larval organ, is
$. nobilis Horv. with a Central European-Asiat-
ic distribution. It is a mountainous species and
the known records are scattered (see map 1). I
have now seen the first specimens from Japan
(Hokkaido, Kiyokawa near Ashora, 2 d 19,
7.v11.1958, leg. S. Miyamoto; Berabonai, Asho-
ro, 1 2, 8.v11.1958, leg. S. Miyamoto; Kuttyaro-
ko, 1 2, 11.viii.1937, leg. S. Asahina) and from
China (Manchuria, 1 ©, 25.vii.1943, leg. E. Ka-
wase). Lindskog (1975) referred to S. boucher-
ville: Prov. (= S. illinoiensis Dr.), a Nearctic
species exhibiting phenetic affinities to the or-
thochila group. This species indeed has no larval
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
organ as is typical for the orthochila group. A
reliable cladistic analysis of the species clusters
of the genus Saldula would ultimately bring out
whether the Palaearctic and the Nearctic assem-
blage of species, lacking the larval abdominal
organ (Cobben, 1957, 1959), form together a
monophyletic group. An independent loss of
that organ seems probable. Other species in the
Nearctic Region, which lack such organ, belong
to different complexes. They are S. villosa
Hodgd. (California, Oregon) on the one hand,
and S. laevis Champ. and S. sulcicollis Champ.
both from Guatemala and Mexico, on the other
hand. Oiosalda caboti Drake & Hoberlandt,
1952 (Colombia) seems to be most closely re-
lated to the latter two species, but actually pos-
sesses a larval organ. Definitely not closely re-
lated to the orthochila group, but nevertheless
without a larval organ, is a complex of species .
from India and surrounding countries (S. cham-
pioni Dr., edita Dr. & Hoberl., fletcheri Dist.,
pusana Dist.).
Saldula sibiricola sp.n.
(fig. 6f—n)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Medium-sized (4.3—5.7 mm), belonging to
the orthochila group, very close to S. nobilis
Horvath, but with more extended testaceous
elytral markings. Siberia.
Head: wide (0.7—0.8 x width of pronotum),
shiny black, preocellar spot elongate triangular
with longest side along eye; all mouth sclerites
lightish in à, black in © except for anteclypeus
and labrum, which are sometimes fuscous; with
shaggy adpressed lightish setae; postclypeus,
frons and vertex also with many extending dark
setae nearly as long as trichobothria; eyes with
scattered short setae; rostrum dark brownish,
reaching or slightly surpassing hind coxae. Tho-
rax: black, shiny, with irregular golden pubes-
cence and erect brown setae; pronotum narrow
(ratio length/width 0.5 in submacropterous,
0.35 in macropterous specimens), lateral sides
weakly concave, fore edges not much wider
than the distinct collar; dome well-developed
and elevated, reaching lateral sides, length me-
dially 1.45 X posterior part of pronotum; first
acetabula entirely white, 2 and 3 with pale apex.
Wings: mostly submacropterous fore wings,
hind wings reaching middle of membrane, one
female macropterous, weakly shiny, with scat-
tered golden recumbent setae on corium and
veins of membrane; corium and clavus with
dense pilosity of erect long brown setae (about
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 207
Fig. 6. a—e, Macrosaldula from Japan. a, M. miyamotoi, profile of pronotum and scutellum; b, idem of M. shi-
kokuana; c, M. miyamotoi, paramere; d, e, hind tibia and antenna of M. shikokuana, respectively. in, Saldula
sibiricola. f, paramere; g, apex of paramere; h, grasping plate of d; i, median endosomal sclerite; j, paramere; k,
base of penisfilum; |, pigment variation of fore wing; m, outline of subgenital plate of 2; n, gynatrium and sper-
matheca; o, S. nobilis, paramere.
228 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
0.2 mm long); ground colour testaceous, dark
pigment brownish (variation, fig. 61), three of
the five specimens have a light proximal spot on
the clavus; oblique hypocostal ridge present;
membrane entirely light-coloured, basally with
weak brown shade in dark specimens, veins
light brownish.
Extremities: first two antennal segments shi-
ny, yellowish, base of 1 sometimes darkened
underneath, 3 and 4 black; segment 2 with
obliquely extending brown pilosity, along the
distal median side somewhat longer than diame-
ter of segment, and with two dark, long setae
medially at the middle (about 4 X longer than
diameter of segment). Legs inclusive of coxae
yellowish; flat sides of femora with some fus-
cous spots, apex of tibiae and last tarsal segment |
infuscate; short lightish pubescence, dark spines
of third tibiae as long as diameter of tibia.
Other structures: abdomen dark brown, apex
of sternites very narrowly pale; stigmata close
to lateral margin of sternites; larval organ ab-
sent; distal prolongation of subgenital plate of
female semicircular, whitish; male grasping
plate, parandria, paramere and penisfilum as fig-
ured (fig. 6f—k, m, n).
Holotype (d), length 4.3 mm, width 2.1 mm.
Length and width of 3 submacropterous ®
varying from 4.5—5.7 and 2.3—2.7 mm, re-
spectively; of 1 macropterous ® 5.15 and 2.2
mm.
Material. — Holotype (4), USSR, Transbaicalia,
Kokuy, about 180 km ENE of railway station Urulga,
18.v1.1909, leg. A. Keller (in coll. Leningrad). Para-
types: idem 1 d 1 © (in coll. Wageningen); mountains
SW of railway station Koktuma, Dzhungarski Alatau
Mts, Kazakhstan, forest gorge, 1 macropterous ©,
26.v1.1962, leg. G. Medvedev; 25 km ESE of An-
dreevka, Dzhungarian Alatau Mts, Kazakhstan, in a
narrow forest along river, 1 @, 7.vii.1978, leg. I.
Kerzhner; Otar, region of Verny (now Alma-Ata), 1
2, 29.v1.1922, leg. A. Reichardt; Temirtau, near Kara-
ganda, 1 ©, 11.vu.1961, leg. Asanova; river Tentek
near Ursh-Aral, 1 d 1 2, 9.vii.1978, leg. I. Kerzhner.
Comparative notes. — There are no clear-cut
morphometric differences between S. sibiricola
and S. nobilis (the paramere of S. sibiricola could
be studied in only one ¢ available). The wing
patterns are, however, so strikingly different
that I am convinced, from my experience with
other sibling complexes revealing fewer differ-
ences (Cobben, 1960, 1961, 1980a, b), that in
the present case we are confronted with two re-
productively isolated populations. I have seen
typical S. nobilis from Germany, Csechoslova-
kia, USSR, China and Japan. The material seen
from Asia is as following (see map 1). USSR:
Verkhnyaya Mol’ka, Balagansk steppe, Irkutsk
region, 1 6, 21.vin.1931, leg. Zakhvatkin; Igir-
ma, Irkutsk region, 1 ?, 17.vin.1966, leg. Zhe-
rikhin; Khabarovsk, 1 ©, 18.vu.1931, leg. V.
Pereleshina; Khabarovsk-Ussuri region, 1 6,
lEva 1977 leg RESET rica; Aid en OS CE
3.vii.1977, leg. Stys & Davidova; idem 1 9,
8:v11.1977, leg. Kr Hürka; idem 37821335
1.vii.1978, leg. Stys & Vilimovä; Mongolia,
Batsiret, 1 9, 7.v111.1974, leg. A. Seifert. China:
Manchuria, 1 9, 25.vii.1943, leg. E. Kawase. I
added on map-1 one locality in the Amur region
and one in China (Kuku-nor lake); this material
in the Leningrad collection has been checked by
dr. Kerzhner (in litt.). Japan (new country re-
cord, formerly published as S. scotica Curt. by.
Hiura, 1967): Hokkaido, Kiyokawa near Asho-
ro, 2 d 2 9, 7.v11.1958, leg. S. Miyamoto; Kut-
tyaroko, 1 @, 11.viu.1937, leg. S. Asahina; Bek-
kai-mura, 1 ®, 2.vin.1967, leg. T. Saigusa; Ata-
ruma-dake, 1 2, 11.vii1.1967, leg. A. Nakanishi.
Most of the material is semibrachypterous,
some are submacropterous. The question of the
status of S. reuteri Jak. must be considered here
briefly. Jakovlev described this species from Sı-
beria in 1889 without reference to S. nobilis de-
scribed by Horvath five years earlier. Part of the
type series of S. reuteri, available to me by the
courtesy of Dr Kerzhner, conforms exactly
with S. nobilis. S. reuteri was treated as a variety
or a synonym of S. nobilis by most subsequent
authors such as Drake & Hoberlandt (1951),
Lindskog (1975), Vinokurov (1979a, b , c), but
listed again as a species propria by Hoberlandt
(1971b) from Mongolia without further com-
ments.
All specimens of S. nobilis have a uniform,
contrasting black-white wing pattern. The
proximal basis of the clavus is black; rarely
there is a very small white spot in the edge bor-
dering the corium (just the opposite side in S. s7-
biricola, fig. 61). The distal large white spot of
the exocorium, which persists in all specimens
of S. nobilis, presents a striking resemblance to
Teloleuca pellucens. In contrast, the light colour
of the corium of S. sibiricola is testaceous and
the brown pigmentation is only vaguely indi-
cated (fig. 61). I dare to predict that specimens
with darker patterns than drawn in fig. 61, right,
will eventually be found, and that their distal
endocorial spot will be much more reduced than
in S. nobilis.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 229
The conclusion that sibiricola is a valid spe-
cies and not just an ecotype, is further strength-
ened by the fact that the eight specimens origi-
nate from five different localities whithin an
area of roughly 1200 km? between 70—95°
longit., 55—40° latit. (see map 1). Its range is
more or less surrounded by that of S. nobilis
which extends from western Europe to eastern
USSR and Japan. Although this distribution
pattern suggests vicariance between both spe-
cies, Dr Kerzhner wrote me that S. sibiricola ap-
parently is a lowland species, in contrast to
S. nobilis. All records of the new species origi-
nate from steppe or even semidesert regions
outside the true mountainous regions, mostly at
altitudes between 100 and 400 m. S. sibiricola
might be more thermophilous than S. nobilis
which prefers damp situations at highter alti-
tudes.
Macrosaldula clavalis sp.n.
(fig. 7a—e)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Moderate size (4—5 mm), without erect long
setae, pronotum with pale side margins, clavus
with lightish basal stripe, wings extensively
marked with light pattern, close resemblance to
M. kaszabi (Hoberlandt, 1971). USSR.
M. clavalis sp.n. and M. kaszabi (Hober-
landt) can be distinguished as follows.
clavalis kaszabi
length of antennae in relation to 22-23 X 2x
width of head
ratio length antennal segments 3 + 1.25—1.4 11.2
4 to that of 2
ratio pronotum width/length 3.032 27
head and pronotum shiny dull
pubescence short, not dense, golden rather dense, silvery
mouthpart sclerites of ? predominantly dark, only lightish
mandibular plate and apex of
anteclypeus lightish (fig. 7d)
wing margin partly dark entirely lightish
inner base of clavus
7a)
tibiae
ring
Material. — Holotype (4), USSR, Transcaucasia,
Tshakvis-tavi, Adzharia, 15—20 km NE of Batumi,
21.v11.1949, leg. Kiritshenko (in Leningrad coll.). Par-
atype d, idem (in Leningrad coll.), 1 ©, idem (in coll.
Wageningen).
Comparative notes. — Both the new species
and M. kaszabi (Hoberl.) share a pale dot at the
origin of the middle cephalic trichobothria, pale
acetabula and pale pronotal side margins. The
gular plate of M. clavalis 8 is of light colour.
The paramere of M. clavalis has a longer pro-
cessus hamatus (fig. 7b, e) than in M. kaszabi as
figured by Hoberlandt (1971 b, figs. 10, 11).
The type locality of the new species in Georgia
is about 4500 km west of the range of M. kasza-
bi in Mongolia. The differences with other Ma-
crosaldula appear from the key to Macrosaldula
with longitudinal pale stripe (fig.
dark coloured except for subapical
without basal stripe
lightish except for dark base and apex
species presented below. Comments on the ge-
neric status of Macrosaldula are presented fol-
lowing the description of the next species, and
on page 254.
Macrosaldula inornata sp.n.
(figs. 8, 9 i—n)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Medium-sized (4.3—5 mm), slender, full-
winged, short-haired, predominantly straw-yel-
lowish, facies superficially Pentacora-like (fig.
8). Iraq.
Head: black, weakly shining, with recumbent
silvery hairs; postclypeus, frons and vertex with
ocelli flat; transverse swelling broadly devel-
oped above insertion of antenna; preocellar and
frontolateral spots, border of upper notch of
eye, transverse swelling, anteclypeus (except
230 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Fig. 7. a—e, Macrosaldula clavalis. a, corium and clavus of left fore wing; b, apex of paramere; c, male grasping
plate; d, front view of head; e, paramere. f—k, Macrosaldula koktshetavica. f, paramere; g, base of penisfilum; h,
median endosomal sclerite; i, rudiment of larval organ; j, parandria; k, pigment variation of corium and clavus. 1,
Macrosaldula oblonga, pigment variation of wing.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 231
Fig. 8. Macrosaldula inornata, holotype 4.
base), maxillary plate, gula and labrum yellow-
ish; first visible segment of rostrum light, re-
mainder dark brown, extending to middle cox-
ae. Thorax: nearly dull, densely covered with
recumbent golden pilosity dorsally and medi-
um-long silvery hairs ventrally; pronotum tra-
pezoid, with pale lateral margins, dome rather
flat; acetabula light.
Wings: dull, with rather regular short, silvery
pubescence, corium and clavus nearly unicolo-
rous straw-yellowish, membrane slightly smo-
ky; eight specimens have the lightest pattern as
shown in fig. 8; in two males the dark design on
the corium is only little enlarged, but the pale
clavus tends to be broken up by pigment trans-
versally in the middle; hypocostal lamina nar-
row, without oblique ridge; area of wing margin
of female serving for attachment of male grasp-
ing plate nearly imperceptibly differentiated;
hind wing nearly as long as forewing.
Extremities: antennae slender, only with very
short hairs (except for the erect ones on 3rd and
4th segment); segment 1 stout, yellowish, 2
light brown, 3 and 4 dark brown; legs straw-
yellowish, with brown patches as in fig. 8, coxae
black with light apex; legs with very short sil-
very pubescence, spines on last tibia brown, not
longer than diameter of tibia; tibia 3 weakly
curved inwards.
Other structures: abdomen dark brown, dis-
tal margin of sternites light; rudiment of larval
organ and sclerite of pregenital gland present;
stigmata close to but not touching side margins
of sternites; subgenital plate of female with
black base and white, truncate distal prolonga-
tion (fig. 9k); ovipositor with eight teeth (fig.
232 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
91); spermatheca asymmetrical, piriform; sper-
mathecal duct gradually expanding and opening
into spermatheca without a flange (fig. 9n).
Male grasping plate with some 25 semi-long
pegs; male genital structures as depicted in fig.
9, j,m
Holotype 6, length 4.3 mm, width 1.7 mm.
Length and width of 4 & 4.3—4.5 mm and
1.7—1.8 mm, of 5 ® 4.7—5.0 mm and 2.0—2.1
mm.
Material. — Holotype (4), Iraq (Sept.), Prov. Mo-
sul, near Agra, Salta-ravin, 24.vi.1958, leg. R. Re-
mane. Paratypes 4 d 5 ©, idem. Holotype and para-
types in coll. Wageningen, paratypes in Remane coll.,
Marburg, BRD. The species was collected reach
with M. variabilis variabilis (H.-S) in the same
habitat: stones in and along mountain-river (altitude
between 600 and 1000 m).
Comparative notes. — Reuter (1895, 1912)
was the first to recognize a scotica species-group
within Acanthia (= Saldula), which possibly
might deserve the status of subgenus. He ın-
cluded in this group S. jakovleffi, oblonga, rivu-
laria, scotica, variabilis and, with some reserva-
tion, koreana and mongolica not seen by him.
To this group I added a new species from Spain
(Cobben, 1959), characterizing the species-
group by stout body dimensions, proportional-
ly long antennae and the same type of median
sclerotized structure of the penis. The taxon
Macrosaldula was first informally introduced as
a subgenus by Southwood & Leston (1959) in
order to separate S. scotica (Curtis, 1833) from
typical Saldula species, and formalized as such
some years later (Leston & Southwood, 1964).
The subgenus Macrosaldula subsequently was
given generic rank by Wroblewski (1968) and
Polhemus (1977). However, the antennal ratios
given by Leston & Southwood to distinguish
Macrosaldula from Saldula species are not at all
exclusive, and certainly they are not exclusive
from other genera. Awaiting a critical analysis
of generic groupings (Cobben, in prep.), I pro-
visionally follow the usage of recognizing a Ma-
crosaldula clade, inclusive of the lapidicolous M.
inornata described above. Although aberrant in
the paucity of dark pigment, it shares with other
Macrosaldula species the shape of the median
endosomal sclerite (fig. 9j) and has the following
plesiomorphous conditions in common: male
grasping plate with oblong pegs and hairs, ab-
sence of the secondary ridge on the hypocostal
lamina and absence of the spermathecal flange.
Lindskog (1975) suggested that also the Nearc-
tic Saldula andrei Drake (= S. azteca Drake &
Hottes) and S. nigrita Parshley belong in the
Macrosaldula group, but these species do not
reveal the combination of characters given
above.
Macrosaldula kerzhneri sp. n.
(fig. 10a, b, d—i, n)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Stout (5.9-—7.2 mm), rather dull, erect semi-
long pubescence, predominantly black with nar-
row testaceous seam along lateral wing margin
(fig. 101, n). USSR, Kazakhstan.
Since the general facies resembles a number of
other dark-coloured species, only some main
characteristics are mentioned here. The testa-
ceous wing margin (fig. 101, n) separates this
species from all other congeners. The semilong
setae (length subequal to diameter of hind tibia)
on the wings and scutellum are dense, on head
and thorax sparse. Dorsum in addition with a
regular coat of short decumbent silvery hairs.
All mouth sclerites entirely (4) of partly (9)
yellowish. Antennae and legs predominantly
blackish or dark brown, light-dark pattern as in
most other species; first antennal segment of 4
testaceous on inner side. First acetabula entirely
and second and third apically yellowish. Male
genital structures as drawn in fig. 10a, e—h.
Male grasping plate with about 20 elongate pegs
and some stiff setae medially (fig. 10b).
Material. — Holotype(d), S. Kazakhstan, 20 km N
of Kentau, Karatau Mts, 27.v.1966, leg. Arnoldi (in
coll. Leningrad). Paraypes, 2 ©, idem, 26.v.1966, leg.
Kerzhner; 1 ©, 24.v.1966, leg. Gurjeva; 1 2, Atshi-
say, river Teresakan, Karatau Mts, 31.v.1936, leg. Lu-
kyanovitsh. For the location of sampling sites, see
map 2.
Comparative notes. — The wing pattern with
the neatly parallel ochreous costal margin and
the pale first acetabula separates M. kerzhneri
from other species with a more or less dense pu-
bescence. To these belong M. scotica, madonica
and tadzhika in which, moreover, the setosity
extends laterally beyond the pronotal margin.
The paramere without distinct processus sen-
sualis and slender, sharp processus hamatus (fig.
10e, f) and the male grasping plate with two
rows of pegs (fig. 10b) differs from those in M.
scotica (fig. 10j—m and 10c). Further differ-
ences between M. kerzhneri and all other re-
lated species can be extracted from the key to
Macrosaldula species.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 233
7 rk 4
PONT AW TY (TICO
VA
025
Fig. 9. Macrosaldula species. a—h, M. koreana; a, b, paramere; c, plane and side view of median endosomal
sclerite; d, grasping plate of d ; e, base of penisfilum; f, parandria; g, apex of paramere; h, sawing blade of ovipo-
sitor. i—n, M. inornata. i, paramere, plane side and inner view (right); j, median endosomal sclerite; k, female
subgenital plate; 1, sawing blade of ovipositor; m, parandria; n, gynatrium with ring gland and spermatheca.
234 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Macrosaldula koktshetavica sp.n.
(fig. 7f—k)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Medium-sized (4.3—5.5 mm), full-winged,
weakly shiny, yellowish brown, exocorium, legs
and acetabula predominantly light-coloured,
with short adpressed and semilong erect pubes-
cence. USSR, Kazakhstan.
- Head: black, weakly shiny, sparce silvery pu-
bescence, several erect dark setae on frons and
vertex in addition to the six trichobothria; preo-
cellar spot, mouth sclerites and gula yellowish
in both sexes; rostrum dark-brown, except for
first short visible segment, extending in between
middle coxae. Thorax: black, shiny, with rather
dense silvery or golden pubescence and scat-
tered semi-erect, semilong setae; first acetabula
broadly and other acetabula narrowly margined
with pale colour.
Wings: weakly shiny, pubescence as on tho-
rax; colour pattern not very contrasting, euno-
my as in fig. 7k (based on 38 specimens); the
spreading of dark pigment starts from the exo-
corium, but the edge of the outer wing margin is
always narrowly brown even in the pale speci-
mens; in the lightest extreme the inner base of
the clavus bears a narrow pale spot; the dark ex-
treme approaches the general wing pattern of
M. oblonga (fig. 71); membrane for the major
part light-greyish, also in darkest specimens,
veins light-brown; hypocostal lamina narrow,
without oblique alae
Extremities: first segment of antennae black
ventrally, yellowish dorsally, other segments
dark brown, the very base of second lightish;
pubescence very short, all segments with some
erect semilong dark setae. Legs predominantly
yellowish, underside of femora dark brown, flat
sides with some fuscous spots, apex of tibiae
and last tarsal segment brownish, pubescence
very short, dark spines of hind tibia almost as
long as diameter of tibia.
Other structures: abdomen brown, distal
margin of sternites lightish; distal prolongation
of subgenital plate of female truncate, white.
Male grasping plate with short pegs and spinous
setae in the median edge. Base of penisfilum
with nearly two coils (fig. 7g). Parandria, para-
mere, and endosomal sclerite as in fig. 7}, f, h.
Holotype (4), length 4.3 mm, width 1.9 mm.
Length and width of d varying from 4.3—4.7
and 1.8—1.9 mm, respectively; of 9 from 5.0—
5.5. and 2.1—2.3 mm, respectively.
Material — USSR, holotype (4), Borovoe,
Koktshetav region, Kazakhstan, 27.vi.1932, leg. V.
Popov (in coll. Leningrad). Paratypes: 5 d 17 9,
idem; between Stshutshinsk and Barmashi, Koktshe-
tav region 8 d 99, 4 larvae, 23.vi. and 1—2.vii.1982,
leg. Filipyev (in coll. Leningrad, coll. Wageningen).
Additional 50 specimens, not seen by me, from both
localities are in the Leningrad Museum. Dr Kerzhner
informs me that the Koktshetav Hills form an isolated
mountain-massive in North Kazakhstan, surrounded
by steppes and covered by birch and pine forests.
Comparative notes (see key to Macrosaldula
species).
Macrosaldula miyamotoi sp. n.
(fig. 6a, c; 14 f)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Medium-sized (4.4—5.7 mm), slender,
macropterous, predominantly black with short .
and semilong pilosity, corıum mostly with rath-
er contrasting yellowish markings (fig. 14f),
membrane dark smoky. Japan.
Head: black, with erect black setae somewhat
shorter than trichobothrial setae; lightish preo-
cellar spots large, broadly touching eye and
nearly extending to ocellus; mouthpart sclerites
yellowish in male, base of anteclypeus, median
part of transverse swelling and margins of la-
brum darkish, in female maxillary plate in addi-
tion black; gula black; rostrum dark brownish,
reaching hind coxae. Thorax: shiny black with
sparse short adpressed golden pubescence, in
addition dorsally with erect semilong and a few
long dark setae (fig. 6a), which extend from
straight lateral margin of pronotum; acetabula
black, rarely with light margin.
Wings: scattered short golden setae, numer-
ous dark erect semilong setae with curved apex;
eunomy of weakly shining forewings as de-
picted (fig. 14f); yellowish spots rather con-
trasting with black ground-colour (less in speci-
mens of Ohshimizu), dark area of distolateral
part of endocorium deeply black; pale stripe in
proximal base of clavus rarely present; mem-
brane predominantly fuscous also in light-col-
oured individuals.
Extremities: Antennal segments dark, first
segment medially with pale line, 2 with short se-
tae. Legs predominantly dark-coloured, pubes-
cence short; trochanters, upper and underside
of femora and often subapical ring of tibiae and
second tarsal segment lightish.
Other structures: caudal extension of female
subgenital plate truncate, white; paramere as in
fig. 6c.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 235
Fig. 10. Macrosaldula. a, b, d—i, n, M. kerzhneri. a, base of penisfilum; b, grasping plate; d, parandria; e, f,
paramere, f, viewed in direction of arrow in fig. e; g, h, median endosomal sclerite, plane and lateral view, re-
spectively; i, n, left fore wing. c, j—m, M. scotica. c, grasping plate; j—m, parameres of specimens from the
Netherlands (j, 1) and Austria (m).
236 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Holotype (6), length 4.9, width 1.9 mm.
Length and width of 12 d varying from 4.4—
5.0 mm and 1.9—2.0 mm, respectively; of 8 ©:
5.3—5.7 and 2.3—2.5 mm.
Material. — Holotype (d), Japan, Honshu, Nagano
Pref., Kamikochi, 10.1x.1951, leg. H. Hasegawa (in
coll. Wageningen). Paratypes: Idem 1 2; Honshu:
Nagano Bat, Meck, SAIS MSC 25 a=
14.viii.1978, leg. M. Satô; Gifu Pref. Oppara, 9 d 39,
15:vi.1978, leg. M. Sato; Meoto waterfall, Takasu Vil-
lage, 12 & 3 Q, 11.viii.1980, leg. J. T. Polhemus & M.
Sato; Okumino, Hirugano Heights, 5 d 1 8,
12.vii.1980, leg. J. T. Polhemus & M. Sato; Izu Pen-
insula, Nikai-daru Falls, 5 d 3 9, 29.1x.—3.x.1980,
leg. M. Tomokuni; Izu Peninsula, Yagashima-cho,
Kanogawa River, 4 & 5 2, 3.x.1980, leg. M. Tomoku-
ni; Miyagi Pref., Futakuchi, Natori-gun, 1 9,
20.viii.1977, leg. M. Tomokuni, Toogatta, 1 ®,
19.viii.1977, leg. M. Tomokuni; Shosenkyo Kai, 1 d 1
2, 11.viii.1959, leg. S. Miyamoto; Yamanashi Pref.,
Masutomi, 1 d, 25.vu.1963, leg. T. Saigusa; Gumma
Pref., Oze, 3 d 2 2, 5.ix.1952, leg. H. Hasegawa;
Ohshimizu, Oku-Nikko, 3 d 49, 18.vi1.1940, leg. M.
Hanano; Kyushu: Chikushi-Yabakei near Fukuoka, 2
3, 30.ix.1956, leg. S. Miyamoto; Ino near Fukuoka, 1
3 2 Q, 14.vii.1965, leg. S. Miyamoto; Fukushima,
Chikugo, 1 d, 26.viii.1952, leg. S. Miyamoto; Fuka-
goya, Chinugo, 1 ©, 6.vii.1952, leg. S. Miyamoto; Ya-
kushima, Miyanoura, 1 d, 29.viii.1953, leg. Takeya &
Hirashima. (Paratypes in coll. of Hasegawa, Miyamo-
to, Polhemus, Jap. Nat. Museum, Kyushu Univ. and
in coll. Wageningen).
Comparative notes. — This species is appar-
ently widely distributed along stony banks of
rivers on the southern main islands of Japan.
The lightest coloured specimen (fig. 14f) comes
from Yakushima, a small island close to the
southern coast of Kyushu. Colour-interme-
diates with dark coloured specimens occur
without any morphological differences on
Honshu. M. miyamotoi and the related M. shi-
kokuana from Japan, described below, are close
to continental Macrosaldula species of the ob-
longa group. Their eunomy, however, 1s
marked by the absence of the light spot on the
proximal part of the endocorium, even in the
palest specimens (compare fig. 14f with figs. 71,
14d, e).
Macrosaldula oblonga acetabularis subsp. n.
(fig. 12f)
Separable from the nominate form oblonga
Stal, 1858, by the entirely whitish first acetabula
(always black in the long series of typical ob-
longa which I have seen). In two of the four
specimens of the new subspecies the second ac-
etabula have a pale margin. The ratio length an-
tenna/width pronotum in two males of subsp.
acetabularis is 1.64—1.74, and in 10 males of
subsp. oblonga 1.85—1.90. These ratios could
not be checked for females, since the single fe-
male of acetabularis has incomplete antennae.
The parameres of two males of the new subspe-
cies have a straight processus hamatus (fig. 12f),
whereas this is slightly curved upwards in
subsp. oblonga (fig. 12a).
Material. — 3 d 1 @, Zaisan, river Karasu, E.
Kazakhstan 20.vi.1965, leg. J. Sukatsheva (holotype d
in Leningrad coll., others in Popov coll. (Moscow),
coll. Wageningen). This subspecies was collected si-
multaneously with M. jakovleffi Reut.
Comparative notes. — The locality of this
subspecies is about 500 km outside the presently
known range of the nominate form (see map 2). .
The distribution pattern of M. oblonga oblonga
covers the mountainous regions of Mongolia
and Transbaical between 90 and 118 degrees of
longitude, that is about 2000 km. The altitude of
the type locality of M. oblonga acetabularis
west of this range is not mentioned, but it may
be lower than where the nominate form occurs.
According to Hoberlandt (1971b), the occur-
rence of the nominate subspecies in Mongolia is
between 1200 and 2100 m.
Macrosaldula shikokuana sp. n.
(fig. 6b, d, e)
Very similar to M. miyamotoi in dimensions
(table 1) and coloration, differing only in the
much longer pilosity. Second antennal segment
with a few erect semilong setae along the medi-
an side (fig. 6e). Erect hair-dress on dorsal side
more conspicuous and somewhat longer than in
previous species (fig. 6b), laterally extending
over a distance of 0.23 mm beyond the margin
of the pronotum. Tibiae with silvery adpressed
pubescence and erect brown setae which are
longer than the diameter of the tibia; the distri-
bution and length of these curled setae on the
hind tibiae are indicated in fig. 6d. The male
paramere is much like in M. miyamotoi (fig. 6c).
The wing patterns of the holotype and paratype
are more or less like fig. 14f, right.
Holotype (6), Japan, Shikoku, Omogo, Iyo,
14.vii.1952, leg. T. Ishjara & S. Miyamoto. Paratypes:
idem, 3 d 3 ® (holotype and paratypes in Jap. Na-
tional Museum, Tokyo; paratype in Polhemus coll.,
Englewood).
R. H. Cossen: Eurasian Saldidae 237
Fig. 11. Macrosaldula species. a, M. simulans, parandria; b, M. rivularia from Mongolia, parandria; c, idem,
left, median endosomal sclerite, plane side; right, left view of median and lateral endosomal sclerites; d—g, para-
meres; d, M. monae; e, f, M. rivularia, Mongolia; h, apex of paramere of M. rivularia from Alaska; i—k, M.
violacea; i, parandria; j, median endosomal sclerite; k, side view to show the placement of stigmata in between
sternites and tergites.
238 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Macrosaldula simulans sp. n.
(fig. 11a)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Stout (6.3—6.9 mm), unicolorous dullish
black species with short silvery recumbent se-
tae; very close to M. rivularia, Sahlb. East-
USSR.
The most reliable distinguishing characters
with M. rivularia are as follows: middle pair of
cephalic trichobothrial setae not originating
from light spot (such a spot is present in all
specimens of M. rivularia I have seen from Si-
beria and Alaska, and also in the Alaskan M.
monae Drake), and proportionally longer an-
tennae and legs. The ratio antennal length/head
width is 2.73—3.06 in M. simulans (n = 8) and
2.12—2.4 in M. rivularıa (n = 8). The ratio
length of third tibia/head width amounts to
2.55—3.03 and 1.91—2.21, respectively. These
ratios could be influenced by allometry of the
appendages because the new species is on the
average larger (6.3—6.9 mm) than M. rivularia
(4.46.5 mm). However, the discrepancies of
the ratios between the two species remain as
striking in specimens of equal size. M. simulans
differs further weakly in having a somewhat
more dull pronotum, dark anteclypeus (also in
the male), inner side of first antennal segment
weakly lightish in male, entirely dark in female.
Genital structures are similar to M. rivularia,
but the parandria of the holotype of M. simulans
reveals a small median process (fig. 11a), which
lacks in M. rivularia (fig. 11b). Additional
material is needed to check whether this is a
constant feature of difference.
Holotype (4), USSR, river Buren, near Ilyinka
(Bulun-aksy), (Tuva region), 14.vi.1949, leg. Per-
evoztshikova, in Leningrad Museum. Paratypes:
USSR: 1 ®, Krasnoyarsk, 3.viii.1924, leg. Vinogra-
dov; 1 ©, Kultuk, near Baikal Sea; 1 ©, Tunka, along
river Irkut, about 180 km W-SW of Irkutsk, 20.vii—
10.vin.1911, leg. C. Ahnger, collection of Rodionov;
1 2, coast of Baikal Sea near Tolsty Mys, village Suk-
hoy, vu.1928, leg. Vereshtshagin & Tikhomiroy; 1 9,
Baikal, delta of the river Selenga, near the Proval bay,
12.vu.1925, leg. Vereshtshagin & Tikhomirov; 1 9,
Kuznetsk basin (Kemerovo Prov.), river Suriekovaya,
2.vin.1951 (in coll. Leningrad and Wageningen).
Additional material not seen by me.
After reading my manuscript Dr P. Lindskog wrote
me that he had examined an apparently undescribed
species from a collection of Saldidae from Mongolia,
which appears to fit the description of M. simulans.
The specimens concerned were attributed to M. rivu-
laria by Hoberlandt (1971b); they were collected in a
small mountain range in NW Mongolia, SE Uvs-
Nuur. The locality label reads as follows: Uvs Aimak,
Somon Ondérchangaj, 1900 m, loc. 1090, 3 6 2 9,
11.v11.1968, Exp. Dr Z. Kaszab, 1968. Dr I. Kerzhner
tested my key and could trace additional material of
M. simulans in the Leningrad Museum. These data,
which are also plotted on map 2, are as follows: W.
Siberia: Bayan-Ölgiy aimak, river Ikh-Dzhargalan-
tyn-Gol, 20 km NW of Bulgan, 1 d 2 9, 23—
24.v11.1978, leg. Gurjeva; same aimak, river shen
yz-Agatsh-Gol, 15 km SE of Delun, 21.vii.1978, 6 ó
8 2, leg. Gurjeva; Bayan-Khongor aimak, river Tuin-
Gol, 10 km S of Erdene-Tsogt, 7 d 16 ©, 25.vili.1978,
leg. Gurjeva. Mongolia: Dzabkhan aimak, Dzegistay
pass, 1 d, 23.1x.1926, leg. Kiritshenko (as M. rivularia
in Vinokurov 1979b); Ara-Khangai aimak, confluence
of Sumiyn-Gol and Tshulutyn-Gol, 5 d 72 (together
with M. rivularia), 29—30.vi.1975, leg. Gurjeva & M.
Kozlov.
Comparative notes. — The distribution of
this new taxon (see map 2) supports the view
that M. simulans warrants the status of species, —
distinct from M. rivularia. The latter species has
been recorded from Siberia (even from the ex-
treme north near the delta of Enisey), Mongolia
(Hoberlandt, 1971), and Alaska. I saw addition-
al material of M. rivularia in the Leningrad col-
lections from the following localities: Mountain
Pektusan, North Korea, 10 spec., 21.viii.1950,
leg. Borkhsenius; Omsuktshan, Kolyma, 1 ©,
27.vili.1953, leg. Kurnakov; river Ebeten, 10
km SW from Kuysyur near Lena, Yakutia, 2 9,
10.vii.1957, leg. Gorodkov. Mongolia, Urga
(Ulan-Bator), 7 spec., 4.vii.1926, leg. Kiritshen-
ko; idem, 11 spec., 25.vi.1928, leg. A. Ivanov;
Urga, coast of river Tola, a long series,
25.vi.1928, leg. A. Ivanov; Over Changai-ai-
mak, Orchon waterfall, 2000 m, 1 dé,
14.v11.1965, leg. Muche (labelled as oorogallien
Kir.). The presently known distribution of M.
rivularia is shown on map 2. Future collections
may perhaps reveal that the ranges of both spe-
cies overlap partly. Within the genus Macrosal-
dula, M. simulans, M. rivularia and the Alaskan
M. monae form a separate unit, characterized
by a similar median endosomal penis sclerite
(fig. 11c); this sclerite is more slender in all oth-
er Macrosaldula species (fig. 10g).
Macrosaldula violacea sp. n.
(fig. 11 i—k)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Rather large (5.2—7.0 mm), slender, more or
less parallel-sided, glossy black with metallic-vi-
olet shine, wings inclusive of clavus and mem-
brane entirely immaculate, antennae and legs
predominantly dark brown, pubescence very
R. H. Cossen: Eurasian Saldidae 239
short and sparse. Far East of the USSR, Japan. Alaska. This species is smaller (4.5—6.4 mm),
This unicolorous black species is very close to rather dull, and bears a thick, somewhat shaggy,
M. koreana (Kiritshenko, 1912a). The differ- pubescence of semilong silvery hairs. The sec-
ences are tabulated as follows. ond dull-blackish species, M. simulans, has just
240 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
violacea
koreana
size in general somewhat smaller,
particularly the material from Japan
in general somewhat larger, 6.3—7.3
mm (n = 20)
which ranges from 5.2—6.0 mm
(n = 8)
ratio pronotum 2.7—3.0 (n = 5)
length/width
ratio antennal 2.6 —2.7 (n = 5)
length/head width
upper side
colour
hair covering short, less dense
colour é
strongly shining, with blue-violet
inner side of first antennal segment,
2.42.55 (n = 5)
3.0—3.1 (n = 5)
less obviously shining, sometimes
with faint bluish reflection
slightly more dense (this character
can only be evaluated by
simultaneous comparison of both
species
always entirely black, as in ©
transverse swelling above
anteclypeus, anteclypeus and
maxillary plates yellowish
© all these parts black, transverse
always entirely black, as in é
swelling and maxillary plate
sometimes partly black
paramere fig. 11g
regularly curved (fig. 9a, b)
Other less readily visible characters reveal a
greater discrepancy between both species.
Whereas the abdominal stigmata in M. koreana
have a normal position on the sternites, those of
M. violacea are located in the lateral connexival
membrane (fig. 11k). The median endosomal
sclerite of M. violacea (fig. 11j) resembles that
of typical Macrosaldula species, while M. ko-
reana fig. 9c) in this respect more resembles M.
rivularia (fig. 11c).
Holotype (6), Japan, Honshu, Izumi Tamagawa,
Tokyo, 24.vi.1951, leg. H. Hasegawa (in coll. Wage-
ningen). Paratypes: 8 d 4 ©, idem; Honshu, Oni-
kobe, Miyagi, 1 & 12.viii.1977, leg. T. Nambu; Hok-
kaido, Matsuneshiri, Nakatonbetsu, 12 ¢ 1 9,
26.viii.1977, leg. M. Tomokuni; USSR, 29 specimens,
Vinogradorka, Primorskiy Kray, 9 and 14.vii.1929,
leg. Kiritshenko; 1 9, river Sitsa (now Tigrovaya),
Sutshan (now Partizansk) district, Primorskiy Kray,
18.vii.1926, leg. Rostovykh; 1 d, river Sudzukhe
(now Kievka), 7.vii.1948, leg. Sharov. Paratypes in
Leningrad coll., coll. Kyushu Univ., coll. Hasegawa,
Linnavuori, Polhemus, and Wageningen.
Comparative notes. — Both M. violacea and
M. koreana cannot be confused with other
members of this genus. The only known en-
tirely black species of the Macrosaldula group 1s
M. rivularia (Sahlb., 1878) from Siberia and
been described above. So far the scarce data
suggest (see map 1) that M. violacea may be dis-
tributed on the mainland and islands around the
Sea of Japan. The continental localities all lie
north of Korea. Of M. koreana I have seen ad-
ditional material from localities at roughly 1500
km NW of Korea (coast of the river Shilka, Sre-
tensk, Transbaicalia, 3—19.vii.1928, leg. Kapus-
tin; of the large species in the Leningrad coll. I
have studied 23 d and 14 ©). Other localities of
M. koreana (1 ®, River Koppi, 52 km W of
Mouth, Sikhote-Alin Mts, 20.viii.1924, leg.
Emelyanoc; 2 ©, Imperatorskaya Gavan’ (now
Sovetskaya Gavan’), Khabarovsk region, 23 and
26.vii.1916, leg. N. Krylov) lie north of Korea
and thus overlap the distribution of M. violacea.
It is uncertain whether M. koreana occurs in Ja-
pan. Farlier records from Honshu (Hasegawa,
1960) may probably refer to M. violacea.
Calacanthia grandis sp. n.
(figs. 15d, 17d)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Large (single 2 measures 7.5 mm) with pro-
portionally long antennae; dull, black with
small testaceous wing spots, adpressed short
lightish setae and some erect dark setae on head
and pronotum; superficially resembling Chilox-
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae
N
>
(u UZ
Fig. 13. a—g. Macrosaldula roborowskii. a, median endosomal sclerite, plane view (below), lateral view (above):
‚ paramere; c, left fore wing; d, penisfilum; e, right antenna; f, male grasping plate; g, pronotum. h, 1, M. varia-
bilis, eunomy of left fore wing; h, variab. connectens; i, variab. variabilis. j, M. jakovleffi, pronotum.
242 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
anthus species from the Himalaya or large-sized
dark Macrosaldula species. China.
Head: dull, black inclusive of mouth sclerites,
basal half of labrum brownish; preocellar spot
through narrow testaceous band along eye mar-
gin connected with pale spot bearing frontal tri-
chobothrial setum; setosity short, golden, ad-
pressed, and with scattered erect dark setae as
long as the six trichobothrial-like setae. Thorax:
Pronotum 2.6 times wider than long medially,
side margins almost straight; frontal edges pro-
truded laterad, much wider than pronotal col-
lar; callus rather flat, not reaching side margins,
central pit transverse, with smaller pit left and
right, posterior lobe of pronotum medially half
the lenght of callus; rather densely covered with
short adpressed golden setae and with few erect
dark setae; black, pronotal lateral margin very
narrowly testaceous; acetabula 1 and 2 entirely
lightish, 3 only apically.
Wing of single specimen macropterous (fig.
15d); exocorium subbasally foliaceous, some-
what wider than base of endocorium, hypocos-
tal lamina well-developed, without secondary
ridge; margin of wing slightly infolded at the
small polished area which is adapted to receive
the coupling plate of the male; corium dull,
black with seven testaceous spots (fig. 15d), cla-
vus entirely black; membrane ochreous, veins
brown, cells with brownish markings; short sil-
very pubescence of corium moderately dense,
somewhat shaggy.
Extremities: Antennae long, ratio of
segments: 1 : 2.41 : 1.40 : 1.57; segment 2 cylin-
drical (2), thickness 0.4 times diameter of seg-
ment 1; all segments dark-brownish, with short
adpressed silvery setae, segment 1 in addition
with semilong dark stiff setae along median side,
segment 2 with some scattered semilong setae
which are slightly longer than diameter of seg-
ment, erect setae on segments 3 and 4 approxi-
mately as long as the diameter of the segment.
Legs: flat upper and under sides of femora
largely dark-brownish, fore and back testa-
ceous, with short silvery pubescence and scat-
tered obliquely erect dark setae, also on front
femur; base and apex of tibiae dark-brown,
otherwise testaceous, tibia 1 with one dark ring
in middle, tibiae 2 and 3 with series of dark
patches, length of dark spines subequal to
diameter of tibia; second tarsal segment yellow-
ish, third segment brownish, ventral side of sec-
ond tarsal segment of third leg with two rows of
six spines. Genital structures of 9, spermatheca
piriform, with proximal flange (fig. 17d), teeth
of ovipositor blade sharply pointed (fig. 17f),
apex of second gonapophysis tapering (fig. 17f
above.)
Material. — Holotype (?), China Balang, Wassu-
land, W. Szechwan, Sankiangkow, 7.viii.1934, leg.
Friedrich (in Leningrad Museum).
Comparative notes on Calacanthia.
The genus Calacanthia is characterized by
the flattened first and second antennal segment
in the male (fig. 16d, e). Only three species have
been assigned to this genus, viz., C. trybomi
(Sahlb., 1878) and C. alpicola (Sahlb., 1880)
from the northern arctic regions (habitat de-
scriptions in Lindskog, 1975), and C. tibetana
Drake, 1954, from Tibet. My re-examination of
the species originally described as Acanthia an-
gulosa Kiritshenko, 1912, and listed under Telo-
leuca by Reuter (1912) as well as Drake & Ho- —
berlandt (1951) in their catalogue, has shown
that it represents a true Calacanthia (a reference
to this unpublished conclusion was made by
Lindskog, 1975). The new species C. grandis
from China shares with C. tibetana and C. an-
gulosa the protruded anterolateral edges of the
pronotum (fig. 16g). This character and the
sharply notched ovipositor blades (fig. 17f) sep-
arate this Himalayan group of species from the
arctic pair of species (compare with figs. 16f and
17e). C. grandis sp. n may be on the average sig-
nificantly larger than the other species; the sin-
gle specimen at hand measures 7.5 mm. The
largest size of the type series of C. angulosa is
6.0 mm (® submacropt.), whereas the type se-
ries of C. tibetana, including macropters, varies
from 4.25—5 mm. C. grandis has proportional-
ly much longer antennae; the ratio length anten-
nal segments 2—4/width pronotal collar is 3.84
(2.3—2.9 in C. angulosa, n = 5; 2.3—2.5 in C.
tibetana, n = 3). The second antennal segment
is also more slender than in the other two spe-
cies; its apex is about 0.7 the widest diameter of
segment 1 (subequal in the other species). It re-
mains, therefore, questionable whether the typ-
ical antennal character of Calacanthia, which is
demonstrated so clearly in the male sex, applies
also for C. grandis, males of which are not yet
known. Other differences between C. grandis
on the one hand, and C. tibetana and C. an-
gulosa on the other are: dark pattern of extremi-
ties and forewings predominating in C. grandis
and less in the other species (fig. 15d and fig. 15
e—i, respectively); erect dark setae scattered all
over the head in the former, only two erect setae
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 243
Fig. 14. Pigment variation of wings of Macrosaldula species. a, M. scotica; b, M. madonica; c, M. tadzhika; d,
M. jakovleffi; e, M. nivalis; f, M. miyamotoi. g, h, lateral and frontal side of male head; g, M. nivalis; h, M.
jakovleffi.
244 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
on vertex in the latter two species. C. tibetana
and C. angulosa, both from Tibet, reveal a close
phenetic relationship, and I considered the pos-
sibility of conspecificity. However, some dis-
crepancies may speak well for a specific status
of both, awaiting more material from other lo-
calities. C. tibetana has a more sharply defined
‘wing pattern (fig. 15i), indeed resembling Telo-
leuca species (e.g. fig. 15b) with the exception
of T. kusnezowi. The spots on the wings of C.
angulosa are less prominent and ash-black areas
on corium and clavus prevail (fig. 15e—h). In
the latter species, the basis of the exocorium is
clearly wider than the adjacent part of the endo-
corium, whereas these parts in C. tibetana are at
most subequal. The reduction of the forewing in
not fully winged specimens is more marked in
C. angulosa (weakly semibrachypterous, in ter-
minology by Cobben, 1960) than in C. tibetana
(submacropterous). A pronounced difference in
reduction of flight ability can be deduced from
the development of the hind wing. Its length is
subequal to the fore wings in C. tibetana, but in
C. angulosa the hindwings are only stubs, not
surpassing the level of the scutellum apex. Such
variations in wing development are apparently
not related to differences in altitude. The type
series of C. angulosa was collected at an eleva-
tion of 4300-4700 metres (I saw an additional
® from E Tibet, 4000 m, Shopando, Kham,
4.v.1936). The type material of C. tibetana ori-
ginates from 5000 m altitude. Two other charac-
ters may be of value to separate both species,
premised that additional material will confirm
constancy. In C. tibetana, and not in C. angulo-
sa and C. grandis, I found the ® ventral wing
margin posteriorly of the hypocostal lamina
provided with weak transverse ridges (fig. 15c).
The spermatheca of C. angulosa is more than
three times as long as wide at its base (fig. 17b),
whereas in C. tibetana it is spherical (fig. 17c).
Although there is considerable intraspecific
variation in the shape of the spermathecal bulb
in Saldula species (Karnecka, 1974), the noted
differences in Calacanthia being exactly the
same in two specimens of each species checked,
might prove to be of significance. The same
counts possibly for the parameres (fig. 16b, C.
tibetana; fig. 16c, C. angulosa) which could be
studied in only one individual of each species.
Teloleuca kusnezowi Lindberg, 1934
Additional data. — The eunomic variation of
the wing pattern of 7. kusnezowi Lindberg,
1934, and other details of this species are pre-
sented in fig. 20, since after the original descrip-
tion based on one female from Khabarovsk no
further records were published. Abundant new
material reveals that the species is distributed in
USSR as is shown on map 4, but also occurs in
Japan. The localities in Japan and USSR, from
which I have seen material, are as follows.
Japan (Hokkaido) Berabonai, near Ashoro, 2 d 1
2, 8.vi1.1958, leg. S. Miyamoto (together with S. no-
bilis); Aizankei, 5 d 5 2, 1 larva, 9.viii.1967, leg. A.
Nakanishi; Tennin-kyo, 1 d 1 2, 1 larva, 27.vi.1967,
leg. T. Saigusa; Yukomanbetsu near Mt. Daisetsu, 5 ó
5 2, 2.vu.1970, leg. H. Hasegawa. (Honshu) Mt. Ya-
tugadake, 4 d 3 2, 18.v11.1939, leg. H. Hasegawa;
Masutomi Kai, 3 6, 26—29.vu.1957, leg. S. Miyamo-
to. The Leningrad Museum contains series from the
following localities: Amur region: Korsakovo, river
Amur W of Svobodnyy, 3 d 3 2, 24.vii.1959, leg.
Kerzhner; Birsherta, river Zeya, 50 km of
Blagovestshensk, 1 ?, 19—26.vi.1914,leg. Popov.
Khabarovskiy Kray: Imperatorskaya Gavan’ (now
Sovetskaya Gavan’), 1 ®, 26.vu.1916, leg. Krylov,
from Kiritshenko’s collection; Ozerpakh, delta of riv-
em noie, NOMME Mulshernayın!
Primorskiy Kray: confluence of rivers Iman (now
Bol’shaya Ussurka) and Tatyube (now Dal’nyaya), 1
2, 24.vi1.1913 (Buyanova); Vinogradovka, 27 d 10 9,
5—6.vin.1929, leg. Kiritshenko; river Suputinka (now
Komarovka), 1 2, 26. vii.1935, leg. Samoylov; ibi-
dem, 2.iv, 8.vii.1937 and 1 6, 22.vii.1937, leg. Rich-
ter; ibidem, 1 d 3 9, 12—22.v11.1940, leg. Ivanov; ibi-
dem, stony bed of the stream Egerskiy Klyutsh, 1 ©,
30.vu.1953, leg. Kurentsov; Vladivostok, 1 à,
27.1x.1932, leg. Rysakov; ibidem, Shamora (now La-
zurnaya) bay, 12 ©, leg. Stepanow & Shutova; river
Sudzukhe (now Kievka), 3 d, 12—15.vin.1948, leg.
Sharov; river Peyshula (now Suvorovka), 1 9,
12.vi1.1963, leg. Nartshuk; Frolovka, Sutshan (now
Partizansk) district 1 34 31.1926 and 272%
7.v11.1926, leg. Rostovykh; Tigrovaya, same district, 3
d 5 9, 26.vi—3.v11.1928, leg. Rostovykh; Fanza (now
Rutsh’i), same district 1 d, 15.v11.1926, leg. Rosto-
vykh; Derzhanovo, same district, 1 6 1 Q,
12.v11.1928, leg. Rostovykh; Sedanka, Vladivostok, 1
9, 20.v1.1927, leg. Sokolov.
Salda kiritshenkoi sp. n.
(figs. 18a left, b, c, 21d)
Description. — For measurements, see table
1. Large (5.2—6.8 mm semibrachypterous, up
to 7.8 mm macropterous), rather dull, coal-
black species with fine cover of very short,
densely packed brown setae. East-USSR, Japan,
NE China.
Since the resemblance with Salda mueller
(Gmel.) is very strong, only the differences will
be mentioned.
Male genital structures (fig. 15b, c) are of the
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 245
Fig. 15. Left forewing. a, Macrosaldula nivalis; b, Teloleuca brancziki; c—j, Calacanthia species; c, 1, Calacan-
thia tibetana, c, underside of semibrachypterous specimen, with hyposcostal lamina and coupling pit (enlarged
in left figure), i, macropterous specimen; d, C. grandis, holotype © ; e—h, C. angulosa (cross-hatching on cori-
um and clavus indicates ashy-black colour); j, C. trybomi.
246 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
kiritshenkoi
ratio length/width 1.7—2.0
(semibrachypterous)
lateral wing margin
short brown hairs on upper side
of thorax and wing
strongly convex (fig. 15a left)
dense (fig. 18d), giving the species a
more dull appearance
muelleri
2.0 22
less arched (fig. 15a right)
very sparse (fig 18b)
corium without punctations punctated
corial veins hardly visible distinct
colour maxillary plates black, anteclypeus mentioned parts in general more
with narrow, light basis, only extensively ochreous lightish
midpart of labrum lightish, first
antennal segment and tibiae
tending to blackish
head with only few short hairs somewhat more hirsute
same shape in both species. The most distinctive
constant difference is the layer of short setae on
the wing, which is much more dense and very
regularly spaced and orientated in the new spe-
cies (fig. 18d). I could not find any morphome-
tric difference, except for the on the average
broader shape of short-winged S. kiritshenkoi.
All specimens lack any light spot on the corium,
whereas in S. muelleri the mesocorium
sometimes has one white spot. S. morio Zett.,
also a related species, has usually several endo-
corial spots, and is otherwise recognizable by
the more or less shiny, not punctated cuticle.
The only North American Salda species with
which S. kiritshenkoi could be confused is S.
buenoi (Mc Dunn). However, S. buenoi has part
of the lateral wing margin almost straight, a
more dense and longer golden pubescence, cori-
um with light spots and longer distal processes
of the median endosomal sclerite; such a pro-
longed sclerite is an apomorphic character of all
other N. American Salda species, except for the
Holarctic S. littoralis (L.).
Length of macropterous holotype ¢ 6.0 mm,
width 2.8 mm. Length of paratypes varying
from 5.2 mm (semibrachypt. d) to 7.8 mm (ma-
cropt. 2).
Material. — Holotype (d) (macropterous), USSR,
Primorskiy Kray: valley of the river Odarka, about 25
km from Station Evgenevka (city Spassk-Dal’niy),
16.vi (old style calendar, = 29.vi), 1911, leg. A.
Tsherskiy (in Zool. Mus., Leningrad). Paratypes,
USSR, Primorskiy Kray, 1 2 semibrach., 2 2 ma-
cropt., idem 4. (= 17).vii.1911; Sivakovka, south
shore of lake Khanka, 2 9 semibrach., 23.vi.1924, leg.
Samoylova; lake Khanka, Kamen’-Rybolov, 1 4,
30.vi.1910, leg. Tarobarov; Tshernigovka, 1 © semi-
brach., 5.vii.(= 18.vii).1912, leg. Emelyanov; Ryaza-
novka, Khasan district, 3 d 1 © semibrach.,
9.vii.1982, leg. I. Kerzhner; Vladivostok, Station
Okeanskaya, 1 2 macropt., 10 (= 23).vii.1911, leg.
Stshavinskaya, from the coll. of Kiritshenko.
Khabarovskiy Kray: Krasnaja retshka, pr. Khaba-
rovsk, 3 9 semibrach., 2 © macropt., 2 d semibrach.,
10.vii.1931, leg. Pereleshina; Knyaze Volkonskoye,
nr. Khabarovsk, 8 d semibrach., 4 & macr., 5 2 semi-
brach., 7.vu.1977, leg. Stys & Davidova (dry salt-
steppe); Khabarovsk-Ussuri, 1 d& macropt.
1.vii.1978, leg Styps & Vilimova; Khabarovsk south, 1
2, 4.vu.1977, leg. Sys & Davidova. Kunashir Island:
Golovnin volcano, 2 © semibrach., 10.vii.1980, leg.
A. Gorokhov; Sernovodsk, Glukhoe lake, 1 6 1 2
semibrach., 28.viii.1980, leg. Egorov & Kanyukova.
NE China: railway stations Shanshi and Hailing be-
tween Harbin and Mudankiang, 1 © semibrach.,
7.vu.1902, leg. Krylov. Japan: Akkeshi, Hokkaido, 4
9 semibrach., 5. vii. 1958, leg. T. Nakane. Paratypes
in Zool. Mus Leningrad, Jap. Nat. Museum and in
coll. Wageningen, Hasegawa (Japan), Lattin (Ore-
gon), Polhemus (Colorado), Popov (Moscow) and
Stys (Czechoslovakia).
I have further seen a specimen (1 2 semi-
brach.) labelled: Proskurov (Khmel’nitskiy),
vii.1895, leg. Zubovskiy; this locality is in the
Ukraine, far away from the territories near the
Sea of Japan. Future collections may prove
whether the Ukraine indeed lies within the
range of the species, or that the specimen in
question has been mislabelled. A recent collec-
tion received from Dr Stys confirms that S.
kiritshenkoi occurs much further to the West
than expected. The new material is from Kirgi-
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae
zia, Ala-Archa, 2000 m, near Frunze, 2 d 2 9,
21.vi.1982, leg. Stys (very humid habitat along
stream, on open places in between thick vegeta-
tion of moss and sedges). The only difference
with the Far-East specimens is the fact that the
central-Asian material has somewhat more pro-
nounced elytral veins, lighter coloured hind tib-
iae and graphite-black membrane.
For comparative notes, see next chapter.
DISCUSSION OF EURASIAN SALDA SPECIES
The records of S. kiritshenkoi (map 3) suggest
a broad-band distribution in Asia between 43°
and 61° latitude. The labels do not always in-
clude data on altitudes, but the occurrence
around the lake Khanka and the mentioned lo-
cality on Hokkaido suggest it to be a lowland
species, although the Kirgizian population was
found at 2000 m altitude. The closest relative, S.
muelleri, also lives predominantly at low and
submontanous altitudes. The distribution-map
of this species so far shows only few scattered
localities in the USSR (map 3), but it has a very
vast, probably continuous distribution from
West-Europe on to the Sea of Japan. I saw 1 ©
247
from Khabarovsk collected together with a se-
ries of S. kiritshenkoi (leg. Stys & Davidova,
7.vii.1977).
Other species which could be confused with
both S. kiritshenkoi and S. muelleri at superficial
inspection are S. morio (Zett.), S. micans Jak.
and S. splendens (Jak.). Since I could study the
type material of the latter two poorly known
species, further data on them are presented here.
The main differences of semibrachypterous
specimens can be tabulated as follows.
When S. kiritshenkoi is added to the left of
this table, we have a series of species with de-
creasing pubescence and increasing polished
cuticle from left to right. S. morio, micans and
splendens show a weak metallic lustre of the
dorsal surface. S. splendens is easily recognised
by erect semilong dark setae on thorax and
hemielytra (fig. 16d). Identification of single in-
dividuals of S. muelleri, morio and micans may
be difficult and the combination of tabulated
characters may help the decision. There is a
great overlap in body size and width but the
mean value (underlined) of S. muelleri (20 3,
length in mm 4.73—5.21—5.80, width 2.21—
muelleri morio micans splendens
hemielytra: texture punctate, weakly impunctate, more or polished, strongly polished, strongly
shining less distinctly shiny, shining shining
except for
exocorium and
membrane
hemielytra: setosity with sparse, short very scattered short as S. morio erect semilong dark
setae (fig. 18b) setae (fig. 18a) setae ın addition to
sparse short setae
(fig. 16d)
hemielytra: corıum rarely with corium often with entirely black entirely black
pigmentation one midapical light some light spots;
spot; membrane of inner margin of
macropter for major membrane usually
part dark (fig. 16k) lightish, membrane
of macropter for
major part lightish
(fig. 16j)
first coxa black, apex black, apex often entirely pale entirely pale
sometimes lightish lightish
pigmentation of fig. 16a fig. 16b fig. 16c fig. 16c
femora
pigmentation of first fig. 16e fig. 16f fig. 16g fig. 16g
and second antennal
segment
RS MU SLA VR NE RP D Te ENE ET EE IRE U SINO RATA RA
248 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
Fig. 16. Calacanthia species. a, f, h, C. trybomi; b, C. tibetana; c, €; 8» C. angulosa; d, C. alpicola. a, subgenital
plate 2; b, c, left paramere, b, innerside, seen in direction of arrow in b; d, e, right antennae; f, g, pronotum; h,
head, Goal aspect.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 249
2.39—2.79; 17 ©, length 5.30—5.98—6.55,
width 2.73—2.98—3.20) is smaller than the re-
spective dimensions of S. morio (18 d 5.0—
5.84— 6.30, 2.53—2.63—2.80; 20 9, 6.08—
6.54—6.96, 3.00—3.19—3.55). The material of
S. micans and S. splendens is too limited to allow
reliable comparison, but these species tend to
fall into the size class of S. muelleri (S. micans, 3
3 length 4.5—4.9, width 1.8—2.1, 2 2 length
5.2—6.1, width 2.36-3.0. S. splendens, 3 3
length 4.4—4.8, width, 1.7—2.0, 2 ® length
5.7—6.5, width 2.6—3.1).
I could not find reliable differences, neither in
the genitalia (the median penis sclerite seems to
be more slender in S. micans and splendens (fig.
15j), but this should be checked in more speci-
mens), nor in the many ratios calculated from a
variety of measurements. Considerable varia-
tion of ratios exist, which is partly due to allo-
metric differences between smaller and larger
individuals.
The general facies of some smaller specimens
of S. splendens and S. micans looks at first sight
somewhat different from the other species (pro-
notum with straight lateral margins, humeral
edges more acute and somewhat upturned).
Other specimens are more like S. muelleri and S.
morio, in which the shape of the pronotum also
varies. The metallic lustre mentioned in the
original description of S. micans is not consis-
tently present in the series seen by me, but often
also occurs in S. muelleri (according to
Wroblewski, 1966) and in S. morio.
Whereas S. muelleri and S. morio from West
Europe can be reliably discriminated, specimens
from the eastern Palaearctic are more difficult to
identify, especially the long-winged forms in
which the dorsal cuticular texture tends to be
intermediate. In macropters of S. morio from
the USSR (Irkutsk, leg. Jakovlev, 3 d 2 9, to-
gether with semibrachypterous specimens) the
wing is less shiny, and of S. muelleri (4 © from
different localities in USSR) less punctate than
in typical specimens. However, the difference in
dorsal pubescence between both species remains
constant; this is also mostly true for the differ-
ence in pigmentation of the membrane (fig. 16),
k). Since I had no opportunity to reidentify
material of all published records from eastern
regions, the distribution patterns of $. morio
and S. muelleri remain somewhat uncertain
(possible misidentifications). The identity of
some specimens (see below) remains dubious
until more material will be available for
study. The available information is summarized
below under the individual species.
Salda muelleri (Gmelin)
This species occurs further south in Great
Britain (Scudder, 1958) and all over the conti-
nent than the next species (S. morio). In the me-
diterranian subregion it has been recorded inci-
dentally from France (Puton, 1880). Greece
(Reuter, 1895) and Turkey (Lindberg 1922). In
Poland it is known from some 20 localities
(Wroblewski, 1966) and in Czechoslovakia it
seems to occur in northern localities of the Car-
pathian Basin (Benedek, 1970) and in Bohemia
(Stys, unpublished). Both this and the next spe-
cies have not yet been collected in Albania, Yu-
goslavia, Bulgaria and Roumania (Josifov,
1970). To the east, the exact distribution pattern
is poorly known. Its occurrence is broadly indi-
cated by Kiritshenko (1951) as: “Forest zone of
the European part of the USSR up to Volyn’,
Khar’kov and Ryazan’ provinces”. Vinokurov
(1979a) listed it for East Siberia, and Kerzhner
(1978) as a questionable record for Kunashir Is-
land which, however, appears to belong to S.
Riritshenkoi. I have seen the following material,
mostly from the Leningrad museum (semibrach.
if not otherwise stated):
Leningrad region: Ol’gino, 3 d 9 2, 6 larvae,
20.vi.1901, 17.vi—9.viii.1902, leg. Bianchi; Krupeli, 1
2, 30.vi.1897, leg. Mazarakiy; Terioki (now Zeleno-
gorsk), 2 2, 1889, leg. Wagner; Shuvalovo, 1 6,
25.v.1897, leg. Zubovskiy; Chernaya Lakhta, 1 9,
1.vii.1904, leg. Bianchi; Log near Luga, 1 6, 1 larva,
18.vi—1.vu.1918, leg. Jacobson; Sablino, 1 d 1 ©,
21.v1.1921, 6.vi1.1922, leg. Bianchi; Ostrovki, river
Neva near Schüsselburg (now Petrokrepost’), 2 d 1 @
macr., 5—6.vi. 1906 (leg. Jacobson); Lobanovo, 1 9,
14.v1.1906; Lakhta (now part of Leningrad), 1 ®,
22.v1.1919, leg. Reichardt; Pomeranye, 2 d 4 9,
10.vii.1911, leg. Ihgin; river Tigoda, 4 d 1 Q,
4.v1.1911, leg. Semenov - Tjan - Shanskij (series of this
locality somewhat less punctate); Svir, 1 ©, (?), leg.
Günther; Listy Nos (now part of Leningrad), 1 2
macr., 20.vi.1889, leg. Silantyev.; Zelenogradskaya
railway Station, near Moscow, 1 2, (?), leg. Y. Zhe-
zekhin (in coll. Popov). Karelian SSR: Petrosavodsk,
181%, (?), leg. Günther; Muromli, 1 d 1 © (?), leg.
Günther; Vitebsk region: Vitebsk, 1 ©, (?), leg. Biru-
la. Arkhangelsk region: Shipitsino, 3 d 3 2, 1 2
macr., 1 larva, 20.vi and 6.vii.1942, leg. Stark (note of
Dr Kerzhner: “at my experience this label is wrong
and refers to insects collected in more southern re-
gions”). Pskov region: Kharlamova gora near Gdov, 1
3 1 ©, 15.vi.1898 (leg. Bichner). Kalinin region: Bo-
logoe nar Sey ar va 5 vin 1908 10.71.1904;
11.vin.1904. Estonian SSR: Gapsal (now Haapsalu), 1
250 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
2, (2), leg. Morawitz; Sillamyagi (now Sillamyae), 1
2, 25.vi.1930, leg. Bianchi; Merrikul, 1 d, 7—
10.vii.1904, leg. Somira. Volgograd region: Sarepta
(now part of Volgograd), 2 6, (?), leg. Becker, Rya-
zan region: Kazachiy near Rannenburg, 1 9,
24.vi.1903, leg. Semenov. Ukraine: Rovno region:
Krasnoe, near Dubno, 1 & 1 ®, (?), leg. Karavaev;
Chermyakovo near Ostrog, 1 ®, 1—5.vii.1900, leg.
Neklyudov. Volyn’ region: Zamostochye near Senki,
1 2, 14.vi.1905, leg. Birula. Khmel’nitskiy region:
Kamenets-Podolskiy, 1 ©, (?), leg. Birula. Donetsk
region: Yarovaya near Svyatogorsk (now Sosnovo), 1
3, 19.vi.1938, leg. Arnoldi. Kazakhstan: Aktyubinsk
region: Berchogur, Mugodzhazy Mts, 1 9,
8.vii.1932, leg. Lukjanovitsh. Turgay region: Kokshe-
tau Mts, 1 ©, 23.vi.1957, leg. Asanova. Siberia: Ir-
kutsk region: river Belaya, tributary of Angara, 2 d 1
©, leg. Gartung. Maritime Province Far East,
Primorskiy Province, Knyaze Volkonskoye near
Khabarovsk, 1 ® macr. (together with S. kiritshen-
kot), 7.vii.1977, leg. Stys & Davidova.
Salda morio (Zetterstedt, 1840)
As far as it can be concluded from the avail-
able reliable records this species has a more dis-
tinct northern Eurosibirian distribution than the
foregoing species. Its range extends eastward
into N. Mongolia (Josifov & Kerzhner, 1967,
Hoberlandt, 1971a, Vinokurov, 1979b), Kuril
Isl. (Kerzhner, 1978) and Japan. I have verified
Russian materal from the following localities:
Karelia, Muromli, 2 ©, leg. Günther; idem, Ladoga,
1 ©, leg. J. Sahlberg; Ukraine, Krasnoe, Volyn’ region
(now in Rovno province), 1 2, leg. V. Karavaev (to-
gether with S. muelleri); environment of Irkutsk,
Pashkovskoe, river Angara, 1 6, and Markovo, 2 d 1
2, leg. Jakovlev; Mongolia East aimak, river
Nömrögin-Gol, 32 km SE of Mt. Salkhit, 1 d 1 9,
8.vi.1976, leg. I. Kerzhner; East aimak, Mt. Derkin-
Tsagan-Obo, 60 km ENE of Bayan-Burd, 1 d 19,
3.viu.1976, leg. I. Kerzhner; Transbaicalia, river Ingo-
da, 1 2, 11.vii.1989, leg. G. L. Suvorov (type locality
of S. splendens); Amur region, Samodon near Korsa-
kovo, 1 ©, 7.viii.1959, leg. I. Kerzhner; Klimoutsy 40
km W of Svobodny, 1 & 1 2, 15.vii.1959, leg. I.
Kerzhner; Primorskiy Kray, Ryazanovka, Khasan
district, 3 d 1 9, 9.vii.1982, leg. I. Kerzhner; Sagha-
lien, Shiritori (now Makarov), 1 d 2 9, 3.vili.1938,
leg. H. Hasegawa.
The only published record of S. morio in Ja-
pan is the Oze district, Honshu (Asahina & Ha-
segawa, 1951, and Hasegawa, 1954). I have seen
long series from this region and can conclude
only provisionally that this belongs to S. morio,
despite of some minor differences with Euro-
pean specimens (corium between veins less
shining). I further studied 2 & and 1 @ from
Hokkaido, Mt. Daisetsu, 8.v111.1967, leg. A.
Nakanishi.
Dr Lindskog (Stockholm) kindly sent me for
judgment 1 & and 1 ® collected by Poppius
near Ytyk-haja, Lena River (in Zool. Mus., Hel-
sinki), identified as S. morio by H. Lindberg. As
Lindskog already noticed both specimens have a
very polished dorsal surface, the outer margin
of the exocorium being dull. The highly shining
wings, without erect setae, are reminiscent of S.
micans, but in contrast to this species, the cori-
um bears lightish spots and the membrane is
largely unpigmented. Both rather large speci-
mens (d 5.9 mm, © 6.5 mm) are somewhat ten-
eral. Provisionally, I must conclude that they
belong to S. morio, awaiting larger samples
from that region.
Salda micans Jakovlev, 1889
Five specimens are located in the Leningrad
Museum, one of which (9) from the type locali-
ty: Kultuk (leg. B. Jakovlev). I designated this
specimen as the lectotype with an appropriate
red label. The data of the other specimens seen
by me are as following:
Tuva (Tuvinian autonomous province): Shagonar
forestry, river Ulug-khem (= Yenissey), locality Ad-
ar-khysh, 2 d 1 2, 2.vu.1956 (leg. Levin); Yakutian
(Yakutian ASSR), Badarannakh, ca. 100 km W of Ya-
kutsk, 1 d, 17.viii.1926, leg. Ivanov. These localities
are plotted on map 3.
Salda splendens (Jakovlev, 1905)
Five specimens from the type locality are lo-
cated in the Leningrad Museum (Transbaikal,
river lnsodar 2 OG 3 So Hy 898 les. G. Il.
Suvorov; 1 ® has no locality label, but the same
collector label). I designated one of the males as
the lectotype with an appropriate red label. The
following new additions can be mentioned:
Tunskinskie Gol’tsy Mts, E. Sayan mountain region
in Buryatian ASSR, E. Siberia, 1 2, no other data;
erect hairs somewhat rubbed off (in Coll Mus. Nat.
Hung.). Badarannakh, ca. 100 km W of Yakutsk,
16.vin.1926, leg. Ivanov (pin with only rostrum and
one forewing); this locality is the same as one given
for S. micans, but collected one day earlier; N. Korea,
Daitaku, Kankyo-hokudò, 2 6, 8.vii1.1939, leg. M.
Tanaka (1 d in Ent. Lab. Kyushu Univ. Japan, 1 d in
coll. Wageningen). Localities are plotted on map 3.
Salda littoralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Also on the status of subspecies pzechocku
Wagner, 1967, and of S. nevadensis Wagner,
1960.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 251
Dr
OS
Fig. 17. Calacanthia species. a, e, i, C. trybomi; pina (Ce angulosa; c, f, g, j, k, C. tibetana; d, f, C. grandis; h,
I, C. alpicola. a—d, spermatheca; e, f, right view of ovipositor gonapophyses; g—i, parandria; j, right grasping
plate of d ; k, 1, median endosomal sclerite.
252 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
S. littoralis is the most wide-spread represen-
tative of the genus in the whole of Europe and
Palaearctic Asia. The material which I have seen
from Japan (first recorded for this country in
1968, Hiura), Alaska, Canada, N USA (16 spec-
imens from eight localities), indeed conforms
entirely in external and internal structures with
specimens from Europe. From the abundant
material present in the Leningrad Museum and
Popov’s collection (Moscow), partly plotted on
map 3, we may conclude that the species occurs
everywhere in the USSR where suitable habitas
occur (marine and inland salt-marshes, exposed
fresh-water swamps in mountainous areas). The
next to no data from W. Siberia may be due to
paucity of collections made in that region
(Kerzhner, correspondence). The remarkable
ecological duality of S. littoralis is most promi-
nent in W. Europe where the species is restrict-
ed to salines along the Atlantic coast and to
mountains from 1800 up to 2300 metres altitude
(the Alps, Heiss, 1972; the Pyrenees, person.
observ.). It is remarkable that S. hittoralis seems
to be absent in the Carpathian mountains (Ben-
edek 1970) loberlandra 19774 2Stys, pers:
comm.). On the other hand, this mountain
chain everywhere harbours the endemic saldid
Teloleuca brancziki, which lives on flat finely
graveled banks of larger streams. S. littoralis
does not inhabit such localities, so that its ab-
sence in the Carpathians can not be simply ex-
plained through displacement by 7. brancziki.
The most southern inland-population in W.
Europe, the Sierra Nevada, Spain, was described
as a valid species: Salda nevadensis Wagner,
1960. However, I could not confirm the stated
differences between this species and S. littoralis.
The latter species should have larger eyes, the
vertex being only 0.85—0.90 (d) and 0.95—
1.02 (2) times as wide as one eye. The head and
especially the gula should be longer, the labrum
larger and more porrect, the pronotum and
forewings wider than in S. nevadensis. My mea-
surements, based on eight male and 14 female
paratypes of S. nevadensis and on a double
number of S. littoralis from various origins in
the NW and NE Palaearctic, do not show diver-
gence in the characters mentioned. For exam-
ple: the ratio head width/width of vertex varies
in S. littoralis between 2.41—2.54 (d), 2.22—
2.39 (2), and in S. nevadensis between 2.46—
2.50 (4), 2.33—2.39 (9). The ratio body
length/width of S. nevadensis: 2.13—2.24 (6d),
1.97—2.15 (2), also falls within the range of
variation in S. littoralis: 2.07—2.23 (6), 1.94—
2.15 (2). The only remaining actual difference
between S. littoralis and the single population of
S. nevadensis is the overall smaller body-size of
the latter; reduction in body dimensions is not
surprising since the type locality of S. nevaden-
sis is at nearly 2900 m altitude. However, this
discrepancy is not so pronounced as stated by
Wagner. For his new species he mentioned a
length of 4.7—5.1 mm for the mais and 4.9—
5.4 mm for the females. He contrasted these
numbers with 6.0—6.5 (d) and 7.0—7.5 (@) in
S. littoralis. However, according to the litera-
ture (Cobben, 1960), the length of S. littoralis
varies between 5.1 and 6.0 mm (6) and 5.9 — 7
mm (?) in the semibrachypterous form. The
lengths of males of 6.0 up to 6.5 mentioned by
me in 1960 applied to macropters, but since the
nearly sixty original individuals of S. nevadensis
are all semibrachypterous, comparisons should .
be made with that morph only. Finally, Wagner
(1960) stressed the fact that, whereas male and
female of S. littoralis fall in clearly different size
classes, the sexes of S. nevadensis can only be
separated by checking the genitalia. Judging
from the sample I have seen, this seems some-
what overstated. The 14 females at hand vary
from 5.4—5.7 mm, and the males from 4.8—5.0
mm. After all these refutations I must conclude
to the synonymy of S. nevadensis with S. litto-
ralis (syn. nov.). It is submitted that this is done
purely on morphological grounds, but we may
not expect that proof or disproof of reproduc-
tive isolation between the Sierra Nevada popu-
lation and other populations will be supplied in
the near future.
The description of S. littoralis piechocku
Wagner, 1967, from Mongolia (1160—1750 m)
suffers likewise from discrepancies with the real
situation. This subspecies of about equal size as
the nominate form, should have a more slender
body shape, and shorter antennae and legs. The
type material, which I could study (5 4, 3 ©),
conforms in these respects with typical S. litto-
ralis. The subspecies piechocki should have four
windings of the base of the penisfilum, and the
nominate subspecies 5. I checked the 5 males on
this character, but I found the basal length of
the filum fit within the variability range of S. lit-
toralis. In my view there is no valid criterium to
uphold the subspecies taxon piechockit.
The coastal subpopulation of S. littoralis
seems to have undergone at least one speciation
process somewhere along the Adriatic Sea. De-
viating material was originally described as a va-
riety of S. littoralis, viz. adriatica (type locality
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 253
Fig. 18. Salda species. a, anterior part of corium of left fore wing, outline of lateral margin and vestiture of small
setae; left, S. kiritsjenkoi; right, S. muelleri; b, c, S. kiritsjenkoi; b, median endosomal sclerite; below plane view;
above, left lateral view; c, paramere; d, e, S. morio; d, median endosomal sclerite; e, paramere; f—h, S. micans; f,
parandria; g, paramere; h, penisfilum; i—n, S. splendens; i, male grasping plate; j, median endosomal sclerite;
left, plane view; right, left lateral view; k, base of penis filum, length of three individuals; I, apex of paramere; m,
parandria; n, parameres; left, specimen from N. Corea; middle and right from type locality.
254 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
“Illyria”) by Horvath, 1887, and subsequently
(1901) recognized by himself as a valid species.
Specimens studied by me at the time from the
Gulf of Venezia indeed are characteristic
enough to warrant specific status (Filippi, 1957;
Cobben, 1960). S. adriatica has subsequently
been reported from Greece and Bulgaria (Josi-
fov, 1961, 1970). The population structure of
this group of shore bugs in the Balkans and Asia
Minor became, however, more complex after
the description of S. subcoriacea Horvath, 1901
(type locality, Turkey, Aydinh, close to the
Marmara Sea). To judge from the description,
this Salda is more or less intermediate between
typical littoralis and adriatica, and therefore I
treated it, in 1960, provisionally as a subspecies
of S. littoralis. As such were also identified spec-
imens from Turkey (Hoberlandt, 1948) and
Greece (Josifov, 1970). A deliberate decision on
its taxonomic status and its relation to the S. /it-
toralis-adriatica complex must be postponed
until long series are sampled at regular intervals
along the coastal lines of the Adriatic, Aegean,
Black and Caspian Seas. The saisonality should
also be considered. Subcoriacea-like adults were
collected by me in a coastal swamp in Greece
(near Khalkis, 29.vii.1978). I brought them liv-
ing to Wageningen, hoping that these animals
from 30.5° latitude would be easier to rear than
S. littoralis from higher latitudes and altitudes.
This species is univoltine in W and N Europe
and has an obligatory winter-diapause in the
egg stage lasting nine months (Jordan & Wendt,
1938; Cobben, 1968). This makes it very diffi-
cult to rear large numbers in succession. My
purpose was to try to hybridize the Greek pop-
ulation with S. littoralis from the Netherlands
and the Pyrenees. However, it appeared that al-
so the animals from Greece went directly into a
strong egg diapause under normal laboratory
conditions. Such a phenology is reminiscent of a
northern origin of the ancestor of S. littoralis. It
would be interesting to know whether the true
S. adriatica of the Venezia lagune still has re-
tained this rigid life cycle.
TENTATIVE KEY TO MACROSALDULA SPECIES
Some historical remarks on the ranking of the
taxon Macrosaldula as a genus were given on
page 232. Most species ot this group are exter-
nally recognizable by heteropterists familiar :
with shore bugs by their rather stout size, slen-
der and mostly dark coloured habitus with pro-
portionally long antennae without long erect se-
tae on the second segment, and by their lapidi-
colous and agile behaviour, preferably along
streams. The combination of these characters
separate them from the smaller sized species of
typical Saldula, a cosmopolitan genus most rich
in species, and from some less typical Saldula
subgroups, among which the orthochila group
(page 226). The limits of both supraspecific taxa
Macrosaldula and Saldula will be phylogeneti-
cally redefined elsewhere; in such a study other
less obvious characters will also play a role.
Some Macrosaldula species strikingly deviate in
colour (inornata, heyningent), or in colour and
swollen antennae (roborowsku, see below) from
the other group members. Three species deviate
in some less readily visible, but important char-
acters, such as: shape of hypocostal wing mar-
gin, position of stigmata, and shape of median
endosomal sclerite. These species are koreana,
monae and rivularia, of which the generic posi- _
tion may need adjustment later. It is only for
practical reasons that I include all 21 species
listed in the following key as belonging to Ma-
crosaldula. The key includes also one species
which up till now has not been associated with
Macrosaldula-like species, viz., the species de-
scribed by Jakovlev (1890) as Salda roborowsku
from the western part of China (“Chinesian
Turkestan”). It was placed in Chartoscirta by
Reuter (1895), Oshanin (1912), Hoffmann
(1933), Wu (1935) and Drake & Hoberlandt
(1951), spelled as roborowsk:). Dr Kerzhner in-
formed me that the type series from “Oasises
Nia and Keria” included more than one speci-
men judging from the indicated length (4/—
4’ mm). At the present time the type speci-
mens could not be traced in the Leningrad Mu-
seum, but I could study another series located in
that museum, apparently belonging to the same
species. This material (1 & 2 2) was collected
along the river Tisnaf, 6.vii.1890, leg.
Grombtschewski. The locality is about 500 km
W of the type locality and is plotted on the dis-
tribution map 1. Both localities are, according
to Kerzhner, along the old route passing be-
tween the southern part of the Takla-Makan de-
sert and adjacent mountains; the altitude is
about 1500—2000 m. Examination of this
material reveals that it represents a member of
the Macrosaldula clade according to the elonga-
tion of antennae and structure of the male
grasping plate and genitalia. It lacks the two
synapomorphies of Chartoscirta species (hind
femur with stridulatory ridges, spherical median
endosomal sclerite), but the swollen antennae
(fig. 13e), somewhat elevated callus of the pro-
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 255
g
Fig. 19. Salda species. a—c, left side of left femora 1—3; a, S. muelleri; b, S. morio; c, S. micans and S. splendens;
d, S. splendens, left view of holotype; e—f, antennae; e, S. muelleri; f, S. morio; g, S. micans and S. splendens; h, i,
paramere of S. micans; j, S. morio, Saghalien, Japan, pigment variation of wing; k, S. muelleri, macropterous
wing.
256 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
notum (fig. 13g), and the contrasting brown-
white pattern of the corium (fig. 13c) are to
some extent reminiscent of Chartoscirta, espe-
cially C. dilutipennis (Reuter), occurring in Tur-
kestan.
I present in this paper also the illustrations of
individual parameres of a number of Macrosal-
dula species. The differences exhibited should
not be regarded as absolute, since the intraspe-
cific variability has to be tested on population
level. In general, paramere morphology is of on-
ly limited diagnostic value in saldids. The eu-
nomic series of wing pattern shown in some il-
lustrations must also be considered with some
caution. I selected only those variations which
reveal a smooth gradation from light to dark
colour forms. Certainly, numerous small devia-
tions from the ideal eunomy will be encoun-
tered. For some species additional material may
prove that the extremes of the light and the dark
morphs will exceed the illustrations provided
here. Distributions are given on a large scale.
For detailed country records and data on ecolo-
gy see Cobben (1960), Heiss (1972), Hober-
landt (1977), Lindskog (1975), Vinikurov
(1979b), and Wröblewski (1966).
1. Antennal segment 2 1/2 times and segment
4 about 2 times as thick as segment 2 in the
middle (fig. 13e). Colouration of wing cas-
taneous brown with two transverse white
fascia (fig. 13c). Pronotum with pale mar-
gin; callus somewhat swollen; (W China)...
roborowskii (Jakovlev, 1890) comb. nov.
— Distal segments of antennae not dilated.
Colouration of wings otherwise ........ 2
2. Wings inclusive of clavus, and legs largely
straw-yellowish. Lateral pronotal sides
broadly pale (fig. 8); (Iraq) ..
=) ackeprement prevallinca ss) 3
. Corium and clavus entirely devoid of light-
ish spots. Wings with only adpressed short
SETA PRE con EN RL. 4
— Corium and often clavus provided with
lightish pattern. Wings with only adpressed
short setae, or with erect semilong or long
setae in addition to short pubescence .... 8
4. Dorsum shining. Inconspicuous pubescence
regular, very short and adpressed. Vertex
and pronotum without erect semilong setae
DRG EA TERA EARLY, OEE NO STE 5
— Dorsum dull. Adpressed short pubescence
more dense and conspicuous. Vertex and
pronotum with some erect dark setae al-
most as long as the six cephalic bristles ... 6
GQ
inornata sp.n.
5. Strongly shining with blue-violet reflection
(for further differences with the next
species, see p. 240); (Far East of the USSR,
Japan). 2 SEREEN violacea sp.n.
— Less obviously polished, deep-black,
sometimes with faint bluish reflection; (Far
BastortheUSSR,Korea) ser zen
I SION RE koreana (Kiritshenko, 1912)
6. Middle pair of cephalic trichobothrial setae
arising from pale spot (for further differ-
ence with next species, see p. 238) (Siberia,
MongoliayAlas kala sea at ea een
rivularia (Sahlberg, 1878)
— Middle pair of cephalic trichobothrial setae
atisinstomnblacktcuricle nnen 7
7. Ratio antennal segments 2 + 3 + 4/width of
pronotal collar above 3.6. (USSR, region
Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk) ...... simulans sp.n.
— Ratio antennal segments 2 + 3 + 4/width of
pronotal collar below 3.6: dark extreme of |
variabilis variabilis, and possibly other spe-
cies of which the extreme melanistic form is
notyet known. aac ur La eee 8
8. Corium with large subapical orange mark
on exocorium; otherwise unicolorous
black; (Italy Spain) ee eee
si UES ae. heijningeni (Cobben, 1959)
— Corium with varying lightish pattern .... 9
9. Pronotum with pale lateral margins. Middle
pair of trichobothrial-like cephalic setae
arising from pale spot (fig. 7d) ......... 10
— Pronotum and frons of head entirely black
ee Se ET ARES ER GS Sco ola 11
10. Clavus proximally with longitudinal light-
ish spot (fig. 7a); dorsal pubescence not
denseyeoldent|(lranscaucasia) nee
SEU Lin un clavalis sp.n.
— Clavus proximally without lightish spot;
dorsal pubescence dense, silvery; (Mongo-
lia): er. kaszabi (Hoberlandt, 1971)
11. Exocorium with narrow ochreous costal
margin along entire length (fig. 101, n); (S.
Kazakhstan ee kerzhneri sp.n.
— Corium with varying light-dark pattern 12
12. Longest semi-erect dark setae of corium
longer than diameter of tibia 3 ......... 13
— Longest semi-erect dark setae of corium
subequal to or shorter than diameter of tib-
TARSIA LOL, LIME AMR Oe 18
13. Pronotum without erect setae extending be-
yond lateral margin. Exocorium with only
adpressed short, lightish setae, and a sub-
marginal longitudinal strip devoid of any
setosity; base of exocorium mostly wider
than base of endocorium, part of lateral
R. H. CoBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 257
Fig. 20. Teloleuca kuznezovi. a, parameres, specimens from different localities in E. Russia and Japan (second
picture from left); b, apex of paramere; c, male grasping plate; d, median endosomal sclerite; left, plane view;
right, left lateral view; e, base of penisfilum; f, parandria; g, variation of dark-light pigment pattern of fore wing.
258 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
outline of forewing straight (fig. 12c).
White-black pattern of corium contrasting
(fig. 13h); clavus sometimes with subbasal
spot . variabilis connectens (Horváth, 1888)
The explanate base of the exocorium of M. variabi-
lis is not always clear, and sometimes also occurs in
other species, e.g. M. jakovleffi and M. nivalis; these
two species, however, lack the hairless exocorial sub-
marginal strip. It is still uncertain whether connectens
must be considered a subspecies of variabilis or a
proper species. I have seen material from Morocco,
Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Rumania and Greece,
corresponding with connectens. True variabilis (endo-
corium without erect setae) was seen from Sweden,
Belgium, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Austria,
Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, Greece, Iran, Iraq and
USSR (Georgia, Armenia). This picture would favour
the idea of two separate species, with sympatry in the
Balkan countries. However, material seen by me from
Turkey and Palestine is more or less intermediate as
regards the setosity of the endocorium.
— Pronotum with erect setae distinctly ex-
tending beyond lateral margin; entire cori-
um with erect setae in addition to adpressed
Dubescence NPA a 14
14. Erect setae of second tibia longer than the
spines; erect setae along entire length of
third tibia longer than the spines (see also
note under M. scotica, couplet 16 of this
key); (Japan, Shikoku) .. shikokuana sp.n.
— Setae of second tibia not longer than the
Spinesgre Peary ende: 15
15. Erect setae on external proximal part of
third tibia longer than the spines ....... 16
— Erect setae on external proximal part of
third tibia subequal to or shorter than the
SPINEA AA e en ee Ne the 17
16. Lightish pattern of wing predominantly re-
stricted to exocorium (fig. 14b); large sub-
apical spot on exocorium also persistent in
dark specimens; lightish subapical spot of
clavus only rarely present. Dorsal pilosity
dense; length of erect setae about two times
the diameter of the hind tibia; silvery de-
cumbent setae dense, semilong, somewhat
shagey (STE) MEENDEN e.
te fee CERIANO madonica (Seidenstücker, 1961)
— Lightish spots distributed on exo- and en-
docorium; subapical spot on clavus only
absent in dark variants (fig. 14a). Dorsal
erect and adpressed pilosity less dense;
erect setae subequal to or slightly longer
than diameter of hind tibia; (Europe, Euro-
pean part of the USSR; earlier records from
Japan refer to S. nobilis)
scotica (Curtis, 1835)
I have seen one male from Turkey (Caycuma,
31.v.1980, leg. Hava) and two females from Caucasus
(Krasnaya, no date, leg. Zhelokhovtsev; Azan, 2600
m, above Rhododendron zone, 1.vii.1974, leg. Behäc),
with longer pilosity on the legs, nearly as in M. shiko-
kuana (couplet 14). In the latter species the dark parts
of the wings are ashy-semipruinose black with the
distal part of endocorium and medial half of clavus
deep satin black. The dark wing pigment of M. scotica
is unicolorous black. Additional material is needed for
a taxonomic interpretation of this type of geographic
variation of M. scotica.
17. Clavus proximally always with small yel-
lowish spot near edge bordering the corium
and sometimes with an elongate spot in the
edge bordering the scutellum (14f). Light-
dark pattern of corium contrasting; lightish
spots yellowish; spot on mid part of exoco-
rium divided longitudinally (fig. 14f). Dark
pigment of margin of exocorium and apical
area of endocorium intense black, contrast-
ing with otherwise ashy black colour; (Ja-
DA ier 6 Saree a AR ES miyamotot sp.n.
— Proximal part of clavus entirely black. Con-
trast between light and dark pattern of cori-
um not sharply defined. Light spots greyish
white; spot on mid part of exocorium
usually large and undivided (fig. 14c). Dark
pigmentation uniform ashy-black; (Uzbe-
kistan)) eee tadzhika (Kiritshenko, 1912)
18. First acetabula entirely or partly lightish 19
——| Firstiacetabulalblacky) >. er Veen 21
19. Wings dull, with only adpressed short sil-
very setae. Middle trichobothrial-like ce-
phalic setae arising nearly always from pale
spot. First coxae for major part pale. Wing
pattern variable; preponderance of white
markings on endocorium; in darker forms
markings disappear first on exocorium;
(Nlaska) ar... monae (Drake, 1952)
— Wings weakly shining; semilong erect setae
are present in addition to the short decum-
bent coldempubescencel WA 20
20. First acetabula entirely pale. Wing pattern
asınetie. 141 (alkwazal: stan) seen
VE. Hoa oblonga acetabularis subsp.n.
— First acetabula dark with pale apical mar-
gin. Corium for major part testaceous (fig.
14k); membrane hyaline. Clavus sometimes
with subbasal pale stripe. Legs predomi-
nantly yellowish; (Kazakhstan) ...........
Lorne ee koktshetavica sp.n.
21. Second antennal segment with only very
short pubescence. Proximal part of exocori-
um wider than base of endocorium (fig.
12b); part of external outline of left and
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae
Fig. 21. Salda species scanning micrographs of mid part of corium to show differences in densities of setae
(60X). a, S. morio, Japan; b, S. muelleri; c, S. littoralis; d, S. kiritsjenkot.
260 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
right wing parallel-sided (not clearly pre-
sent in some specimens). Wing dull-black
with usually two larger well-demarcated
spots on exocorium and some smaller ones
on endocorium (fig. 131); stronger tendency
to complete melanism than in the subsp.
connectens, particularly in specimens from
the Caucasus; membrane usually unicolo-
rous smoky black. See remarks at couplet
13, sub variabilis connectens........... va-
riabilis variabilis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835)
— Second antennal segment with very short
pubescence and with some erect, somewhat
longer setae over entire length of segment.
Proximal part of exocorium about as wide
as base of endocorium or wider; outline of
wing margin regular convex ........... 22
22. Erect setae on corium of about same length
as the width of third tibia. Colouration of
short pubescence of wing mostly golden.
Marginal setae along anterior edge of pro-
notum shorter than diameter of one ocellus.
Wing design usually as in fig. 71, drawings
2 and 3; lightish pattern testaceous, not
very contrasting; base of clavus rarely with
pale spot along claval suture; membrane
smoky with dark patches in between the
vernsa(fdiransbatl a me em
FAI Be oblonga oblonga (Stal, 1858)
— Pubescence of wing clearly shorter than
diameter of third tibia. Marginal setae along
anterior edge of pronotum longer than or
subequal to diameter of one ocellus, rarely
shorten cai jakovleffi (Reuter, 1891),
mongolica (Kiritshenko, 1912) and nivalis
(Lindberg, 1935) (see following discussion).
At the end of this key three species remain
which caused some nomenclatorial problems:
M. jakovleffi, M. mongolica and M. nivalis. |
give the following explanation and hope that my
proposal on the nomenclature will prove to be
correct.
M. jakovleffi (Reuter, 1891). Reuter de-
scribed this species from Turkestan, Dschiptik,
D. Fedtschenko and, judging from his notation
“long 2 6—7'2 mill.”, he apparently had the
disposal of at least two females. The diagnosis
refers to a species without erect setae, with
shining head and thorax, and with a number of
white spots on the forewing. Reuter pointed out
that the species differs from the hirsute M. scoti-
ca, but that the differences with M. variabilis
are difficult to describe. So far I could not trace
the type material of M. jakovleffi, but received
one male and one female from the Reuter coll.,
labelled Turkestan Dschilarik (about 540 km
NE of the type locality), leg. J. Sahlberg. The
distribution of the lightish wing spots (fig. 14d,
second picture from left) comforms more or less
with the description of the type material. Since
head and pronotum are rather shiny, it seems
logical to attribute the male and female in ques-
tion provisionally to M. jakovleffi. I propose to
designate the male as the neotype in case the
original specimens will not emerge!). The two
specimens from Dschilarik possess a character
not mentioned by Reuter but of possible impor-
tance for identification. The laterofrontal edges
of the pronotum are beset with a fringe of
densely packed whitish setae (fig. 135); the
length of these setae is variable in longer series
(see below).
M. mongolica (Kiritshenko, 1912). I studied
one specimen marked with the type indication ‘
of the Leningrad Museum. Since it bears exactly
the same locality data as given in the original de-
scription (Mongolia: decliv. septentr. Altai
Mongolici: ripae lacus Kobdo Inferioris (P. K.
Kozlov. viii.1899) I take it for granted that it is
the specimen on which Kiritshenko based his
description. The body dimensions (5.5. mm—
2.5 mm) also fit the description, but instead of a
male, as indicated, it appears to be a female. I
provisionally suggested that this single type
specimen might be conspecific with M. jakov-
leffı as conceived above.
The anteromarginal fringe of setae on the
pronotum is not well-developed, but as men-
tioned before, this character also greatly varies
in other material from Mongolia. Additional
material from Mongolia seen by me originates
from the following locaties: SE Arakhangaj,
Sharagoldzi (Shargoldzuty-gol) river, 20—40
km NNE Bajan Khongor, 1 2, 25.v11.1926, leg.
Kiritshenko; Ongiin (Ongin)-Gol river, upper
part, 50 km NNW Arvaj-Kheer, 5 d 4 9,
14.vii.1926, leg. Kiritshenko (together with M.
oblonga; Bajanchonger aimak, Changaj Mts So-
mon Zap, river, Zaesol 2100, m 22 Ser
18.v1.1966, expedition Kaszab (Hoberlandt,
1971b, referred to the males (loc. no. 79) as M.
oblonga and to the female (log. no. 708) as M.
!) Dr Kerzhner informed me very recently that Dr A.
V. Sviridov let him know, in a letter of 11.viii.1985,
that the type of M. jakovleffi is in the Zoological
Museum of the Moscow University; its length is
6.2 mm, the sex is not indicated, and it is labelled:
“Dzhiptyk” (in Cyrillic characters), and “Acanthia
jakowleffi Reut”.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 261
mongolica. This material is plotted on map 2,
provisionally as M. mongolica, although I ini-
tially was inclined to consider them conspecific
with M. jakovleffi. After correspondence with
Dr Lindskog I now adopt a more conservative
attitude. Recent expeditions made in Mongolia
and China probably contain large samples of the
jakovleffi complex. Scrutinizing this material
might solve whether some minor differences re-
vealed between true M. jakovleffi and the sparse
material of M. mongolica at hand are constant
enough to uphold M. mongolica as a valid taxon
(species or subspecies).
M. nivalis (Lindberg, 1935) (comb. nov.; de-
scribed as Acanthia nivalis). The type locality of
jakovleffi
this species is Kashmir, Tehrong valley near Sia-
chen glacier, 4125 m, 20—26.vi.1929, leg. J. A.
Sillem, Netherlands Karakorum expedition. The
type material located in the Zoological Museum
Amsterdam consists of one female and four lar-
vae. The second adult mentioned in the original
publication could not be traced. Although the
single female at hand is in a teneral condition,
some characters match the series I could study
from mountainous areas north of Kashmir,
which differs from M. jakovleffi. Such charac-
ters are: dull dorsal cuticle, more dense silvery
adpressed setae, and rather porrect anteclypeus
(fig. 14g). Despite of the incomplete informa-
tion on the type material of M. nivalis I am
nivalis
size and shape
length male
length female
membrane
era colour
head and pronotum
adpressed setae of corium
eunomy of wing
longitudinal spot in basal half of
endocorium
head in front of eyes
parandria
paramere
generally larger, male less slender,
female more slender
5.0—6.0 mm (mean 5.4) (n = 13),
width 2.0—2.4 mm (mean 2.2);
ratio /w 2.0 wu
6.0—7.0 mm (mean 6.4) (n = 11),
width 2.6—2.9 mm (mean 2.8);
ratio /w 2.3
fully developed
black
rather shiny
usually greyish or golden, not
striking
fig. 14d
undivided in pale specimens, often
parallel with adjacent spot of
exocorium
less porrect (fig. 14h, left)
widely incised (fig. 12})
with broad processus sensualis and
regular external outline (fig. 12h)
1) Dr Kerzhner wrote me that the variability of wing
design is more diversified than presented in fig.
14e.
generally smaller, male more
slender, female less slender
4.5—5.0 mm (mean 4.7) (n = 13),
width 1.9—2.7 mm (mean 2.1);
ratio /w 2.24
5.1—6.0 mm (mean 5.5) (n = 13),
width 2.3—2.8 mm (mean 2.6);
ratio l/w 2.1 er
slightly reduced
ashy black
rather dull
silvery and dense (fig. 15a)
fig. 14e!)
subdivided; marginal spot halfway
exocorium (see arrow) mostly
present
more porrect (fig. 14g, left) due to
bulging anteclypeus and more
transverse swelling above
anteclypeus (fig. 14g, right)
incission narrow (fig. 12k)
with pointed processus sensualis
and somewhat undulated external
outline (fig. 12g)
262 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
more inclined to treat the material listed below
as M. nivalis, rather than to describe it as a new
species. Before having studied the type of M. ni-
valıs I named this species in 1960, in manu-
script, as Saldula horvathi, and I misused this
name as nom. nud. in one of the chapters of my
book (Cobben 1968: 20) dealing with the eggs
of Heteroptera.
Making allowance for some mentioned no-
menclatorial uncertainties, the differences be-
tween M. jakovleffi and M. nivalis can be tabu-
lated as above.
The material verified by me, mostly present
in the Leningrad Coll. and the Coll. Yu. Popov,
Moscow, is plotted on map 2; some additional
symbols have been added on map 2 in accord-
ance with recent information supplied by Dr
Kerzhner.
M. jakovleffi:
Kirghizia, Tien Shan, Kirghizskij Ridge (=
Aleksandrovskij Ridge), gorge Kenkol, 4 d 1 2,
17.v11.1930, leg. V. Bianchi; idem, Kirghizskij ridge,
Frunzenskaja province (= Semirechenskaja province),
3800 m, 1 ®, 15.vu.1910, leg. Kiritshenko; idem,
Terskej Alatau Ridge (southern side of eastern part of
Ridge), Kujlu river (100 km SE Issyk-Kul lake), 1 4,
24.v1.1902, leg. Saphozhnikov, idem, Terskej Alatau
Ridge, Karagatuz river, 1 d, 26.vi.1902, leg. Sapozh-
nikov; idem, Terskej Alatau, Karasaj river (the Upper
Naryn river, 80 km S of Issyk-Kul lake), Pokrovskie
syrts (plateau), 1 d 2 2, 29.vii.1965, leg. R. Zlotin;
idem, Terskej Alatau Ridge, Karasaj river, 1 6,
14.v11.1953, leg. D. Panfilov; idem, Fergansky Ridge
(Nw part), Kizylunkur river (the Upper Karaunkur
river), 20 km N of Arslanbob, 1 6, 8.vili.1958, leg.
Yu. Popov. Syrt Arabel, 1 d 1 ©, no further data,
type locality of var. moerens Horv., 1904; Djergalan-
Tjuk, leg. Almasy, no further data. Kazakhstan, Tien
Shan, Zailysky Alatau Ridge, Bolshaja Almaatinka
river (15—20 km S Alma-Ata), 3 9, 25—28.vii.1928,
leg. Shnitnikov; idem, Saur Ridge, Karasu river (the
Upper Kenderlyk river; 50 km SE Zaisan lake, 9 & 6
Q, 18.vi.1965, leg. Yu. Popov, 3 d 3 9, 20.vi.1965,
leg. I. Sukatscheva. Usbekistan, Torino near Tash-
kent, 1 2, 13.vii.1924, leg. Martynova; idem, Tshim-
gan Mt, Tian-Shan, 2000 m, 5 d, 9.vi.1982, leg. P.
Stys. leg. Almäsy. Tadzhikistan, Pamiro-Alaj Alajska-
ja valley (eastern part), near Irkeshtam, 1 9,
20.v1.1960, leg. I. Lopatin; idem, Kzyl-Rabat, 1 2,
11.vu.1960, leg. Lopatin; idem, Murgab, 1 4,
24.v1.1937, leg. Luppova & Redikortsev.; Altai, Tsha-
gan-Uzun—Taldur, 6.viii.1912, leg. Sushkin; Shavoz,
river Shakhdara, 2 d, 10.vi.1956, leg. Zhelokhovtsev.
M. nivalis:
Type-locality: Kashmir, Tehrong Valley. Kirghizia,
Kirghizsky ridge (= Aleksandrovskij Ridge),
Fruzenskaja province (= Semirechenskaja province),
3800 m, 1 2, 15.vii.1910, leg. Kiritshenko; idem, Tien
Shan, Chatkalskij (Tschatkalskij) Ridge (NE part),
Sary-Chilek Lake, 2500 m, 1 d, 13.vin.1957, leg. Yu.
Popov; idem, N. Park, Ala-Archa nr. Frunze, 2200 —
2800 m, 14 d 13 @, 22.vi.1982, leg. P. Stys; idem,
2100 m, 1 d 1 2, 6—9.vii.1976, leg. J. Kral; Fergana
mer., Alai, Artschi-Bashi, large series, 12.vi.1908, leg.
Kiritshenko; Syrt Arabel, leg. Almasy, 2 9, no further
data. Kazakhstan, Zailijskij Alatau Ridge, gorge Go-
relnyi (15—20 km S Alma-Ata), 2000 m, 1 9,
24.vili.1958, leg. D. Panfilov.
It appears from the distribution pattern now
known (map 2) that M. nivalis and M. jakovleffi
are exclusively mountainous species (registered
altitudes from -2000—3800 m with ranges coin-
ciding in the Kirghizia area (37—45° latitude).
Some locality data and collecting dates are even
the same for both species. Dr Kerzhner in-
formed me that both were collected near Alma- |
Ata in the same valley, but at different sites. The
poorly explored mountains at lower latitudes
disclosed so far only one locality of M. nivalis
(35°) and two females from 27.5° latitude (Bu-
than, 20 km S of Thimphu, 2300 m, 18.v.1972,
Bhutan expedition Nat. Hist. Mus. Basel) which
belong to the jakovleffi-mongolica complex.
The range of M. nivalis apparently does not ex-
tend to the Mongolian mountain chains, where-
as the range of M. jakovleffi seems to continue
into W. Mongolia, either with conspecific popu-
lations or with a very close relative (M. mongo-
lica, see above).
COMMENTS ON THE ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF
MACROSALDULA, SALDA'), AND TELOLEUCA
The ancestors of these three genera apparent-
ly originated somewhere in the Palaearctic Re-
gion. Only two species of Macrosaldula occur
in the Nearctic Region (Alaska), viz. M. rivula-
ria Sahlb. and M. monae Dr. The latter species
is only known from Alaska, whereas M. rivula-
ria is one of the very few Macrosaldula species
of which the range extends into the arctic zone
(maps 1, 2). The characters of both species, with
only one exception, conform with those of Pal-
aearctic Macrosaldula. Salda littoralis is the only
Holarctic species of the genus. With respect to
one phylogenetically most important male geni-
tal character which is shared by all Old World
species, it is more plesiomorphic than the re-
maining seven exclusively New World species.
') Salda henschii Reut. and S. sahlbergi Reut. are left
out of account, since Dr P. Lindskog is revising
this couple of species.
R. H. COBBEN: Eurasian Saldidae 263
Of the genus Teloleuca, the sister group of Sal-
da, two of the four Eurasian species also live in
the northern part of the New World. This
three-fold picture speaks well for a common mi-
gration route from the Old World across the
Bering Strait after separation of the northern
continents.
Combining the Eurasian distribution patterns
(maps 1—4) the broad band area from Central
Europe across Siberia, which is practically with-
out any records of the saldids discussed, be-
comes apparent. This absence of records cer-
tainly coincides with paucity of sampling. The
distribution maps of Gerridae (Kanyukova,
1982) reveal a rather similar pattern, although
this group of waterstriders seems to have been
explored better than shorebugs in the European
part of the USSR. It may, however, be expected
that even after more extensive exploration of the
West Siberian lowlands, the general distribution
patterns of the species treated in the present pa-
per will not change markedly.
The distribution patterns of maps 1—4 make:
at first sight clear that species of the three gen-
era considered here are predominantly moun-
tainous (note the absence of data from the Ural)
and that the largest number of species is found
in Central Asia, E. Siberia + Mongolia and the
Far East (8(3), 11(3) and 9(2) species, respecti-
vely; numbers between brackets refer to en-
demic species). From Japan seven species are
presently known of which two Macrosaldula
species seem to be restricted to this archipelago
(an additional species from Japan will be de-
scribed by Dr J. Polhemus (in litt)). The Euro-
pean part of the USSR harbours six to seven
species, of which only M. scotica (Curt.) and M.
variabilis (H.—S.) are typical European el-
ements. Few species are confined to the medi-
terranean region: M. heijningeni Cobben and
M. madonica Seid.
It is too early to discuss the ecological diver-
sifications of the various eastern species, be-
cause locality data are not detailed enough as re-
gards habitat characteristics and altitudinal stra-
tifications. Some species are labelled as
occurring in the same locality, such as M. inor-
nata and M. variabilis, M. variabilis and M. sco-
tica, S. muelleri and S. kiritshenkoi, and S. mi-
cans, S. splendens and S. morio. Smali-scale eco-
logical displacements are predictable in such
cases. Of great interest is to know more of the
habitat requirements of the atypical Macrosal-
dula roborowskü which is only known from
two localities (map 1) in W China. Its Chartos-
cirta-like facies suggests a habitat which might
be quite different from those of its congeners
which generally inhabit stony banks along
streams.
Saldidae, constituting a uniform group of
wet-soil-dwelling, carnivorous Heteroptera ex-
hibiting a large amount of wing-polymorphism,
are as ideal for eco-geographical studies as Car-
abidae are among Coleoptea. It is hoped that
the present taxonomic contribution will foster
large scale collections and detailed field obser-
vations of shore bugs in the vast Asian conti-
nent.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The preparation of this paper would not have
been possible without the help of Dr I. Kerzhn-
er (Zoological Institute, Leningrad), who spent
much time in translating and mapping the Rus-
sian locality data. I thank him very much for his
continuous interest in this project and for his
generosity in sending material all over again. I
thank Dr Lindskog and Dr Stys for their com-
ments on the manuscript, and Dr Polhemus for
permission to list some records of species col-
lected by him in Japan in 1980. The assistance of
the following colleagues in supplying material is
greatly acknowledged: M. Brancucci (Basel),
W. R. Dolling (London), S. Drosopoulos
(Athens), J. Duffels (Amsterdam), K. K.
Gunther (DDR, Berlin), H. Hasagawa (Ibara-
ki), E. Heiss (Innsbruck), L. Hoberlandt (Pra-
gue), J. Lattin (Corvallis), P. Lindskog (Stock-
holm), J. Martens (Mainz), S. Miyamoto (Fuku-
oka), R. Poggi (Genoa), J. Polhemus
(Englewood), Yu. Popov (Moscow), R. Remane
(Marburg), M. Satö (Tokyo), A. Sods (Buda-
pest), P. Stys (Prague), M. Tömökuni (Tokyo),
T. Vasarhelyi (Budapest).
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266 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, AFL. 4, 1985
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Table 1. Some measurements of Halosalda, Saldula, Macrosaldula, Calacanthia and Salda species (in mm). Data
are presented for only four specimens at the most; when longer series are available more data can be found in the
descriptions. The length of antennal segments 3 and 4 is inclusive the proximal intersegmental ring, which
creates some variation in the measurements since the internodes are not always fully visible.
pronotum antenna leg 3
ci >
5 3 = SUS
a os È - $ 8 e
So = re = D © B og 3 2 |
= ge 20 2 33 DE DI
5 CONSE so BElm Se SS So |
species DINE 9 Sen 8 8 Sa B B =
Halosalda d 34 1.6 0.96 0.32 0.28 0.04 0.07 0.52 0.56 1.16 0.26 0.68 0.44 0.42 1.60 0.64 |
coracina sp.n. d 3.6 1.6 0.94 0.36 0.28 0.05 0.05 0.58 0.56 1.20 0.26 0.68 0.44 0.46 1.52 0.68 |
9 3.8 1.9 1.00 0.38 0.32 0.03 0.03 0.54 0.58 1.28 0.28 0.78 0.48 0.44 1.78 0.68
OZ fB 1.00 0.36 0.32 0.03 0.04 0.52 0.60 1.30 0.28 0.76 — — 1.72 0.66
Saldula d 3.05 1.59 0.89 0.34 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.46 0.54 115 0.29 055 0.41 0.41 1.48 0.51
hasegawai S 3.16 1.70 0.95 0.31 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.55 1.20 0.29 0.57 046 0.45 1.51 0.52
sp.n. 9 355 1.90 0.94 0.35 0.25 0.07 0.04 0.50 0.58 1.30 0.30 0.62 0.45 0.45 1.59 0.56
Saldula d 35 1.75 1.04 0.40 0.26 0.06 0.04 0.48 0.56 1.32 0.36 0.70 — — 1.68 0.64
taiwanensis d 36 1.70 1.04 0.38 0.24 0.06 0.04 0.48 0.56 1.32 0.36 0.68 0.46 0.46 1.64 0.63 |
sp.n. 2 4.0 1.90 1.08 0.40 0.32 0.07 0.04 0.52 0.62 1.44 0.38 0.72 — — 1.76 068 -
® 3.75 1.90 1.04 0.40 0.28 0.07 0.04 0.56 0.60 1.40 0.36 0.70 0.45 0.44 1.76 0.63
Saldula d 3.60 1.78 1.08 0.41 0.28 0.07 0.04 0.50 0.65 1.36 0.28 0.70 0.48 0.54 1.75 0.63
burmanica d 4.22 1.99 1.16 0.45 0.32 0.05 0.05 0.60 0.72 1.60 0.29 0.75 0.53 0.58 1.95 0.73 |
subsp.n.? ® 414 2.28 1.18 0.48 0.35 0.07 0.05 0.56 0.70 1.63 0.28 0.73 0.50 0.51 1.90 0.75
9% 3.39 210 1.18 0.45 0.34 0.06 0.05 0.56 0.73 1.48 0.28 0.73 0.53 0.57 1.88 0.71
Saldula 6 43. 2:71 1.16 0.35 0.28 0.06 0.03 0.66 0.66 1.35 0.38 0.90 0.57 0.60 2.10 0.85
sibiricola sp.n. SEES 1.20 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.03 0.70 0.70 1.42 0.33 0.90 0.54 0.59 2.15 0.87
9 49 24 1.25 0.42 0.31 0.07 0.03 0.70 0.71 1.55 0.35 1.00 0.62 0.65 2.40 0.96
Macrosaldula d 4.0 1.7 0.96 0.40 0.32 0.08 0.02 0.46 0.56 1.40 0.28 0.76 0.45 0.45 2.20 0.68
clavalis sp.n. ONCE) 7220 1.04 0.44 0.38 0.08 0.03 0.52 0.72 1.64 0.36 0.88 0.60 0.54 2.44 0.78 |
Macrosaldula d 43 182 1.0 0.44 0.36 0.08 0.04 0.54 0.64 1.44 0.24 0.80 0.54 0.52 2.10 0.68 |
inornata sp.n. d 45 1.8 1.0 0.44 0.36 0.08 0.03 0.54 0.62 1.48 0.24 0.80 0.56 0.54 2.10 0.64
dr 27 «20 1.06 0.48 0.44 0.09 0.04 0.60 0.72 1.72 0.28 0.90 0.58 0.56 2.52 0.76
29 49 20 1.03 0.52 0.40 0.09 0.04 0.52 0.72 1.64 0.27 0.90 0.58 0.54 2.36 0.69
Macrosaldula 6 bo DL 1.28 0.60 0.36 0.08 0.02 0.70 0.76 1.92 0.52 1.40 0.92 0.84 3.24 1.00
kerzhneri DZ 3.0 1.38 0.60 0.48 0.09 0.02 0.80 0.80 2.16 0.56 1.60 0.96 0.88 3.92 1.18 |
sp. n. Q 72 3.0 1.40 0.64 0.46 0.09 0.03 0.88 0.84 2.16 0.53 1.56 0.92 0.84 3.84 —
Macrosaldula d 4.7 19 1.16 0.48 0.36 0.08 0.02 0.56 0.68 1.56 0.36 0.92 0.54 0.54 2.36 0.88
koktshetavica d 43 1.9 1.14 0.50 0.34 0.07 0.02 056 0.66 1.48 0.36 0.92 0.56 0.54 2.32 0.89
sp.n. 2 50 22 1.20 0.46 0.40 0.09 0.03 0.60 0.72 1.72 0.38 1.02 0.56 0.56 2.48 0.96
2 50. 21 1.20 0.50 0.40 0.08 0.03 0.60 0.68 1.72 0.32 0.96 0.58 0.54 2.40 0.92
Macrosaldula d 4.8 1.9 1.04 0.48 0.32 0.08 0.03 0.48 0.64 1.56 0.32 0.86 0.58 0.56 2.24 0.72
miyamotoi sp.n. d 44 19 0.98 0.38 0.28 0.07 0.03 0.48 0.60 1.52 0.28 0.84 0.46 0.46 2.20 0.76
O Dr 29 1.08 0.44 0.32 0.09 0.04 0.52 0.68 1.68 0.36 0.96 0.64 0.60 2.72 0.78
Macrosaldula d 48 2.0 1.04 0.42 0.30 0.08 0.03 0.46 0.64 1.56 0.32 0.92 0.60 0.58 2.36 0.78
shikokuana sp.n. ON FAT 24 1.08 0.40 0.32 0.09 0.03 0.56 0.66 1.72 2.64 0.76
Macrosaldula d 6.3 2.9 1.36 0.56 0.44 0.08 0.02 0.80 0.80 1.88 0.52 1.60 0.98 0.80 3.76 1.08
simulans sp.n. 2 67 3. 1.32 0.56 0.42 0.12 0.03 1.12 0.80 2.12 0.52 1.52 0.92 0.84 3.60 1.10
9° 65. 29 1.32 0.52 0.43 0.10 0.04 0.76 0.84 2.12 0.56 1.60 0.93 0.85 4.00 1.20
Macrosaldula © SA Dl 1.28 0.48 0.30 0.08 0.04 0.62 0.68 1.80 0.52 1.36 0.64 — 2.56 0.98
violacea sp.n. 6 BA > Bil 1.24 0.48 0.29 0.08 0.02 0.64 0.68 1.72 0.48 1.36 0.72 0.68 2.88 0.96
Japan OBO 22 1.24 0.46 0.36 0.09 0.03 0.64 0.72 1.84 0.48 1.44 0.76 0.72 2.96 1.10
® 60 2.35 1.24 0.40 0.46 0.09 0.02 0.64 0.72 1.92 0.48 1.32 0.76 — 2.84 1.01
USSR d 5.85 2.12 1.30 0.48 0.34 0.1 0.03 0.65 0.75 1.75 0.55 1.50 0.80 0.72 2.94 1.00
Calacanthia O 75 3.8 1.64 0.78 0.52 0.1 CLO OLR ioe) AL) 07221727 ilo) Ww LG 1026
grandis sp.n.
Salda d 60 2.8 1.48 0.49 0.38 0.09 0.04 0.90 0.82 2.05 0.49 1.23 0.78 0.82 3.10 1.25
kiritshenkoi d 54 2.8 1.46 0.42 0.32 0.09 0.04 0.92 0.80 2.00 0.48 1.20 0.80 0.80 2.96 1.20
sp.n. ® 66 3.4 1.72 0.57 0.40 0.10 0.05 1.0 0.98 2.46 0.51 1.34 0.82 0.81 3.55 1.29
semi brachypt. Qu 62 3.4 1.62 0.54 0.43 0.10 0.06 0.92 0.92 2.36 0.50 1.32 0.81 0.81 3.36 1.28
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
REGISTER VAN DEEL 128
* Een sterretje duidt aan een naam nieuw voor de wetenschap
* An asterisk denotes a name new to science
DIPTERA
abietina, Plemiella 206
acariphaga, Ledomyia 200
acerina, Ledomyia 200
Acodiplosis 206, 210
Ametrodiplosis 205
Aphidoletes 200
Arnoldiola 205
Asphondylia 202, 204, 205,
[206, 210
Asteromyia 206
Baldratia 205, 206
betulae, Semudobia 208, 209
betulicola, Plemiella 206
Brachineura 196
brachyntera, Thecodiplosis 196.
brassicae, Dasineura 195, 203,
[204
brevipalpes, Semudobia 209
Buhromyiella 197
cardui, Ledomyia 200
caricis, Antichiridium 205
Camptodiplosis 197
earophila, Lasioptera 203, 204
cerealis, Hybolasioptera 203
Clinodiplosis 197
Contarinia 202, 204
cornifex, Planetella 208
Cystiphora 206
Dasineura 200, 204, 205
deletrix, Rabdophaga 208
destructor, Mayetiola 195, 196,
[203, 206
Dichaetia 197
Dichodiplosis 197
Dryomyia 206
Echinella 197
Endaphis 200
Endopsylla 200
Epimyia 196
Feltiella 200
fischeri, Planetella 208
galii, Trotteria 200
galiorum, Schizomyia 206
Gephyraulus 200
Giardomyia 197
Giraudiella 206
Halodiplosis 205, 206
hartigi, Physemocecis 205
Hartigiola 206
heterobia, Rabdophaga 208
hieracii, Cystiphora 206
Hybolasioptera 206
Jaapiella 200, 204, 205
Janetiella 205
Kaltenbachiola 200
Karshomyia 197
kneuckeri, Planetella 208
Lasioptera 204, 205
Lestodiplosis 200
ligustri, Trotteria 200
Loewiola 206, 210
Marcrolabis 200, 204, 205
marginata, Haplodiplosis 195,
[203
Mayetiola 205, 206
Mikomyia 208
Misospatha 206
Monobremia 200
Mycetodiplosis 197
Mycocecis 197
Mycodiplosis 197
nasturtii, Contarinia 203
navasiana, Dictyomyia 206
Neolasioptera 204, 205
Neomycodiplosis 197
nervorum, Rabdophaga 208
niveocincta, Lasioptera 206
Oligotrophus 205
oryzae, Orseolia 196
Ozirhincus 206
Phaenobremia 200
pilosellae, Cystiphora 206
pimpinellae, Kiefferia 203, 204
Planetella 205, 206, 208, 210
Polystepha 202
pulchripes, Contarinia 195
Rabdophaga 205, 208, 210
raphanistri, Gephyraulus 203,
[204
271
Rhizomyia 196
Rhopalomyia 196, 200, 204,
[205, 206, 210
rosaria, Rabdophaga 208
rosenhaueri, Planetella 208
saliciperda, Rabdophaga 208
salsolae, Dictyomyia 206
sarothamni, Asphondylia 206
Semudobia 200, 208, 209
sisymbrii, Dasineura 203, 204
skuhravae, Semudobia 208
steenisi, Semudobia 208, 209
Stefaniola 196, 205, 206
striatum, Antichiridium 205
subterranea, Planetella 208
tami, Schizomyia 206
tarda, Planetella 208
tarda, Semudobia 208, 209
terminalis, Rabdophaga 208
Therodiplosis 200
triandraperda, Rabdophaga 208
tumorifica, Planetella 208
ulmi, Physemocecis 205
Wachtliella 200, 204, 205
HETEROPTERA
adriatica, Salda 253, 254
andrei, Saldula 232
angulosa, Calacanthia 242
azteca, Saldula 232
bouchervillei, Saldula 221, 226
brancziki, Teloleuca 252
buenoi, Salda 246
burmanica, Saldula 223 sqq
Chartoscirta 215, 223
cincta, Chartoscirta 223
*clavalis, Macrosaldula 215, 219,
[229, 256
concolor, Halosalda 218 sqq
*Coracina, Halosalda 215,
[217 sqq
dilutipennis, Chartoscirta 256
fletcheri, Saldula 223
*grandis, Calacanthia 215
*hasegawai, Saldula 215, 221
272
heijningeni, Macrosaldula 255
illinoiensis, Saldula 226
inoana, Saldula 223
*inornata, Macrosaldula 215,
[229, 255, 256, 263
jakovleffi, Macrosaldula 215,
[232, 260, 262
kaszabi, Macrosaldula 229, 256
*kerzhneri, Macrosaldula 215,
[232, 256
*kiritshenkoi, Salda 215, 244 sqq,
: [263
*koktshetavica, Macrosaldula
[215, 234
koreana, Saldula 232, 240, 256
lateralis, Halosalda 218 sqq
littoralis, Salda 215, 246, 262
ssp. piechockii 215, 252
madonica, Macrosaldula 232,
[258
micans, Salda 215, 247, 250,
[263
Micracanthia 215
*miyamotoi, Macrosaldula 215,
[234, 258
monae, Macrosaldula 238, 258,
[262
mongolica, Macrosaldula 215,
[232, 260
morio, Salda 246, 247 sqq, 250
muelleri, Salda 247, 249, 263
nevadensis, Salda 215, 252
nivalis, Macrosaldula 215,
[260 sqq
nobilis, Saldula 228
oblonga, Macrosaldula 215, 232,
[260
*ssp. acetabularis 236, 250
orbiculata, Saldula 221
orthochila, Saldula 225
pellucens, Teloleuca 228
reuteri, Saldula 228
rivularia, Macrosaldula 232,
[238, 256, 262
roborowskii, Macrosaldula 215,
[254, 256, 263
saltatoria, Saldula 226
scotica, Macrosaldula 232, 258,
[263
*shikokuana, Macrosaldula 215,
[236, 258
*sibiricola, Saldula 215, 226
*simulans, Macrosaldula 215, 238
splendens, Salda 215, 247, 263
tadzhika, Macrosaldula 232, 258
“taiwanensis, Saldula 215, 221
tibetana, Calacanthia 242
uichancoi, Saldula 223
variabilis, Macrosaldula 232,
[256, 263
ssp. connectens 258
*violacea, Macrosaldula 215, 238,
[256
HOMOPTERA
Arfaka 165
*breddini, Prasia 165, 166, 169,
[174
culta, Prasia 165, 166, 171
Drepanopsaltria 166, 167
faticina, Prasia 165, 166, 169,
[170
foliata, Prasia 165
fulva, Arfaka 166
hariola, Arfaka 165, 166
Iruana 165
Jacatra 165
Lacetas 165
Lembeja 165
*nigropercula, Prasia 165, 166,
[169, 180
Prasia 165 sqq
princeps, Prasia 165, 166, 169,
[182
Sapantanga 165
*sarasinorum, Prasia 165, 166,
[169, 176
*senilirata, Prasia 165, 166, 169,
[186
tincta, Lembeja 165, 166
*tuberculata, Prasia 165,
[166, 169, 178
LEPIDOPTERA
Acalyptris 8, 45
admiranda, Ectoedemia 18
aegilopidella, Ectoedemia 12,
[14, 17, 38, 42, 43, 63, 88
agrimomella, Nepticula 66
agrimoniae, Ectoedemia 6,
[12-14, 17, 27, 64, 66 sqq, 69,
[71, 87
agrimoniae, Nepticula 66
agrımoniella, Nepticula 66
albifasciella, Ectoedemia 16, 36,
[52 sqq, 55, 56, 58, 59, 91
albifasciella, Nepticula 52
albifasciella complex,
[Ectoedemia 11, 14, 34, 37, 47,
[51, 52 sqq, 64, 88, 91
*algeriensis, Ectoedemia 1, 11,
[16, 43 sqq, 47, 88, 90, 91
cf algeriensis, Ectoedemia 15,
[43, 45
alliatae, Nepticula 49
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, 1985
*alnifoliae, Ectoedemia 1, 10, 16,
[50, 51
amanı, Ectoedemia 10, 13, 15,
[18, 24-26, 86, 87
*andalusiae, Ectoedemia 1, 12,
[15, 16, 41, 42, 47, 90
angulifasciella, Ectoedemia 12,
[14, 69 sqq, 72-74, 77
angulifasciella, Nepticula 69
angulifasciella complex,
[Ectoedemia 17, 63, 64, 67, 69,
(75, 91
angulifasciella group,
[Ectoedemia 2, 63 sqq, 90, 91
apicella, Nepticula 35, 36, 53
arcuata, Nepticula 73
‘arcuatella, Ectoedemia 12-14,
[69, 71, 73-75
arcuatella, Nepticula 73
arcuosella, Nepticula 73
argentipedella, Ectoedemia 79
argentipedella, Lyonetia 78
argentipedella, Nepticula 80
argyropeza, Ectoedemia 12, 33,
[34, 35 sqq, 53, 88
argyropeza, Lyonetia 35
argyropeza, Nepticula 31
argyropeza sensu Stainton,
[Nepticula 52
argyropezella Herrich-Schäffer,
[Nepticula 31
argyropezella Doubleday,
[Nepticula 35
aterrima, Nepticula 71, 72
aterrimoides, Nepticula 71, 72
atricolella, Nepticula 71
atricollis, Ectoedemia 12-14, 69,
[71 sqq, 75, 76
atricollis, Nepticula 71
atrifrontella, Ectoedemia 10, 13,
[15, 18 sqq, 21, 22, 24, 86
atrifrontella, Trifurcula 18
bistrimaculella, Nepticula 82
Bohemannia 8
brunniella, Nepticula 69, 70
canutus, Ectoedemia 28
caradjai, Ectoedemia 7, 11, 15,
[16, 38 sqq, 40, 46, 58
caradjai, Nepticula 38
castaneae, Ectoedemia 18
castaneae group, Ectoedemia 17
catharticella, Stigmella 48
cerris, Ectoedemia 16, 52, 54, 55
cerris, Nepticula 54
chasanella, Ectoedemia 38
*contorta, Ectoedemia 1, 16,
151553, 55, 56.9192
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, 1985
cursoriella, Nepticula 57, 58
Dechtiria 2, 27
Ectoedemia 1 sqq, 27 sqq,
[87 sqq
erythrogenella, Ectoedemia 12,
[15, 16, 52, 64, 65, 87, 90-92
erythrogenella, Nepticula 64
Etainia 6, 8, 86
euphorbiella, Nepticula 39
Fomoria 1, 6, 8, 10, 29, 86
gilvella, Nepticula 82
gilvipennella, Ectoedemia 8, 10,
[15, 16, 43, 45, 46, 55, 62, 88, 90
gilvipennella, Stigmella 45
groschkei, Nepticula 39
hannoverella, Ectoedemia 11,
[14, 17, 30-33
hannoverella, Nepticula 30
haraldi, Ectoedemia 11, 15, 16,
[41, 44, 47-49, 52, 91
haraldi, Nepticula 47
heringella, Ectoedemia 6, 10, 15,
[16, 29, 42, 44, 45, 47-50, 91, 92
heringella, Nepticula 49
heringi, Ectoedemia 53, 56, 57,
[59 sq
heringi, Nepticula 59
heringiella, Zimmermannia 18
hexapetalae, Ectoedemia 12, 14,
[17, 63, 67-69, 77, 87, 91
hexapetalae, Nepticula 68
*hispanica, Ectoedemia 1, 10, 13,
[21-23
houzeaui, Nepticula 35
ilicella, Nepticula 47
ilicis, Ectoedemia 10, 15, 16, 29,
[44, 45, 47-50, 91, 92
ilicis, Nepticula 48
intimella, Ectoedemia 5, 10, 14,
[16, 28 sq, 43, 48, 88, 90
intimella, Nepticula 28
juncta, Stigmella 64
klimeschi, Ectoedemia 7, 12, 14,
[17, 32, 33 sqq, 36, 88
klimeschi, Nepticula 33
ladaniphila, Parafomoria 49
Laqueus 1, 8, 86
*leucothorax, Ectoedemia 1, 11,
[15, 16, 38, 43, 46, 47, 90, 91
liebwerdella, Ectoedemia 5, 10,
315171872072 192466
liechtensteini, Ectoedemia
[55-57, 59, 61, 62
liechtensteini, Nepticula 61
liguricella, Ectoedemia 10, 13,
[15, 25 sqq, 86
lindquisti, Ectoedemia 78, 79
longicaudella, Ectoedemia 10,
[13, 15, 18-23, 86, 87
mahalebella, Ectoedemia 12, 15,
[17, 63, 67-69, 71, 75, 77, 78, 91
mahalebella, Nepticula 77
malivora, Nepticula 71, 72
marionella, Stigmella 31
mediofasciella, Ectoedemia 80,
[81
mediofasciella, Tinea 78
minimella, Acalyptris 8
minimella, Ectoedemia 11, 14,
[17, 78-80 sqq
minimella, Elachista 80
minorella, Nepticula 69, 70
*monemvasiae, Ectoedemia 1, 7,
[10, 13, 15, 21, 23, 24, 87
montissancti, Nepticula 54, 55
morosella, Nepticula 35
mucidella, Tinea 78
Nepticula 2
niculescui, Stigmella 33, 35
Niepeltia 8
nigrociliella, Microsetia 57, 58
nigrosparsella, Ectoedemia 8,
[10, 14, 16, 50-52, 90, 91!
nigrosparsella, Nepticula 51
*nuristanica, Ectoedemia 1, 13,
[15, 25, 87
occultella, Ectoedemia 11, 14,
[17, 78 sqq
occultella, Phalaena 78
occultella group, Ectoedemia
[27, 78 sqq, 91
Parafomoria 8
peiuu, Stigmella 21, 22
Phyllocnystis 88
phyllotomella, Ectoedemia 56,
[59, 62
phyllotomella, Stigmella 62
populella, Ectoedemia 27, 28
populella group, Ectoedemia
[28 sq, 43, 87, 88
populi-albae, Nepticula 31, 33
preisseckeri, Ectoedemia 11, 14,
[16, 37, 38, 47, 52, 87, 88, 90
preisseckeri, Nepticula 37
preisseckeri group, Ectoedemia
[37
prinophyllella, Nepticula 48
prinophyllella, Stigmella 47
prunivora, Nepticula 71
pubescivora, Ectoedemia 16,
[52-56, 92
pubescivora, Nepticula 55
quercifoliae, Ectoedemia 56, 57
quercifoliae, Nepticula 59, 60
278
quinquella, Ectoedemia 11, 15,
[16, 43-45, 90-92
quinquella, Microsetia 43
rubifoliella, Ectoedemia 64
rubivora, Ectoedemia 12, 14,
[71-75
rubivora, Nepticula 74
rubivora sensu Walsingham,
[Nepticula 64
sativella, Ectoedemia 56, 57, 60
sativella, Nepticula 59
schleichiella, Ectoedemia 69
schleichiella, Nepticula 69, 70
septembrella, Fomoria 48
simplicella, Nepticula 35, 36
sivickisi, Ectoedemia 18
species (specimen 1375),
[Ectoedemia 62
species (specimen 1843),
[Ectoedemia 39
spinosella, Ectoedemia 12, 13,
[15, 17, 63, 71-77, 91
spinosella, Nepticula 75
spiraeae, Ectoedemia 7, 12, 14,
[17, 64-71, 87-91
spireae, Stigmella 65, 66
staphyleae, Ectoedemia 69
staphyleae, Nepticula 71, 72
Stigmella 2, 29, 78, 79, 88
strigilella, Tinea 78
subapicella, Nepticula 52, 53
subbimaculella, Ectoedemia 39,
[52, 53, 56, 57 sqq, 62
subbimaculella, Tinea 57
subbimaculella complex,
[Ectoedemia 11, 14, 16, 56 sqq,
[82,91
subbimaculella group,
[Ectoedemia 43 sqq, 87, 90, 91
suberis, Ectoedemia 12, 15, 16,
[34, 38, 40 sqq, 47, 49
suberis, Nepticula 40
suberis group, Ectoedemia
[38 sqq, 88, 91
terebinthivora, Ectoedemia 6,
[12, 14, 16, 27, 42, 63, 87, 90
terebinthivora, Trifurcula 63
terebinthivora group,
[Ectoedemia 63
Trifurcula 2, 8, 10, 26, 45
turbidella, Ectoedemia 6, 11, 14,
[16, 30, 31 sqq, 36, 88
turbidella Zeller, Nepticula 31
turbidella Herrich-Schaffer,
[Nepticula 35
turbulentella, Nepticula 35
ulmella, Ectoedemia 88
274
utensis, Nepticula 68-70
viridella, Nepticula 40, 41
viridicola, Nepticula 80
weaveri, Ectoedemia 81
wilkinsoni, Ectoedemia 28
woolhopiella, Ectoedemia 79,
woolhopiella, Nepticula 80
[81
zimmermanni, Ectoedemia 56,
[57, 60
Brassica campestris 195
Brassica juncea 195
Fagus 18, 208
Fagus sylvatica 20
Filipendula 69
Filipendula hexapetala 68
Filipendula vulgaris 68, 70
Fragaria moschata 73
Fragaria vesca 73
Galium 206
Haloxylon 196, 203, 206
Holcus 206
Populus x canadensis 31
Potentilla erecta 73
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 128, 1985
Quercus frainetto 38
Quercus ilex 18, 25, 40, 47, 49,
[50
Quercus infectoria 38, 39
Quercus macrolepis 42
Quercus petraea 38, 44,
(51-53, 56-58, 60, 61
Quercus pubescens 19, 38, 39,
[51-53, 55-58, 60, 61
Quercus pyrenaica 58
zimmermanni, Nepticula 59 Humulus 205 Quercus robur 19, 22, 44, 52,
Zimmermannia 1 sqq, 17 sqq, Hypericum 204 [53, 56-58, 60
[86,87 Indocarex 208 Quercus rotundifolia 40, 44, 47,
Inula 206 [49
PLANTAE Lathyrus 203 Quercus rubra 58
Abies 206 Lens 204 Quercus suber 23, 40, 46, 47, 49
Aegilops 206 Malus sylvestris 72 "Rosa sempervirens 70
Agrimonia eupatoria 67 Medicago 204 Rosa 70
Agropyron 206 Melilotus 204 Rubus arcticus 74
Alnus viridis 81 Ostrya 88 Rubus caesius 74
Archieracium 206 Phalaris 206 Rubus chamaemorus 74
Aremonia agrimonoides 67 Phleum 206 Rubus fruticosus 64, 74
Artemisia 210 Phragmites 206 Rubus idaeus 74
Artemisia tridentata 196 Pilosella 206 Rubus saxatilis 74
Avena 206 Pistacia terebinthus 63 Rubus ulmifolius 64
Avena sativa 195 Pisum 204 Salix 88, 208
Benzoin 205 Poa 206 Salix caprea 29
Betula 79, 81, 82, 206, 208 Populus 28, 88, 208 Salix cinerea 29
Betula nana 81 Populus alba 32, 34 Salix fragilis 29
Betula pendula 81 Populus canescens 32 Salix pentandra 29, 79
Betula pubescens 81 Populus nigra 31 Salix phylicifolia 29
Brachypodium 206 Populus tremula 36 Salsola 206
Sanguisorba minor 70
Sanguisorba officinalis 70
Brassica napus 195 Potentilla sterilis 73 Santolina 206
Brassica nigra 195 Primocarex 208 Sarothamnus 19, 206
Calamagrostis 206 Prunus avium 72, 77 Secale 206
Capparis 208 Prunus cerasifera 72, 76 Senecio 203
Capsicum 204 Prunus cerasus 77 Serratula 206
Carduus 208 Prunus cocomilia 77 Sesamum 204
Carex 205, 206, 208 Prunus domestica 76 Sinapis 204
Carpinus 18 Prunus dulcis 76 Solanum 204
Castanea 18, 22, 23, 53, 56, 57 Prunus fruticosa 76, 77 Sonchus 203
Castanea sativa 56, 60 Prunus mahaleb 72, 77 Spiraea japonica 66
Centaurea 206 Prunus spinosa 72, 76 Spiraea media 66
Ceratonia siliqua 204 Prunus tenella 77 Spiraea salicifolia 66
Chaematia 208 Pyrus communis 72 Staphylea pinnata 72
Cirsium 203 Quercus 7, 18, 26, 38, 43, 46, Tilia 205 7
Clematis 205 [88, 90, 91, 205, 206 Ulmus 24, 37, 205
Corylus 208 Quercus alnifolia 50, 51 Urginea 204
Corylus avellana 81 Quercus baloot 25 Verbascum 204
Crataegus 72 Quercus cerris 46, 52, 55-58, Vicia 204
Cynodon 206 [61, 62
Dactylus 206 Quercus coccifera 18, 26, 38-40,
Ephedra 205 [42, 46, 47
Eruca 204 Quercus faginea 19, 40, 60
y à}
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DEEL 129 1986
TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
OLOG
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, 1986
NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
BESTUUR (BOARD)
Voorzitter (Chairman) 0300000 avvio C. A. W. Jeekel
Vice-voorzitter (Vice-President) ................. L. H. M. Blommers
Secretanis(Secrctan) PRE OC R. de Jong
AGISCE a ae Ryksmuseum van Natuurlyke Historie,
Raamsteeg 2, Leiden 2311 PL
lesRenningmeestet @ireasuter |) ie sen L. P. S. van der Geest
PER SR ee TS al RL AE AUS ga ee Doornenburg 9, Landsmeer 1211 GP
2e Penningmeester (Treasurer Il). .<..:.5..-°..- A. P.J. A. Teunissen
CAAT ES GRR E ALE ACEA Strausslaan 6, Vlijmen 5251 HG
Bibliothecanisn(sibraniam) incr yore W.N. Ellis
VAIN GER ER ne Plantage Middenlaan 64, Amsterdam 1018 DH
eid (Member terse haere ern B. van Aartsen
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
Redactie (Editorial Board) . ..................... P. J. van Helsdingen, C. van Achterberg,
S. A. Ulenberg, J. van Tol, E. van Nieukerken
ACCISE RE RO ANTI Ryksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Raamsteeg 2, Leiden 2311 PL
The journal serves the publication of papers on Insecta, Myriapoda and Arachnoidea.
Subscription rate: D.Fl. 300,— per year.
Issues 1—4 appeared on 10.XI.1986
Issues 5—7 appeared on 15.X11.1986
Issues 8 and 9 appeared on 31.VII.1987
ISSN 0040-7496
INHOUD
Bolland, H. R. — Review of the systematics of the family Camerobiidae (Acari, Raphignathoidea).
I. The genera Camerobia, Decaphyllobius, Tillansobius, and Tycherobius............
Davis, A. J. — Bibliography of the Ixodiphagini (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae), parasites
Omnicksi (Alcan slxodidae)s withimoteston thei biolooyae lnm |e RO
Hensen, R. V. — Revision of the subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)
Jong, M. R. de. — Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 2. The foliata group of the genus
KombejaDistant 1892 (Homopteran ibienidao ne
Lieftinck, M. A. — New and little known Platycnemididae and Coenagrionidae from New Guinea and
Tie Sommo Islam (Coma) er ee on
Oosterbroek, P., zie Theowald, Br.
Pape, T. — A phylogenetic analysis of the Woodlouse-flies (Diptera, Rhinophoridae) ............
Pfau, H. K. — Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion, Funktion und Evolution des Flugapparates der
BibéllénitinsecratOdonara) este LEI RR Sota Ae
Roskam, J. C. — Biosystematics of insects living in female birch catkins, IV. Egg-larval parasitoids of
the genera Platygaster Latreille and Metaclisis Forster (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)
Theowald, Br. & P. Oosterbroek. — Zur Zoogeographie der westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII. Die
Mipulidentder BalkanhalbinsellDipteralupulidae) nr ae eee:
Tol, J. van, zie Lieftinck, M. A.
125
Tr
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vind she di N
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Le
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DEEL 129 AFLEVERING 1 1986
JK
6)
& | TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
f
u
UITGEGEVEN DOOR f
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING, _
INHOUD
Br. THEOWALD und P. OosTERBROEK. — Zur Zoogeographie der Westpalaeark-
tischen Tipuliden. VII. Die Tipuliden der Balkanhalbinsel (Diptera, Tipulidae),
bid li
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 1 Gepubliceerd 10-XI-1986
Sa ak did
vr
n° ù
ZUR ZOOGEOGRAPHIE DER WESTPALAEARKTISCHEN
TIPULIDEN. VII. DIE TIPULIDEN DER BALKANHALBINSEL
(DIPTERA, TIPULIDAE)
von
BR. THEOWALD und P. OOSTERBROEK
Zoölogisch Museum (Entomologie), Amsterdam
EINLEITUNG
Unter Balkanhalbinsel (Balkan) sind in dieser
Arbeit nachfolgende Staaten zusammengefaßt:
Jugoslawien, Rumänien, Albanien, Bulgarien,
Griechenland und die europäische Türkei. Von
Teilgebieten der Balkanhalbinsel wurden schon
in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts Ti-
puliden beschrieben und Artenlisten erstellt:
Kowarz (1873), Strobl (1897, 1900, 1904), Thal-
hammer (1900). Aber erst in der zweiten Hälfte
des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die Tipulidenfauna
dieser Halbinsel eingehender studiert. Simova
(ab 1959) veröffentlichte über die Tipuliden von
Jugoslawien und Erhan (ab 1959) über die von
Rumänien. Die Tipulidenfauna von Griechen-
land wurde bekannt durch Mannheims (1954)
und Theischinger (ab 1977). Über Tipuliden
von Albanıen wurde durch Mannheims (1966),
über die von Bulgarien durch Szilady (1934) be-
richtet. Ziemlich umfangreiches Material von
vielen Fundorten auf der Balkanhalbinsel, über
das bis heute noch nicht veröffentlicht wurde,
findet sich in den zoologischen Museen von
Amsterdam, Bonn und London.
Aufgrund von Veröffentlichungen und
Sammlungen konnten wir eine Liste mit insge-
samt 201 Arten zusammenstellen, die mit Si-
cherheit von der Balkanhalbinsel nachgewiesen
sind. Diese Arten werden in Tabellen erfaßt und
analysiert. In diesen Tabellen sind die größeren
Balkanstaaten unterteilt (Karte 1). Für Jugosla-
wien wurde die Einteilung in Republiken be-
nutzt, wie Simova sie in ihren Arbeiten ver-
zeichnet. Rumänien wurde aufgeteilt in Südru-
mänıen (Walachei, Südkarpaten und Banat-
region), in Dobrudscha (mit Donaudelta) und in
Nordrumänien (Ostkarpaten und Siebenbür-
gen). Griechenland ließ sich am besten einteilen
in Südgriechenland (Peloponnes), Mittelgrie-
chenland (nach dem Norden bis zum Fluß Pi-
nıon), Nordgriechenland (das griechische Ma-
zedonien nach dem Osten bis Thessaloniki) und
Nordostgriechenland (von Thessaloniki nach
dem Osten bis zur europäischen Türkei). Von
Nordostgriechenland und von der europäischen
Türkei sind insgesamt weniger als zehn Arten
bekannt, weshalb diese beiden Gebiete nicht in
die Tabellen aufgenommen wurden. Herr G.
Theischinger war so freundlich, das Manuskript
kritisch zu lesen und sprachlich zu korrigieren.
Ihm sei herzlich gedankt.
TABELLEN
Die 201 Arten der Balkanhalbinsel sind in
ae Tabellen erfaßt:
. die Arten der europäischen Tiefebenen und
die mit ihnen nächstverwandten Arten mit
rein balkanischer Verbreitung;
2. die Arten der europäischen Gebirge und die
mit ıhnen nächstverwandten Arten mit rein
balkanischer Verbreitung;
3. mediterrane Arten.
In der letzten Spalte jeder Tabelle sind mit
Buchstaben Bone uncer gegeben. Es be-
deutet:
A. rezent ausgewandert nach Italien, Iberien
und/oder Kleinasien;
E. endemische Art, aber mit nächstverwandter
Schwesterart in Mittel- und/oder Westeu-
ropa;
rezent eingewandert aus Italien oder Iberien;
. rezent eingewandert aus Kleinasien;
. ausgewandert nur nach Osteuropa;
. rezent eingewandert aus Zentralasien.
Tabelle 4 gibt eine detaillierte Zusammenfas-
sung der Tabellen 1—3.
NOR
Tabelle 1: Arten der europäischen Tiefebenen
Nach dem Saalien haben sich viele Arten von
der Balkanhalbinsel bis in die Laubwalder und
Wiesen von Mittel-, West- und Osteuropa aus-
gebreitet. Sie wurden im Weichselien haupt-
2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
Tabelle 1. Tipuliden-Arten der europaischen Tiefebenen. (Unter Bemerkungen: E endemische Art, aber mit
nachstverwandter Schwesterart in Mittel- und/oder Westeuropa; I rezent eingewandert aus Italien oder Iberien;
O ausgewandert nur nach Osteuropa; Z rezent eingewandert aus Zentralasien.)
È CMS i a È È 5
Ÿ + Ÿ
© (S| so bb ‘E = E è Se È 5 5 5
EE EE
Sok SY OS as MIE HD Sa} ©
= © SEE
me) = © a | oO := 3 3 © :3 oO %
on Mf) ey re A CZ ra
Ctenophora
elegans Meigen, 1818 + * PIE
fastuosa (Loew, 1871) + + + + Z
festiva Meigen, 1804 + + de dp + +
flaveolata (Fabricius, 1794) + + + + + +
guttata Meigen, 1818 de de 4 + + de 4
ornata Wiedemann, 1818 dp xp Gp PAR Abi aR oF de dp
pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ar de +
Dictenidia
bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) er = + + + + + +
Nephrotoma
aculeata (Loew, 1871) + + dp + ab + +
analis (Schummel, 1833) + de + + +
appendiculata (Pierre, 1919) qe Oar de SR de Se SP Sp de SP dp sp +
cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758) ae SP de Se + + de dp
croceiventris lindneri (Mannheims, 1951) dd AP an HER ELSE ran
crocata (Linnaeus, 1758) de dede + dp ap + +
dorsalis (Fabricius, 1781) ae nap sh + +
flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758) +.+ + + + + + + I
flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830) + + + + |
guestfalica (Westhoff, 1880) + HUIT +
lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833) + ‘e + oa
pratensis (Linnaeus, 1758) dede + + ap +
quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804) qe + + + d + + + ie +
quadristriata (Schummel, 1833) + + ++
scalaris (Meigen, 1818) + + + + + + + + ++ + +
scurra (Meigen, 1818) + = sh +
submaculosa Edwards, 1928 + + I
Nigrotipula
nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + Æ + + +
Tanyptera
atrata (Linnaeus, 1758) PP + + ap an ae de +
nigricornis (Meigen, 1818) > ar Ar
Tipula
(Acutipula)
fulvipennis De Geer, 1776 NEE + + + + +
luna Westhoff, 1879 dede HE + À + Se +
maxima balcanica Vermoolen, 1983 + + + + + + + + + + + E
tenuicornis Schummel, 1833 + + + + + O
vittata Meigen, 1804 SE Se ar AP ar SP I
(Beringotipula)
unca Wiedemann, 1817 + + + +
(Dendrotipula)
flavolineata Meigen, 1804 + + + +
(Lunatipula)
fascipennis Meigen, 1818 den dp de op + + dede SE
helvola Loew, 1873 ae dp Se dp AP aps dp + + it
livida Van der Wulp, 1858 + + + + + + + + +
lunata Linnaeus, 1758 HEISSE + + +++ +
mellea Schummel, 1833 + + + O
THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII 3
(Tabelle 1, Fortsetzung)
peliostigma Schummel, 1833
selene Meigen, 1830
stubbsi Theischinger, 1979
vernalis Meigen, 1804
(Odonatisca)
nodicornis Meigen, 1818
(Platytipula)
luteipennis Meigen, 1830
(Pterelachisus)
irrorata Macquart, 1826
pabulina Meigen, 1818
pseudovariupennis Czizek, 1912
submarmorata Schummel, 1833
truncorum Meigen, 1830
varipennis Meigen, 1818
(Savtshenkia)
alpium Bergroth, 1888
obsoleta Meigen, 1818
rufina Meigen, 1818
(Schummelia)
varucornis Schummel, 1833
(Tipula)
oleracea Linnaeus, 1758
paludosa Meigen, 1830
subcunctans Alexander, 1920
(Vestiplex)
hortorum Linnaeus, 1758
nubeculosa Meigen, 1804
scripta Meigen, 1830
(Yamatotipula)
caesia Schummel, 1833
couckei Tonnoir, 1921
decipiens Czizek, 1912
lateralis Meigen, 1818
latemarginata coerulescens Lackschewitz, 1923
marginella Theowald, 1980
montium Egger, 1863
pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817
pierre: Tonnoir, 1921
submontium Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1981
sächlich in das Balkanrefugium, aber auch nach
Italien und Iberien zurückgedrängt. Arten, die
das Weichselien in mehreren Refugien ver-
brachten, haben sich manchmal in heute allopa-
trisch vorkommende Schwestertaxa aufgeteilt.
Nach dem Weichselien kamen vor allem die Ar-
ten des Balkanrefugiums wieder nach dem Nor-
den züruck (Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1983).
Insgesamt 72 der 201 Arten der Balkanhalb-
Slowenien
+++
è el
N o =
Ww ° CS -—
oO OMR 1 le Gi 0} fet
SE Boe wo) a ee
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200 ECC EE NE Ene are
SR ok SD D © Ss à D ©
o 30 ESSEC SH SSE SE
A) A ey Ser NZ
+ + + + + + + + + 4+
+ +
+ E
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + - + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + ME EE SM
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + - + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
- + +
+ + + + Pate ©)
+++ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+ +
insel (36%) gehören zu dieser Gruppe. Die
meisten (61) haben sich nach dem Weichselien
unverändert bis nach Mittel- und Westeuropa
ausgebreitet, drei (in Tabelle 1 mit O gedeutet)
nur nach Osteuropa. Insgesamt fünf haben sich
nach dem Weichselien von Iberien und/oder
Italien bis auf die Balkanhalbinsel ausgebreitet
(Tabelle 1 mit I) und eine (Ctenophora fastuosa)
breitete sich von Ost- und Zentralasien nach
4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
Tabelle 2. Tipuliden-Arten der europaischen Gebirgen. (Unter Bemerkungen: E endemische Art, aber mit
nachstverwandter Schwesterart in Mittel- und/oder Westeuropa.)
Slowenien
Kroatien
Bosn. u. Herz.
Serbien
Montenegro
Mazedonien
Albanien
Nordgriech.
Mittelgriech.
Südgriech.
Bulgarien
Dobrudscha
Südrumänien
Nordrumänien
Bemerkungen
Dolichopeza
fuscipes Bergroth, 1889
- graeca Mannheims, 1954 +
Nephrotoma
tenuipes (Riedel, 1910) hate vate ar ARME
Tipula
(Emodotipula)
“saginata” Bergroth, 1891 dr SAP + + =F
(Lunatipula)
alpina Loew, 1873 al
circumdata Siebke, 1863 + +
fascingulata Mannheims, 1966 + +++ + + +
laetabilis Schummel, 1833 + SF
limitata Schummel, 1833
(Mediotipula)
sarajevensis Strobl, 1900 +
siebkei Zetterstedt, 1852 de Sp +
stigmatella Schummel, 1833 de de dE dd dp de dee dk + +
(Pterelachisus)
austriaca (Pokorny, 1887) + ar
crassiventris Riedel, 1864 + + + + + +
glacialis (Pokorny, 1887) + +P
luridorostris Schummel, 1833 ate eat
mayerdueri Egger, 1863
neurotica Mannheims, 1966 +
plitviciensis Simova, 1962
pseudoirrorata Goethgebuer, 1921 +
pseudopruinosa Strobl, 1895 +
(Savtshenkia)
aspromontensis Theowald, 1973
benesignata Mannheims, 1954 + +
cheethami Edwards, 1924
eleonorae Theischinger, 1978
gimmerthali Lackschewitz, 1925
goriziensis Strobl, 1893 ih +
grisescens Zetterstedt, 1838 sp <P
invenusta subinvenusta Slipka, 1950
interserta Riedel, 1913
jeekeli Mannheims & Theowald, 1959 eye
limbata Zetterstedt, 1838
simulans Savtshenko, 1966
subnodicornis Zetterstedt, 1837 ir
subsignata Lackschewitz, 1933
(Schummelia)
zonaria Goethgebuer, 1921 + +
(Vestiplex)
excisa carpatica Erhan & Theowald, 1961 LCR
excisa excisa Schummel, 1833 + + +
montana Curtis, 1834 +
pallidicosta Pierre, 1924 + + +
strobliana hemiptera Mannheims, 1953
strobliana strobliana Mannheims, 1966 +
++
+++
+++
+++
+
+
+++
+
+
++ ++++++
++++
++ +
+ +++
Hi
+++
+++
+++
THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII 5
dem Westen aus, wo sie jetzt von der Balkan-
halbinsel und von Stuttgart bekannt ist (Tabelle
1 mit Z). Eine Art (Tipula (Acutipula) maxima)
hat sich in drie Refugien in drei Unterarten auf-
gespalten (Vermoolen, 1983), von denen die
balkanische (maxima balcanica) fur die Balkan-
halbinsel endemisch ist (Tabelle 1 mit E). Tipula
(Lunatipula) stubbsi ist wohl die griechische
Schwesterart der europaischen vernalis.
Tabelle 2: Arten der europaischen Gebirge
Die meisten europäischen Gebirgsarten ge-
hören zu Artengruppen, von denen wenigstens
eine Art ım Saalien auf der Balkanhalbinsel hei-
misch war. Nach dem Saalien haben diese Arten
sich von dort über Europa verbreitet. Das
Weichselien haben viele dieser Arten außerhalb
der Refugien überdauert. Heute sind sie in Ge-
birgskomplexe zurückgedrängt, und manche
haben sich in allopatrisch vorkommende
Schwestertaxa aufgeteilt (Theowald & Ooster-
‚ broek, 1985).
Insgesamt 42 der 201 Arten der Balkanhalb-
insel (21%) gehören zu dieser Gruppe. Die
meisten (37) kommen unverändert auch in den
zentraleuropäischen Gebirgen vor. Nur fünf
Arten (Tabelle 2 mit E) sind endemisch für die
Balkanhalbinsel und haben im übrigen Europa
nächstverwandte Schwestertaxa.
Bemerkung: Tipula (Emodotipula) saginata
ist in der Tabelle mit Anführungszeichen ver-
zeichnet. Diese Art wird von Tjeder (in Bear-
beitung) in eine Reihe allopatrisch vorkommen-
der Taxa aufgeteilt. Es ist noch unbekannt, wel-
che dieser Taxa auf der Balkanhalbinsel
heimisch sind.
Tabelle 3: Mediterrane Arten
Die mediterranen Arten kommen nur im me-
diterranen Gebiet vor und haben nur ausnahms-
weise nächstverwandte Schwestertaxa in den
Tiefebenen oder Gebirgen des übrigen Europa.
Die meisten dieser Arten gehören in die Unter-
gattung Lunatipula, die in Tabelle 3 in Arten-
gruppen aufgeteilt ist. Bei jeder dieser Arten-
gruppen ist das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ver-
zeichnet.
Insgesamt 87 der 201 Arten der Balkanhalb-
insel (43%) gehören zu dieser Gruppe. Die
meisten dieser Arten (68) sind in ihrer Verbrei-
tung auf die Balkanhalbinsel beschränkt. Einige
(6) haben sich von dort weiter verbreitet (Tabel-
le 3 mit A): Tipula (Lunatipula) bimacula,
brunneinervis und engeli kommen unverändert
auch in Italien und in Spanien vor (bimacula
überdies in Kleinasien); 7. (L). cretis kommt bis
Süditalien vor, 7. (L) soosi auch in Ungarn, in
der Ukraine und im Westen von Kleinasien; T.
(Tipula) italica errans ist auch von Kleinasien
bekannt (Material von der Balkanhalbinsel wur-
de mit mediterranea und orientalis verwechselt,
italica errans bewohnt jedoch ziemlich sicher
die ganze Halbinsel. In Tabelle 3 ist sie aber nur
verzeichnet von den Gebieten, aus denen sie uns
mit Sicherheit bekannt ist). Aufgrund ihrer Ver-
breitung und ihrer Verwandtschaftsbezieh-
ungen sind einige der mediterranen Arten wahr-
scheinlich oder sicher erst rezent eingewandert:
vier aus Italien (Tabelle 3 mit I) und neun aus
Kleinasien (Tabelle 3 mit K).
Tabelle 4: Zusammenfassender Überblick
In Tabelle 4 sind die Arten der Tabellen 1—3
in 12 Kategorien zusammengefaßt. Die meisten
Arten (166 der 201, d.h. 83%) gehören zu einer
der drei nachfolgenden Kategorien: Arten der
Tiefebenen, die sich bis nach Mittel- und West-
europa verbreitet haben (61 Arten), Arten der
Gebirge, die bis Mitteleuropa vorkommen (37
Arten), und mediterrane Arten, endemisch für
die Balkanhalbinsel (68 Arten). Zu den neun
weiteren Kategorien gehören insgesamt nur 35
Arten.
Die Tipulidenfauna der Balkanhalbinsel ist
heute ziemlich gut bekannt, doch finden sich in
der Verbreitung vieler Arten noch Lücken, die
in Zukunft ziemlich sicher gefüllt werden kön-
nen. Es besteht der Eindruck, daß Rumänien
besser besammelt worden ist als das kaum
größere Jugoslawien. Letztgenannter Staat ist
jedoch in dieser Arbeit in sechs Teilgebiete auf-
geteilt worden, Rumänien hingegen nur in drei.
Im allgemeinen sind Sommerarten stärker ver-
treten als Frühlings- und Herbstarten, und
Wald- und Wiesenarten besser als Arten der
Moorgebiete.
ZOOGEOGRAPHISCHE BEMERKUNGEN
1. Das Vorkommen balkanischer Tipuliden
im westpalaearktischen Raum
Auswanderer (Tabelle 4A)
Die Balkanhalbinsel war im Saalien und im
Weichselien das bedeutendste Refugium für die
Tipuliden der europaischen Tiefebenen und Ge-
birge (Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1983, 1985).
Nachher haben viele Arten ihre Areale vor
allem nach dem Nordwesten vergrößert, ob-
wohl auch einige Arten sich nach Osteuropa
ausgebreitet haben. Fur insgesamt 101 Arten
6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
Tabelle 3. Mediterrane Tipuliden — Arten. (Unter Bemerkungen: A rezent ausgewandert nach Italien, Iberien
und/oder Kleinasien; I rezent eingewandert aus Italien oder Iberien; K rezent eingewandert aus Kleinasien.)
Bosn. u. Herz.
Mazedonien
Nordgriech.
Mittelgriech.
Südgriech.
Bulgarien
Dobrudscha
Südrumänien
Nordrumänien
Bemerkungen
Montenegro
Albanien
Slowenien
Kroatien
Serbien
Nephrotoma
euchroma (Mik, 1874)
Tipula
(Acutipula)
ismene Mannheims, 1969 Ar
schmidti Mannheims, 1952 + + + + +
transcaucasica latifurca Vermoolen, 1983 sh +
(Lunatipula)
clio-Gruppe (Griechenland)
clio Mannheims, 1954 + + +
euterpe Theischinger, 1979 ze
leda Mannheims, 1965 Ar ae
melpomene Mannheims, 1954 +
theia Mannheims, 1963 SP SF
truncata-Gruppe (Griechenland)
antichasia Theischinger, 1979 da dh ali
bispina Loew, 1873 + 4 de + + + + e
cassiope Mannheims, 1966
caudatula Loew, 1862 ++» +
harmonia Mannheims, 1966
klytaimnestra Theischinger, 1979 +
leto Mannheims, 1966 +
penelope penelope Mannheims, 1954 4 +
penelope eurykleia Theischinger, 1979 Sr
pinnifer Theischinger, 1979 Ar
polydeukes Theischinger, 1977 ie
pythia Theischinger, 1979 ar
seguyt Mannheims, 1954 a sli sli de +
subtrunca Mannheims, 1966 +
subtruncata Mannheims, 1954 + I
titania Mannheims, 1966
trunca Mannheims, 1954
truncata truncata Loew, 1873 de ar ap OS +
truncata ciconia Theischinger, 1979
tyche Mannheims, 1966 Fk
fascingulata-Gruppe (Balkanhalbinsel)
anicilla Mannheims, 1967 Ar ar
animula Mannheims, 1967 + An:
capreola Mannheims, 1966 ar ae ur ar Her
caudıspina caudıspina Pierre, 1921 =
caudispina parnonensis Theischinger, 1979 ar
cinerascens Loew, 1873 + + +
daniel: Simova, 1972 + + +
eugeniana Simova, 1972 ap ae ap or
fascicula Mannheims, 1966 +
hera Theischinger, 1979
lanispina Mannheims, 1966 eher
praecox Loew, 1873 re de À À + À +
profdrassi Theischinger, 1980 str
rufula Mannheims & Theowald, 1959 JE + od + 4
sigma Theischinger, 1979
thais Mannheims, 1963 +
+
+++
++++
+
+++
++
THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII
(Tabelle 3, Fortsetzung)
acuminata-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
aphrodite Mannheims, 1963
ariadne Mannheims, 1954
borystenica Savtshenko, 1952
decolor Mannheims, 1963
heros Egger, 1863
istriana Erhan & Theowald, 1961
leandros Erhan, 1976
monstrabilis Theischinger, 1980
pachyprocta Loew, 1873
savtshenkoi Simova, 1960
vogtenhuberi Theischinger, 1979
wewalkai Theischinger, 1979
macroselene-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
artemis Theischinger, 1977
cretis Mannheims, 1965
macroselene macroselene Strobl, 1853
macroselene pan Mannheims, 1965
pelidne Mannheims, 1965
tibonella Theischinger, 1977
peliostigma-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
engeli Theowald, 1957
macropeliostigma Mannheims, 1954
livida-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
anthe Mannheims, 1968
bimacula Theowald, 1980
cinerella Pierre, 1919
erato Mannheims, 1954
fuscicosta Mannheims, 1954
graecolivida Mannheims, 1954
pandorra Mannheims, 1968
urania Mannheims, 1954
wolfi Mannheims, 1954
brunneinervis-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
brunneinervis Pierre, 1921
lunata-Gruppe (Kleinasien)
furcula Mannheims, 1954
soosi Mannheims, 1954
bullata-Gruppe (Italien)
onusta Riedel, 1913
falcata-Gruppe (Westmediterran)
bifasciculata Loew, 1873
pannonia pannonia Loew, 1873
pannonia jordansi Mannheims, 1954
phaidra-Gruppe (Kreta)
bulbosa Mannheims, 1954
caucasica-Gruppe (Kaukasus)
nausicaa Mannheims, 1966
(Tipula)
italica erans Theowald, 1984
mediterranea Lackschewitz, 1930
orientalis Lackschewitz, 1930
(Yamatotipula)
riedeli Mannheims, 1952
Slowenien
Kroatien
Bosn. u. Herz.
Serbien
Montenegro
Mazedonien
Albanien
Nordgriech.
Mittelgriech.
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8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
Tabelle 4. Zusammenfassender Uberblick.
A. ursprüngliche Fauna: 183 Arten
1. Arten der Tiefebenen: 66 Arten
a. endemisch: 2 Arten
b. bis nach Osteuropa: 3 Arten
c. bis nach Westeuropa: 61 Arten
2. Arten der Gebirge: 42 Arten
a. endernisch: 5 Arten
b. bis nach Zentraleuropa: 37 Arten
3. mediterrane Arten: 74 Arten
a. endemisch: 68 Arten
b. weiter verbreitet: 6 Arten
B. rezente Einwanderer: 19 Arten
1. Arten der Tiefebenen: 6 Arten
a. aus Iberien/Italien: 5 Arten
b. aus Zentralasien: 1 Art
2. Arten der Gebirge: keine
3. mediterrane Arten: 13 Arten
| a. aus Italien: 4 Arten
b. aus Kleinasien: 9 Arten
Total: 201 Arten
(Tabelle 4: Al und A2) wurde eine derartige
Verbreitung festgestellt. Von den mediterranen
Arten sind rezent nur ganz wenige ausgewan-
dert (Tabelle 4: A3). Nur sechs der insgesamt 75
mediterranen Arten kommen heute unverändert
auch außerhalb der Balkanhalbinsel vor. Alles in
allem haben sich also 107 Arten, d.h. 53% der
balkanischen Tipulidenfauna, über die Balkan-
halbinsel hinaus verbreitet.
Einwanderer (Tabelle 4B)
Es finden sich auf der Balkanhalbinsel nur
verhältnismäßig wenige rezente Einwanderer,
insgesamt nur 19 der 201 Arten, d.h. nur 9%
der balkanischen Tipulidenfauna. Größtenteils
haben sie sich entweder von Italien oder von
Kleinasien bis auf die Balkanhalbinsel ausge-
breitet. Die meisten sind mediterrane Arten. Es
gibt aber auch einige Arten der europäischen
Tiefebenen, die sich von Iberien über Italien bis
auf die Balkanhalbinsel verbreitet haben (Theo-
wald & Oosterbroek, 1983).
Endemiten (Tabelle 4A)
Insgesamt 75 Arten, d.h. 35% der balkani-
schen Tipulidenfauna, sind in ihrer Verbreitung
auf die Balkanhalbinsel beschränkt. Größten-
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49 71 62 77 31 87 48 71 82 41 54 27 98 86
teils sind es mediterrane Arten (69), und die
meisten von ihnen gehòren zur Untergattung
Tipula (Lunatipula) (66).
Die Balkanhalbinsel und das italienische
Festland
Die Balkanhalbinsel und Italien haben viele
Arten gemeinsam; es sind dies aber fast aus-
nahmslos Arten mit Verbreitung bis in die euro-
paischen Tiefebenen und kaum Arten mit Ver-
breitung in den Gebirgen oder in den mediterra-
nen Gebieten (Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1983,
1984). In den beiden letzten Kaltzeiten muf es
fur die Arten der Tiefebenen ein gemeinsames
italo-balkanisches Refugium gegeben haben
(Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1984). Verbreitung
und Verwandschaftsbeziehungen deuten aber
daraufhin, daß nach der letzten Kaltzeit kaum
noch Arten von Italien nach der Balkanhalbinsel
oder umgekehrt gekommen sind.
Die Balkanhalbinsel und Kleinasien
Die Balkanhalbinsel hat nur wenige Arten mit
dem naheliegenden artenreichen Kleinasien ge-
meinsam. Von den Arten der europaischen Tief-
ebenen finden sich 16 nicht nur auf der Balkan-
halbinsel sondern auch in Kleinasien, oder sie
THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII 9
haben dort eine nachstverwandte Schwesterart
(Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1983). Von den Ge-
birgsarten hat nur eine in Kleinasien ein
Schwesterart (Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1985).
Von den mediterranen Arten haben sich rezent
neun von Kleinasien bis nach der Balkanhalbin-
sel verbreitet (Tabelle 4B, 3b) und drei von der
Balkanhalbinsel nach Kleinasien (bimacula, soo-
si und italica errans). Insgesamt kennt man von
der Balkanhalbinsel und von Kleinasien zusam-
men etwa 300 Arten, von denen nur 29 in bei-
den Gebieten vorkommen. Von der Balkanhalb-
insel und Italien hingegen kennen wir insgesamt
etwa 250 Arten, von denen fast 100 in beiden
Gebieten vorkommen.
2. Die Verbreitung der Tipuliden ım
balkanischen Raum
Aus den Tabellen 1—4 geht hervor, daß es
auf der Balkanhalbinsel einen Unterschied gibt
zwischen der Verbreitung der mediterranen und
jener der nicht-mediterranen Arten. Letztge-
nannte sind ziemlich gleichmäßig über das gan-
ze Gebiet verbreitet, die mediterranen Arten
dagegen finden sich vorwiegend in der West-
hälfte der Balkanhalbinsel. Eine Auszählung
von Tabellen 1—3 ergibt:
Westbalkan (Jugoslawien, Albanien, Grie-
chenland)
mediterrane Arten: 85 der insgesamt 88, d.h.
97%
nicht-mediterrane Arten: 91 der insgesamt 113,
d.h. 81%
Ostbalkan (Rumänien, Bulgarien)
mediterrane Arten: 16 der insgesamt 88, d.h.
18%
nicht-mediterrane Arten: 102 der insgesamt
113, d.h. 90%
Der Westbalkan ist somit am reichsten an Ti-
puliden. Er hat nicht nur viele nicht-mediterra-
ne Arten, die er mit dem Ostbalkan gemeinsam
hat, sondern auch viele mediterrane Arten, von
denen nur wenige auch im Ostbalkan vorkom-
men.
Es gibt aber auch Unterschiede zwischen
Nord- und Südbalkan. In Tabelle 5 (vgl. auch
Karte 2) wird die Balkanhalbinsel in fünf größe-
re Gebiete unterteilt: Nordwest-, Mittelwest-
und Südwestbalkan und Nordost- und Südost-
balkan. Für jedes dieser Teilgebiete ist die Fau-
nenzusammensetzung absolut und prozentuell
verzeichnet. Im Westbalkan finden sich vom
Norden nach dem Süden absolut und prozen-
tuell immer mehr mediterrane und immer weni-
ger nicht-mediterrane Arten. Im Nordwestbal-
kan ist jedoch noch ein Drittel der Arten medi-
terran und im Südwestbalkan ein Drittel der
Arten nicht-mediterran. Im Ostbalkan sind pro-
zentuell die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Ge-
bieten viel kleiner. Beide Faunen sind vorwie-
gend nicht-mediterran. Die Zahl der neun medi-
terranen Arten im Nordostbalkan (Tabelle 5) ist
aber noch flattiert, denn von diesen neun Arten,
kommen vier nur im Banater Gebirge an der ju-
goslawisch-rumänischen Grenze vor (Tabelle 3
mit . statt +) und sind nur fünf Arten recht ost-
balkanisch. Der ostbalkan, ganz besonders aber
der Nordostbalkan, schließen hinsichtlich Fau-
nenzusammensetzung eng an das mitteleuropäi-
sche Gebiet an, der Westbalkan dagegen wird
nach dem Süden hin immer deutlicher mediter-
ran.
3. Das balkanische Zentrum mediterraner
Lunatipula-Arten
Die Untergattung Lunatipula ist in ihrer Ver-
breitung hauptsächlich auf die mediterranen
Gebiete der Holarktis beschränkt. Im mediter-
Tabelle 5. Faunenzusammensetzung der fünf Teilgebiete der Balkanhalbinsel.
Nordwest- Mittelwest- Südwest- Südost- Nordost-
balkan balkan balkan balkan balkan
mediterrane Arten
absolut: 87 33 46 61 12 9
prozentuell: 43% 28% 41% 66% 18% 9%
nicht-mediterrane Arten
(Arten der Tiefebenen)
absolut: 72 62 53 DD 40 63
prozentuell: 36% 53 % 47% 23% 61% 60%
(Arten der Gebirgen)
absolut: 42 22 13 10 14 52
prozentuell: 21% 19% 12% 11% 21% 31%
Total: 201 Arten 117 112 93 66 104
10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
one
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77
Karte 1. Balkanhalbinsel mit Teilgebieten.
ranen Raum der Palaearktis finden sich 250 Ar-
ten (Theischinger & Theowald, 1981). Verhalt-
nısmäßig wenige dieser 250 Arten finden sich
im iberischen und im italienischen Gebiet
(Theowald & Oosterbroek, 1980, 1981, 1984).
Die meisten sind auf der Balkanhalbinsel oder ın
Kleinasien verbreitet.
Unter den mediterranen Arten der Balkan-
halbinsel sind 79 Lunatipula-Arten, von denen
neun rezent eingewandert sind und 70 zur
ursprünglichen Fauna gehören (Tabelle 3).
Letztgenannte finden sich alle im Westbalkan,
einige überdies im Ostbalkan (leandros ist nur
bekannt vom Banater Gebirge an der Grenze
von Rumänien und Jugoslawien und wird zur
Fauna des Westbalkan gezählt). Im Westbalkan
Na
“__---77 Griechenland
ed
a
; ZU
---- NI
Dobrudscha
kommen die meisten Arten in Griechenland
vor, und zum Teil reichen sie von dort mehr
oder weniger weit nach Jugoslawien. Viel weni-
ger Arten sind in ihrer Verbreitung auf Jugosla-
wien beschrankt oder machen den Eindruck,
daß sie sich von dort mehr oder weniger weit
nach Griechenland verbreitet haben (Tabelle 3).
Von den 70 zur ursprünglichen Fauna gehöri-
gen Arten gehören 40 (57%) zu drei Artengrup-
pen mit fast rein balkanischer Verbreitung: die
clio-, truncata- und fascingulata-Gruppe. Insge-
samt kommen von diesen drei Artengruppen
nur drei Arten im kleinasiatischen Raum vor. Es
ist wohl sicher, daß diese drei Artengruppen
sich auf der Balkanhalbinsel differenziert haben,
und daß dreimal eine Art von dort bis nach
THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII 11
Nordostbalkan
Sudostbalkan
Sudwest-
balkan
N
A
W
Karte 2. Hauptgebiete der Balkanhalbinsel mit Faunenzusammensetzung (schwarz: Gebirgsarten; schraffiert:
Arten der Tiefebenen; weiß: mediterrane Arten).
Kleinasien gelangt ist. Insgesamt 25 der 70 Ar-
ten (36%) gehören zu sechs Artengruppen mit
vorwiegend kleinasiatischer Verbreitung: acu-
minata-, macroselene-, livida-, peliostigma-,
brunneinervis-, und lunata-Gruppe. Im klein-
asiatischen Raum gibt es von diesen Gruppen
noch etwa 85 weitere Arten. Die Verwandt-
schaftsbeziehungen sofern bekannt, zwischen
den Arten der genannten Artengruppen, lassen
den Schluß zu, daß im Laufe der Zeit mehrmals
Arten von Kleinasien auf die Balkanhalbinsel
gekommen sind, sich dort zu endemischen Ar-
ten differenziert haben und sich zum Teil dort
wieder weiter in Arten aufgespalten haben. Ins-
gesamt nur fünf Arten gehören zu drei Arten-
gruppen mit Hauptverbreitung im westmediter-
ranen Gebiet, auf Kreta oder im Kaukasus (Ta-
belle 3).
Obwohl sowohl der Westbalkan, insbesonde-
re Griechenland, als auch Kleinasien ihre ende-
mische Lunatipula-Fauna haben, hat es zwi-
schen den beiden Gebieten dann und wann
Austausch gegeben. Der kleinasiatische Einfluß
auf der Balkanhalbinsel ist aber deutlich viel
größer als jener der Balkanhalbinsel in Klein-
asıen. Dasselbe finden wir auch bei den rezent
ein- und ausgewanderten Arten, die noch in bei-
den Gebieten unverändert vorkommen: sieben
Lunatipula-Arten haben sich rezent von Klein-
asıen bis auf die Balkanhalbinsel verbreitet (Ta-
12 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 1, 1986
belle 3 mit K), dagegen nur zwei von der Bal-
kanhalbinsel bis nach Kleinasien (bimacula und
50051).
Wie die Iberische Halbinsel und Nordafrika,
liegen auch die Balkanhalbinsel und Kleinasien
geographisch nahe zusammen, und doch hat
sich in beiden Fallen in jedem dieser Gebiete
eine endemische Lunatipula-Fauna entwickelt,
obwohl es in beiden Fallen auch Auswechslung
gegeben hat. Die Lunatipula-Fauna der beiden
ostmediterranen Gebiete ist jedoch viel reicher
als die der beiden westmediterranen Gebiete. Im
ostmediterranen Gebiet gibt es zwei Zentren für
Artbildung mediterraner Lunatipula-Arten: der
Westbalkan, insbesondere Griechenland, und
Kleinasien.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Verbreitung der 201 Tipuliden-Arten, die
auf der Balkanhalbinsel nachgewiesen sind,
wird beschrieben und analysiert. Folgende
Schlüsse werden gezogen.
Die meisten Arten der mittel- und westeuro-
päischen Tiefebenen und Gebirge kommen auch
ziemlich gleichmäßig verbreitet über die ganze
Balkanhalbinsel vor; in Mittel- und Südgrie-
chenland gibt es aber etwas weniger Arten als
weiter im Norden.
In Jugoslawien und zumal in Griechenland
finden sich überdies auch viele mediterrane Ar-
ten, die im Ostbalkan fast vollständig fehlen.
Die Tipuliden-Fauna des ostbalkan ist somit
deutlich mittel- und westeuropäisch, die des
Westbalkan dagegen hat stärker mediterranen
Charakter.
Das italienische Festland und die Balkanhalb-
insel haben viele Arten der europäischen Tief-
ebenen gemeinsam, nicht aber Arten der Gebir-
ge und mediterrane Arten. Für die Arten der
europäischen Tiefebenen hat es im Eiszeitalter
wohl ein italo-balkanisches Refugium gegeben.
Die Balkanhalbinsel und Kleinasien haben
kaum Arten gemeinsam. Zwischen beiden Ge-
bieten hat es aber im Laufe der Zeit wohl Aus-
tausch gegeben, im Zuge dessen insbesondere
Lunatipula-Arten sich von Kleinasien bis auf
die Balkanhalbinsel verbreitet haben aber kaum
umgekehrt.
Der Westbalkan und Kleinasien sind im me-
diterranen Gebiet der Palaearktis wohl die be-
deutendsten Gebiete für Artbildung mediterra-
ner Lunatipula-Arten gewesen.
SUMMARY
The distribution of the 201 tipulid species
from the Balkan peninsula is presented and ana-
lyzed, with the following conclusion.
Most lowland or mountain species of central
and western Europe are distributed throughout
the Balkan peninsula but with a lesser amount
of species in central and southern Greece than
further to the north.
Jugoslavia and Greece count many mediterra-
nean species. This element is virtually lacking in
the east Balkan. This part of the area is much
more central and western european, whereas the
west Balkan has a stronger mediterranean cha-
racter.
The Italian mainland and the Balkan peninsu-
la have many European lowland species in com-
mon. This is not the case for the mountainous
and mediterranean species. An Italo-Balkanian
refugium is postulated for the lowland species
during the latest glaciations.
The Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor hardly :
have species in common. Exchange during cer-
tain periods must have occurred and especially
within Lunatipula, species of which migrated
from Asia Minor to the Balkan peninsula and,
to a far lesser degree, in the opposite direction.
The west Balkan and Asia Minor are of the
Mediterranean part of the Palaearctic the two
important regions for speciation within Lunati-
pula.
LITERATURLISTE
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tipulide (Diptera-Tipulidae) din Masivul Bucegi si
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Erhan, E., 1962a. Date noi cu privire la fauna de tipu-
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Erhan, E., 1962b. Contributu la studiul faunei de Ti-
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Erhan, E., 1971. Noi specii de Tipulinae (Diptera-Ti-
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Erhan, E., 1973. Noi contributii la cunoasterea tipuli-
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Erhan, E., 1976. Contributii la studiul tipulinelor din
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13—20.
Erhan, E., 1959. Die Entwicklungsstadien von Tipula
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217—221.
Erhan, E., & Br. Theowald, 1961. Tipulidae of Rou-
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THEOWALD & OOSTERBROEK: Westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. VII 13
Kowarz, P., 1873. Beitrag zur Dipteren-Fauna Un-
garns. — Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 23: 453—
464.
Mannheims, B., 1954. Die Tipuliden Griechenlands
(Dipt.). — Bonn. zool. Beitr., Sonderband 1954, I:
149—182.
Mannheims, B., 1966. Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expe-
dition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen In-
stitutes. 56. Beitrg. Diptera: Tipulidae. — Beitr.
Ent. 16: 489—502.
Mannheims, B., & Br. Theowald, 1951—1980. Tipuli-
dae. — Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. III, 5, 1. —
Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
Savtshenko, E. N., 1961—1983. Tipulidae. — Fauna
SSSR, Insecta, Diptera II, 1—2 (N.S.127, 1983),
IL, 3 (N.S.79, 1961), II, 4 (N.S.89, 1964), II, 5
(N.S.105, 1973). — Nauka, Moskou, Leningrad.
Simova, D., 1959. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tipuliden
und Limnobiiden von Mazedonien. — Fragm.
Balc. 2: 125—135.
Simova, D., 1960. Drugi prilog poznavanju tipulida 1
limnobiida makedonije. — Fragm. Balc. 3: 51—
63.
Simova, D., 1962. Tipulidae nekih krajeva jugoslavije.
— Fragm. Balc. 4: 101—105.
Simova, D., 1964. Neke vrste familije Tipulidae nove
za jugoslaviju. — Fragm. Balc. 5: 49—54.
Simova, D., 1972. Due nove vrste iz familije Tipulidae
(Diptera). — Zast. Bilja 23:333—339.
. Simova, D., 1973. Contribution to the study of Crane
|
|
|
Flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) in Yugoslavia. —Fragm.
Balc. 9: 149—153.
Simova, D., 1974. Prilog poznavanju faune Tipulidae
(Diptera, Nematocera) jugoslavije. — Zast. Bilja
25; 25—30.
Simova, D., 1976. Prilog proucavanju faune Tipulidae
(Diptera) sr srbije. — Arh. biol. nauka. Beograd
28: 147—152.
Simova, D., 1978. Dolichopeza graeca Mnhs. (Dipte-
ra, Tipulidae) nov vid sa faunata na jogoslavija. —
Fragm. Balc. 10: 135—138.
Simova, D., & I. Sivec, 1978. Prispevek k poznavanju
faune koseninarjev (Diptera, Tipulidae) v slove-
niji. — Biol. vestn. Ljubljana 26: 183—186.
Simova, D. & B. Todorovski, 1977. Tipulidae (Dipte-
ra) ulovljene na svetlostne klopke. — Tutun To-
bacco 5—6: 249—260.
Simova, D. & M. Vukovic, 1981. The results of Crane
Flies (Diptera, Tipulidae) studies in Yugoslavia. —
Acta ent. Jugoslavica 17: 13—119.
Simova, D. & Vukovic, 1983. Usko rasprostranjene
vrste faune Tipulidae (Diptera) jugoslavije. —
Drugi simpozijum o fauni SR Srbije, Zbornik:
99—102. — Beograd.
Simova, D. & Vukovic, 1983. Znacaj muskog genital-
nog aparata za determinacju vresta familije Tipuli-
dae (Diptera). — Acta ent. Jugoslavica 19: 27—32.
Strobl, G., 1897. Siebenbürgische Zweifligler. —
Verh. Mitt. siebenb. Ver. Naturwiss., Hermann-
stadt 46: 11—48.
Strobl, G., 1900. Dipterenfauna von Bosnien, Herze-
govina und Dalmatien. — Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien
Herzegovina 7: 552—670.
Strobl, G., 1904. Neue Beitrage zur Dipterenfauna
der Balkanhalbinsel. — Wiss. Mitt. Bosnien Her-
zegovina 9: 519 - 581.
Szilady, Z., 1934. Beitrage zur Dipterenfauna Bulga-
riens. — Izv. bulg. ent. Druzh. 8: 145—151.
Thalhammer, J., 1900. Ordo Diptera in Fauna Regni
Hungariae III, Arthropoda. Ed. sep. 1—76.
Theischinger, G., 1977. Neue Taxa von Lunatipula
Edwards aus der mediterranen Subregion der Pa-
laarktis (Diptera, Tipulidae, Tipula Linnaeus). —
Beaufortia 26: 1—38.
Theischinger, G., 1979a. idem, 1.
Beaufortia 28: 121—150.
Theischinger, G., 1979b. idem, 2. Fortsetzung. —
Beaufortia 29: 275—308.
Theischinger, G., 1980. idem, 3. Fortsetzung. —Beau-
fortia 30: 17—29.
Theischinger, G., 1982. idem, 4. Fortsetzung. —
Beaufortia 32: 79—96.
Theischinger, G., 1983. Uber eine Aufsammlung von
Savtshenkia Alexander, 1965, aus dem östlichen
Mittelmeerraum (Diptera: Tipulidae). — Ent. Ber.
Amsterdam 43: 26—28.
Theischinger, G. & Br. Theowald, 1981. Katalog der
Untergattung Lunatipula Edwards, 1931, s.l. —
Versl. techn. Geg. Inst. Tax. Zool. Univ. Amster-
dam 27: 1—55.
Theowald, Br., & P. Oosterbroek, 1980. Zur Zoogeo-
graphie der westpalaearktischen Tipuliden. I. Die
Tipuliden von Nordafrika. — Beaufortia 30:
179—192.
Theowald, Br., & P. Oosterbroek, 1981. idem, II. Die
Tipuliden der Iberischen Halbinsel. — Beaufortia
31:31—50.
Theowald, Br. & P. Oosterbroek, 1983. idem, III. Die
Tipuliden der europaischen Tiefebenen. — Bonn.
zool. Beitr. 34: 371— 394.
Theowald, Br., C. Dufour & P. Oosterbroek, 1982.
idem, IV. The Tipulidae of Corsica and Sardinia
with a note on Dolichopeza fuscipes Bergroth. —
Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 55: 317—332.
Theowald, Br., & P. Oosterbroek, 1984. idem, V. Die
italienischen Tipuliden. — Fragm. Entomol., Ro-
ma 17: 245—291.
Theowald, Br., & P. Oosterbroek, 1985. idem, VI.
Die Tipuliden der montanen, alpinen und borealen
Gebiete. — Bonn. zool. Beitr. 36: 185—220.
Fortsetzung. —
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74
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
&
7 Z
INHOUD
Tuomas PAPE. — A phylogenetic analysis of the Woodlouse-flies (Diptera, Rhino-
phoridae), pp. 15—34, figs. 1—30.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 2 Gepubliceerd 10-XI-1986
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WOODLOUSE- FLIES
(DIPTERA, RHINOPHORIDAE) /
by
THOMAS PAPE
Zoological Museum Copenhagen, Denmark
ABSTRACT
The Rhinophoridae are redefined on the basis of the apomorphic structure of the aedea-
gus. Evidence is provided for the exclusion of four genera, viz., Angioneura Brauer & Ber-
genstamm, 1893, Melanomya Rondani, 1856, Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, and Ter-
mitoloemus Baranov, 1936; all four are transferred to the Calliphoridae. The genera of Rhi-
nophoridae are analyzed phylogenetically with the aid of the results of the present
investigation and the sparse information available on the morphology of the larval stages.
The structure of the aedeagus provides several set-defining characters and the aedeagus of
many species is depicted for the first time. Czrillia Rondani, 1856, is proposed as a synonym
of Phyto Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.
INTRODUCTION
Within the calyptrate flies the species with a
| row of bristles on the meron (hypopleuron)
| constitute a well-corroborated monophyletic
| group,
| Girschner (1893), Calliphoroidea sensu Hennig
| (1958), Tachinidae (sensu lato) sensu Griffiths
| (1972), or Oestroidea sensu McAlpine et al.
| (1981)). Most recent authors, including the pre-
| sent, accept five major groups in the Tachinoi-
| dea, viz., Oestridae (sensu lato), Calliphoridae,
| Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, and Rhinophoridae.
the Tachinoidea (Tachinidae sensu
Although Crosskey (1965) restricts the name
| Tachinoidea to the Calliphoridae, Sarcophagi-
| dae, Tachinidae, and Rhinophoridae, synapo-
| morphies not shared by the Oestridae (which
i would be their sister group), to my knowledge
| have not been provided for these four families
by any author.
The family Stackelbergomyiidae Rohdendorf,
1948, was obviously established because no evi-
| dence for incorporating the single aberrant spe-
| cies into any of the existing families could be
| found. An investigation by Herting (1981) sug-
| gests that it should be included in the Tachini-
|| dae. More interesting are the Neotropical Me-
|| sembrinellinae (Calliphoridae). Crosskey (1965)
\ is of the opinion that an improved classification
\ of the Tachinoidea (in his definition as given
above) would result if “peculiar groups such as
O ee were treated as families” (p.
43). Guimaraes (1977) follows this recommen-
dation and raises the group to family status:
Mesembrinellidae, founding his decision on five
“consistent differences” between Mesembrinel-
linae and the remaining Calliphoridae. These
differences corroborate the monophyly of the
Mesembrinellinae, but the Calliphoridae sensu
Guimaraes are characterized solely on symple-
siomorphies and fail to support a family status
of the Mesembrinellinae. An argument for split-
ting'up the Calliphoridae would be that the sim-
ple, non-opercular lappet of the mesembrinel-
line metathoracic spiracle is plesiomorphic, as
this would separate the Mesembrinellinae (still
monophyletic) not from the Calliphoridae but
from all other Tachinoidea, the monophyly of
which would be corroborated by their opercu-
lar metathoracic spiracle. This may be the rea-
son for Crosskey’s (1965: 43) note that the Me-
sembrinellinae “may not be Tachinoidea at all”.
I hesitate to place the Mesembrinellinae as
sister group to all other Tachinoidea and prefer
to treat them as Calliphoridae. The structure of
the mesembrinelline aedeagus with strong, for-
wardly curved dorsolateral processes (paraphal-
li) seems a reasonable synapomorphy with the
Calliphoridae (and perhaps with the Rhinopho-
ridae?).
A small digression may be made here,
brought about by the recent (and past) dis-
agreement of family status criteria. Some au-
thors, e.g., Steyskal (1974) and Hackman &
Vaisanen (1982), have mentioned the inconsis-
tency of Griffiths’ (1972) splitting of the Musci-
dae sensu Hennig (1958, 1965) into Muscidae
and Fanniidae when he unites all tachinoid flies
in a single family: Tachinidae (sensu lato).
16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
However, although Hennig (1965) states that:
“Eine der sichersten Feststellungen, vielleicht
die gesichertste, die man über das phylogene-
tische System der Muscidae treffen kann, ist die,
dass zwischen den Fanniinae auf der einen seite
und der Gesamtheit aller übrıgen Muscidae...
ein Schwestergruppenverhältnis besteht” (p. 9),
he does not bring conclusive evidence of the
monophyly of the “Muscidae sensu lato”.
Therefore, a separation is to be preferred. If the
tachinoids are considered a monophyletic
group, they are best treated in common when
used for outgroup comparison, and the formal
rank — whether family or superfamily — is of
minor importance in a phylogenetic sense. Only
the ranking of the group relative to the other
Calyptratae is important as this constitutes a
phylogenetic hypothesis.
The monophyly of the Tachinoidea seems
fairly corroborated. Griffiths (1972) mentions
the following synapomorphies with respect to
the groundplan of the Calyptratae:
(1) hypopleuron with strong bristles below
metathoracic spiracle,
(2) eighth sternum (©) entire,
(3) vein m,,, sharply bent towards r,,, apical-
ly,
(4) anal vein not reaching wing margin,
(5) sixth tergum (d) shortened, less than half as
long as 5th tergum,
(6) eighth tergum vestige (2) lost.
The loss of the “eighth tergum vestige” in
males is based on a questionable interpretation
of a median ventral sclerotization in the postab-
domen of some Anthomyiidae and Scatophagi-
dae (Griffiths, 1972: fig. 61); this sclerotization
more likely is a secondary acquisition.
Another character which may be autapomor-
phic to the Tachinoidea is:
(7) lappet of metathoracic spiracle divided, pos-
terior lappet shaped as an operculum.
This opercular metathoracic spiracle, absent
in all other calyptrates, is present in the majority
of the Tachinoidea; the non-opercular metatho-
racic spiracle present in the Mesembrinellinae
and a few other Calliphoridae, some groups of
Tachinidae, Macronychiinae of the Sarcophagi-
dae, almost all Rhinophoridae, and many Oes-
tridae (sensu lato) may be secondarily derived.
The sister group relations of the Tachinoidea
within the Calyptratae are still largely unsolved,
and the characters mentioned by Griffiths are
not necessarily autapomorphies for the Tachi-
noidea, viz., items 4 and 5 mentioned above,
which also occur among other calyptrate
groups. A shortened anal vein (A,) is character-
istic of both the Muscidae and Fanniidae. A few
genera in the Tachinoidea (e.g., some Oestridae
(sensu lato) and Tachinidae, Bengalia Robi-
neau-Desvoidy in the Calliphoridae) possess an
extended anal vein, a character which both
Hennig (1958) and Griffiths (1972) consider to
be secondary. It is interesting, however, that
Andersen (1982) reports aerial swarming of
male Siphona Meigen as the first example within
the Tachinidae and suggests (Andersen, 1982,
1983) that an extended anal vein may be assig-
nable to the groundplan of the Tachinidae (and
then possibly to all the Tachinoidea).
The shortened abdominal tergum 6 in males is
of general occurrence in the Muscidae and An-
thomyiidae as well.
The Rhinophoridae are typical members of
the Tachinoidea as defined above (fig. 1), but.
the affinities to other tachinoid families are still
unclear. Many earlier authors placed the rhino-
phorids with the blow-flies and flesh-flies in a
Calliphoridae (sensu lato), but in a phylogenetic
sense this constitutes an entirely unacceptable
non-group arising by the splitting off of the flies
possessing a swollen subscutellum — the Tachi-
nidae. Mesnil (1939) derived most of the subfa-
milies of Tachinidae from different rhinophorid
stocks, thereby rendering the Rhinophoridae
paraphyletic (and the Tachinidae polyphyletic),
but at present most authors give the Rhinopho-
ridae family rank, acknowledging their
uniqueness and the present lack of evidence for
a closer relation to any of the other tachinoid
families. Kugler (1978), and especially Crosskey
Fig. 1. Stevenia deceptoria (Loew); a typical wood-
louse-fly.
Pare: Rhinophoridae 17
(1977), give a more detailed review of previous
differences of opinion regarding the family affi-
nities.
LARVAL BIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY
Although the family is small, an unambiguous
demarcation of the Rhinophoridae has not been
possible. This is due in part to the existence of
deviating tropical forms, e.g., Bequaertiana
Curran, and in part to an external morphology
intermediate between that of typical callipho-
rids and typical tachinids. More important,
however, is the lack of information concerning
the morphology and biology of the larval stages.
All known first-stage larvae possess a distinctive
cephalopharyngeal skeleton with the anterior
part of the pharyngeal sclerite greatly elongated
and with two or more teeth on the dorsal arc of
the mandibles — evidently synapomorphic
characters. The larval habit of parasitizing
woodlice (Isopoda) is likewise unique to the
Rhinophoridae, and interesting insofar as very
few biological relationships between Diptera
and Crustacea are known (see Roubaud, 1903;
Mercier, 1921; Oldroyd, 1964, and Burger et
al., 1980).
Only seven genera of rhinophorids actually
have been recorded as woodlouse parasites, viz.,
Stevenia Robineau-Desvoidy, Tricogena Ron-
dani, Rhinophora Robineau-Desvoidy, Melano-
phora Meigen, Paykullia Robineau-Desvoidy,
Phyto Robineau-Desvoidy, and Cirillia Ronda-
ni (note that Cirillia is a synonym of Phyto, see
discussion below). Specific host records for the
Palaearctic species are given by Herting (1961)
with supplements in Kugler (1978). Parker
(1953) mentions breeding of the introduced
Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus) in Brazil. No
host records exist for any of the Nearctic, Afro-
tropical, or Oriental species.
Table 1. List of non-isopod hosts of the Rhinophoridae.
There has been some doubt as to whether the
Rhinophoridae could be parasites in inverte-
brates other than isopods, and the tendency has
been to disregard any such record. Obviously,
the report of Melanophora helicivora Goureaux
being bred from the gastropod Helicella con-
spurcata (Draparnaud) is based on a mis-identi-
fication. As judged from the description and
drawings (Goureaux, 1843: figs. 1, 2), the spe-
cies does not belong to Melanophora at all, but
may be a calliphorid.
Lundbeck (1927) mentions a specimen of
Melanophora roralis bred from egg-cocoons of
the spider Araneus cornutus Clerck. I have seen
this specimen, a female deposited in the Zoolog-
ical Museum, Copenhagen, and it is correctly
identified by Lundbeck.
In addition to this there are several reports of
rhinophorids parasitizing insects (table 1), and it
is probable that rhinophorids occasionally (acci-
dentally?) may parasitize arthropods other than
isopods.
Very little has been written on the morpholo-
gy of the larvae of the woodlouse-flies. Thomp-
son (1934) treated in detail the larval stages of
eight species, viz., Paykullia maculata (Fallén),
Phyto angustifrons (Rondani), Phyto discrepans
(Pandellé), Phyto melanocephala (Meigen),
Melanophora roralis, Stevenia atramentaria
(Meigen) (as species B), Tricogena rubricosa
(Meigen), and Rhinophora lepida (as species A).
However, Thompson obtained all his material
from dissections of woodlice as most of his at-
tempts to obtain eggs from female flies caught
in the wild and hatch these to first-instar larvae
failed. Furthermore, he often assumed that rhi-
nophorid larvae from a single colony of wood-
lice were conspecific. This has resulted in some
erroneous identifications in his earlier works
(Thompson, 1917, 1920; corrected in 1934:
parasite/predator specimens host reference
Melanophora roralis 19 eggs of Araneus cornutus Clerck Lundbeck (1927)
(Araneae)
? ?Pyralıs farinalis (Linnaeus) Bezzi & Stein (1907)
(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)
Stevenia umbratica ? Callidium violaceum Linnaeus Bezzi & Stein (1907)
(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Rhinophora lepida 18 Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottemburg) Kolubajıv (1962)
(Lepidoptera, Aegeriidae)
1d Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus)
Kolubajıv (1962)
(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Neh Ne
Rhinomorinia sarcophagina
Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus)
Kolubajıv (1962)
(Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae)
18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
380). Of the first-instar larva of Phyto angustif-
rons Thompson had only a single defective
specimen (the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and a
skin fragment). The depicted cephalopharyngeal
skeleton (Thompson, 1934: pl. 19, fig. 47) is of
the heavy, sclerotized type found in Stevenia,
Tricogena, and Rhinophora and very unlike the
cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Paykullia, Mela-
nophora, and other species of Phyto.
The first-stage larva assigned to Phyto angus-
tifrons probably belongs to another species
(very likely a Stevenia). The cephalopharyngeal
skeleton of the second- and third-stage larva of
P. angustifrons (Thompson, 1934: pl. 20, figs.
48, 56) is more in accordance with that of Phyto
species.
Bedding (1973), in an extract of his Ph. D.
thesis, described eggs and larval stages of all
English species — actually the same species as
those described by Thompson (1934) except for
P. angustifrons. The larvae, especially first
instars, possess several features which are very
useful in a phylogenetic context, but at present
the larval stages are known for only a small
fraction of the species described. In addition,
the uniqueness of many of the features makes
any outgroup comparison almost inapplicable in
the distinction between apomorphic versus ple-
siomorphic larval characters within the family.
The first-stage larvae known at present com-
prise two distinct groups (see figs. 8—44 in
Bedding, 1973):
A. Phyto, Paykullia, Melanophora
(1) mandibles with normal degree of sclerotiza-
tion, with three or more small teeth on the
dorsal arc,
(2) elongated anterior part of pharyngeal scle-
rite with an incision,
(3) setal bases unmodified,
(4) posterior end of larva highly modified for
supporting the larva in erect posture; with a
dorsal tongue, terminal sac-like lobes, and
ventral ridges.
B. Stevenia, Tricogena, Rhinophora
(1) mandibles heavily sclerotized, with two
strongly developed teeth,
(2) elongated anterior part of pharyngeal scle-
rite without an incision,
(3) setal bases protruded into proleg-like struc-
tures,
(4) posterior end of larva simple, with inflated
ventral vesicles.
Bedding notes that the two morphologically
distinct groups of first-stage larvae possess dif-
ferences in their biology (referring to a paper (in
prep.) which unfortunately has not yet been
published).
The toothed mandibles of the first-stage lar-
vae are probably an adaptation for penetrating
the body wall of the host, analogous to the ser-
rate median tooth of tachinid larvae which enter
the host through a strongly sclerotized cuticle
(Clausen, 1940: fig. 210 A). This character is
clearly an autapomorphy for the Rhinophoridae
as toothed mandibles occur very sporadically in
other Tachinoidea, e.g., the warblefly of the
lechwe antelope (Howard, 1980).
The two types of cephalopharyngeal skeleton
can not be separated into an apomorphic and a
plesiomorphic state at present; indeed, it is pos-
sible that both types are apomorphic with re-
spect to the groundplan of the Rhinophoridae,
but this may be the least parsimonious solution
to the problem.
The proleg-like setal bases must be consid-
ered an apomorphic character as these are ab-
sent in the majority of the Tachinoidea and
nothing indicates their suppression in other rhi-
nophorids. This character is found in Stevenza,
Tricogena, and Rhinophora and may be a syna-
pomorphy of the Stevenia group (see discussion
below), thereby corroborating the monophyly
of this group.
The two types of modified posterior end of
the first-stage larva present a problem some-
what analogous to that of the cephalopharyn-
geal skeleton. However, until more information
on the sister group relations of the Rhinophori-
dae within the Tachinoidea becomes available, it
is reasonable to assume that the sister group
possesses first-stage larvae with unmodified
posterior ends. The terminal lobes, the dorsal
tongue, and the free, posteriorly oriented ven-
tral ridges will then be apomorphic characters,
and the terminal lobes will be the apomorphic
homologues of the inflated vesicles. This will
corroborate the hypothesis that Paykullia, Phy-
to, and Melanophora are part of a monophyletic
group (the Phyto group) not containing Steve-
nia, Tricogena, or Rhinophora.
RECOGNITION OF THE RHINOPHORIDAE
Crosskey (1977: 7) gives an excellent dis-
cussion of the status and recognition of the fam-
ily, but he admits that his recognition couplet
does not ensure a certain identification. A fur-
ther complication is the recently described ge-
nus Baniassa Kugler. This genus has a well-de-
veloped metathoracic opercular spiracle, but the
absence of a distinct operculum has hitherto
Pare: Rhinophoridae 19
provided one of the most important single char-
acters for rhinophorid recognition. Besides the
structure of the metathoracic spiracle, the char-
acters most helpful in recognizing the family
have been the tongue-shaped or oval lower ca-
lypteres which are widely removed from the
scutellum, the bend of vein M which never is
greatly concave, and the combination of bare
prosternum, proepisterna, greater ampullae,
postalar walls, laterotergites, and supra-squamal
ridges.
In the majority of the Tachinoidea the struc-
ture of the aedeagus (and other structures of the
terminalia) provides important characters in the
diagnostic segregation of species and is often
used in the construction of evolutionary trees
and in the definition of taxonomic categories
above the species level. Some illustrative exam-
ples are the works of Mueller (1926) on the Ta-
chinoidea, Roback (1954) on the Sarcophaginae,
Verbeke (1962) on the Tachinidae, Kurahashi
(1966) on the Luciliinae, Lehrer (1970) on the
Calliphoridae, and Lehrer (1973) on Sarcophaga
(sensu stricto). The distiphallus of male rhino-
phorids, however, is seldom depicted, not even
in the revisions of the Palaearctic (Herting,
1961) and Afrotropical (Crosskey, 1977) spe-
cies, and the information stored in this structure
is largely unknown. Mueller (1926) made an
early attempt to construct a “Stammbaum... auf
Grund der Penisform” of the Tachinoidea, but
only a few rhinophorids were included and the
drawings are more or less incorrect. Séguy
(1941) made a preliminary division of the Rhi-
nophoridae (as a subfamily of the Calliphoridae,
sensu lato) into four groups on the basis of the
male genitalia, but he dissected only a few rep-
resentatives and his definition of the (sub)family
included several tachinid, sarcophagid, and cal-
liphorid genera.
The structure of the aedeagus may provide
additional characters to be used in the recogni-
tion of the family; and in order to use this struc-
ture in a redefinition of the family and in the re-
construction of the phylogeny at the generic
level, the following hypothetical groundplan of
the tachinoid aedeagus is accepted (terminology
as in Hennig, 1976 and McAlpine et al., 1981)
(fig. 2).
Like most other calyptrate flies a well-devel-
oped basiphallus, distiphallus and epiphallus are
present. The distiphallus is more or less tubular,
somewhat swollen basally, and possesses spin-
ules on the ventral surface. The distiphallus is
connected to the sclerotized basiphallus by
bph
Fig. 2. Stevenia atramentaria (Meigen); aedeagus,
lateral view. Abbreviations: aph = acrophallus, bph =
basiphallus, d.pl = dorsal plate, dl.pr = dorsolateral
processes, eph = epiphallus, spd.scl = spermduct
sclerotization, v.pl = ventral plate.
means of the dorsal plate, which divides distally
into a pair of dorsolateral processes. The dorsal
plate is extended ventrally on each side, forming
two ventral plates. The acrophallus, carrying
the phallotreme, is a simple, membraneous ex-
tension of the distiphallus, probably encircling
the three openings of the female spermathecal
ducts during copulation.
The aedeagus of many rhinophorids, e.g.,
Phyto spp. (figs. 15, 16), has not diverged
markedly from this ancestral state, and the view
is in agreement with that of Rikhter (1980), who
mentions an epiphallus, basiphallus, a distiphal-
lus immovably connected to the basiphallus,
and “relatively” simple structure of distiphallic
parts as the groundplan of the Tachinidae.
Two features of the rhinophorid aedeagus de-
serve mention. A possible autapomorphy for
the Rhinophoridae is the well-developed ventral
plates clearly set off from the dorsal plate and
fused along the ventral margins, thus forming a
sclerotized ring. Only the genus Paykullia pos-
sesses unfused, but closely apposed, ventral
plates, and this may be considered a reversal, as
discussed below. It may seem somewhat odd to
20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
attach any importance to this character consid-
ering the enormous variability of the distiphal-
lus within the Tachinoidea, and certainly it is
possible to enumerate several cases of non-rhi-
nophorids (especially among the Calliphoridae)
with fused ventral plates. However, most or all
of these instances will be easily rejected as con-
vergencies and I think the distinctive ventral
plates will be of great value in the proper recog-
nition of any rhinophorid.
The other character to be mentioned is the
sclerotization of the ventral part of the sperm-
duct extending from the ventral plates to the
phallotreme. In Phyto and Parazamimus this
sclerotization is interrupted basally and does
not reach the ventral plates (figs. 14—16). All
other rhinophorid genera possess a sclerotiza-
tion fused to the ventral plates and continuing
to the phallotreme.
The use of outgroup comparison for assessing
the level at which this character is apomorphic
is difficult to apply as the sister group of the
Rhinophoridae is unknown. A similar sperm-
duct sclerotization is of general occurrence in
the Calliphoridae (the mesohypophallic sclero-
tization of Salzer (1968)) but absent in most Sar-
cophagidae and Tachinidae. If the interrupted
spermduct sclerotization of Phyto is considered
to be plesiomorphic within the Rhinophoridae
then Phyto must be the sister group to all other
genera. This hypothesis seems falsified by the
several synapomorphies in the imaginal mor-
phology of Phyto and Baniassa, and by the apo-
morphic larval morphology of Phyto, which is
also found in Paykullia and Melanophora.
Probably the possession of a spermduct sclero-
tization fused to the ventral plates is a ground-
plan character in the rhinophoridae, and the
spermduct sclerotization may be an important
argument for a close affinity to the Calliphori-
dae.
To sum up, the characters which I regard as
the most useful in the recognition of the family
are the following:
Larval characters:
(a) cephalopharyngeal skeleton of first-stage
larvae with toothed mandibles and elongated
pharyngeal sclerite,
(b) parasites of woodlice.
Imaginal characters:
(c) aedeagus with well-developed ventral plates
that are fused (or closely apposed) along the
ventral margins,
(d) lower calypteres tongue-shaped, diverging
from the scutellum,
(e) metathoracic spiracle without a distinct o-
perculum (except in Baniassa),
(f) prosternum, proepisterna, greater ampullae,
postalar walls, laterotergites, and suprasqua-
mal ridges bare,
(g) bend of vein M never greatly concave.
It is important to note that the characters
given not necessarily are rhinophorid autapo-
morphies as some of them are found in other ta-
chinoids as well. Character (f) is obviously ple-
siomorphic within the Tachinoidea and is pro-
vided to facilitate the exclusion of rhinophorid-
like Calliphoridae.
GENERA MISPLACED IN THE RHINOPHORIDAE
The previous lack of an unambiguous defi-
nition of the family has resulted in some moving
about of a few genera. Crosskey (1977) in his
review of the Rhinophoridae gives evidence for
the exclusion of genera like Shannoniella
Townsend (Tachinidae), Bezzimyia Townsend
(Tachinidae), and Opsodexia Townsend (Calli-
phoridae), all of which earlier have been consid-
ered to belong to the Rhinophoridae (or to the
Rhinophorinae as a subfamily of the Tachini-
dae). This exclusion is accepted in the present
paper and only the genera listed by Crosskey
(1977), with the additions of Kugler (1978), will
be treated in detail. Some of these clearly de-
viate from the definition given above and ought
to be excluded from the Rhinophoridae.
Angioneura Brauer & Bergenstamm.
Angioneura has long been treated as belong-
ing to the Rhinophoridae, but North American
authors, especially Downes (1955, 1965), have
transferred it to the Calliphoridae, this view be-
ing accepted by Wood (1979). Crosskey (1977)
discusses this genus in the paragraph “included
genera possibly not Rhinophoridae” but accepts
its rhinophorid status. It is noteworthy that the
genus Angioneura contains some species with
enlarged lower calypteres, viz., A. obscura
(Townsend), the only Nearctic species seen, and
A. acerba (Meigen). The lower calypteres of the
other species investigated, although distinctly
diverging from the scutellum, are semicircular
and not of the typical tongue-like shape charac-
teristic of the Rhinophoridae.
The larvae, still unknown from the first stage,
seem to be parasites of snails rather than wood-
lice. Two of the five Nearctic species of Angio-
neura are recorded as having been bred from
snails (Reinhard, 1929; Downes, 1965) and
A. cyrtoneurina (Zetterstedt) from the Palaearc-
Pave: Rhinophoridae 21
tic Region has been bred from the snail Succinea
elegans Risso (Cepelak & Rozkosny, 1968).
Bedding (1973) collected thousands of woodlice
from about 50 localities in southern England in
order to breed all native species of Rhinophori-
dae. He did not, however, obtain any specimens
of A. acerba or A. cyrtoneurina, the only Eng-
lish representatives (Kloet & Hincks, 1976). On
this evidence I find it highly unlikely that any
species of Angioneura parasitizes woodlice.
The presence of species with enlarged or
semicircular lower calypteres, the life habit of
the larvae as parasites in snails, and the ventral
plates of the distiphallus which, although rather
well-developed, are completely free of and
widely removed from each other (fig. 3), clearly
corroborate the exclusion of Angioneura from
the Rhinophoridae, and I follow Downes (1965)
in regarding Angioneura as a calliphorid.
It is interesting that the exclusion of Angio-
neura leaves the American continent without
indigenous species of rhinophorids. Two spe-
cies, however, have been established on this
continent, both probably introduced from Eu-
rope: Phyto discrepans, which occurs in south-
ern Canada, and Melanophora roralis, which is
recorded from southern Canada, the eastern
United States, the West Indies (Jamaica, St.
Thomas), and Brazil.
Examined species: Angioneura acerba (Mei-
gen, 1838), A. cyrtoneurina (Zetterstedt, 1859),
A. fimbriata (Meigen, 1826), A. obscura
(Townsend, 1919).
Melanomya Rondani.
This genus is apparently closely related to
Angioneura, and Downes (1965) treats Angio-
neura as a subgenus of Melanomya. No host re-
cords are known for the single European spe-
cies, Melanomya nana (Meigen), but as with
Angioneura, the absence of any specimens of
Melanomya nana in the material studied by
Bedding (1973) reduces the probability of a
woodlouse parasitizing habit. In addition, the
ventral plates of the distiphallus are rather
widely separated (fig. 4).
The similarity to Angioneura will then indi-
cate a position in the Calliphoridae.
The metathoracic spiracle of M. nana differs
from the typical, somewhat triangular, rhino-
phorid type of spiracle (Crosskey, 1977: figs.
41—44) in being broad with a well-developed
anterior fringe. This may provide further evi-
dence for a calliphorid status as the majority of
the Calliphoridae possess a rather large meta-
thoracic spiracle, most often with a distinctly
enlarged anterior lappet.
Examined species: Melanomya nana (Mei-
gen, 1826).
Figs. 3—5. Aedeagus of Calliphoridae, lateral view: 3, Angioneura fimbriata (Meigen). 4, Melanomya nana
(Meigen). 5, Morinia melanoptera (Fallén).
A TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy.
This genus is accepted as belonging to the
Rhinophoridae by Crosskey (1977) in spite of
the presence of distinct hairs on the postalar
walls, a character used by Crosskey to exclude
rhinophorid-like Calliphoridae. Haired postalar
walls occur in many Calliphoridae and in the
subfamily Sarcophaginae of the Sarcophagidae
(very seldom in subfamily Miltogramminae),
but I have not found this trait in any tachinid or
rhinophorid.
The presence of haired postalar walls and the
lack of well-developed ventral plates (fig. 5)
make an inclusion under the Rhinophoridae
somewhat improbable. Two other characters
that may corroborate an exclusion are the well-
developed metathoracic spiracular operculum
(although an operculum is present in a single
rhinophorid genus) and the presence of a weak-
ly developed facial carina, these characters being
most conspicious in the Japanese species M. ni-
gerrima (Herting). A facial carina is not found
in any rhinophorid but occurs freguently in the
Calliphoridae and Tachinidae. On this sparse
evidence I find a position in the Calliphoridae
most corroborated.
Examined species: Morinia melanoptera
(Fallen, 1810), M. nigerrima (Herting, 1961).
Termitoloemus Baranov.
The only known species, T. marshalli Bara-
nov, was originally described as belonging to
the tribe Bengaliinae in the Calliphoridae. This
was based on a similarity in life habits between
Bengalia and Termitoloemus, predators of ants
and termites, and similarities in the structure of
the proboscis and palpi. Sabrosky & Crosskey
(1970) transferred Termitoloemus to the Rhino-
phoridae because of the possession of a simple
metathoracic spiracle and tongue-like lower ca-
lypteres. However, the lower calypteres of Ter-
mitoloemus differ strikingly from all rhinopho-
rids in having a distinct notch at the posterior
base (fig. 6). The lappet of the metathoracic spi-
racle is provided with stiff bristle-like hairs
among the usual hairs. This condition is not
found in the Rhinophoridae, but several groups
of Calliphoridae possess stronger hairs on the
anterior lappet.
I have investigated the slide-mounted genita-
lia of the male holotype of T. marshalli. The ae-
deagus is highly apomorphic and very unlike
that of any rhinophorid (or any other tachinoid)
and its ventral plates are not fused (Baranov,
1936: fig. 1). This evidence, indeed, does not
Fig. 6. Termitoloemus marshalli Baranov. Semidia-
grammatical drawing of right lower calyptere of holo-
type d.
give much hint of the family affinity of Termito-
loemus. The lower calypteres are not of the typ-
ical tongue-like rhinophorid type but more sim- ‘
ilar to the plesiomorphic, enlarged type, and the
metathoracic spiracle can be taken as evidence
for either a calliphorid or a rhinophorid status. I
do not find a rhinophorid assignment the most
corroborative and I have chosen to consider
Termitoloemus to belong to the Calliphoridae.
Examined species: Termitoloemus marshalli
Baranov, 1936.
An inventory of the genera accepted as Rhi-
nophoridae in the present paper is given in table
2. Note that Cirillia is treated as a junior syno-
nym of Phyto.
THE PHYLOGENY OF THE RHINOPHORID GENERA
Very few attempts to create a suprageneric
classification of the Rhinophoridae have been
made, and these are often of little utility owing
to the inclusion of several non-rhinophorid gen-
era.
Townsend (1935, 1938) divided his Mela-
nophoridae (of which more than half of the gen-
era were non-rhinophorids) into the five tribes
Villeneuviellini, Melanophorini, Acampomin-
thoini, Eggisopsini, and Moriniini. Séguy
(1941), still with a rather broad (sub)family con-
cept, arranged the few genera of which he had
investigated the male genitalia into four groups
based on perceived similarity. In the first group,
Morinia (as Calobataemyia) is placed with Nyc-
tia Panzer (Sarcophagidae), as Séguy apparently
has dissected a specimen of Nyctia erroneously
taken for a Morinia specimen (see his fig. 445, p.
343). Two other groups, both monogeneric,
contain Stevenia and Melanomya (as Morinia),
and the last group consists of Phyto, Rhinomo-
Pare: Rhinophoridae 23
Table 2. Inventory of genera accepted as Rhinophoridae in the present paper. Following each generic name IS
the number of species described at present (in brackets) and an indented list of species investigated in the present
study.
Acompomintho Villeneuve, 1927 (1 sp.)
A. lobata Villeneuve, 1927
Azaisia Villeneuve, 1939 (2 spp.)
A. obscura (Villeneuve, 1939)
A. setitarsis Villeneuve, 1939
Baniassa Kugler, 1978 (2 spp.)
B. fascipennis Kugler, 1978
B. paucipila Pape, 1985
Bequaertiana Curran, 1929 (2 spp.)
B. argyriventris Curran, 1929
B. basilewskyi Peris, 1957
Callidesia Kugler, 1978 (1 sp.)
C. pictipennis Kugler, 1978
Comoromyia Crosskey, 1977 (1 sp.)
(C. griseithorax Crosskey, 1977; not seen)
Macrotarsina Schiner, 1857 (1 sp.)
M. longimana (Eggers, 1856)
Melanomyoides Crosskey, 1977 (1 sp.)
M. capensis (Zumpt, 1959)
Melanophora Meigen, 1803 (2 spp.)
Melanophora roralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Metoplisa Kugler, 1978 (1 sp.)
M. carbonaria Kugler, 1978
Oplisa Rondani, 1862 (5 spp.)
O. aterrima (Strobl, 1899)
O. pollinosa Kugler, 1978
O. tergestina (Schiner, 1862)
Parazamimus Verbeke, 1962 (1 sp.)
P. congolensis Verbeke, 1962
Paykullia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (8 spp.)
P. brevicornis (Zetterstedt, 1844)
rinia (as Metopisena), Angioneura, Rhinophora,
and Melanophora.
Herting (1961), in his revision of the Pal-
aearctic species, divided the (sub)family into
two tribes: Azaisiini (containing Azaisia and
Acompomintho), with long antennae and elon-
gate second aristal segment, and the clearly par-
aphyletic Rhinophoriini, whithout these charac-
ters.
In the following is presented a phylogenetic
analysis of the rhinophorid genera based on
principles of phylogenetic systematics. Apo-
morphies (numbers refer to the cladogram, fig.
30) are only given for genera with more than
one species, as autapomorphies of single species
(if present) are not necessary for cladogram
construction.
The species investigated are listed in table 2.
As rhinophorids are sparse in museum collec-
tions, most of the species were seen in only few
(1—5) specimens.
The monophyly of the Rhinophoridae, as de-
P. kugleri (Herting, 1961)
P. maculata (Fallen, 1820)
Phyto Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (22 spp.)
(Cirillia Rondani, 1856, syn. n.)
P. angustifrons (Rondani, 1856) comb. n.
P. cingulata (Zetterstedt, 1844)
P. discrepans Pandellé, 1896
P. melanocephala (Meigen, 1824)
P. pauciseta Herting, 1961
Queximyia Crosskey, 1977 (1 sp.)
Q. flavipes Crosskey, 1977
Rhinomorinia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 (12 spp.)
R. capensis (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893)
R. sarcophagina (Schiner, 1862)
R. xanthocephala (Bezzi, 1908)
Rhinophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (1 sp.)
R. lepida (Meigen, 1824)
Stevenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (18 spp.)
S. angustifrons Villeneuve, 1913
S. atramentaria (Meigen, 1824)
S. deceptoria (Loew, 1847)
S. fernandezi Baez, 1978
S. hirtigena Herting, 1961
S. umbratica (Fallen, 1820)
Tricogena Rondanı, 1856 (1 sp.)
T. rubricosa (Meigen, 1824)
Tromodesia Rondani, 1856 (2 spp.)
T. angustifrons Kugler, 1978
Ventrops Crosskey, 1977 (> 1 sp.)
V. milichioides Crosskey, 1977
V. spp. undescribed, Pape (in prep.)
fined above, seems well corroborated by at least
three synapomorphies:
(1) cephalopharyngeal skeleton of first-stage
larvae with toothed mandibles and an elon-
gated pharyngeal sclerite,
(2) parasites of woodlice,
(3) distiphallus with well-developed ventral
plates, which are fused along the ventral
margins (secondarily free in Paykullia).
Two monophyletic subgroups, the Phyto
group and the Stevenia group, can be erected on
larval morphology, as previously discussed. The
monophyly of the Phyto group is corroborated
by the apomorphy:
(4) eighth abdominal segment of first-stage lar-
vae with terminal lobes, a dorsal tongue,
and paired ventral ridges.
No shared apomorphic characters of the adult
morphology have been found for the group, and
as the first-stage larva is known for representa-
tives of only three of the eight genera, the Phyto
group is admittedly somewhat weakly founded.
24 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
The first split in the Phyto group separates Pay-
kullia + (Melanophora + Bequaertiana) from
the remaining genera, this group possessing the
synapomorphies:
(5) female terminalia of the reduced non-teles-
copic type,
(6) wing cell r,,, long petiolate.
Herting (1961) states that in the Palaearctic
fauna only Paykullia and Melanophora possess
shortened female terminalia (character 5), and
Crosskey (1977), in his revision of the Afro-
tropical fauna, notes that the female terminalia
of the Afrotropical species apparently is of the
normal telescopic type, although he did not dis-
sect any specimen.
Females of Bequaertiana are still unknown,
but the assumed presence of non-telescopic ter-
minalia seems well founded in the close affinity
between Melanophora and Bequaertiana, as dis-
cussed below.
Character 6 is rather weak as the petiolate
condition has arisen independently several times
in the Rhinophoridae, and in Bequaertiana and
Melanophora asetosa Kugler the bend of M is
missing and an ancestral petiolate condition has
to be assumed.
Paykullia is a well-defined genus with the fol-
lowing apomorphies:
(7) distiphallus stout, possessing a strongly
spinose pad on the ventral margin of each of
the ventral plates and with the dorsal wall
more or less prolonged (fig. 7),
(8) male abdominal sternite 5 simple.
As most male calyptrates possess a more or
less excavated abdominal sternite 5, the simple,
almost rectangular shape in Paykullia must be
an apomorphic character.
The monophyly of Bequaertiana + Melano-
phora is corroborated by the synapomorphies:
( 9) parafrontalia with several (about 4—7)
proclinate orbital setae,
(10) male antennae with characteristic bottle-
brush-like hairing (Crosskey, 1977: figs.
17 and 27).
(11) hind coxae elongated.
The hind coxae of Bequaertiana males (fe-
males still unknown) are distinctly elongated; in
both sexes of Melanophora roralis they are only
slightly so. In addition, Bequaertiana and Mela-
nophora possess very similar distiphalli (figs. 8,
9).
The family affinities of Bequaertiana have
been much discussed, Zumpt (1956) even sug-
gesting an acalyptrate assignment. Crosskey
(1977) doubts whether Bequaertiana is a rhino-
phorid and although he notes the resemblance
of the head to that of Melanophora roralis he is
more inclined to accept a relation to Parazami-
mus, another aberrant genus from the rainfo-
rests of Zaire. The striking agreement in the
apomorphic structure of the male antennae, the
head, and the hind coxae of both Melanophora
and Bequaertiana, however, leaves no doubt of
their close affinity. Actually a case can be made
for treating them as congeners. Melanophora
asetosa, of which only the female is known,
seems to be a typical Melanophora (as judged
from the description in Kugler (1978)) except
for the absence of the bent part of vein M,
which is an apomorphic character of Bequaer-
tiana! In the collection of the Zoological Mu-
seum, University of Copenhagen, there is a sin-
gle female Melanophora from Kenya, Naro Mo-
ru, likewise with the bend of vein M missing.
The terminalia appear to be of the short non- ©
telescopic type found in Melanophora and Pay-
kullia (as seen in situ, the specimen is not dis-
sected). On this evidence it seems most proba-
ble (with a parsimonious concept) that the re-
duced terminalia are a synapomorphy for the
group Paykullia + (Melanophora + Bequaer-
tana).
The discovery of a female Bequaertiana and a
male Melanophora asetosa may be most inter-
esting, and if, as I think is most probable on the
present evidence, the genus Melanophora is par-
aphyletic with respect to Bequaertiana, it will
be necessary either to fit Bequaertiana into the
generic limits of Melanophora or to place M. a-
setosa in the genus Bequaertiana.
Melanophora asetosa and Bequaertiana share
the apomorphy:
(12) bent part of vein M absent (Kugler, 1978:
fig. 15; Crosskey, 1977: fig. 28).
eten wing venation occurs in Oplisa
aterrima but is obviously a convergence.
The genus Bequaertiana possesses some re-
markable autapomorphies:
(13) tibiae in males without clearly differ-
entiated bristles,
(14) male abdomen covered with thick silvery
pollinosity,
(15) wing vein R, strongly haired along its
length.
Melanophora (in the restricted sense with
M. roralis as the only representative) is charac-
terized by the distinctive white wing tips in fe-
males.
The sister group to Paykullia + (Melanopho-
ra + Bequaertiana) is somewhat ill-defined and
Pare: Rhinophoridae 25
10
Figs. 7—12. Aedeagus of Rhinophoridae, lateral view: 7, Paykullia maculata (Fallén). 8, Melanophora roralis
(Linnaeus). 9, Bequaertiana argyriventris Curran. 10, Callidesia pictipennis Kugler. 11, Tromodesia angustifrons
Kugler. 12, Baniassa fascipennis Kugler.
may be polyphyletic. The possible monophyly
of the group is corroborated by the single syna-
pomorphy:
(16) surstylar base extended medially (fig. 13).
This may seem very conclusive, but several
exceptions are found. The median extension is
absent in Phyto pauciseta and both species of
Baniassa, and indistinct in Phyto angustifrons.
The first split in this group separates Tromode-
sia + Callidesia from the remaining genera,
their monophyly being corroborated by the
synapomorphies:
(17) clypeus distinctly bulging,
(18) distiphallus of characteristic shape with the
sclerotization of the spermduct bent dor-
sally (figs. 10, 11).
The two genera are depicted as sister groups
on the cladogram (fig. 30), but they are very
similar and could as well be treated as a single
genus. I have not seen any specimen of Tromo-
desia vibripennis Rondani, the type species of
Tromodesia, and therefore I have not been able
to. evaluate the monophyly of the genus, 1.e., to
investigate whether 7. vibripennis is more
26 : TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
Fig. 13. Phyto melanocephala (Meigen). Cerci and
surstyli, ventrolateral view, showing median exten-
sions (m.ext) of surstyli.
closely related to T. angustifrons than to any
other species (or species group).
The monophyly of the sister group of Tromo-
desia + Callidesia seems well corroborated by
the apomorphies:
(19) lunula with setae,
(20) notopleuron haired in addition to the usual
two bristles,
(21) katepimeron haired.
All these traits occur sporadically in other
rhinophorids, viz., many species of Paykullia
and Rhinophora lepida possess some lunular se-
tae; Tricogena, some Stevenia, and Rhinomori-
nia sarcophagina may have a few additional no-
topleural hairs; and some Rhinomorinia may
have an occasional hair on the katepimeron
(barette). However, the combination of these
traits seems to have arisen only once in the Rhi-
nophoridae.
Baniassa is the possible sister group of Phyto
and is well characterized by the apomorphies:
(22) strongly holoptic eyes in males,
(23) wings darkened apically,
(24) wing cell r,,; petiolate,
(25) metathoracic spiracle with operculum.
As no other rhinophorids possess opercular
metathoracic spiracles (character 25) this may
be considered a reversal to the plesiomorphic
condition. Baniassa paucipila Pape does not
possess any of the synapomorphies 19—21 cor-
roborating the monophyly of Baniassa + Phyto.
However, the reduced hairing of Baniassa pau-
cipila may be secondarily correlated with the
yellow colouration of the thorax. Many yellow
forms, e.g., the totally yellow species of Paraza-
mimus and Bequaertiana from the rainforests of
central Africa, possess a deviating, often re-
Figs. 14—16. Aedeagus of Rhinophoridae, lateral view. 14, Parazamimus congolensis Verbeke; a = dorsal scle-
rotization, dorsal view. 15, Phyto angustifrons (Rondani). 16, Phyto melanocephala (Meigen).
Pare: Rhinophoridae 27
duced, hairing. This may be correlated with an
association to a humid habitat.
The aedeagus of B. fascipennis is shown in fig.
12.
Phyto (including Cirillia) possesses the apo-
morphies:
(26) sclerotization of the spermduct interrupted
(figs. 15, 16),
(27) strong pre-alar bristle.
Cirillia is characterized by the strongly devel-
oped parafacial setae and a long-petiolate wing
cell r,,;. These characters are likewise found in
many species of Phyto, e.g., P. herting: Baez,
and as Phyto does not possess any derived char-
acters not shared with Cirıllia, a generic separa-
tion between these seems unnatural in a phylo-
genetic sense.
Parazamimus is a strange monotypic genus
from the tropical rainforests of Zaire. The single
specimen known is in somewhat bad condition
and the micropin, by which the head is mounted
on the body, unfortunately penetrates the lunu-
la, making it impossible to see whether setae are
present. The structure of the distiphallus with
the reduced sclerotization of the spermduct (fig.
14) is very reminiscent of Phyto, and Parazami-
mus is tentatively placed as a sister group to
Phyto although it does not possess any of the
synapomorphies given for Baniassa + Phyto.
Returning to the other group that could be
erected on larval morphology, the Stevenia
group, the possible monophyly is corroborated
by the apomorphies:
(28) setal bases of first-stage larvae produced
into proleg-like structures,
(29) acrophallus sclerotized and tripartite.
Other genera like Parazamımus and Tromo-
desia have the acrophallus partly sclerotized,
but apparently developed independently and
without the tripartition which is so characteris-
tic of the Stevenia group. Typically the acro-
phallus is divided into two lateral and one ven-
tral sclerotization (the latter being the extension
of the spermduct sclerotization), but often a
dorsal acrophallic sclerite is more or less dis-
tinct. In some genera this dorsal sclerite is sim-
ple but in others it is provided with two lateral
armlike processes. The three acrophallic scle-
rites are more or less grooved and probably
guide the sperm into the ducts of the female
seminal receptacles; a functional analogue to the
acrophallus of many Tachinidae and Sarcopha-
gidae (for the latter see Lopes, 1966; Lopes &
Kano, 1968).
The first split in the Stevenia group separates
Melanomyoides, Queximyia, Rhinomorinia,
Rhinophora, and Ventrops from the remaining
members of the group. All five genera have a
general Rhinomorinia-like appearance and their
monophyly is corroborated by the synapomor-
phy:
(30) dorsolateral processes of distiphallus fused
into a single median sclerotization (fig.
22a).
Queximyia is a monotypic genus from South
Africa, easily recognized by the very long an-
tennae and characteristic head profile (Cross-
key, 1977: fig. 14). The possession of a strong
pre-alar bristle suggests an affinity with Phyto,
but a bare katepimeron, the lack of lunular se-
tae, and the fusion of the dorsolateral processes
of the distiphallus suggest this to be unlikely.
The long antennae could be taken as evidence
for a close affinity to either Azazsia or Acompo-
mintho, but no other characters support this po-
sition and the present assignment based on the
aedeagal structure (fig. 18) seems the best cor-
roborative.
Ventrops is another well-defined Afrotropical
genus, at present with only a single described
species, but other species are known. The ae-
deagus of V. milichioides is shown in fig. 17.
Ventrops possesses the following apomorphies:
(31) eyes greatly enlarged, occupying most of
the side of the head and with a concave
hind margin (Crosskey, 1977: fig. 13),
(32) cerci very short and almost concealed be-
tween the surstylar bases.
The remaining three genera, Melanomyoides,
Rhinomorinia, and Rhinophora seem to com-
prise a monophyletic group corroborated by
their apomorphic head structure:
(33) epistome strongly warped
(Crosskey, 1977: figs. 8—10, 12)
Melanomyoides is a monotypic genus, its rep-
resentative M. capensis being originally de-
scribed as a species of Chaetostevenia Brauer
(= Paykullia) by Zumpt (1959). Crosskey
(1977) discusses the affinity of Melanomyoides
to other (supposed) rhinophorid genera, and
mentions an extreme superficial similarity to
Melanomya and an even closer resemblance to
Angioneura. These similarities, however, are
founded in all three genera being composed of
small, shining black flies with holoptic eyes in
the male, characters which are not especially
convincing; Crosskey concludes by stressing
the resemblance in head profile and distiphallus
between Melanomyoides and Rhinomorinia.
Similarly, a case could be made for a sister
forwards
28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
Figs. 17—22. Aedeagus of Rhinophoridae, lateral view: 17, Ventrops milichioides Crosskey. 18, Queximyia fla-
vipes Crosskey. 19, Rhinophora lepida (Meigen). 20, Melanomyoides capensis (Zumpt). 21, Rhinomorinia xan-
thocephala (Bezzi). 22, Rhinomorinia sarcophagina (Schiner); a = dorsal sclerotization, dorsal view.
Pare: Rhinophoridae 29
group relation between Melanomyoides and
Rhinophora, both having somewhat similar
wings with a petiolate cell r,,;, but a very short
petiole occurs in some Afrotropical Rhinomori-
nia. Melanomyoides is easily distinguished by
the almost leaflike surstyli, the holoptic male
eyes, and the petiolate wing cell r,,.. The aedea-
gus of M. capensis is shown in fig. 20.
Rhinophora is likewise monotypic and is easi-
ly separated from Melanomyoides by the di-
choptic eyes in males and the presence of lunu-
lar setae. The aedeagus is shown in fig. 19.
The genus Rhinomorinia is difficult to char-
acterize on external adult morphology and I
have only found a single character which may
establish the monophyly of the genus:
(34) Distiphallus ventrally with a greatly en-
larged spinous surface (figs. 21, 22).
The long and slender cerci and surstyli
(Crosskey, 1977: figs. 34, 35) may be another
character, but a very similar condition is seen in
Queximyia.
The sister group to the four Rhinomorinia-
like genera possesses the following apomor-
phies:
(35) acrophallus more complex, the sclerites
being longer and more distinctly grooved,
(36) dorsal wall of distiphallus extended.
A dorsal extension is likewise found in Mela-
nomyoides (fig. 20) but this is probably a con-
vergence.
Two other characters which may be synapo-
morphies for this group are:
(37) dorsal acrophallic sclerite well-developed,
with two lateral arms,
(38) hypandrium spoon-shaped.
Character 37, however, is not found in Meto-
plisa, most Oplisa and most Stevenia. Character
38 is especially distinct in Tricogena, Oplisa,
Metoplisa, and Azaisia, and the flat hypandrium
found in Stevenia must be secondarily derived.
The first split in this group separates Acom-
pomintho + (Azaisia + Macrotarsina) from the
others. The monophyly of these three genera is
corroborated by the following synapomorphy:
(39) anal vein (A,) shortened.
Acompomintho, the only genus endemic to
the Oriental Region, is well defined by the long
antennae with prolonged second aristal seg-
ment, the well-developed parafacial setae
(Lopes, 1938: pl. 1, fig. 2) and the long-petiolate
wing cell r,,;. The aedeagus is shown in fig. 25.
0.2 mm
i
Figs. 23-25. Aedeagus of Rhinophoridae, lateral view: 23, Macrotarsina longimana (Eggers). 24, Azaisia
obscura (Villeneuve). 25, Acompomintho lobata Villeneuve. Abbreviations: d.a.s = dorsal acrophallic sclerite;
l.a.s = lateral acrophallic sclerite.
30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
Azaisia + Macrotarsina possess the synapo-
morphies:
(40) anterior katepimeral bristle much weaker
than posterior one,
(41) dorsal acrophallic sclerite well-developed,
other acrophallic sclerites slender and situ-
ated close together (figs. 23, 24),
(42) gonopods (pregonites) thickened (only
slightly in Azaisia).
In Acompomintho (and all other rhinopho-
rids) the two katepisternal (sternopleural) bris-
tles (character 40) are subequal to equal in size.
Macrotarsina is well characterized by the
greatly prolonged male fore tarsi. Azaisia is
more difficult to characterize; the most conspic-
uous trait, which may be autapomorphic for
Azaista, is:
(43) antennae long, with prolonged second aris-
tal segment.
This character is likewise found in Acompo-
mintho and may actually indicate a sister group
relation between Acompomintho and Azaisia as
accepted by Herting (1961), who established a
separate tribe containing these two genera.
However, I consider the sister group relation
between Azaisia and Macrotarsina to be more
corroborated by the present evidence.
The monophyly of the sister group of Acom-
pomintho + (Azaisia + Macrotarsina) is cor-
roborated by the apomorphy:
(44) ventral plates of aedeagus with a pair of
processes, each supporting a spinous pad
(figs. 26—29).
The first split in this group separates Metopli-
sa from Oplisa + (Stevenia + Tricogena). Kug-
ler (1978), in his description of Metoplisa car-
bonaria, mentioned the superficial similarity to
Oplisa, but he erected the genus because the
three humeral bristles of Metoplisa form an ob-
tuse-angled triangle and not an almost right-an-
gled triangle as in Oplisa. The latter configura-
tion is used as a key character for the genus
Oplisa by Herting (1961) and Kugler (1978),
but both Stevenia (with S. hirtigena as an excep-
tion) and Tricogena possess this character. As
no other rhinophorids possess this arrangement
of the humeral bristles, and as the arrangement
in an obtuse-angled triangle is of widespread
occurrence, the almost right-angled configura-
tion is assumed to be a synapomorphy for Ste-
venia, Tricogena, and Oplisa:
(45) three humeral bristles forming an almost
right-angled triangle.
Oplisa was divided by Herting (1961) into the
two subgenera Oplisa (as Hoplisa) sensu stricto,
characterized by latero-reclinate ocellar bristles,
and the monotypic Anoplisa with proclinate
ocellar bristles. Kugler (1978) described two ad-
ditional species of Oplisa, which both would fall
into the subgenus Anoplisa, but as this is clearly
a paraphyletic group (as defined by Herting) it
is not accepted in the present paper.
Oplisa is somewhat difficult to characterize
by distinct autapomorphies. The enormously
enlarged ejaculatory sclerite of O. tergestina, O.
aterrima, and O. oldenbergi (Herting) (see
Crosskey, 1977: fig. 40; Draber-Monko, 1978:
fig. 18) is unique in the Rhinophoridae, but O.
pollinosa possesses a normal-sized ejaculatory
sclerite.
The following apomorphies corroborate the
monophyly of Oplisa:
(46) distiphallus with the processes of the ven-
tral plate, which support the spinous pads,
situated on a stalked extension (fig. 27),
(47) male cerci short and blunt, not separated
apically,
(48) surstyli broadened apically.
It seems fairly corroborated that a sister
group relation exists between Stevenia and Trı-
cogena, which share the apomorphy:
(49) parafacial plate with a row of strong setae.
Both genera are very similar in external mor-
phology and in the structure of the aedeagus
(figs. 28, 29). Stevenia is a well-defined genus
with the following apomorphies:
(50) wing cell r,,; petiolate,
(51) hypandrium flat,
(52) mid femur in males with a posteroventral
comb of short stout bristles apically.
Some species do not, however, possess char-
acter 52 (Herting, 1961), which may define an
infrageneric subgroup.
GENUS INCERTAE SEDIS
Comoromyia Crosskey.
Crosskey (1977) described the genus on a sin-
gle female of C. griseithorax. I have not seen
this specimen, which seems to be the only one
known at present, and I have not been able to
incorporate the genus into the cladogram on the
basis of the description alone. Crosskey men-
tions a possible relationship with Phyto, as
Comoromyia possesses a strong pre-alar bristle,
but the bare katepimeron weakens this argu-
ment. I prefer to exclude Comoromyia from the
cladogram (fig. 30) until more information is
available, especially with regard to the structure
of the aedeagus as this provides several of the
set-defining characters of the present analysis.
Pape: Rhinophoridae 31
ext
ww ZO
Sp.p
Figs. 26—29. Aedeagus of Rhinophoridae, lateral view: 26, Metoplisa carbonaria Kugler. 27, Oplisa aterrima
(Strobl). 28, Tricogena rubricosa (Meigen). 29, Stevenia atramentaria (Meigen). Abbreviations: ext = stalked
extension of ventral plate; sp.p = spinous pad.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Centrale, Tervuren), R. W. Crosskey (British
I am grateful to the following colleagues for Museum (Natural History), London), R. Dan-
kindly providing me with a valuable material: ielsson (Zoologiska Institutionen, Lund), A.
Drs. M. Baez (Universidad de la Laguna, Tene- Freidberg (Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv), P.
rife), E. de Coninck (Musée royal de l'Afrique Grootaert (Institut royal des Sciences Naturelle
32
de Belgique, Brussels), B. Herting (Staatliches
Museum fiir Naturkunde, Stuttgart), H. J.
Müller (Deutsches Entomologisches Institut,
Eberswalde-Finow), K. A. Schmidt (American
Museum of Natural History, New York), P.
Tschorsnig (Staatliches Museum für Natur-
kunde, Stuttgart), and N. E. Woodley (National
Museum of Natural History, Washington,
DE,
I am indebted to Mr. R. W. Crosskey for his
help during a visit at the Entomological Depart-
ment of the British Museum (Natural History).
Special thanks are extended to Dr. L. Lyneborg
(Zoological Museum, Copenhagen) for valuable
œ 9 = 5
ae a [=
Ei 5 SN
SRI “n E Sins
DNS Oe iy oe COSE
Se Ma EER Oo oe
a © © >| D E ‚© N ~ e ©
zio een ra
en ein. OVE wai at e
x è * *
015 2,
O14 924, 027
08 013 923,
O22
O7 012 O18 O26
O17
O11 O21
010 920
09 O19
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03
02
Fig. 30. Cladogram of the Rhinophoridae at the generic level. Numbers refer to apomorphies discussed in the
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 2, 1986
|
help and advice during my study, and to Drs. V. |
Michelsen and S. Andersen (Zoological Mu- |
seum, Copenhagen) for many stimulating dis-
cussions.
Note added while this paper was already in
press:
The paper by H.-P. Tschorsnig, 1985, Die
Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der
Rhinophoridae (Diptera), Stuttg. beitr. Naturk.
ser. A 375, pp. 1—18, appeared after submitting
this paper for publication and a detailed dis-
cussion of the hypotheses presented will appear
in a future paper.
5 x
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2 a £ 2 5 3 5
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032 052 048
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550 647
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text. Genera recorded as woodlouse parasites are marked with an asterisk.
|
Pape: Rhinophoridae 33
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MEIN, RL:
DEEL 129 AFLEVERING 3 1986
TS63
5 _ TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
Ù
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREBEGENG,
INHOUD
H. K. Prau. — Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion, Funktion und Evolution des
Flugapparates der Libellen (Insecta, Odonata), pp. 35—123, figs. 1—30.
ait voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 3 Gepubliceerd 10-X1-1986
LS 1e
Je
di
4 Lé à i î
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR KONSTRUKTION, FUNKTION
UND EVOLUTION DES FLUGAPPARATES DER LIBELLEN
(INSECTA, ODONATA)
von
HANS KLAUS PFAU à iy
Institut fur Zoologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, 6500 Mainz, Deutschland (B.R.D.)
Fa)
ÄBSTRACT
The sceletal morphology and mechanics of the flight apparatus of the Odonata are des- ==="
| cribed. The different types of muscle systems are functionally interpreted, taking into ac-
count various aspects of aerodynamics. — Electrophysiological experiments reveal a func-
tional relationship between several mechanoreceptors located at the wing base (a chordono-
tal organ and two rows of campaniform sensilla) and the pronation-supination movements
of the wing. — A comparison of the flight apparatus of Odonata with those of Ephemero-
ptera and Neoptera leads to the reconstruction of an ancient flight system in Pterygota. It
may thus be concluded that flight ability has evolved only once, supporting the hypothesis
of a monophyletic origin of the Pterygota. Within the Pterygota independent lineages
have lead to highly autapomorphous characters in the flight apparatus of extant Odonata,
Ephemeroptera and Neoptera. — The results of earlier research on functional morphology
and evolution are discussed.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
Die Odonata (Libellen) sind stammesge-
| schichtlich alte, palaeoptere Insekten, die relativ
35
Bu. unverändert bis ins Karbon zurückreichen
Pee mule tun eg zer. Soe Re 35 (Hennig, 1969). Ihre stark autapomorphe
| 1. Skelettmorphologie, Skelettmechanik und Pas macht eine systematische Einordnung
M vie LA Ne 2 innerhalb der Pterygota schwer. Mehrere Mög-
gene o SUR lichkeiten) wurden schon durchgespielt und
Pkeloeie. ae men al 3 ; :
Elugelantriebi( Eluemotorä)e a... Se 43 begründet (s. die Zusammenfassungen und kri-
Drehbewegungen des Flügels um die Längs- tischen Kommentare von Hennig, 1969, Kris-
ZIONS ors Wey es ea nee ea 46 tensen, 1975 und Matsuda, 1981). Dabei spielte
Veränderung der Flügelschlagbahn — “Vor- die Beurteilung verschiedener Merkmale des
und Zurückschwingen” gres Idales rear. 57 Flugapparates eine große Rolle. Matsuda (1981)
72. Elügelmechanorezeptoren................ 62 etwa postulierte eine polyphyletische Ent-
Mechanische Beanspruchung der Rezepto- stehung der Pterygota (und unabhängige Ent-
Bede IRE SISI do wicklung der Flugfahigkeit bei Odonaten einer-
3. Evolution der Flugapparate der Odonaten, SEE und Ephemeropteren A Neopteren ande-
Ephemeropteren und Neopteren .......... 75 rerseits), wobei er ‚sich wesentlich auf
4. Diskussion und Ergänzungen ............. 91 Homologie- und Funktionsinterpretationen der
Flügelmechanik, Muskelfunktionen und ae- grundlegenden Bearbeitung des Odonaten-Flug-
rodynamischer Effekt... PEN 91 apparates von Tannert (1958) bezog. Er deutete
Sensorische Kontrolle und Flugsteuerung ... 101 allerdings an, daß Schwierigkeiten existieren,
Evolution ....... ATEN PE SPACE ER 104 die einem direkten Nachvollziehen (und Begrei-
ni een im tabellarischen se fen) der Ergebnisse Tannert’s im Wege stehen:
Danksagung. NEN 17 Wing articulation, especially that of Odonata,
| Lennon rennes — Sun soe sade aun 117 is difficult to study. At one time, while working
PDE ZU en MR RE MARE 121 on the Insect thorax (Matsuda, 1970), I gave up
(Le Eee EE cio io an LS 122 studying wing articulation in Odonata after a
LA EME A few hours attempt, and decided to rely comple-
tely on the work by Tannert (1958), which must
have been completed after years of study”. Oh-
ne genaue Kenntnis und Bewertung der Struk-
36 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
turen und Funktionen (die sich erst als Ergebnis
komplizierter, wechselseitiger Erhellungen er-
geben; vgl. Hennig, 1950, 1982) stehen stam-
mesgeschichtliche Hypothesen aber auf einem
schwachen Fundament. Das Beispiel der um-
strittenen Evolution der Pterygota zeigt deut-
lich, daß Ubereinstimmungen fast beliebig ent-
weder als Konvergenzen, Symplesiomorphien
oder Synapomorphien interpretiert und begrün-
det werden können. Es ist aber für eine Ent-
scheidung zwischen diesen Möglichkeiten not-
wendig (wenn auch leider in vielen Fällen noch
nicht möglich), Rekonstruktionen der Grund-
pläne und der davon ausgehenden, natürlich auf
jeder Stufe funktionsfähigen evolutiven Ab-
wandlungen durchzuführen — unter Berück-
sichtigung des Funktionszusammenhanges der
Strukturen im ganzen “Apparat” und auch der
ökologischen Wertigkeit des Apparates. Die
Beurteilung der Merkmale des Odonatenflugap-
parates darf schon deshalb keineswegs kom-
mentarlos allein auf die Arbeit von Tannert
gestützt werden, weil auch andere Autoren zu
akzeptabel erscheinenden, im einzelnen aber ab-
weichenden Ergebnissen kamen. Russenberger
& Russenberger (1959/60) vermitteln z.B. in ih-
rer (in der Literatur wenig beachteten) Arbeit
einen umfassenden Einblick in die Konstruktion
des Odonatenflugapparates; ihre Ergebnisse zur
Mechanik des Skeletts wurden anschaulich do-
kumentiert und mit Hilfe von Modellen unter-
mauert. In der angelsächsischen Literatur sind
vor allem die Arbeiten von Clark (1940), Nevil-
le (1960) und Hatch (1966) zu nennen. Ver-
gleicht man die Ergebnisse dieser Autoren
untereinander, und mit den Befunden von Tan-
nert, so findet man grundsätzliche Unterschiede
(sowie auch Widersprüche und Unklarheiten in-
nerhalb der einzelnen Arbeiten). Eine Entschei-
dung zwischen den verschiedenen Hypothesen
ist jedoch ohne eigene Anschauung und Bewer-
tung nicht möglich.
Diese Situation machte eine Neubearbeitung
des Libellenflugapparates (der offensichtlich für
die Klärung wesentlicher stammesgeschichtli-
cher Fragen von Bedeutung ist) notwendig. Da-
bei wurde erneut von einer Analyse der Thorax-
und Flügelmechanik ausgegangen; v.a. dieser
Weg bietet sich als der primäre Zugang zum
Verständnis des Flugapparates an (Experimente
an vor dem Windkanal fliegenden Libellen brin-
gen dagegen erhebliche Schwierigkeiten mit sich
— ıhre Interpretation wäre außerdem ohne die
funktionsmorphologische Basis kaum möglich).
Darauf aufbauend wurde der Versuch unter-
nommen, die Funktion der Flugmuskeln (Kraft-
wirkungen, Zeitpunkt der Kraftentwicklung,
antagonistische Kraftbeziehungen) zu er-
schließen, und — mit Hilfe (sicher vorläufiger)
aerodynamischer Überlegungen — auch ihre
Bedeutung für den Flug abzuschätzen. Die
Analyse der Flügelmechanik stellte außerdem
eine Voraussetzung für die Untersuchung me-
chanorezeptiver, für die Flugsteuerung wesent-
licher Sinnesorgane des Flügels dar. Die Ergeb-
nisse zur mechanischen Beanspruchung und
Funktion der Rezeptoren wurden elektrophy-
siologisch und mit Hilfe von Funktionsmodel-
len überprüft.
Ein Hauptziel der Untersuchungen war die
Erhellung der Evolution des Flugapparates der
Odonaten — und auch der übrigen Pterygoten.
Voraussetzung dafür ist eine vergleichende
Analyse aller drei rezenten Teilgruppen der Pte-
rygota, also der Odonaten, Ephemeropteren -
und Neopteren. In der Literatur über die beiden
letztgenannten Gruppen finden sich jedoch wie-
derum v.a. morphologische Detailbeschreibun-
gen; die Funktionsmorphologie der Flugappara-
te wird (wie ım Falle der Odonata) keineswegs
genügend berücksichtigt und nicht übereinstim-
mend beurteilt. (Im Hinblick darauf unterliegt
Matsuda (1981), der unsere Kenntnisse der
außerordentlich komplizierten Flügelgelenkung
der Ephemeroptera für ausreichend hält, einem
Irrtum.) Auch für diese Gruppen mußte daher
von eigenen Ergebnissen und Bewertungen aus-
gegangen werden.
1. SKELETTMORPHOLOGIE,
SKELETTMECHANIK UND
MUSKELFUNKTIONEN
MATERIAL UND METHODE
Das Skelett- und Muskelsystem des Thorax
wurde durch Sektion v.a. an großen Anisopte-
ren (Aeshna cyanea Müll., Aeshna mixta Latr.,
Anax imperator Leach), zum Vergleich auch an
verschiedenen Zygopteren und der Gattung
Epiophlebia Calvert (als Vertreter der Anisozy-
gopteren), untersucht. Parallel dazu wurden
Mazerate herangezogen.
Die Skelettmechanik kann nur an frischtoten
Tieren analysiert werden (auch nach dem Ein-
frieren in stark verdünntem Alkohol sind Libel-
len noch lange fur Bewegungsuntersuchungen
brauchbar). Zur Feststellung von Lage und Zu-
sammenspiel der Gelenke wurden verschiedene
Experimente durchgeführt: die Teile des Flügels
wurden z.B. von außen bewegt; die Bewegun-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 37
gen wurden durch Zug an den Muskelsehnen
(“von innen”) überprüft; einzelne Gelenke wur-
den festgelegt oder durchtrennt; u.s.w. Zur
Kontrolle wurden mechanische Modelle ange-
fertigt (u.a. auch ein Gesamtmodell, das alle Be-
wegungsmöglichkeiten enthält — Pfau, in
Vorb.). Einige wesentliche Gelenk- oder Bie-
gestellen der Kutikula (v.a. der Flügelbasis) lie-
| gen so versteckt, daf eine direkte Beobachtung
an intakten Strukturen unmôglich ist. In diesem
Fall mußten die Teile freipräpariert, oder ganz
aus dem Zusammenhang isoliert, untersucht
werden (so mußte z.B. die Oberseite der Flügel-
basis für eine gleichzeitige Sicht auf die mit
wichtigen Gelenken versehene ventrale Kutiku-
la gefenstert werden). Da jeder Eingriff auch zu
Veränderungen der Mechanik führen kann, war
es notwendig, an Einzelteilen gewonnene Er-
| gebnisse jeweils an vollständigen Strukturen er-
neut zu überprüfen.
Die Flügelbasis erwies sich als kompliziert
| (“verschachtelt”) gegliedert. Die Analyse der
Mechanik wird z.T. dadurch erschwert, daß ei-
ner Bewegung auch mehrere Drehachsen zu-
grundeliegen können — daraus resultierende
Verformungen von Teilen führen dann während
des Bewegungsablaufs zur Veränderung der
Achsen-Ausrichtung(en). Kaum eine Drehachse
ist stabil. Übergeordnete Bewegungen (etwa der
Flügelschlag) können die Lage von Achsen so
verändern, daß andere (untergeordnete) Bewe-
gungen in bestimmten Abschnitten des Schlags
eingeschränkt oder vollständig gesperrt werden.
Diese Komplikationen machen es notwendig,
bei der Beschreibung und zeichnerischen Dar-
stellung der Skelettmechanik starke Abstraktio-
nen vorzunehmen.
Die Muskeln des Flugapparates sind oft “zwi-
schen” den verschiedenen Bewegungssystemen
angeordnet, weisen also Hebelarme zu mehre-
ren Drehachsen auf (“polyfunktionelle Mus-
keln”). Aus der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit
der Systeme, oder aus ihrer mechanischen Be-
grenzung, lassen sich in einzelnen Fällen Schlüs-
se auf die zeitliche Einschaltung und Funktion
eines Muskels ziehen. Da direkte Informationen
über Kontraktionsstärke und -zeitpunkt fehlen
(und die beim Flug wirkenden passıven Kräfte
auch höchstens geschätzt werden können)
mußte das Zusammenspiel der Kräfte in dieser
Weise (hypothetisch) rekonstruiert werden.
SKELETTMORPHOLOGIE
In diesem Kapitel soll die Morphologie der
thorakalen und pteralen Strukturen nur kurz um-
rıssen werden — eine genauere Darstellung wei-
terer Details wird in den folgenden Kapiteln
vorgenommen.
Bei der Beschreibung des Tergum wird hier
zunächst v.a. das Mesotergum berücksichtigt.
Während Vorder- und Hinterflügel (sowie Me-
so- und Metapleurum) weitgehend gleich aufge-
baut sind, unterscheiden sich Meso- und Meta-
tergum stärker voneinander; darauf soll auf S.
61f. noch näher eingegangen werden. Der Auf-
bau des Tergum wird nur für seine vordere bis
mittlere Region dargestellt; kaudal-lateral ist
das Tergum vielseitig biegbar (weicher) und
“folgt” den verschiedenen Flügelbewegungen
ohne wesentlichen mechanischen Einfluß (es ist
dort also auch nicht hebelnd am Flügelschlag
beteiligt). Das Sternum (höchstens als Ur-
sprungsgebiet einiger hier behandelter Muskeln
interessant) wird ganz weggelassen. (Detaillierte
morphologische Beschreibungen finden sich in
alteren Arbeiten; Zusammenfassung bei Matsu-
da, 1970.)
Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen werden nur sol-
che Teile beschrieben und benannt, die als funk-
tionelle Einheiten (= Bewegungseinheiten) zu
erkennen sind. Da in der Beurteilung der Funk-
tion (und der Abgrenzung von Funktionsein-
heiten) wesentliche Unterschiede zu vorherge-
henden Arbeiten bestehen, müssen zum Teil
neue Bezeichnungen eingeführt werden. Einige
ältere Homologievorstellungen konnten nicht
bestätigt werden. Die fraglichen Strukturen
(z.B. Pterale 1, Basalare) werden hier zunächst
so neutral wie möglich benannt; auf ihre Ho-
mologie wird v.a. im Kapitel 3 näher eingegan-
gen.
Tergum
Auf der Höhe des Flügelvorderrandes befin-
det sich ein stabiles vorderes Randelement des
Tergum, die Tergalbrücke (Tb, Abb. 1—5). Sie
verbindet die Costalplatten (CP, Abb. 1a und 3)
des rechten und linken Flügels. Die Tergalbrük-
ke steht auf beiden Seiten über ein Gelenk (t1)
mit der Unterseite der dorsalen Wandung der
vorderen Costalplatte (vCP, Abb. 3) ın Kon-
takt. Von ihrer Mitte ragt ein unpaares Apodem
ins Köperinnere, das Hebelapodem (HA, Abb.
1); es bildet Ansatz und Hebel (vgl. S. 58f.) der
dorsalen Langsmuskeln (dlm, Abb. 1 und 2).
An die Tergalbrücke schließt eine mittlere
Region des Tergum (T, Abb. 1a und c) an. Diese
ist etwa in der Segmentmitte auf beiden Seiten
laterad zu je einem “Tergalzapfen” (TZ, Abb.
la) ausgezogen, der zusammen mit einem da-
38 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
acy
Abb. 1. (a) Blick von dorsal-medial auf das Mesotergum und die Basis des rechten Vorderflügels einer Aeshni-
de. Hinter der Tergalbrücke (Tb) ist das Segment durch einen Sagittalschnitt geöffnet, so daß Apodeme und
Muskeln zu sehen sind. Membran fein punktiert — einige besonders verstärkte Membranstellen wurden hervor-
gehoben: zwischen Tb und vTS (vgl. S. 60), zwischen CP und RS (vgl. S. 51) und zwischen TZ und RAP (bei
t2). Dorsaler Ansatz des Chordotonalorgans (CH) schraffiert. TZ, G2 und t2 liegen in Wirklichkeit vertieft. (b)
Schema des Vorschwingmechanismus des Vorderflügels (Ansicht wie in a). CP* und RAP zu soliden Platten
vereinfacht, der Tergum-Mittenbereich (T in a) als 2-armiges Gestänge dargestellt. Bewegte Elemente schraf-
fiert. (c) Tergale Mechanik — noch stärker vereinfacht: Das Hebelapodem (HA) wurde auf die Höhe des t1-
Gelenks versetzt, wodurch der vom dlm genutzte Hebel zum Ausdruck kommt.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 39
Kort
pas?
a
a," ae
9
A ip?)
LE np
fee gue?
vc?
Abb. 2. Flugmuskulatur. Blick von hinten-oben auf das mesothorakale Segment. Flügelbasis durchsichtig ge-
dacht, Tergum weitgehend entfernt, Pleuralleiste und pleurale Gelenkköpfe dunkel hervorgehoben. Die Mus-
keln wurden zur besseren Übersicht weit voneinander getrennt. Nur der dim ist paarig dargestellt. Linke Kör-
perseite: Muskeln des Flugmotors (punktiert); Mitte und rechte Seite: Vor- Zurückschwingmuskeln (gekreuzt
schraffiert) und pronatorisch-supinatorische Drehmuskeln (schraffiert). pa nur bei Zygopteren und Epiophlebia,
dim im Metathorax der Anisoptera reduziert. Muskelfunktionen s. Tabelle 1, S. 112f.
hinter liegenden Gelenksklerit (“2. Gelenkskle-
rit” G2, Abb. 1a) eine komplizierte Gelenkstelle
zwischen Tergum und Radioanalplatte (RAP,
Abb. 1a) ausbildet.
Zwischen Tergalzapfen und Tergalbrücke
liegt, lateral von der Tergummittenregion, ein
morphologisch komplexer Seitenbereich des
Tergum. Hier ist (rechts und links) das Apodem
des großen Dorsoventralmuskels (dvm1, Abb.
la und 2) ins Körperinnere versenkt. (Aufer
dem dvmi dient das Apodem auch den Muskeln
dvm2 und tp sowie einem Tergocoxalmuskel als
Ursprungs- bzw. Ansatzgebiet.) Die mediale
Wand der doppelwandigen Einstülpung geht,
von einer schmalen Membranzone (m) unter-
brochen, in die Tergummittenregion (T) uber,
die laterale Wand tritt (uber weitere Sklerite
und Membranen) mit dem Fligel in Beziehung.
Die Lateralwand wird hier als Tergalsklerit be-
zeichnet. Dieser Sklerit ist bei Anisopteren im
Metathorax einteilig, im Mesothorax dagegen
durch ein Gelenk in zwei Teile gegliedert (vor-
derer Tergalsklerit vTS und hinterer Tergalskle-
rit RTS, Abb. 1a; vgl. auch S. 59f. — fur Zy-
gopteren und Epiophlebia s. S. 109f.).
Der vordere Tergalsklerit!) ist vorn gelenkig
mit der Tergalbriicke verbunden (vgl. Abb. 1a
und S. 60) und besitzt lateral ein in Tierlangs-
richtung verlaufendes Gelenk zu einem hier als
Randsklerit bezeichneten Seitenelement (RS,
Abb. 1a und 3). Der untere Abschnitt des vor-
deren Tergalsklerits bildet das Ursprungsgebiet
des Tergopleuralmuskels (tp, Abb. 2 und 5).
Der Randsklerit, der sich schmal zwischen
dem vorderen Tergalsklerit und der Costalplatte
in der Tierlangsrichtung erstreckt, ist vorn am
Costalplatten-Tergalbrücken-Gelenk tl betei-
ligt (Abb. 1a, 2 und 3); hinten ist er laterad zu
einem in den Flügel hineinragenden Zipfel, dem
Ansatz des vorderen Coxoalarmuskels (vca,
Abb. 2 und 3), ausgezogen.
Der hintere Tergalsklerit ist kaudal mit dem
Tergalzapfen TZ verwachsen (Abb. 1a). Kurz
davor vermittelt ein kleines Skelettelement, der
1) Das gut abgrenzbare Skelettelement wird in der Li-
teratur oft mit dem Pterale 1 der neopteren Insek-
ten homologisiert (vgl. Matsuda, 1970, l.c. S. 390).
Dafür spricht jedoch weder seine Lage noch seine
Muskulatur (s. auch S. 84 und 88).
40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
“1. Gelenksklerit” (G1, Abb. 1a), ebentalls zur
Radioanalplatte. Direkt am lateralen Gelenk
dieses Sklerits (dem Gelenk zur Radioanalplat-
te) inseriert der hintere Coxoalarmuskel (hca,
Abb. 2 und 3).
Pleurum
Die Pleuralleiste verzweigt sich am oberen
Ende in die beiden Flügelgelenkköpfe, den vor-
pan,
pan,
deren Gelenkkopf und das Fulcrum (vGK, F;
Abb. 2 und 3). Diese Gelenkköpfe bilden, zu-
sammen mit der Costal- bzw. Radioanalplatte,
die pleuralen Hauptgelenke des Flügels (pl und
p2; Abb. 7). Dicht bei der dorsalen Verzwei-
gungsstelle der Pleuralleiste inseriert der Tergo-
pleuralmuskel tp (Abb. 2 und 5), der weiter me-
dial von der Seitenwand des dvm1-Apodems
entspringt.
Qin
C
Sc
R-
M
Cr
3A x A, (
HZ]
Ui
ms
7
hca
vca
em eee een ee |;
RAP
fa sub2 sub3
Abb. 3. Schema der Basis des rechten Flügels einer Aeshnide (Blick von medial-dorsal). Die Membran zwischen
den Skleriten wurde fast überall entfernt, die RAP dorsal aufpräpariert; dadurch werden Strukturen in der RAP
(CH, fa) sowie die Flügelunterseite und das Pleurum (letztere eng schraffiert) sichtbar. Die Muskeln beider
Drehbereiche des Flügels wurden eingezeichnet (bis auf den bei x, ansetzenden sub1, der v.a. als Senker zu be-
trachten ist). x, kennzeichnet die Angriffsstelle des reinen direkten Senkers bas1. Die Ausrichtung des Flügel-
Chordotonalorgans (CH) wurde (zur besseren Sicht auf das vordere Epifulcrum-Gelenk) geringfügig verändert
(vgl. Abb. 1a).
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 41
Der vordere Gelenkkopf ist eine Bildung, die
nur den Odonaten zukommt (vgl. Kapitel 3).
Die an dieser Stelle brückenartig verbundene
Dorsal- und Ventralwandung der (auf dem vGK
aufliegenden) Costalplatte (Abb. 7) ware damit
als Analogie zur durchgangigen Sklerotisierung
des Pterale 2 der Neopteren auf der Hohe des
(hinteren!) Gelenkkopfes (Fulcrum) anzusehen.
Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Stabilisierungen
ist leicht einzusehen: in beiden Fallen entsteht
durch Verschmelzung der Wandungen eine be-
sonders verfestigte Auflagestelle des Flügels auf
einem pleuralen Gelenkkopt.
Die sog. Epipleurite, Basalare 1 und 2 und
Subalare, die bei der Mehrzahl der Pterygoten
im dorsalen Bereich des Pleurum liegen, sind bei
Odonaten nicht ohne weiteres aufzufinden: Das
Basalare 2 wird hier — in grundsätzlicher Ab-
weichung zu bisherigen Auffassungen — als ein
ursprünglicher, vorn in der Flügelbasis befindli-
cher Teil des Flügels aufgefaßt; das Basalare 1
dagegen als eine pleurale Neubildung der Neo-
pteren, die bei Odonaten (und Ephemeropte-
ren) — noch nicht gelenkig abgesetzt — als fe-
ster Bestandteil des Pleurum vorliegt (vgl. Kapi-
tel 3). Der hinter dem Fulcrum liegende
Epipleurit, das Subalare, ist bei Libellen als ein
kleiner Sklerit im oberen Sehnenabschnitt des
Muskels sub1 zu erkennen (es wurde hier nicht
abgebildet); allerdings kann die Homologie
‚nicht gesichert werden (vgl. auch S. 42). Der
Sklerit hat für die Mechanik des Flügels keine
Bedeutung — er dient wohl v.a. der Verstär-
kung der Sehne des großen Senkermuskels.
Flügelbasis
Die Fligelbasis ist aus zwei größeren Ele-
menten, Costalplatte und Radioanalplatte!)
(CP, RAP; Abb. 1a und 3), aufgebaut. Während
eine der Radioanalplatte äußerlich ähnliche
Sklerotisierung auch in der Flügelbasis der
Ephemeropteren aufzufinden ist, bereitet die
Homologisierung der Costalplatte (zumindest
ihres proximalen Hauptteils) größere Schwie-
rigkeiten. Verschiedene Autoren haben das Pro-
blem dadurch gelöst, daß sie die Costalplatte
insgesamt mit der Humeralplatte anderer Insek-
ten homologisierten (s. z.B. Hennig, 1969, l.c.
Abb. 25, oder Matsuda, 1970, 1979) und dem-
zufolge annahmen, daß in der Flügelbasıs der
Odonaten zwei Humeralplatten existieren. In
der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nur die “distale
1) Radius-Analis-Platte bei Tannert (1958).
Costalplatte” Tannert’s mit der Humeralplatte
homologisiert (vgl. Kap. 3).
Die abweichende bisherige Homologisierung
der Costalplatte beruht wohl z.T. darauf, daß
die vorderen Epipleurite, die Basalaria, bei
Odonaten nicht (wie “üblich”) vorn unter der
Flügelbasis anzutreffen sind. Einige Bearbeiter
(z.B. Clark, 1940; Chao, 1953; Asahina, 1954)
schlossen daraus, daß die große Kappensehne
des Basalarmuskels als das ins Körperinnere
versenkte Basalare zu betrachten ist. An die
Kappensehne würde dann folgerichtig zum
Flügel hin die Humeralplatte anschließen. Nach
Matsuda (1981), der eine unabhängige Evolu-
tion der Flugfähigkeit der Odonaten annimmt,
fehlen die Epipleurite bei Libellen jedoch von
vornherein (l.c. S. 391f.).
In der Costalplatte (CP) können drei Teile
unterschieden werden: vordere, mittlere und
hintere Costalplatte (vCP, mCP und hCP; Abb.
3). Diese Bezeichnungen werden in Anlehnung
an Tannert (1958) verwendet. Zur hinteren
Costalplatte wird hier jedoch auch die “distale
Costalplatte” Tannert’s gerechnet. Die hCP
besteht damit aus der proximalen hinteren Co-
stalplatte (phCP, Abb. 3; “regio posterior der
proximalen Costalplatte” bei Tannert) und der
distalen hinteren Costalplatte (dhCP, Abb. 3;
“distale Costalplatte” bei Tannert; Humeral-
platte bei anderen Autoren, vgl. Kap. 3). Diese
Benennungsänderung soll die Darstellung er-
leichtern und der engen funktionellen Be-
ziehung von phCP und dhCP bei Pronations-
Supinationsbewegungen (im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich, vgl. S. 47ff.) gerecht werden.
Die Unterseite der mittleren Costalplatte bil-
det, zusammen mit dem vorderen Gelenkkopf
(vGK), das vordere pleurale Hauptgelenk pi
des Flügels (Abb. 3 und 7). Wenig lateral davon
inserieren der große, direkte 1. Basalarmuskel
sowie der viel schwächere 2. Basalarmuskel
(Abb. 2: bas1, bas2; Ansatzstelle des bas1 bei x,
in Abb. 3). Die Unterseite der mittleren Costal-
platte ist nach kaudal verlangert (dieser Ab-
schnitt entspricht dem Basalare 2 der Neopte-
ren, vgl. oben und Kap. 3) und tritt uber ein
Gelenk mit der Radioanalplatte in Verbindung
(c4, Abb. 3, 7, 9 und 10). Die übrigen, dorsalen
Gelenke der Costalplatte werden weiter unten
und auf den S. 48f., 58 beschrieben.
Wahrend die Costalplatte sich distad nur in
der Costa fortsetzt, stellt die Radioanalplatte
(RAP) das Ausgangsgebiet der übrigen Flügel-
langsadern dar. Sie ist (im Gegensatz zur CP)
42 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
nicht scharf abzugrenzen, da ihre vorderen und
hinteren Bereiche funktionell zum distalen
Flügel (den “Flügelsektoren”, vgl. S. 43 und
S. 46ff.) zu rechnen sind. Außerdem ist die
RAP nicht (wie andere Autoren annahmen; vgl.
Tabelle 1, S. 112f.) für sich gegenüber der CP
beweglich. Der Begriff RAP umfaßt daher
eigentlich keine Funktions- (= Bewegungs-)
Einheit — er wurde dennoch hier zur Kenn-
zeichnung eines morphologisch abgrenzbaren
Flügelteils beibehalten. Wie bei Tannert (1958)
wird auch die Sklerotisierung der Unterseite der
Flügelbasis (kaudal von der ventralen mCP) zur
RAP gerechnet. Die RAP stellt somit eigentlich
keine Platte, sondern eine doppelwandige “Auf-
treibung” der Flügelbasis dar. Durch sie kann
man nach distal — wie bei einem Handschuh in
die Finger — in die einzelnen Flügellängsadern
gelangen (nach cranial ist der “Handschuh” zur
CP hin offen, ebenso nach proximal-ventral
zum Thorax-Lumen; Abb. 3).
Die komplizierten Verformungen der RAP
bei Drehbewegungen des Flügels um Längsach-
sen (S. 46ff.) lassen innerhalb der RAP vier ver-
schiedene Funktionsteile erkennen:
1. — In der Mitte der Unterseite der RAP
liegt ein Sklerit, der vorn und hinten durch (gut
“gängige”) Scharniergelenke (el, e2, Abb. 7)
scharf begrenzt ist. Er wird hier als Epifulcrum
(Ef, s. Abb. 3 und 7) bezeichnet. Verstar-
kungsleisten der Innenwand des Epifulcrum
(Abb. 10) sorgen dafür, daß der Sklerit nur
schwer verformbar ist und so bei den Flügel-
Verwindungsbewegungen (S. 46ff.) ein stabiles
Widerlager bildet. Dieser wichtige (bisher an-
scheinend noch nicht beschriebene und nur bei
Odonaten abgrenzbare) Sklerit bildet proximal
den Gelenkauflagepunkt des Flügels auf dem
Fulcrum (p2). Wenig distal davon setzt der
kräftige 1. Subalarmuskel (sub1, Abb. 2; An-
satzstelle bei x, in Abb. 3) am Epifulcrum an. Er
ist, wie der bas1, mit einer langen, hart skleroti-
sierten Kappensehne versehen, die dorsal in eine
membranöse Sehne übergeht. Im membranösen
Teil der Sehne ist ein kleiner Sklerit, wahr-
scheinlich der Rest des Subalare, zu erkennen
(deutlich v.a. bei Zygopteren).
Man könnte auch das Epifulcrum selbst mit
dem Subalare homologisieren, das dann bei
Odonaten in der Fligelbasis “inkorporiert”
ware (vgl. auch die entsprechende Lage des hin-
teren, zweiten Basalare im Flügel — s. S. 41
und Kap. 3). Da es jedoch nur schwer vorstell-
bar ist, daß das Subalare die Stelle der ventralen
Flügelbasis, die vorher dem Fulcrum auflag,
verdrängt hat oder umgekehrt bei den übrigen
Pterygoten sekundär aus dem Flügel ausgewan-
dert ist (dann würde bei Odonaten ein nicht-ho-
mologes Fulcrum/Flügelgelenk vorliegen), ist
das Epifulcrum wohl eher als ein Teil der
ursprünglichen ventralen, dem hinteren Gelenk-
kopf aufliegenden Flügelbasis zu betrachten.
2. und 3. — An das Epifulcrum schließen
vorn und hinten Seitenelemente der RAP an, die
funktionell als Basisteile des distalen Flügels
(der Flügelsektoren, in welche sie ohne gelenki-
ge Abgrenzung übergehen; vgl. S. 43) aufzu-
tassen sind. Sie werden als Costalsektor-Basis
und Cubitalsektor-Basis bezeichnet (CoSB,
CuSB; Abb. 7). Während die Unterseite dieser
Teile (hinten bzw. vorn) mit dem Epifulcrum
die schon beschriebenen Scharniergelenke el
und e2 bildet, ist die Wand ihrer Oberseite in
der RAP nicht deutlich abgegrenzt: die Costal-
sektor-Basıs endet kaudal an einer (nur bei Be-
wegung der Teile sichtbaren) Biegezone in der
RAP-Oberseite, die dem vorderen Epifulcrum-
Gelenk e1 der Flügelunterseite gegenüber liegt
und ungefähr parallel zu ihm verläuft (vgl. S.
47ff.); die Cubitalsektor-Basis ist dorsal in
komplizierter Weise über Biegestellen (die
ebenfalls erst bei Bewegung erkennbar sind)
“eingelenkt” (vgl. S. 53ff.).
Nach vorn — zum Membranspalt zwischen
RAP und CP (Abb. 1a) hin — ist die CoSB
durch eine diagonal zur Costa ziehende, ader-
ähnliche Verdickung (cr,, Abb. 3) begrenzt.
Dort, wo diese auf die Costa trifft, besitzt die
CoSB (bzw. die RAP) ein Gelenk zur (hinteren)
Costalplatte (c3, Abb. 3). Die ventrale Wan-
dung beider RAP-Seitenteile (CoSB und CuSB)
ist auf der Innenseite mit Verstärkungsleisten
versehen (Abb. 10), die — ähnlich wie die ent-
sprechenden Bildungen des Epifulcrum — eine
Verformung der Teile bei den Verwindungsbe-
be (vel. S. 46ff.) verhindern.
— Die verbleibende, dorsal zwischen
er und CuSB liegende mittlere Zone der
RAP wird hier — da sie nur schwer abzugren-
zen ist (s. oben) — nicht gesondert bezeichnet.
Außer den beiden schon erwähnten Basalar-
muskeln (bas1 und bas2) steht noch ein weiterer
Muskel mit der CP in einer Beziehung, der vor-
dere Coxoalarmuskel vca. Er bewegt (indirekt,
über den Randsklerit RS wırkend; vgl. S. 39
und 51) die hCP nach unten. Zur RAP ziehen
(außer dem 1. Subalarmuskel) noch vier (bei Zy-
gopteren und Epiophlebia fünf) weitere Mus-
keln (Abb. 2 und 3). Auf diese soll auf S. 46ff.
und 57ff. näher eingegangen werden.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 43
Fligel
Distal von der Costal- und Radioanalplatte
beginnt die eigentliche Flügelspreite. Sie besteht
aus 2 Hauptteilen, die nach ihrer (proximalen)
vorderen Randader benannt werden: Costalsek-
tor und Cubitalsektor (CoS, CuS; Abb. 8).
Der Costalsektor umfaßt die Fläche zwischen
Costa und Radius (basal incl. Media) bis zum
Nodus-Gelenk (n, Abb. 8). Diese Flache wird
durch stabile Queradern zwischen Costa und
Radius versteift (cr,, panl, pan2; Abb. 3). Pro-
ximal-vorn tritt der CoS (über das Gelenk c3)
mit der hinteren Costalplatte in Beziehung (vgl.
S. 41f.), proximal-kaudal geht er (als CoSB) in
die Radioanalplatte über.
Der Cubitalsektor, der proximal den Cubitus
(CuP: Cubitus posterior; s. Abb. 3 und 8) und
die Analis (A) als Hauptadern enthält, ist über
den Arculus (Arc), und andere Queradern bis
hin zum Nodus, gelenkig mit dem Costalsektor
verbunden. Seine Basis (CuSB) bildet, wie wei-
ter oben beschrieben wurde, einen kaudalen
Abschnitt der RAP. Innerhalb des Cubitalsek-
tors kann kaudal noch ein (v.a. bei Anisopteren
im Hinterflügel großer) Analsektor unterschie-
den werden. Dieser Teil ist für sich anscheinend
nicht aktiv beweglich. Er spielt wohl bei der
Verwölbung des Flügels (bei pronatorischer
Verwindung) eine Rolle (vgl. S. 49f. und S. 54).
Die beiden Flügelsektoren sind in Wirklich-
keit nicht scharf gegeneinander abgrenzbar. Sie
gehen distal — da bei den Verwindungsbewe-
gungen zur Flügelspitze hin mehr und mehr der
ganze Flügel erfaßt wird — ineinander über. Je
nachdem, ob der Flügel pronatorisch oder supi-
natorisch verwunden wird, betrifft dies die
mittleren und distalen Bereiche der Sektoren je-
doch in unterschiedlicher, nicht symmetrischer
Weise (vgl. S. 46ff.).
FLÜGELANTRIEB (“FLUGMOTOR”)
Der Flügel wird beim Auf- und Abschlag um
die (durch die beiden pleuralen Hauptgelenke
pl und p2 gebildete) Scharnierachse P1/P2
(Abb. 7) bewegt. Der dorsoventrale indirekte
Hebermuskel dvm1 hebelt den Flügel (durch,
Senkung des Tergum) nach oben, die direkten
Senker basl und subl ziehen ihn nach unten
(Abb. 2, 4 und 5).
Libellen fliegen demnach mit einem “indi-
rekt-direkten” Schlagmechanismus (vgl. z.B.
Weber, 1933, Lc. S. 167; Pringle, 1957; Tannert,
1958). Neuerdings (vgl. z.B. Snodgrass, 1958;
Nachtigall, 1968; Hennig, 1969, 1972; Hadorn
& Wehner, 1974; Schneider & Günther, 1978)
wird der Flügelschlagmechanismus der Odona-
ten jedoch als Antagonismus direkter (!) Heber
und direkter Senker beschrieben, und ausge-
hend davon auch gefolgert, daß die Flügel der
beiden Seiten unabhängig voneinander (also
auch gegenläufig) geschlagen werden könnten.
So dargestellt, und als Besonderheit der Libellen
verallgemeinert, ıst dies falsch. Einerseits grei-
fen die dvm1 nicht direkt am Flügel an; ande-
rerseits sind rechter und linker Flügel durch die
starre Tergalbrücke (Tb), an der die indirekten
Hebermuskeln der beiden Seiten mittelbar an-
greifen, gekoppelt (Abb. 1a, 2, 4 und 5). Eine
gegenläufige Aktion der eng beieinanderliegen-
den Hebermuskeln der beiden Körperseiten (in
den Abb. wurden sıe aus Darstellungsgründen
weiter auseinander gerückt) ist unwahrschein-
lich und wurde bisher auch nicht nachgewiesen
(vgl. dazu auch S. 45f. und Anm. 11, S. 115).
(Entsprechendes betrifft natürlich auch die di-
rekten Senker der beiden Seiten, welche die
Ausgangsposition des Tergum, für einen erneu-
ten Aufschlag, wiederherstellen.) Schließlich ist
der Subalarmuskel, der, zurückgehend wohl auf
Weber (1933), auch für Libellen als direkter He-
ber verkannt wird (vgl. Schneider & Günther,
1978), mit Sicherheit ein Senker, so daß ein (uni-
lateraler) Antagonismus direkter Basalar- und
Subalarmuskeln ebenfalls nicht vorliegt.
Die verbreitete Ansicht, daß Libellen einen
“rein direkten” Flugmechanismus besitzen, geht
z.T. anscheinend darauf zurück, daß medial der
pleuralen Gelenkköpfe tatsächlich auch direkte
Heber am Flügel angreifen; entsprechend ihrer
geringeren Stärke können diese Muskeln jedoch
nicht als Haupt-Antriebsmuskeln angesehen
werden — es sind eindeutig Stellmuskeln mit
akzessorischer Antriebsfunktion (vgl. S. 47ft.
und S. 97f.). Die davon gut abgesetzten, weiter
medial verlaufenden indirekten Heber (dvm1)
sind viel machtiger und greifen deutlich am Ter-
gum an; merkwürdigerweise werden sie oft
nicht beachtet. Daß die Libellen wahrscheinlich
phylogenetisch auf Vorfahren zurückgehen, die
auch beim Abschlag einen indirekten Antriebs-
muskel, den dorsalen Längsmuskel, einsetzten,
wird auf S. 78ff. näher erläutert.
Die Flügelschlagbahn verläuft — infolge der
von hinten-unten nach vorn-oben geneigten
Scharnierachse P1/P2 — nicht senkrecht, son-
dern schräg, von hinten-oben nach vorn-unten.
Der Flügelab- und -aufschlag ist also in Wirk-
lichkeit ein Ab-Vor- und Auf-Zurückschlag.
Die Anisopteren zeigen dabei gegenüber den
44 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Tb t1
ae
EN pi
S
S
up
li
S
E
|
dvm2
=
bas1
Abb. 4. Schematische Darstellung der Funktion kleiner, tonischer Muskeln als zugfederartige “Drosselmus-
keln” der Antriebs-Heber (linke Hälfte) und -Senker (rechte Hälfte). Querschnitt durch den Thorax auf der
Höhe der Tergalbrücke.
Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren (Epiophle-
bia) eine steilere Ausrichtung dieser (festgeleg-
ten) “Grund-Schlagbahnebene” (Abb. 28:
großer Winkel À, in a) und b) gegenüber À in c);
vgl. auch Tannert, 1958, lc. Abb. 37 und 38).
Dementsprechend sind die Thoraxsegmente
(und damit auch die Muskeln, Terga etc.) in den
beiden Gruppen verschieden stark schrägge-
stellt (in den Abbildungen wurde die schräge
Ausrichtung der Segmente ın der Regel nicht
berücksichtigt).
Die Muskulatur des Flugapparates der Libel-
len kann (relativ grob) in drei Kategorien unter-
teilt werden: 1) Die mächtigen Auf- und Ab-
schlagsmuskeln (die “Powermuskeln”) dvml,
bas1 und sub1, die den Flügel als Ganzes bewe-
gen; man kann sie als die wesentlichen An-
triebsmuskeln eines übergeordneten “Flugmo-
tors” ansehen. 2) Muskeln, die zwar auch den
Flügelschlag und den Flügel als Ganzes betref-
fen (weshalb sie ebenfalls dem Flugmotor zuzu-
rechnen sind), aber — da sie erheblich schwä-
cher als die Powermuskeln und wahrscheinlich
tonisch aktıv sind — als “Einstellmuskeln des
Flugmotors” betrachtet werden müssen (s. S.
45f.). 3) Muskeln, die in der Größe dazwischen
liegen und die eigentlichen Stellmuskeln verkör-
pern; sie verändern, mehr oder weniger unab-
hängig vom Antriebssystem, durch Bewegung
von untergeordneten Teilsystemen die Anstel-
lung oder die Schlagbahn des Flügels (s. S. 46ff.
Wel Se Shar)
In vielen Fällen ist es allerdings noch fraglich,
ob Muskeln tonisch oder phasisch aktiv sind
(oder beide Kontraktionsmöglichkeiten besit-
zen). Meine Versuche, dies durch elektrische
Reizung festzustellen, führten nicht immer zu
eindeutigen Ergebnissen. Einzelne Muskeln
kontrahierten sich auf jeden Einzelreiz hin
(dvm1, bas1, sub1, sub2, vca, hca, fa; auch beim
dlm war dies in einem Experiment der Fall) —
sie sind demnach als phasisch einzuschätzen.
Andere Muskeln (bas2, sub3) sprachen auf Ein-
zelreize nicht an und zeigten erst bei höherer
Reizfrequenz eine Kontraktion; dies wurde als
Anzeichen einer tonischen Aktivität angesehen.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 45
tp Tb ti BR
/ | |
© A
N
f)
Abb. 5. Schema des bistabilen Schlagmechanismus;
Abschlag a > c, Aufschlag d — f. Querschnitte
durch den Thorax auf der Höhe der Tergalbrücke.
Die Pleuralleiste wird in der ersten Hälfte beider
Schlagphasen (bis b bzw. e) seitwärts ausgelenkt; ihre
Rückstellkraft ist durch den Tergopleuralmuskel (tp),
der bis zur Schlagmitte gedehnt wird, einstellbar. Da
eine gegenphasige Bewegung des rechten und linken
Flügels unwahrscheinlich ist, muß der Flügel der an-
deren Körperseite (mit gleicher Bewegungsrichtung)
jeweils gedanklich ergänzt werden.
Hier müssen weitere Untersuchungen, v.a. aber
elektrophysiologische Ableit-Experimente an
fliegenden Tieren, angeschlossen werden.
Einstellmöglichkeiten des Flugmotors
Zwei kleine Muskeln, der 2. Basalarmuskel
und der 2. Dorsoventralmuskel (bas2, dvm2;
Abb. 2) greifen mit sehr langen Sehnen (der
eigentliche, die Muskelfasern enthaltende Teil
ist also nur kurz) so am Flügel bzw. Tergum an,
daß sie — wie die großen, dicht bei ihnen lie-
genden Muskeln bast bzw. dvm 1 — als Ab-
bzw. Aufschlagsmuskeln des Flugmotors be-
trachtet werden könnten. Der Größenunter-
schied zu den phasischen Antriebsmuskeln bas
und dvm1 ist jedoch so gravierend, daß eine
phasische Kontraktion (bas2 beim Abschlag,
dvm2 beim Aufschlag) als relativ wirkungslos
angesehen werden mufì (darauf wies bereits
Hatch, 1966, hin). Nimmt man dagegen eine to-
nische Kontraktion an!), so ergibt sich, daß der
bas2 der Aufschlagswirkung des dvmi, der
dvm2 dagegen der Abschlagswirkung des basl
entgegenwirkt (Abb. 42). Damit könnten
Flügelgeschwindigkeit und Amplitude beim
Auf- und Abschlag getrennt eingestellt werden.
Die Muskeln wären jetzt als Zugfedern (mit va-
riabler Federkonstante!) jeweils in die Phase des
antagonistischen Antriebsmuskels eingeschal-
tet; sie wurden nur in dieser Phase “belastet”, in
der anderen dagegen “entlastet”. (Dieser Ge-
sichtspunkt wurde von Hatch, 1966 — und
auch von Neville, 1960 — übersehen; s. dazu
auch S. 92f. und S. 111ff. Zu dem funktionell
ähnlichen Muskel sub3 vgl. S. 56.)
Während die Muskeln bas2 und dvm2 jeweils
nur in eine Schlagphase (drosselnd) eingreifen,
kann ein weiterer, wohl ebenfalls tonischer
Muskel, der Tergopleuralmuskel (tp, Abb. 2),
den Flügelauf- und -abschlag (in symmetrischer
Weise) beeinflussen. Der Muskel vermag die
Pleuralleiste nach innen zu ziehen, was im Me-
sothorax zu einer gegenseitigen Annäherung
der Ränder eines dorsalen Membranspaltes, der
sich zwischen den Episterna der beiden Körper-
seiten befindet, führt. Drückt man bei einem
frischtoten Tier die Pleuren nach medial, so
schließt sich der Spalt ebenfalls, und die Flügel
werden entweder auf- oder abgeschlagen — je
nach ihrer Ausgangsstellung diesseits oder jen-
seits der Schlagmitte. Da die starre Tb für einen
konstanten Abstand zwischen den Gelenken tl
der beiden Körperseiten sorgt, und der Abstand
tl-p1 ebenfalls konstant ist, schwingen die Pleu-
ren demnach beim naturlichen Auf- und Ab-
schlag zunächst seitwärts (entgegengesetzt zur
Kraftrichtung des tp: Offnen des Membran-
spaltes) und dann, mit der tp-Kraft, nach innen
zurück (Schließen des Spaltes). Das bedeutet,
daß der tp (beim Flug tonisch kontrahiert) je-
weils nur in der zweiten Schlagphasenhälfte als
') Am bas2 durchgeführte elektrische Reizversuche
deuten darauf hin, daß zumindest dieser Muskel
beim Flug tonisch kontrahiert ist (vgl. S. 44).
2) Ein weiterer dünner Muskel, der Tergocoxalmus-
kel (hier nicht abgebildet; dvm5 bzw. tc in der Ta-
belle 1, S. 112f.) könnte theoretisch eine ähnliche
Funktion wie der dvm2 haben. Da er jedoch an die
Coxa zieht, ist er wohl eher als Beinbeweger zu be-
trachten. Im Gegensatz zum dvm2 ist die Sehne des
dvm5 kurz, der eigentliche Muskelteil dagegen
lang.
46 TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Synergist der Antriebsmuskeln der betreffenden
Schlagphase wirksam ist; in der ersten Halfte
beider Schlagphasen, in der die Pleuralwande
nach lateral bewegt werden, ist er dagegen ihr
Antagonist (vgl. Abb. 5). Der Tergopleuralmus-
kel der Libellen ist damit als Einstellmuskel ei-
nes bistabilen Mechanismus (“Klickmechanis-
mus”) zu betrachten, ahnlich wie der Pleuro-
sternalmuskel oder der Tergopleuralmuskel!)
der Fliegen (vgl. Boettiger & Furshpan, 1952;
Nachtigall & Wilson, 1967; Heide, 1971; Pfau,
1973; Pfau et al., 1977). Dieser Mechanismus
bewirkt, daß die Antriebskrafte des Flugmotors
beim Auf- und Abschlag unterschiedlich auf die
beiden Schlagphasen-Hälften verteilt werden:
sie werden anfangs (in der ersten Hälfte) teil-
weise zur Überwindung der (durch den tp ver-
änderlichen) “Pleuralfeder” eingesetzt, während
ihnen in der zweiten Schlagphasen-Hälfte (jen-
seits des instabilen Klickpunktes; Abb. 5b, e)
die Federkraft des zurückschwingenden Pleu-
rum wieder hinzugefügt wird (die zunächst
“abgezweigten” Teilkräfte gehen dem Flü-
gelschlag also nicht verloren). Eine Bedeutung
des bistabilen Schlagmechanismus könnte daher
darın liegen, daß die Antriebsmuskeln (die sich
im Prinzip nur bis zum Klickpunkt zu kontra-
hieren brauchen) im isometrischen Bereich ar-
beiten können. Außerdem könnten Schlagfre-
quenz und Thorax-Resonanzfrequenz aufeinan-
der abgestimmt werden (entsprechend wie beim
Pleurosternalmuskel der Fliegen, vgl. Nachtigall
& Wilson, 1967).
Der Flügelschlag kann also — abgesehen von
Veränderungen der Kontraktionsstärke und
Frequenz der Antriebsmuskeln — durch relativ
schwache, tonische Neben- bzw. Verspannmus-
keln beeinflußt werden. Die Wirkung der bei-
den Muskeltypen (bas2, dvm 2 — tp) auf den
Flügelschlag ist jedoch grundsätzlich verschie-
den. Durch die Muskeln bas2 und dvm2 können
wohl kleinere Schlagunterschiede zwischen
rechtem und linkem Flügel bewirkt (oder aus-
geglichen) werden. Bei symmetrischer Arbeit
der Antriebsmuskeln sind damit Geschwindig-
keits-, Phasen- und Amplitudenunterschiede
möglich, die wahrscheinlich bei Steuerbewe-
!) Dieser letztere Muskel, genauer der Pleuralleiste-
Subtegula-Muskel (dessen medialer Ursprung bei
verschiedenen Dipteren von der Subtegula zum
Tergum-Seitenrand verlagert sein kann; vgl.
Mickoleit, 1969, l.c. S. 160), ist wahrscheinlich —
da der Sklerit vTS der Subtegula entspricht (vgl. S.
87f.) — dem tp der Odonaten homolog.
gungen eine wesentliche Rolle spielen (vgl. auch
S. 92f.). Die tp-Muskeln der beiden Körpersei-
ten stellen dagegen die Stärke eines bistabilen
Klickmechanismus ein. Dies setzt allerdings ei-
ne weitgehend gleichartige (symmetrische)
Schlagbewegung der Flügel beider Körperseiten
voraus (Abb. 5), woraus geschlossen werden
könnte, daß größere Rechts-Links-Unterschie-
de der Flügelschwingung (bei Wendeaktionen)
und ein stärkerer Einsatz des Klickmechanis-
mus (beim schnellen Vorwärtsflug?) nicht zu
vereinbaren sind.
DREHBEWEGUNGEN DES FLUGELS UM DIE
LANGSACHSE
Die Bewegungsrichtungen des Flügels bei
Drehung um die Langsachse sind durch die Be-
griffe Pronation und Supination gekennzeich-
net: Bei einer Pronation bewegt sich die Flügel-
vorderkante nach unten und die Hinterkante |
nach oben; dabei beschreibt die Hinterkante,
infolge der (bei Insekten wohl in der Regel) weit
vorn liegenden Drehachse, einen größeren
Kreisbogen als die Vorderkante. Bei der Supina-
tion wird die Vorderkante entsprechend nach
oben, die Hinterkante nach unten bewegt.
Pronation und Supination werden beim Li-
bellenflügel durch zahlreiche Gelenke und ge-
lenkahnliche Stellen in der Flügelbasis und im
Flügel ermöglicht. Dabei kann der gesamte
Drehspielraum in zwei Unterbereiche, “Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich” und “Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich”, unterteilt werden (Abb. 6). Diese beiden
Bereiche müssen getrennt betrachtet werden, da
ihnen eine unterschiedliche Mechanik zugrunde
liegt. Die Bezeichnungen für sie sind jedoch in-
sofern nicht ganz treffend, als die Drehbereiche
beim Flug den beiden Schlagphasen nicht genau
“entsprechen” müssen. So kann der Flügel z.B.
schon vor der oberen Schlagwende (also noch ın
der Aufschlagsphase) in den Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich hineinbewegt werden (vgl. S. 97f.). Die
extremen Flügelanstellungen der beiden Berei-
che (pa und So Abb. 6) werden jedoch si-
cher nur innerhalb der jeweiligen Schlagphase
erreicht.
Die beiden Drehbereiche grenzen in einer
mittleren Anstellung (0°, s. Abb. 6) aneinander.
An dieser Stelle sind sie (von beiden Seiten her)
durch Anschlage mechanisch getrennt. Wird der
Flugel von der mittleren Anstellung aus pro-
niert oder supiniert, so führen beide Bewegun-
gen (also die Pronation im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich und die Supination im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich) zu einer Verwindung des Flügels
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 47
Abb. 6. Fligeldrehbereiche und -krafte (qualitatives
Schema). Querschnitte durch den Flügel — das
schwarze Dreieck kennzeichnet die Flügel-Vorder-
kante und -Oberseite. Ab-Dr Abschlagsdrehbereich,
Auf-Dr Aufschlagsdrehbereich (bei 0° durch An-
schläge gegeneinander abgegrenzt); pp passiv-pronie-
rende, ps passiv-supinierende Kräfte.
(allerdings auf ganz verschiedene und nicht
symmetrische Weise); dabei ist es gleichgültig,
ob die Drehungen durch Muskelkräfte (aktıv,
von proximal aus) oder durch Luftkräfte (pas-
siv, von distal aus) bewirkt werden. Eine gleich-
zeitige Aktivität von Muskeln, die den Flügel
entgegengesetzt verwinden, kann als unwahr-
scheinlich angesehen werden (jedenfalls inner-
halb der Schlagphasen). Die den Flügel gleich-
sinnig drehenden Muskeln der beiden Drehbe-
reiche können andererseits aufgrund der
mechanischen Trennung nur “hintereinanderge-
schaltet” wirksam werden; z.B. kann der Pro-
nator des Abschlagsdrehbereichs erst dann opti-
mal “greifen”, wenn die supinatorische Verwin-
dung im Aufschlagsdrehbereich vorher ganz
rückgängig gemacht ist — der Einflußbereich
des “rückdrehenden” Pronators im Aufschlags-
drehbereich endet dabei beim 0°-Anschlag. So
kann über die Grenze der Drehbereiche hinweg
strenggenommen nicht von Synergisten oder
Antagonisten gesprochen werden, selbst wenn
der Flügel im Prinzip im gleichen oder entge-
gengesetzten Sinn gedreht wird. Die verschiede-
nen Muskeln sind demnach funktionell sowohl
nach ihrem Drehbereich als auch nach ihrer
Drehrichtung zu charakterisieren. Darüber hin-
aus können anscheinend zwei Haupttypen von
Drehmuskeln unterschieden werden: 1) “Wen-
depunktsmuskeln”, die den Flügel am Auf/Ab-
schlags- bzw. Ab/Aufschlagsumkehrpunkt dre-
hen, und 2) “Einstellmuskeln” der Flügelanstel-
lung, die die Flügelanstellung innerhalb der
eigentlichen Ab- oder Aufschlagsphase beein-
flussen.
Die Drehbewegungen des Flügels um die
Längsachse werden im folgenden “chronolo-
gisch”, zunächst für den Flügel-Abschlag
(Abschlagsdrehbereich) und dann für den
Aufschlag (Aufschlagsdrehbereich), behandelt;
dabei soll jeweils zuerst auf die zugrundeliegen-
de Mechanik des Drehbereichs und dann auf die
in ihm wirkenden Kräfte eingegangen werden.
Abschlagsdrehbereich
Mechanik. — Am Ende des Aufschlags geht
die supinatorische Aufschlagsverwindung mit
dem Ausschwingen des Flügels (bzw. seiner
Verlangsamung durch die beginnende Kontrak-
tion der Abschlagsmuskeln) zurück: passiver,
v.a. durch elastische Rückstellkräfte bedingter
Teil der Pronation der oberen Schlagwende ım
Aufschlagsdrehbereich (vgl. S. 53ff). De
Flügel vollzieht jetzt eine darüber hinausgehen-
de Pronationsdrehung in den Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich hinein, die mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit
aktiv, durch einen phasischen Muskel, verur-
sacht wird (vgl. S. 50). Obwohl beide Vorgän-
ge pronatorisch sind, müssen sie aufgrund der
unterschiedlichen Mechanik der beiden Drehbe-
reiche getrennt behandelt werden (s. oben).
Im Abschlagsdrehbereich ist fast die gesamte
Flugelbasis — die ganze Radioanalplatte (und
mit ıhr die gesamte Flügelspreite) sowie ein Teil
der Costalplatte — an der Drehbewegung betei-
ligt (im Gegensatz zum Aufschlagsdrehbereich,
in dem nur ein kaudaler Bereich der RAP be-
wegt wird und die übrige Flügelbasis in Ruhe
bleibt). Nur die mittlere und die vordere Co-
stalplatte (mCP, vCP; Abb. 3) sind nicht (oder
nur geringfügig, wie im Falle der vCP!)) betrof-
fen; sie bilden damit — im Verein mit dem pleu-
ralen, vorderen Gelenkkopf (vGK), auf dem sie
aufliegen — das für die Bewegungen ım Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich wesentliche Widerlager
(dunkel hervorgehoben in Abb. 8, 9a, b und 14).
Der bewegte Teil des Flügels soll hier, zur Ver-
1) Die vCP steht proximal mit der hCP in Verbin-
dung und wird bei der Abbiegung der hCP (ss.
49) geringfügig verformt und um ti gedreht. Die-
se Bewegung wurde hier — da kein Einfluß auf an-
dere Bewegungssysteme ersichtlich ist — vernach-
lässigt.
48 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
N
I
c4 p2 NE
I
I LC
CI P2/C4
Abb. 7. Schematische Darstellung einiger Teile der Flügelbasis sowie der Drehachsen des Abschlagsdrehbe-
reichs. Blick von medial-dorsal auf die beiden Flügelbasisplatten, die auf der Hohe des Pleurum (und z.T. auch
weiter distal) angeschnitten wurden; Membran weggelassen, Sklerite der Flügelunterseite schraffiert. Die phCP
wurde ein-wandig (massiv) gezeichnet — sie stellt in Wirklichkeit eine doppelwandige Ausstülpung der Dorsal-
seite dar, die kaudal in die Membran zwischen CP und RAP übergeht. Nur die Pronation wurde durch Bewe-
gungspfeile (an den Achsen P2/C4, C1, E1 und am Gelenk c3) verdeutlicht; die Pfeile an der Achse P1/P2 (der
durch die Gelenke pl und p2 gebildeten Scharnier-Schlagachse — pl stellt dabei für sich ein Scharniergelenk
dar) symbolisieren den Flügelschlag.
r pi
einfachung der Beschreibung, als “Verstell- Drei Gelenke, die der Verstellflügel zu den
flügel”!) bezeichnet werden. (nicht-mitbewegten) Widerlager-Teilen ausbil-
det, bestimmen zwei Haupt-Drehachsen des
!) Der Begriff wurde von Pfau & Honomichl (1979) are (ee. 7 une de DL
auch für den bei Pronation bzw. Supination beweg- : ) a ur se Ci zieht durch vs ungefähr
ten Teil des Lamellicornier-Flügels verwandt, soll In Flügellängsrichtung ausgerichtetes Biegege-
aber, als reine Bezeichnung eines Funktionsteils, lenk zwischen der mCP und phCP (cl, Abb. 3
keine Homologievorstellung ausdriicken.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 49
und 7); diese Achse kann (in Annäherung; vgl.
S. 50) als eine Scharnierachse aufgefaßt wer-
den. 2) Die Hauptachse P2/C4 wird durch zwei
Gelenkpunkte, die zusammen ein Scharnierge-
lenk bilden, bestimmt: durch das pleurale Flù-
gelgelenk p2 zwischen Fulcrum und RAP-Un-
terseite (Abb. 7; das Gelenk ist gleichzeitig an
der Bildung der Auf-Abschlags-Scharnierachse
P1/P2 beteiligt — vgl. S. 43f.) und das weiter
distal liegende (morphologisch komplizierte)
Gelenk c4 zwischen dem ventralen Kaudalfort-
satz der mittleren Costalplatte und der Unter-
seite der RAP (vgl. S. 41; Abb. 3, 7 und 10; zu
diesem Gelenk s. auch S. 57ff.). Die beiden
Hauptdrehachsen kreuzen sich nach ihrem
Austritt aus der Flügelbasis im Raum, ohne sich
in einem Punkt zu schneiden.
An der Bewegung des Verstellflügels ist, wie
| schon dargestellt wurde, proximal nur der hin-
tere Teil der Costalplatte (die hCP) beteiligt, die
| Radioanalplatte dagegen als Ganzes. Von distal
| betrachtet spaltet die Flügelfläche demnach bei
|
c3 (dem distalen Gelenk zwischen der CP und
RAP bzw. CoSB; vgl. S. 42 und Abb. 3 und 7)
nach vorn einen Basisteil (die hCP) ab und geht
hinten als Ganzes in die RAP über. Beide T ile
| bilden weiter proximal die oben beschriebenen
Gelenke, die hCP das Gelenk c1 der Flügel-
oberseite!), die RAP das Doppelgelenk p2/c4
der Unterseite. Wird der Verstellflügel um die
Längsachse gedreht, so wird er zu gleicher Zeit
in beiden basalen Gelenken bewegt; da beides
Scharniergelenke mit unterschiedlicher Achsen-
ausrichtung sind, wird er proximal unter Span-
nung gesetzt und verformt (was weiter distal
wiederum zu einer Verwindung der Flügelsprei-
te fuhrt; s. unten).
Die Ursache für die Verspannung der Flügel-
basıs kann man sich leicht durch ein Experiment
verdeutlichen: Trennt man die RAP von der
hCP ab (durch einen Schnitt durch das Gelenk
c3) und bewegt die hCP für sich (im Gelenk c1)
— und anschließend die RAP für sich (im Ge-
lenk p2/c4) — so beschreibt der Punkt c3 je-
weils eine unterschiedliche Raumbahn; im einen
Fall um die Achse C1, im anderen um P2/C4.
Beim intakten Flügel existiert eine solche unab-
hängige Beweglichkeit der Teile natürlich nicht
und der Verstellflügel gerät bei einer Drehbe-
wegung zwangsläufig unter Spannung.
Die aus der Verspannung resultierende Ver-
formung läuft in verschiedenen weiteren Gelen-
ken und gelenkartigen Stellen ab. Abgesehen
1) Die phCP ist eine Vorwölbung der Flügeloberseite.
vom tergalen Gelenk t2 (in dem sich die RAP
gegenüber dem Tergum dreht) und weiter distal
im Flügel liegenden Gelenken (s. unten), spielen
v.a. zwei Gelenkstellen in der Flügelbasis eine
wesentliche Rolle: 1) das schon erwähnte Ge-
lenk c3, die Stelle, an der die Flügelfläche das
vordere Basiselement hCP “abspaltet”; 2) das
Gelenk e1 zwischen Epifulcrum und Costalsek-
tor, ein vertieft liegendes und daher von außen
schwer erkennbares Scharniergelenk der RAP-
Ventralseite (vgl. S. 42). Die dem Gelenk el
ungefähr gegenüberliegende Biegezone in der
dorsalen Wandung der RAP (vgl. S. 42) wurde
hier nicht gesondert benannt, da sie zusammen
mit dem Gelenk e1 funktionell als ein Gelenk in
der RAP aufgefaßt werden kann; Gelenk und
Biegezone bilden gemeinsam das Basisgelenk
des CoS, wobei das gut definierte Scharnierge-
lenk ei für die Bewegungen des CoS maßgeb-
lich ist.
Eine pronatorische Drehbewegung des
Flügels im Abschlagsdrehbereich (Abb. 7; Abb.
9a — b) kann jetzt genauer beschrieben wer-
den — sie stellt eine gleichzeitige Bewegung der
Flügelbasis in allen vier aufgeführten Gelenken
dar: Die hCP wird um C1 nach dorsal gebogen
(vgl. auch S. 50); die RAP bewegt sich zugleich
um P2/C4, ihr Vorderrand geht nach unten; die
RAP wird unter Spannung gesetzt, wobei ihr
vorderer Teil, die CoSB, um die Achse E1 abge-
bogen wird; hCP und RAP werden im Gelenk
c3 gegeneinander verdrillt, was äußerlich daran
zu erkennen ist, daß sich die vordere Costa-
Kante vom Vorderrand der dhCP entfernt (Ver-
größerung des durch Costa und dhCP gebilde-
ten Winkels; vgl. Abb. 14 c — a). Der Ge-
lenkpunkt c3 wird auf einer aus allen Bewe-
gungskomponenten resultierenden Bahn
bewegt.
Für die Bewegung des Costalsektors ist, wie
schon erwähnt wurde, die Ausrichtung der
durch das Gelenk el festgelegten Costalsek-
tor/Epifulerum-Scharnierachse E1 bestimmend.
Diese Achse steht schräg zum Flügel und ver-
läuft (bei horizontal gestelltem Flügel) von in-
nen-vorn-unten nach auften-hinten-oben. Der
Costalsektor (zusammen mit den am Nodus fest
angekoppelten distalen Vorderrandadern; vgl.
S. 54 und Abb. 8) wird daher bei einer Prona-
tion nach ventral-kaudal, relativ zur in Ruhe
bleibenden (“eingespannten”) Basis des Cus,
bewegt. Diese Bewegung (die geringfügig ist
und daher ganz proximal, bei el, kaum auffällt)
führt in der basalen Flügelhälfte dazu, daß die
Zwischenräume zwischen den vorderen Längs-
50 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
adern zusammengedrückt und verschmälert
werden (wobei Gelenkstellen zwischen den
Quer- und Langsadern im Cubitalsektor und an
der Grenze zum Costalsektor eine Rolle spie-
len; vgl. Abb. 8) und bewirkt in diesem Bereich
außerdem eine Verwölbung des Flügelprofils
nach dorsal. Jenseits des Nodus wird dagegen
mehr und mehr die mit dem CoS und den (dista-
len) Flügelvorderrand-Adern verbundene ge-
samte Spreite erfaßt und gegenüber dem basalen
(stabileren, proximal eingespannten) Bereich
des CuS verdreht (Verwindung der Flügelsprei-
tel).
Demnach findet bei einer Pronationsbewe-
gung im Abschlagsdrehbereich eine pronatori-
sche Drehung des ganzen Verstellflügels (um
C1 + P2/C4) statt, der eine (ebenfalls pronato-
rische!) Verwindungsbewegung überlagert ist
— der Flügel wird dadurch distal stärker pro-
niert als proximal. “Pronation als Ganzes” und
“pronatorische Verwindung” gehen aufgrund
des Zusammenspiels aller Gelenke zwangsläufig
stets miteinander einher. (Zur aerodynamischen
Bedeutung der Verwindung vgl. S. 96f.) Eine
“eigentliche Drehachse” des Abschlagsdrehbe-
reichs konnte daher in den Abb. 7 und 9 nicht
eingezeichnet werden — sie entspricht weder
C1 noch P2/C4, sondern verläuft (als “immate-
rielle” Achse) zwischen ihnen im Raum. Da die
hintere Costalplatte in Wirklichkeit über eine
scharnierartige Biegezone (und kein echtes
Scharniergelenk, wie hier zunächst vereinfa-
chend beschrieben) mit der mittleren Costal-
platte verbunden ist, ist die Achse C1 — und
damit auch die im Raum verlaufende “eigentli-
che Drehachse” des Flügels — darüber hinaus
nicht ganz festgelegt (s. Abb. 9a, b). Alle be-
schriebenen Achsen des Abschlagsdrehbereichs
(C1, P2/C4, E1) verändern beim Flügelschlag
(also bei der Bewegung des ganzen Flügels um
die Schlagachse P1/P2; Abb. 7) ihre Ausrich-
tung zum Körper. In Bezug auf den Flügel sınd
sie jedoch entweder als stabil zu betrachten
(P2/C4) oder machen eine dem Ablauf der
Drehbewegung (nicht dem Flügelschlag-
Ablauf!) fest zugeordnete Achsenverstellung
durch (C1, E1; vgl. Abb. 9), so daß die Drehbe-
wegungen also in einem vom Antriebssystem
(“Motor”) mechanisch weitgehend unabhängi-
gen System ablaufen (vgl. unten und S. 91ff.).
Der Abschlagsdrehbereich ist relatıv klein; er
ist zum pronatorischen Extrem hin (p,,,,, Abb.
6) wohl v.a. durch die (infolge der Verspannung
und Verwolbung der Flügelfläche) zunehmend
erschwerte Verwindung begrenzt. Dreht man
den Flügel von dort (supinatorisch) zurück
(Abb. 7, Pfeile jedoch in umgekehrter Richtung;
Abb. 9b — a), so erreicht der Drehbereich bei 0°
einen Anschlag, und zwar vor allem dadurch,
daß die Costa bei c3 von unten auf die dhCP
stößt (Abb. 14a — c).
Kräfte. — Die Flügelfläche, die sich nach
proximal in die hCP und RAP gewissermaßen
“aufspaltet”, besitzt mehrere Hebel für prona-
torische und supinatorische Muskeln (aktive
Kräfte); die distale Flügelfläche selbst bildet den
wesentlichen Hebel für die beim Flug angreifen-
den, die Flügelanstellung von außen beeinflus-
senden Luftkräfte (passive Kräfte).
Nur ein Muskel, der hintere Coxoalarmuskel
hca, greift an einem pronatorischen Hebel, dem
nach vorn-proximal über die P2/C4-Achse vor-
ragenden Randteil der RAP an (genauer Ansatz :
s. S. 39f.; Abb. 2 und 3). Der Muskel wird daher
hier als der wesentliche Pronationsmuskel der
Auf-Abschlagswende angesehen (vgl. auch S.
97f.; Abb. 6 und 9a, b) — infolge seines Hebel-
arms zur Schlagachse besitzt er außerdem eine
Flügelheber-Funktion (vgl. S. 91f.).
Der 1. Basalarmuskel bas1 kann dagegen (im
Gegensatz zu bisherigen Auffassungen) als ein
reiner Senker angesehen werden, da er an der
mittleren Costalplatte (bei x,, Abb. 3 und 9a),
also außerhalb der Verstellflügels (am Widerla-
ger!) angreift. Die von einigen Autoren postu-
lierte unabhängige Bewegungsmöglichkeit der
beiden Flügelbasisplatten CP und RAP um die
Schlagachse, die zur Erklärung einer Prona-
tionsfunktion des basi herangezogen wurde
(vgl. Tabelle 1, S. 112ff.), ist in Wirklichkeit
nicht vorhanden: Da die CP an zwei Stellen
(dorsal bei c3, ventral bei c4; vgl. auch S. 58)
mit der RAP ın Kontakt steht, kann sie nıcht
unabhängig von der RAP um P1/P2 bewegt und
der Flügel damit auch nicht (durch eine Ab-
schlagsbewegung der CP) proniert werden. Die
CP nimmt die RAP bei einer Schlagbewegung
stets einfach mit (wie auch umgekehrt die RAP
die CP), ohne sie dabei um eine Längsachse zu
kippen. Erst dadurch ist die im Gegensatz zu äl-
teren Anschauungen vorliegende funktionelle
Trennung der Flugmotor- und Flügelstell-Me-
chanik gewährleistet (vgl. auch S. 92f. und S.
112ff.)!
Der 2. Subalarmuskel sub2, der kaudal von
P2/C4 an der RAP ansetzt, vermag den Flügel
zu supinieren — im Unterschied zum sub3 (vgl.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 51
S. 56) jedoch höchstens bis zur 0°-Anstellung,
der Grenze des Abschlagsdrehbereichs zum.
Aufschlagsdrehbereich (Abb. 9b — a). Damit
könnte der sub2 als ein Antagonist des hea an-
gesehen werden. Wahrscheinlich steht der Mus-
kel jedoch beim Abschlag (nach der hca-Kon-
traktion) einer anderen Kraft antagonistisch ge-
genüber, so daß seine Funktion nicht
(zumindest nicht allein) in einer Einstellung der
hca-Kraft zu sehen ist. Beim Abschlag kommen
nämlich wesentliche passive Kräfte ins Spiel: In
dieser Schlagphase wird die Flügelunterseite
von der Luft angeströmt (Abb. 26a). Da die
Flügeldrehachse des Abschlagsdrehbereichs vor
der Flügelmitte (zwischen C1 und P2/C4; s. S.
50) liegt, und der größere Hebel sich demnach
kaudal davon befindet, wird der Flügel beim
Abschlag (nach der Pronation durch den hca)
wie eine Windfahne passiv pronatorisch weiter
gedreht. Der 2. Subalarmuskel kann nun die
Flügelanstellung — gegen die pronierenden
Luftkräfte — beim Abschlag so verändern, daß
der aerodynamische Anstellwinkel vergrößert
(der geometrische Anstellwinkel dagegen ver-
kleinert) wird. Der Muskel verhindert damit,
daß der Flügel im Extrem tangential und ohne
Luftkrafterzeugung angeströmt wird; er be-
wirkt, über die Vergrößerung des aerodynami-
schen Anstellwinkels, eine Vergrößerung der
erzeugten Luftkraft (vgl. Abb. 26a und S. 93ff.).
Da der 2. Subalarmuskel lateral von der Schlag-
achse an der RAP angreift, wird der Flügel
gleichzeitig mit größerer Kraft abgeschlagen
(zur Bedeutung dieser Doppelfunktion vgl.
auch S. 92ff.).
Auch der 1. Subalarmuskel sub1, ein Haupt-
antriebsmuskel des Flügelschlags (Ansatz am
Epifulcrum bei x,, Abb. 3 und 9a), besitzt einen
supinatorischen Hebelarm zur Drehachse des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs; er ist jedoch, verglichen
mit dem Hebel des sub2, sehr klein. Da zu er-
warten ist, daß bei einer stärkeren Kontraktion
des sub1 mit der erhöhten Geschwindigkeit des
Flügels auch die Geschwindigkeit der anströ-
menden Luft vergrößert wird, und die passıve
Pronation dadurch ebenfalls zunimmt, ist nicht
sicher, daß die supinatorische Nebenfunktion
des Muskels überhaupt äußerlich in Erschei-
nung tritt (Abb. 26a). Neville (1960) sprach dem
subl, nach Ausschaltexperimenten, eine Dreh-
wirkung ab; er ging allerdings von einer ande-
ren Flügelmechanik aus und übersah auch die
durch die passive Pronation bedingte Täu-
schungsmöglichkeit (vgl. Tabelle 1, S. 112f., und
Anmerkung 15, S. 115). Auf die supinatorische
Nebenfunktion des Muskels soll in der Diskus-
sion (S. 92ff.) noch eingegangen wer-
den.
Bei Kontraktion des vorderen Coxoalarmus-
kels vca wird der nach lateral in den Flügel ra-
gende Fortsatz des Randsklerits (RS), und damit
die über eine sehnenartige Zwischenmembran
(s. Abb. 1a) mit ihm verbundene hintere Costal-
platte, nach unten gezogen. Auch dieser Muskel
vermag den Flügel demnach zu supinieren
(Abb. 9b + a); da er proximal von der Schlag-
achse P1/P2 ansetzt, wirkt er gleichzeitig Flü-
gel-aufschlagend. Der Zeitpunkt der vca-Kon-
traktion kann vorerst nur erschlossen werden:
Beim Abschlag eingesetzt, würde der Muskel
die Flügelgeschwindigkeit vermindern und den
Flügel gleichzeitig supinieren. Diese Funktions-
kombination erscheint für eine günstige Beein-
flussung der Luftkrafterzeugung innerhalb der
Abschlagsphase (im Gegensatz zur Abschlags-
+ Supinationswirkung der subi und sub2 —
vgl. Diskussion S. 92ff.) nicht geeignet. Der
Muskel vermag den Fligel andererseits nur im
Abschlagsdrehbereich zu supinieren, nicht da-
gegen im Aufschlagsdrehbereich. Das macht
auch einen Einsatz während des Aufschlags un-
wahrscheinlich. Da die supinatorische Verwin-
dung des aufschlagenden Flügels (vgl. S. 53ff.)
erst dann beginnen kann, wenn die pronatori-
sche Verwindung des abschlagenden Flügels bis
zum Anschlag rückgängig gemacht ist, bleibt als
möglicher günstiger Wirkungsort das Ende des
Abschlags bzw. der Beginn des Aufschlags (der
untere Schlagumkehrpunkt)!). In diesem Fall
bestünde der Vorteil, daf der vca — der (im Ge-
gensatz zum sub2) infolge seines Aufschlag-He-
belarms bis zum Abschlagsende gedehnt wird
— im isometrischen Bereich arbeiten könnte; er
wäre zu einer besonders effektiven (und wahr-
scheinlich bis zum Anschlag des Drehbereichs
bei 0° reichenden) Supination in der Lage. Je
nach Kontraktions-Zeitpunkt und -Dauer wür-
de der Flügel am Abschlagsende abgebremst
und supiniert und/oder zu Beginn des Auf-
schlags supiniert und beschleunigt (Einleitung
bzw. Fortführung der Schlagumkehrbewe-
gung). Auf eine mögliche zusätzliche Funktion
des Muskels, die mit der hier postulierten
1) Auch Beobachtungen von Neville (1960), die
allerdings anders interpretiert wurden (vgl. S.
99 f.), deuten auf eine phasische Kontraktion des
Muskels am unteren Schlagumkehrpunkt hın.
52 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
CoS
phCP
Abb. 8. Funktionelle Gliederung des Odonaten-Flügels (vgl. Abb. 9). Die CP (bis auf die dhCP schwarz) ist im
hinteren Bereich (phCP) als “Spangengeriist” (durchsichtig) dargestellt; die RAP wurde dorsal großenteils ent-
fernt, um die Teile der Flügelunterseite und das Pleurum zu zeigen. Die Wandungen der CoS- und CuS-Unter-
seite (nur proximal sichtbar) wurden jeweils dichter punktiert als die der Oberseiten. IR;, Ry ,5, s. S. 110f.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 53
“Kontraktion zwischen Ab- und Aufschlags-
phase” in Übereinstimmung steht, soll auf S.
60f. noch eingegangen werden.
Aufschlagsdrehbereich
Mechanik. — Am Ende des Abschlags wird
der Flügel supiniert — einerseits passiv (Schlag-
verlangsamung und dadurch verringerte Luft-
anströmung), andererseits wahrscheinlich aktiv
durch den vca (vgl. oben und S. 98). Der
Muskel vca ware dabei sogar in zweierlei Hin-
sicht ein Supinator: indirekt durch das Abbrem-
sen des Abschlags (Verringerung der passiven
Pronation) und direkt durch die Supinations-
wirkung im Abschlagsdrehbereich. Der Flügel
erreicht jetzt (ebenso wie am Ende des Auf-
schlags) eine zwischen den Drehbereichen lie-
gende Anstellung (0°, Abb. 6). Während des fol-
genden Aufschlags kann er von hier aus nur im
Aufschlagsdrehbereich, durch eine Bewegung
des Cubitalsektors (CuS) relativ zum Costalsek-
tor, supinatorisch weiter gedreht werden (der
Abschlagsdrehbereich befindet sich — und
bleibt — an seinem Anschlag). Auch diese Be-
wegung, die aktiv oder passiv bewirkt werden
kann (s. unten), führt zu einer Verwindung des
Flügels. Im Gegensatz zur (pronatorischen)
Verwindung des Abschlagsdrehbereichs, die mit
einer Drehung des gesamten Verstellflügels ein-
hergeht, wird der Flügel im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich jedoch nur (supinatorisch) verwunden;
proximal ist daran allein die Cubitalsektor-Basis
(CuSB), der kaudale Teil der RAP, beteiligt.
Die Cubitalsektor-Basis ist ventral mit dem
kaudalen Rand des Epifulcrum über das Gelenk
e2 (Abb. 7, 10 und 14) — ein Scharniergelenk,
das für die Bewegungen im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich als bestimmend angesehen werden kann —
verbunden. Dorsal geht der Cubitalsektor über
mehrere, komplizierte Biegestellen in die RAP
über. Wie im Falle des Costalsektors (S. 42,
49) stehen sich also auch hier ein Scharnierge-
lenk (in der ventralen Wandung der RAP) und
eine, in diesem Fall komplexe, Biegezone (in der
dorsalen Wand der RAP) gegenüber, die funk-
tionell als ein einziges Basisgelenk des Flügel-
sektors aufgefaßt werden können. Einzelheiten
dazu sollen erst auf S. 54f., im Zusammenhang
mit der Wirkungsweise des Muskels fa, be-
schrieben werden.
Die für die Cubitalsektor-Bewegung maß-
gebliche Scharnierachse E2 (Abb. 9c, d und 15)
ist schräg zum Flügel ausgerichtet — beim hori-
zontal gestellten, in Schlagmitte befindlichen
Flügel von innen-unten-hinten nach außen-
oben-vorn. Der Cubitalsektor wird dement-
sprechend (bei einer Supination) nach ventral-
frontal-distal bewegt.
Distal von einer aderfreien Zwischenzone
zwischen den Längsadern R+M und CuP
steht der Cubitalsektor vorn über die prägnante
Arculus-Querader (Arc, Abb. 3 und 8) mit dem
Costalsektor in gelenkiger Verbindung. Die an
dieser Stelle vom Radius nach kaudal-distal (als
Arculus) abbiegende Media-Ader kann nur in
einem kurzen Gelenkgebiet (arc, Abb. 3) gegen-
über dem Radius bewegt werden; die Media ist
an dieser Stelle verschmälert, sie wird weiter
proximal wieder dicker und verschmilzt dabei
mit dem Radius zu einer Einheit. Distal vom
Media-Radius-Gelenk arc tritt der Cubitalsek-
tor uber mehrere Gelenke schwacherer Quer-
adern und schließlich über das Nodus-Gelenk
(n, Abb. 8) mit dem Costalsektor in Kontakt.
Die CuS-Bewegung um E2 fuhrt — ebenso
wie die Bewegung des CoS im Abschlagsdreh-
bereich um El (s. S. 49f.) — zu einer Verfor-
mung des Widerlager-bildenden anderen Sek-
tors. Ausschlaggebend ist dabei, daf die Achse
der ım Flügel vom Arculus bis zum Nodus an-
einandergereihten Gelenke, die als ein einziges
Scharniergelenk zwischen Cubitalsektor und
Costalsektor aufgefaßt werden können, anders
ausgerichtet ist als die proximale Drehachse E2
des Cubitalsektors. Eine Bewegung des Cubi-
talsektors kann sich so nicht als eine einfache
Schwenkbewegung gegenüber dem Costalsek-
tor-Widerlager abspielen — sie führt zwangs-
läufig auch zu einer Verformung des CoS: Der
Costalsektor, der proximal als fest eingespannt
betrachtet werden kann (seine supinatorische
Bewegungsmöglichkeit um E1 ist mit Erreichen
des c3-Gelenkanschlages erschöpft — vgl. S.
50), wird ım distalen Bereich nach dorsal ab-
gebogen (die Aderstabilität nımmt nach distal
ab). Außerdem wird auch der (gegenüber dem
CoS weniger stabile) Cubitalsektor selbst ver-
formt: in dem an den Arculus anschließenden
(mittleren) Flügelabschnitt wird das Wellblech-
profil zwischen den Längsadern verändert —
mit fortschreitender supinatorischer Cubital-
sektor-Bewegung werden die Winkel des Well-
blechs spitzer, d.h. die Aderzwischenräume
werden zusammengepreßt.
Im Aufschlagsdrehbereich kommt es dem-
nach bei einer Verwindung, wie im Abschlags-
drehbereich, zu einer Verengung der auf den
Arculus distal folgenden Aderzwischenräume,
und auch — durch Verformung des Arculus
selbst — zu einer Verkleinerung des Abstandes
54 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
zwischen den proximal vom Arculus liegenden
Adern R + M und CuP. Die Verwindungsvor-
gange der beiden Drehbereiche sind jedoch in
mehrerer Hinsicht nicht symmetrisch. Dem
Abschlagsdrehbereich liegt nicht nur eine völlig
unterschiedliche Mechanik zugrunde (vgl. S.
47tt.), die Verwindung ist in diesem Drehbe-
reich außerdem viel geringfügiger als die (supi-
natorische) Verwindung im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich. Diese Asymmetrie wird durch die unter-
schiedliche Stabilitat (und Form) der beiden
Sektoren und durch die nicht-symmetrische
Ausrichtung von E1 und E2 verstarkt. Weiter-
hin spielen einzelne Gelenke entweder nur im
einen oder nur im anderen Drehbereich eine
Rolle: Arculus- und Nodus-Gelenk werden
z.B. nur im Aufschlagsdrehbereich eingesetzt
(s. unten); ein Gelenk der kaudalen Spitze des
Flügeldreiecks (das bisher noch nicht erwähnt
wurde) ermöglicht dagegen die nur im Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich auftretende Wölbung des
Flügelprofils (s. S. 50).
Bei der Supination im Aufschlagsdrehbereich
wird nach distal ein immer größerer Quer-
schnitt des Flügels erfaßt und schließlich die
gesamte Fläche bewegt, wobei v.a. der Gelenk-
einschnitt des Nodus dem distalen Flügel-
Hauptteil einen Spielraum gegenüber dem CoS
gibt. Der geometrische Anstellwinkel (a,
Abb. 26b) wird dadurch zur Flügelspitze hın
allmählich größer (vgl. Abb. 27; zur aerodyna-
mischen Bedeutung der Verwindung s. S. 96f.).
Die Verwindbarkeit des Flügels im Auf-
schlagsdrehbereich ist wohl v.a. durch die zu-
nehmende proximale Verspannung der Spreite
limitiert. Wird der Flügel vom supinatorischen
Extrem (S,,,,) aus pronatorisch zurückgedreht,
so endet der Aufschlagsdrehbereich (wie der
Abschlagsdrehbereich) bei 0°; in diesem Fall
v.a. deshalb, weil der Arculus (bei Planlage der
beiden Sektoren) am Radius einen Anschlag er-
reicht. Auch das Nodus-Gelenk läßt eine Cubi-
talsektor-Bewegung über 0° hinaus nicht zu:
der Spalt in der Vorderrandader schließt sich,
wobei auch hier ein Anschlag gebildet ist, der
ein erneutes Spalt-Offnen (bei der nun folgen-
den pronatorischen Verwindung im Abschlags-
drehbereich) verhindert.
Kräfte. — Auch im Aufschlagsdrehbereich
kann der geometrische Anstellwinkel des
Flügels — in diesem Fall von der Cubitalsektor-
Basıs (CuSB) aus — aktiv vergrößert oder ver-
kleinert werden. Drei Muskeln setzen an der
Cubitalsektor-Basis an (sub2, sub3, fa; Abb. 3),
jedoch können nur zwei davon (sub3, fa) als
zum Aufschlagsdrehbereich gehörige Stellmus-
keln angesehen werden.
Der Fulcroalarmuskel fa entspringt von einer
kurzen Kappensehne, die an der Grenze zwi-
schen Fulcrum und Epifulcrum beweglich auf-
gehängt ist (Abb. 2, 3 und 8), und zieht, etwa in
Körperlängsrichtung, zum kaudalen Ende der
RAP. Dort greift der Muskel an der Kutikula
der Oberseite der CuSB an. Da die Funktion
des fa nur verständlich wird, wenn die skelett-
mechanischen Verhältnisse parallel dazu genau
beschrieben werden, soll das komplizierte dor-
sale Gelenkgebiet der CuSB im Abschnitt
“Kräfte” (und nicht im Abschnitt “Mechanik”)
behandelt werden.
Die Ansatzflache des fa stellt ein in die kau-
dale RAP eingesenktes Gebiet dar, das nach
ventral und lateral apodemartig etwas über den
Rand der Vertiefung hinaus ins Körperinnere
vorragt (Abb. 15). Nach kaudal-dorsal setzt es
sich in einem Sklerit fort, der anfangs etwa
senkrecht auf der Muskelansatzfläche steht,
dann zur Postcubitus- und Analis-Basis hin um-
biegt und in diese übergeht. Dieses geschwun-
gene Skleritband, der Cubitalsektor-Hebel
(CuSH, Abb. 1a, 3, 8 und 15), verbindet das
Ansatzgebiet des Muskels außerdem mit der
Unterseite der kaudalen RAP (die weiter vorn
das Gelenk e2 zum Epifulcrum ausbildet); die
Verbindungsstelle liegt da, wo die Dorsalseite
des Flügels an der Basis der Analıs in die Ven-
tralseite umschlägt. (Das Flügel-Ligament und
die Membranula, die diese Stelle verdecken,
wurden in den Abb. 3 und 8 weggelassen.)
Der CuSH grenzt vorn an einen Membran-
spalt (ms, Abb. 1a, 3 und 15), der proxımal von
der Stelle ausgeht, wo der CuSH auf das An-
satzgebiet des fa trifft. An dieser Stelle beginnt
außerdem eine schmale Zone besonders harter
(sich schwarz hervorhebender) Kutikula (z,
Abb. 1a, 9c und 15), die sich nach frontal-dor-
sal-distal erstreckt und an einem in Flügellängs-
richtung verlaufenden Falz (f, Abb. 15) ge-
lenkartig endet. Der Falz, der die RAP etwa auf
der Höhe des Postcubitus durchzieht, kann als
die vordere, dorsale Grenze der CuSB aufgefaßt
werden: an dieser Linie “artikuliert” die CuSB
(stark vereinfacht ausgedrückt) mit der RAP-
Mittenregion, wobei sie v.a. durch die Sklerit-
verstärkung z eine besondere Aufhängung er-
hält.
Die CuSB wird bei einer supinatorischen
Verwindung des Flügels (vgl. S. 53) sowohl
ventral (gegenüber dem Epifulcrum) als auch
dorsal (gegenüber der vor dem Falz f liegenden
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 55
RAP-Mittenregion) bewegt. Auf der Flugelun-
terseite wird der Winkel zwischen den am
Scharniergelenk e2 aneinandergrenzenden Tei-
len verkleinert; auf der Oberseite wird das
Ansatzgebiet des fa nach hinten(-oben) aus
der RAP “herausbewegt” und der Muskel da-
durch gedehnt (schematisch dargestellt in Abb.
9c > d, 14c + e und 15). Diese Bewegung
des Muskelansatzgebietes verläuft sehr genau ın
der Richtung der Muskelfasern des fa. Die Bie-
gegelenke der dorsalen CuSB übersetzen dem-
nach die Bewegung des Cubitalsektors um die
Scharnierachse E2 in eine in der Muskelzugrich-
tung verlaufende Bewegung des fa-Ansatzes.
Beobachtet man den Fulcroalarmuskel (durch
kleine Fenster in der Kutikula), so kann man bei
supinatorischer Bewegung des Cubitalsektors
deutlich die Dehnung des Muskels beobachten.
Dabei wird der gesamte Muskel gedehnt (so-
wohl die dorsalen wie auch die ventralen Faser-
partien! Vgl. dagegen Tannert, 1958; Tabelle 1,
S. 112f. und Anmerkung 6, S. 114).
Aus dem Beschriebenen ergibt sich, daß der
fa bei seiner Kontraktion der Supinationsbewe-
gung des Cubitalsektors entgegenwirkt — er ist
demnach ein Pronator des Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reichs.
Beim Aufschlag wird die Flügeloberseite an-
geströmt. Da die maßgebliche Drehachse E2 der
Cubitalsektorbewegung den Flügel so
durchschneidet, daß der größte Teil seiner
Fläche sich kaudal von E2 befindet, wird der
Flügel beim Aufschlag passiv supinatorisch, zur
Richtung der anströmenden Luft hin, gedreht.
Die passiven Kräfte wirken also entsprechend
wie beim Abschlag, in diesem Fall jedoch nicht
pronierend, sondern supinierend (vgl. S. 51).
Der aerodynamische Anstellwinkel kann dem-
nach beim Aufschlag durch einen pronatori-
schen Muskel vergrößert werden (vgl. Abb.
26b) — dafür kommt allein der fa, der einzige
Pronator des Aufschlagsdrehbereichs, in Be-
tracht (zur aerodynamischen Bedeutung des fa
vel. S. 95f.).
Der Cubitalsektor-Hebel CuSH ist als das
wesentliche kraftübertragende Element zwi-
schen dem Muskel fa und dem distalen Cubital-
sektor zu betrachten. Er ist selbst biegbar und
so funktionell weniger mit einem Hebel als mit
einem flexiblen Kupplungsstück zu vergleichen.
Je nach der Größe der Zugkräfte von distal
(Luft) und proximal (fa) wird das geschwungene
CuSH-Band verschieden stark abgeflacht (“in
die Länge gezogen”), wobei der vor dem Skle-
ritband liegende Membranspalt (ms) den für die
verschiedenen Biegungszustände notwendigen
Spielraum gibt. Für die Bewegung des CuSH
sind aber noch weitere Strukturen ın der dorsa-
len RAP, die hier nur kurz erwähnt werden
können, wesentlich. So ist die RAP z.B. kaudal
vom Gelenk t2 membranös eingeschnitten. Die-
ser Spalt, der sich parallel zum medialen Rand
der RAP erstreckt (Abb. 1a), spielt bei der Ver-
formung der kaudalen RAP durch den fa eine
wesentliche Rolle und hält sie außerdem an-
scheinend von der Stelle t2 fern: Die Kraft des fa
wirkt von kaudal auf den Membranspalt, wo-
durch der RAP-Rand nach medial bewegt (ab-
gespreizt) wird. Dadurch wird der Schub auf
das tergale Flügelgelenk t2 und den Tergalzap-
fen TZ verringert (die Bewegung des Randes
nach medial wird ihrerseits in den Gelenken des
Sklerits G2 “abgefangen”). Weitere strukturelle
Besonderheiten der RAP sollen auf S. 62ff. be-
schrieben werden.
Das vordere Apodem des fa ist genau am
pleuralen Hauptgelenk p2 des Flügels aufge-
hängt (Abb. 3). Dadurch befindet sich der Mus-
kelursprung, bezogen auf den Auf- und Ab-
schlag des Flügels, in einer neutralen Lage, d.h.,
die Flügelschlagbewegung beeinflußt den Mus-
kel an dieser Stelle nicht, der Muskel seinerseits
nicht die Schlagbewegung. Anders verhält es
sich mit der von der P1/P2-Achse weiter ent-
fernt liegenden kaudalen Muskelansatzstelle; sie
macht die Auf- und Abschlagsbewegungen mit.
Da der Muskelursprung jedoch uber ein mem-
branöses Sehnenstück am Fulcrum befestigt ist
und so eine vielseitig bewegliche Aufhangung
besitzt (die auch um die Achse P1/P2 drehbar
ist — die Sehne wird dabei tordiert), fuhrt der
Flugelschlag zu keiner Torsion des Muskels: der
fa wird als Ganzes zusammen mit der RAP um
P1/P2 bewegt und ist damit funktionell als
flügelinterner Muskel zu betrachten. Er könnte
sich theoretisch zu jedem Zeitpunkt des
Flügelschlags kontrahieren. Beim Abschlag ist
der Flügel jedoch proniert angestellt und wird
außerdem so angeströmt, daß sich der Cubital-
sektor auf jeden Fall an seinem pronatorischen
Anschiag befindet (s. S. 51, 54). Der fa wird
in dieser Phase nicht gedehnt (belastet) oder ge-
staucht (entlastet), da er bei einer Veränderung
der Flügelanstellung im Abschlagsdrehbereich
zusammen mit der RAP bewegt wird, und der
CuS dabei an seinem Anschlag bleibt. Nur die
zur supinatorischen Verwindung des Flügels
(und Abbiegung des CuS) führenden Kräfte be-
wirken eine Dehnung des Muskels, dessen
Funktion so auf den Aufschlagsdrehbereich ein-
56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
geengt werden kann. In diesem Bereich kann
der fa den Cubitalsektor selbst bei maximaler
Kontraktion (und fehlenden Gegenkraften)
höchstens bis zu seinem pronatorischen An-
schlag (0°-Anstellung, vgl. S. 46f., 54) bewegen
— der Muskel ist wirkungslos, wenn der CuS
durch andere Krafte an seinem Anschlag gehal-
ten wird. Er könnte also auch tonisch sein (vgl.
aber S. 44) und wäre dennoch nur beim Auf-
schlag wirksam.
Der 3. Subalarmuskel sub3 (Abb. 2 und 3)
greift kaudal (wenig vor dem sub2) an der Un-
terseite der Cubitalsektor-Basis an und zieht
nach ventral-lateral-kaudal. Der Muskel ist rela-
tiv schwach und kurz und enthält in seiner dor-
salen Ansatzsehne ein langliches Stück Resilin.
Da eine phasische Kontraktion des wenig lateral
von der Schlagachse P1/P2 ansetzenden Mus-
kels beim Abschlag nur von sehr geringer Wir-
kung sein durfte, ist von vornherein anzuneh-
men, daß der sub3 tonisch aktiv ist (vgl. z.B.
Hatch, 1966; auch eigene elektrische Reizversu-
‘che — s. S. 44 — sprechen dafür). Seine Kraft-
wirkung fällt dann aber (abgesehen von einer
anfänglichen Federwirkung des Resilinstücks)
nicht in die Abschlagsphase (wie Neville u.a.
annimmt; vgl. Anmerkung 19, S. 116), sondern
in die Aufschlagsphase: beim Abschlag wird der
Muskel (wie eine Zugfeder) gestaucht und ent-
lastet, beim Aufschlag dagegen belastet. Der
sub3 würde demnach (ähnlich wie der bas2, vgl.
S. 45) v.a. die Aufschlagsgeschwindigkeit des
Flügels vermindern. Da er auch einen Hebelarm
zur Cubitalsektor-Drehachse E2 besitzt!), supi-
niert er den Flügel gleichzeitig (auf diese Dop-
pelfunktion soll in der Diskussion noch einge-
gangen werden — s. S. 95f; zur weiterhin
möglichen Beteiligung des Muskels an der unte-
ren Flügel-Wendepunktsdrehung s. S. 98).
Möglicherweise ist die 2-tache Wirkung des
Muskels z.B. bei sitzenden Libelluliden direkt
zu beobachten: sie ziehen die Flügel, v.a. bei
Annäherung eines Feindes, nach unten-vorn
(manchmal mit wenigen, ruckartigen Bewegun-
gen) und verwinden sie dabei stark supinato-
risch. Die erste Schlagphase, ein Aufschlag, der
die Libelle v.a. nach vorn treibt, ware damit
“vorbereitet” (zur Vortriebswirkung des
Aufschlags vgl. S. 96).
Der 2. Subalarmuskel sub2 wurde schon auf
S. 50f. besprochen und als der wesentliche
Muskel zur Vergrößerung des aerodynamischen
Anstellwinkels beim Abschlag interpretiert.
Dieser Muskel setzt zwar wie der sub3 auch am
Cubitalsektor an (Abb. 3), da seine Zugrichtung ~
jedoch praktisch mit der Ausrichtung des Cubi-
talsektor-Epifulcrum-Gelenkes e2 zusammen-
fallt, bewegt er die RAP supinatorisch als Gan-
zes (was nur im Abschlagsdrehbereich möglich
ist!). Er würde demnach — falls er beim
Aufschlag kontrahiert würde — keine Supina-
tionsbewegung des Cubitalsektors (relativ zum
CoS) bewirken, sondern nur der Aufschlagsbe-
wegung entgegenarbeiten.
1) Dieser Hebelarm ist im Metathorax der Anisopte-
ren sehr klein — möglicherweise ein sekundärer
Zustand, der im Zusammenhang mit der besonde-
ren Spezialisierung des Segments in dieser Gruppe
steht (vgl. S. 61f., 95 f., 101, 110).
Abb. 9. Prinzipschemata der Flügelstellbewegungen. Die Teile wurden zu Platten (CP und RAP) und Ge-
stangen (CoS, CuS) vereinfacht; die distalen Verbindungen der Flügelsektoren wurden weggelassen. Die RAP
ist in den einzelnen Bildpaaren dorsal-proximal auf verschiedener Höhe angeschnitten; die CP zeigt im vorderen
Bereich (vCP, mCP) einen Anschnitt auf der Höhe des Pleurum und wurde nur kaudal (phCP) in ganzer Aus-
dehnung (nach proximal vorragend) gezeichnet. Widerlagerbildende (bei den Bewegungen ortsfeste) Teile dun-
kel (Flügeloberseite) oder schwarz (Unterseite), ihre Anschnitte und Kanten weiß gekennzeichnet; bewegte Tei-
le weiß (Flügeloberseite) oder schraffiert (Unterseite, Anschnitte und Kanten). Muskelbezeichnungen nur für
kontrahierte Muskeln eingetragen. a — b Pronation im Abschlagsdrehbereich (b — a Supination). Die klei-
nen Pfeile an der Achse C1 (die vereinfachend als Scharnierachse angesehen wird) deuten eine (geringe) Verstel-
lung dieser Drehachse an (s. S. 50). Die “eigentliche” Drehachse liegt zwischen C1 und P2/C4 (s. S. 50). Der
bei x, in (a) kaudal von der Achse P2/C4 (und lateral von der Schlagachse) angreifende subl wurde nicht einge-
zeichnet (der bas1 greift bei x,, am Widerlager, an). Die dem vorderen Epifulcrum-Gelenk el (> Achse E1)
gegenüberliegende Gelenkzone in der RAP-Dorsalseite (vgl. S. 42) wurde stark vereinfacht als Gelenkein-
schnitt dargestellt. c > d Supination im Aufschlagsdrehbereich (d > c Pronation). Der sub3 wurde nicht
eingezeichnet (er ist in d kontrahiert bzw. — bei passiver Supination — gestaucht). e > f Vorschwingen des
Vorderflügels — der Flügel sei weitgehend abgeschlagen (f > e Zurückschwingen). Zur Wirkung des dim,
dvm1 und pa s. S. 60f. (pa nur bei Zygopteren und Epiophlebia); zur Drehung der RAP im p2-Resilingelenk
und Auslenkung von RAP+Fulcrum im Gelenk fu vgl. S. 58f.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 57
VERANDERUNG DER FLUGELSCHLAGBAHN —
“VOR- UND ZURUCKSCHWINGEN” DES FLÜGELS
Diese Bewegungsmöglichkeit des Flügels ist
bei Anisopteren nur im Vorderflügel-Segment
entwickelt, im Metathorax dagegen reduziert.
Daß ein Vor-Zurückschwing-Mechanismus bei
Libellen ursprünglich in beiden Segmenten vor-
handen war (allerdings im Metathorax mit einer
abweichenden tergalen Mechanik und einem
“kontraren” Muskelantagonismus; s. S. 61f.),
ergibt sich aus dem Vergleich mit Zygopteren
und Anisozygopteren; auf diese Gruppen kann
hier jedoch nur kurz eingegangen werden.
58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Mechanik. — Hier soll zunachst nur der Me-
chanismus des Flügelvorschwingens beschrie-
ben werden. Auf den Rückschwing-Vorgang
(der sich, durch Umkehrung, daraus leicht er-
gibt) wird im Zusammenhang mit den Kräften
(s. weiter unten) eingegangen.
Bei der Vorschwingbewegung bildet die Ter-
galbrücke (Tb, Abb. 1a) zusammen mit der
mittleren Tergalregion T und den beiden
Flügeln (genauer den Flügeln ohne
CP*1)) eine Bewegungskette. Sie beginnt
bei der Tergalbrücke, die in ihren lateralen Ge-
lenken ti gegenüber den CP* nach hinten
geschwenkt wird (Abb. 1b, c; Bewegung um die
quer zum Tier stehende Scharnierachse T1/T1).
Dadurch wird die Tergalregion T nach kaudal
verschoben, die beiden über die Gelenke t2 mit
den Flügeln in Verbindung stehenden Tergal-
zapfen (TZ) werden kaudad-dorsad gedrückt
und bewegen gleichzeitig beide Flügel. Dabei
spielt (jetzt für den einzelnen Flügel betrachtet)
v.a. ein innerhalb des Flügels liegendes, aus
zwei Gelenken zusammengesetztes Scharnier-
gelenk c2/c4 (s. unten) eine wesentliche Rolle.
Ein Flügel kann nämlich erst dann nach vorn
schwingen, wenn die durch die beiden Gelenke
c2 und c4 laufende Drehachse C2/C4 überhaupt
“gebildet” ist und auch in einer bestimmten
Ausrichtung zum Körper steht; da dies nur in
einem kurzen, unteren Abschnitt des Flügel-
schlags der Fall ist, ist der Mechanismus ın
den übrigen Phasenabschnitten erschwert bis ge-
sperrt.
Die erste Voraussetzung ergibt sich aus der
Lage und Struktur der beiden Gelenke c2 und
c4: c2 liegt vorn in der Flügeloberseite zwischen
der phCP und der dhCP (Abb. 1a und 3); c4 ist
das schon bei der Besprechung des Abschlags-
drehbereichs erwähnte Gelenk in der Unterseite
des Flügels zwischen der CP (mCP) und der
RUE (CAO Sa und 10) IDA €2 ombre Sica Gin
Scharniergelenk darstellt, das bei Flugeldrehbe-
wegungen im Abschlagsdrehbereich zusammen
mit der hCP bewegt wird (wodurch sich die
Ausrichtung der Achse C2 verändert), ist das
zusammengesetzte Scharniergelenk c2/c4 (und
damit die wesentliche Achse C2/C4 der
Vorschwingbewegung) erst dann “funktions-
fähig” wenn C2 auf c4 zielt. Dies ist der Fall,
wenn sich der Flügel in einer bestimmten An-
stellung, nämlich am supinatorischen Anschlag
1) Unter der CP* wird der proximale Teil der CP
(vCP + mCP + phCP), also die CP ohne dhCP,
verstanden (s. Abb. 1b).
des Abschlagsdrehbereichs, befindet (dagegen
steht die Achse C2 z.B. bei einem extrem pro-
niert angestellten Flügel, bei dem die hCP stark
nach dorsal gebogen ist, fast parallel zur Flügel-
fläche, und die Vorschwingbewegung ist in die-
sem Fall gesperrt; vgl. Abb. 9b, 14a und S.
47ff.)2). Das Gelenk c4, das sowohl im Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich (bei der Bewegung des
Flügels in den Gelenken p2/c4 und c1) als auch
bei der Vorschwing-Bewegung (um C2/C4) ei-
ne Rolle spielt, ist seiner Struktur nach beiden
Funktionen angepafst (Abb. 10): die RAP greift
(an der Stelle, wo das Epifulcrum-Gelenk el
proximal beginnt) mit Fortsatzen so in die ven-
trale mCP ein, daß Bewegungen um beide
Drehachsen möglich sind; sie ist andererseits an
dieser Stelle mit der CP so “verzahnt”, daf sich
CP und RAP bei den Schlagbewegungen wech-
selseitig “mitnehmen” (vgl. S. 50).
Die zweite Voraussetzung folgt aus der sich
im Verlauf des Flügelschlags relativ zum Körper
verändernden Ausrichtung der Achse C2/C4.
Diese steht-beim aufgeschlagenen Flügel etwa in,
einer Sagittalebene (nahezu senkrecht, nach
vorn geneigt), wird gegen Ende des Abschlags
dagegen durch eine Horizontalebene bewegt.
Während die Vorschwing-Bewegung beim auf-
geschlagenen Flügel gesperrt ist — sie würde zu
einer Bewegung des kaudalen RAP-Randes
nach lateral führen, was jedoch infolge des seit-
wärts nicht dehnbaren hinteren Tergalbereichs
nicht möglich ist?) — wird sie im Verlauf des
Abschlags, jenseits der Schlagmitte, allmählich
“freigegeben”. Die Achse C2/C4 wird dabei an-
scheinend mehr und mehr “entsprechend einer
im Gelenk t2 bestehenden RAP-Bewe-
gungsmöglichkeit relativ zum Tergum” ausge-
richtet. Eine Vorschwingbewegung wäre jedoch
dennoch nicht durchführbar, wenn nicht auch
eine Bewegung gegenüber dem Pleurum statt-
finden könnte; die Achse C2/C4 verläuft ja me-
dial nicht durch das Gelenk p2 hindurch, son-
dern wenig vor ihm vorbei (Abb. 9). Diese Re-
lativbewegung der RAP wird wohl weitgehend
2) Somit kann eine Bewegung der dhCP im proxima-
len Gelenk c2 erst dann stattfinden, wenn im dista-
len Gelenk c3 der 0°-Anschlag erreicht ist (vgl. S.
50). Die nach Tannert (1958, lc. Abb. 29) be-
stehende “unabhängige Wirkungsweise” der bei-
den Gelenke c2 und c3 trifft also nicht zu.
3) Erst wenn man den kaudal von t2 befindlichen
Rand der RAP vom Tergum vollständig abtrennt,
ist die Bewegung um C2/C4 auch im oberen
Schlagbereich möglich.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 59
\ AN
C2/C4 \
P2/C4
Abb. 10. Das Gelenk c4 (Innenansicht — rechter
Vorderflügel von Aeshna cyanea). Apodem des fa
weggelassen. Punktiert: Membranverbindungen und
Resilin (r); das Resilinpolster ist im Vorderflügel be-
sonders groß und spielt dort auch beim Flügelvor-und
-zurückschwingen eine Rolle (vgl. unten). Das Ge-
lenk c4, das zwischen der ventralen mCP und der
RAP liegt, gestattet Pronations-Supinationsbewe-
gungen im Abschlagsdrehbereich (p, s; Achse P2/C4)
und Vor-Zurückschwing-Bewegungen (v,z; Achse
C2/C4); beim Flügelschlag sind RAP und (m)CP
(durch die “Verzahnung” der Teile bei c4 — und
durch ein weiteres Gelenk, c3) eng aneinander gekop-
pelt. CH: ventraler Ansatzstift des Chordotonal-
organs.
durch das Resilinpolster des Gelenkes p2 selbst
ermöglicht (Verlagerung und Drehung des Epi-
fulcrum-Zapfens gegenüber dem Fulcrum),
führt aber außerdem anscheinend — ın einem an
der Gabelungsstelle der Pleuralleiste liegenden,
ventralen Gelenk des Fulcrum (fu, Abb. 9e) —
zu einer Seitwarts-Auslenkung des ganzen
|
Fulcrum. (Wahrscheinlich ist das Gelenk fu, das
für eine federnde Auflage des Flügels sorgt,
außerdem auch beim Flügelschlag von Bedeu-
tung.)
Die durch die Gelenke c2 und c4 verlaufende
Drehachse C2/C4 steht schrag zum Flugel. Sie
ist (beim horizontal gestellten Flügel) von un-
ten-innen-hinten nach oben-außen-vorn ausge-
richtet (Abb. 1b). Die relativ zur CP* stattfin-
dende “Vorschwing”-Bewegung ist dement-
sprechend kompliziert: die Flügelspitze bewegt
sich zunächst v.a. nach vorn-unten und dann —
da die flügelinterne Achse C2/C4 zusammen
mit dem gleichzeitig weiter abschlagenden
Flügel weiterbewegt wird und so ihre Ausrich-
tung verändert — nach medial-dorsal (Abb. 28,
29), wobei gleichzeitig auch eine Art “Supina-
tion” stattfindet. Diese letztgenannten Bewe-
gungen sind jedoch als Komponenten der
Vorschwing-Bewegung anzusehen und dürfen
nicht mit den auf S. 46ff. und 43 ff. beschriebenen
Drehbewegungen um die Längsachse oder mit
der Schlagbewegung des Flügels (beide gesche-
hen ja um andere, eigene Achsen) verwechselt
werden. Man könnte die Vorschwing-Bewe-
gung aufgrund ihrer supinatorischen Kompo-
nente (die am kaudalen Senken der RAP in der
Abb. 1b und 9f zu erkennen ist) auch als eine
Art “Fortsetzung” der Supination des Ab-
schlagsdrehbereichs mit anderer Mechanik (und
Muskulatur) bezeichnen: sie beginnt erst dann,
wenn sich der Abschlagsdrehbereich an seinem
Anschlag befindet (s.S. 50 und weiter oben).
In der Bewegungskette Tb-T-RAP wird eine
Schwenkbewegung der Tergalbrücke (um die
Querachse T1/T1) und Schubbewegung des
Tergum in eine Flugelbewegung (um die schrag
zu T1/T1 stehende Achse C2/C4) “umgesetzt”.
Dies ist nur möglich, wenn noch weitere Gelen-
ke und Biegestellen mitwirken. So spielt z.B. ein
Gelenk zwischen der Tergalbrücke und der
mittleren Tergalregion T (g, Abb. 1b, c) eine
wichtige Rolle. Außerdem ist der Tergalzapfen
TZ gegenüber T biegbar — er wird in einem
Gelenkeinschnitt seiner Basıs tordiert (der Ge-
lenkeinschnitt wird während des Schubvorgan-
ges verengt). Schließlich wird eine Bewegung
des Tergum nach kaudal, relativ zur CP*, v.a.
dadurch ermöglicht, daf die Tergum-Mittenre-
gion T gegenüber den tergalen Seitenbereichen
in der Tierlängsrichtung verschiebbar ist (s.
auch weiter unten): die Bewegung läuft proxi-
mal an der CP* entlang, “umgeht” sie gewisser-
maßen. Da das Gelenk pl der CP* ein in der
Tierlangsrichtung verlaufendes Scharniergelenk
darstellt (vgl. z.B. Abb. 7), ist andererseits distal
dafür gesorgt, daß die CP* das für eine effektive
Vorschwingbewegung notwendige stabile Wi-
derlager bildet; die Bewegung wird dadurch
von dem die Costalplatte betreffenden Teil des
Flügelantriebs unabhängig.
Wie auf S. 37ff. schon beschrieben wurde,
geht das Tergum T seitlich in die Apodem-
Einstülpung des indirekten Hebers dvmi über
und grenzt dann weiter lateral (unter Vermitt-
60 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
lung der Sklerite vTS, hTS und RS) an die Co-
stalplatte. Verschiedene Gelenke dieses Ter-
gum-Seitenbereichs (der sich kaudad weiter bis
zum TZ erstreckt) spielen bei der Schubbewe-
gung von T eine Rolle: 1) ein Resilingelenk zwi-
schen der Tergalbrücke und dem Sklerit vTS (s.
Abb. 1a, ohne nahere Bezeichnung), 2) der
Gelenkspalt zwischen vTS und hTS, 3) der
Gelenkeinschnitt zwischen vTS und RS und 4)
eine Membranzone zwischen der medialen
Wandung des dvm1-Apodems und T (m, Abb.
la) — kaudal geht die Wand des Apodems
allerdings sklerotisiert in den Tergalzapfen
uber, so daß der untere Teil der Medialwand des
dvm1-Apodems zusammen mit dem TZ bewegt:
wird und dabei durch die Membran m gegen-
uber T einen Bewegungsspielraum erhalt (dies
erscheint notwendig, wenn man die oben er-
wahnte Torsion des TZ bedenkt; s. dazu auch
unten). Da die Zugwirkung von kaudal auf den
hTS (t2-Bewegung) starker ist als die Schubwir-
kung von proximal auf den vIS (Tb-Bewe-
gung), wird der Winkel zwischen vTS und hTS
beim Flügelvorschwingen stumpfer — der Ter-
gum-Seitenbereich wird also gestreckt. Die Ter-
galbrücken-Bewegung wirkt sich dadurch auch
nach seitlich auf den Randsklerit aus, bleibt aber
anscheinend ohne mechanische Auswirkung auf
die CP* selbst, da die (geringe) Bewegung des
vTS nach lateral weitgehend in den Gelenken
des RS abgefangen wird (der RS kann zwar im
Gelenk tl eine Bewegung nach lateral
durchführen, sein distal in den Flügel reichen-
der Fortsatz — an dem der vca ansetzt — gleitet
dabei aber lediglich, in einer Führung der Un-
terseite der phCP, an der CP entlang).
Beim Flügel-Vorschwingen wird also nur die
dhCP (der distale Teil der CP) zusammen mit
der RAP und dem Flügel bewegt, der Rest der
CP stellt das Widerlager dar und bleibt in Ruhe.
Im Verlauf des Vorschwingens wird der proxi-
male Membranspalt zwischen CP und RAP ver-
größert, der vor dem Gelenk c2 (zwischen der
dhCP und CP*) befindliche Gelenkspalt da-
gegen verengt (vgl. Abb. 1a > b; 9e > fi).
Schließlich schlägt der proximale Rand der
dhCP an der phCP an und begrenzt den Bewe-
gungsspielraum.
Kräfte. — Der dorsale Längsmuskel dlm ist
der einzige Muskel (im Mesothorax), der den
Flügel um die Drehachse C2/C4 nach vorn zu
schwingen vermag (Abb. 1; 9e, f). Der Mecha-
nismus ist jedoch (wie schon beschrieben wur-
de) nur ın einem kurzen, unteren Abschnitt des
Flügelschlags (Ende Abschlag, Beginn Auf-
schlag) “freigegeben”; da dem dlm am Anfang
der Aufschlagsphase ein erheblich kräftigerer
Muskel (der dvm1, s. unten) antagonistisch ge-
genübersteht, läßt sich der Zeitpunkt der dlm-
Kontraktion auf das Abschlagsende einengen.
Das dorsale Apodem des indirekten Hebers
dvmi ist zwar einerseits (bedingt durch Ge-
lenkspalte und ein Membrangebiet, s. weiter
oben) gegenüber der Tergalregion T und gegen-
über der CP* beweglich, andererseits jedoch
kaudal fest mit dem Tergalzapfen TZ verbun-
den. Das dvm1-Apodem wird daher, wenn der
Flügel am Ende des Abschlags nach vorn
schwingt, aufgrund der Bewegung des TZ kau-
dal angehoben und damit insgesamt schräg ge-
stellt: dabei wird der dvml, v.a. im kaudalen
Bereich, gedehnt. Setzt nun der Flügelaufschlag
ein, so wirkt der dvm1 so lange zusätzlich als
Rückschwingmuskel des Flügels, bis das Apo-
dem wieder seine ursprüngliche Ausrichtung er-
reicht hat. Dies ist spätestens dann der Fall,
wenn die zwischen phCP und dhCP befindliche
Membran des c2-Gelenks straff gespannt ist und
kein weiteres Rückschwingen mehr zuläßt. Von
da an verteilt der dvm1 seine Kraft (nur noch
flügelhebend) gleichmäßig auf die CP und RAP.
Der dvmi (zumindest sein kaudaler Ab-
schnitt!)) ist somit am Aufschlagsbeginn als An-
tagonist des dim flügelrückschwingend wirksam
— ein Vorschwingen ist während des Flügel-
aufschlags nicht möglich. (Im Falle einer toni-
schen dlm-Kontraktion müßte ein Teil der
dvmi-Kraft zu Beginn des Aufschlags gegen
den dim aufgebracht werden und ginge damit
dem Aufschlag verloren; vgl. dazu auch S. 44,
100f.)
Ein effizientes Flügelvorschwingen (und voll-
ständiges Ausnützen des Vorschwing-Bewe-
gungsspielraums ım unteren Abschnitt der
Abschlagsphase) erscheint v.a. dann möglich,
wenn schon vor der Kontraktion des dlm Kräfte
wirksam werden, die den Flügel supinatorisch
bis zum Anschlag drehen und dann weiter auch
am supinatorischen Anschlag halten (vgl. die
“erste Voraussetzung”, S. 58; s. auch Abb.
26e: Anströmung der Flügelunterseite während
1) Eine morphologische Unterteilung des dvml in ei-
ne vordere und hintere Portion (die diesem funk-
tionellen Unterschied entspricht) konnte nicht ge-
funden werden: Der Muskel ist äußerlich einheit-
lich — die dorsale Tracheen-Einmündung teilt das
Apodem und den Muskel nur scheinbar (vgl. auch
S. 114f., Anmerkung 9).
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 61
des Vorschwingens!). Als ein in dieser Weise
nützlicher “Hilfsmuskel” des dim könnte etwa
der vca eingesetzt werden, der als Supinator des
unteren Schlagumkehrpunktes interpretiert
wurde (vgl. S. 51). Der Muskel ist aber wahr-
scheinlich noch in einer weiteren Hinsicht für
eine Unterstützung und Steigerung der dlm-
Funktion geeignet: Da er einen Hebelarm zur
Auf-Abschlagsachse P1/P2 besitzt, bremst er
den Flügelabschlag gleichzeitig; dadurch kann
die Vorschwingbewegung ihrerseits stärker zur
Auswirkung kommen (vgl. Abb. 28a, b; zur
möglichen aerodynamischen Bedeutung der
Vorschwingbewegung s. S. 100). \
Da die Achse T1/T1 in einer senkrecht zur
Körperlängsachse stehenden Vertikalebene fest-
liegt (d.h.: die Gelenke t1 sind weder nach vorn
noch nach hinten relativ zueinander versetzbar),
wird der Schub der Tergalbrücke stets auf die
Radioanalplatten beider Körperseiten aufgeteilt;
beide dlm wirken jeweils sowohl auf den rech-
ten als auch linken Flügel. Es ist somit
gleichgültig, ob nur ein Muskel sich stark kon-
trahiert oder ob beide Muskeln halb so stark ar-
beiten — die Muskeln der beiden Körperseiten
sind als vollkommen funktionsgleich anzuse-
hen. Ihre Auswirkung am Flügel wird jedoch
von anderen Kräften mitbestimmt und kann
demnach unilateral beeinflußt werden (z.B.
durch den vca, s. oben; außerdem — bei Zygo-
pteren und Epiophlebia — durch den pa, s. un-
ten). Schlagasymmetrien, die zu einer Kippung
der Tb um die Körperlängsachse führen, könn-
ten außerdem eine (geringe) Rolle spielen (vgl.
auch S. 46). Schließlich ist noch eine direkte
Beeinflussung der mesothorakalen dim durch
das metathorakale Tergum zu bedenken, da die
beiden Muskeln kaudal-lateral von der Vorder-
randleiste (Antecosta) des Metathorax (acy;
Abb. 1) entspringen und der Tergum-Vorder-
rand des Metathorax beim Flug mit dem Schlag
der Hinterflügel auf- und abbewegt wird (dies
wurde in der Abb. 1c angedeutet). Da die dlm
jedoch kaudad auseinanderspreizen (sie greifen
geradezu “so weit wie möglich” lateral an seitli-
chen Vorsprüngen der Antecosta an!)), dürften
sich Phasenunterschiede der Vorder- und Hin-
terfligel nur geringfügig (über Dehnung oder
Stauchung der Muskeln) direkt auf die Vor-
schwingbewegung auswirken. Eine starkere in-
') Bemerkenswert ist, daß die metathorakalen dlm
der Zygoptera und Anisozygoptera “normal” (ple-
siomorph) ausgerichtet sind: bei ihnen besteht die
Gefahr einer störenden Einwirkung durch ein fol-
gendes Segment ja nicht!
direkte Beeinflussung über das Postnotum er-
scheint mir dagegen möglich.
Nur die Zygoptera und die Anisozygoptera
(Gattung Epiophlebia) besitzen im Mesothorax
(vom Muskel dvm1, der den Flügel zu Beginn
des Aufschlags auf jeden Fall in die Grund-
schlagbahnebene zurückschwingt, abgesehen)
einen direkten Antagonisten des dim, den Pleu-
roalarmuskel pa (Abb. 2; 9e, f)?). Dieser Muskel
könnte z.B. für eine unilaterale Einstellung der
dlm-Kraftwirkung wesentlich sein. Er könnte
darüber hinaus (v.a. wenn der dim nicht kontra-
hiert wird) auch für die Erzeugung besonders
steiler Flügelschläge eingesetzt werden und
würde den Schlagbahn-Spielraum zu besonders
großen Winkeln hin erweitern (Abb. 28c). Dar-
auf (und auf die mögliche aerodynamische Be-
deutung des dlm und pa) soll in der Diskussion
(S. 99ff. und S. 109f.) noch eingegangen wer-
den.
Während der Vor- und Zurückschwingme-
chanismus im Hinterflügel-Segment der An-
isopteren reduziert ist (s. weiter unten), findet
er sich bei Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren in
beiden Flügelsegmenten. Der metathorakale
Mechanismus dieser Gruppen weist jedoch
große Unterschiede (in der tergalen Mechanik
und in den Muskelfunktionen) gegenüber dem
mesothorakalen auf: Das Hebelapodem HA ist
im Metatergum von der davor liegenden Ter-
galbrücke (deren Vorderrand die Antecosta III
bildet) gelenkig abgesetzt und zur tergalen Mit-
tenregion hin abgerückt; das Tergum selbst ist
in zwei nach außen vorgewölbte, gegeneinander
bewegliche Hälften geteilt, die seitlich jeweils
ein Gelenk zum Tergalsklerit (vTS) besitzen.
Kontrahiert sich der dlm, so werden diese bei-
den Tergalkuppeln auseinander bewegt und die
Tergalzapfen TZ dadurch nach innen ge-
schwenkt. Der Flügel wird in diesem Fall durch
den dim nach kaudal bewegt, also zurückge-
schwungen. Der auch im Metathorax antagonis-
tische pa bewirkt hier ein Vorschwingen. D.h.:
im Metathorax haben die Muskeln dim und pa
jeweils die genau entgegengesetzte Funktion
wie im Mesothorax?). Vorderer Tergalsklerit
2) Zu diesem Muskel s. auch Anmerkung 14, S. 115.
3) Aus der entgegengesetzten Funktion der serial ho-
mologen Muskeln im Meso- und Metathorax kann
man schließen, daß sie ursprünglich eine andere (im
Falle der dlm wahrscheinlich in beiden Segmenten
gleichartige) Funktion besaßen. Dieser Gedanke
erscheint mir für die Rekonstruktion des ursprüng-
lichen Flugapparates der Pterygoten sehr wesent-
lich (vgl. S. 78ff.).
62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
und Randsklerit (der letztere ermöglicht wie im
Mesothorax durch sein proximales Gelenk zum
vTS die vca-Funktion; vgl. S. 51) werden im
Metathorax (ahnlich wie im Mesothorax) von
der tergalen Vor-Zurückschwing-Mechanik
nicht beeinflußt. Die Tergalbrücke des Meta-
thorax (das Ursprungsgebiet der mesothoraka-
len dim!) ist andererseits durch ihr kaudales Ge-
lenk vom übrigen Metatergum unabhängig und
bleibt bei der Vor-Zurückschwingbewegung
des Hinterflügels in Ruhe (nicht jedoch bei der
Schlagbewegung, bei der die Antecosta III auf-
und abbewegt wird; vgl. oben).
Die Vor-Zurückschwing-Beweglichkeit der
Flügel ist bei Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren
in beiden Flügelsegmenten größer als bei An-
isopteren. Außerdem sind in beiden Segmenten
(vom dvmi abgesehen) jeweils zwei Muskeln
(dim und pa) vorhanden. Der Gelenkspielraum
im Gelenk c2/c4 ist jedoch im Hinterflügel klei-
ner als im Vorderflügel, was darauf hindeutet,
daß beim Hinterflügel Schlagbahnveränderun-
gen in geringerem Maße möglich sind als beim
Vorderflügel. Außerdem läßt sich aus den
Größenverhältnissen der Muskeln ableiten, daß
die Vorschwingfunktion beim Vorderflügel
(dlm) besser entwickelt ist als beim Hinterflügel
(pa), während die Rückschwingmöglichkeit des
Vorderflügels (pa) geringer ist als diejenige des
Hinterflügels (dlm). Hier zeigt sich eine, bei den
Anisoptera anscheinend weiter vorangetriebene,
verschiedene Spezialisierung der beiden Seg-
mente (vgl. auch S. 101 und S. 109f.).
Im Mesothorax der Anisoptera fehlt der di-
rekte Antagonist des dim, der pa; damit ist der
(aktiv einstellbare) Bewegungsspielraum der
Flügel (gegenüber Zygopteren und Anisozy-
gopteren, die in dieser Hinsicht als plesiomorph
anzusehen sind — vgl. dazu auch Anm. 14, S.
115, sowie S. 109f.) sekundär verkleinert. Im
Metathorax ist der Vor-Zurückschwingmecha-
nismus weitgehend reduziert — der pa fehlt, der
dim ist nur sehr schwach entwickelt (rudimen-
tar), die Bewegungsmöglichkeit im c2/c4-Ge-
lenk ist stark eingeschränkt. In diesem Segment
ist außerdem das Metatergum erheblich verein-
facht: die Beweglichkeit der tergalen “Kuppeln”
fehlt, das verkleinerte Hebelapodem sitzt fest an
der Tergalbrücke, vTS und hTS — ursprünglich
wohl beide auch im Metathorax vorhanden und
durch ein Gelenk getrennt — sind zu einem
Sklerit verschmolzen (vgl. auch S. 109f.). Durch
diese Veränderungen, die eine direktere Über-
tragung der Heber- und Senkerkräfte auf den
Flügel mit sich bringen, wird der Metathorax zu
einem nahezu reinen Antriebssegment.
Die großen Unterschiede im Vor-Zurtick-
schwingmechanismus zwischen den Haupt-
gruppen der Odonata konnten hier nur ange-
deutet werden — sie bedürfen weiterer, verglei-
chender Untersuchungen.
2. FLUGELMECHANOREZEPTOREN
MECHANISCHE BEANSPRUCHUNG DER
REZEPTOREN
Das Chordotonalorgan in der Radioanalplatte
Auf der Flügelunterseite, wenig distal vom
Epifulcrum, befindet sich eine kleine, apodem-
artige Einstülpung, der ventrale Ansatz des
Flügel-Chordotonalorgans (CH, Abb. 3, 10
und 13a). Von dieser Stelle ausgehend zieht der .
Rezeptor nach dorsal-medial zur Kutikula der
Oberseite der RAP (dorsaler Ansatz s. Abb. 1a,
11a und 15). Die ventrale Ansatzstelle befindet
sich innerhalb einer brückenartigen Sklerotisie-
rung, die sich von der Basis des Costalsektors
aus nach kaudal bis zur Basis des Cubitalsektors
erstreckt und nach proximal und distal durch
Membran sowohl vom Epifulcrum als auch vom
distalen Flügel abgesetzt ist. Der CH-Ansatz
unterteilt diese Skleritbrücke in zwei Teilstücke
— ein kürzeres vor der Ansatzstelle und ein län-
geres dahinter — die als “Hebelsklerite” des
CH aufgefaßt werden (vCH, hCH: vorderer
und hinterer Hebelsklerit des Chordotonalor-
gans).
Das Chordotonalorgan von Anax imperator
Leach (der Art, an der auch die elektrophysiolo-
gischen Experimente durchgeführt wurden) ist
etwa 0,5 mm lang. Phasenkontrast- und poları-
sationsoptische Untersuchungen zeigten, daß
das Organ bei Anax ungefähr 50 Scolopidien
enthält!). Die Zahl der Sinneszellen ıst jedoch
höher: eine elektronenmikroskopische Analyse
(Risler in Vorb.) ergab, daf$ einige Scolopidien
mehrere Sinneszellen enthalten.
Da der Rezeptor innerhalb der RAP (distal
von der Auf-Abschlagsachse P1/P2) liegt, wird
er durch die Schlagbewegungen nicht beeinflußt
(jedenfalls nicht direkt; vgl. dazu S. 96f.). Auch
bei der Vor-Zurückschwingbewegung wird die
RAP als Ganzes bewegt und das CH daher
weder gedehnt noch gestaucht. Die Drehungen
!) Erhardt (1916) gibt für das CH im Flügel von
Coenagrion puella (L.) dagegen nur 16 Stifte an.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 63
b
Abb. 11. (a) Blick auf die Flügelbasis des rechten Vorderflügels von Anax imperator. Dorsales Ansatzgebiet des
Chordotonalorgans punktiert. Das Sensillenfeld CF2 verläuft in der proximalen Fortsetzung der Radius+ Me-
dia-Ader in einer Furche (D), das Feld CF1 (®) verschwindet basal hinter der Radius-Kante. Vgl. mit Abb.
la, 3 und 15. Maßstab 1 mm; (b) Ansicht der beiden Felder campaniformer Sensillen von vorn-oben; rechter
Flügel abgeschlagen (Flügelspitze also links unten). CF1 (®) und CF2 (D) sind fast in ganzer Ausdehnung
zu erkennen. Maßstab 0,1 mm.
des Flügels um die Längsachse führen dagegen
zu deutlichen Längenänderungen des Organs.
Dies soll im folgenden für die pronatorischen
und supinatorischen Drehbewegungen inner-
halb der Schlagphasen und an den Schlagwende-
punkten näher untersucht werden.
Supiniert der Flügel in der Aufschlagsphase,
so wird der Cubitalsektor ventral gegenüber
dem Epifulcrum bewegt (vgl. S. 53f.); der nach
vorn über die Epifulcrum/Cubitalsektor-Dreh-
achse F2 hinausragende hintere Hebelsklerit
(hCH) setzt die Skleritbrücke des CH dabei un-
ter Spannung und “faltet” sie gewissermaßen in
das Lumen der RAP hinein (Abb. 14c—e,
17a)!). Da sich der ventrale Ansatzpunkt des
CH dabei sehr genau in Richtung des CH-Ver-
laufs nach dorsal-medial bewegt, wird das CH
entspannt (bzw. gestaucht). Eine entgegenge-
setzte, pronatorische Bewegung des Cubitalsek-
1) Die im Ausgangszustand (0°-Anstellung) schon
vorhandene Biegung des Sklerits vCH+hCH nach
medial sichert — ebenso wie der ventrad umge-
schlagene proximale Rand des Sklerits (Abb. 17a)
— die Skleritbrücke gegen eine “Faltung” in die
entgegengesetzte Richtung (nach außen).
tors führt dagegen zur Dehnung des Organs;
dies geschieht z.B. bei verstärkter Kontraktion
des Fulcroalarmuskels in der Aufschlagsphase
(vgl. S. 54f.). Am oberen Schlagwendepunkt,
wenn der Cubitalsektor seinen Anschlag am
Arculus erreicht (s.S. 54), ist das CH maximal
gedehnt (Abb. 14e—c). È
Kontrahiert sich an der Auf-Abschlagswende
der hintere Coxoalarmuskel hca, wird der
Flügel pronatorisch im Abschlagsdrehbereich
bewegt und verwunden (vgl. S. 47tt.). Jetzt be-
wegt sich der Costalsektor relativ zum Epiful-
crum (um die Epifulcrum/Costalsektor-Dreh-
achse E1) und setzt die Skleritbrücke des CH
von vorn her unter Spannung; die Ansatzstelle
des CH wird erneut nach oben-innen bewegt
und das CH entdehnt (Abb. 14c>a; 17a). In
der folgenden Abschlagsphase wird die Verwin-
dung des Flügels und damit der Dehnungszu-
stand des CH wie in der Aufschlagsphase vom
Krafteverhaltnis der passiv verwindenden Luft
und der (in diesem Fall supinatorischen) Mus-
keln bestimmt (vgl. S. 50f.). Die erreichbare
maximale Verwindung ist im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich) relativ geringfügig (vgl. S. 54, 102); da
der vordere Hebelsklerit außerdem kürzer ist
64 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
als der hintere, wird das CH in der Abschlags-
phase weniger weit entdehnt als in der Auf-
schlagsphase (vgl. Abb. 17b). Am unteren
Schlagwendepunkt ist der Rezeptor — bei Er-
reichen des supinatorischen Anschlags des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs — erneut kurzzeitig
maximal gespannt (Abb. 14a—c).
Das Flügelchordotonalorgan durchläuft dem-
nach an beiden Schlagumkehrpunkten ein Deh-
nungsmaximum. Entdehnungen finden in der
Auf- und Abschlagsphase statt (Dehnungsmini-
ma bei extremer Supination bzw. extremer Pro-
nation). Je nach deren Ausmaß ist der Abstand
zum Längenmaximum (das an den Wendepunk-
ten wohl stets erreicht bzw. durchlaufen wird)
unterschiedlich groß. Je nach der Geschwindig-
keit der Schlagwendepunktsdrehungen (abhän-
gig v.a. von der Kontraktion der Wendepunkts-
muskeln; vgl. dazu auch S. 97f.) wird die maxi-
male Rezeptor-Länge verschieden rasch
erreicht.
Felder von campaniformen Sensillen und
Sinnesborsten
Auf der Oberseite der Radioanalplatte liegen
im vorderen Bereich zwei lange Reihen von
campaniformen Sensillen (CF1 und CF2; Abb.
la, 3, 11 und 12); sıe erstrecken sich etwa in der
Flügellängsrichtung und folgen dabei dem Ver-
lauf von Radius und Media, die in der RAP
noch ein Stück weit zu erkennen sind. Bei Anax
imperator Leach sind die Einzelsensillen im ba-
salen Abschnitt der Felder äußerlich als bis etwa
20 um lange, stark schlitzförmige Einsen-
kungen zu erkennen; nach distal werden die
Schlitze kürzer (bis weniger als ein Drittel der
Länge der proximalen Sensillen) und z.T. auch
oval bis rundlich.
Erhardt (1916) beschrieb verschiedene sol-
cher “Porenfelder” in der Flügelbasis von
Coenagrion puella (L.) und bei anderen Libel-
len. Ihr fiel ebenfalls die große Mannigfaltigkeit
in der Ausbildung (Form und Größe) des äuße-
ren Kutikularapparates auf (runde, ovale oder
spaltförmige Gruben). Extrem schlitzförmige
Poren bei Hemianax papuensis (Burmeister) be-
zeichnete Simmons (1978) als “crevice organs”
und verglich sie mit den Spaltsinnesorganen der
Spinnen. (Derartig schmale Sensillengruben sind
auch bei Anax ganz proximal vorhanden; sie er-
lauben wahrscheinlich genauere Rückschlüsse
auf die mechanische Beanspruchung und Ver-
formung der Kutikula — s. weiter unten.) Die-
ser Autor unterschied bei Hemianax papuensis
vier Sensillenfelder, alle auf der Flügel-Dorsal-
seite, an der Basis der Radius + Media-Ader.
Bei den hier untersuchten Arten (Anax impera-
tor Leach, Aeshna cyanea Müll.) konnte eine
solche Unterteilung jedoch nicht aufgefunden
werden — auch nicht bei einem Vertreter der
Gattung Hemianax (H. ephippiger Burm.), der
zum Vergleich herangezogen wurde. Es fanden
sich stets nur zwei Felder, deren Einzelsensillen
— ohne größere Unterbrechungen — in ge-
schlossener Reihe angeordnet sind: CF2 umfaßt
dabei Simmons’ “field 1 + 3 + 4”, CF1 ent-
spricht dem “field 2”. Sowohl im Vorder- als
auch im Hinterflügel von Anax imperator wur-
den je 90 bis 105 Sensillen pro Feld gezählt, wo-
bei das CF1 6 bis 12 Rezeptoren weniger als das
CF2 aufwies; bei Aeshna cyanea enthielten bei-
de Felder (in beiden Flügeln) jeweils etwa 80
Einzelsensillen. Eine genauere raster-elektro-
nenmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte, daß
sich die Ausrichtung der Langsachsen der ein-
zelnen Sensillengruben im Verlauf der Felder in
charakteristischer Weise verändert (teilweise zu
erkennen in der Abb. 12).
Beide Sensillenfelder werden anscheinend nur
durch die Drehbewegungen des Flügels um die
Längsachse mechanisch beansprucht!). Die
Spannungsänderungen in der Kutikula der dor-
salen RAP sind allerdings äußerlich nicht sicht-
bar, wie etwa die Langenanderungen des Chor-
dotonalorgans (die an der Ein-Auswartsbewe-
gung des ventralen Ansatzgebietes direkt
beobachtet werden können). Innerhalb der Sen-
sillenreihen wurden daher feine Längs-Ein-
schnitte in der Kutikula angebracht, die bei
gleichzeitiger Drehung des Flügels beobachtet
wurden. Ein Aufklaffen der Schnitte im Verlauf
der Drehbewegung wurde als Zugbeanspru-
chung der Kutikularapparate der dort liegenden
Sensillen (quer zum Flügel, in der Längsrich-
tung der Gruben) interpretiert. Eine Pronation
des Flügels im Abschlagsdrehbereich (welche
proximal, wie beschrieben wurde, mit einer Re-
lativbewegung der Costalsektor-Basis gegen-
über der restlichen RAP verbunden ist), führt
danach zu einer Zugbeanspruchung der Kutiku-
la quer zum Feld CF1 (Abb. 14c>a); eine Su-
pination im Aufschlagsdrehbereich (Bewegung
des Cubitalsektors relativ zur restlichen RAP)
verursacht dagegen eine Zugbeanspruchung
1) Auch Simmons (1978) vermutete (unter Bezug auf
Neville, 1960), daß die Rezeptoren in einem funk-
tionellen Zusammenhang mit der Verwindung des
Flügels stehen; er gab jedoch keine näheren Erlau-
terungen dazu.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 65
Abb. 12. (a) Proximaler Abschnitt des Sensillenfeldes CF1 (Ansicht wie in Abb. 11b); hier befinden sich die
längsten Kutikular-Schlitze (bis ca. 20 wm). Maßstab 10 um; (b) Mittlere-distale CF1-Sensillen (Ansicht
wie in Abb. 11b) — die Kutikulargruben stehen in der Mitte des Feldes schräg zur Radius-Ader, an beiden En-
den fast senkrecht zu ihr. Im Hintergrund das Feld CF2. Maßstab 0,1 mm; (c) Aufsicht auf die Basis des Feldes
CF2 (Flügelspitze unten). Maßstab 10 um; (d) Aufsicht auf mittlere-distale Sensillen des Feldes CF2. Die Ku-
tikulargruben der mittleren Sensillen sind (gegenüber den basisnahen und distalen Gruben) mehr in Flügellängs-
richtung ausgerichtet (ähnlich wie beim CF1). CF1 rechts zu erkennen. (Zum gebogenen Gesamtverlauf des Fel-
des vgl. auch Pfau, 1983, l.c. Abb. 2—3c.) Maßstab 0,1 mm.
| ae <a Sal (Abb. po die mögliche 1) Diese ist — infolge der Großen Distanz des Feldes
ertragung der Zugkräfte von der dorsalen zum CuS — wohl geringer als im Falle des CF,
Cubitalsektor-Basis über die kaudad abgeboge- was aber u.U. durch die starkere Cubitalsektor-
ne Media-Basis zum Feld CF2 wird in der Bewegung (s.S. 53f.) “wettgemacht” wird.
66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
- : | / a‘ 4
Abb. 13. (a) Unterseite des aufgeschlagenen rechten Vorderflügels von Anax imperator, von schräg vorn be-
trachtet. Das hintere Gelenk des Epifulcrum, e2 (>), ist nur andeutungsweise zu erkennen; am unteren Ende
wird es von dem borstentragenden Auswuchs BF2 überragt. E kennzeichnet die ungefähre Lage des ventralen
CH-Ansatzpunktes. BF1 rechts unten. Vgl. mit Abb. 7 und 17a. Maßstab 0,1 mm; (b) Blick auf das Borstenfeld
BF1 von kaudal-ventral (rechter Vorderflügel); BF2 am linken unteren Bildrand noch erkennbar. Maßstab 0,1
mm.
Abb. 15 dargestellt). In beiden Drehbereichen
nehmen die Zugspannungen bei Drehung zur
0°-Anstellung zurück wieder ab (Abb. 14a—c,
ec).
Eine kleinere Anhäufung von kurzborstigen
Haarsensillen findet sich ganz proximal auf der
Unterseite der Costalsektor-Basis (BF1; Abb. 7,
13 und 17a)!). Sie liegt auf einem nach kaudal
über das Costalsektor/Epifulcrum-Gelenk el
hinausragenden Auswuchs, dem verdickten An-
fang der Subcosta. Ahnliche Sinneshaare sitzen
“gegenüber” (auf der anderen Seite des Epiful-
3) Wenig distal vom Feld BF1 liegen zwei kleinere
Felder campaniformer Sensillen, die hier nicht wei-
ter berücksichtigt wurden (cf, Abb. 17a).
crum — am proximalen, vorderen Rand der Cu-
bitalsektor-Basis) auf dem frontad über das Cu-
bitalsektor/Epifulcrum-Gelenk e2 hinausragen-
den (kleineren) Fortsatz BF2. Beide Kutikular-
auswüchse stellen weiche Stoppstellen
(“Anschläge”) für die Verwindungsbewegungen
der Flügelsektoren dar. Die inneren Borsten des
Feldes BF1 kommen bei starker pronatorischer
Verwindung im Abschlagsdrehbereich, diejeni-
gen des Feldes BF2 dagegen bei starker Supina-
tion ım Aufschlagsdrehbereich, mit der Außen-
wand des Epifulcrum in Kontakt und werden
abgebogen (Abb. 13b und 14a, e). Selbst bei die-
sen extremen Anstellungen wird das Epifulcrum
aber offensichtlich nur von wenigen Haarbor-
sten direkt berührt, so daß für die Erregung der
Abb. 14. Schematische Darstellung der Beanspruchung von Mechanorezeptoren der Radioanalplatte bei Prona-
uon und Supination. Blick von distal-dorsal auf die durch einen Querschnitt geöffnete Basis des linken Flügels
(der Schnitt verläuft im vorderen Bereich schräg, der Querader cr, folgend). Fulcrum und Epifulcrum wurden
eingezeichnet, obwohl sie (bei dieser Ansicht) eigentlich verdeckt sind; die ventrale Verbindung von CP und
RAP (mCP-Fortsatz und Gelenk c4) wurde weggelassen (vgl. andere Abb.). Epifulcrum mit Orientierungslinie.
© “benutzte” Gelenke, @ “stilliegende” Gelenke; (c) 0°-Anstellung (vgl. Abb. 6); c — a Pronation (a >
c Supination) im Abschlagsdrehbereich; c > e Supination (e > c Pronation) im Aufschlagsdrehbereich; a
— € Supination des unteren Schlagwendepunkts; e — a Pronation des oberen Schlagwendepunkts. Helle
Pfeile kennzeichnen die Bewegungen der Skelettelemente, schwarze die Bewegungen des CH-Ansatz-Stiftes
bzw. Zugbeanspruchungen in der Kutikula (zur Übertragung der Kutikularspannungen auf das Sensillenfeld
CF2 vgl. auch die Abb. 15).
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen
NOILVNOHd
NOILVNIdNS
67
68 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
ubrigen Haarsensillen die beim Anpressen am
Epifulcrum stattfindende Verformung der
Vorsprünge eine Rolle spielen könnte.
ELEKTROPHYSIOLOGIE DER REZEPTOREN
Material und Methode
Als Untersuchungstier wurde Anax impera-
tor Leach gewählt, die größte einheimische Li-
belle, die bei uns im Juli und August an größe-
ren Seen stellenweise noch häufig auftritt. Bei
kleineren Arten, selbst bei Arten der Gattung
Aeshna (die z.T. bis spät in den Herbst hinein
zu fangen sind), erwies sich die Präparation als
erheblich schwieriger. Da frisch geschlüpfte Li-
kMB fa
Abb. 15. Schema der Verformungen der kaudalen
Radioanalplatte im Aufschlagsdrehbereich und der
möglichen Übertragung von Kutikularspannungen
auf das Sensillenfeld CF2. Blick auf die RAP eines
rechten Flügels von Aeshna. Das kaudale Ansatzge-
biet des Fulcroalarmuskels (fa) ist über eine Zone be-
sonders verstärkter Kutikula (z) an einem Langsfalz
(f) der RAP “aufgehängt” (vgl. S. 54). Das dorsale
Ansatzgebiet des Chordotonalorgans (CH) wird
‘durch diesen Falz vermutlich gegen die pronatori-
schen (P) und supinatorischen (S) Bewegungen des fa-
Ansatzgebietes “abgeschirmt”; weiter proximal wer-
den Zug- bzw. Druckspannungen (angedeutet durch
die schwarzen Pfeile) möglicherweise über die kauda-
le Media-Basis (kMB) auf die CF2-Sensillen übertra-
gen.
bellen für die Versuche nicht geeignet sind (sie
sind weniger robust und fliegen auch schlecht),
mußten adulte Exemplare jeweils kurz vor den
Experimenten gefangen werden. Dabei handelte
es sıch meist um Männchen, seltener wurden
auch Weibchen verwandt (Weibchen sind nur in
geringer Zahl zu finden, haben aber den Vor-
zug, daß sie auch noch abends oder bei schlech-
terer Witterung fliegen). Von allen vier Flügeln
wurde nacheinander abgeleitet — Vorder- und
Hinterflügel zeigten dabei keine wesentlichen
Unterschiede.
Libellen verhalten sich vor dem Windkanal
sehr “launisch” und sind kaum zum Dauerflug
zu bringen. Daher wurde zunächst nur vom
nicht-schlagenden Flügel abgeleitet. Die Tiere
wurden mittels Paraffin auf einer Unterlage fi-
xiert und um etwa 30° (Kopf nach unten) ge-
kippt, so daß die Terga des schräggestellten Pte-
rothorax horizontal ausgerichtet waren (s. Abb.
16). Der waagerecht gestellte (in Schlagmitte
befindliche) Flügel wurde wenig distal vom No-
dus in die Klammer einer Drehapparatur einge-
legt. Mit Hilfe dieser Vorrichtung konnte der
Flügel um seine Längsachse gedreht werden —
es wurde also die Bewegung imitiert, die als ein-
zige zu einer deutlichen Beanspruchung der
Mechanorezeptoren CH, CF1 und CF2 geführt
hatte. Jenseits einer Winkelscheibe war die
Drehachse mit einem linearen Wendelpotentio-
meter zur Registrierung des Reizes verbunden.
In die dorsale Kutikula der Radioanalplatte
wurde ein Fenster geschnitten und der zwischen
Tracheenwänden laufende (von den Tracheen
“getragene”) sensorische Flügelnerv freipräpa-
riert. Zur Ableitung von Potentialen des CH
mußte der zu diesem Organ führende Nerven-
ast so nah wie möglich an der dorsalen Anhef-
tungsstelle des CH (in der Abb. 16 punktiert) in
den Haken einer Silberdrahtelektrode (40 um
©) gelegt werden!). Dieser Nerv enthielt in eini-
gen Fällen anscheinend dennoch Axone von
(distalen) campanıformen Sensillen der Reihen
CF1 oder CF2, die durch Ableitung und auch
durch anschließende Präparation nachzuweisen
waren (s. dazu auch S. 74). Bei den Ableitun-
gen vom Feld CF1 bzw. CF2 lag die Haken-
elektrode weiter proximal. Selbst bei Durch-
trennung anderer Nervenäste (v.a. des zum CH
!) Intrazelluläre Ableitungen sind dagegen problema-
tisch, da die Radioanalplatte im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich mitbewegt wird (vgl. S. 47ff.), was eine Ver-
schiebung der Elektroden im Organ mit sich brin-
gen würde.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 69
% Ten.
err ee
DA
tes.
Abb. 16. Versuchsaufbau. Anax imperator um 30° gegenüber der Horizontalen (h) gekippt, rechter Vorder-
flügel in mittlerer Anstellung (0° =
Anstellung zwischen den Drehbereichen) in der Drehklammer. In der her-
ausvergrößerten, gefensterten RAP sind die freigelegten, zu den verschiedenen Sinnesorganen (CH; CF1,2;
BF1,2) führenden Nerven sichtbar; die RAP ist distal des Fensters durchsichtig gedacht, so daß das CH, mit-
samt den ventralen “Hebelelementen”, zu erkennen ist. p,s,P,S vgl. S. 71.
führenden Nerven) konnte jedoch in keinem
Fall völlig sichergestellt werden, daß in den
Ableitungen nur CF1- oder CF2-Sensillen ent-
halten waren, da der sensorische Flügelnerv (um
Anderungen der Mechanik zu vermeiden) distal
von den Feldern nicht durchtrennt wurde. Die
proximalen Borstenfelder BF1 und BF2 der
Flügelunterseite (vgl. Abb. 7, 13, 14a, e und
17a) wurden nicht untersucht. Sie waren leicht
vollständig auszuschalten: die Borsten beider
70 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Felder wurden abrasiert und der Nerv des Fel-
des BF2 meist zusatzlich gekappt (der vom Feld
BF1 kommende Nerv trifft weiter proximal auf
den sensorischen Hauptnerv und war schon aus
diesem Grund in den Ableitungen nicht enthal-
ten). Uber den Haken des Silberdrahts und den
dort aufliegenden Nerven wurde zur Isolierung
ein mit einer Paraffin-Vaseline-Mischung
gefülltes, aus einem feinen Infusionsschlauch
gezogenes Hütchen gestülpt (vgl. Mohl, 1979).
Der Silberdraht mußte über eine Schleife an der
Radius + Media-Doppelader festgewachst wer-
den — nur auf diese Weise konnte eine Zerrung
des Nerven (durch die Drehbewegung der
Radioanalplatte im Abschlagsdrehbereich) ver-
mieden werden. Die Potentiale wurden nach ih-
rer Verstärkung (Differenzverstärker Grass
P16) auf dem Oszillographenschirm dargestellt
CuP
el
und mittels eines Schreibers (Physiopolygraph
von Schwarzer) dokumentiert. Außerdem dien-
te ein Lautsprecher der akustischen Kontrolle.
In einigen Fällen wurde eın elektronisches Fen-
ster zur alleinigen Darstellung der größeren Spi-
kes eingesetzt.
Da die Klammer der Drehapparatur den
Flügel nur auf einem schmalen Querschnitt er-
greift und mitnimmt (Abb. 16), sind zur Rei-
zung der proximal im Flügel liegenden Sin-
nesorgane CH, CF1 und CF2 weitaus größere
Drehbewegungen erforderlich, als sie natürli-
cherweise beim Flug (auf der Höhe des Nodus)
stattfinden (deshalb die großen Drehwinkel in
den Abb. 18—21). Dennoch wird bei diesen
weiten Drehurigen proximal in der Radioanal-
platte ein natürliches Maf} anscheinend nicht
überschritten; dies zeigt sich bei gleichzeitiger
Abb. 17. (a) Unterseite der RAP des aufgeschlagenen
linken Vorderflügels von Aeshna cyanea. Das Bild
zeigt den schrägen Verlauf der Gelenkachsen E1 und
E2; das vertieft liegende Gelenk e1 der Achse E1 ist
nicht sichtbar — am Gelenk e2 (nach Mazeraten ge-
zeichnet) sind die Teile übertrieben weit getrennt. E1
und E2 treten auf der Dorsalseite des Flügels aus, be-
vor sie sich kreuzen (dabei steht E1 steiler > Aus-
tritt weiter proximal). Nur ein kurzes Stück des CH
ist (am ventralen Ansatzpunkt) zu erkennen, dort, wo
ein Teil der ventralen Membran entfernt ist. Die ge-
strichelten Doppelpfeile deuten die möglicherweise
unterschiedlichen Bewegungsebenen (und das unter-
schiedliche Ausmaß der Bewegung) des ventralen
CH-Ansatzes im Abschlags- und Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich an (vgl. S. 102). Die Pfeile an den Gelenken der
CH-Hebelsklerite kennzeichnen die Schub-Punkte
(bei Flügelverwindung) der R+M- bzw. CuP-Ader;
beide liegen unterhalb der jeweiligen Epifulcrum-Ge-
lenkachse. cf: 2 kleine Felder von campaniformen
Sensillen in der Sc-Basis. Membran punktiert; (b) Eine
direkte Messung der Lange des CH bei verschiedenen
geometrischen Anstellungen des Flügels war noch
nicht möglich. Das Schema zeigt eine (qualitative) Re-
konstruktion der Umsetzung eines durch beide Dreh-
bereiche gehenden äußeren Sinus-Drehreizes (oben)
in Längenänderungen des CH (unten). Ausgezogene
Linie: künstliche Flügeldrehung; gestrichelte Linie:
durch elastische Kräfte modifizierter (naturgetreue-
rer) Verlauf; log: Länge des CH; Ab-Dr, Auf-Dr:
Abschlags-, Aufschlagsdrehbereich; «a: geometri-
sche Flügelanstellung. Vgl. S. 62ff. und S. 102f.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 71
Beobachtung der auf der Flügelunterseite lie-
genden Gelenke der Radioanalplatte.
Eine wesentliche Frage ist, ob die erzeugten
Reize sonst als angenähert physiologisch be-
trachtet werden können. Einerseits hatte sich ja
ergeben, daß die beiden Drehbereiche unter-
schiedliche Drehachsen aufweisen, wobei eine
der Achsen (und damit die im Raum verlaufen-
de “eigentliche Drehachse”) sich zudem noch
während der Flügeldrehung in ihrer Ausrich-
tung verändert (s.S. 50); andererseits sind zu-
mindest die passiven Kräfte kaum genau zu imi-
tieren, da sie am ganzen Flügel angreifen und
von proximal nach distal mit dem Quadrat der
Umfangsgeschwindigkeit anwachsen. In dieser
Hinsicht kann die verwendete Drehvorrichtung
(mit ihrer konstanten Drehachse und nur
schmalen Kontaktstelle der Drehklammer) si-
cher keinen naturgetreuen Reiz erbringen. Da
künstlich erzeugte Flügelverwindungen aber so-
wohl von proximal wie von distal aus zu den auf
S. 62ff. beschriebenen Beanspruchungen der
Rezeptoren führen (die Ein- und Auswärtsbe-
wegungen des CH-Ursprungs sind dabei leicht
über einen Spiegel direkt zu beobachten), kann
angenommen werden, daß die Unterschiede zu
den natürlichen Beanspruchungen v.a. quantita-
tiver Natur sind. Die auf der Flügelunterseite
befindlichen Scharniergelenke el und e2 sorgen
anscheinend dafür, daß Flügelverwindungen
proximal stets in prinzipiell gleicher Weise
ablaufen.
Weite Drehungen des Flügels, durch beide
Drehbereiche hindurch, wie sie etwa in Abb.
18a, b dargestellt werden, finden bei fliegenden
Libellen an den Schlagwendepunkten statt.
Allerdings sind Pronation und Supination beim
Flug natürlich jeweils durch eine Schlagphase
voneinander getrennt. Pronation und Supina-
tion laufen außerdem sicher erheblich schneller
ab. Um mit der Klammer der Drehapparatur
entsprechend schnelle Drehungen (und Rezep-
tor-Reizungen) zu erreichen, müßte der Flügel
im Versuch (infolge der oben beschriebenen
Untersetzung vom Ort der Drehklammer zur
Flügelbasis hin) mit einer Geschwindigkeit von
schätzungsweise 10.000 bis 20.000 Grad/Sekun-
de gedreht werden. Da dies technisch im Mo-
ment kaum zu lösen ist, wurden zunächst nur
manuelle, relativ langsame Drehreize gegeben.
Ableitungen vom Flügel-Chordotonalorgan
Die Ableitungen, bei denen vom Nerv des
Chordotonalorgans, dicht beim dorsalen Aus-
trittsort aus dem Organ (Abb. 16), abgeleitet
wurde, können (abgesehen von den Einzelfäl-
len, die auf S. 73 beschrieben werden) als rei-
ne CH-Ableitungen betrachtet werden. Sie stel-
len, wie auch fast alle anderen Ableitungen,
Summenableitungen dar.
In den Abb. 18a und b werden manuelle Si-
nusdrehungen durch beide Drehbereiche wie-
dergegeben. Die Drehrichtungen innerhalb der
Drehbereiche sind (in Abb. 18a) in der oben
dargestellten Reizspur durch die Buchstaben p
und s (Pronation bzw. Supination im Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich) und S und P (Supination
bzw. Pronation im Aufschlagsdrehbereich) ge-
kennzeichnet (vgl. auch Abb. 16). Auf der Win-
kelskala am Bildrand, welche die Stellung der
Drehklammer auf der Höhe des Nodus wieder-
gibt (Abstand zwischen den Teilstrichen 50°),
stehen pmi und Sx für extrem pronierte bzw.
supinierte Anstellungen im Abschlags- bzw.
Aufschlagsdrehbereich.
Die Abb. 18a und b zeigen mehr oder weni-
ger dichte Spike-Ansammlungen, die zwischen
den extremen Flügelanstellungen auftreten. Da
der Flügel bei Pronation (p,P) und Supination
(S,s) jeweils die 0°-Anstellung durchläuft (wobei
die direkte Beobachtung der Flügelunterseite
zeigt, daß das ventrale Ursprungsgebiet des CH
in der O°-Anstellung maximal aus der Radio-
analplatte herausbewegt ist), treten die Impulse
offensichtlich da gehäuft auf, wo der Rezeptor
stark gedehnt ist (vgl. Abb. 14, 17b und S.
63f.). Der Flügel ist bei 0° (der Anstellung
maximaler CH-Dehnung) auf der Höhe des
Nodus ungefähr 25° gegenüber der Horizonta-
len supiniert; das bedeutet, daß der 0° entspre-
chende geometrische Anstellwinkel bei einem
horizontal ausgerichteten Tier etwa 55° Supina-
tion betragen würde (vgl. S. 68 und Abb. 16).
Die CH-“Bursts” sind aus Spikes unter-
schiedlicher Höhe zusammengesetzt, stammen
also von verschiedenen Einzelsensillen. Das von
Reiz zu Reiz sich ändernde äußere Impulsbild
deutet darauf hin, daß das Organ die Unregel-
mäßigkeiten des manuellen Reizes wiedergibt.
Stärker beschleunigte Drehungen (etwa die er-
ste Pronation der Abb. 18a) weisen z.B. beson-
ders kurze, dichte Impulsansammlungen auf.
Bei langsamen Drehungen sind die CH-Spikes
dagegen über den ganzen Drehspielraum
(SmaxPma, und zurück) verteilt — die Anhäu-
fung um 0° herum ist weniger deutlich (Abb.
18b). Bei Treppen-Reizen durch beide Drehbe-
reiche gibt das CH auf jeder Reizstufe Potentia-
le ab (Abb. 18c); es wird demnach in beiden
Drehbereichen sowohl bei Pronation als auch
72 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
b
1 sec
eere mn
100
Cc 50
O
50
100
sec
LUE ty I
d
+ a!
‚1sec |’
ae a
[ssf ei Jr de lean
Gee mee
1sec
isn
ee
Abb. 18. (a-e) Ableitungen vom Chordotonalorgan von Anax imperator bei manueller Flugeldrehung um die
Längsachse. Impulse nachgezeichnet. In e wurde der Beginn der (sehr geringfügigen) Reize durch Pfeile mar-
kiert.
bei Supination gereizt. In den Exirembereichen
(Pmax bzw. Smax auf der Winkelskala) sind die
Antworten etwas schwächer oder können auch
ganz fehlen. Auffällig ist, daß die Impulse ent-
weder über die ganze Länge der einzelnen Reiz-
rampen verteilt sind oder nur am Beginn und
Ende abgegeben werden (vgl. auch Abb. 19b).
Um 0° ıst das CH anscheinend besonders emp-
findlich (Abb. 18d, e): Hier feuern Sensillen
noch bei besonders geringfügigen und langsa-
men Drehungen des Flügels. In der Abb. 18e
wurde der Flügel z.B. nur etwa 5° weit gedreht;
diese Winkeländerung wird zur Flügelbasis hin
noch beträchtlich herabgesetzt und ist dort un-
ter dem Binokular nicht mehr als Bewegung des
CH-Ansatzes zu erkennen (in diesem Fall war
daher nicht zu entscheiden, in welcher Weise
Dehnung und Entdehnung des Rezeptors auf-
einander folgten).
Ableitungen von anderen Rezeptoren,
wahrscheinlich campaniformen Sensillen
Die folgenden Ableitungen stellen Einzelbe-
obachtungen dar und werden vorerst entweder
distalen bis mittleren Sensillen des CF2-Feldes
oder CF1-Sensillen zugeschrieben. Die Argu-
mente dafür werden weiter unten zusammenge-
faßt.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 73
Bei zwei Ableitungen (von verschiedenen
Tieren), bei welchen ebenfalls weit distal, vom
Nerv des Chordotonalorgans, abgeleitet wurde
(die Hakenelektrode lag etwa wie in der Abb.
16 dargestellt), feuerten bei Supination, in der
Nähe von So Sensillen mit einem von den
CH-Sensillen abweichenden Zeitverhalten
(Abb. 19). Sie waren im Lautsprecher deutlich
von den in der selben Ableitung auftretenden,
mehr unregelmäßigen (“stotternden”) Impuls-
mustern der stark phasischen CH-Sensillen zu
unterscheiden: bei Sinusreizen bildeten sie dich-
te Bursts mit z.T. sehr regelmäßiger Folge der
Einzelimpulse, die mit dem Beginn der Rück-
drehung (P) endeten (Abb. 19a, c)!). Treppen-
reizungen zeigten, daß diese Sensillen zu Beginn
jeder Reizstufe neu erregt wurden und jeweils
mit einer hohen Anfangsfrequenz feuerten
(Abb. 19b). Die Erregung ging bei längeren In-
tervallen zwischen den Reiztreppen oder zwi-
schen der S- und P-Drehung relativ schnell auf
Null zurück (vgl. Abb. 19b, 2. Ableitung, und
19d). Bei Sinusreizen kam der Erregungsabfall
der Einzelsensillen dagegen nıcht zum Aus-
druck, so daß die Impulse dort ohne Lücke bis
zum Beginn der P-Drehung aneinander an-
schlossen. Offensichtlich folgten dabei mehrere,
verschiedene Sensillen dicht aufeinander (vgl.
Abb. 19c, d). Das unterschiedliche äußere Im-
pulsbild dieser Rezeptoren bei den Sinusreizen
erklärt sich wohl v.a. aus den unterschiedlichen
Dreh-Amplituden und -Geschwindigkeiten. In
der Abb. 19d ist z.B. zu erkennen, daß ein ein-
zelnes Sensillum in Abhängigkeit von der Dreh-
amplitude (und Geschwindigkeit?) verschieden
stark erregt wurde. Bei Drehungen höherer
Geschwindigkeit zeigten die Ableitungen dich-
tere, bei gleicher Drehamplitude zwangsläufig
kürzere Bursts (Abb. 19c). Der Beginn der
Bursts hängt anscheinend wesentlich vom Aus-
gangswinkel der Drehung ab: ging der nächste
Drehreiz z.B. von einem größeren geometri-
schen Anstellwinkel (näher bei $,,,,) aus, so ver-
schob sich der Erregungsbeginn zu einem
größeren Winkel hin (auch dann, wenn schon
früh eine dem vorigen Reiz entsprechende
Drehgeschwindigkeit erreicht wurde; Abb. 19d,
e). Diese Einzelbefunde sprechen dafür, daß der
Gesamtverlauf des Reizes (d.h. sowohl Anfang
und Ende als auch Geschwindigkeit der Dre-
!) Nur bei über den Bereich der ableitbaren Sensillen
hinausgehenden (oder auch bei unphysiologisch
weiten) Drehreizen endeten die Bursts schon vor
dem Beginn der P-Drehung.
hung) für die Erregung der Sensillen von Bedeu-
tung ist (vgl. dazu auch S. 103t.).
Von ganz ähnlichen Sensillen (mit entspre-
chendem Zeitverhalten) konnte auch bei Prona-
tionsdrehungen im Abschlagsdrehbereich, in
der Nahe von p,,,,, abgeleitet werden (nicht ab-
gebildet). Auch hier feuerten die Sensillen nur
bei Drehung in Richtung Anstellextrem und en-
deten bei Beginn der Rückbewegung (in diesem
Fall dem Beginn der s-Drehung).
In einigen Fällen wurde weiter proximal vom
sensorischen Flügelnerv abgeleitet; die Haken-
elektrode befand sich dabei vor der Aufgabe-
lung des Haupt-Nervenstammes in die zu den
verschiedenen Rezeptorfeldern führenden Äste
(jedoch distal von der Abzweigung des zum
Feld BF1 führenden Nerven). Auch hier traten
Sensillen mit einem mehr phasisch-tonischen
Zeitverhalten auf. Bei gleichmäßiger und lang-
samer pronatorischer Drehung durch den
Abschlagsdrehbereich steg die Impuls-
zahl/Sekunde von 0° an allmählich an, wobei die
im Zeitverlauf unterschiedlichen Spikegrößen
auf ein sukzessives Ansprechen immer neuer
Sensillen hinweisen (Abb. 20a). Stufenreize
zeigten, daß bestimmten Flügelanstellwinkeln
im Abschlagsdrehbereich bestimmte Summen-
erregungszustände zugeordnet sind (Abb. 20b).
Bei dieser Ableitung wurde der Flügel jeweils
um 30° weiter proniert, dann wurde eine Sekun-
de gewartet und aufgezeichnet. Die Erregung
blieb auf jeder Stufe über mehrere Sekunden re-
latıv konstant; nur bei 60° und 90° sieht man in
der zweiten Hälfte der Ableitung einen gerin-
gen Erregungsabfall (möglicherweise ein Hin-
weis darauf, daß die distalen Sensillen der Felder
schneller adaptieren; vgl. auch Abb. 19b, d und
weiter unten). Von ähnlichen, “phasisch-toni-
schen” Sensillen konnte auch bei supinatori-
schen Drehungen im Aufschlagsdrehbereich (S)
abgeleitet werden — hier jedoch nicht ab 0°,
sondern erst ab 50° (s. Abb. 21 und weiter un-
ten).
Alle diese vom Erregungsmuster der stark
phasischen CH-Sensillen abweichenden Ablei-
tungen werden vorerst campaniformen Sensillen
zugesprochen. Während die auf Pronation an-
sprechenden Sensillen des Abschlagsdrehbe-
reichs als proximale bis distale Sensillen des Fel-
des CF1 angesehen werden können, stammen
die bei Supination im Aufschlagsdrehbereich
abgeleiteten Impulse wohl von mittleren bis di-
stalen CF2-Sensillen (von distalen Sensillen ın
den Fällen, in denen scheinbar allein vom CH-
Nerv abgeleitet wurde). Für diese Interpreta-
74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Wt
max
HA LE
er
O
1sec
HL HNE
cai i
tion spricht folgendes: 1) Die mechanische
Beanspruchung der Sensillengebiete (S. 64ff.)
weist darauf hin, daß in der Kutikula Zugspan-
nungen in der Langsrichtung der Kutikulargru-
ben auftreten — entweder bei Pronation im
Abschlagsdrehbereich (CF1) oder bei Supina-
tion im Aufschlagsdrehbereich (CF2) —, die
von proximal nach distal fortschreiten (vgl. auch
Abb. 14 und 15). Diese verursachen wahr-
scheinlich — tber Druckspannungen senkrecht
zur Grubenlangsachse und Deformationen der
Dendriten-Tubularkörper (vgl. z.B. Zill & Mo-
ran, 1981) — eine sukzessive Reizung der auf-
einanderfolgenden Sensillen. 2) Die “typischen”
Ableitungen vom CH stellten stark phasische
Antworten dar, die v.a. im mittleren Anstellbe-
reich (um 0°), also bei stärker gedehntem Re-
zeptor, auftraten; diese Sensillen wurden in bei-
den Drehrichtungen erregt. Die Sensillen mit
dem abweichenden (phasisch-tonischen) Zeit-
verhalten traten dagegen in beiden Drehberei-
chen jeweils nur in einer Richtung, namlich zum
Anstellextrem hin, auf; in dieser Richtung wird
das CH zunehmend entspannt und reagiert im-
mer schwacher. 3) In den Fallen, in denen vom
CH-Nerv allein abgeleitet wurde und dennoch
Sensillen mit phasisch-tonischem Zeitverhalten
feuerten (s.S. 73), konnte bei anschließender
Präparation gezeigt werden, daß von distalen
CF2- (bzw. CF1-) Sensillen stammende Nerven
an den Nerv des CH angeschlossen waren. (Das
Verzweigungsmuster erwies sich überhaupt als
äußerst variabel: die Axone der einzelnen Sen-
sillen der campaniformen Sensillenfelder sind
keineswegs immer streng gebündelt, sondern
nehmen z.T. “Umwege”; so können CF2-Ner-
venäste z.B. auch an den BFi-Nerv an-
schließen.) Anscheinend wurden gerade diese
Sensillen — der Erwartung entsprechend in den
extremen Anstellbereichen — erregt. 4) Das se-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 75
1 sec
abs U ee RM HI
a en)
d 2
' max
dd
1sec
Abb. 19. (a-f) Gemischte Ableitungen vom Chordotonalorgan und (vermutlich) distalen Sensillen des Feldes
CF2. In (a) und (c) sind die CF2-Bursts durch Balken gekennzeichnet (in der Reizspur steht in (a) am Winkelort
ihres Beginns ein x); in (e) ist der Drehabschnitt mit CF2-Impulsen in der Reizspur verdickt wiedergegeben.
Vgl. S. 72f. In (f) sind neben CF2-Sensillen (die durch Punkte unter der Ableitspur gekennzeichnet wurden)
verschiedene, bestimmten Winkelabschnitten der Drehung zugeordnete CH-Impulse (f,U) zu sehen (s.
dazu S. 102).
rielle, dichte Aufeinanderfolgen der Potentiale
der Sensillen entspricht ihrer Reihenanordnung.
Zeitlich spätere (jeweils bei größeren geometri-
schen Anstellwinkeln auftretende) Antworten
können anscheinend weiter distal liegenden
Sensillen zugeordnet werden (s. oben). Bei weit
proximal angelegter Elektrode zeigten von 0°
ausgehende Supinationsdrehungen allerdings
nie von Beginn an Impulse, d.h., die basalen
CF2-Sensillen fehlten immer. Dieser Teil des
CF2-Feldes mußte durch die Präparation (im
Gegensatz zum Feld CF1) starker beschadigt
werden (vgl. Abb. 16)! 5) Andere Rezeptoren,
die ebenfalls mit den Flügeldrehungen in einer
Beziehung stehen könnten (BF1, BF2; vgl. S.
66ff.), waren ausgeschaltet (s.S. 69f.).
3. EVOLUTION DER FLUGAPPARATE
DER ODONATEN, EPHEMEROPTEREN
UND NEOPTEREN
In diesem Kapitel soll auf einige Aspekte der
Evolution der verschiedenen Flugmechanismen
der Pterygoten eingegangen werden. Aufgrund
76 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
a
rn au ta ie | AE Il]
1sec
Où
LA LL LA LL TL LA LT NU (LL 1 si U I
30 Att AA AAA Att]
LL I
Po" slee HHH
Abb. 20. (a) Allmähliche Pronation im Abschlagsdrehbereich (untere Spur; 0°-Linie gestrichelt mitgeführt) und
Ableitung von (diesem Drehbereich zugeordneten) Sensillen ue Feldes CF1 (vgl. S. 73); (b) Ableitung von
entsprechenden Sensillen wie in (a) bei unterschiedlichen (statischen) Flügelanstellungen im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich (vgl. S. 73).
| 1sec
Ss SET,
es Loose IPSOA ge TI Oo fn TI
È
S
a A UE ANN CATT DEL OC TEL AT e a mn mn nn
Abb. 21. Ableitungen, die mittleren bis distalen Sensillen des Feldes CF2 zugeordnet werden; Supinations-
drehungen des Flügels im Aufschlagsdrehbereich (vgl. S. 73ff.).
1) Hennig (1969, l.c. S. 34) führte für Gruppenbe-
der fast ganz fehlenden Fossilüberlieferung und EE
zeichnungen eine sehr wesentliche Präzisierung
der Notwendigkeit, von gut gesicherten mo- k ann fe
Dec MEL ACID Re i CE ein: er kennzeichnet diejenigen Gruppen mit einem
Done NDR 5 3 Sternchen (z.B. *Trichoptera), die auf den letzten
bei v.a. ein Vergleich der SATE Gruppen as gemeinsamen Vorfahren aller rezenten Arten
grunde gelegt werden (s. dazu die grundsätzli- zurückgehen und unterscheidet sie von Gruppen
chen Überlegungen von Hennig, 1969)!). Da ohne *, die auch die fossilen sog. “Stammgruppen”
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 77
Locusta } Cetonia Apis Calliphora
Abb. 22. Unterschiedliche Pronations-Supinations-Mechanismen bei Neopteren. Flügel in supinierter Anstel-
lung gezeichnet. Der dick schraffierte Basisabschnitt bildet bei einer Verwindung des Fliigels jeweils das Wider-
lager; beim Flügelschlag werden die thorakalen Antriebskräfte über diesen Teil auf den “Verstellflügel” (weit
schraffiert) übertragen. Lage der Drehachse des Flügels gestrichelt angedeutet. Die Pfeile in den Muskeln deuten
eine Funktion beim Aufschlag (Pfeilspitze nach oben) oder Abschlag (Pfeilspitze nach unten) an; dabei wird eine
zugfederartige Wirkung der wohl tonisch-aktiven Muskeln angenommen (Ausnahme: die phasischen Basalar-
und Subalarmuskeln von Locusta und der subl von Cetonia). Pronatoren dunkel (eng punktiert), Supinatoren
hell (weit punktiert). Nur der Muskel pt3 (M85) von Locusta wirkt in den beiden Schlagphasen unterschiedlich,
beim Abschlag supinierend, beim Aufschlag pronierend, jeweils entgegengesetzt zu der den Flügel passiv dre-
henden Luftanströmung (wobei die Drehwirkung beim Abschlag vermutlich noch durch eine hinzukommende
“Zugfeder-Wirkung” verstärkt wird). bas Basalarmuskeln; sub Subalarmuskeln; pt3 Pterale-3-Muskeln; pt4
Pterale-4-Muskeln; ts Tergosternalmuskel; die tiefgesetzten Zahlen sollen keine Homologievorstellung ausdrük-
ken. Die Muskeln für Schlagbahnveränderungen (weitere Pterale-3-Muskeln und Basalarmuskeln bei Apis und
Callıphora) wurden weggelassen. Vgl. Pfau, 1977b, 1978a; Pfau & Honomichl, 1979; Pfau, 1977a und in Vorb.
unsere Kenntnis über die Funktionsweise der
rezenten Fiugapparate jedoch immer noch sehr
lückenhaft ist, ist diese Basis sehr schmal. So
muß der Vergleich hier weitgehend auf den
Flügelantrieb beschränkt bleiben; eine syntheti-
sche Theorie, welche die Flügel-Stellfunktionen
mit einbezieht, ist vorerst höchstens in Umris-
sen möglich. Dies hängt auch damit zusammen,
daf} innerhalb der großen Gruppe der Neoptera
sehr unterschiedliche Flügelstellmechanismen
verwirklicht sind: So hat sich z.B. gezeigt, daß
die Drehbewegungen des Flügels um die Längs-
enthalten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es
sich in der Regel um *Gruppen; nur an einigen
Stellen, an denen ich ein Mißverständnis auf jeden
Fall vermeiden möchte, wird entweder ein * an-
gefügt oder ausdrücklich vermerkt, daß Gruppen
im weiteren Sinne (d.h. incl. Stammgruppe) ge-
meint sind.
achse bei Orthopteren, Coleopteren, Hyme-
nopteren und Dipteren in ihrer Mechanik
größere Unterschiede aufweisen, und daß in
diesen Gruppen z.T. nicht-homologe pronatori-
sche bzw. supinatorische Muskeln eingesetzt
werden (Abb. 22; vgl. auch Pfau, 1977a, b; Pfau
& Honomichl, 1979). Entsprechendes trifft für
die Muskulatur und Mechanik der
Flügelschlagbahnänderungen zu (eigene, nicht
veröffentlichte Untersuchungen). Der Grund-
plan der an der Basis der Neoptera vorhandenen
Stellmechanismen muß also erst noch rekon-
struiert werden. Da selbst innerhalb einzelner
Ordnungen der Neoptera keine Einheitlichkeit
besteht, müßten zunächst für diese Gruppen ge-
nauere vergleichende Bearbeitungen und
Grundplanrekonstruktionen erfolgen.
Die im weiteren vorgenommene Rekonstruk-
tion einiger wesentlicher Teile des Ur-Flugap-
parates der Insekten, und ihrer Abwandlungen
78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
auf dem Weg zu den rezenten Gruppen, ist ein
Versuch, die z.T. großen Lücken zwischen den
rezenten Flugapparat-Typen zu schließen. Er
muß weitgehend hypothetisch bleiben. Wenn
hier dennoch an verschiedenen Stellen bis ın
Einzelheiten gegangen wird, so v.a. deshalb, um
aufzuzeigen, daß die These eines polyphyleti-
schen Ursprungs des Insektenflugs (Matsuda,
1981) keineswegs zwingend ist (sie geht außer-
dem von einigen falschen Voraussetzungen aus
vgl. dazu auch S. 105ff.).
Der ursprüngliche Antriebsmechanismus der
Pterygoten
Bei den drei rezent existierenden Hauptgrup-
pen der Pterygoten, den Odonaten, Epheme-
ropteren und Neopteren, sind zwei verschiede-
ne Antriebs-Grundprinzipien verwirklicht. Sie
sollen hier (schlagwortartig) als “Tergalplatten-
Mechanismus” TPM (Odonata) und “Tergal-
wölbungs-Mechanismus” TWM (Ephemeropte-
ra, Neoptera) bezeichnet werden.
Der TPM ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
das Tergum beim Flügelschlag als Ganzes auf-
und abbewegt wird (Abb. 24b) und die Flügel-
basis demzufolge über eine längere Strecke
(bzw. über mehrere Gelenkstellen) scharnierar-
tig mit dem Tergum artikuliert. Als antagonisti-
sche Antriebsmuskeln existieren indirekte He-
ber (am Tergum ansetzende Dorsoventralmus-
keln, die primar wohl uber die ganze Breite des
Schlaggelenks verteilt waren) und direkte, am
Flügel ansetzende Senker (“Basalar-” und “Sub-
alarmuskeln”).
Der TWM führt dagegen über eine Aufwol-
bung und Abflachung des Tergum zum Ab-
und Aufschlag, wobei der Flügel nur durch ei-
nen Teil des Tergalrandes, den hauptsächlich
auf- und abbewegten mittleren bis hinteren Be-
reich, gehebelt wird (Abb. 23 und 24c, d).
Membranöse seitliche Einschnitte im Tergum
(Tergalspalte) verbessern die Verwölbbarkeit
des Tergum und somit seine Hebelwirkung —
sie konzentrieren sie auf einen relativ kurzen
Abschnitt der Flügelbasis. Als Hauptmuskeln
des TWM fungieren am Tergum ansetzende
Dorsoventralmuskeln (indirekte Heber) und
dorsale, rein tergale Längsmuskeln (indirekte
dvm
dim
Abb. 23. Das Wirkungsprinzip des Tergalwölbungs-Mechanismus (TWM) kann nur in einer Seitenansicht des
Thorax verdeutlicht werden. Tergum und Sternum punktiert, Pleuralleiste schwarz hervorgehoben. Nur die in-
direkten Muskeln wurden eingezeichnet.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 79
Senker). Außerdem können phasische direkte
Senker als Synergisten der dorsalen Längsmus-
keln beteiligt sein (mit deutlicher Abschlagswir-
kung v.a. dann, wenn sie in ihrer Zugrichtung
mit den Dorsoventralmuskeln übereinstimmen,
und wenn ihr Zugpunkt am Flügel der tergalen
Hebelstelle genahert ist); sie haben jedoch meist
zusätzliche Funktionen als Stellmuskeln und
sind in abgeleiteten Gruppen (etwa Dipteren)
auch zu reinen (tonischen) Stellmuskeln gewor-
den.
Das hier als TWM bezeichnete Antriebsprin-
zip wird ın der Literatur (vgl. etwa Hadorn &
Wehner, 1974; Seifert, 1975) häufig falsch dar-
gestellt. So wird z.B. die Aufwölbung des Ter-
gum durch die dorsalen Längsmuskeln, die ın
der Tierlangsrichtung geschehen muß (vgl. Abb.
23 und 24d), in eine Querschnittsebene des
Thorax verlegt (s. z.B. Seifert, 1975, Abb. 148);
eine zunehmende Quer-Verwölbung des Ter-
gum würde aber dem Abschlag (den sie bewir-
ken soll) sogar entgegenarbeiten und ist außer-
dem kaum durch eine Kontraktion der Längs-
muskeln zu bewerkstelligen. Es ist auch nicht
korrekt, wenn man den Mechanismus des
Flügelschlags der Insekten als “Deckel-Topf-
Mechanismus” darstellt und verallgemeinert, da
dieses Prinzip eigentlich nur bei den Odonaten
(als TPM) verwirklicht ist. V.a. bei stark spezia-
lisierten Gruppen, die den Flügel über einen
kaudalen “Scutellarhebel” antreiben (Dipteren,
Hymenopteren, Ephemeropteren), spielt eine
“Deckel-gegen-Topf”-Bewegung für den Flü-
gelschlag keine Rolle mehr: die Bewegung der
Scutellarhebel wird hier durch eine komplizierte
Verformung des Tergum und der Pleuren (d.h.
fast des gesamten Thorax!) bewirkt.
Da die indirekten Senker (dim) und Heber
(dvm) und die direkten Senker (bas, sub) in allen
Pterygoten-Hauptgruppen vorhanden und am
Flügelantrieb beteiligt sind (im Falle des dlm der
Odonata kann auf eine ursprüngliche Ab-
schlagsfunktion geschlossen werden; s.S. 61),
kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß diese
Muskeln auch bei der Ahnform der *Pterygota
als Flügelantriebsmuskeln vorhanden waren !).
Das wiederum könnte bedeuten, daß primar ein
Schlagmechanismus existierte, der sich noch
beider Möglichkeiten bediente, also sowohl das
1) Dies steht im Gegensatz zu der verbreiteten Auf-
fassung, daß an der Basis der Pterygoten eine über-
wiegend direkte Schlagmuskulatur verwirklicht
war (vgl. z.B. Pringle, 1957, S. 4; Kaestner, 1972, S.
71).
TPM- als auch das TWM-Prinzip nutzte. Die
Funktionsfähigkeit eines solchen Ur-Flugappa-
rates (“TPM + TWM”, Abb. 24a), der, wie sich
im weiteren zeigen soll, eine relativ zwanglose
Ableitung der (effizienteren) rezenten Flügelan-
triebsmechanismen erlaubt, setzt bestimmte
Konstruktionsmerkmale voraus: So muß z.B.
sowohl der TPM- als auch der TWM-Antriebs-
anteil über ein eigenes Schlaggelenk und eine
eigene Schlagachse verfügt haben; in der Abb.
24a wurden daher zwei pleurale Flügelgelenke,
a und b, und zwei Schlagachsen (A/B und B)
eingezeichnet. Da das Tergum auf der Höhe des
(etwa ın der Flügelmitte liegenden) Gelenkes b
beim Flug stärker auf- und abbewegt wird als
weiter vorn, auf der Höhe von a (s. Pfeile in
Abb. 24a), ist zusätzlich die Annahme einer in-
nerhalb der Flügelbasis verlaufenden, schrägen
Gelenkzone notwendig. Sie trennt einen vorde-
ren, basalen Teil des Flügels, den “Basis-Skle-
rit” (BAS), vom restlichen Flügel. Vorn sitzt
dieser Sklerit dem vorderen pleuralen Gelenk-
kopf auf (und bildet das Gelenk a), hinten be-
sitzt er — an der Stelle e, dicht beim hinteren
Schlaggelenk b — eine zweite gelenkige Kon-
taktstelle zum Pleurum. Eine solche Gelenk-
und Achsenanordnung erlaubt es, daß beide
Antriebsmechanismen (TPM: Bewegung des
ganzen Flügels um A/B — TWM: Bewegung
des distal von BAS liegenden Flügelabschnittes
um B) gemeinsam und auch relativ gleichwertig
an der Flügelschlagbewegung beteiligt sein kön-
nen (würde z.B. der Sklerit BAS an anderer
Stelle artikulieren — etwa bei e’ oder e”, vgl.
Abb. 24b und d —, so würde dies entweder den
TWM- oder den TPM-Antriebsanteil in seiner
Effektivität schwächen; s. dazu auch die folgen-
den Kapitel). Die Schlagachse B des TWM darf
in einem solchen System nicht als flügelfeste
Achse ausgebildet sein: eine feste Achse B wür-
de bei der Bewegung des (ganzen) Flügels um
die Achse A/B ihre Ausrichtung zur tergalen
Hebelstelle verändern und wäre nur in einem
kurzen Schlagphasenabschnitt günstig ausge-
richtet; eine “Schlagachse mit Bewegungsspiel-
raum” weist dagegen diesen Mangel nicht auf.
Man kann daher weiter postulieren, daß das Ge-
lenk b kugelgelenkartig ausgebildet war, und
daß außerdem der distal von BAS liegende Ge-
lenkspalt nach vorn (zur Costa hin) breiter wur-
de, um dem Flügel — für seine Bewegung ge-
genüber dem BAS, um die nicht-flügelfeste
Achse B — einen Spielraum zu geben. Der Vor-
derrand der Gelenkmembran konnte durch ein
auf beiden Seiten mit Gelenken (c und d) verse-
80 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
henes Teilstiick der Costa, die Humeralplatte
HP, eine gewisse Festigkeit behalten und
gleichzeitig die für die Funktion des TWM not-
wendige Relativbewegung des distal von BAS
liegenden Flügelteils ermöglichen. Da der Skle-
rit BAS über die HP an den restlichen Flügel
mechanisch angekoppelt blieb, war auch die
C
ek
AB --~ ER
A
|
DS,
Funktion des TPM gewahrleistet. Die Gelenke c
und d durften allerdings nicht zu leichtgangig
gewesen sein, da sonst bestimmte Muskeln des
TPM (v.a. die indirekten Heber) auf der Hohe
des vorderen Gelenkkopfes unwirksam gewor-
den waren.
Ein Vorteil des kombinierten Systems “TPM
a) TPM+TWM”
A
d) TWM2
ND
SLI (I ----MIP1
IT), Cie
PE =
»
~ Pt
«ScH»
«Pt4”
|
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 81
+ TWM” könnte darin bestanden haben, daß
die Flügel (je nachdem, ob der TPM- oder der
TWM-Anteil stärker eingesetzt wurde) in un-
terschiedlichen Schlagbahnen bewegt werden
konnten. Eine stärkere Beteiligung des TWM
würde z.B. (infolge der Bewegung des Flügels
um die schräg gestellte Achse B) zu einer flache-
ren Abschlagsbahn führen. Dabei würde der
Flügel gleichzeitig weniger stark proniert; seine
Anstellung wäre also der jeweils eingestellten
Schlagbahn (bis zu einem gewissen Grad) auto-
matisch angepaßt.
Jede Weiterentwicklung eines ursprünglichen
Antriebssystems “TPM + TWM” muß jedoch
zwangsläufig dazu führen, daß die beiden betei-
ligten Mechanismen untereinander in Konflikt
geraten; sie konnten daher nicht gleichzeitig
verstärkt werden, jedenfalls nicht über einen
bestimmten Punkt hinaus. Ein vervollkommne-
ter TWM, der das Tergum (durch einen kräfu-
geren dorsalen Längsmuskel) an der Stelle des
hinteren pleuralen Gelenkkopfes weiter nach
dorsal wölbt, wäre z.B. auf Kosten des TPM
verstärkt: da das Tergum jetzt auf der Höhe des
vorderen Gelenkkopfes in der Tierlangsrich-
tung beweglicher werden muß (s. z.B. den lin-
ken Doppelpfeil in Abb. 24d), müßte seine vor-
dere Gelenkverbindung zum Flügel (genauer
zum dorsalen Teil des Sklerits BAS) gelöst wer-
den; an dieser Stelle würden die Kräfte der
TPM-Muskeln schlechter übertragen, die He-
belwirkung des TPM wäre also dementspre-
chend verkleinert. Umgekehrt kann eine
Weiterentwicklung des TPM nur dann stattfin-
den, wenn die tergale Kraftübertragung an bei-
den Gelenkköpfen, also auch am Gelenk a, ge-
steigert wird; eine Vor-Zurück-Beweglichkeit
des Tergum müßte somit an dieser Stelle er-
schwert werden — der TWM-Anteil würde dem-
entsprechend geschwächt. Aus diesen Grün-
den tendierte der postulierte Ur-Antrieb
“TPM + TWM” wohl schon früh (ab einem
bestimmten Punkt, s. unten) zu einer Trennung
seiner Teilmechanismen. Er konnte nie über ein
Anfangsstadium hinauskommen. Da es nicht
wahrscheinlich ist, daß die Muskeln des TPM
und TWM in diesem Ur-System gleichzeitig
stärker kontrahiert wurden, vermochten die
beiden Teilmechanismen sich auch nur bedingt
gegenseitig zu unterstützen — bei größerem
Krafteinsatz konnten sie wohl höchstens wahl-
weise (einzeln) eingesetzt werden (mit dem
oben erwähnten Vorteil?). Höhere Schlagge-
schwindigkeiten und -frequenzen waren damit
aber sicher noch nicht möglich.
Nach dem oben Dargestellten bedeutete eine
(über das beschriebene Ausgangsstadium hin-
ausgehende) Steigerung der Fffektivität des An-
triebs also zwangsläufig, daß entweder der
TWM- oder der TPM-Anteil reduziert (bzw.
modifiziert) werden mußte. Wie konnte es aber
überhaupt zu einem System “TPM + TWM”
kommen, das sich in gewisser Hinsicht in seiner
Weiterentwicklung selbst hemmt? Man kann
wohl davon ausgehen, daß die Flügel der frühen
Pterygoten primär breit (als vergrößerte “Para-
nota”!)) den Thoraxsegmenten ansaßen und zu-
nächst, relativ unbeweglich, als Segelflächen
fungierten. Bei der sukzessiven Entwicklung
der Schlagbeweglichkeit wurde wahrscheinlich
anfangs auf jeden dafür in Frage kommenden
Muskel “zurückgegriffen”; so wurden Muskeln
einbezogen, die ursprünglich für die Beweglich-
keit der Segmente vorhanden waren, und auch
solche, die der Erzeugung der Atem- und Bein-
bewegungen dienten. Das entstandene kombi-
!) Der Streit darüber, ob die “Paranota” tergaler, ter-
go-pleuraler oder gar rein pleuraler Herkunft sind,
soll hier nicht berührt werden. Die Argumente, die
Matsuda (1981, S. 387, 388) für eine in einigen
Gruppen pleurale Herkunft der Flügel anführt,
sprechen z.T. eher für einen tergo-pleuralen Ur-
sprung.
Abb. 24. Getrennte Ableitung des Flügelantriebs der Odonata (b) TPM), Ephemeroptera (c) TWMI) und
Neoptera (d) TWM2) aus einem “Ur-Flugapparat” “TPM+TWM?” (a). Nur der proximale, vordere-mittlere
Abschnitt (bis zum Fulcrum-Gelenk) des (aufgeschlagenen) Flügels wurde dargestellt. Pleurum dunkel, Sklerit
BAS gekreuzt schraffiert, Membran weit punktiert. Die Sklerit- und Gelenkverbindungen zum Tergum wurden
weggelassen (Ausnahmen (c) und (d), wo in der Nähe des Fulcrum liegende Pteralia dargestellt sind — die ver-
deckten Sklerite der Flügeldorsalseite Pt1, und Pt1, wurden in (c) gestrichelt angedeutet). Tergum stärker sche-
matisiert: für den aufgeschlagenen Flügel ausgezeichnet, für den abgeschlagenen Flügel (außer in (c)) gestrichelt.
Der Pfeil am Sklerit BAS deutet die Zugrichtung der “Basalar”-Senker-Muskulatur an, die im Falle von (c) ın
Wirklichkeit aus zwei weiter getrennten, am BAS, angreifenden Muskeln besteht. In (b) wurde die Schrägstel-
lung der Odonaten-Segmente nicht berücksichtigt; die Membran im Gelenkeinschnitt zwischen BAS und HP ist
durchsichtig gedacht, so daß das auf die Dorsalseite gewanderte proximale Gelenk der HP sichtbar wird (vgl.
mit a). (c) ist nach den Verhältnissen bei Ephemera gezeichnet; der ursprüngliche Zusammenhang der Sklerite
BAS, und BAS, (= BAS) wurde durch punktierte Linien angedeutet. Weiteres s. Text.
82 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
nierte System, in dem die fur sich schwach ent-
wickelten Teilmechanismen TPM und TWM
noch zusammenwirken (sich gegenseitig ver-
stärken bzw. ergänzen) konnten, war für den
Antrieb der anfänglich kurzen, mit kleiner Am-
plitude und niederer Frequenz schlagenden
Flügel wohl ausreichend (auch die Verwin-
dungsfähigkeit der Flügel konnte auf diesem
Stadium der Entwicklung geringfügig sein —
die Flügel wurden möglicherweise weitgehend
passiv proniert und supiniert). Daß es mit dem
“TPM + TWM”-System nicht weiterging, stell-
te sich erst später, bei Erreichen seiner Grenzen,
heraus.
In den folgenden Kapiteln wird der Versuch
unternommen, die Grundplankonstruktionen
und -funktionen der rezenten Gruppen (*Odo-
nata, *Ephemeroptera, *Neoptera) darzustellen
und von der postulierten Ausgangskonstruktion
“TPM + TWM?” abzuleiten. Dabei soll jeweils
auch die Frage verfolgt werden, ob eine “TPM
+ TWM”-Urform — mit zwei Antriebsmecha-
nismen und zwei Schlagachsen — für die Ablei-
tung der betreffenden Gruppe überhaupt not-
wendig ist, oder ob nicht eher von einer Kon-
struktion ausgegangen werden kann, die einem
rezenten Flugapparat-Typ ähnlich war.
Die Ableitung der Odonata
Vergleicht man die in der Abb. 24a dargestell-
te hypothetische Ausgangskonstruktion der
Pterygoten mit dem Flugapparat der Odonaten
(Abb. 24b), so zeigt sich ein wesentlicher Un-
terschied: der Flügelteil BAS artikuliert bei
Odonaten kaudal an der Stelle e’ (entspricht c4),
also innerhalb des Flügels; die Achse B ist da-
durch (durch 2 Gelenkpunkte, b und e’) festge-
legt (> B’). Diese Situation kann durch eine
Verlagerung der Gelenkstelle e nach e’ leicht er-
reicht werden — eine nur geringfügig erschei-
nende Veränderung des “TPM + TWM”-Sy-
stems also, die jedoch eine Verstärkung des
TPM und Schwächung des TWM mit sich bringt
(der TWM wurde im Zuge der Entwicklung zu
einem Stellmechanismus dann weiter um-
konstruiert; s. unten).
Die daraus folgende Effektivierung des TPM-
Anteils ist leicht einzusehen: Durch die Verla-
gerung des kaudalen BAS-Gelenks in den Flügel
wird der distal von der Achse B’ liegende Flü-
gelhauptteil enger an den Skleriten BAS ange-
koppelt, und die Wirkung der direkten Senker
und indirekten Heber so gleichmäßiger auf die
ganze Flugelbreite zwischen den beiden Fulcren
verteilt. Bei den rezenten Libellen existieren
dementsprechend vordere und hintere direkte
Senker, die Basalar- und Subalarmuskeln, die (in
Teilfunktionen zwar etwas unterschiedlich) ih-
ren Abschlags-Kraftanteil jeweils auf beide
Basissklerite des Flügels verteilen; der einzige
indirekte Heber, der dvm1, wirkt über ein brei-
teres tergales Gelenkgebiet ebenfalls auf beide
Teile (möglicherweise sind in der Vorgeschichte
der Odonaten mehrere dvm-Muskeln sekundär
zusammengerückt). Radioanalplatte und Co-
stalplatte (letztere entspricht BAS + HP) der
rezenten Odonaten sind damit beim Flügel-
schlag als funktionelle Einheit zu betrachten
(vgl. auch S. 50).
Der Anteil des TWM am Flügelantrieb wird
automatisch in dem Moment verringert, in dem
der kaudale BAS-Gelenkpunkt e vom Gelenk b
weg in den Flügel verlegt wird. Einerseits hängt
dies damit zusammen, daß die Funktion des
TWM eine nicht-flügelfeste Schlagachse B be-
nötigt (vgl. S. 79f.), andererseits wird der dlm
(mit der Festlegung der Achse) gleichzeitig zu
einem Hilfsmuskel des TPM, da er nun (neben
der Bewegung des Flügels um B’) auch den gan-
zen Flügel (incl. BAS!) um die TPM-Achse A/B
bewegt. Da die tergale Mechanik aber im weite-
ren Verlauf der Evolution stärker modifiziert
wurde (sie wurde v.a. einer Achse B”=C2/C4
“angepaßt” — die Schubrichtung der dlm konn-
te durch Verlagerung von t2 in die Tiefe leicht
verändert werden; vgl. auch S. 57ff. und weiter
unten), und dabei bestimmte mechanische Vor-
aussetzungen für die dlm geschaffen wurden,
die deren Wirksamkeit auf einen kurzen Ab-
schnitt des Flügelschlags (das Ende der Ab-
schlagsphase) einschränken, sind TPM-Antrieb
und TWM-Stellmechanismus bei den rezenten
Odonaten funktionell (weitgehend!)) getrennt.
Die komplizierte tergale Mechanik und die
Funktionsbeschränkung des dorsalen Längs-
muskels auf einen kurzen Phasenabschnitt
“zwischen den beiden Schlagphasen” deuten —
bei Vergleich mit den übrigen Pterygoten — dar-
auf hin, daß der Vor-Zurückschwingmechanis-
mus der Odonaten stark abgeleitet ist. So kann
aus der entgegengesetzten Funktion der dorsa-
len Längsmuskeln im Meso- und Metathorax
bei Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren (vgl. S.
61) auf eine primär in beiden Segmenten
gleichartige Funktion geschlossen werden. Ent-
gegengesetzt die Flügel bewegende serial-ho-
1) Möglicherweise behielt der dlm bei rezenten Libel-
len noch eine geringfügige Abschlags-Teilfunktion
(bezüglich der Achse P1/P2 = A/B!) bei.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 83
mologe dlm erscheinen ja nur denkbar, wenn
die Funktionen zunächst zusätzlich zu einer äl-
teren, in beiden Segmenten gleichartigen Funk-
tion, nämlich der Abschlagsfunktion, evoluiert
wurden; mit der Reduktion der Abschlagsfunk-
tion konnten sich die Nebenfunktionen dann zu
Hauptfunktionen der dlm entwickeln. Der Vor-
Zurückschwingmechanismus kann dabei relativ
leicht aus dem ursprünglichen Antriebs-Teilme-
chanismus TWM des “Ur-Flugapparates” abge-
leitet werden. Es bedarf nur der Versetzung von
zwei Gelenkstellen des BAS, um aus der pri-
mären Drehachse B des TWM die Achsen B’
und B” (Abb. 24b) zu entwickeln: e muß in den
Flügel wandern (> e’), und das distale Gelenk
c (zur Humeralplatte) muß auf die Flügel-Dor-
salseite verlegt werden (> c2). Durch die Ver-
lagerung von c wird zusätzlich zur Achse B’
(P2/C4) eine zweite, in einem stumpfen Winkel
zu ihr stehende Scharnierachse B” (C2/C4) ge-
bildet. Während B’ (ebenso wie die Achse C1)
ungefähr in der Flügelebene liegt und (zusam-
men mit C1) die Drehbewegungen des Flügels
um die Längsachse im Abschlagsdrehbereich
bestimmt, wurde die schräg auf der Flügelfläche
stehende Achse B” zur Drehachse des modifi-
zierten TWM-Systems (Vor-Zurückschwing-
System). Der dlm war möglicherweise in einer
Ubergangsphase — bei einem weniger weit
“versenkten” Gelenk t2 — auch über die Achse
B’ (als Supinator) wirksam. Obwohl wir über
die an der Basis der Odonaten abgelaufenen
evolutiven Vorgänge wahrscheinlich nie befrie-
digende Aufschlüsse bekommen können, er-
scheint also prinzipiell folgender Ablauf denk-
bar: 1) Der dlm wirkt über B (ursprüngliches
TWM-System; Abb. 24a); 2) die Achse B wird
zu B’ (der dlm wirkt damit über B’ und A/B); 3)
B’ “spaltet” B” ab (der dim wirkt über B’, B”
und A/B); 4) t2 wird tiefer gelegt — der dlm
wirkt nun (ausschließlich?) über B” (stark mo-
difiziertes TWM-System; Abb. 24b).
Im Zusammenhang mit der hier im Groben
behandelten Evolution des Odonaten-Flugme-
chanısmus (Verstärkung des TPM und Speziali-
sierung des TWM) stehen zahlreiche (v.a. terga-
le) Veränderungen des Skeletts. So wurde das
Tergum im Mesothorax auf der Höhe des vor-
deren Gelenkkopfes (a) um eine Querachse be-
weglich (vgl. S. 58); Tergum und Flügel blei-
ben damit an dieser Stelle in engem Kontakt, so
daß eine Verschiebung des (vorderen) Tergum
in der Tierlängsrichtung, welche den TPM
schwächen würde, vermieden wird. Durch ver-
schiedene Gelenke im tergalen Seitenbereich
(zwischen vTS, hTS und anschließenden Teilen)
— die z.T. wohl schon ursprünglich vorhanden
waren (vgl. S. 87f.) — wird die Hebelwirkung
der dorsalen Längsmuskeln auf das hintere
Fulcrum (b) konzentriert; die bei der Kaudal-
verschiebung des (mittleren) Tergum stattfin-
dende Schrägstellung der dvm wird zu Beginn
des Aufschlags (automatisch) wieder rückgän-
gig gemacht, so daf der TPM auch hier höch-
stens kurzfristig beeinträchtigt wird (vgl. S.
60).
Otfensichtlich stehen Antriebssystem und
Stellmechanismen bei Odonaten in einem kom-
plexen funktionellen Zusammenhang, der im
Verlauf der Evolution nur einen schmalen,
“gangbaren” Weg zuließ. Dies kann der folgen-
de Gedankengang aufzeigen: Setzt man ein
Ausgangssystem “TPM + TWM” voraus, so
kann angenommen werden, daß die Stelle des
Tergalzapfens (TZ) ursprünglich im TWM-Sy-
stem (in dem der dlm noch als Senker fungierte)
an der Abschlags-Hebelbewegung beteiligt war,
und daß das Gelenk t2 noch als längeres (sich in
Tierlangsrichtung erstreckendes) Gelenkgebiet
zwischen Tergum und Flügel (bzw. Pteralia)
ausgebildet war (vgl. auch S. 105). Das Gelenk
t2 ist bei rezenten Odonaten jedoch ein
punktförmiges Gelenk und ermöglicht erst da-
durch die Drehbewegungen im Abschlagsdreh-
bereich. Würde das BAS-Gelenk e sich in dieser
Situation noch an der Stelle b befinden, so wür-
den die Basalarmuskeln pronatorisch wirken
(was übrigens primär, bei einem langgestreckten
Gelenk t2, nicht der Fall war); da die Gelenk-
stelle e jedoch, zur Steigerung der Effizienz des
TPM, in den Flügel verlegt wurde (> e’),
wurde diese Funktionsänderung vermieden (s.
auch S. 50). Daraus ergibt sich, daß der Dreh-
mechanismus des Flügels im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich — ebenso wie der Mechanismus des
Flügelvor- und -zurückschwingens — erst mit
der Weiterentwicklung des TPM überhaupt ent-
stehen konnte. Die vorderen Abschlags-An-
triebsmuskeln des TPM (bas) machten dabei
keinen Funktionswechsel durch (vgl. dazu auch
3 DE
Bei den Odonaten führten die Veränderungen
im Bereich von t2, der ursprünglich wohl ausge-
dehnteren tergalen Hebelstelle des TWM, an-
scheinend auch zu stärkeren Abwandlungen der
die Hebelbewegung primär übertragenden Ge-
lenksklerite (Pteralia 1 und evtl. auch Pterale 4).
Die genaue Lage des Pterale 1, das bei Neopte-
ren und Ephemeropteren auf der Höhe des hin-
teren Fulcrum (bzw. kurz davor) liegt — und
84
sogar sein Vorhandensein bei Libellen über-
haupt — ist jedoch umstritten. Keineswegs
dürfte z.B. der vordere Tergalsklerit vTS (Abb.
la) dem Pterale 1 entsprechen (wie etwa Tan-
nert, 1958, annahm), da er sich im Gebiet des
vorderen Gelenkkopfes (und der CP) befindet
und aufgrund seines Muskels tp mit einem an-
deren Sklerit, der Subtegula, homologisiert wer-
den kann (vgl. S. 88). Ich vermute stattdessen,
daf der vorn an die RAP angrenzende 1. Ge-
lenksklerit G1 !) dem Pterale 1 homolog ist. Dar-
auf deutet der an diesem Teil inserierende
Muskel hca hin, da ein ganz entsprechender
Muskel, der ebenfalls in Beziehung zu einem
“Pterale 1” steht, bei Neopteren und Epheme-
ropteren existiert (vgl. S. 86f.)! Auch die Bezie-
hung des Sklerits G1 zur Subcosta (über die
Ader cr,; vgl. Abb. 1a) spricht dafür (s. dagegen
Matsuda, 1979, l.c. S. 6). Trifft diese Homologi-
sierung zu, so hätte das Pterale 1 bei Odonaten
seine ursprüngliche Funktion als Übertra-
gungselement der Muskelkräfte des TWM voll-
ständig verloren. Ein dem Pterale 2 homologer
Kutikula-Bereich läge dann innerhalb der RAP,
kann jedoch schon deshalb nicht genauer abge-
grenzt werden, weil das Pterale 2 erst im Zu-
sammenhang mit der Entwicklung der Neopte-
rie (Entstehung der Mittelplatten-Gelenke)
überhaupt in Erscheinung tritt (vgl. S. 90f.)!).
Erschwerend für das Erkennen eines homolo-
gen Skleritbereiches ist, daß die RAP bei Libel-
len, dort, wo sie dem Fulcrum aufliegt, nicht
durchgängig sklerotisiert ist; d.h., Dorsal- und
Ventralwand der Flügelbasis sind an der Stelle
des Pterale 2 (im Gegensatz zu den Neopteren)
voneinander getrennt. Möglicherweise ist dies
als eine Folge des abgeleiteten Flügel-Verwin-
dungsmechanismus (vgl. S. 47ff.) anzusehen.
Erst die Umwandlung des “TPM + TWM”-
Antriebssystems in ein weitgehend reines TPM-
System ergab (neben der allgemeinen Verstär-
kung des Flügelantriebs) eine für die Odona-
tenevolution sicher sehr wesentliche Möglich-
keit: der mesothorakale Antrieb konnte vom
metathorakalen entkoppelt werden, so daß Vor-
der- und Hinterflügel verschieden stark oder
auch mit einer größeren Phasendifferenz ge-
schlagen werden konnten. In einem TWM-Sy-
stem existiert dieser, für die Manövrierfähigkeit
wesentliche, Vorteil dagegen nicht: Mit vier
Flügeln gut fliegende Neopteren (z.B. Locusta)
') Eine Homologisierung des Sklerits G1 mit dem
Pterale 2 (Hamilton, 1971) erscheint mir nicht
begründbar.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
zeigen, daß ein in beiden Segmenten stärker ent-
wickelter TWM-Flügelantrieb nur dann mög-
lich ist, wenn das mittlere Phragma das relativ
festliegende Ursprungsgebiet beider dlm-Paare
bildet; Vorder- und Hinterflügel müssen in die-
sem Fall weitgehend synchron bewegt werden,
da der Schlagmechanismus der beiden Flügel-
paare tergal gekoppelt ist 2). Eine darüber hin-
ausgehende Leistungssteigerung des TWM
(wie etwa bei Dipteren, Hymenopteren, Strep-
sipteren oder Ephemeropteren) konnte anschei-
nend stets nur für ein Flügelsegment erreicht
werden, was aber auf Kosten des anderen gehen
mußte. Der “Verzicht” der Odonaten auf die
(bei Effektivierung des TWM in beiden Seg-
menten notwendigerweise “segmentkoppeln-
den”) dorsalen Längsmuskeln als Antriebsmus-
keln kann somit als die wesentliche Vorausset-
zung für die (fast vollständige) Unabhängigkeit
der Vorder- und Hinterflügel angesehen wer-
den. (Erst dadurch wurde andererseits eine in
beiden Segmenten unterschiedliche Funktions-
differenzierung der dlm möglich.) Der Flügel-
antrieb konnte (einmalig bei Pterygoten!) in
beiden Segmenten gleichermaßen verstärkt wer-
den.
Von der Odonatenkonstruktion ausgehend
können die Flugapparate der Ephemeropteren
(Abb. 24c) und Neopteren (Abb. 24d) — selbst
wenn man nur das Antriebssystem berücksich-
tigt — nur schwer abgeleitet werden. Zur Her-
ausbildung eines TWM-Systems aus dem TPM
müßte z.B. der Gelenkpunkt e’ des BAS zu-
nächst (unter Schwächung des TPM) zum Ful-
crum hin wandern. Eine voll funktionsfähige
TWM-Schlagachse B käme aber erst dann zum
Einsatz, wenn der Sklerit BAS kaudal direkt bei
b artikuliert (dies entspräche der Konstellation
2) Die auch räumlich in engeren Kontakt kommenden
Flügel sind bei den Feldheuschrecken allerdings
unterschiedlich spezialisiert — die Vorderflügel
sind z.B. weitaus weniger an der Auftriebserzeu-
gung beteiligt als die Hinterflügel (vgl. Weis-Fogh,
1956, Lc. S. 567). Eine andere Möglichkeit, beide
dlm-Paare effektiv einzusetzen, wäre eine gegen-
phasische Kontraktion, doch sind mir keine Insek-
ten bekannt, die auf dieser Basis eine besser ent-
wickelte Flugfähigkeit erreicht haben. Bei weniger
gut fliegenden Pterygoten (etwa den Plecopteren,
Mecopteren und den meisten Gruppen der Neu-
ropteroidea) ist die Kopplung der beiden Thorax-
segmente übrigens noch relativ schwach: die bei-
den dlm-Paare beeinflussen sich am mittleren
Phragma, das einen breiteren ”Gelenk”einschnitt
zwischen den Terga darstellt, nur geringfügig.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 85
bei Eintagsfliegen). Jetzt konnte (auf dem Weg
zu den Neoptera) das Odonaten-Schlagschar-
nier a/b (und damit die Schlagachse A/B) redu-
ziert werden; daran anschließend könnte der
kaudale Artikulationspunkt des Sklerits BAS
weiter nach ventral in das Pleurum (> e?)
wandern (eine funktionsfähige Schlagachse A/B
kann ja vorher nicht einfach “überschritten”
werden). Schon für den (zunächst sicher nicht
vorteilhaften) “Rückzug” aus dem einen Me-
chanismus, zur Erreichung des Ausgangspunk-
tes für den anderen, fehlt ein positiver Selek-
tionsdruck. Berücksichtigt man die hochspezia-
lisierten Stellmechanismen der Odonaten, so
erscheint diese Leserichtung noch schwerer
vorstellbar.
Eine weitere (umgekehrte) Denkmöglichkeit
wäre die, daß der Sklerit BAS, ausgehend von
einem neopteroiden Zustand (Abb. 24d), erst
bei den Vorfahren der Odonaten in den Flügel
eingewandert ist. Sie ist aber ebenfalls wenig
wahrscheinlich. Eine Drehachse A/B darf z.B.
bei dieser Entwicklung nicht zu früh gebildet
werden, da sie vom Sklerit BAS sonst nicht
mehr “überschritten” werden kann. Ein funk-
tionsfähiges Scharniergelenk a/b könnte also
erst dann entstehen, wenn die kaudale Gelenk-
stelle e” des BAS bereits am Gelenkpunkt b an-
gelangt ist (> e). Daraufhin könnte das Ge-
lenk e vom Pleurum weg in den Flügel wan-
dern; der TWM würde dabei geschwächt, der
neugebildete TPM effektiviert. Auch diese
Ableitung erfordert also, wenn keine Funk-
tionslücke entstehen soll, ein Ubergangsstadium
mit zwei Schlagachsen !); sie ist jedoch um-
standlicher als der direkt bei “TPM + TWM”
beginnende Weg. Ausgehend von einem ein-
achsigen System (TWM, Achse B) existiert
außerdem kein ersichtlicher Selektionsvorteil,
der eine Verlagerung des Sklerits BAS (“zum
Zwecke einer spateren Bildung” der Schlagach-
se A/B) begründen könnte.
Die Ableitung der Ephemeroptera ?)
Der Schlagmechanismus der Ephemeropteren
(Abb. 24c) läßt sich. ebenfalls leicht vom Ur-
Mechanismus “TPM + TWM?” (S. 78ff.) ableiten
!) Als unwahrscheinlich kann angesehen werden, daß
die Schlagachse B durch Veränderung ihrer Aus-
richtung direkt in die Achse A/B übergegangen ist.
Außerdem existieren bei rezenten Odonaten an-
scheinend noch “Abkémmlinge” der Achse B (B’,
B”).
Eine ausführliche Darstellung der Flügelmechanik
der Ephemeropteren ist in Vorbereitung.
N
7
— in diesem Fall durch Weiterentwicklung des
TWM und Reduktion des TPM. Die TWM-Ef-
fektivitat konnte z.B. durch membranöse Rand-
einschnitte auf beiden Seiten des Tergum (Ter-
galspalte), wenig kaudal vom Fulcrumgelenk b,
gesteigert werden. Da bei den Ephemeropteren
aber v.a. der mesothorakale Antrieb weiterent-
wickelt wurde — und zwar dadurch, daß der
hinter dem Tergaleinschnitt liegende Teil des
Tergum (“ScH”, Scutellarhebel) stärker beweg-
lich wurde als der davor liegende—, war dies
(zwangsläufig, vgl. S. 84) gleichzeitig mit einer
weitgehenden Reduktion des metathorakalen
Systems verbunden. In dieser Hinsicht besteht
eine Analogie zu verschiedenen neopteren
Gruppen (vgl. S. 88): Der Hebelsklerit, der die
Bewegung des Tergum auf den Flügel überträgt,
liegt bei den Ephemeropteren nämlich nicht bei
b, auf der Höhe des Fulcrum, sondern kaudal
davon (der tergale Hebelpunkt ist also vom
pleuralen Drehpunkt weiter entfernt). Er arti-
kuliert mit dem Flügel in dem Bereich, in dem
bei den Neopteren das Pterale 3 liegt; ein Ptera-
le 3 ist zwar bei den Ephemeropteren nicht ein-
deutig abgrenzbar, sein Gebiet ist jedoch durch
einen zum Fulcrum ziehenden Muskel — den
Pterale-3-Muskel der Neopteren, der wohl dem
fa der Odonaten homolog ist 3) — gekennzeich-
net. Somit ist der Hebelsklerit der Ephemero-
ptera möglicherweise dem Pterale 4 der Neo-
pteren homolog (und nicht dem Pterale 1) —
er soll im weiteren als “Pt 4” bezeichnet wer-
den.
Bei den Eintagsfliegen führen Bewegungen
des Scutellarhebels “ScH” nach oben-vorn-
außen und zurück zu einem Ab- bzw. Auf-
schlag des Flügels um eine Schlagachse B. Die
Achse B wird in diesem Fall v.a. durch ein
Scharniergelenk bestimmt, das vor dem “ScH”
und “Pt4” und lateral von einem Gelenksklerit
Pel, in der dorsalen Kutikula der Flügelbasis
liegt (Abb. 24c). Die proximale Kante des Skle-
rits Pt1, bildet vorn ein Gelenk zu einem weite-
ren kleinen Sklerit Pt1,; das Pt1, artikuliert sei-
nerseits, mit seiner medialen Kante, am Tergal-
rand (der in der Abb. 24c nicht eingezeichnet
ist).
Entsprechend der Bewegung des Scutellarhe-
bels (mit einer Komponente “nach vorn”; s.
Doppelpfeil in Abb. 24c) und der Ausrichtung
der Schlagachse B verläuft die Grundschlagbahn
des Flügels steil. Sie ist jedoch nicht unverän-
derlich. Der Flügel kann nämlich — mitsamt
3) Pm,, bei Brodskyi, 1970.
86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
der Schlagscharnierachse B — durch die am
vorderen Teil des Skleriten BAS angreifenden
Senkermuskeln (Zugrichtung s. Pfeil links in der
Abb. 24c) im Fulcrum-Gelenk b um eine durch
b verlaufende Hochachse (s. die senkrecht zu B
stehende Punkt-Strichlinie) nach vorn gedreht
werden. Je starker diese Muskeln (in Relation
zu den dorsalen Langsmuskeln — und zu den
Subalarmuskeln, s. unten) kontrahiert werden,
um so mehr wird die Achse B wahrend des
Abschlags um die Hochachse gedreht, um so
horizontaler liegt die resultierende Schwin-
gungsebene des Flügels. Dabei werden die Skleri-
te Pl, 5, je nach Schlagbahn, mehr oder weni-
ger gefaltet, wobei das Pt1, sich mediad über
das Pti, bewegt. Ausgespannt begrenzen die
Sklerite den Schlagbahn-Spielraum zur Verti-
kalen hin.
Das ephemeropteroide Antriebssystem kann
durch eine Veränderung der Ausrichtung der
Schlagachse B (die zu einer vertikaler gestellten
Grundschlagbahn führte) sowie durch Ände-
rungen der tergalen Mechanik (> “ScH”)
leicht von einem “TMP + TWM”-Ausgangs-
zustand abgeleitet werden. Auch hier mußten
die Stellsysteme wahrscheinlich Hand in Hand
mit dem Antriebssystem entwickelt werden: Ei-
ne steiler gestellte Grundschlagbahnebene ist
z.B. erst dann sinnvoll, wenn der Schlagbahn-
Spielraum gleichzeitig zur Horizontalen hin er-
weitert wird. Um dies zu erreichen, war es not-
wendig, den Flügelteil BAS durch eine Mem-
branisierung auf der Höhe des Schlaggelenks a
in zwei Elemente zu zerteilen. Vorderer Ge-
lenkkopf und Sklerit BAS (bzw. seine beiden
entstandenen Teile BAS, und BAS,) wurden auf
diese Weise funktionell getrennt; jetzt konnte
der (funktionslos gewordene) vordere Gelenk-
kopf weiter nach unten abgesenkt werden. Erst
mit der Entwicklung des Membranspielraums
zwischen BAS, und BAS, und der Reduktion
des vorderen Schlaggelenks wurde es überhaupt
möglich, die Zugrichtung der vorderen Senker
(Basalarmuskeln) stärker zu verändern, d.h.
durch eine einfache Verlagerung ihres sternalen
Ursprungs schräger zu stellen, so daß sie den
Flügel in der oben beschriebenen Weise (mit-
samt der Schlagachse B) nach vorn bewegen
konnten. Die Basalarmuskeln schlagen den
Flügel außerdem wohl weiterhin um die Achse
B abwärts. Der Subalarmuskel (nicht abgebil-
det) ist anscheinend Antagonist der Basalarmus-
keln — zumindest ein Teil des mächtigen Mus-
kels (dessen Faserverlauf sehr kompliziert ist)
wirkt flügelrückziehend; bezüglich des Flü-
gelschlags bleibt er ein synergistischer Senker.
Bemerkenswert ist, daß der Flügelteil BAS
bei den Ephemeropteren ım hinteren Bereich
überhaupt erhalten blieb (als BAS,) und kaudal,
wie im ursprünglichen “TPM + TWM”-Sy-
stem, zwischen dem Flügel und dem Pleurum
schmal endet, ohne dort allerdings ein eigentli-
ches Gelenk zu bilden. Anscheinend stellt der
Sklerit BAS, ein federndes Element dar, das bei
horizontaler geführten Flügelabschlägen senk-
recht zur Pleuralebene nach medial abgebogen
wird.
Da der tergale Hebel “ScH” beim Epheme-
ropterenflügel weit kaudal (am “Pt4”) angreift,
wurden die davor liegenden Sklerite Pti, und
Pel, für die mechanische Führung der Schlag-
bahn-Stellbewegung frei. Sie ermöglichen eine
Art Faltung des Flügels (s. oben), die den Flügel
— im Gegensatz zur Faltbewegung bei Neopte-
ren (s. S. 90) — nach vorn führt. Die Schlag-:
bahn-Stellbewegung der Ephemeropteren be-
trifft außerdem, da die Pteralia 1 ganz proximal
liegen, praktisch den ganzen Flügel; bei den
Neopteren entstanden die Mittelplatten-Faltge-
lenke dagegen weiter distal, innerhalb des
Flügels, so daß die proximalen, die Antriebs-
kräfte übertragenden Sklerite Pterale 1 und Pte-
rale 2 bei einer Schlagbahnänderung nicht mit-
bewegt werden (vgl. Abb. 24d).
In der Literatur werden die beiden vorderen
Pteralia (Pt1, ;) der Ephemeropteren oft mit
dem Pterale 1 und 2 der Neopteren homologi-
siert (s. z.B. Matsuda, 1970; Hamilton, 1971).
Da das Pterale 2 jedoch bei Neopteren dem
Fulcrum aufliegt und durch ein laterales Gelenk
abgegrenzt ist, das (bezogen auf die Schlagachse
B) weiter distal im Flügel liegt als das laterale
Gelenk des Pti, der Ephemeropteren (durch
welches die Achse B verläuft), ist diese Homo-
logisierung wohl nicht zutreffend. Das Pterale 2
entstand — als abgrenzbarer Sklerit — erst in
der Stammgruppe der Neoptera, ım Zusammen-
hang mit der Ausbildung der Mittelplattenge-
lenke und der Neopterie (s. S. 90f.). Das
laterale Gelenk des Pterale 1, der Ephemeropte-
ra ist daher eher dem lateralen Gelenk des
Neopteren-Pterale 1 gleichzusetzen, so daß die
beiden Pteralia Pt1, und Pri, also gemeinsam
mit dem Pterale 1 der Neoptera homologisiert
werden konnen. Fur die Homologisierung (zu-
mindest des hinteren Sklerits Pt1,) mit dem Pte-
rale 1 der Neoptera spricht übrigens auch ein
Muskel (der Pm,, bei Brodskyi, 1970; t-s3 bei
Matsuda, 1970), der von einem proximalen
Fortsatz des Gelenkstücks nach ventral zu einer
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 87
Furca-ähnlichen Bildung des Sternalbereichs
zieht (Furca bei Matsuda, 1970, l.c. Fig. 43B; Fu
bei Brodskyi, 1970, Fig. 4). Da diese “Furca”
der Ephemeropteren mit den, nach ventral ver-
lagerten, Pleuralarmen der Neoptera homologi-
siert werden kann (dafür spricht ein quer-ver-
laufender, unpaarer Muskel, der sich — bei Re-
duktion der eigentlichen Furca — als
Verschmelzungsprodukt der paarigen Furca-
Pleuralarm-Muskeln deuten läßt), stimmt der
Pt1,-Muskel bezüglich Ansatz und Ursprung
mit dem Pterale-1-Muskel der Neoptera über-
ein!). (Zur möglichen Homologisierung des
Pti-Muskels mit dem hea der Odonaten vgl. S.
83f.)
Der Flügelschlagmechanismus der Epheme-
roptera (ITWMI1 mit Schlagbahnspielraum “nach
vorn”; Abb. 24c) erscheint in seinen Entwick-
lungsmöglichkeiten — verglichen mit dem
(TWM 2-) Mechanismus der Neoptera — inso-
fern “benachteiligt” zu sein, als sich Schlagan-
triebs- und Schlagbahnstell-Bewegung zwangs-
läufig kaudal am “Pt4” wechselseitig beeinflus-
sen. Diese Ausbildung des TWM ist jedoch als
so hoch spezialisiert anzusehen, daß sie (einmal
entwickelt) als Ausgangspunkt für die Evolu-
tion der anderen rezenten Systeme nicht mehr
in Frage kommt. Der gegenüber den Neopteren
(vgl. S. 88) grundverschiedene Flügelantrieb
über das kaudale “Pt4” spricht andererseits
auch gegen eine Ableitung des Ephemeropte-
ren-Mechanismus aus einem Neopteren-ahnli-
chen Vorstadium. Bei einem Vergleich der Ab-
bildungen 24c und d könnte man dennoch zu
der Ansicht kommen, daß ım Bereich des “Bas-
alarsystems” homologe, synapomorphe Ge-
meinsamkeiten der beiden Gruppen Neoptera
und Ephemeroptera existieren. So könnte die
Stelle des (reduzierten) vorderen pleuralen
Schlaggelenks der Ephemeropteren ((a)) z.B.
mit dem Gelenk f der Neopteren gleichgesetzt
werden. Dann wäre der Sklerit BAS, mit dem
bas I der Neopteren zu homologisieren, der
BAS, mit dem bas II. Dagegen spricht jedoch
Verschiedenes: Wie bei den Neopteren existiert
auch bei Ephemeropteren — kaudal vom meso-
thorakalen Stigma — ein Skleritbezirk zwischen
Präscutum und Pleurum, der sog. Tergalarm
1) Bei beiden Gruppen inseriert der Muskel auf der
Höhe des Tergalspaltes am Pterale 1,,, (bei Ephe-
meropteren dicht beim Vorderrand des Membran-
einschnittes). Da die Tergalspalte anscheinend
nicht homolog sind (vgl. S. 88), ist diese Uberein-
stimmung als Analogie zu interpretieren.
(nicht eingezeichnet in der Abb 24; vgl. etwa
Weber, 1933; prealare bei Snodgrass, 1935).
Diese Struktur steht bei Eintagsfliegen weder
mit dem Tergum noch mit dem Pleurum in di-
rektem Kontakt und ist nur schwach skleroti-
siert (aus funktionellen Gründen: die Basalar-
muskeln benötigen Bewegungsspielraum nach
vorn!); ventral endet sie unterhalb vom “Rest”
des vorderen Gelenkkopfes. Bei den Neoptera
liegt die ventrale Kontaktstelle des Tergalarms
dagegen dorsal des (neugebildeten) Gelenks f
(und spricht so ebenfalls für die auf S. 88f. dar-
gelegte pleurale Herkunft des bas 1)2). Die Stel-
len f und a und die Sklerite bas I und BAS,
wären demnach — wenn man von einer Homo-
logie und stabilen Lagebeziehung der Tergalar-
me ın den beiden Gruppen ausgeht — nicht ho-
molog. Außerdem existiert bei den Ephemero-
pteren im Bereich des vorderen Gelenkkopfes
noch ein pleuro-tergaler Muskel (t-p10 bei Mat-
suda, 1970; Pm,, bei Brodskyi, 1970), wahrend
die Muskulatur dieses Gebiets bei den Neopte-
ren — im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung des
Gelenks f und des Sklerits bas I — anscheinend
in das Bewegungssystem der beiden Basalaria
übernommen worden ist (vgl. S. 88ff.).
Erwähnenswert sind noch einige weitgehende
Übereinstimmungen — v.a. im dorsalen Bereich
des Sklerits BAS — zwischen Ephemeropteren
und Odonaten, die durchaus synapomorph sein
konnten (und damit eine nahere Verwandtschaft
der beiden Gruppen begründen würden), je-
doch hier vorerst als symplesiomorph gewertet
werden (d.h.: es wird zunächst angenommen,
daß diese Merkmale — in einem noch nicht ge-
nauer zu rekonstruierenden Vorzustand —
schon bei dem hypothetischen Ur-Flugapparat
der Pterygota vorhanden waren). So erstreckt
sich vom proximalen Humeralplatten-Gelenk c
bei Eintagsfliegen (deutlich etwa bei Ephemera)
ein abgrenzbarer kaudaler Teil des BAS in Rich-
tung Tergalrand, der mit großer Wahrschein-
lichkeit dem Abschnitt phCP der Odonaten-
Costalplatte homolog ist (in den Abb. 24a, b, c
wurde sein Umriß gestrichelt angedeutet). Pro-
ximal davon liegt ein Sklerit, der mit dem (bei
Odonaten verschmälerten) Randsklerit RS ho-
2) Es ist anzunehmen, daß der Tergalarm bei Pterygo-
ten ursprünglich vorhanden war. Bei Odonaten ist
er möglicherweise zu einer Tegula-ähnlichen
Struktur umgebildet (s. z.B. die Abb. 4b auf S. 442
bei Tannert, 1958: nicht näher bezeichnete Struk-
tur vor der Hinterflügel-CP; und die Ubersichts-
abbildung, l.c. S. 439: Struktur frontal-medial von
der Vorderflügel-CP).
88 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
mologisiert werden kann, da an seinem Kaudal-
rand in beiden Gruppen ein homologisierbarer
Muskel inseriert (der vca; t-cx4 bei Matsuda,
1970; Pm, bei Brodskyi, 1970)!). Dieser Sklerit
steht bei Ephemeropteren seinerseits über ein
proximales Punktgelenk mit dem Tergalrand in
Kontakt, und zwar kaudal von einem kleinen
Sklerit (dem vTS der Odonaten bzw. der Subte-
gula der Neopteren), der sich in allen drei re-
zenten Gruppen aufgrund seines Muskels (tp,
Abb. 2) identifizieren läßt. Durch diese “Auf-
hangung” wird der Sklerit BAS, der Eintagsflie-
gen (der veränderten Zugrichtung der Basalar-
muskeln entsprechend) auch gegenüber dem
Tergum nach vorn beweglich und erhält zu-
gleich eine Führung und Limitierung. Bei den
Neopteren verlief die Entwicklung in diesem
Bereich ganz anders, da der Sklerit BAS sich in
dieser Gruppe (ebenfalls im Zusammenhang mit
einem Funktionswechsel seiner Muskeln) durch
Reduktion seiner dorsalen Anteile vollständig
vom Tergum gelöst hat; in diesem Fall wurde
eine pleurale Aufhängung neu gebildet (durch
Abgliederung des bas I vom Pleurum), so daß
die BAS- (= bas II-) Bewegung ebenfalls eine
“Führung” (in diesem Fall nach medial) erhielt
(vgl. unten).
Die Ableitung der Neoptera
Wie bei den Ephemeroptera ist auch der
Flügelschlagmechanismus der Neoptera durch
eine Verstarkung des TWM und Reduktion des
TPM gekennzeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu den
Eintagsfliegen liegen die Membraneinschnitte
(Tergalspalte), die zur Effektivierung der He-
belbewegung im Tergalrand entstanden, jedoch
weiter vorn, etwa auf der Hohe des hinteren
pleuralen Flügelgelenkes b. Die tergale Aufwöl-
bung und Abflachung wird über das dort lie-
gende Pterale 1 auf den Flügel übertragen —
auch in den Fällen, in denen (wie bei Hymeno-
pteren, Dipteren und Lepidopteren) ein kaudal
des Tergalspaltes liegender Scutellarhebel die
Hebelfunktion ganz übernimmt. Tergalspalt,
Scutellarhebel und Hebelsklerit sind demnach
bei Ephemeropteren und Neopteren analoge
Bildungen; der TWM beider Gruppen ist unab-
1) Matsuda 1970, Lc. S. 120) gibt für den t-cx4 einer-
seits (falschlicherweise) das Pterale 1 (hier Pt1,) als
Ansatzpunkt an, andererseits (fir Oligoneuriella
und Caenis) einen kleinen, vor dem Pterale 1 lie-
genden Skleriten (“supplementary plate”). Viel-
leicht wurde der Odonatenmuskel hea (t-cx4') aus
diesem Grund als Abkömmling des vca (t-cx4) an-
gesehen (l.c. S. 398).
hängig von der hypothetischen Ausgangskon-
struktion abzuleiten (Abb. 24a>d). (Weitere
Argumente gegen eine Evolution des Antriebs-
systems der Neoptera aus ephemeropteroiden
oder odonatoiden Systemen — oder umgekehrt
gegen die Entwicklung der Flugapparate der
Eintagsfliegen und Libellen aus Neopteren-ähn-
lichen Konstruktionen — sind in den vorherge-
henden Kapiteln angeführt.)
Die Ableitung des Basalar-Systems der
Neopteren erscheint auf den ersten Blick
schwieriger als im Falle der Ephemeropteren, da
der Sklerit BAS primär, als Bestandteil des
Flügels, auf einem Kreisbogen um die Achse
A/B “außerhalb” des Körpers (!) bewegt wurde
(Abb. 24a und 25a), die Basalarsklerite der re-
zenten Neoptera dagegen in den Thorax hinein
bewegt werden (Abb. 24d und 25c). Eine konti-
nuierliche Transformation der einen Bewe-
gungsbahn in die andere (über funktionsfähige
Zwischenstadien, d.h. ohne Funktionsstillstand)
ist jedoch dann möglich, wenn man annimmt,
daß der vordere Gelenkkopf durch die Bildung
eines im Pleurum liegenden Gelenkes f in der
Vorgeschichte der Neopteren zunehmend nach
medial beweglich wurde (Abb. 25a—c). Der
vordere Basalarsklerit der Neoptera (bas I) wäre
dann als eine pleurale Neubildung, der hintere
Sklerit bas II dagegen als Rest des (ursprünglich
pteralen) BAS anzusehen (Abb. 24d). Vergli-
chen damit erscheinen andere Denkmöglichkei-
ten für eine Entstehung der Neopteren-Basala-
ria weniger plausibel: Theoretisch könnten z.B.
beide Basalarsklerite (bas I und bas II) aus dem
Skleriten BAS “herausgeschält” worden sein.
Wegen der oben erwähnten Schwierigkeit, die
Bewegung des BAS “nach außen” kontinuier-
lich in eine Bewegung “nach innen” überzulei-
ten, ist dies jedoch wenig wahrscheinlich. Die
Muskeln müßten in diesem Fall in komplizierter
Weise um die BAS-Kante herum nach innen ge-
wandert sein, was ohne drastische Funktions-
Veränderung und -Schwächung (Reduktion der
BAS-Bewegungsmöglichkeit) nicht vorstellbar
ist. (Aus dem gleichen Grund kann auch die
Entwicklung des Odonaten-BAS nicht von ei-
ner neopteroiden Form mit zwei nach innen be-
weglichen BAS(!)-Skleriten ausgegangen sein.
Eine Umkehrung der ın Abb. 25a>c darge-
stellten Leserichtung — c—a, mit Fortsetzung
zum TPM — ist andererseits unwahrscheinlich;
s. auch S. 85.) Für die oben dargestellte Neu-
bildung des bas I aus dem Pleurum spricht aber
auch die komplizierte Muskelausstattung der
Neopteren-Basalarıa. Neopteren besitzen näm-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 89
“TPM +TWM
a b
TPM +TWM2
C
Abb. 25. Herausbildung des 1. Basalarsklerits (basI) aus dem Pleurum bei Neopteren (Querschnitte durch den
vorderen Flügel- und Thoraxbereich). Der gebogene Pfeil gibt die Bewegungsrichtung des proximalen HP-Ge-
lenkpunktes c beim Abschlag (Kontraktion des Basalarmuskels) wieder. Pleurum schwarz, Sklerit BAS gekreuzt
schraffiert (weitere Sklerite zwischen BAS und Tergum in (a) und (b) weggelassen). HP in (c) nur als Sklerotisie-
rung der Flügelunterseite (Verstärkung der Sehne des Basalarmuskels) erhalten. Teg?: Tegula, môglicherweise
der letzte (dorsale) “Rest” des BAS. Vgl. auch Abb. 24.
lich Muskeln, die von den Basalarskleriten aus
an das Tergum ziehen (bei Mickoleit, 1969, die
Muskeln 1 und 2; bei Matsuda, 1970, t-p7, t-
p9); sie setzen in manchen Gruppen (z.B. Ple-
copteren) noch deutlich am vorderen Basalare
basl an (ursprünglicher Fall!)!). Weder bei
Ephemeropteren noch bei Odonaten sind Mus-
keln vorhanden, die von einem zum BAS-Skle-
ritbereich gehörigen Teil aus ans Tergum zie-
hen; solche Muskeln wären, bei Vorliegen einer
Homologie des Flügelabschnittes BAS und der
Basalarıa (bas I und II), zumindest für die Ur-
form der Pterygota (“TPM + TWM7”) zu for-
dern (wo für sie allerdings keine Funktion er-
sichtlich ist). Interessanterweise besitzen die
Ephemeropteren aber noch einen pleuroterga-
len Muskel (t-p10 bei Matsuda, 1970; Pm,, bei
Brodskyi, 1970), der unterhalb von (a) — also
nicht an einem Teil des BAS-Systems — ent-
springt (vgl. S. 87). Wahrscheinlich wurde ein.
entsprechender (eventuell homologer) Muskel,
der ursprünglich als Verspannmuskel zwischen
Pleurum und Tergum vorhanden war, im Ver-
lauf des an der Neopterenbasis ablaufenden
Prozesses der Angliederung von bas I an bas II
1) Die Beziehung zum basI kann sekundär verwischt
sein; die Muskelansätze sind z.B. bei Dipteren auf
ein von beiden Basalarskleriten aus ins Körperinne-
re ragendes Apodem gewandert.
(den Rest des Sklerits BAS) den primar nur sen-
kend wirksamen BAS-Muskeln “hinzugefügt”
(s. Abb. 25).
Im TWM-Antriebssystem der Neopteren
verlor der vordere pleurale Gelenkkopf mit der
Bildung des Gelenkes f seine Bedeutung — z.T.
wohl auch im Zusammenhang damit, daß der
vordere Tergalrand in der Tierlangsrichtung ge-
genüber den Basalaria beweglicher werden
mußte (vgl. S. 81). Dabei kam cs zu einer Re-
duktion dorsaler, ursprünglich mit dem Tergal-
rand in Beziehung stehender Bestandteile des
BAS (und evtl. anderer, vermittelnder Skleri-
te?); nur die Tegula blieb anscheinend, als letz-
ter Rest, bestehen (Abb. 25c2)). Die auf die Flü-
gelunterseite gewanderte (bzw. nur dort skle-
rotisierte) Humeralplatte HP überträgt bei
Neopteren, wie in den anderen Gruppen, die
Zugkräfte der (abschlagenden) Basalarmuskeln
auf den Flügel. Sie kann als Sklerit weitgehend
2) Dabei muß hier vorerst offenbleiben, ob die Tegula
dem dorsalen Bereich vCP-phCP der Odonaten-
Costalplatte entspricht oder dem Randsklerit RS
(oder einer bei Odonaten vorhandenen Tegula-
ähnlichen Struktur; (vgl. Fußnote S. 872)). Die
Sub-tegula (= vTS bei Libellen) gibt sich dagegen
in allen drei Pterygotengruppen durch ihre Lage
und dem Ansatz des Tergopleuralmuskels (tp) zu
erkennen (vgl. S. 87f.).
90 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
verschwinden und Sehnencharakter erhalten
(z.B. bei Orthopteren). Im ursprünglichen Fall
(etwa bei Plecopteren) behielt die Humeralplatte
proximal noch eine deutliche Beziehung zum
(bei Neopteren vorn sekundar verschmalerten)
Sklerit bas II bei (Abb. 24d); in anderen Grup-
pen besteht dagegen eine Verbindung zum bas I
(wie in Abb. 25c) oder zu beiden Skleriten. Im
einzelnen haben die Basalaria (wie auch ihre
Muskeln) innerhalb der Neoptera starke Ab-
wandlungen erfahren.
Reduktion des TPM (und damit des vorderen,
pleuralen Schlaggelenks a), Veranderung des
BAS-Systems und Verstärkung des TWM wa-
ren wahrscheinlich eng miteinander verknüpft.
So konnte die Lage des Sklerits BAS (bzw. sei-
nes Restes bas II) z.B. erst nach der Reduktion
des Schlagscharniers a/b verändert werden; zu
einem früheren Zeitpunkt wäre eine Wanderung
des kaudalen bas II-Endes zusammen mit dem
Gelenk e vom Fulcrumgelenk b nach ventral
(—e”) nicht möglich gewesen, da die unter-
halb des Sklerits BAS verlaufende Schlagachse
A/B nicht überschritten werden konnte. Diese
Entwicklungen standen wahrscheinlich weiter-
hin in einem Zusammenhang mit der Evolution
einer wesentlichen Bewegungsmöglichkeit des
Neopterenflügels, der Zurückfaltbarkeit in den
Mittelplattengelenken (“Neopterie”). Im Ge-
gensatz zu den Ephemeropteren, bei denen der
“Scutellarhebel” weiter kaudal angreift, und der
Flügel (infolge der Entlastung des Pterale 1 von
der Hebelfunktion) nach vorn “faltbar” werden
konnte, liegt die tergale Hebelstelle bei Neopte-
ren auf der Höhe des Schlaggelenkes b, wo-
durch eine ähnliche Entwicklung von vorn-
herein verhindert war. Stattdessen wurde in die-
sem Fall eine Faltmöglichkeit nach hinten
evoluiert. Die dafür wesentlichen Mittelplatten-
gelenke (zwischen Pterale 2 und Mittelplatte 1
und zwischen Mittelplatte 1 und Mittelplatte 2;
in Abb. 24d gestrichelt) entstanden innerhalb
des Flügels, was diese Bewegung, verglichen mit
der Faltbewegung der Eintagsfliegen, mecha-
nisch unabhängiger vom Schlagantrieb machte.
Gleichzeitig wurde die Flügelbasis kaudal-me-
dial membranisiert (vgl. Abb. 22) und gab so
dem vorn mit der Mittelplatte 1 in Verbindung
stehenden Pterale3 den notwendigen Bewe-
gungsspielraum.
Obwohl über die ursprüngliche Funktion der
Neopteren-Basalarıa und ihrer Muskulatur vor-
erst (ohne eingehenden Vergleich der verschie-
denen Gruppen) noch wenig Sicheres ausgesagt
werden kann, ist es wahrscheinlich, daß sie
schon früh in einem Zusammenhang mit der
Neopterie standen — ohne Veränderung des
BAS-Systems (d.h., wenn der Sklerit BAS in der
Flügelfläche “liegengeblieben” wäre), wäre die
Entwicklung der Neopterie wohl nicht möglich
gewesen. Die ın der Abb. 25 rekonstruierte
Evolution der Basalarsklerite der Neoptera
zeigt, daß die Kraftrichtung der (anfangs reinen)
Senkermuskeln des Sklerits BAS (Abb.25a) all-
mählich verändert wurde (>b>c: Ent-
stehung einer Kraftkomponente nach medial).
Die Pterale-3-Muskeln, die den Flügel in den
Mittelplattengelenken zu falten vermögen, d.h.,
nach hinten-innen schwenken, bewegen die
(frontal-medial des Falt-Drehpunkts liegende)
Gelenkstelle c des Basalarsystems aber zwangs-
läufig in die entgegengesetzte Richtung, nach
vorn-außen, und dehnen somit die vorderen
Senkermuskeln. D.h.: die Muskeln des BAS er-
hielten — zusätzlich zu ihrer persistierenden.
Funktion als Abschlagsmuskeln — eine Flügel-
vorziehfunktion. Die Flügelbasis mußte bei der
Entwicklung der Neopterie also nıcht nur ım
mittleren bis hinteren Bereich, sondern gleich-
zeitig auch vorn stärker verändert werden, da ja
primär nicht nur zurück-, sondern auch vor-
ziehende Muskeln (wenn dies auch bei einigen
rezenten Gruppen nicht mehr zu erkennen ist)
beteiligt waren. In der Literatur wird dagegen
das Augenmerk hauptsächlich auf die Faltbar-
keit des Neopteren-Flügels nach kaudal ge-
richtet. Als evolutiver Vorteil dieser Fähigkeit
wird immer wieder angeführt, daß sie eine
Flügel-Ruhelage über dem Abdomen ermög-
licht, wodurch ein geringerer Körperumriß
(Tarnung) und eine bessere “Versteckschlüpf-
rigkeit” erreicht würden (Feindschutz). Ein Se-
lektionsdruck in dieser Richtung kann jedoch
anfangs noch gar keine Rolle gespielt haben, da
die Fähigkeit zur Flügelfaltung sicher sukzessiv
entwickelt wurde und daher zunächst nur ge-
ringfügig war. Wahrscheinlich entstand die
Neopterie dagegen als eine Möglichkeit, den
Schlagbahn-Spielraum zu erweitern (nach vorn,
d.h. zu horizontalen Schlagbahnen hin, durch
Basalarmuskeln — nach hinten, zu steileren
Schlagbahnen hin, durch Pterale-3-Muskeln).
Sie diente so primär einer Verbesserung der
Manövrierfähigkeit; die Funktion “Ruhefal-
tung” (= Extremstellung der Flügel) konnte der
ursprünglichen Funktion erst später (als bereits
eine weit entwickelte Neopterie vorlag) hinzu-
gefügt werden.
Da der Flügel bei seiner Faltung nach kaudal
gleichzeitig eine pronatorische Drehung
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 91
durchführt — seine (distale) Vorderkante wird
bei der Bewegung in den sich vorn in einem
Punkt treffenden Mittelplattengelenken
zwangslaufig nach unten bewegt (in der Ruhela-
ge ist der Flügel daher maximal proniert) — ist
er bei steileren Schlagbahnen automatisch star-
ker proniert als bei flacheren. Dies stellte wahr-
scheinlich (im Zeitraum der Herausbildung der
Neopterie) eine wesentliche, aerodynamisch
gunstige Funktionskopplung dar. Bei den re-
zenten Neopteren findet sich das Schlagbahn-
Stellsystem (= Faltgelenk-, Pterale-3- + Bas-
alar-System) jedoch in vielfaltiger Weise abge-
wandelt, so daß auch einzelne Funktionen oder
Funktionskopplungen sekundär entfielen. Wäh-
rend die ursprüngliche Funktion (Veränderung
der Schlagbahn) etwa noch bei Hymenopteren,
Dipteren und Lepidopteren vorhanden ist, wur-
de sie in anderen Gruppen (z.T. nur in einem
der beiden Flügelpaare) wieder reduziert (vgl.
Pfau, 1977b, 1978a; Pfau & Honomichl, 1979);
die Möglichkeit der Ruhefaltung der Flügel
über dem Abdomen blieb in den meisten Grup-
pen erhalten (Ausnahme Tagfalter). Die als
ursprünglich anzusehende phasische Abschlags-
Teilfunktion der Basalarmuskeln wurde in meh-
reren Gruppen der Neoptera beibehalten, ent-
weder zusammen mit der Vorziehfunktion (z.B.
Hinterflügel der Caelifera) oder — bei mechani-
scher Festlegung einer vorgezogenen Schlaglage
des Flügels — als Hauptfunktion (Coleoptera).
Sie konnte auch mit anderen (wahrscheinlich
neuen) Funktionen kombiniert werden (z.B. im
Vorderflügel der Caelifera; vgl. unten). Toni-
sche Basalarmuskeln können dagegen als sekun-
däre reine Stellmuskeln mit reduzierter An-
triebsfunktion, die den Flügel v.a. in einer
Schlaglage halten, angesehen werden; Schlag-
bahnveränderungen werden in diesem Fall an-
scheinend durch die zum Tergum ziehende
Basalar-Muskulatur (Muskeln des bas I, s. wei-
ter oben) erreicht (vgl. Pfau, 1977 a).
Die Basalarmuskeln der Neopteren wurden
bisher, aufgrund ihres vor dem Fulcrum liegen-
den Zugpunktes, v.a. als Pronatoren gedeutet
und als solche für die Pterygoten verallgemei-
nert (Snodgrass, 1929, 1935). Eine pronatori-
sche Funktion der Muskeln des BAS-Systems
war nach dem hier Dargelegten aber ursprüng-
lich in keiner der drei Pterygoten-Hauptgrup-
pen entwickelt (und damit auch nicht bei der
postulierten Ausgangsform “TPM + TWM”).
Die Existenz pronatorischer Basalarmuskeln,
etwa beim Feldheuschrecken-Vorderflügel (vel.
Abb. 22), kann als eine Sonderentwicklung in-
nerhalb der Neopteren angesehen werden.
Auch bei den Heuschrecken läuft der Flügel-
Drehmechanismus jedoch nicht (wie Snodgrass
annahm) als Antagonismus pronatorischer Bas-
alarmuskeln und supinatorischer Subalarmus-
keln, die den Flügel (als Ganzes) um das Ful-
crum drehen, ab (einer solchen Bewegung steht
bei Neopteren das Tergum/Pterale-1-Längsge-
lenk entgegen), sondern als Verwindungsme-
chanısmus innerhalb des Flügels. Dafür mußten
neue Gelenke evoluiert werden; außerdem
mußte die Flügelschlagbahn (durch elastische
Mechanismen) festgelegt werden, so daf die ae-
rodynamisch ungünstige Kombination einer fla-
chen Schlagbahn mit einer (beim Abschlag) ver-
stärkten Pronation vermieden wurde (zu Ein-
zelheiten der Vorderflügelmechanik der
Feldheuschrecken vgl. Pfau, 1977b, 1978a,
1983; Pfau & Nachtigall, 1981).
4. DISKUSSION UND ERGÄNZUNGEN
FLÜGELMECHANIK, MUSKELFUNKTIONEN UND
AERODYNAMISCHER EFFEKT
Einige Muskeln des Flugapparates der Libel-
len können als weitgehend reine Muskeln des
Schlagantriebssystems, mit nur einer Funktion,
angesehen werden. Dies gilt für den 1. Basalar-
muskel bas1 (vgl. S. 50) und den 1. Dorsoven-
tralmuskel dvm1 (mit einer Einschränkung, vel.
S. 60). Auch die zugfederartig wirkenden
“Einstellmuskeln” bas2, dvm2 und tp (s.S. 45f.)
sind “monofunktionell”. Unter den Muskeln fiir
Flügeldrehbewegungen und Schlagbahnande-
rungen sind der Fulcroalarmuskel fa (s.S. 54ff.)
und der dorsale Längsmuskel dlm (S. 60f.) als
weitgehend monofunktionelle Stellmuskeln an-
zusehen (der dlm hätte jedoch — wenn er auch
außerhalb des hier postulierten Einsatzbereichs
kontrahiert wäre — eine weitere Wirkung; vgl.
S. 100).
Andere Muskeln sind gleichzeitig mehreren
mechanischen Systemen zugeordnet (“poly-
funktionelle” Muskeln). Bei zwei dieser Mus-
keln (subl und sub2; s.S. 50f.) kann man —
wenn man die Hebelarme vergleicht — relativ
leicht zwischen einer Haupt- und einer Neben-
funktion unterscheiden: der 1. Subalarmuskel
ist in erster Linie ein Senker (mit supinatori-
scher Nebenfunktion), der 2. Subalarmuskel su-
piniert den Flügel dagegen hauptsächlich (und
ist mit Nebenfunktion Senker). Schwieriger ıst
die Unterscheidung von Haupt- und Neben-
funktion beim vorderen und hinteren Coxoalar-
und beim 3. Subalarmuskel (vca, hca, sub3). Die
92 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
beiden Coxoalarmuskeln werden hier (trotz ih-
rer deutlichen Aufschlagswirkung) v.a. als spe-
zialisierte Supinations- bzw. Pronationsmus-
keln der Schlagwendepunkte angesehen (andere
Muskeln kommen nicht in Frage bzw. erschei-
nen weniger geeignet; vgl. S. 50ff.). Der wohl
tonische sub3 könnte als Supinator sowohl beim
Aufschlag (S. 56) als auch an der unteren
Schlagwendedrehung beteiligt sein (s.S. 98); als
Flügelsenker arbeitet er beim Aufschlag außer-
dem den Antriebsmuskeln entgegen.
Im Libellenflugapparat existieren demnach
zwar mechanisch weitgehend unabhängige Be-
wegungssysteme für die Schlag- und Stellbewe-
gungen (s.S. 34ff.), die vorhandene Muskulatur
ist jedoch z.T. zwischen den Systemen angeord-
net und bewirkt zwangsweise gekoppelte Bewe-
gungen. Im weiteren soll zunächst die
Bedeutung der funktionellen Trennung der Be-
wegungssysteme allgemeiner diskutiert werden
(dabei werden auch die verschiedenen Möglich-
keiten zur Beeinflussung der Flügelgeschwin-
digkeit erörtert); auf die Funktions-“Über-
schneidungen” der Systeme wird dann v.a. in
den folgenden Diskussionskapiteln eingegan-
gen. An verschiedenen Stellen wird auch die ae-
rodynamische Wirkung bestimmter Muskeln
diskutiert. Zu diesen (hypothetischen) Folge-
rungen muß gesagt werden, daß sie von einer
“stationären Aerodynamik” und den dabei übli-
chen Kräfteparallelogrammen (vgl. Weis-Fogh
& Jensen, 1956; Nachtigall, 1968; Nachtigall in
Kaestner, 1972; Dubs, 1979) ausgehen; instatio-
näre Effekte, die z.B. bei raschen Anstell-
winkeländerungen auftreten können, spielen
wahrscheinlich zusätzlich eine nicht geringe
Rolle — ihr Anteil kann vorerst höchstens ge-
schätzt werden (vgl. z.B. Norberg, 1975). Auch
die wechselseitige aerodynamische Beeinflus-
sung der Vorder- und Hinterflügel, neuerdings
von Azuma et al. (1985) für den langsamen, ste-
tigen Steigflug von Sympetrum frequens analy-
siert, kann hier keine Berücksichtigung finden.
Funktionelle Trennung von Flugmotor und
Stellmechanismen
Zur Veranschaulichung der Bedeutung von-
einander unabhängiger Antriebs- und Stellsy-
steme sei zunächst einmal angenommen, ein In-
sekt könne nur die Leistung des Schlagantriebs
(“Flugmotors”) durch unterschiedlich starke
Muskelkontraktionen verändern. Dadurch
könnte zwar die Anströmung am Flügel (die
sich aus Schlagwind und Fahrtwind ergibt) und
auch die am Flügel angreifende Luftkraft (L)
verändert werden, jeder Schlaggeschwindigkeit
käme aber nur eine bestimmte Luftkraft zu.
Vortrieb (V) und Auftrieb (A), in die sich die
Luftkraft zerlegen läßt, würden sich damit zwar
bei einer Veränderung der Schlaggeschwindig-
keit vergrößern oder verkleinern, könnten je-
doch nicht unabhängig voneinander variiert
werden. Das Tier wäre in seinen Flugfähigkei-
ten stark begrenzt, vergleichbar etwa einem ein-
fachen Gummimotor-Flugmodell, das bei Kon-
stanthaltung des Auftriebs (horizontaler Gera-
deausflug) weder beschleunigt noch
verlangsamt fliegen kann. Andererseits wäre bei
einem Insekt, welches nur die Flügelanstellung
aktiv zu variieren vermag, und dessen Schlagan-
trieb konstant ist, eine ähnlich eingeschränkte
Flugfähigkeit zu erwarten. Sind Flügel-Antrieb
und -Anstellung dagegen beide unabhängig
voneinander veränderlich — d.h., der Flügel
kann in einer bestimmten Anstellung mit ver- |
schiedener Geschwindigkeit geschlagen werden
und umgekehrt bei einer bestimmten Schlagge-
schwindigkeit unterschiedlich angestellt sein —
so erweitert sich der Spielraum der Luftkrafter-
zeugung beträchtlich. Größe und Richtung der
Luftkraft werden weitgehend frei wählbar, die
Luftkraftkomponenten A und V dadurch (bis
zu einem gewissen Grad) voneinander unabhän-
gig. Dieser Gesichtspunkt ist bisher (sicher auch
wegen der nur unzureichend untersuchten Me-
chanık der Flügel-Stellbewegungen) kaum
beachtet worden: Wilson & Weis-Fogh (1962)
sahen z.B. bei Schistocerca (Orthoptera) die me-
sothorakalen Basalar- und Subalarmuskeln
gleichzeitig als Abschlags-“Powermuskeln” und
antagonistische Einstellmuskeln der Flügelan-
stellung an (gemäß Snodgrass, 1929; vgl. auch S.
91). Sie fanden also bei den direkten Senkern
eine Zwangskopplung einer Antriebsfunktion
mit einer Stellfunktion vor. Pronation und Supi-
nation laufen jedoch im Vorderflügel der Feld-
heuschrecken als Flügel-Verwindungen im
Flügel, unabhängig von der Antriebsmechanik,
ab und können durch einen (weitgehend)
schlagneutralen Muskel (den Pterale-3-Muskel
= M85) eingestellt werden (vgl. Abb.22 und
Pfau, 1977b, 1978a). Auch für die Feldheu-
schrecken ergäbe sich demnach (bei Berücksich-
tigung der Vorderflügel allein) die Möglichkeit
der unabhängigen Variation von Vortrieb und
Auftrieb. Vom Antrieb unabhängige Systeme
zur Veränderung der Flügelanstellung sind bei
den besser fliegenden Pterygoten anscheinend
die Regel (s. auch Abb.22; und Pfau, in Vorb.).
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 93
Libellen haben mehrere Möglichkeiten, die
Schlaggeschwindigkeit ihrer Flügel zu steuern:
Steigerungen der vom Flugmotor abgegebenen
Leistung können z.B. durch kräftigere Kontrak-
tion der Antriebsmuskeln und/oder Verstär-
kung durch weitere, synergistische Muskeln er-
reicht werden. Beim Abschlag steht allerdings
nur ein einziger “reiner” Senker zur Verfügung,
der basi, während eine Kontraktion des sub1
oder sub2 gleichzeitig eine Flügel-Supination
mit sich bringt. Infolge dieser Funktionskopp-
lung erscheinen die beiden Muskeln sub1 und
sub2 für eine Steigerung der aerodynamischen
Abschlagswirkung in doppelter Hinsicht geeig-
net — sie erhöhen einerseits die Abschlags-
geschwindigkeit (v.a. der subl) und wirken an-
dererseits gleichzeitig der (dadurch verstärkten
— s.S. 51) passiven Pronation entgegen (v.a.
der sub2), wodurch der aerodynamische An-
stellwinkel vergrößert oder gleichgehalten wird
(vgl. Abb.26a). Theoretisch könnte die Libelle
daher entweder mit dem einen direkten (reinen)
Senker basi (und mehr oder weniger großem
aerodynamischen Anstellwinkel, bestimmt
durch den sub2) oder allein mit dem anderen,
starken Senker sub1 (der den Anstellwinkel
selbst, “automatisch”, groß hält) fliegen. Eine
Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit des aufschla-
genden Flügels kann wohl nur durch eine stär-
kere Kraftentwicklung im dvm1 erreicht wer-
den (der teil-synergistische hca kommt wahr-
scheinlich, aufgrund seiner Drehwirkung im
Abschlagsdrehbereich, erst am oberen Schlag-
wendepunkt ins Spiel — der vca aus entspre-
chenden Gründen am unteren; vgl. S. 50f., S.
95 und S. 97f.). Drosselungen des Flugmo-
tors sind andererseits durch kleine, tonische Zu-
satzmuskeln (“Zugfeder”-Antagonisten) mög-
lich (S. 45f.). Eine Verringerung der Flügel-
Abschlagsgeschwindigkeit kann durch den
dvm2 bewirkt werden; der bas2 (und auch der
sub3) wirkt entsprechend auf den aufschlagen-
den Flügel. Die Schlagamplitude wird durch
diese Muskeln demnach entweder oben oder
unten gekürzt; außerdem könnten Phasenver-
schiebungen zwischen dem rechten und linken
Flügel entweder erzeugt oder ausgeglichen wer-
den. Die Wirkung der tp auf die
Flügelgeschwindigkeit ist dagegen komplexer.
Diese Muskeln beeinflussen sowohl den
Aufschlag als auch den Abschlag; sie sind je-
weils ın der ersten Schlagphasenhälfte Antago-
nist, in der zweiten Synergist der (jeweiligen)
Antriebsmuskeln. In welcher Weise dies äußer-
lich zum Ausdruck kommt, hängt sicher we-
sentlich von der zeitlichen Entwicklung der
Kraft in den Powermuskeln ab.
Diese Steigerungs- und Drosselungsmöglich-
keiten des Libellen-Flugmotors ergeben einen
weiten Spielraum der Luftkrafterzeugung nach
beiden Seiten hin, einerseits bei der symmetri-
schen Krafterzeugung, andererseits auch (bis zu
einem gewissen Grad; vgl. S. 43 und S. 45f.)
bei rechts-linksseitig asymmetrischen Steuerak-
tionen. Das sind Möglichkeiten, die für derartig
hoch spezialisierte Lufträuber sicher von
größter Bedeutung sind.
Veränderung der Flügelanstellung in den beiden
Schlagphasen
Die beiden mechanisch ganz unterschiedli-
chen Drehbereiche des Flügels sind in der mitt-
leren Anstellung durch Anschläge voneinander
getrennt (s.S. 46ff.). Die Supinatoren des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs können daher nicht ın
den Aufschlagsdrehbereich “hinüberwirken”
und umgekehrt der Pronator des Aufschlags-
drehbereichs nicht in den Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich. Es ist andererseits (aus energetischen und
— da ungünstige Flügelverformungen die Folge
wären — wohl auch aerodynamischen Grün-
den) nicht wahrscheinlich, daß den Flügel ent-
gegengesetzt verwindende Muskeln gleichzeitig
aktiv sind, da der Flügel dabei von vorn und
hinten unter Spannung gesetzt würde (eine be-
reits vorhandene Verwindung würde jedoch
nicht rückgängig gemacht). Drehungen in Rich-
tung Anstellextrem können demnach erst dann
beginnen, wenn die Verwindung im anderen
Drehbereich bis zum Anschlag (0°) zurückge-
nommen ist. Diese Rückdrehungen im einen
Drehbereich, und anschließenden Vorwärtsdre-
hungen im anderen, spielen sich an den Schlag-
wendepunkten ab und werden z.T. durch spe-
zielle Muskeln, z.T. aber auch durch passive
Kräfte, beeinflußt (s.S. 97f.). Innerhalb der
Schlagphasen werden wahrscheinlich andere
Muskeln für Anstelländerungen eingesetzt, wo-
bei jedoch für einzelne Muskeln vorerst nicht
klar entschieden werden kann, ob sie mehr der
Einstellung der Flügelanstellung in der Schlag-
phase oder mehr der Beeinflussung der Dreh-
geschwindigkeit am Schlagwendepunkt dienen.
Für diese Muskeln sollen daher beide Môglich-
keiten erörtert werden.
Muskeln zur Vergrößerung des aerodynamı-
schen Anstellwinkels. — Der 2. Subalarmuskel
(sub2) wird wahrscheinlich (in Anbetracht sei-
ner gleichzeitigen Abschlagsfunktion) phasisch
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 95
beim Abschlag eingesetzt. Theoretisch könnte
er auch phasisch beim Aufschlag kontrahiert
werden; er wäre dann aber lediglich ein Syner-
gist des bas2 (s.S. 45), da er die Flügelanstel-
lung im Aufschlagsdrehbereich wohl nicht zu
beeinflussen vermag (s.S. 56)!). Der 2. Subalar-
muskel besitzt einen großen Hebelarm zur
Drehachse des Abschlagsdrehbereichs und ei-
nen kleinen zur Schlagachse. Da bei einer Kon-
traktion des Muskels beim Abschlag eine Flü-
gel-Supination mit einer Erhöhung der
Flügelgeschwindigkeit einhergeht, wird die ae-
rodynamische Wirkung des Abschlags in zwei-
facher Hinsicht gesteigert (vgl. S. 93 und Abb.
26a). Zusammen mit dem 1. Subalarmuskel ein-
gesetzt (bei dem die Abschlagswirkung größer,
die Supinationswirkung dagegen kleiner ist als
beim sub2), ergibt sich eine Möglichkeit zur Er-
weiterung des Bereichs der Luftkrafterzeugung
(vgl. S. 92f.).
Im Gegensatz zum subi und sub2 erscheint
der vca für eine positive Veranderung der Luft-
kraft in einem mittleren Abschlagsabschnitt we-
niger geeignet zu sein, da er den Flügel gleich-
zeitig abbremsen und den Effekt des vergrößer-
ten aerodynamischen Anstellwinkels ver-
mindern (oder aufheben) würde (vgl. auch S.
51). Der vierte Flügel-Supinator, der sub3,
könnte theoretisch (phasisch kontrahiert) den
aerodynamischen Anstellwinkel beim Abschlag
vergrößern und würde dabei (wie der subl und
!) Auf eine phasische Kontraktion des sub2 beim
Abschlag deutet auch ein Ausschalt-Experiment
von Neville (1960) hin.
sub2) gleichzeitig die Schlaggeschwindigkeit
erhöhen. Dieser Muskel ist jedoch vergleichs-
weise schwach und wird hier — da er mit
großer Wahrscheinlichkeit tonisch ist und (als
einziger Muskel) den Cubitalsektor supinato-
risch zu bewegen vermag — der Aufschlagspha-
se und dem Aufschlagsdrehbereich zugeordnet
(vgl. S. 56 und weiter unten).
Der Fulcroalarmuskel (fa) vergrößert den ae-
rodynamischen Anstellwinkel beim Aufschlag.
Ein Hinüberwirken in den Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich wird als unwahrscheinlich angesehen, da
die Muskelwirkung durch den pronatorischen
Anschlag des Cubitalsektors begrenzt ist; im
Abschlagsdrehbereich wird der RAP-interne
Muskel (infolge der beweglichen Aufhängung
seines Ursprungs — genau am Gelenk p2 der
RAP-Drehachse P2/C4) als Ganzes zusammen
mit der RAP bewegt, so daß hier den Muskel
dehnende Gegenkräfte fehlen (vgl. S. 55f.). Im
Gegensatz zum sub2 des Abschlagsdrehbe-
reichs ist der fa schlagneutral. Möglicherweise
muß daher bei einer Anderung seiner Kontrak-
tionsstärke auch die Schlaggeschwindigkeit des
Flügels verändert werden (entsprechend wie
beim sub2, der die Geschwindigkeit “automa-
tisch” vergrößert); bei Zunahme der fa-Kraft
könnte dies z.B. durch dvm1-Verstärkung (oder
schwächere Kontraktion des bas2) erreicht wer-
den.
Muskeln zur Verkleinerung des aerodynami-
schen Anstellwinkels. — Der 3.Subalarmuskel
(sub3) ist als tonischer Muskel in der Auf-
schlagsphase wirksam und beeinflußt die Flügel-
Abb. 26. Schemata zur Luftkrafterzeugung. — (a) Vergrößerung des aerodynamischen Anstellwinkels (ß),
des Anström-Vektors und der Luftkraftresultierenden (L) bei Kontraktionsverstarkung des sub1 oder sub2 in
der Abschlagsphase. Der geometrische Anstellwinkel x wurde hier unverändert belassen. Dies beinhaltet die
Annahme, daß (v.a. im Falle einer sub1-Kontraktion) das passiv-pronatorische Drehmoment (hervorgerufen
durch den größeren Windfahneneffekt bei größerer Flügelgeschwindigkeit) das supinatorische Drehmoment
(bedingt durch die Muskelkontraktion) gerade kompensiert (vgl. auch S. 50f.); (b) Verkleinerung von a und
damit verbundene Vergrößerung von ß und L bei Kontraktionsverstärkung des fa in der Aufschlagsphase.
Der Anströmvektor wurde unverändert belassen; (c) Verkleinerung von ß, L und Anström-Vektor (bei
gleichzeitiger Richtungsänderung desselben — als Folge der Schlagverlangsamung) durch verstärkte sub3-Kon-
traktion in der Aufschlagsphase; (d) Möglichkeit der Rücktriebssteigerung bei sehr starker sub3-Kontraktion
und Anströmung der Flügelunterseite in der Aufschlagsphase. Dabei wurde angenommen, daß die Luftkraft L,
trotz verringerter Anströmgeschwindigkeit, durch die Vergrößerung von ß größer wird. Die Vergrößerung
von ß ist sowohl durch die supinatorische Flügeldrehung als auch durch die Richtungsänderung der An-
strömung bedingt. Wegen der Erzeugung von Abtrieb ist es fraglich, ob (d) beim Flug zum Einsatz kommt; (e)
Zwei Phasen der Vorschwingbewegung (des Anisopteren-Vorderflügels) am Ende des Abschlags. Die Abb. ver-
deutlicht die Möglichkeit der Erzeugung von Rücktrieb durch den dlm.
x geometrischer Anstellwinkel (Winkel zwischen einer Frontalebene und dem Flügel); ß aerodynamischer
Anstellwinkel (Winkel zwischen Luftanströmung und Flügel); L Luftkraftresultierende; S Seitkraft; W Wider-
stand. Das schwarze Dreieck an den Flügelquerschnitten kennzeichnet die Vorderkante und Oberseite.
96 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
anstellung dort (sobald der 0°-Anschlag des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs erreicht ist — vgl. S:
98) durch eine supinatorische Bewegung des
Cubitalsektors (s.S. 56). Theoretisch ware der
Muskel damit als Antagonist des fa anzusehen;
es ist jedoch fraglich, ob er als solcher auch ein-
gesetzt wird (d.h., ob er zu gleicher Zeit wie der
fa kontrahiert wird), da er den Flugel ja vor
allem dann zu supinieren vermag, wenn die pro-
natorischen Gegenkrafte gering sind. Der sub3
verwindet den Flügel in Richtung zur aerodyna-
mischen Null-Anstellung (tangentiale An-
strömung) hin, vielleicht sogar darüber hinaus
(> Anströmung der Flügelunterseite). Wäh-
rend durch den fa (v.a.) die Vortriebswirkung
vergrößert wird (s. Abb. 26b und weiter unten),
wird sie durch den sub3 verkleinert — bei
gleichzeitiger Verringerung der Aufschlags-
geschwindigkeit (vgl. S. 56; Abb. 26c)! Er-
reicht der Flügel, bei Anstromung der Flügelun-
terseite, negative Anstellwinkel, so kann evtl.
sogar Rücktrieb erzeugt werden (Abb. 26d). Da
Flügelaufschläge mit wenig oder ohne Vor-
triebswirkung (oder mit Rücktrieb) wahr-
scheinlich beim langsamen Flug und Rüttel- bis
Rückwärtsflug eingesetzt werden, ist zu erwar-
ten, daß der sub3 v.a. in diesen Flugsituationen
kontrahiert wird (zusammen mit dem dlm? Vgl.
S. 100).
Bei Libellen liegt damit eine getrennte Ein-
stellmöglichkeit der Flügelanstellung in der Ab-
und Aufschlagsphase vor, die für die Ma-
növrierfähigkeit der Tiere sicher von großer Be-
deutung ist. Da die Grundschlagbahnebene des
Flügels durch ein Scharniergelenk (p1/p2) fest-
gelegt ist, wird der Flügel beim Ab- und
Aufschlag in der weitgehend gleichen Bahn be-
wegt (vgl. S. 43f.). Daraus ergibt sich für die bei-
den Schlagphasen (bei positivem aerodynamı-
schem Anstellwinkel) eine ganz unterschiedli-
che Ausrichtung der auf dem Flügel stehenden
Luftkraftresultierenden (s. Krafteparallelo-
gramm der Abb. 26a und b); bei Zerlegung von
L in A und V wird ersichtlich, daß beim Ab-
schlag mehr Auftrieb als Vortrieb erzeugt wird,
beim Aufschlag dagegen mehr Vortrieb als Auf-
trieb. Ausgestattet mit der Fähigkeit, die Flügel-
anstellung in den beiden Schlagphasen unabhän-
gig zu bestimmen, können Libellen daher ent-
weder die Auftriebs- oder die Vortriebserzeu-
gung betonen (oder natürlich auch beide zu-
gleich, und dies entweder rechts-linksseitig sym-
metrisch oder asymmetrisch!)) — wiederum ei-
ne wesentliche Möglichkeit zur Erweiterung
. des Spielraums der Luftkrafterzeugung!
Die den aerodynamischen Anstellwinkel ver-
größernden Muskeln sub2 und fa besitzen beide
(im mittleren Abschnitt ihrer Schlagphase) an-
scheinend keinen Muskel-Antagonisten — ıhr
“Gegenspieler” ist jeweils die den Flügel (pas-
sıv) zur Anströmung hin drehende Luft (vgl. S.
51, 55). Diesem Gesichtspunkt wurde wohl
bisher deshalb keine Beachtung geschenkt, weil
die Verwindungsmechanik (und -muskulatur)
bei keiner Gruppe genauer untersucht war und
somit auch Informationen über die genaue Lage
der Flügeldrehachse(n) fehlten. Die in der vor-
liegenden Arbeit dargestellten Befunde zeigen,
daß im Odonatenfligel die Achsen beider
Drehbereiche so liegen, daß sich die Haupt-
flügelfläche — und damit (wie bei einer Wetter-
fahne) auch der aerodynamische Druckpunkt —
jeweils hinter der Achse befindet. Aufgrund
dieses “Wetterfahneneffekts” wird der aerody-
namische Anstellwinkel des Flügels bei Ande-
rung der Anströmung gewissermaßen selbst-
tätig in einem günstigen Bereich gehalten.
Größere Anstellwinkel müssen jeweils aktiv,
mit Muskelkraft (gegen die Luft), erzeugt wer-
den.
In beiden Schlagphasen ist der Flügel ver-
wunden, und zwar so, daß er distal stärker pro-
niert oder supiniert angestellt ist als proximal.
Hierin könnte eine Anpassung an die sich von
proximal nach distal ändernde Richtung und
Geschwindigkeit der anstromenden Luft gese-
hen werden: Da die Flügel-Umfangsgeschwin-
digkeit nach distal zunimmt, ändern sich auch
Winkel und Stärke der aus Fahrtwind und
Schlagwind resultierenden Anströmung zur
Flügelspitze hin; dies wird durch die Verwin-
dung des Flügels möglicherweise (zumindest
zum Teil) kompensiert, so daß der aerodynami-
sche Anstellwinkel unterkritisch bleibt. Im Ab-
schlagsdrehbereich wird der Flügel deutlich ge-
ringer verwunden als im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich. In Übereinstimmung damit scheint zu
1) Für unilaterale Veränderungen der Flü-
gelanstellung scheint v.a. der schlagneutrale fa
geeignet zu sein, da bei einer einseitigen Kontrak-
tionsänderung der Flügelschlag des anderen Flügels
nicht beeinflußt wird. Jedenfalls nicht direkt: wird
durch die Korrektur der Flügelanstellung gleich-
zeitig die Flügelgeschwindigkeit (passıv, durch die
geänderte Anströmung) verändert, so ist natürlich
der andere Flügel — indirekt, über die tergale Kopp-
lung - mitbetroffen.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 97
stehen, daß die Abschlagsgeschwindigkeit des
Flügels kleiner ist als die Aufschlagsgeschwin-
digkeit (vgl. den Film von v. Holst, 1950;
Nachtigall in Kaestner, 1972; Savage et al.,
1979, nach Daten von Norberg, 1975).
Da das AusmaR der Flügelverwindung von
zahlreichen Kräften abhängt (von den Stellmus-
keln und von der Luftanströmung direkt — von
den Antriebsmuskeln, welche über die Verände-
rung der Flügel- und Fluggeschwindigkeit die
Anströmung verändern, indirekt), läßt das
äußerliche Bild eines mehr oder weniger ver-
wundenen Flügels (Abb. 27) für sich keine
Rückschlüsse auf den Kontraktionszustand der
Muskeln zu. Es ist außerdem noch völlig offen,
in welcher Weise sich der Flügel genau bei un-
terschiedlichen aktiven und passiven Kräften
verwindet (und sonst verformt). Hier können in
Zukunft nur experimentelle Untersuchungen,
die zahlreiche Faktoren berücksichtigen, eine
weitere Aufklärung erbringen.
Schlagwendepunkte
Norberg (1975) kam zu dem Ergebnis, daß
ein großer Teil der Auftriebskräfte beim Libel-
len-Rüttelflug von den Wendepunktsdrehungen
des Flügels herrührt. Der aerodynamische Me-
chanismus ist jedoch bisher weitgehend unbe-
kannt. Möglicherweise wird der sog. “flip me-
chanism” (Weis-Fogh, 1973) genutzt!). Savage
et al. (1979) wiesen dagegen auf andere Mecha-
nismen hin: die Autoren zeigten anhand von
Modellexperimenten, daß bei rüttelfliegenden
Libellen die Supination der unteren Schlagwen-
depunktsdrehung — über Wirbelbildung bzw.
Sogwirkung an der hinteren und vorderen
Flügelkante — einen großen Anteil an der Auf-
triebserzeugung hat.
Aktive Wendepunktsdrehungen haben wohl
zumindest die Bedeutung, daß der Flügel mög-
lichst rasch in eine der Abschlags- oder Auf-
schlagsanströmung “angepaßte” Anstellung ge-
schwungen wird und so schon von Beginn an in
der Schlagphase Luftkräfte erzeugen kann —
ein rein passives Umschwingen würde wahr-
scheinlich Verluste mit sich bringen. Anderer-
seits kann die Flügeldrehgeschwindigkeit durch
eine spezialisierte “Wendepunktsmuskulatur”
variiert werden, so daß Phasenunterschiede der
Flügel beider Seiten erzeugt (oder ausgeglichen)
werden können; dies dürfte für Steueraktionen
von Bedeutung sein.
Für die Pronation der oberen Schlagwende
steht den Libellen (nach Ausschluß des bast —
vgl. S. 50) nur der im Abschlagsdrehbereich
pronatorische, wahrscheinlich phasisch-aktive
!) Dabei könnten elastische Verspannungen im Flügel
(z.B. bei früher Kontraktion des hca) eine Rolle
spielen. Ein in beiden Hälften der Schlagwende-
drehung den Flügel entgegengesetzt verwindender,
einen bistabilen Effekt erzeugender Muskel (vgl.
Pfau & Nachtigall, 1981: Subalarmuskel im Vor-
derflügel von Locusta) war bei Libellen jedoch
nicht nachweisbar.
Abb. 27. Männchen von Aeshna cyanea im Rittelflug. Man beachte den stark supinatorisch verwundenen,
aufschlagenden rechten Hinterflügel sowie den weit vorgeschwungenen, am Abschlagsende befindlichen rech-
ten Vorderflügel.
98 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
hea zur Verfügung (s.S. 44, 50). Der Muskel
besitzt zusatzlich eine Aufschlagswirkung. Am
Auf-Abschlags-Umkehrpunkt kontrahiert, be-
wirkt er demnach — da er auch die Aufschlags-
bewegung des Flügels fortsetzt und die obere
Amplitude vergrößert — für sich wohl keine
wesentlich beschleunigte Pronationsdrehung!).
Schnellere Drehbewegungen des Flügels sind
deswegen aber nicht ausgeschlossen; sie könn-
ten durch einen (gegenüber der hca-Kontrak-
tion) verfrühten Einsatz der Abschlags-An-
triebsmuskeln erreicht werden. Dabei würde
der aufschlagende Flügel zunächst abgebremst
und dann abgeschlagen; der sich (spät) kontra-
hierende hca würde weniger schnell verkürzt
(isometrische Kontraktion), so daß der Flügel
rascher (“auf der Stelle”) proniert würde. Wahr-
scheinlich wird der Muskel sub2 erst nach dem
hea, innerhalb der Abschlagsphase, kontrahiert
(vgl. S. 93ff.); bei fruhzeitigem Einsatz könnte er
allerdings ebenfalls an der Wendepunktsdre-
hung beteiligt sein — er würde in diesem Fall den
Drehwinkel und die Drehgeschwindigkeit (im
Abschlagsdrehbereich) verkleinern.
Der vca wird hier als Supinator der unteren
Schlagwende betrachtet (s.S. 51). Da der Mus-
kel (der wie der hca medial von der Schlagachse
am Flügel angreift) zusätzlich eine Aufschlags-
funktion besitzt, bremst er den Flügel bei seiner
Kontraktion ab (im Gegensatz zum hca, s.
oben). Der Flügel wird dadurch schnell, prak-
tisch auf der Stelle, bis zum 0°-Anschlag des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs hin supiniert (die Mus-
kelwirkung wird wohl dadurch noch gesteigert,
daß der vca bis zum Ende der Schlagphase
durch die Abschlagsbewegung gedehnt wird —
dies steht wiederum im Gegensatz zum hca).
Eine verlängerte Wendedrehung (bei gleichzei-
tig weıter fortgesetztem Flügelschlag — wie sie
der hca allein bewirken kann, s. oben) kann
durch einen schwächeren Einsatz des vca und
wohl auch durch stärkere (bzw. späte) Kontrak-
tion von Abschlagsmuskeln erreicht werden.
Der Muskel sub3 vermag (als tonischer Muskel)
die Supination des unteren Schlagumkehrpunk-
tes fortzusetzen (Zugfederwirkung mit begin-
nendem Aufschlag; vgl. S. 56). In diesem Fall
wären die Kräfte zweier gleichsinnig drehender
Muskeln aus verschiedenen Drehbereichen (vca,
1) Im Insekten-Flugfilm von v. Holst (1950) zeigt der
linke Vorderflügel der Libelle (anscheinend Aeshna
juncea L.) eine solche, einen größeren Abschnitt
der Aufschlagsphase einnehmende “verlängerte”
pronatorische Wendepunktsdrehung.
sub3) hintereinandergeschaltet. Würde der Su-
pinator des Abschlagsdrehbereichs (vca) da-
gegen nicht kontrahiert, so würde der sub3 —
infolge seines Hebelarms zur Drehachse P2/C4
— zu Beginn des Aufschlags auch den ersten
Teil der Drehung übernehmen. Für den Muskel
fa muß ebenfalls eine Beeinflussung der unteren
Wendepunktsdrehung erwogen werden: der
Muskel würde (bei tonischer Kontraktion oder
im Falle eines frühen phasischen Einsatzes) ent-
sprechend wie der sub2 (vgl. oben) den Dreh-
winkel und die Drehgeschwindigkeit des
Flügels (in diesem Fall im Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich) verkleinern. Setzt der Muskel fa dagegen
phasisch erst sehr spät ein, so wäre er an der
oberen Wendepunktsdrehung — wiederum nur
in dem zum Aufschlagsdrehbereich gehörigen
Teil der Drehung — pronatorisch beteiligt.
Demnach besitzen die Odonaten mit den
Muskeln hca und vca eine spezialisierte Musku-
latur für die Flügeldrehbewegungen des oberen
und unteren Schlagwendepunkts. Da außer die-
sen Muskeln aber noch weitere beteiligt sein
können (fa, sub2, sub3), und auch passive Kräf-
te sicher eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle spielen,
kann im einzelnen mit sehr komplexen Kraftbe-
ziehungen und vielfältigen Bewegungsablaufen
gerechnet werden.
Funktionsmorphologische und experimentel-
le Untersuchungen weisen neuerdings auch für
andere Insektengruppen darauf hin, daß den
Schlagwendepunktsdrehungen (oder zumindest
einer von beiden, also entweder der pronatori-
schen oder der supinatorischen Drehung) eine
größere Bedeutung zukommt. Bei Locusta ist
z.B. die Pronation des oberen Schlagumkehr-
punktes in vielfältiger und komplexer Weise ak-
tiv beeinflußbar (Pfau, 1977b, 1978a, 1983; Pfau
& Nachtigall, 1981, s. Fußnote S. 97). Hier
spielen drei Muskeltypen (Basalarmuskeln, Sub-
alarmuskel und Pterale-3-Muskel) eine Rolle
und können, je nach Kontraktionskraft und
-zeitpunkt, die Drehbewegung modifizieren;
die als wesentliche “Initiator”-Pronatoren ein-
gesetzten Basalarmuskeln sind in diesem Fall
gleichzeitig starke Senker des Flügelantriebssy-
stems (vgl. dazu auch S. 91 und Abb. 22). Die
Supination des unteren Schlagwendepunkts
läuft dagegen bei Locusta (und auch bei Cetonia
und Geotrupes; vgl. Pfau & Honomichl, 1979)
in relativ einfacher Weise, weitgehend passıv,
ab: sowie der Flügel langsamer wird und pro-
nierende Kräfte abnehmen, schwingt er ın eine
elastisch bedingte supinierte Grundanstellung
zurück. Demgegenüber sind die Dipteren (Cal-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 99
dim — 7.
DI ip Nam
j Ne
wet
a) b)
C)
Abb. 28. Grundschlagbahnebene und Möglichkeiten zur Schlagbahn-Veränderung beim Vorderflügel der Aniso-
pteren (a,b) und der Zygopteren + Anisozygopteren (c). In (a) und (b) wurde die postulierte “Vorbereitung”
der Vorschwingbewegung — durch Kontraktion des vca vor dem dlm (s. S. 60f.) — illustriert; (a) Schwache
Kontraktion des dlm (evtl. zusätzlich schwache vca-Kontraktion) > großer Schlagbahnwinkel X, am Ende
des Abschlags (der Flügel schwingt etwa in der Fortsetzung der Grundschlagbahn aus); (b) Starke Kontraktion
des dim (und vca) > kleiner Winkel À, am Abschlagsende; (c) Schema der Wirkung des dim und pa bei
Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren (vgl. S. 61).
liphora) anscheinend wie die Libellen in der La-
ge, auch am unteren Umkehrpunkt des Schlags
einen Wendepunktsmuskel (Supinator) einzu-
setzen (pt4, in Abb. 22); bei rein tonischer Kon-
traktion wurde dieser Muskel allerdings — ent-
sprechend wie der sub3 der Odonaten — erst zu
Beginn des Aufschlags wirksam (vgl. Pfau, in
Vorb.). Die bisherigen Befunde zeigen also, daß
bei den Pterygoten mehrere, ganz unterschiedli-
che Wendepunkts-Mechanismen evoluiert wur-
den.
Veränderung der Schlagbahn
Das Flügel-Vorschwingen ist von anderen
Bewegungen abhängig (vgl. S. 57ff.). Es kann
z.B. erst dann beginnen, wenn der Flügel sich in
einer bestimmten Anstellung (0° = “zwischen”
den Drehbereichen) befindet. Ist er proniert an-
gestellt, muß dem Vorschwingen demnach eine
Supination vorausgehen; ein Uberlappen der
Vorgänge würde beide Bewegungen “schwer-
gängig” (weniger effektiv) machen. Die Funk-
tion der tergalen Hebelkette ist andererseits von
der sich im Schlagablauf verändernden Ausrich-
tung der Scharnierachse C2/C4 abhängig und
kann erst in der unteren Hälfte des Schlags
“ablaufen”; vorher ist ein vollständiges Vor-
schwingen des Flügels, bis hin zum Anschlag
der dhCP an der phCP, nicht möglich. Beim
Aufschlag schließlich verhindert der starke indi-
rekte Heber dvm1 ein Vorschwingen — ein
(phasischer) Einsatz des dim kann daher in die-
ser Phase als unwahrscheinlich angesehen wer-
den. Der Kontraktions-Zeitpunkt der dorsalen
Längsmuskeln läßt sich also auf den unteren
Abschlagsabschnitt, anschließend an eine supi-
natorische Drehung bis 0° (vca), eingrenzen; da-
bei ist zu erwarten, daß die durch den dim be-
wirkte Schlagbahnanderung je nach der Kon-
traktion des Supinators verschieden ausfällt
(vgl. S. 60f. und Abb. 28a, b). Dieses (aus der
Mechanik erschlossene) zeitlich enge Zusam-
menwirken der beiden Muskeln dlm und vca er-
klärt möglicherweise einen Irrtum Neville’s
(1960): Neville beobachtete, daß die Flügelba-
sisplatten RAP und CP am Abschlagsende aus-
einanderweichen und schrieb dies (aufgrund der
etwa gleichzeitig stattfindenden, die vca-Kon-
traktion anzeigenden Bewegung des Rand-
sklerits RS nach ventral) einer Kontraktion des
Muskels vca zu (wobei er sich allerdings z.T.
widersprüchlich äußert — s. Anm. 17, S. 116).
100 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
Abb. 29. Flügel-Vorschwingen bei Aeshna cyanea (nach einer Sequenz des Films von G. Rüppell, 1981; Tier in
Großaufnahme, Abdomenende außerhalb des Bildes). Eineinhalb aufeinanderfolgende Schläge des linken Vor-
derflügels eines rüttelfliegenden Männchens sind dargestellt: W Abschlag 1, A Aufschlag 1, @ Abschlag 2
(Flügelspitzenbahn). Da das Tier danach eine Roll- und Gierbewegung durchführte, konnte der folgende
Aufschlag nicht mehr verfolgt werden. Der Flügelumriß wurde nur für beide Abschlags-Endpunkte (für densel-
ben Vorderflügel) ausgezeichnet, der Hinterflügel wurde weggelassen. Die Pfeile kennzeichnen den jeweiligen
Beginn der Supinationsdrehung. Die Abstände zwischen den letzten vier Punkten des 2. Abschlags sind per-
spektivisch verkürzt, da der vorschwingende Flügel schließlich nach innen-oben (vom Betrachter weg) aus-
schwingt. Die in diesem Fall einseitig (links) durchgeführte Steueraktion wirkte anscheinend einem Wegdrehen
des Tiers nach rechts entgegen (die dorsalen Langsmuskeln dim sind bei nur ein-seitig weit abschlagendem
Flügel v.a. auf der Seite der großen Amplitude wirksam; vgl. S. 58). Schlagfrequenz ungefähr 31 Hz; Bildfre-
quenz 460 Bilder/sec.
Der dlm, der ein Auseinanderweichen der
Basisplatten allein zu bewirken vermag, wurde
von Neville jedoch nicht berücksichtigt.
Die aerodynamische Wirkung einer am
Abschlagsende zunehmend horizontal und dann
auch nach oben führenden Flügelbahn könnte ın
einer Veränderung der Ausrichtung der Luft-
kraftresultierenden L, die mehr und mehr nach
oben und dann auch nach hinten zeigt, gesehen
werden (Abb. 26e). Dadurch würde zunehmend
Rücktrieb erzeugt, was bedeuten würde, daß
der dim beim Abbremsen des schnellen Vor-
wärtsflugs oder beim Rüttel- und Rückwärts-
flug eingesetzt wird; die in der Abb. 30 nach
Schnappschüssen umgezeichneten Momentauf-
nahmen freifliegender Tiere, sowie Abb. 29, ei-
ne Szene aus einem Libellenflugfilm von Rüp-
pell, können als Belege dafür angesehen werden.
Das Flügel-Vorschwingen ist, aufgrund der
schräg zur Flügelfläche stehenden Achse
C2/C4, mit einer supinatorischen Bewegungs-
Komponente verknüpft, die dafür sorgt, daß die
Anstellung im Verlauf der Vorschwing-Bewe-
gung allmählich verändert wird (vgl. Abb. 26e
und 28 und S. 59). Dies könnte als eine auto-
matische Anpassung an die sich gleichzeitig än-
dernde Richtung der Luftanströmung interpre-
tiert werden. Das auf das Vorschwingen folgen-
de Zurückschwingen des Flügels soll hier nicht
näher untersucht werden; in diesem Fall ist die
weniger stabile Flügelhinterkante “führend”.
Für die Beurteilung des daran anschließenden
(eigentlichen) Aufschlags ist wesentlich, ob der
dim phasisch kontrahiert wurde oder tonisch
ist. Ein tonischer dim würde beim Aufschlag
(v.a. zu Beginn, da die dlm-Wirkung später
“gesperrt” ist) dem dvml antagonistisch gegen-
uberstehen (vgl. S. 60; Abb. 9e, f); er wurde
die Autschlagsgeschwindigkeit verringern, da
ein Teil der dvm1-Kraft gegen den dlm aufge-
wandt werden müßte. Auf einen Schlagab-
schnitt mit Rucktriebserzeugung (Vorschwin-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 101
Abb. 30. Eierlegende Sympetrum striolatum — langsamer Manövrierflug auf engem Raum (nach geblitzten
Aufnahmen). Beim oberen Paar zeigt das Männchen, beim unteren das Weibchen weit vorgeschwungene Vor-
derflügel.
gen) würde also eine Phase mit verminderter
Vortriebswirkung (Aufschlag) folgen.
Verglichen mit Zygopteren und Anisozygo-
pteren (vgl. S. 61f.) sind die Anisopteren sicher
darın als abgeleitet zu betrachten, dag Verande-
rungen der Schlagbahn nur beim Vorderfligel
stattfinden können; nur der Mesothorax besitzt
einen kräftigen dim, nur beim Vorderflügel ist
im Gelenk c2/c4 ein weites Vorschwingen mög-
lich. Im Metathorax ist der dlm bis auf ein win-
ziges Längsmuskel-Rudiment, das an einem
sehr kurzen Hebelapodem angreift, reduziert;
das Metatergum ist außerdem kaum verform-
bar, die Beweglichkeit des Flügels im c2/c4-Ge-
lenk stark eingeschränkt. Der Muskel pa fehlt
bei Anisopteren in beiden Segmenten. Bei den
Zygopteren und bei der Gattung Epiophlebia
können dagegen Vorder- und Hinterflügel eine
Vor-Zurückschwingbewegung ausführen, der
Hinterflügel allerdings mit einer stark abwei-
chenden Mechanik und einem gegenüber dem
Mesothorax “umgekehrten” Muskelantagonis-
mus. In beiden Thoraxsegmenten stehen pro
Flügel (den dvm1 nicht gerechnet) zwei antago-
nistische Muskeln zur Verfügung (dlm und pa).
Dies deutet darauf hin, daß bei diesen Libellen
der Schlagbahnwinkel A der Vorder- und Hin-
terflügel — ausgehend von einer gegenüber An-
isopteren mehr horizontal stehenden Grund-
Schlagbahnebene (vgl. S. 43f.; Abb. 28) — nach
beiden Seiten hin verändert werden kann. Eine
Vergrößerung des Winkels würde mehr Vor-
trieb erbringen, eine Verkleinerung mehr Auf-
trieb bis Rücktrieb. Beim Anisopteren-Vor-
derflügel, dessen Grund-Schlagbahnebene stei-
ler steht, ist dagegen nur eine Verkleinerung
von À möglich (vgl. auch S. 109f.)!).
SENSORISCHE KONTROLLE UND
FLUGSTEUERUNG
Über die Sinnesorgane des Flug-Steuerungs-
systems der Libellen existieren bisher nur weni-
ge experimentelle Untersuchungen. Sie betref-
fen v.a. Rezeptoren aus nicht-thorakalen Kör-
perbereichen, z.B. Rezeptoren im Halsbereich
und Augen (Mittelstaedt, 1950), Windrezepto-
ren am Kopf (Sveshnikov, 1973) und Antennen
(Gewecke et al., 1974).
Im folgenden sollen einige Uberlegungen zur
funktionellen Bedeutung der hier untersuchten
Flügel-Mechanorezeptoren angeschlossen wer-
den. Da diese bis jetzt nur auf die funktions-
anatomische Analyse und relativ wenige elek-
trophysiologische Ableitungen (v.a. Summen-
ableitungen) gegründet werden können, müssen
sie als vorläufig angesehen werden. Für weitere
Aufschlüsse sind v.a. Untersuchungen an ein-
!) Der Muskel fa kann nicht als ein Antagonist des
dim betrachtet werden, da er beim Vorschwingen
(ähnlich wie beim Flügelschlag oder bei der Prona-
tion im Abschlagsdrehbereich, vgl. 55f.) als Gan-
zes zusammen mit der RAP bewegt wird (auch die
Auslenkung des Fulcrum — vgl. S. 58 f. — dehnt
den Muskel höchstens minimal). Der fa ist bei
Anisopteren außerdem im Metathorax (in dem der
Vorschwing-Mechanismus reduziert ist!) normal
entwickelt.
102 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
zelnen Sensillen notwendig; auch Ableitungen
an vor dem Windkanal fliegenden Tieren
müßten durchgeführt werden.
Die im Kapitel 2 (S. 62ff.) dargestellten Be-
funde zur Beanspruchung der Mechanorezepto-
ren lassen darauf schließen, daß sowohl das
Chordotonalorgan als auch die beiden Reihen
campaniformer Sensillen für die Kontrolle der
Flügeldrehbewegungen um die Längsachse ein-
gesetzt werden; andere Bewegungen zeigen
dagegen keinen Einfluß auf die Rezeptoren, je-
denfalls keinen direkten. Beide Rezeptorsyste-
me werden in beiden Drehbereichen zugbean-
sprucht, das CH bei den Drehungen von den
Anstellextremen (S,,,, oder pmax) zur mittleren
Anstellung (0°) hin, die Kutikula der CF1,2-Ge-
biete dagegen bei Flügeldrehungen in die entge-
gengesetzte Richtung (CF1: 0° nach p,,,,; CF2:
0° nach S,,,,). Die elektrophysiologischen Un-
tersuchungen ergaben, daß im Falle der campa-
niformen Sensillen anscheinend nur diese Zug-
beanspruchungen der Kutikula (in Langsrich-
tung der Kutikulargruben) zur Erregung
führen, während für das CH sowohl Dehnun-
gen als auch Entdehnungen reizwirksam sind.
Das deutet (ebenso wie auch das stark unter-
schiedliche Erregungsmuster der CH- und CF-
Sensillen) darauf hin, daß sich die beiden Rezep-
torsysteme funktionell ergänzen (jedoch nicht
auf einfache Weise, d.h. nach Drehbereich und
Drehrichtung).
Die Ableitungen weisen auf eine unterschied-
liche Spezialisierung der etwas 50 Einzelscolo-
pidien des Chordotonalorgans hin. Da das Or-
gan in den beiden Drehbereichen nicht symme-
trisch beansprucht wird (s. Abb. 16, 17),
könnten die verschieden großen Dehn-Ent-
dehngeschwindigkeiten zur Erregung unter-
schiedlicher Einzelsensillen führen und damit
eine sensorische Trennung der Drehbereiche
ermöglichen. Vielleicht sind die Drehbereiche
aber auch dadurch getrennt, daß der ventrale
CH-Ansatz im Abschlagsdrehbereich ın einer
etwas anderen Ebene bewegt wird als im
Aufschlagsdrehbereich (vgl. Abb. 17a), so daß
— je nach Ausrichtung — nur ganz bestimmte
Einzelscolopidien oder Scolopidialbündel ge-
dehnt bzw. entdehnt werden!). Weiterhin kann
man annehmen, daß durch die Dehnungen an-
dere Sensillen erregt werden als durch die Ent-
dehnungen (u.U. eine zweite Sinneszelle im sel-
ben Scolopidium?!)), wodurch auch der Dreh-
sinn kodiert wäre. Einige Ableitungen deuten
sogar darauf hin, daß bestimmte Sensillen (oder
Sensillengruppen) nur in relativ kleinen Winkel-
abschnitten innerhalb der Drehbereiche anspre-
chen (Abb. 19f) oder nur durch ganz bestimmte
Dehn- bzw. Entdehngeschwindigkeiten erregt
werden (s. die “on-off”-Spikes in den Abb.
18c—e und 19b).
Zur Aufklarung der unterschiedlichen Sensil-
len-Spezialisierungen müßten Untersuchungen
durchgeführt werden, die auch die komplizierte
Transformation des Reizes zum CH berück-
sichtigen, d.h., die tatsächliche jeweilige Einwir-
kung auf das CH in Rechnung stellen. Selbst bei
äußerlich einfachen Reizen kann aus der Dreh-
geschwindigkeit ja keinesfalls direkt auf die
Dehn- bzw. Entdehngeschwindigkeit des Re-
zeptors geschlossen werden (s. Abb. 17b). So
wird die Flügel-Drehbewegung im Abschlags-
drehbereich nur stark untersetzt auf den (klei-
neren!) Hebel vCH weitergegeben — sie wird
nicht 1:1 in die für die CH-Beanspruchung we- .
sentliche CoS-Bewegung umgesetzt, da Flügel
und RAP auch als Ganzes bewegt werden (vgl.
S. 47ff.). Elastische Kräfte wirken zusätzlich
modifizierend; die Flügelverwindungen werden
z.B. zu den Extremen p,,,, und S,,,, hin zuneh-
mend durch in der Kutikula entstehende Ge-
genkräfte erschwert (s.S. 49f., 53f.). Aus die-
sen Gründen ist zu erwarten, daß das CH (un-
ter der Voraussetzung einer konstanten
Drehkraft) bis p,,,, relativ langsam und gering-
fügig entdehnt wird und von da an, bis 0°
zurück, eine etwas schnellere Dehnung (bis hin
zum Längen-Maximum) erfährt. Die Entdeh-
nung im Aufschlagsdrehbereich ist wohl an-
fangs noch schneller, wird aber dann zum Ver-
windungsextrem So, hin wieder langsamer;
hier ist das Organ am Endpunkt stärker ver-
kürzt als bei pax im Abschlagsdrehbereich. Bei
der Zurückdrehung zur 0°-Anstellung beschleu-
nigen dann wieder, wie im Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich, elastische Krafte. Nicht nur die Drehbe-
reiche waren demnach verschieden (“asymme-
trisch”), sondern in ihnen jeweils auch die
Dehn- und Entdehnvorgänge der Hin- und
Zurückdrehung. An den Stellen maximaler
äußerer Geschwindigkeit der Sinusdrehungen
(0°, Abb. 17b) gehen die Längenänderungen des
1) Eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung
(Risler in Vorb.) ergab inzwischen, daß die Scolo-
pidien in verschiedenen Bündeln zusammengefaßt
vorliegen. Es zeigten sich dabei auch morphologi-
sche Unterschiede zwischen den Scolopidien, die
meist nur eine, in einigen Fällen aber auch zwei
Sinneszellen enthalten.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 103
Rezeptors jeweils auf Null zurück. Für die
natürlichen 0°-Durchgänge der Schlagwende-
punkte ist außerdem zu erwarten, daß dort auch
die Drehkräfte klein werden; die Anschläge
zwischen den Drehbereichen bedingen ja, daß
verschiedene Muskeln nacheinander kontrahiert
werden müssen, wenn die ganze Drehung aktiv
vollzogen werden soll!) (vgl. S. 46f.). Môgli-
cherweise sind dies Eigenschaften des Systems,
die zur Schonung des bei 0° maximal gedehnten
CH beitragen.
Die stark phasischen Sensillen des Chordoto-
nalorgans sind (nach dem oben Dargestellten)
nicht nur in der Lage, anzuzeigen, dal Anstell-
winkeländerungen stattfinden, sondern könnten
darüber hinaus auch Informationen über Dreh-
bereich und -richtung sowie Geschwindigkeit
und Dauer liefern. Damit würden sowohl
Anderungen der Kontraktion der Drehmuskeln
(Pronatoren, Supinatoren) als auch Änderungen
der Luftanströmung (auftretende Wirbel beim
Abreißen der Strömung etc.!?) registriert. Diese
Informationen des CH sind im gedehnten Zu-
stand des Organs (um 0°) anscheinend beson-
ders genau — hier werden die meisten Impulse
abgegeben, das Organ reagiert auch äußerst
empfindlich. Möglicherweise ist der 0°-Durch-
gang der Schlagwendepunkte demnach ein we-
sentlicher Bezugspunkt für die Muskeleinsätze.
Da die schnellen Schlagwendepunktsdrehungen
des Flügels andererseits wie es scheint an der
Luftkrafterzeugung beteiligt sind (Norberg,
1975; Savage et al., 1979), wäre ihre sensorische
Kontrolle auch direkt für die Steuerung der
Luftkräfte von Bedeutung. Genauere Messun-
gen der Anstellung im 0°-Bereich könnten
außerdem beim Segeln wesentlich sein (s. weiter
unten). Die große Bedeutung der Flügel-
Chordotonalorgane für den Flug konnte durch
Ausschaltexperimente, die an frisch gefangenen
Tieren ım Freiland durchgeführt wurden, de-
monstriert werden: Bei diesen Versuchen wur-
den die CH bei verschiedenen Großlibellen
(Aeshna cyanea, Anax imperator, Orthetrum
cancellatum) in allen vier Flügeln durch Abtren-
nung von ihren ventralen kutikulären Ansatz-
Stiftchen außer Funktion gesetzt. Die mit einer
feinen Nadel vorgenommenen Eingriffe, die nur
winzige äußere Verletzungen (fast ohne Austritt
von Gewebsflüssigkeit) mit sich bringen, hatten
deutliche Veränderungen des Flugvermögens
zur Folge: entweder stürzten die Tiere beim
') Dieser Gesichtspunkt wurde in der Abb. 17b nicht
berücksichtigt.
Abflug sofort in Spiralen zu Boden oder sie wa-
ren (zwei von insgesamt sechs Exemplaren) nur
noch zu einem langsamen, stetigen Steigflug in
der Lage.
Die langen Reihen der dicht aneinander-
schließenden campaniformen Sensillen auf der
Oberseite der RAP, über die bei den Flügel-
drehungen von 0° nach Smax bzw. Pmax Zugspan-
nungen anscheinend von proximal nach distal
hinweglaufen (s.S. 64ff. und S. 72ff.), könnten
genauere Informationen über Drehbereich,
Drehablauf und geometrische Flügelanstellung
(im ganzen Winkelbereich) liefern. Wahrschein-
lich werden die einzelnen Sensillen nacheinan-
der und jeweils nur in einem kleinen Winkel-
abschnitt der Drehung erregt. Der Drehbereich
würde durch die betroffene Reihe (CF1 oder
CF2) angezeigt, die Geschwindigkeit der Dre-
hung durch die Abfolge des Erregungsbeginns
der Sensillen, wobei das zuletzt gereizte Sensil-
lum den erreichten Winkelort wiedergeben
würde). Bei den Rückdrehungen zur 0°-An-
stellung werden die (nur bei Drehung nach p,,,,,
bzw. Smax erregten) Sensillen wohl in umgekehr-
ter Folge “abgeschaltet” — mit ähnlichen Mög-
lichkeiten des Informationsgewinns. Das (im
Gegensatz zum CH) phasisch-tonische Muster
der Einzelsensillen enthält jedoch wahrschein-
lich noch weitere Informationen. So bleiben die
den Drehvorgängen und erreichten Anstellun-
gen entsprechenden Sensillenerregungen für ei-
ne bestimmte Zeit “stehen”, wodurch statische
Anstellungen — Flügelanstellungen beim Segeln
(s. weiter unten) oder auch die Ruhe- und Start-
bereitschafts-Anstellung (s.S. 56) — perzipiert
werden könnten. Darüber hinaus ist evtl. sogar
die Messung der aktiven und passiven Kräfte
möglich, die — je nachdem, ob sie von proximal
oder distal aus, oder auch von beiden Seiten
(entgegengesetzt oder gleichsinnig), wirken —
unterschiedliche Zugspannungen in der RAP
erzeugen’). Ausgangs- und Endzustand und
zeitliche Entwicklung der bei einer Flügel-
drehung auftretenden kutikulären Spannungen
(und der sie verursachenden Kräfte) würden
2) Das (schmale) CH erscheint dagegen für genaue
Winkelmessungen der Flügelanstellung wenig
geeignet.
3) Dadurch könnten z.B. auch Überbeanspruchungen
der Kutikula angezeigt werden: bei stärkerem
Wind stellen Libellen, v.a. die grofsflügligen Aesh-
nıden, das Fliegen ein oder weichen in ruhigere Zo-
nen aus.
104 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
sich im Verhalten der einzelnen Sensillen und
im Gesamtverhalten der Reihen ausdriicken
(vgl. dazu auch Pfau, 1983, S. 75). Die große
Anzahl und enge Stellung der Sensillen und ihre
wahrscheinlich überlappenden Bereiche deuten
dabei auf einen großen Dynamikbereich für ge-
ringe Anstellwinkel- bzw. Kraftänderungen
und auf eine hohe Meßgenauigkeit hin. Proxi-
mal sind beide Sensillenreihen deutlich verbrei-
tert (Abb. 11, 12). In dieser Region, die hier
dem 0°-Anstellbereich zugeordnet wird, liegen
die meisten Sensillen; sie adaptieren anschei-
nend weniger rasch als die distal liegenden Sen-
sillen der extremen Anstellungen (vgl. S. 73).
Dies könnte für eine genauere (feiner gestufte)
Registrierung mittlerer Flügelanstellungen (und
ihrer Kräfte), etwa beim Segelflug, sprechen; die
längere “Gebrauchszeit” der Information wür-
de damit übereinstimmen. (Die extremen
Flügelanstellungen, p oder S,,,., treten da-
gegen sicher nur innerhalb der Schlagphasen auf
und sind — verglichen mit statischen Anstellun-
gen des Segelflugs — von kurzer Dauer.)
Außerdem sind — ähnlich wie beim CH — im
0°-Bereich der Schlagwendepunktsdrehungen
besonders genaue Messungen möglich.
Funktionsmorphologische und elektrophy-
siologische Untersuchungen an Locusta haben
ergeben, daß auch hier die Flügeldrehbewegun-
gen durch Dehnungsrezeptoren (im Mesotho-
rax ein Streckrezeptor und ein Chordotonalor-
gan) perzipiert werden können (vgl. Pfau,
1978b, 1983). Beide Rezeptoren sind in einer
mittleren Flügelanstellung maximal gedehnt (für
den Streckrezeptor konnte dies durch Längen-
messungen und elektrophysiologische Ablei-
tungen belegt werden). Die Dehnungsrezepto-
ren des Vorderflügels von Locusta stimmen also
in dieser Hinsicht mit dem CH der Libellen auf-
fallend überein (der Streckrezeptor feuert
allerdings nur bei Dehnung) — beide sind aber
mit Sicherheit nicht dem Libellen-CH homo-
log! Für die Felder campaniformer Sensillen in
der Flügelbasis anderer Pterygoten ergab sich
aus funktionsmorphologischen Untersuchun-
gen, daß sie ebenfalls als Meßsysteme der
Flügelanstellung eingesetzt werden könnten
(vgl. Pfau & Honomichl, 1979: verschiedene
Felder in der Flügelbasis von Cetonia und Geo-
trupes; Pfau, 1983: Sensillen in der ventralen
Basis der Subcosta von Locusta!)). Ein elektro-
physiologischer Nachweis war in diesen Fallen
jedoch noch nicht méglich.
EVOLUTION
Evolution der Flugapparate und Cladogenese
der Pterygoten
Die Flügel-Antriebssysteme der drei Ptery-
goten-Hauptgruppen konnten zwanglos (d.h.
über funktionsfähige Zwischenstadien) von ei-
ner Ausgangskonstruktion abgeleitet werden,
welche die beiden rezent verwirklichten An-
triebsprinzipien TWM und TPM noch in sich
vereinte (Kap. 3; Abb. 24). Von diesem Urflug-
apparat “IPM+TWM” ausgehende Effektivie-
rungen des Flügelantriebs erscheinen nur mög-
lich, wenn entweder der TWM- oder der TPM-
Anteil seine Antriebsfunktion verliert, das ver-
bleibende System dagegen weiterentwickelt
wird. Damit einhergehend konnten einzelne Be-
standteile des von der Antriebsfunktion “befrei-
ten” Teilsystems — in allen drei Pterygotenli-
nien — fur die Entwicklung von Stellmechanis-
men genutzt werden. Sie wurden wohl (da eine
Antriebssteigerung nur dann vorteilhaft ist,
wenn auch die Manövrierfähigkeit verbessert
wird) gleichzeitig und in wechselseitiger Ab-
stimmung mit dem jeweiligen Antriebssystem
evoluiert. Bei der Reduktion (bzw. Transforma-
tion) des einen Teilmechanismus, und der Ef-
fektivierung des anderen, wurde in allen drei
Entwicklungslinien nur eine der beiden
ursprünglichen Schlagachsen in das neue An-
triebssystem einbezogen, die andere wurde ent-
weder aufgegeben oder (modifiziert) in das
Stellsystem übernommen.
Odonata. — Bei den Odonaten wurde der
TPM-Flügelantrieb weiterentwickelt und der
TWM-Anteil reduziert; Vorder- und Hinter-
flügel konnten damit unabhängig werden. Der
Vor- und Zurückschwingmechanismus ging
(mit unterschiedlichem Ergebnis in beiden Seg-
menten) aus dem TWM hervor; er ist damit —
ebenso wie der Flügelverwindungsmechanismus
im Abschlagsdrehbereich (s.S. 83) — als eine
Autapomorphie der Odonaten zu betrachten.
Dagegen handelt es sich beim Verwindungsme-
chanismus des Aufschlagsdrehbereichs môgli-
cherweise um eine Plesiomorphie.
1) Gettrup (1966) konnte bei Schistocerca einen Ein-
fluß entsprechender (in der Subcosta-Basis liegen-
der) Sensillen des Hinterflügels auf die Anstellung
des Vorderflügels nachweisen (intersegmentaler
Reflex).
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 105
Ephemeroptera. — Die Ephemeropteren ef-
fektivierten den TWM, bei gleichzeitiger Re-
duktion des TPM. Da der TWM hier weit kau-
dal am Flügel angreift und zu einer steilen
Grundschlagbahnebene führt, mußte in dieser
Gruppe gleichzeitig eine Flügelbeweglichkeit
nach vorn (für flachere Schlagbahnen) entwik-
kelt werden: Die Zugrichtung der Basalarmus-
keln wurde verändert; ım Zusammenhang damit
wurde die (ursprünglich einheitliche) Unterseite
des Sklerits BAS zweigeteilt — dabei verloren
beide Teile (BAS, und BAS,) ihre Verbindung
zum vorderen Gelenkkopf. Die vor dem ver-
bliebenen Schlaggelenk b (und proximal vom
tergalen Schlagscharnier) liegenden Pteralia 1
konnten als Führungselemente der Schlagbahn-
Stellbewegung eingesetzt werden.
Neoptera. — Die Neopteren beschritten
ebenfalls den Weg der TWM-Weiterentwick-
lung; die tergale Hebelstelle des Flügels wurde
jedoch weiter vorn (auf der Höhe des Fulcrum)
ausgebildet. Da ein effektiver Flügelschlag bei
dieser Anordnung eine geringere Hebelbewe-
gung des Tergum als bei den Ephemeropteren
erfordert, war die Entwicklung einer mehr hori-
zontal stehenden Grundschlagbahn der Flügel
von vornherein begünstigt. Im Zusammenhang
damit (und wohl auch mit der Reduktion des
TPM, welcher primär steilere Schlagbahnen
ermöglichte; vgl. S. 80f.) wurde die Neopterie,
die Beweglichkeit des Flügels nach kaudal, zur
Erzeugung steilerer Schlagbahnen evoluiert.
Das BAS-System des “TPM+TWM” wurde
(durch Einbeziehung eines pleuralen Elements
und Reduktion der tergalen Verbindungen)
stark abgewandelt; die Antriebsmuskeln des
BAS (die vorderen direkten Senker) erhielten ei-
ne zusätzliche Funktion als Vorziehmuskeln im
Schlagbahn-Stellsystem.
Für die drei rezenten Pterygotengruppen er-
geben sich drei verschiedene systematische
Gliederungsmöglichkeiten (vgl. etwa Hennig,
1969). Es wurde der Versuch unternommen,
synapomorphe Gemeinsamkeiten der Flugappa-
rate zu finden, die eine nähere Verwandtschaft
zweier Gruppen belegen könnten. Die Schlag-
und Stellsysteme erwiesen sich jedoch in den
drei Gruppen als grundsätzlich verschieden und
alternativ — es war nicht möglich, zwei Grup-
pen von einer nur ihnen gemeinsamen Aus-
gangsform abzuleiten oder Gründe dafür zu fin-
den, daß ein rezenter Flugapparat- -Typ selbst als
präadaptiv für die Entwicklung eines anderen
anzusehen ist. So spricht z.B. gegen die zu-
nächst naheliegende Ableitung der Ephemero-
ptera und Neoptera (beide mit TWM-Antrieb)
von einer nur ihnen gemeinsamen Ausgangs-
form, daß in beiden Gruppen unterschiedliche
Gebiete des Tergalrandes für die Flügelhebe-
lung spezialisiert sind!). Es ist daher anzuneh-
men, daß der TWM-Anteil ursprünglich (beim
Ausgangsmechanismus “TPM+TWM”) noch
relativ schwach entwickelt und uneffektiv war;
die Hebelzone des Tergum für den TWM war
wahrscheinlich zu Beginn noch langgestreckt,
so daß beide Entwicklungslinien (und auch die
zu den Odonaten führende Linie) unabhängig
davon ausgehen konnten.
Dagegen war die Rekonstruktion eines allen
drei Gruppen gemeinsamen “Urflugapparates”
durchführbar. Daraus kann man den Schluß zie-
hen, daß die effektiveren Flugapparate (TPM,
TWM1 und TWM 2; Abb. 24) in den drei Pte-
rygotenlinien getrennt (unabhängig) entwickelt
wurden; d.h., die Evolution ging in den einzel-
nen Stammeruppen jeweils von einem noch
ähnlichen System (“TPM+TWM?”) aus. Das
stark umstrittene Problem der stammesge-
schichtlichen Aufspaltung der Pterygoten (vgl.
etwa Hennig, 1969; Kristensen, 1975; Matsuda,
1981) erscheint demnach mit Hilfe des Flugap-
parates nicht lösbar. Die Möglichkeit, alle re-
zenten Flugapparate von einer Ausgangskon-
struktion abzuleiten, spricht aber andererseits
für die Monophylie der *Pterygota (*vgl.
Fußnote S. 76f.), und somit dafür, daß die Flug-
fähigkeit der Insekten nur einmal entstanden ist!
Die von Matsuda (1981) vorgebrachten Argu-
mente für eine polyphyletische Entstehung der
Pterygota und ihrer Flugfähigkeit beruhen
großenteils auf Voraussetzungen, die (nach den
hier vorgelegten Ergebnissen) einer Korrektur
bedürfen (vgl. dazu auch S. 35f.). In seiner
ablehnenden Einstellung gegenüber Verfechtern
monophyletischer Gruppenbildungen und hy-
pothetischen Rekonstruktionen von Ahnformen
übersieht Matsuda auch, daß selbst di- oder po-
lyphyletische Systeme, falls sie sich begründen
lassen, in jeder einzelnen Linie wieder mono-
phyletisch sind, was bedeutet, daß jetzt Rekon-
1) Die Konvergenz der beiden TWM-Systeme läßt
sich mit Hilfe der Hebel-Pteralia (“Pt4” bzw. Pr)
begründen: die Sklerite liegen verschiedenen Berei-
chen der Flügelbasis an und sind durch direkt oder
in ihrer Nähe ansetzende, nicht-homologe (!),
sn gekennzeichnet (s. auch S. 85 und S.
86f.).
106 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
struktionen von mehreren “hypothetical com-
mon ancestors” notwendig werden. Die Argu-
mente Matsuda’s (auf die ich im weiteren einge-
hen möchte) vermögen eine polyphyletische
Entstehung der Pterygota jedoch nicht zu sı-
chern, so daß die Frage nach den verwandt-
schaftlichen Beziehungen der Pterygoten-
Hauptgruppen (also nach der Abfolge der er-
sten Aufspaltungen) immer noch offen ist.
Im Gegensatz zur Ansicht Matsuda’s existie-
ren keine prinzipiellen Schwierigkeiten, die
Flugapparate der Odonaten, Ephemeropteren
und Neopteren von einer gemeinsamen Aus-
gangskonstruktion abzuleiten. Die Merkmale,
die Matsuda zur Begründung einer getrennten
Evolution der Odonata aus Machiliden-ahnli-
chen Vorfahren anführt (1981, S. 391), stellen,
wie er selbst weiß (lc. S. 391 unten), vorerst rei-
ne Ähnlichkeiten dar; es konnten keine Argu-
mente dafür angeführt werden, daß sie echte
Synapomorphien sind, also auf einen nur diesen
beiden Gruppen (den Machiliden und Odona-
ten) gemeinsamen Vorfahren zurückgehen. Das
als besonders wesentlich erachtete Merkmal
“large compound eyes” (l.c. S. 391) erscheint
z.B. wenig überzeugend (nicht überzeugender
jedenfalls als etwa die borstenförmige Fühler-
geißel der Palaeoptera, s. Hennig, 1969); andere
Merkmale (“four intratergal apophyses”, “pseu-
doprescutum”, “median lobe of labium”) müs-
sen — ım Hinblick auf ihre Homologie und
Verbreitung — überprüft werden (vgl. dazu
auch Kristensen, 1975). Die von Matsuda aut
Seite 390f. aufgeführten, die Odonaten allein
auszeichnenden Merkmale des Flugapparates
(die nach seiner Ansicht für eine unabhängige
Entwicklung der Libellen sprechen) sind nur
zum Teil als autapomorph anzusehen, so etwa
das Merkmal “Synthorax”!) oder auch das
Merkmal Nr. 2: “dorsal extension of the mes-
episternum...”. Dagegen beruht die Annahme,
daß nur bei den Odonaten zwei “Humeralplat-
ten” existieren, auf nicht korrekten Homologi-
sierungen (s. dazu auch S. 41), bzw. darauf,
daß offensichtlich nicht damit gerechnet wurde,
daß ein Teil des Basalare ursprünglich im Flügel
“inkorporiert” vorgelegen haben könnte. Über
das Vorhandensein eines dem Pterale 1 homolo-
gen Sklerits äußert sich Matsuda widersprüch-
1) Zum sog. “Synthorax” der Odonata muß ange-
merkt werden, daß die Verschmelzung der beiden
Flugsegmente nur die Pleura und Sterna betrifft —
die Schlag- und Stellsysteme der Flügelpaare sind
funktionell unabhängig!
lich (vgl. 1981, S. 391 oben und S. 392 oben;
oder 1970, 1979)2). Das Fehlen des 2. und 3.
Axillarsklerits bei Odonaten erscheint anderer-
seits nicht verwunderlich; diese Sklerite sind
erst mit dem Entstehen der Neopterie in “typi-
scher” Ausprägung zu erwarten — sie fehlen
damit bei Odonaten und Ephemeropteren von
vornherein (vgl. S. 83f., 86f., 90). Die von Mat-
suda weiter angeführten Autapomorphien sind
entweder problematisch (die hintere Kappen-
sehne und das Fehlen des Subalare; vgl. dazu S.
41) oder können, wie die doppelte pleurale
Flügelartikulation (vgl. S. 78ff. und 82ff.) oder
das Vorhandensein bzw. Fehlen verschiedener
Muskeln, als Plesiomorphien angesehen wer-
‘den. Zur Beurteilung der Thorax-Muskulatur
der Odonaten äußert sich Matsuda allerdings
nur vage. Einige dieser Muskeln sind (bei
Berücksichtigung der in der vorliegenden Ar-
beit begründeten neuen Homologievorstellun- :
gen) nicht mehr als Odonaten-autapomorph an-
zusehen, bei anderen ist die Homologie noch
unklar (dies betrifft auch einige der auf $. 393
bei Matsuda aufgeführten, die Ephemeropteren
und Odonaten unterscheidenden Muskeln und
Muskelfunktionen, die jetzt durchaus anders in-
terpretiert werden können). Der Verlust mehre-
rer Muskeln bei Odonaten erscheint mir übri-
gens nicht verwunderlich — er wird im Zusam-
menhang mit der Effektivierung und
Okonomisierung des TPM-Flugapparates ver-
ständlich (auch innerhalb der Neoptera kam es
in mehreren Linien zu Vereinfachungen und
Reduktionen!); im einzelnen muß aber noch un-
tersucht werden, welche Muskeln tatsächlich
bei den Odonaten fehlen.
Für eine gemeinsame Evolution der Epheme-
ropteren und Neopteren (in einer unabhängigen
Linie) sprechen nach Matsuda mehrere Merk-
male, die alle als im Zusammenhang mit der
Entwicklung der Flügel “neu” entstandene
Strukturen gedeutet werden. Auch diese Merk-
male sind jedoch — in einem anderen Licht be-
sehen — ganz anders interpretierbar: Die vor-
genommene Homologisierung dreier Axillar-
sklerite bei Ephemeropteren und Neopteren
(Punkt (1), lc. S. 392) ist keineswegs gut
begründet; die Axillarsklerite 2 und 3 fehlten
bei den Ephemeropteren wohl schon primär (s.
oben). — Die als Punkt (2) aufgeführte Pleural-
leiste (mıt dem Fulcrum und dem darauf ruhen-
den “2. Axillare”) ergibt sich als eine Symple-
2) Zur möglichen Homologie des Sklerits G1 und des
Pterale 1 vgl. S. 83 f. und S. 86 f.
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 107
siomorphie der Pterygoten. — Die Epipleurite
Basalare und Subalare (Punkt (3)) sind wohl kei-
ne Synapomorphien der Ephemeropteren und :
Neopteren, sondern ebenfalls (partiell) symple-
siomorph; das BAS-System der Ephemeropte-
ren (dessen vorderer Abschnitt bisher als
“Basalare” bezeichnet wurde) kann dabei nur
mit einem Teil der Basalaria der Neopteren,
dem 2. Basalare (basII), homologisiert werden
(vgl. S. 85f. und S. 88f.). — Die nach Matsuda
als synapomorph zu wertende Differenzierung
der “notal wing processes” (Punkt (4)) erscheint
mir schwer belegbar. Da der Flügelantrieb
“über einen Scutellarhebel” bei Neopteren (Hy-
menopteren, Dipteren) als eine späte Errungen-
schaft (innerhalb der Neoptera) anzusehen ist,
kann zumindest dieser spezielle Antrieb als eine
Konvergenz der Neoptera und Ephemeroptera
betrachtet werden; er läuft bei den Ephemero-
pteren über das “Pt4” (= posterior notal pro-
cess; Matsuda, 1970), bei Hymenopteren und
Dipteren dagegen über das Pti und den “ante-
rior notal process” ab. — Im Punkt (5) wird die
Thoraxmuskulatur der Ephemeroptera und
Neoptera als weitgehend synapomorph gewer-
tet. Auch diese Übereinstimmungen sind wohl
großenteils Symplesiomorphien (einzelne Mus-
keln sind wahrscheinlich auch noch bei den
Odonaten vorhanden). — Der mit starken dor-
salen Längsmuskeln versehene Flügelantrieb
(Punkt (6)) unterscheidet sich schließlich bei
den Ephemeropteren und Neopteren grund-
sätzlich (zur Konvergenz der TWM-Systeme
bei Ephemeropteren und Neopteren vgl. S.
85 und 88).
Eine der Grundlagen der Argumentation
Matsuda’s ist noch kritisch zu betrachten. Der
Autor schließt aus dem Alter der “Odonata”
(die dabei wohl im weiteren Sinne verstanden
werden, also nicht als *Odonata) und anderer
a Gruppen (“older than Palaeodictyopte-
a”) auf eine konvergente Entwicklung aus
en Vorfahren (l.c. S. 390). Fossil re-
präsentierte “Taxa” sind jedoch prinzipiell nur
schwer als monophyletische Einheiten zu si-
chern; ihre Zuordnung zu den rezenten Grup-
pen ist meistens problematisch und umstritten
(vgl. dazu die grundlegenden Gedanken von
Hennig, 1969, 1982, oder Schlee, 1971). Die
Folgerung Matsuda’s erscheint mir daher nicht
sehr gewichtig.
In Übereinstimmung mit Matsuda nehme ich
an, daß die drei Pterygoten-Hauptgruppen sich
früh in der Stammesgeschichte voneinander ge-
trennt haben — im Gegensatz zu Matsuda ist
die unterschiedliche Differenzierung ihrer Flug-
apparate jedoch nicht auf einer Stufe anzuset-
zen, auf der die Flügel noch als kleine Anlagen
(“rudiments”) vorlagen, sondern später, als be-
reits eine (wenn auch nicht sehr wirkungsvolle)
Flugfähigkeit vorhanden war. Größere Verän-
derungen geschahen wahrscheinlich erst nach
der Aufspaltung der Pterygota in ihre Teilgrup-
pen und gingen jeweils von einem ähnlichen
(schon flugfähigen) Vorzustand aus. Demnach
sind die drei verschiedenen Flugapparate der
Pterygota — die keine eindeutigen Synapo-
morphien aufweisen, die ein “Stück gemeinsa-
mer Evolution” zweier Gruppen begründen
könnten — zumindest in ihrem Grundplan als
autapomorph anzusehen. Gegen eine unabhän-
gige Entwicklung der Flügel der Odonaten und
Ephemeropteren+Neopteren sprechen außer-
dem auch die bis ins einzelne gehenden Über-
einstimmungen zwischen den Ephemeropteren
und Odonaten (etwa im dorsalen BAS-Bereich;
vgl. S. 87f.), die Matsuda offensichtlich übersah.
Die deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen den
Flugapparaten sind andererseits nicht so er-
staunlich, da in den drei Pterygoten-Linien drei
verschiedene (alternative) Möglichkeiten von
Antriebs- und Stellsystemen verwirklicht wur-
den.
Der Beitrag paläontologischer Forschung zu
diesen Fragestellungen ist umstritten: 1) können
fossile Flügel aus entsprechend weit zurücklie-
genden erdgeschichtlichen Perioden in der
Regel nicht sicher einer der rezenten Haupt-
gruppen (oder ihrer Stammgruppe) zugeordnet
werden — und 2) sind die für die Beurteilung
des Flug-Funktionstyps wesentlichen proxima-
len Bereiche der Flügel nur selten erhalten. In
jüngerer Zeit wurden allerdings einige Ab-
drücke beschrieben, die — nach den Abbildun-
gen zu urteilen — zahlreiche Details der Gelenk-
regionen erkennen lassen (Kukalova-Peck,
1974, 1978, 1983; Kukalova-Peck & Richard-
son, 1983; Riek & Kukalovä-Peck, 1984); sie
verdienen besondere Beachtung, v.a. weil sie
evolutionstheoretisch sehr weitgehend interpre-
tiert wurden, wodurch der Eindruck entstand,
daß die große Lücke zu den Anfängen des In-
sektenfluges nun endlich geschlossen werden
könne. Die Flügelgelenkbereiche von Ostrava
nigra und Mazonopterum wolfforum
(Palaeodictyoptera der Familie Homoiopteridae
aus dem Ober-Karbon, von Kukalova-Peck
1983 einer monophyletischen Gruppe “Paleo-
ptera” zugeordnet) zeigen nach der Auffassung
108 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
der Autorin die primitivsten Skleritanordnun-
gen, die bisher bekannt sind. Sie führten zur Re-
konstruktion einer aus 32 (!) Skelettelementen
bestehenden ursprünglichen Gelenkregion der
Pterygoten. Dieses “Ur-Flügelgelenk” wird sei-
nerseits auf ein proximal der Subcoxa liegendes,
zusätzliches Beinglied (“Epicoxa”) zurück-
geführt, das seinen Exiten, den späteren Flügel,
ringformig umgab (1983, l.c. Fig. 4). Nach der
Zergliederung der Epicoxa in die 32 (zunächst
gleichartigen, in Längs- und Querreihen an-
geordneten) Teile seien dann die Gelenkstruk-
turen der rezenten Pterygoten-Hauptlinien
(Odonata+Ephemeroptera und Neoptera)
durch unterschiedliche Kombination und Ver-
schmelzung der Sklerite entstanden, wobei die
Ur-Sklerite nach der Auffassung Kukalova-
Peck’s bis ins einzelne gehend mit den Epipleu-
riten, Axillaria etc. homologisierbar blieben
(1983, l.c. Fig. 16). Die wenigen (und vagen)
Aussagen zur Funktionsweise der Teile lassen
die postulierten Entwicklungswege jedoch kei-
neswegs “durchgängig” erscheinen. Es bleibt
z.B. unklar, ob (und in welcher Ausprägung
und Funktion) der Flügel seine Beweglichkeit
überhaupt stets beibehielt, oder ob er nicht
doch zeitweise eine Art unbewegliches “Para-
notum” bildete (1983, l.c. S. 1634f.). Außerdem
werden Muskulatur und Mechanik der rezenten
Flugapparate zu wenig berücksichtigt. Wann
und wie kamen die wesentlichen dorsalen
Längsmuskeln (indirekten Senker), die das Ter-
gum verwölben, in’s Spiel? Wie erklären sich die
indirekten und direkten coxalen Flugmuskeln
(die “bifunktionellen” Muskeln Wilson’s, 1962),
die doch auf schon an der Pterygoten-Basis vor-
handene, Insekten-typische Laufbeine schließen
lassen und damit ein stabiles Pleurum-Widerla-
ger erforderten? Kukalova-Peck muß (notge-
drungen) bei ihren Aussagen zur Evolution der
rezenten Konstruktionen sehr unbestimmt blei-
ben und sich auf die allerersten Anfänge der
Flügelentwicklung beschränken — die große
Kluft zu den rezenten Apparaten bleibt offen.
Ihre Hypothese beinhaltet im Grunde die An-
nahme einer di-phyletischen Evolution der
Flugfähigkeit (1983, l.c. S. 1638, 1645) — und
ähnelt darin der Hypothese von Matsuda
(1981), nur mit einer anderen Kombination der
Gruppen!). Gerade weil aber ein funktioneller
Brückenschlag zu den rezenten Gruppen fehlt,
1) Auch Matsuda (1981) lehnt übrigens eine mono-
phyletische Entstehung der Flügel (als Stummel)
nicht kategorisch ab!
sind die vorgenommenen Sklerit-Abgrenzungen
und “Homologisierungen” (1983, Fig. 16) zwei-
felhaft und eigentlich beliebig; sie sind — in Er-
mangelung wesentlicher Anhaltspunkte für die
Homologisierung (z.B. der Muskulatur) —
kaum zu belegen. Selbst bei den rezenten Insek-
ten (die sich bis in winzigste Details studieren
lassen) bieten die Gelenksklerite erhebliche Ho-
mologisierungs-Schwierigkeiten; eine genaue
Abgrenzung ist (infolge sekundärer Abgliede-
rungen, Zerteilungen und Verschmelzungen)
oft sehr schwierig, oder vorerst noch gar nicht
möglich. Die durch “Nahtlinien” angedeuteten
Grenzen und Schein-Grenzen der äußeren
Morphologie lassen ja keine sicheren
Rückschlüsse auf die Lage von Gelenkstellen
und damit auf funktionelle Bewegungseinheiten
zu (das gilt natürlich insbesondere für Fossi-
lien). Gelenke können außerdem durch eine
versteckte, z.B. versenkte Lage leicht übersehen -
werden; v.a. aber liegen über die (für das Ver-
standnis besonders wesentlichen) Gelenke der
Flügel-Unterseite bisher keine Fossildokumen-
tationen vor. In Anbetracht dieser Sachlage er-
scheint es sehr wesentlich, daß bei der Beschrei-
bung fossiler Flügel-Gelenkregionen äußerst
vorsichtig vorgegangen wird und nur die wirk-
lich eindeutig erkennbaren Teile dokumentiert
werden. Da sowohl die Bildung monophyleti-
scher fossiler Gruppen als auch ihre Zuordnung
zu rezenten Einheiten auf große Schwierigkei-
ten stößt, ist zudem eine begriffliche Klarheit
unbedingt erforderlich (darauf geht Hennig,
1969, v.a. ım Teil I, in dem er die Möglichkeiten
und Grenzen der Paläontologie analysiert,
ausführlich ein). Die Widerlegung der von Hen-
nig (1969) angeführten synapomorphen Merk-
male der *Palaeoptera durch Kukalova-Peck
(1983, S. 1661) scheint mir aus diesem Grund
nicht fundiert zu sein, da *-Gruppen und (ech-
te) Stammgruppen von der Autorin nicht klar
unterschieden werden (ubrigens auch nicht bei
Riek & Kukalova-Peck, 1984).
Verschiedene Annahmen und Folgerungen
Kukalovä-Peck’s lassen eine vorsichtig-kritische
Einstellung etwas vermissen. Zu der (anschei-
nend nicht in ihr Bild passenden) Tegula be-
merkt die Autorin z.B. (1983, S. 1636): “The te-
gula is a trichobothrium, not a sclerite (E. L.
Smith, personal communication)...”. Nicht ein-
mal bei den rezenten Gruppen ist jedoch eine
zweifelsfreie Homologisierung der “Tegulae”
möglich (vgl. S. 89)! Oder: Gleitflieger, die am
Vorhandensein einer “starren” (hinteren) Axil-
larplatte (= RAP) zu erkennen seien, “never
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 109
flap their gliding planes while gliding” (1983, S.
1665). Zeigen segelnde Aeshniden (Aeshna
grandis, Anax imperator) nicht sogar das Ge-
genteil, nämlich alle Übergänge zum Schlag-
flug? Außerdem besitzen auch die sicher höchst
selten segelnden, wahrscheinlich plesiomor-
phen (!) Zygopteren eine Radioanalplatte, die
(wie bei Anısopteren) jedoch keineswegs starr
ist.
Eine genauere Zuordnung und Bewertung
der fossilen Flügelgelenke (von denen man sich
so viel versprochen hat) wird auch in Zukunft
mit großen Schwierigkeiten verbunden sein. Ih-
re Interpretation wird z.B. entscheidend vom
Kenntnisstand der Funktionsmorphologie der
rezenten Gruppen und von der Existenz einer
Ausgangsbasis gesicherter Homologievorstel-
lungen abhängen. Dies kann am Beispiel von
Ostrava nigra noch einmal illustriert werden.
Hennig vermutete (1969, l.c. S. 145; unter Be-
zug auf eine frühere Arbeit Kukalova’s), daß
das Flügelgelenk aller rezenten Pterygota “aus
einem Vorzustand, wie ihn Kukalova bei Ostra-
va beschreibt, ..., hervorgegangen sein muß”.
Er ordnet Ostrava damit sogar weiter basal im
System ein als Kukalová. Hennig empfindet
allerdings das Fehlen der Costalplatte bei die-
sem Fossil als etwas verwunderlich, wobei er
davon ausgeht (lic. Abb. 25), daf} die ganze
Odonaten-Costalplatte (incl. der dhCP) der
Humeralplatte der übrigen Pterygoten homolog
ist (in der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dagegen nur
die dhCP der Humeralplatte gleichgesetzt).
Neuere Abbildungen von Ostrava (Kukalova-
Peck & Richardson, 1983, Fig. 20) zeigen im
vorderen Basisbereich des Flügels einen weite-
ren Skleriten, der in der Abb. 25 von Hennig
noch fehlt. Dieser könnte (s. Kap. 3) mehrere
Deutungen erfahren: Er könnte z.B. einer Hu-
meralplatte (dhCP) entsprechen (die proximale
Costalplatte, bzw. der Sklerit BAS, würde dann
in einem basalen, nicht fossil erhaltenen Ab-
schnitt liegen — sie könnte auch mehr oder we-
niger reduziert sein), oder der proximal davon
liegenden Struktur BAS homolog sein. Der
ursprünglich an der Pterygotenbasis vorhande-
ne Hauptteil der Costalplatte (BAS) wäre also
bei Ostrava entweder noch vorhanden oder
schon teilweise bis ganz reduziert. Die Hu-
meralplatte könnte sogar auf die Flügeluntersei-
te gewandert sein (vgl. S. 89f.). Eine genaue
Zuordnung des (in wesentlichen Bereichen
nicht erhaltenen) Flügelgelenks zu einer be-
stimmten Gruppe (oder Stammgruppe) der Pte-
rygota bleibt daher weiterhin problematisch.
Evolution des Flugapparates innerhalb der
Odonaten und funktionelle Deutung einiger
Merkmale des Flügelgeäders
Die Zygoptera und Anisozygoptera (mit der
einzigen, durch zwei Arten vertretenen rezen-
ten Gattung Epiophlebia) zeigen einige gemein-
same Merkmale des Flugapparates, die auf eine
ähnliche Flug-Spezialisierung (d.h. einen ahnli-
chen Flugtyp) hinweisen. So ist der Winkel A
der Grundschlagbahnebene des Flügels kleiner
als bei den Anisoptera; er kann (beim Vorder-
und Hinterflügel!) zur Vertikalen oder zur Ho-
rızontalen hin verändert, also vergrößert oder
verkleinert werden. Da die Anisozygoptera
+ Anisoptera eine monophyletische Gruppe
bilden (beide Gruppen besitzen einige abgeleite-
te, wahrscheinlich synapomorphe, Merkmale:
Kiemenenddarm der Larven, s. Asahina, 1954;
dreiarmige abdominale Haltezange der Männ-
chen, s. Hennig, 1969, l.c. S. 321ff.), sind diese
Ubereinstimmungen der Zygoptera und Aniso-
zygoptera als Symplesiomorphien anzusehen
(die Möglichkeit einer Konvergenz wird ausge-
klammert, s. unten). Dafür sprechen auch
Merkmale im Flugapparat der Anisoptera (wel-
che selbst eine sichere monophyletische Gruppe
darstellen — vgl. z.B. Fraser, 1957 und Pfau,
1971), die deutliche Anzeichen sekundärer Ver-
änderung aufweisen: als Folge der Reduktion
verschiedener Muskeln des Schlagbahn-Stellsy-
stems — der pa fehlt in beiden Segmenten, der
dim wurde im Metathorax reduziert (vgl. S.
61f.) — zeigen die Flugsegmente der Anısopte-
ren insgesamt eine stärker ausgeprägte Hetero-
nomie. Da es unwahrscheinlich ist, daß die ho-
monome Ausprägung des Thorax bei Zygopte-
ren und Anisozygopteren konvergent
entstanden ist, kann gefolgert werden, daß der
Pterothorax des letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren
der Odonata zygopteroid-anisozygopteroid be-
schaffen war (vgl. dazu auch S. 82ff.).
Interessant ist, daß bestimmte Teilstrukturen
des Vor-Zurückschwingsystems innerhalb der
Zygoptera (deren Monophylie nicht gesichert
ist; vgl. Fraser, 1957) und bei Epiophlebia in un-
terschiedlicher Ausprägung auftreten: Während
im Mesothorax bei allen Gruppen zwei Tergal-
sklerite (VTS und hTS) vorhanden sind, fand
sich im Metathorax bei den meisten untersuch-
ten Zygopterenfamilien (Calopterygidae, Epal-
lagidae, Chlorocyphidae, Platycnemididae,
Coenagrionidae und Protoneuridae) nur ein
Sklerit, der vergrößerte vTS — der hTS ist redu-
ziert, d.h. durch Membran ersetzt. Bei den Les-
110 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
tiden und auch bei den Hemiphlebiiden!) ist der
hTS dagegen auch im Metathorax noch weitge-
hend erhalten, was als ursprünglicher Zustand
aufgefafit werden kann. Epiophlebia besitzt im
Metathorax ebenfalls beide Teile, gegeneinander
noch beweglich, jedoch schon weitgehend aniso-
pteroid verschmolzen (s.S. 62). Es erscheint
lohnend, den Vergleich dieser Strukturen — die
zwar funktionell relativ unbedeutend erschei-
nen, aber auf eine monophyletische Teilgruppe
der “Zygoptera” hinweisen (die einer Aufspal-
tung der Zygopteren, wie sie Fraser, 1957,
vorschlug, widerspricht!) — auf alle Gruppen
auszudehnen.
Aufgrund der mehr horizontal ausgerichteten
Grundschlagbahnebene, und der Möglichkeit
zur Schlagbahnveränderung bei Vorder- und
Hinterflügel durch je zwei Stellmuskeln, sind
die Zygopteren (und wohl auch die Anisozy-
gopteren) auf engem Raum außerordentlich
manövrierfähige Flieger, die in der Lage sind,
auch den dichteren Bewuchs des Uferbereichs
von Gewässern zu besiedeln (der primitive,
noch sehr feindanfällige Kopulationsmechanis-
mus ist in diesem Lebensraum anscheinend
noch “tragbar”; vgl. Pfau, 1971). Die struktu-
rellen und funktionellen Abwandlungen des
Flugapparates in der Stammgruppe der Aniso-
ptera — die Verstellung der Grundschlagbahn-
ebene und die Einengung des Schlagbahn-Stell-
bereichs der Flügel — verändern diesen
ursprünglichen Flugtyp wesentlich. Sie können
als eine Anpassung an eine neue Ökologische
Zone interpretiert werden: Die rezenten Aniso-
pteren stellen robustere, schnellere Flieger dar,
die auch besser in der Lage sind, Dauer- und
Streckenflüge zu vollbringen. Sie haben den
Luftraum über der freien Wasserfläche erobert.
Infolge der vertikaler stehenden Grundschlag-
bahnebene ihrer Flügel wird (beim Auf- und
Abschlag) mehr Vortrieb erzeugt, was den be-
sonders “reißenden” Flug erklärt. Anscheinend
wurden verschiedene Muskeln (die “Rück-
schwing”-Muskeln pa im Mesothorax und dlm
im Metathorax; vgl. S. 61f.) mit der Verstellung
der Schlagbahnebene in der Stammgruppe der
Anisoptera überflüssig und konnten reduziert
1) Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (die einzige rezente
Hemiphlebiide) besitzt im Meso- und Metathorax
außerordentlich ähnlich ausgebildete Sklerite vTS
und hTS — wahrscheinlich ein sehr ursprünglicher
Zustand. Für die Überlassung eines Exemplars von
Hemiphlebia sei Herrn Dr. J. A. L. Watson an die-
ser Stelle herzlich gedankt.
werden. Damit ging auch eine Vereinfachung
der Flugmechanik einher, was wiederum den
Flügelantrieb effizienter machte. Im Metathorax
wurde zusätzlich der Flügel-Vorschwingmecha-
nismus (und sein Muskel, der pa) reduziert.
Dieses Segment wurde so im Zuge der Speziali-
sierung der Anisoptera zu “Vortriebsfliegern”
zu einem weitgehend reinen Antriebssegment
(die tergale Mechanik konnte in diesem Zusam-
menhang besonders stark vereinfacht werden!
Vgl. S. 62). Die Veränderung der Grund-
schlagbahnebene beider Flügel bedingte jedoch
gleichzeitig einen Verlust an Auftrieb, der an-
scheinend dadurch aufgefangen werden konnte,
daß die Flügelspreiten — v.a. im Hinterflügel,
in dem der Analteil besonders vergrößert ist —
verbreitert wurden.
Man könnte erwarten, daß der pronatorisch-
supinatorische Drehspielraum der Flügel bei
den Anisoptera mit der Einschränkung des
Schlagbahnspielraums verkleinert werden konn-
te. Bestimmte, gegenüber den Zygopteren abge-
wandelte Merkmale des Flügelgeäders deuten
jedoch sogar eher auf eine erweiterte Verwin-
dungsfähigkeit der Flügel hin; sie stehen wahr-
scheinlich im Zusammenhang mit der Verbrei-
terung der Flügel oder/und der Verstärkung des
Flügelantriebs. (Da diese Geäder-Veränderun-
gen v.a. den Aufschlagsdrehbereich betreffen,
erweitern sie möglicherweise in erster Linie den
Spielraum der Vortriebserzeugung; s. oben und
S. 93ff.) So ist bei den Anisopteren das Flügel-
dreieck (die Discoidalzelle) sekundär ver-
größert, zweigeteilt und durch zusätzliche
Adern stabilisiert (vgl. Fraser, 1957). Dadurch
wird ein größerer distaler und kaudaler Flügel-
bereich an die Cubitalsektor-Basis angekoppelt,
wodurch sowohl die Ubertragung der aktiven
Kräfte nach distal (auf die größere Flügelfläche)
wie auch der passiven Kräfte nach proximal (zur
Flügelbasis) gesichert oder verbessert wird.
Wahrscheinlich ist außerdem die Verlagerung
des Ursprungsorts der Flügeladern “IR,” und
“Ry,5” (Abb. 8) zur Flügelbasıs hin (vgl. Fraser,
1957) in einem Zusammenhang mit der Verwin-
dungsfähigkeit größerer (breiterer) Flügel zu se-
hen, da auch dadurch die von diesen Adern “ge-
tragenen” Flügelbereiche enger an den Arculus
und die Cubitalsektor-Basis angeschlossen wer-
den (vgl. auch Pfau, 1975). Dieses Merkmal tritt
allerdings auch bei bestimmten Teilgruppen der
Zygoptera (und bei den Anisozygoptera) auf,
und zwar v.a. dort, wo breitere, weniger “ge-
stielte” und dichter geaderte (schwerere!) Flügel
vorhanden sind. Fraser (1957) stellt diese Grup-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 111
pen in die Nahe der Anisoptera (+Anisozygo-
ptera) und betrachtet die Zygoptera daher als
uneinheitliche (paraphyletische) Gruppe. Wenn
sich diese Hypothese erharten ließe, hatte man
gleichzeitig ein gewichtiges Argument dafür,
daß der gestielte, schmale (“typische”) Zygo-
pterenflügel als der ursprüngliche Flügel der
Odonata (*Odonata! Vgl. Fußnote S. 76f.) an-
zusehen ist. Der nähere Anschluß von “IR,”
und “R,,;” an den Arculus (und die dadurch er-
reichte Erhaltung oder Verbesserung der Ver-
windungsfähigkeit im Aufschlagsdrehbereich)
könnte bei Zygopteren jedoch auch konvergent
entstanden sein. Dafür spricht z.B., daß inner-
halb verschiedener Zygopterenfamilien noch
Übergänge der Aderverlegung erhalten sind. In
einigen Gruppen (Epallagidae, Calopterygidae)
ist die Merkmalsevolution sogar weiter voran-
geschritten als bei den Anisoptera: “R,,,” ent-
springt dort beinahe direkt vom Arculus.
In einem funktionellen Zusammenhang mit
der Pronations-Supinations-Drehmechanik des
Flügels stehen sicher noch zahlreiche weitere
Merkmale des Flügelgeäders. Die Stabilisierung
des Costalsektors durch verstärkte Costa-Ra-
dius-Queradern (“antenodal primaries”, vgl.
Fraser, 1957; pan, und pan,, Abb. 3) spielt z.B.
. im Aufschlagsdrehbereich eine wichtige Rolle,
da der Cubitalsektor ein solides Verwindungs-
Widerlager benötigt. In den breiteren Flügeln
der Anisoptera+Anisozygoptera (und einiger
Gruppen der Zygoptera!) ist der Costalsektor
durch weitere Queradern zusätzlich verstärkt.
Auffallend ist dabei, daß der Arculus am Co-
stalsektor meist in der Mitte zwischen den bei-
den (durch ihre besondere Dicke hervorgehobe-
nen) “primaries” artikuliert — manchmal ist die
Gelenkstelle des Arculus auch der ersten oder
zweiten Hauptquerader genahert, die dann be-
sonders verstarkt ist. Die genauere Kenntnis der
Flügelmechanik ermöglicht jetzt sogar die funk-
tionelle Interpretation einiger ganz unbedeu-
tend erscheinender Merkmale des Odonaten-
Flügelgeäders: Der schräge Verlauf des Arculus
(Abb. 3 und 8) ist z.B. wohl v.a. der “Distal-
Komponente” der supinatorischen Bewegung
des CuS (s.S. 53) “angepaßt” — eine entgegen-
gesetzte Schrägstellung des Arculus würde die
Verwindung behindern. Die Ausrichtung der
kurzen, ebenfalls besonders kräftigen (aber in
den Abbildungen von Odonatenflügeln meist
nicht berücksichtigten) proximalen Costa-Ra-
dius-Querader cr, (etwa senkrecht zur Achse
El, s. Abb. 3 und 7) steht dagegen in einem Zu-
sammenhang mit dem Flügeldreh- und Verwin-
dungsmechanismus des Abschlagsdrehbereichs;
auch hier würde eine andere Ausrichtung der
Ader (und eine andere Lage des Gelenkpunkts
c3, an dem die Ader vorn endet) die Verwin-
dungsbewegung beeinträchtigen.
Weitere vergleichend-morphologische wie
auch biomechanische Untersuchungen sind für
eine bessere Beurteilung der Flügelgeäder-
Merkmale notwendig. Sie könnten nicht nur un-
ser Verständnis der Funktionsweise der Flügel
der rezenten Pterygoten (und ihrer mannigfalti-
gen Funktionswechsel) erweitern, sondern wür-
den gleichzeitig auch Einblicke in die Biologie
der ausgestorbenen Gruppen vermitteln, von
denen wir, als einzige Reste, oft nur Flügel-
geäderteile kennen.
Dre MUSKELFUNKTIONEN IM TABELLARISCHEN
VERGLEICH
Die Komplexitàt der thorakalen und pteralen
Mechanik macht es in vielen Fallen schwer,
Muskelfunktionen durch einfache Zugexperi-
mente an den Sehnen auf Anhieb zu erkennen;
die zahlreichen Irrtumsmöglichkeiten können
erst bei genauer Kenntnis aller Einzelmechanis-
men und ihrer wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit re-
duziert werden. Entsprechend vielfältig ist das
Bild, das sich beim Studium der Literatur ergibt.
Selbst die Autoren, die sich eingehender mit
dem Flugapparat der Libellen beschäftigten,
Tannert (1958) und Russenberger & Russenber-
ger (1959/60), weichen in ihren Ergebnissen zur
Skelettmechanik — und in den davon ausgehen-
den Interpretationen der Muskelfunktion —
stark voneinander ab. Neville (1960) unternahm
den Versuch, die Wirkungen der Muskeln durch
Beobachtung von Skelettbewegungen und
durch Muskelausschaltexperimente bei vor dem
Windkanal fliegenden Libellen direkt zu erken-
nen. Dabei ergaben sich jedoch offenbar Wi-
dersprüche, die (ohne genauere Kenntnis der
Skelettmechanik) nicht aufzulösen waren.
Außerdem ist es Neville wohl nicht gelungen,
die Bewegungen der Skelett-Teile tatsächlich
mefßbar zu machen. Da seine Meßpunkte in
Wirklichkeit sehr komplizierte Raumbahnen
beschreiben (die Bewegungen stehen in Abhän-
gigkeit von mehreren Kräften und können sich
zusätzlich überlagern), erfordert die Erfassung
der Bewegung eines Punktes (in Bezug auf eine
Kraft) nicht nur perspektivische Korrekturver-
fahren, sondern die gleichzeitige Berücksichti-
gung aller anderen wirkenden Kräfte. Es ist da-
her nicht gerechtfertigt, dat Neville seine Er-
gebnisse als exakt (weil “quantitativ”) von
112 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
“nur” qualitativen Befunden positiv abhebt.
In der Tabelle 1 sind die Muskel-Termini und
-Funktionen verschiedener Autoren zusammen-
gefaßt. Dabei mußten manche Funktionsbe-
zeichnungen in den hier verwandten Begriffsge-
brauch “übersetzt” werden. In den anschlie-
ßend unter 1. bis 23. angefügten Bemerkungen
zur Tabelle wird versucht, einige abweichende
Ergebnisse zu erläutern und bis zu ihren theore-
tischen Voraussetzungen (die manchmal
allerdings schwer ersichtlich waren) zurückzu-
verfolgen.
1. — Clark (1940) geht nicht näher auf die Skelett-
mechanik ein, so daß die Muskelfunktionen z.T. nicht
erklärt sind. Die Basalarmuskeln (dvm; ,) werden den
“Subalarmuskeln” (pm, _,) als antagonistische Mus-
keln der Flügeldrehbewegungen gegenübergestellt:
bei zeitlich verschiedenem Einsatz (“alternate action”)
würde entweder der vordere Teil des Flügels (Prona-
tion) oder der hintere (Supination) gesenkt; gleichzei-
tige Aktion beider Muskelgruppen würde dagegen
zur Senkung des ganzen Flügels führen (l.c. S. 556).
Die mit diesen Angaben nur angedeutete (einfache)
Flügeldrehmechanik konnte nicht bestätigt werden.
Tabelle 1
CLARK, 1940 TANNERT, 1958 RUSSENBERGER und
"RUSSENBERGER, 1959/60
dvm, Heber Hebermuskel (2-geteilt) 2) dvm Heber, Supinator-Promotor |
(bzw. Pronator-Remotor) |
dvm; Senker 1) vorderer Senkermuskel 2) bm1 Senker, Pronator (-Remotor) |
Pronator Pronator |
pm, Senker 1) mittlerer Senkermuskel À sml Senker (Supinator-Promotor) |
Supinator |
dvm, Heber — — |
dvm, Heber? — —
Beinbeweger?
dvm, Senker 1) Steuermuskel Costa bm2
‘ Pronator Pronator, Senker ©) 2) |
pm, Pronator Steuerm. Ventralausläufer Pt1 Tpm (1,2) |
(Mesothorax Anisoptera), Pronator *) |
Seitl. Verspannerm. d. Mesoscutum
(Zygoptera) u. Metascutum
(Zygoptera + Anisoptera)
dvm, Heber Steuermuskel
Lateralauslaufer Pt1
Supinator 5) |
axm Remotor (Pronator)
dvm, Heber Steuermuskel r + m — c )
Heber, Supinator
pm, Senker 1) hinterer Senkermuskel 2) sm2 Supinator (Promotor) !°) |
Supinator (etc. s. l.c. S. 411, 422)
pm,, | 1) Steuermuskel Analis 1a,
(Senker) Pronator 6)
pm; | Supinator Steuermuskel Analis 1b, dim Supmaton (rene ton)
Supinator 6)
pm; Senker 1) Steuermuskel Analis 2 DI) sim Supinator (Promotor)
Supinator Senker (etc. s. l.c. S. 411, 422)
dim, Senker hinterer Verspanner dim Pronator-Remotor 2)
des Mesoscutum 8) (bzw. Supinator-Promotor)
= = smi Remotor (Pronator)
123) vgl. S.112— 117
‘VILLE, 1960
it tergosternal
ber, Pronator
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 113
2. — Costal- und Radioanalplatte werden von Tan-
nert (1958) als funktionell scharf getrennte Flügelbe-
reiche betrachtet (s. zum Beispiel lc. S. 423). Die
Flügelverwindung kann daher nach Tannert durch alle
diejenigen Muskeln beeinflußt werden, welche eine
Basisplatte, relativ zur anderen, auf- oder abwärts be-
wegen können. Tannert nımmt dies für fast alle Mus-
keln an, auch für die Haupt-Heber und -Senker (l.c. S.
424; für den bas1, und für den als antagonistisch ange-
sehenen hca, wird die Verwindungsfunktion z.B. auf
S. 419 näher ausgeführt). Dabei wird zwischen einer
Hauptfunktion (Antrieb) und einer Nebenfunktion
(Verwindung) unterschieden. Es wird jedoch nicht
HATCH, 1966
=) dvm1 Heber
naher erlautert, wie sich die zahlreichen, und zudem
auf ganz verschiedene Weise (vgl. auch Anmerkung 3
und 4) den Flügel verwindenden Einflüsse distal im
Flügel auswirken und gegenseitig beeinflussen.
Auch Hatch (1966) nımmt offensichtlich eine unab-
hangige Auf- und Abschlagsbewegung der CP relativ
zur RAP (und umgekehrt) als Ursache der Pronation
und Supination an (l.c. S. 709). Hatch und Tannert
kommen jedoch z.T. zu entgegengesetzten Ergebnis-
sen. Ein (distales) Senken der Costa durch den bas1
ergibt bei Tannert eine pronatorische Drehung, wel-
cher der hca (durch Heben der Costa) entgegenarbei-
ten könne (l.c. S. 410, 419); bei Hatch sind diese Mus-
PFAU, 1986
dvml
Aufschlagsm. (Antrieb)
(Ruckschwingm.)
ond basalar 15) 16) 18) dvm3 Senker, Pronator 20,22) bas 1 Abschlagsm. (Antrieb)
iker, Pronator
tsubalar D) pml Senker 20) subl Abschlagsm. (Antrieb),
Supinator
dvm2 21) dvm2 Einstellm. (Abschlag)
dvm5 21) (tc; s. Fußnote S. 45)
t basalar 15) 16) 18) dvm4 Pronator 20) 21) bas2 Einstellm. (Aufschlag)
iker, Pronator
| pm5 Promotor (?) tp Einstellm. (“Klickmech.”)
erior coxoalar 7) dvm6 Heber, Supinator 20) Nev ca Supinator der unteren
dinator, Remotor, Schlagwende (Heber)
ber
sterior coxoalar dvm7 Heber, Pronator 20) hea Pronator der oberen
ber (l.c. S. 639) Schlagwende (Heber)
ond subalar NS) pm2 Senker, Supinator BNP) sub 2 Supinator (Abschlag),
iker, Supinator Senker
pm4a,b (Funktion s.b. Tannert) fa Pronator (Aufschlag)
rd subalar 15) 19) pm3 Supinator 20) 20) subs Supinator + Einstellm.
iker, Supinator (Aufschlag)
dlm1 Promotor (?) 23) dlm Vorschwingm. (Mesothorax)
Rückschwingm. (Metathorax)
a pa ny Rückschwingm. (Mesothorax)
Vorschwingm. (Metathorax)
114 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
keln dagegen (beziiglich der Fligeldrehung) Syner-
gisten (zu Hatch vgl. auch Anm. 20—23).
3. — Tannert’s Bewegungsanalysen sind anschei-
nend durchweg auf mazeriertes Tiermaterial gegrün-
det. Beim Mazerieren wird das Resilin aus den Ge-
lenkverbindungen (wie z.B. dem Pleuralgelenk pi)
herausgelöst; diese zeigen anschließend einen viel
weiteren Bewegungs-(Membran-)Spielraum als beim
lebenden oder frischtoten Tier. Das Pleuralgelenk p1
(“Unterstützungsgelenk der proximalen Cp” bei Tan-
nert) wurde sicher aus diesem Grund als “Schlittenge-
lenk” verkannt (l.c. S. 404, 418, 420; Abb. 12, 13).
Damit wohl zusammenhangend ist nach Tannert die
gesamte CP (bei Tannert: proximale Cp+distale Cp;
hier, etwas verandert: vCP+mCP+phCP+dhCP,
vgl. S. 41) um eine Achse drehbar, die vom “vorde-
ren Scuto-Alargelenk” (t1) durch das vordere Pleural-
gelenk (p1) zum “Bereich des distalen Verwindungs-
gelenks” (bei c3) läuft (l.c. Abb. 5, 18, 36; der distale
“Angelpunkt” dieser Achse wird dabei offensichtlich
vom Gelenk c3 unterschieden — l.c. S. 418, 423, 432
— ein zweites Gelenk konnte von mir jedoch an die-
ser Stelle nicht aufgefunden werden). Diese Verwin-
dungsachse existiert jedoch in Wirklichkeit nicht; eine
Drehung der gesamten Costalplatte (relativ zur
RAP+“c-RAP-Brücke”, l.c. S. 418) kann nicht statt-
finden (zur Achsen-Anordnung und -Funktion vgl.
auch Abb. 7 und S. 47ff.). Der bas2 ist damit kein
Drehmuskel der CP (Pronator); bas2 und vca (die sich
bei Tannert — an einem zwei-armigen Hebel angrei-
fend — zu beiden Seiten der “Verwindungsachse” ge-
genüberstehen) sind außerdem nicht als Antagonisten
zu betrachten (vgl. auch Anm. 4).
4. — Nach Tannert ist der vordere Tergalsklerit
vTS (den er, zusammen mit dem Randsklerit, als “Pte-
rale 1” bezeichnet — zur Homologisierung des Ptera-
le 1 vgl. jedoch S. 83f.) um eine in Tierlängsrichtung
verlaufende Drehachse schwenkbar (l.c. Abb. 14b).
Der Tergopleuralmuskel tp (“Steuerm. Ventralausläu-
fer Pt1”) soll nun durch Anhebung des Randsklerits
(RS — bei Tannert “Lateralausläufer Pt1”) indirekt
(durch Schub von ventral her auf die CP) eine prona-
torische Drehung der gesamten CP (vgl. Anm. 3) be-
wirken; der Muskel ist bei Tannert somit ein Antago-
nist des vca und ein Synergist des bas2. Eine Bewe-
gung des vTS durch den tp nach lateral-ventral (zur
Anhebung des Randsklerits; vgl. l.c. Abb. 14b) ist je-
doch nicht möglich. Der RS ist außerdem als ein-ar-
miger, am vTS gelenkig ansıtzender Hebel zu betrach-
ten, über den bei Kontraktion des vca — durch Zug
an der hinteren Costalplatte hCP — eine Supination
erreicht wird; der tp wird dabei nicht gedehnt. Vorde-
rer Tergalsklerit und Randsklerit bilden demnach kei-
nen zwei-armigen Hebel, wie Tannert annımmt. Eine
Schubwirkung des wenig harten (biegbaren) RS kann
— auch aufgrund der Zwischenmembran zur phCP —
ausgeschlossen werden.
5. — Die genaue Muskelwirkung wurde nicht er-
läutert (zu der nach Tannert abweichenden Funktion
des mesothorakalen tp der Anisoptera s. Anm. 4).
Nach der vorliegenden Arbeit haben die tp-Muskeln
im Meso- und Metathorax (bei Zygopteren und
Anisozygopteren+ Anısopteren) die gleiche Funktion
(s. S. 45f.).
6. — Die beiden Muskeln arbeiten nach Tannert an-
tagonistisch und heben bzw. senken das “Analfeld”
(l.c. Abb. 28). Die “Verwindungsachse” würde dabei
proximal durch die Mitte des Ansatzgebietes der bei-
den Muskeln, distal mitten durch den Arculus verlau-
fen (l.c. Abb. 5, 36). Diese Ausrichtung der Drehachse
und die antagonistische Funktion zweier Muskelteile
des fa (von den beiden Seiten eines zwei-armigen He-
bels aus) konnte nicht bestätigt werden (vgl. S. 53ff.);
das “Analfeld” Tannert’s entspricht daher auch nicht
dem Cubitalsektor. Eine Zweiteilung des fa wird (wie
im Falle des dvm1, vgl. Fußnote S. 60) durch die ein-
tretende Trachee, und eine dafür vorhandene Ein-
buchtung im Apodem, vorgetäuscht.
7. — Tannert nimmt anscheinend eine “Steuerung”
der großen Hauptmuskeln durch die kleinen (als syn-
ergistisch interpretierten) Nebenmuskeln an (lc. S.
424f.) — sowohl bezüglich der Schlagfunktion als
auch der (für fast alle Muskeln postulierten) Verwin-
dungsfunktion (s. Anm. 2). Vor allem für die Paare
bas1—bas2 und sub2—sub3 wird dies genauer erklärt
(s. z.B. l.c. S. 411). Nach der hier dargestellten Auf-
fassung (S. 45) “steuern” die kleinen, tonisch aktiven
Muskeln dagegen die Kraftwirkung des jeweils anta-
gonistischen Hauptmuskels (der bas2 also z.B. den
dvm1; für den sub3 vgl. S. 56).
8. — Der Muskel wird bei Tannert nur auf S. 409
(für den Mesothorax) ohne nähere Erklärung seiner
Funktion erwähnt.
9. — Russenberger & Russenberger (1959/60) neh-
men eine kombinierte Flügel-Pronation und -Remo-
tion durch die Muskeln sm3, axm und dim beim
Abschlag an; entgegengesetzt (supinierend und vor-
.ziehend) wirken beim Aufschlag der dvm (s. aber wei-
ter unten) und auch der dım (zur indirekten Wirkung
des dım s. auch Anm. 13). Diesen Flügelbewegungen
wird eine komplizierte Mechanik (u.a. Kippung des
Tergum “in der Medianebene”, d.h. um eine Quer-
achse, und Annäherung der pleuralen “Schwingen-
pfeiler”) zugrundegelegt (l.c. Abb. 31a,c). Fast alle
Muskeln (auch die direkten Antriebs-Senker) spielen,
dieser Mechanik zufolge, eine Rolle als Pronatoren-
Remotoren bzw. Supinatoren-Promotoren (einige
Funktionen wurden in der Tabelle — der von Russen-
berger & Russenberger postulierten Mechanik ent-
sprechend — in Klammern ergänzt). Die beiden
Autoren betrachten den dvm (ähnlich wie Tannert) als
2-köpfigen Doppelmuskel, wobei sie im dorsalen An-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 115
satzapodem ein Quergelenk (zwischen den beiden
Muskelteilen) annehmen (vgl. lc. S. 23f., 48). Bei
Kontraktion würde der dvm entweder Pronation-Re-
motion oder Supination-Promotion bewirken, je
nachdem welcher Teil des Muskels stärker arbeitet.
Die in Abb. 31a, c bei Russenberger & Russenberger
dargelegte Mechanik konnte nicht bestätigt werden
(zur Zweiteilung des dvm vgl. Fußnote S. 60).
10. — Russenberger & Russenberger diskutieren
für diese Muskeln, die nach ihrer Ansıcht kaum als
Senker von Bedeutung sein können, die Möglichkeit
einer “Rücksteuerung” des Thorax-Resonanzsystems
(vgl. Lc. S. 80ff.).
11. — Die Autoren erwägen eine rechts-linksseitig
unterschiedliche Kontraktion dieser Muskeln und
nehmen (sehr allgemein) eine Beeinflussung der “Stel-
lung der einzelnen, am Flugmechanismus beteiligten
Sklerite” (lc. S. 28) an. Sie diskutieren auch die Mög-
lichkeit einer gegenläufigen Bewegung des rechten
und linken Flügels, u.a. bewirkt durch die Tpm (l.c. S.
47 und Abb. 31b; eine ähnliche Funktion der Tpm=
pm5 nimmt auch Hatch, l.c. S. 713, an). Der dafür als
Beweis angesehene Hochschulfilm von v. Holst, 1950,
zeigt diese Gegenlaufigkeit jedoch nicht (vgl. dazu S.
43f. und S. 45f.). Obwohl Russenberger & Russen-
berger auf die doppelfrequente Bewegung der Pleuren
hinweisen (l.c. S. 46f.), erkannten sie die Bedeutung
der Tpm für die Einstellung eines bistabilen Flü-
gelschlagmechanismus anscheinend nicht.
12. — Russenberger & Russenberger untersuchten
offensichtlich die Muskulatur subadulter (aus Larven
gezogener) Exemplare von Aeshna cyanea (l.c. Abb.
18). Darauf weisen die Muskelproportionen und auch
der (im adulten Tier reduzierte) Muskel sm3 (s. auch
Anm. 14) hin. Einige Fehleinschätzungen sind wohl
darauf zurückzuführen: der sm3 wird anscheinend
mit dem Illısm, von Clark (1940) verwechselt (einem
zum Abdomenrand führenden, intersegmentalen
Muskel, der entgegen Clark’s Annahme ohne Bedeu-
tung für den Flügelschlag ist), den die beiden Autoren
nun auch im Mesothorax aufzufinden meinen; vca
und hca (=axm) werden nicht unterschieden (s. l.c. S.
28), der Ursprungsort außerdem nicht richtig be-
schrieben (Verwechslung mit anderen Muskeln?); der
von Russenberger & Russenberger als dlm bezeichne-
te Muskel (fa der vorliegenden Arbeit) wird im Meta-
thorax anscheinend mit dem (dort bei juvenilen Tieren
noch größeren) dım vermengt und als ein Muskel be-
trachtet; etc.
13. — Russenberger & Russenberger beschreiben
eine (auf dem Schlagphasen-Unterschied zwischen
Vorder- und Hinterflügel beruhende) unterschiedli-
che, d.h. pronatorische (beim Abschlag) oder supina-
torische (beim Aufschlag) Drehwirkung dieses Mus-
kels in den beiden Schlagphasen (lc. S. 77f.; s. dazu
auch Anm. 9). Sie nehmen außerdem an, daß der Mus-
kel dım die “Phasenverschiebung zwischen Vorder-
und Hinterflügel” beeinflußt (l.c. S. 26, 49: “Koppel-
muskel zwischen den Flügelsegmenten”). Die seg-
mentkoppelnde Kraft der dım ist jedoch infolge der
starken Spreizung der Muskeln nach kaudal wahr-
scheinlich sehr gering (vgl. S. 61).
14. — Dieser Muskel, von Russenberger & Russen-
berger als “3. Subalarmuskel” bezeichnet, ist wohl mit
dem Pleuroalarmuskel pa (dem Muskel Nr. 31 bei
Asahina, 1954 — im Metathorax Nr. 53) identisch. Er
läuft bei Zygopteren (und bei der Gattung Epiophle-
bia) vom kaudalen Innenrand der RAP (oder der
Membran medial davon) nach vorn-seitlich-unten an
die Pleuralleiste (Abb. 2). Bei adulten Anisopteren ist
der Muskel reduziert (nur eine Sehneneinstülpung
zeigt noch seine dorsale Ansatzstelle) — bei subadul-
ten kann er dagegen in beiden Segmenten noch mehr
oder weniger gut entwickelt aufgefunden werden (vgl.
dazu Anm. 12). Asahına (1954) beschreibt den Muskel
auch für Davidius (möglicherweise untersuchte er ein
subadultes Exemplar); ich konnte ihn jedoch bei an-
deren (adulten) Gomphiden (/ctinogomphus, Onycho-
gomphus, Gomphus) nicht mehr auffinden.
15. — Zur Erklärung der Drehwirkung der Flügel-
senker und -heber bezieht sich Neville (1960, S. 631,
653) auf eine Hypothese von Weis-Fogh (1956). Da-
nach stehen sich bei Schistocerca im Mesothorax vor
und hinter dem Fulcrum Antriebsmuskeln gegenüber
(die Basalar- und Subalarmuskeln), die als Antagoni-
sten (durch verschieden starken Einsatz oder unter-
schiedlichen Kontraktionszeitpunkt — s. auch Anm.
1 zu Clark, 1940) die Flugelanstellung, durch Dre-
hung des Flügels um das Fulcrum, bestimmen sollen.
Der sub1 wird von Neville dementsprechend — auf-
grund seiner angenommenen “neutralen Lage” zwi-
schen den vor dem Fulcrum befindlichen Basalarmus-
keln (die als Pronatoren angesehen werden) und den
dahinter liegenden Subalarmuskeln sub2 und sub3
(welche den Flügel supinieren) — als reiner Ab-
schlagsmuskel betrachtet (l.c. S. 649). Nach der in der
vorliegenden Arbeit beschriebenen Verwindungsme-
chanik trifft das jedoch nicht zu (vgl. S. 47ff.). Auch
bei Heuschrecken hat sich gezeigt, daß der Flügel
nicht einfach als Ganzes um das Fulcrum drehbar ist
.(— diese Bewegung würde mit dem Auf-Abschlags-
mechanismus des TWM in Konflikt geraten), sondern
daß eine die Antriebsmechanik “umgehende”, flü-
gelinterne Verwindungsmechanik vorliegt (vgl. Pfau,
1977b, 1978a; s. dazu auch S. 91, 92).
16. — Unglücklicherweise wird der 1. Basalarmus-
kel (first basalar bzw. dvm, bei Clark) von Neville als
“second basalar”, der 2. Basalarmuskel (second bas-
alar Clark’s oder dvm,) dagegen als “first basalar” be-
zeichnet. Beide Basalarmuskeln werden als phasische
Muskeln betrachtet, die schon am Ende des Auf-
schlags (l.c. S. 649; evtl. sehr frühzeitig, s. Fig. 19f —
vgl. aber Anm. 18) eingesetzt werden können. Zum
Nachweis ihrer pronatorischen Wirkung (die in der
vorliegenden Arbeit nicht bestätigt werden kann; vgl.
116 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
S. 50) durchtrennte Neville beide Basalarmuskeln und
beobachtete die Flügelanstellung bei vor dem Wind-
kanal fliegenden Tieren. Da die Flügelschlagfrequenz
nach Ausschaltung um etwa ein Drittel zurückging,
ist die beobachtete veränderte Flügelanstellung (lc.
Fig. 19e) jedoch für eine Pronationsfunktion der Bas-
alarmuskeln nicht unbedingt beweiskräftig: mit einer
geringeren Flügelgeschwindigkeit wird ja gleichzeitig
die passive Pronation verringert bzw. ist auch eine
Zunahme der supinierenden Wirkung der Muskeln
sub1 und sub2 zu erwarten (ganz abgesehen von der
Möglichkeit, daß die Libelle bei Kappung von Mus-
keln den Einsatz anderer Muskeln zum Ausgleich ver-
ändert hat).
. 17. — Der Muskel kann nach Neville seine Supina-
tions-Wirkung schon vor dem Abschlagsende (l.c.
Fig. 13 und v.a. Fig. 21) und dann auch in der 1. Hälf-
te und fast ganzen 2. Hälfte der Aufschlagsphase (l.c.
S. 643, 653, 655) entfalten. (Neville’s Fig. 9 und 13
stimmen jedoch damit und untereinander nicht ganz
überein.) Bei der Erklärung der vermuteten zusatzli-
chen Funktion des vca als Remotor (l.c. S. 653) treten
Widersprüche auf: wenn eine Flügel-Vorbewegung
(nach Neville durch den vca, gegen Ende des Ab-
schlags) mit einem abrupten Auseinanderweichen von
RAP und CP einhergeht (l.c. Fig. 11d, 14, 15; S. 640f.;
vgl. dazu aber S. 99f. der vorliegenden Arbeit), dann
kann der vca kurz danach, an der Schlagwende, nicht
auf einmal die entgegengesetzte Bewegung verursa-
chen und zu einem Remotormuskel werden. Das er-
neute Schließen des Spaltes zwischen den beiden
Flügelbasisplatten (l.c. Fig. 11e) wird von Neville an-
scheinend damit erklärt, daß der vca, nach einer nur
anfänglich starken Kontraktion, sich (plötzlich) nur
noch schwach weiter kontrahiert (l.c. S. 655) und da-
durch (und durch seine Aufschlagsfunktion? s. unten)
eine Flügel-Remotion bewirkt.
Neville nımmt außerdem eine “automatische”
Rückziehwirkung der Aufschlagsmuskeln, und eine
entsprechende, passive Vorziehwirkung der Ab-
schlagsmuskeln, an (lc. S. 652f., 641), wobei er jedoch
nicht zwischen der Schlagbewegung in der (festliegen-
den) Grundschlagbahnebene und der (davon weitge-
hend unabhängig möglichen) Vor-Zurückschwing-
Bewegung unterscheidet. Zur Erklärung einiger
Phänomene mußte Neville dann zu komplizierten Zu-
satzhypothesen greifen (lc. S. 652f.).
Der Autor beobachtete eine Diskrepanz zwischen
natürlichen und manipulierten Flügelschlägen (lc. S.
641f., 653) und zog diese z.T. zur Erklärung der vca-
Funktion heran. Die beobachteten Unterschiede kön-
nen jedoch anders gedeutet werden. Sie beruhen wohl
darauf, daß Neville den Vorderflügel bei seiner künst-
lichen Imitierung des Schlags supiniert angestellt ab-
wärts bewegte: der supiniert angestellte Vorderflügel
schwingt am Abschlagsende (ausweichend) nach vorn
(und “supiniert” dabei weiter, vgl. S. 59) und dann
am Beginn des Aufschlags sofort wieder zurück, wo-
bei sich RAP und CP abrupt nähern (entsprechend
Neville’s Fig. 14, 15). Dieses Vor- und Zurück-
schwingen ist jedoch keinesfalls die zwangsläufige
Folge der geneigten Flügelschlagbahnebene (lc. S.
641), sondern ergibt sich (zufällig) aus der unnatürli-
chen Flügelmanipulation und der (nur am Abschlags-
ende und Aufschlagsbeginn vorhandenen) Flügelbe-
weglichkeit nach vorn und zurück. Daß sich der
Randsklerit (der Ansatzzipfel des vca, bei Neville
“anterior lobe of the lateroprescutum”) bei einem ma-
nipulierten Flügelschlag im Unterschied zum natirli-
chen Schlag nicht abrupt nach ventral bewegt, ist an-
dererseits nicht verwunderlich.
18. — Der sub2 kann nach Neville supinierend in
die Auf-Abschlagswende eingreifen (l.c. Fig. 19f.; S.
649) und dabei, und dann v.a. beim Abschlag (Fig.
19e), die pronierende Wirkung der Basalarmuskeln
kontrollieren. Der Autor übersah jedoch andere pro-
nierende Kräfte (die pronierende Wirkung des hca;
die beim Abschlag passiv-pronierende Luft); die Pro-
nationsfunktion der Basalarmuskeln trifft nach der
vorliegenden Arbeit andererseits nicht zu. Die von
Neville aus den Experimenten abgeleitete antagonisti-
sche Beziehung bas1,2—sub2,3 kann somit nicht be-
statigt werden. Ein fruher Einsatz der Muskeln sub2
und bas1 (“second basalar” bei Neville) an der Auf-
Abschlagswende ist zwar wahrscheinlich möglich,
wurde jedoch durch das Ausschaltexperiment (lc.
Fig. 19f) nicht erwiesen (zur Beweiskraft der Basalar-
muskel-Durchtrennungen fur die von Neville postu-
lierte pronatorische Funktion der Muskeln vgl. Anm.
16).
Der 2. Subalarmuskel wird in der vorliegenden Ar-
beit als der wesentliche Gegenspieler der passiv-pro-
nierenden Luft in der Abschlagsphase betrachtet (s.S.
50f., 93ff.), der basl ist dagegen als reiner Senker
anzusehen (s.S. 50).
19. — Nach Weis-Fogh (unpubliziert, s. Neville,
Lc. S 648) ist dieser Muskel tonisch aktiv (vgl. dazu
auch S. 44). Neville beschreibt mehrere Funktionen:
1) eine (kombinierte) Abschlags- und Supinations-
funktion innerhalb der Abschlagsphase (l.c. S. 648,
654) sowie 2) eine Supinationsfunktion (zeitlich nach
der Supination durch den vca) in der zweiten Hälfte
der Aufschlagsphase (s. l.c. Fig. 19 und S. 647, 655).
Bedenkt man jedoch die hier dargelegte zugfederähn-
liche Wirkung tonischer, mit der Antriebsmechanik in
Beziehung stehender Muskeln, so wird der sub3 beim
Abschlag entlastet und ist somit in dieser Phase “aus-
geschaltet” (vgl. S. 56).
20. — Den Text erklärende Funktionsskizzen feh-
len leider. Aus der Beschreibung (v.a. l.c. S. 709, 713)
geht hervor, daß Hatch (1966) das Zustandekommen
der Pronations-Supinations-Bewegungen auf ver-
schiedene Weise erklärt: a) Durch proximales Heben
bzw. Senken der CP und RAP, die (voneinander
unabhängig) um ihre pleuralen Auflagepunkte
schwenken und den distal der Gelenkpunkte liegen-
den, dazugehörigen Flügelteil entweder senken oder
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 17,
heben. Senkt sich z.B. die CP proximal, wird der Flü-
gel supiniert, senkt sich die RAP proximal, dann
wird er proniert. Diese Mechanik erinnert an Tannert
(s. Anm. 2). b) Durch Kippung des Tergum um eine
Querachse: senkt sich das Tergum-Vorderende, wirkt
dies nach Hatch auf die CP und ergibt (s. a)) eine Su-
pination; senkt sich das Hinterende, wirkt dies auf die
RAP und hat (s. a)) eine Pronation des Flügels zur
Folge. Diese Annahme einer tergalen Beweglichkeit
um eine Querachse erinnert an Russenberger & Rus-
senberger, führt aber zu gerade entgegengesetzten
Flügeldrehungen (vgl. auch Anm. 9, sowie Abb. 31c
bei Russenberger & Russenberger). c) Durch prona-
torische oder supinatorische Drehungen der RAP, die
proximal mit entsprechenden Verkippungen des Ter-
gum (etc. s. b) und a)) einhergehen.
Die pronatorische Wirkung des dvm7 (hca) wird
nach Hatch anscheinend auf zweierlei Weise erreicht:
durch (distales) Heben und durch Supinieren (!) der
RAP (lc. S. 713); die letztere Bewegung verstellt dann
wohl das Tergum so, daß die CP proximal angeho-
ben wird, was nach a) ebenfalls eine Pronation ergibt
(? — oder es handelt sich hier um einen Druckfehler,
s. auch weiter unten). Da der dvm7 die RAP jedoch
eindeutig pronatorisch dreht, kann Hatch’s Mechanik
schon aus diesem Grund nicht zutreffen. Auch der bei
Hatch beschriebene Supinations-Mechanismus des
dvm6 (vca) — durch distales Heben der CP (s. a)) —
kann in Wirklichkeit nicht stattfinden: da CP und
RAP über zwei distal der Schlagachse liegende Ge-
lenkpunkte miteinander verbunden sınd (vgl. S. 50),
würde durch ein distales Anheben der CP der ganze
Flügel nur aufgeschlagen.
Ausgehend von der postulierten CP-RAP-Unab-
hangigkeit, nach der Unterschiede in der normalen
Schlagbewegung der beiden Basisteile zu Änderungen
der Flügelanstellung führen, betrachtet Hatch die vor-
deren direkten Senker (dvm3 und dvm4) als Pronato-
ren, die hinteren (pm2 und pm3) als Supinatoren (die
letzteren sollen jedoch auch die RAP supinieren kön-
nen, was im Widerspruch zum oben beschriebenen
dvm7-Mechanismus steht). Der pmi (lc. Fig 6A)
wird in dieser Hinsicht als neutral betrachtet (was
aber anderen Aussagen widerspricht; s. a)).
21. — Für die als tonısch eingeschätzten Muskeln
dvm2, dvm4, dvm5 (?) und pm3 nimmt Hatch an, daß
sie den Flügel beim Gleitflug in ihrer Stellung (und
z.T. auch in der Anstellung) stabilisieren. Sie sollen
außerdem für die Flügel-Ruhehaltung bedeutsam sein.
22. — Der pm2 steht dem dvm3 nach Hatch beim
Abschlag antagonistisch gegenüber (vgl. dazu auch
Anm. 18 zu Neville).
23. — Hatch nimmt außerdem an, daß die (ebenfalls
als tonisch eingeschätzten) mesothorakalen dlm1 die
Vorder- und Hinterflügel beim Flug voneinander ent-
fernt halten.
DANKSAGUNG
Die Untersuchungen wurden durch die Deut-
sche Forschungsgemeinschaft finanziert (Ri
57/18, Rı 57/20-3 und Pf 174/1-1). Für ihre
Ermöglichung und geduldige Förderung danke
ich Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Risler herzlich, für
wertvolle Diskussionen und Durchsicht des
Manuskripts v.a. Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Bilo
(Saarbrücken) und Frau Dr. B. Schroeter. Zu
besonderem Dank bin ich außerdem Herrn Dr.
S. Asahina (der mir fixierte Exemplare der
außergewöhnlichen Libelle Epiophlebia super-
stes überließ), Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Rüppell (der
mir eine Kopie seines hervorragenden Filmes
über das Flugverhalten von Aeshna cyanea zur
Auswertung zusandte) und Frau K. Rehbinder
(die verschiedene Abbildungen uberaus sorgfal-
tig “ins Reine” zeichnete) verpflichtet.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der Libellenflügel wird beim Schlag in einem
(durch zwei pleurale Gelenklager gebildeten)
Scharniergelenk bewegt — dadurch ist eine
Grund-Schlagbahnebene festgelegt. Drei starke
Muskeln treiben den Flügel an, die direkten
Senker bas1 und subl und der indirekte Heber
dvm1. Schwächere, tonische Muskeln (dvm2;
bas2, sub3) können entweder den Abschlags-
oder den Aufschlagsmuskeln entgegenwirken,
so daß der “Flugmotor” in beiden Schlagphasen
(auch unilateral) “gedrosselt” werden kann. Der
Muskel tp vermag eine elastische, bistabile
Komponente des Flügelschlags — durch Verän-
derung der Rückstellkraft der Pleuralleiste, die
in beiden Schlagphasen zunächst nach lateral
ausgelenkt wird — einzustellen.
Die Drehungen des Flügels um die Längsach-
se (Pronation, Supination) laufen in zwei me-
chanisch unterschiedlichen Drehbereichen, die
den beiden Schlagphasen zugeordnet werden
können, ab. Bei einer Pronation im Abschlags-
drehbereich wird der “Verstellflügel” sowohl
als Ganzes (in zwei proximalen Scharniergelen-
ken) proniert als auch gleichzeitig unter Span-
nung gesetzt und pronatorisch verwunden; die
Verwindung wird dabei durch die Schubbewe-
gung eines vorderen Flügelteils (Costalsektor)
gegen den dahinter liegenden Hauptteil der
Flügelspreite (Cubitalsektor) bewirkt. Bei einer
Supination im Aufschlagsdrehbereich bewegt
sich dagegen der Cubitalsektor gegen den Co-
118 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
stalsektor. Der Flügel wird dadurch ebenfalls
verwunden. Diese Verwindung ist jedoch (im
Gegensatz zur pronatorischen Verwindung im
Abschlagsdrehbereich) eine “reine” Flügelver-
windung — sie geht mit keiner Drehung des
ganzen Verstellflügels einher. Die beiden Dreh-
bereiche grenzen in einer mittleren Anstellung
(0°) aneinander; sie sind dort durch mechani-
sche Anschläge (die ein “Uberlappen” verhin-
dern) voneinander getrennt. Die verschiedenen
pronatorischen bzw. supinatorischen Stellmus-
keln sind somit entweder dem einen oder dem
anderen Drehbereich zuzuordnen. Einzelne
dieser Muskeln können als Muskeln der Schlag-
wendepunktsdrehungen angesehen werden
(hca; vca), andere als Einstellmuskeln der
Flügelanstellung. Unter den letzteren ver-
größern bestimmte Muskeln den aerodynami-
schen Anstellwinkel und arbeiten dabei gegen
die anströmende Luft (subl und v.a. sub2 beim
Abschlag, fa beim Aufschlag); nur ein Muskel,
der sub3, vermag den Anstellwinkel zu verklei-
nern und verringert gleichzeitig die Aufschlags-
geschwindigkeit.
Die Kontraktion der mesothorakalen dorsa-
len Längsmuskeln (dlm) bewirkt eine Schubbe-
wegung des Tergum nach kaudal-dorsal und
führt — in einem flügelinternen, aus zwei Ge-
lenken zusammengesetzten Scharniergelenk —
zu einem Vor-Schwingen des Flügels (Ande-
rung der Schlagbahn). Dieser Bewegungsablauf
kann jedoch erst gegen Ende des Abschlags,
und nach Erreichen des 0°-Anschlags des
Abschlagsdrehbereichs, stattfinden. Der dvm1
(der Heber des Flügelantriebs) schwingt den
Flügel zu Beginn des Aufschlags (automatisch)
wieder zurück. Die bei Zygopteren und Anıso-
zygopteren (Epiophlebia) gegenüber den An-
isopteren (v.a. im Metathorax) abweichenden
Verhältnisse des “Vor-Zurückschwing-Sy-
stems” werden beschrieben und diskutiert.
Die dargelegten Ergebnisse zur Skelettme-
chanik unterscheiden sich von älteren Befunden
in wesentlichen Punkten und führen dement-
sprechend zu neuen Interpretationen der Flug-
und Stellmuskel-Funktionen. Die Hypothesen
der verschiedenen Autoren werden verglichen.
Bestimmte Mechanorezeptoren in der Flügel-
basıs — ein Chordotonalorgan (CH) und zwei
Reihen von campaniformen Sensillen (CF1,
CF2) — werden durch die Verwindungsbewe-
gungen des Flügels beansprucht: das CH wird
sowohl bei pronatorischer als auch supinatori-
scher Verwindung über kleine Hebelelemente
der Flügelunterseite entdehnt (gedehnt wird der
Rezeptor jeweils bei den Rückdrehungen zur
0°-Anstellung hin); in der Kutikula der Felder
campaniformer Sensillen treten bei den Fligel-
verwindungen Zugspannungen (quer zum
Flügel) auf. Elektrophysiologische Ableitungen
(bei Drehung des Flügels um die Längsachse)
ergeben, daß die Sensillen des CH stark pha-
sisch sind und Flügeldrehungen in beiden Dreh-
bereichen (und dort in beiden Richtungen) an-
zeigen. Die campaniformen Sensillen, die ein
phasisch-tonisches Zeitverhalten aufweisen,
werden dagegen nur bei Drehbewegungen zu
den Anstellextremen hin erregt — CF1 anschei-
nend bei Pronation, CF2 bei Supination. Diese
Rezeptoren könnten zur Messung der geometri-
schen Flügelanstellung und (indirekt — über
den jeweiligen Spannungszustand in der Kuti-
kula und dessen zeitliche Anderung) zur Regi- :
strierung der die Flügelanstellung verändernden
Luft- und Muskelkräfte eingesetzt werden.
Der Vergleich der Flugapparate der Odona-
ten, Ephemeropteren und Neopteren führt zu
neuen Homologievorstellungen und zur Rekon-
struktion eines “Ur-Flugapparates” der Ptery-
goten (mit zwei Schlagachsen); die rezenten
Flugapparate können davon ausgehend in drei
alternativen Linien abgeleitet werden. Damit
kann der Hypothese einer polyphyletischen
Entstehung der Pterygota widersprochen wer-
den — das Problem der Aufspaltung der Ptery-
gota bleibt jedoch ungeklärt. Evolutive Verän-
derungen innerhalb der Odonaten betreffen v.a.
die Ausrichtung der Grundschlagbahnebene
und das Vor-Zurückschwing-System (das nur
bei Zygopteren und Anisozygopteren in beiden
Pterothorax-Segmenten entwickelt ist); die
Anısoptera werden als sekundär vereinfachte
“Vortriebsflieger” angesehen.
SUMMARY
During the wing stroke the dragonfly wing
moves up and down on a hinge joint formed by
two pleurum-to-wing articulations, which de-
termines the stroke plane angle of the wing. The
wing is driven by strong direct depressor mus-
cles (bas1, sub1) and indirect levators (dvm1),
which provide motor power for flight. Certain
tonic muscles, which are comparatively weak
(dvm2, bas2, sub3), are able to counteract either
the downstroke (dvm2) or the upstroke (bas2,
sub3) power muscles; thus the flight motor can
be throttled back in both stroke phases. A ter-
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen 119
gopleural muscle (tp) is able to vary the recoil of
the pleural ridge, which is bent outwards and
loaded in the first part of both the downstroke
and the upstroke, and swings back inwards (and
is unloaded) in the second part. In this way a
bistable mechanism, superimposed on each
wingstroke phase, is adjustable by the muscle
tp.
The mechanics of the wing movements along
its long axis (pronation, supination) are diffe-
rent in two ranges of rotation (“Abschlagsdreh-
bereich”, “Aufschlagsdrehbereich”), which pre-
sumably correspond to the ranges of geometri-
cal angle of attack used within the two stroke
phases. During pronation in the “Abschlags-
drehbereich” a major part of the wing
(“Verstellflügel”) is pronated as a whole. Since
this movement is determined by two proximal
hinge joints, the wing is additionally put under
pressure and also pronated by twisting; the
twisting is caused by the pressure of the frontal
sector of the wing (“Costalsektor”) against the
caudal sector (“Cubitalsektor”). During supina-
tion in the “Aufschlagsdrehbereich” it is the cu-
bital sector, which is pressed against the costal
sector; this again causes a twisting (supination-
twisting in this case), but is not associated with
a movement of the “Verstellflügel” as in the
“Abschlagsdrehbereich”. The two different ran-
ges of rotation border on each other at 0°, the
mean geometrical angle of attack, at which the
wing is not twisted. Mechanical stops prevent
overlapping of the ranges of rotation. Therefore
the muscles of pronation and supination can be
assigned to either the “Abschlagsdrehbereich”
or the “Aufschlagsdrehbereich”.
Different types of pronator and supinator
muscles are described: (a) muscles that rotate
the wing at the turning-points of the stroke (up-
per turning-point: hca; lower one: vca) and (b)
muscles that are able to adjust the angle of at-
tack mainly within the upstroke or downstroke
phase. Among these latter muscles some exert
force against the airflow (rotating the wing into
the opposite direction), increasing the aerody-
namical angle of attack either in the upstroke
(fa) or downstroke (subl, sub2) phase. Only
one muscle (sub3) is able to reduce the angle of
attack during the upstroke — at the same time
reducing the speed of the wing (see above).
Contraction of the dorsal longitudinal mus-
cles (dlm) causes the tergum to shift in a caudal
and dorsal direction, resulting in a forward
swinging of the wing; most important for this
movement is a hinge joint consisting of two
single joints both lying at the base of the wing,
For mechanical reasons the resulting alteration
of the stroke plane angle can only occur at the,
end of the downstroke — after the 0°-stop of
the “Abschlagsdrehbereich” has been reached.
The muscle dvm1 (main levator of the flight
motor) is able to swing the wing backwards
(automatically) at the beginning of the upstroke.
Zygoptera and Anısozygoptera (Epiophlebia)
differ from the Anisoptera in some details
(mainly ın the metathorax) of this “Vor-Zu-
rückschwing-System” of the wings. In particular
they possess direct antagonistic muscles (dlm—
pa) in both segments of the pterothorax (in this
regard they are considered plesiomorphous).
Surprisingly, these muscles show opposite func-
tions in the mesothorax and the metathorax.
Previous studies of sceletal mechanics show
widely differing results (compared to one an-
other and to the present study). Various conclu-
sions of these studies concerning the functions
of musculature are compared and discussed.
Certain mechanoreceptors, lying in the base
of the wing — a chordotonal organ (CH) and
two rows of campaniform sensilla (CF1, CF2)
— are mechanically stressed during the prona-
tion and supination movements. For example,
during pronation-twisting as well as during su-
pination-twisting (beginning at 0°) CH is shor-
tened via two small levers on the underside of
the wing, which are in contact with the costal
sector or cubital sector respectively. The recep-
tor is stretched during opposite movements, i.e.
during supination in the “Abschlagsdrehbe-
reich” and pronation in the “Aufschlagsdrehbe-
reich”, and reaches its maximum length at the
0°-stops. In the cuticular zone of the campani-
form sensilla (CF1 and CF2) tension stresses
(transverse to the long axis of the wing) increase
when the wing is twisted (pronated or supi-
nated) and decrease as the geometrical angle of
attack falls to 0°. Electrophysiological investiga-
tions reveal a strongly phasic response of the
CH in both directions of movement for both
ranges of rotation. The campaniform sensilla
however, which are phasic-tonic, only spike if
the wing is twisted. CF1 presumably records
the pronation-twisting and CF2 the supination-
twisting. These latter receptors could therefore
measure the geometrical angle of attack and also
indirectly, via the specific patterns and courses
of cuticular tensions, provide information con-
120 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
cerning the aerodynamical and muscular forces
that affect the angle of attack of the wing.
A comparison of the flight apparatus of Odo-
nata, Ephemeroptera and Neoptera reveals pos-
sible new homologies and allows of the recon-
struction of an ancient flight system of the Pte-
rygota (“Ur-Flugapparat”), which possessed
two main axes of wing stroke. The modern
forms of the flight apparatus can be derived
from this in three functionally differing lines of
evolution, which are exclusive of one another.
This contradicts the hypothesis of a polyphyle-
tic origin of the Pterygota. However, the pro-
blem of the phylogenetic splitting of the Ptery-
gota into three main groups remains unsolved.
Within the group *Odonata, evolutionary de-
velopments have mainly concerned the stroke
plane angle and the “Vor-Zurückschwing-
System”. The latter is present in both mesotho-
rax and metathorax only in the Zygoptera and
Anisozygoptera. it is almost entirely lacking in
the metathorax of the Anisoptera, which are
considered as specialized for forward-thrust
flight.
cl (C1)
c2 (C2)
c3
c4
el, 2 (E1, 2)
Ef
Prau: Flugapparat der Libellen
ABKURZUNGEN
Analis hca
vorderes pleurales Flügelschlag-Gelenk (p1 hCH
bei Odonaten)
1. Flügel-Schlagachse (durch a und b hCP
bestimmt; P1/P2 bei Odonaten) HP
Antecosta des Metatergum hTS
Arculus (Querader R+ M/CuP) kMB
Gelenk des Arculus am Radius M
2. Flügel-Schlagachse (verläuft durch b) m
“Abkömmlinge” der Achse B bei Odonaten
(entsprechen P2/C4 und C2/C4) mCP
hinteres pleurales Flügelschlag-Gelenk (p2 MP1
bei Odonaten) ms
Basis-Sklerit (s.S. 79f.) n
Teile des BAS bei Ephemeropteren Pmax
Basalarsklerite der Neopteren
Basalarmuskeln pl
Sinnesborstenfelder
Costa p2
proximales Gelenk der HP (c2 bei
Odonaten) P1/P2
Gelenk 1 in der CP (zwischen mCP und
phCP) — Großbuchstabe kennzeichnet die P2/C4
Drehachse
Gelenk 2 in der CP (zwischen phCP und pa
dhCP) — Großbuchstabe kennzeichnet die pan, 2
Drehachse phCP
Gelenk 3 der CP (zwischen dhCP und CoSB PN
bzw. RAP) Pel
Gelenk 4 der CP (zwischen dem mCP- Ptl 2
Kaudalfortsatz und der RAP:
Flügelunterseite) TRE
durch die Gelenke c2 und c4 laufende R
Scharnierachse der Vor- r
Zurickschwingbewegung RAP
Felder campaniformer Sensillen RS
Chordotonalorgan Cor
Costalsektor
Costalsektor-Basis Sc
Costalplatte “ScH?
Costalplatte ohne dhCP
Costa-Radius-Queradern sub1-3
Cubitus posterior ij
Cubitalsektor tl
Cubitalsektor-Basis
Cubitalsektor-Hebel t2
distales Gelenk der HP (c3 bei Odonaten)
distale hintere Costalplatte T1/T1
dorsaler Langsmuskel Tb
Dorsoventralmuskeln tp
kaudales Gelenk der Ventralseite des BAS “TPM+TWM”
nach distal (in den Flügel) versetztes Gelenk
e bei Odonaten (entspricht c4) TPM
nach ventral (ins Pleurum) versetztes Gelenk
e bei Neopteren TWM1
Scharniergelenke des Epifulcrum — grofe
Buchstaben kennzeichnen die Drehachsen TWM2
Epifulcrum
Fulcrum (hinterer pleuraler Gelenkkopf) TZ
ventrales Gelenk des bas I der Neopteren a
(Kap. 3) vat
Falz in der RAP-Oberseite (nicht Kap. 3)
Fulcroalarmuskel CP
basales Biegegelenk des Fulcrum vGK
1. und 2. Gelenksklerit der RAP vTS
Gelenk zwischen Tb und T 3
Hebelapodem der Tergalbrücke
121
hinterer Coxoalarmuskel
hinterer Hebelsklerit des
Chordotonalorgans
hintere Costalplatte
Humeralplatte (dhCP bei Odonaten)
hinterer Tergalsklerit
kaudale Media-Basis
Media
Membranzone in der (medialen) Wand des
dvm1-Apodems
mittlere Costalplatte
Mittelplatte 1 der Neopteren
Membranspalt am CuSH
Nodus-Gelenk
extrem pronierte Anstellung
(Abschlagsdrehbereich)
vorderes pleurales Flügelschlag-Gelenk,
zwischen vGK und CP (mCP)
hinteres pleurales Flügelschlag-Gelenk,
zwischen Fulcrum und RAP (Ef)
Schlagachse des Flügels (verläuft durch pl
und p2)
2. Hauptachse des Abschlagsdrehbereichs
(verläuft durch p2 und c4)
Pleuroalarmuskel
primäre Antenodal-Queradern (“primaries”)
proximale hintere Costalplatte
Postnotum
Pterale 1
möglicherweise (gemeinsam) dem Pti
homologe Sklerite bei Ephemeropteren
“Pterale 4” der Ephemeropteren (vgl. S. 85)
Radius
Resilin
Radioanalplatte
Randsklerit
extrem supinierte Anstellung
(Aufschlagsdrehbereich)
Subcosta
“Scutellarhebel” der Ephemeropteren (vgl.
S. 85)
Subalarmuskeln
mittlere Tergalregion
vorderes Tergalgelenk des Flügels (zwischen
Tb und vCP)
hinteres Tergalgelenk des Flügels (zwischen
TZ und RAP)
Scharnierachse der Tb-Bewegung
Tergalbrücke
Tergopleuralmuskel
“Ur-Antriebsmechanismus” der Flügel (vgl.
S. 78ff.)
Tergalplatten-Mechanismus, Flügelantrieb
der Odonaten
Tergalwölbungs-Mechanismus (1),
Flügelantrieb der Ephemeropteren
Tergalwolbungs-Mechanismus (2),
Flügelantrieb der Neopteren
Tergalzapfen
vorderer Coxoalarmuskel
vorderer Hebelsklerit des
Chordotonalorgans
vordere Costalplatte
vorderer (pleuraler) Gelenkkopf
vorderer Tergalsklerit
Zone verstärkter Kutikula in der kaudalen
RAP
122 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 3, 1986
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J. C. Roskam. — Biosystematics of insects living in female birch catkins. IV. Egg-
larval parasitoids of the genera Platygaster Latreille and Metaclisis Forster
(Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), pp. 125—140, figs. 1—44.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 4 Gepubliceerd 10-XI-1986
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BIOSYSTEMATICS OF INSECTS LIVING IN FEMALE BIRCH
CATKINS. IV. EGG-LARVAL PARASITOIDS OF THE
GENERA PLATYGASTER LATREILLE AND METACLISIS
FORSTER (HYMENOPTERA, PLATYGASTRIDAE)...
J.C. ROSKAM
by
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Division of Population Biology, University of Leiden, The er
ABSTRACT
Adult and larval stages of Platygaster betularia Kieffer, P. betulae (Kieffer) and ER
sis phragmitis Debauche are described! These species are egg-larval parasitoids of three gall
midge species, which belong to the genus Semudobia Kieffer (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), in
fruit catkins of Betula (Betulaceae). The various developmental stages of the Platygaster
species are discriminated with the help of multivariate methods. Phenology, host specificity
and effects upon host density have been investigated. All platygastrid parasitoids develop
highly synchronized with their hosts. Platygaster betularia and P. betulae have mutually
exclusive host preferences. Both Platygaster species are important mortality factors particu-
larly able to eliminate moderate host densities. Speciation patterns in Semudobia and Platy-
gaster have no parallel traits and can, therefore, not be regarded as results of a co-evolution-
ary process. Some notes are included about platygastrid parasitoids of Nearctic Semudobia
species and of inquiline Dasineura gall midges in birch catkins.
INTRODUCTION
Gall midges allied with female birch catkins
are frequently attacked by parasitoids belonging
to the hymenopterous superfamilies Scelionoi-
dea and Chalcidoidea. The scelionoid represen-
tatives are the object of this study. They are
egg-larval endoparasitoids: the eggs are laid in
the host egg, but further development does not
occur before the host is in its final instar. Until
then parasitized hosts can not be distinguished
from healthy ones. Parasitized early final instar
hosts become inert and further development
eventually ceases. One, or sometimes two larvae
are visible inside the host, consuming all of the
host’s body contents within a few days. The
skin of the host larva remains as a “cocoon”,
providing an extra protection for the mature
parasitoid larva, in which it pupates.
Kieffer (1916) described two platygastrid B
asitoids of Semudobia betulae (Winnertz) s.l
viz., Platygaster betularia Kieffer and Misco)
clops betulae Kieffer. According to current
opinion, also adopted in this paper, Platygaster
Latreille and Misocyclops Kieffer are synony-
!) A formal synonymy will be proposed by Mr. H. J.
Vlug, Wageningen (pers. comm.).
mous, because male diagnostic characters do not
allow a grouping of the involved species into
two genera!). Fulmek’s (1968) compilation ex-
cepted, later reports on egg-larval parasitoids of
Semudobia mention only P. betularia (Barnes,
1951; Bachmaier, 1965). Hodges (1969) treated
the life-history of this parasitoid. All these au-
thors considered the gall midge fauna of female
birch catkins as relatively simple: Semudobia
betulae, the gall maker, is accompanied by a sa-
prophagous and a predaceous gall midge spe-
‚cies, viz., Clinodiplosis cilicrus (Kieffer) and
Lestodiplosis cf. vorax (Rubsaamen), respective-
ly. Roskam (1977, 1979) and Roskam & van Uf-
felen (1981), however, arrived at the conclusion
that at least five gall inducing Semudobia species
and two inquiline Dasineura species are special-
ized on female birch catkins. Clinodiplosis cili-
crus and Lestodiplosis cf. vorax are frequently
present in this biocoenosis. The advancement of
knowledge at the gall midge level provided a ba-
sis for further research of the parasitoids and the
results of this study are now presented for the
egg-larval parasitoids.
Platygaster betularia and P. betulae are both
abundant in the Palaearctic entomofauna of fe-
male birch catkins. Among other things they are
125
126 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
b RÉAL LL LD
Ss WILL ILL % ZZ
m Sc eam
In Muy È S
= LU Ke S
= \ Nun
=
À
LENS
\ > >
LE sag SSL GEL.
LTE
WIE aa
DI MLE SEES = =
S
S
S
SI
Ÿ
S
Figs. 1—16. Adult platygastrid characters. 1, 13, fore and hind wing, female; 2, 5, antenna, female; 3, 4, 6, an-
tenna, male; 7—9, ultimate and penultimate antennal segments, male; 10—12, ditto, female; 14—16, gaster, fe-
male. 1, 5—7, 10, 16, Metaclisis phragmitis; 2, 3, 9, 12—14. Platygaster betularia; 4, 8, 11, 15, P. betulae. b, basal
vein; m, medial vein; os, oval sensilla; s, stigma; sc, subcostal vein. 1, 13—16, x 60; 2—6, x 96; 7—12, x 240.
characterized by different host associations:
P. betularia has only been reared from S. betu-
lae (Winnertz) s.s. and $. skuhravae Roskam,
whereas P. betulae is restricted to S. tarda Ros-
kam. Metaclisis phragmitis Debauche has been
reared from both S. betulae and S. tarda. Also
the Nearctic gall midge S. brevipalpis Roskam is
attacked by a platygastrid: mature larvae have
been found in one collection. These larvae are
very aberrant in shape and belong to an undes-
cribed genus.
Dasineura species have other platygastrid
parasitoids. Because mature Dasineura larvae
drop to the ground for hibernation, it was not
possible to rear parasitoid full grown larvae and
adults from these inquilines. However, in Dasi-
neura larvae two different forms of platygastrid
larvae have been observed: the first putatively
belongs to Piestopleura cf. mamertes (Walker),
the second could not be combined with adult
platygastrids frequenting female birch catkins.
No platygastrid parasitoids have been found in
Clinodiplosis and Lestodiplosis larvae.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Immature stages. — Galls of different Semu-
dobia species have different shapes and can
therefore be sorted according to the gall induc-
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 127
ing midge species (Roskam, 1977). In order to
detect the parasitoids, the host larvae were dis-
sected from identified galls and macerated in
warm 80% lactic acid. Platygastrid larvae were
taken from opened hosts and slide-mounted in
polyvinyl-lactophenol. Galls were also collected
from dry herbarium material. Then 10% KOH
was used for maceration.
Adults. — Adults were collected by rearing
them from samples of identified galls, and by
collecting ovipositing females from female cat-
kins with an exhauster. This material was either
stored in 80% ethanol, or mounted on tags, or
dissected and slide-mounted in euparal. Speci-
mens representing all stages of the studied spe-
cies have been deposited in the collection of the
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.
Phenological observations on immature
stages were made by analyzing samples of ten
fruit catkins each. The samples were collected
weekly from the beginning of March until the
end of September. Adults were caught from
mid-April until the end of May. Every day, dur-
ing a period of ca. 30 min. around noon, about
twenty female wasps and a similar sample of gall
midges were collected and subsequently identi-
fied.
Host-parasitoid specificity was determined
by rearing adult parasitoids from gall samples
sorted according to the gall maker. Mortality
caused by parasitoids was defined by dissecting
gall samples that had been collected in Decem-
ber. All seasonal activities have then ended, but
many fruit catkins are still complete and can be
collected from the trees.
An extensive description of the study-areas
Meijendel (52.08N 4.20E), Duivenvoorde
(52.06N 4.24E), Kootwijk (52.11N 5.46E), Il-
perveld (52.29N 4.58E) and Nieuwkoop
(52.10N 4.50E) was given in Roskam (1977);
Hulshorst (52.22N 5.44E) and Kootwijk are
dry areas on sand.
ADULTS
Adults of species belonging to Platygaster
were described by Kieffer (1926) and those of
Metaclisis phragmitis by Debauche (1947).
Therefore, attention will be paid here only to
some differential characters.
Metaclisis. — (figs. 1, 5—7, 10, 16). Fore
wing with subcostal and medial vein, basal vein
indicated by a more or less distinct dark streak,
subcostal vein terminated by a distinct stigma,
which does not reach the front margin of the
wing. Second (sex) flagellomere in male as wide
as third, without large, oval sensilla. Proximal
part of female second gastral tergite broad,
about % as wide as distal part. Sheaths of ovi-
positor exposed.
Platygaster. — (figs. 2—4, 8, 9, 11—15).
Wing venation reduced. Second (sex) flagello-
mere of male wider than third, with large, oval
sensilla. Proximal part of female gastral tergite
about half the width of the distal part.
P. betularia. — Males. Flagellomeres subqua-
drate, length of fifth flagellomere less than 1.4
times its width in lateral view (fig. 3). Proximal
part of scutellum rather dull, due to relatively
rich setation (fig. 37).
Females. Scutellum as in male (fig. 39). Gaster
twice as long as wide, gradually narrowing to-
wards its apex (fig. 14); exposed part of fifth
and sixth segments about a fifth (0.19—0.22,
n=5) the length of the gaster without oviposi-
tor; surface of fifth segment shiny, without any
sculpture.
P. betulae. — Males. Flagellomeres oblong,
length of fifth flagellomere more than 1.4 times
its width in lateral view (fig. 4). Proximal part of
scutellum shiny, due to relatively sparse setation
(fig. 38).
Females. Scutellum as in male (fig. 40). Gaster
©
©
©
ui
length ultimate flagellomere (um)
SJ
©
320 360 400 440
width head (um)
480
Fig. 17. Species differences in Platygaster females.
The ellipses indicate 95% confidence limits. Dots,
P. betulae: asterisks, P. betularia.
128 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
Table 1. Mean values (x) and standard deviations (s) of adult characters, measurements in um.
MALES FEMALES
betularia
betularia
b-lae/b-ria
betulae
betularia
skuhravae
betularia
betulae
overlap
skuhravae
366.6 31.9 | 369.0 22.2 | 377.
width head 42.9 |336.1 23.4 | 358.7 28.4 | 357.4 35.5
557.2 55.9 | 550.8 35.4 | 544.
length gaster
length ult. flagellomere
length anh
flagellomere
h
width at
flagellomere
more than twice as long as wide (5:2), distinctly
narrowed between fourth and fifth segment (fig.
15); exposed part of fifth and sixth segments
about 0.3 times (0.26—0.31, n=5) the length of
the gaster without ovipositor; surface of fifth
gastral segment with band of longitudinal striae.
Means and standard deviations of five variates
for different species of Platygaster, as well as for
different host groups of P. betularia, are pre-
sented in table 1. Interspecific percentages of
overlap, or percentages of misclassification, are
lowest for the length of the ultimate flagello-
mere, as well in males, as in females. This char-
acter provides therefore the best univariate dis-
crimination of P. betularia and P. betulae. A
more powerful interspecific discrimination is
obtained by various combinations of character
pairs: (width head — length ultimate flagello-
mere), (width head — length fourth flagello-
mere), (length gaster — length ultimate flagello-
mere) and (length fourth flagellomere — width
same segment) in males; (width head — length
ultimate flagellomere) in females. All these com-
binations provide amounts of misclassification
below 1%. The latter combination is plotted in
fig. 17. For explanation of the technique, univa-
riate as well as bivariate, see Lubischew (1962).
In order to obtain the best separation between
the two Platygaster species, a multivariate func-
tion, viz., discriminant analysis, was carried out.
This technique has been explained by Pimentel
(1979) and was applied by Roskam (1982). Per-
centages of misclassification after application of
discriminant analysis remained 0.02 in males
and 0.17 in females. In table 2 the values of the
character set are summarized. In males, the
length of the fourth flagellomere contributes
most to discrimination, whereas in females, as
47.4 1590.9 49.1 | 633.1
60.1 | 736.0 89.2
was expected on results of univariate analysis,
the length of the ultimate flagellomere is most
important for species discrimination: these .
characters scored the highest values as coeffi-
cients for the canonical variates, 0.5198 and
0.2914, respectively. The canonical score Z
(sum of the products of character values and
corresponding coefficients for canonical va-
riates, table 2) is plotted in fig. 41. Identification
of new specimens is possible by calculating their
canonical score Z (Bigelow & Reimer, 1954;
Roskam, 1982). Such identification runs then as
follows:
Zmales = (length fourth flagellomere) + 0.32
(length ultimate flagellomere)
—0.21 (width head) < 4
belden AE dsl P. betularia
P. betulae
(length ultimate flagellomere) +
0.47 (length fifth flagellomere) —
0.68 (width fourth flagellomere) <
N ae P. betularia
Z females = Idem>84........... P. betulae
P. betularia has been reared in considerable
numbers from two different hosts, Semudobia
skuhravae and S. betulae. No discrimination
between specimens reared from different hosts
was possible in an univariate way (table 1). Also
in a multivariate way, viz., discriminant analy-
sis, no discrimination was possible between
subgroups of P. betularia which developed in
different host species: in males misclassification
remained 40.5%; in females 32.3%. Hence, the
influence of the host on the adult morphology
of P. betularia, if present, is very small and re-
mains below the resolving power of even this
sophisticated technique.
Zmales =
Z females =
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 129
Table 2. Summary of discriminant analyses. Values in brackets not used for calculation of canonical score Z. For
further explanation, see text.
CHARACTER
canonical variates
LARVAE
length mandible
diameter stigma Th 2
height tergal gland
MALES
width head
length gaster
length ult. flagellomere
length are flagellomere
width arn
flagellomere
FEMALES
width head
length gaster
length ult. flagellomere
th
length 4 flagellomere
width ach flagellomere
7
IMMATURE STAGES
The larval phase of many Platygastridae is
characterized by hypermetamorphosis: there
are two distinct larval stages, which are very
different in shape (Leiby & Hill, 1924).
First instar larvae of forms in which hyper-
metamorphosis occurs have a cyclopoid shape
(figs. 21-23). They consist of a cephalothorax
with huge mandibles to which a slender, 5—7
segmented abdomen is attached. Antennae are
simple, conical. The surrounding of the mouth
is sclerotized and differently shaped in the var-
ious forms (figs. 18—20). Maxillary sensillae are
only distinct in the form attributed to Piesto-
pleura (fig. 22). In this form the cephalothorax
bears two pseudopodia. In Metaclisis the ab-
dominal segments are simple, whereas in cf.
Piestopleura they seem to be secondarily subdi-
vided. The final segment of Metaclisis is bilobed,
coefficients for
percentage of percentage of
contribution variation load
(0.04)
(36.01)
84.43
27.46
5.44
in cf. Piestopleura it is simple, with its surface
covered with small spinules. Stigmata are lack-
ing.
Platygaster does not pass a cyclopoid stage.
In this genus, the final larval stage is preceded
by a peculiar V-shaped structure (fig. 25). In the
central “nodule” of this structure the embryo
apparently develops, whereas the two arms of
the “V” may function as teratocytes, structures
immobilizing the endocrine system of the host
and/or immunizing its encapsulating relations
(Salt, 1968; Vinson & Iwantsch, 1980). The evi-
dence, that these V-shaped structures do not be-
long to the normal development of the host Se-
mudobia is that in some instances the nodule
becomes encapsulated by melanin. Although
some extensive reports on early developmental
stages of Platygaster exist (Marchal, 1906; Sil-
vestri, 1916; Leiby & Hill, 1924; Hill & Emery,
130
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
Figs. 18—24. Larval platygastrid characters. 18—20, detail of oral region; 21—23, cyclopoid larval stage, ven-
tral aspect; 24, full grown larval stage, lateral aspect. 18—22, endoparasitoids of Dasineura interbracta; 23,
Metaclisis phragmitis; 24, endoparasitoid of Semudobia brevipalpis. a, antenna; cl, clypeal sensilla; dp, dorsal
protuberance; lbr, labral sensilla; m, mandible; mx, maxillary sensilla; prl, lateral prelabial sensilla; prm, median
prelabial sensilla; ps, pseudopodium; s, stigma; sp, spine-like outgrowth; tg, tergal gland. 23, 24 x 100; 21, 22,
x 240; 18—20, x 400.
1937; Clausen, 1956), V-shaped structures, in
connexion to platygastrid parasitation, re-
mained unobserved.
After a moulting, final instar larvae develop
from these primary stages. The terminology of
the structures has been treated by Roskam
(1982). The final larval stage is apodous and
consists of a head, three thoracic segments (Th
1—3) and seven or eight abdominal segments (A
1—8) of which the final one is the anal segment
(AS). The antennae are simple and inconspicu-
ous. The clypeus bears one pair of papillae on
which a seta may be developed. Mandibles are
distinct. No sensillae are visible on the underlip
complex.
Second and third thoracic segments, and the
second abdominal segment bear a pair of func-
tional stigmata (figs. 26—27); the first abdomi-
nal segment, and in Metaclisis also the abdomi-
nal segments A 3—5, bear an oval, shallow,
plate-like structure, in the centre of which a ves-
tigial stigma is present (fig. 31). Silvestri (1916)
made histological cross sections of these struc-
tures and named them tergal glands. He sup-
posed these glands to have a function during pu-
pation of the parasitoid. Rows of papillae are
present on dorsal, pleural and ventral surfaces
of the body segments. Final instar larvae of
Metaclisis, the two Platygaster species and the
Nearctic form differ as follows.
Metaclisis phragmitis (figs. 26, 30, 33, 35—
36). — Clypeal papillae with short seta. Mandi-
bles small and curved (fig. 30). Eight abdominal
segments present, with tergal glands on A 1, A
3—5. Papillary pattern rather complete, with
one pair of rows of dorsal papillae, one pair of
rows of pleural papillae and one pair of rows of
sternal papillae (on thoracic segments) and ven-
tral papillae (on abdominal segments). Two
pairs of terminal papillae on dorsal surface of
the anal segment. Dorsal papillae lacking on A 6
and A 7, pleural papillae sometimes doubled on
Th 2 and Th 3. Ventral body surface with
rounded verrucae.
Platygaster (figs. 27, 28, 31, 32, 34). — Cly-
peal papillae without seta. Mandibles straight
and about twice as large as those of Metaclisis
(fig. 28). Seven abdominal segments present,
with tergal glands on A 1 only. Papillary pattern
reduced and variable. Dorsal papillae usually
absent. Pleural papillae only on Th 2 and Th 3
and, two pairs, on A 7. Sternal papillae,
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 131
Figs. 25—36. Larval platygastrid characters. 25, third instar host larva with V-shaped endoparasitoid stage,
lateral aspect; 26, 27, full grown endoparasitoid larva, latero-ventral aspect; 28—30, mandible of full grown en-
doparasitoid larva; 31, tergal gland on first abdominal segment of full grown larva; 32, 33, stigma on second
thoracic segment of full grown larva; 34, 35, head and sternal aspect of full grown larva; 36, ultimate and penul-
timate segments of full grown larva, ventral aspect. 26, 30, 33, 35, 36, Metaclisis phragmitis; 25, 27, 28, 31, 32,
34, Platygaster betularia; 29, platygastrid endoparasitoid of Semudobia brevipalpis. a, antenna; cl, clypeal sensil-
la; d, dorsal papilla; m, mandible; p, pleural papilla; s, sternal papilla; t, terminal papilla; tg, tergal gland; v, ven-
tral papilla. 25, x 50; 26, 27, x 60; 34—36, x 150; 28—33, x 720.
132
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
Table 3. Mean values (x) and standard deviations (s) of larval characters, measurements in um. Metaclisis, Platy-
gaster and a Nearctic platygastrid.
CHARACTER METACLISIS
length mandible
diameter stigma Th 2
height tergal gland
sometimes doubled (fig. 34), on all thoracic seg-
ments, ventrals only on A 1. Scattered spinules
developed on dorsal surface of AS. Ventral sur-
face of body segments with longitudinal striae.
Nearctic form (figs. 24, 29). — No papillae
visible, neither on clypeus, nor on body seg-
ments. Mandibles straight and resembling those
of Platygaster (fig. 29). Seven abdominal seg-
ments present, with tergal glands on A 1 only.
Anal segment with a huge, heavily sclerotized
spine-like outgrowth (fig. 24: sp). In lateral as-
pect the larvae are triangular, by a bizarre, allo-
metric enlargement of the median protuberance
between A 1 and A 2. Body surface without cu-
ticular sculptures as verrucae and striae; ventral
surface of A 5 slightly sclerotized.
Means and standard deviations of the length
of mandibles, the diameter of the stigma of Th 2
and the height of the tergal gland of A 1 are pre-
sented for Metaclisis, Platygaster and the Nearc-
tic form in table 3. Table 4 presents the same va-
riates for larvae of Platygaster, dissected from
Semudobia betulae (= P. betularia) and S. tarda
(= P. betulae). Contrary to the results regard-
ing intergeneric discrimination, only the height
of the tergal gland provides discrimination at
the species level. As in adults, discriminant anal-
ysis provides the best separation between larvae
PLATYGASTER NEARCTIC FORM
of P. betulae and P. betularia, although some
overlap (6.36%) remains. In table 2 a summary
of values of the character set is given. The
height of the tergal gland contributes most to
the discrimination of the two species. In other
words, specimens with high values for the,
height of the tergal gland and low values for the
length of the mandibles belong to P. betulae,
whereas specimens with the inverse combina-
tion of values belong to P. betularia. The ca-
nonical score from the discriminant analysis is
plotted in fig. 41. New specimens may be iden-
tified by calculating their canoncial score Z as
follows:
Zlarvae = (height tergal gland) + 0.94
(diameter stigma Th 2) 0.64
(length mandible) > 80 P. betulae
i esoyers = oem Spree P. betularia
Because no discrimination was possible be-
tween adult subgroups of P. betularia that de-
veloped in the different host species S. betulae
and S. skuhravae, such an analysis for the larval
stages was omitted.
PHENOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
AND FURTHER BIOLOGICAL NOTES
Phenological observations were made during
1972 and 1985 (figs. 42 and 43, respectively).
Because the early larval stages of Semudobia
Table 4. Mean values (x) and standard deviations (s) of larval characters, measurements in um. Platygaster spe-
cies. (nd), overlap very large, not defined.
CHARACTER betularta
length mandible
diameter stigma Th 2
height tergal gland
betulae % overlap
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 133
Figs. 37—40. Adult scutellum, propodeum and first gastral tergite. 37, Platygaster betularia, male; 39, ditto,
female; 38, P. betulae, male; 40, ditto, female. x 250.
species and Platygaster species are difficult to
identify during mass inspections, the 1972 re-
sults are not presented for the separate species.
The 1985 results, specified for the species in-
volved, show that the interspecific differences
concerning the flight period are small, for Se-
mudobia, as well as for Platygaster. P. betula-
ria, the most abundant parasitoid in Meijendel,
appeared first, followed by P. betulae. M. ph-
ragmitis is the last one, but differed only five
days with P. betularia. All parasitoid species
have a considerably longer flight period than
their hosts. The slight difference between P. be-
tularia and P. betulae is corresponding to the
difference of maximum activity of their re-
spective hosts, S. betulae and S. tarda.
Adult stages of gall midges, as well as of para-
sitoids, appeared about a fortnight earlier in
1972 than in 1985, probably due to the very
cold spring of the latter year. Furthermore,
adult gall midge activity lasted considerably
longer in 1972 than in 1985, as did, to a lesser
extent, the activity of the platygastrids. A possi-
ble explanation for the latter difference may be
the great variation of the maximum temperature
in 1985: a short period of very warm weather
(17—19 May; tmax = 25°C) was followed by an
extraordinarily (23—24 May;
tre DO).
Platygaster — In the field, adult emergence
coincides with the appearance of Semudobia fe-
males. Ovipositing gall midges and parasitoids
frequently occur together on the same flowering
birch catkin, but in other instances Platygaster
max
cold period
134 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
20
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DA 1
Fig. 41. Two group discriminant space. Y-axis represents only the sequence of specimens. DA 1, first discrimi-
nant axis; dots, Platygaster betulae; asterisks, P. betularia.
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis
9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8
TR cee UU Be ae al TI
EED | 5
CET Pupa
GED adult
GED ©9099
198227729756
135
13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21
ar VU ear U dert Visita (Vite rl Sie. 2 Bon ha ERRATA]
CEE REG SPEER ETSEN |
CRASS |;
SEMUDOBIA
| ||| pupa
GED adult
PLATYGASTER
|| pupa
GED adult
METACLISIS
ee Lo)
TEEN FRE) pupa
@ \V-shaped
EEE ER REED Lu
(GE pupa
«> cyclopoid
EB L,
Fig. 42. Phenology of platygastrıd parasitoids, Meijendel, 1972. L1, L2, L3, Lm: first, second, third, full grown
larval instar, respectively.
females search for host eggs in absence of Semu-
dobia. Adult parasitoid activity ceases when
most of the host eggs have been eclosed in the
last week of May. Parasitized gall midge em-
bryo’s apparently develop in a normal way.
Hatched host larvae with dormant parasitoids
mine into ovaries of Betula and induce galls as
do healthy larvae. Not before the host reaches
its early third instar, signs of parasitation ap-
pear. The host becomes less mobile and looses
its bright orange colour. In this stage the V-
shape “teratocyte stage” becomes apparent.
From the end of June until mid-August the final
instar larva fills about the whole body content
of its host. From the end of July parasitoids pu-
pate, remaining within the host skin and filling
about half the room with meconium. In the sec-
ond half of August the pupa is dark, fully scle-
atized and looses its, exuviae ‘The adult over-
winters in a quiescent condition and leaves the
gall when the temperture rises at the end of
April of the following year.
Metaclisis. — This parasitoid is about a week
later in development than Platygaster. The peri-
od of adult flight is somewhat shorter than that
of both Platygaster species; it lasts only two to
three weeks. Cyclopoid larvae of Metaclisis be-
come visible when the host is in its early third
(final) instar, as does the V-shaped stage of
Platygaster. The cyclopoid stage, however, lasts
considerably longer than the V-shaped one.
Platygaster and Metaclisis were present in all
samples collected in North-Western Europe,
Switzerland and Poland. Platygaster was also
reared from samples collected in Wladiwostok,
U.S.S.R. and Sapporo, Japan. The lack of Meta-
clisis in these samples may be attributed to small
sample sizes. Parasitoids belonging to Platygas-
ter and Metaclisis are absent from the Nearctic:
over 70 samples collected in Canada (Alberta
and Quebec) and U.S.A. (Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Illinois, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and
Colorado) contained abundant Semudobia galls,
but were free from these parasitoids. The un-
described platygastrid endoparasitoid was dis-
sected from galls induced by S. brevipalpis Ros-
kam in fruit catkins of Betula populifolia Marsh.
(Pennsylvania, Catskill formation, Long Pond,
136 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
P. betulae Q
Fig. 43. Field captures of adult platygastrid parasitoids, Meijendel, 1985. Drawn lines, parasitoid females; dot-
ted lines, host females.
Luzerne County, Leg. A. A. Heller & E. Ger-
trude Halbach, 16—17.1x.1892). Not only egg-
larval parasitoids, one sample with the undes-
cribed form excepted, but also inquiline gall
midges are absent from Nearctic samples (Ros-
kam, 1979). Hence, Nearctic insect commu-
nities centered upon Semudobia are less diverse
than Palaearctic ones: two complete segments
of the food web, including important mortality
factors in the Palaearctic, are missing in the
Nearctic.
Endoparasitoids of Dasineura. — Two gall
midge species, viz., D. fastidiosa Roskam and
D. interbracta Roskam occur frequently in
birch catkins. They are inquilines (food parasi-
toids) of Semudobia species (Roskam, 1979).
Cyclopoid stages of platygastrid endoparasi-
toids (figs. 21, 22) were dissected from Dasineu-
ra larvae collected from 7.vi—3.vii.1978, Mei-
jendel, and on 20.vii.1977, Norway, Aseral. Be-
cause Dasineura larva drop onto the ground
before the parasitoids reach the full grown
instar, this stage has not been observed and
adults could not be reared.
In each parasitized Dasineura larva usually
two parasitoids, attributed to Piestopleura, are
present. The pairs of parasitoids are supposed to
be twins as the result of polyembryonic devel-
opment. A twinning development was earlier
reported for another platygastrid, namely,
Platygaster hiemalis Forster (Leiby & Hill,
1923).
PARASITOID SPECIFICITY
In order to determine host — parasitoid spe-
cificity, adult parasitoids have been reared from
sorted samples. The results are presented in ta-
ble 5.
Metaclisis phragmitis, although less common
than both Platygaster species, is a regular para-
sitoid of S. betulae and S. tarda, but could only
be reared once from S. skuhravae. Platygaster
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 137
betularia is a common parasitoid of S. skuhra- secting three samples of galls, collected in De-
vae and S. betulae, whereas P. betulae is only cember, 1975 and 1983. The results are pre-
abundant on S. tarda. Because egg sizes of the sented in table 6. |
various host species are different (Roskam, Asa rule, mortality caused by Metaclisis phrag-
1977), parasitoids might be able to discriminate mitis remains low; only in 1983, Meijendel,
between host eggs. Furthermore, host prefer- mortality of Semudobia betulae approached
ence might also have a phenological basis, be- 10%. Platygaster, however, contributed consid-
cause small, but consistent differences exist be- erably to gall midge mortality. In Duiven-
tween the phenologies of the host species (Ros- voorde, 1975, and Meijendel, 1983, P. betulae
kam, 1977): S.skubravae emerges first, alone caused a higher mortality than all chalci-
followed by S. betulae; S. tarda is usually the doid parasitoids (about four species, belonging
latest. Metaclisis does not emerge before the sec- to three genera) together.
ond week of May; eggs of S. skuhravae may not Densities (numbers of specimens per unit of
be appropriate then anymore for oviposition of area) of hosts and parasitoids may be interre-
this parasitoid. For the same reason the pheno- lated. Whether density-dependent effects exist
logies of P. betularia and S. tarda may not and how to determine these effects has been
match and, on the other hand, those of P. betu- treated by Southwood (1978). Many reports on
lae, S. skuhravae and S. betulae. this subject have been discussed by Stubbs
Within the large genus Platygaster, P. betulae (1977). Southwood (1978, and references
and P. betularia belong to different species therein) supposed an exponential interdepen-
groups, which Kieffer (1926) considered as dif- dence between the original density of host pop-
ferent genera. This implies that the closest rela- ulation N, and the density of survivors N, of a
tives of both species did develop on other hosts particular mortality factor according the func-
than Semudobia. Therefore, the ecological asso- tion.
ciation between Semudobia and Platygaster did N, = A(N,)8 (1)
not affect their respective speciation patterns where A and B are constants that define the
and a co-evolutionary process cannot be re- relationships between mortality and density. In
sponsible for host- and egg-larval parasitoid di- logarithmic form the equation is linear
versity. This is probably in contrast with the Log N, = log A + Blog N, (2)
speciation patterns of the food parasitoids, viz., where B defines the slope of the regression line
Dasineura interbracta and D. fastidiosa (Ros- of log N, over N,. When B does not depart sig-
kam, 1979), and some of the chalcidoid parasi- nificantly from 1, a density-dependent effect is
toids (Roskam, in preparation). absent. However, when B < 1, the mortality
factor has a positive density-dependent effect:
. high host densities (aggregated situations) suffer
Host mortality has been determined by dis- proportionally more than low densities. B > 1
HosT MORTALITY
Table 5. Parasitoid specificity regarding various Semudobia hosts.
a na a
a a a
SEMUDOBIA SKUHRAVAE 9 SEMUDOBIA BETULAE ° SEMUDOBIA TARDA °
E E
= ae 2 SE 3 ÿ ©
x à
È $ ue Da 8 È < = 8 =
= x 3 3 =
3 » » a IS] » » a 8 » a
ae. UE NE STERN a SES 8 à à
À 8 à 2 È SUR
(©) o)
. È (©) . oO . . Le]
= A A, = = 2 = Ay 2
x "n x
Le] oO oO
Hulshorst
Kootwijk
21
Meijendel 57 213
15 46 303
Meijendel
Duivenvoorde 76
4 Sf om = 8 29 73) 138 14
Ilperveld 1979
Nieuwkoop 38
SENTE ie A
erie: I, 207502 [aus
1 - 26 116 1
sl walt = 86 | 388 6 ils} 5 - 110} 134
34—43 - - 90—293 1073/1827 49—47 92—183 1—9 roses
138
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
Table 6. Mortality (%) caused by parasitoids. —, not defined.
skuhravae
Duivenvoorde
Meijendel
Meijendel
betulae
Duivenvoorde
Meijendel
Meijendel
tarda
Duivenvoorde
Meijendel
Meijendel
represents the inverse situation: density depen-
dence is negative, low host densities (segregated
situations) become proportionally more se-
verely attacked. The intercept of the regression
line, log A, is not further considered; the mean-
ing of this constant is discussed by Hassell
(1975).
In order to determine the density-dependent
of GALLS
PLATYGASTER
METACLISIS
CHALCIDOIDS
INQUILINES
NR.
eftect of Platygaster, two samples of catkins (ten
per tree) were collected in Meijendel, December
1982 and 1983. Because each catkin was consid-
ered a functional unit of area, a patch, the num-
bers of galls (N,) and of galls without Platygas-
ter parasitation (N,) were defined per catkin.
Interference between Platygaster and other par-
asitoids was not considered because chalcidoid
Table 7. Density-dependent host mortality. (*), significant, p < 0.05.
GALLS per CATKIN
skuhravae 1982
1983
betulae 1982
1983
1982
1983
of CATKINS
NR.
with GALLS
of CATKINS
with PLATYGASTER
of GALLS in
EMPTY PATCHES
NR. of GALLS in
LOCALIZED PATCHES
NR.
NR.
Roskam: Platygaster and Metaclisis 189
parasitoids either refuse host larvae with Platy-
gaster parasitoids (adults), or perish on such
hosts (larvae). Galls attacked by inquiline Dasi-
neura, which indeed may contain parasitized
Semudobia larvae, have not been considered
too, because it appeared impossible to deter-
mine parasitation of such hosts.
Two aspects become distinct from an analysis
of the results (table 7). First, gall midge densities
vary considerably among different years.
S. skuhravae, as well as S. tarda, caused in 1983
a tenfold of the galls of the preceding year and
S. betulae produced four times more. Large dif-
ferences among generations of different years
have also been found for other gall midge spe-
cies and may occur commonly (Skuhrava et al.,
1984). The mechanisms that cause such large
fluctuations are not well understood.
Second, Platygaster species indeed have dif-
ferent effects upon different gall midge densi-
ties. Only about one third, or less, of catkins
with galls in low densities (those of S. skuhra-
vae and S. betulae, 1982), but about two third
of catkins with galls in high densities (S. tarda,
1983) contained parasitized gall midge larvae.
This means that many low density patches re-
mained unnoticed (,,not localized”) by oviposit-
ing parasitoids and may therefore function as
escape possibilities for the midges. In high den-
sity situations (S. tarda, 1983), almost all galls
occur in catkins found by parasitoids. If B-val-
ues are defined for patches, visited by parasi-
toids, a rather surprising result emerges: either
B does not significantly depart from 1 (S. betu-
4
2.00
1.75
Log N,
o Log N, =
7 0.2547 +1.1338 log N,
0.2 0-6 1.0 1.4 1-8 2-2
lae — P. betularia, 1983; S. tarda—P. betulae,
1982), which means that the parasitoids are un-
able to regulate the host densities; or B is signif-
icantly larger than 1 (S. betulae—P. betularia,
1982; S. tarda—P. betulae, 1983; fig. 44), which
means that in those cases the parasitoids have a
negatively density-dependent impact on their
hosts. Moderate (and, when localized, low) host
densities suffer more than high ones. Hence, in
localized catkins, escape possibilities for the
midges are larger in patches with high densities.
Combining the outcome for localized and not
localized catkins, the conclusion is that Platy-
gaster parasitoids may be able to eliminate mod-
erate host densities. Escape possibilities for the
gall midges remain in both tails of their density
distribution: in highly segregate, as well as in
highly aggregate situations.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Adult Platygaster betularıa and P. betulae
can be distinguished by a combination of anten-
nal characters; larvae by a combination of char-
acters regarding the height of the tergal gland,
“the diameter of the stigma on the second thorac-
ic segment and the length of the mandibles.
2. No discrimination is possible between
subgroups of a parasitoid species that developed
in different host species (e.g. P. betularia reared
from S. skuhravae or S. betulae).
3. All platygastrid egg-larval parasitoids de-
velop highly synchronized with their hosts.
Metaclisis phragmitis develops about one week
later than both Platygaster species. This pheno-
Ya
Log N,
= 0.3117 + 1.1228 log N,
0-2 0-6 1.0 1.4 1-8 2.2
Log N;
Fig. 44. Density-dependent host mortality. B, slope of the regression line; N,, density of survivors; N,, original
density of host population. Drawn line, Du cn of N, over N,; dashed fae = dele graph, Platygaster
betularia on Semudobia betulae, Meijendel, 1982
ther explanation, see text.
; right graph, Je. penne on S. tarda, Meijendel, 1983. For fur-
140 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 4, 1986
logical difference might explain the absence of
Metaclisis phragmitis from S. skuhravae.
4. Platygaster has been reared from Western
and Eastern Palaeartctic localities. Platygaster
and Metaclisis are absent from Nearctic Semu-
dobia galls. One Nearctic collection of an un-
known egg-larval parasitoid excepted, the
whole guild of egg-larval parasitoids is absent
from this region, as is the guild of inquilines.
5. Almost complete separation exists in the
host preference of the two Platygaster species:
P. betularia is a common parasitoid of S. skuh-
ravae and S. betulae, whereas P. betulae is com-
mon on S. tarda. Metaclisis phragmitis, one col-
lection excepted, has not been reared from
S. skuhravae.
6. Diversity of egg-larval parasitoids and
their hosts is not a result of co-evolution, be-
cause P. betularia and P. betulae belong to dif-
ferent species groups, whereas Semudobia spe-
cies are close relatives.
7. Platygaster species are important mortali-
ty factors of Semudobia species and may have a
density-dependent impact on their hosts. Es-
cape possibilities for Semudobia are largest in
highly aggregate situations, as well as in highly
segregate ones.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Mr. H. J. Vlug, Wageningen, for con-
firming the identifications and for critical read-
ing of a draft of this paper. Dr. M. Zandee, Lei-
den, provided the statistical advice and Mr. K.
Jalink prepared the SEM photographs.
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DEEL 129 AFLEVERING 5 1986
IL
161
"568
= TIJDSCHRIFT
UITGEGEVEN DOOR \ KD i
WS, \
Sa = <r i
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING PA
ee IRL
INHOUD
M. R. DE Jong. — Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 2. The foliata
group of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae), pp. 141—
180, figs. 1—146.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 5 Gepubliceerd 15-XII-1986
_ Sunda islands,
TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ORIENTAL
PRASIINI. 2. THE FOLIATA GROUP OF THE GENUS
LEMBEJA DISTANT, 1892 (HOMOPTERA, TIBICINIDAE)
A da 89%, fi i x
M. R. DE JONG | ‘4, 7 N
Zoölogisch Museum (Entomologie), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 4 À
ABSTRACT AD,
A tentative concept for the foliata group of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892, is Pio
sented. This group consists of two subgroups: the foliata subgroup (11 species) comprising “=
L. foliata (Walker, 1858), L. dekkeri n.sp., L. elongata n.sp., L. hollowayi n.sp., L. incisa
n.sp., L. ue n.sp., L. minahassae n.sp., L. mirandae n.sp., L. oligorhanta n.sp., L.
pectinulata n.sp., all from Sulawesi, and L. sangihensis n.sp. from Sangihe island, about 200
km north of Manado (Sulawesi Utara), and the distant: subgroup (2 species) comprising L.
brendelli n.sp. and L. distanti n.sp., both from Sulawesi. Some comments on characters and
various character states, in connection with the supposed monophyletic status of the spe-
cies-group, are given. All species are (re)described and structures of taxonomic importance
as well as the whole insects are depicted. A key to all males and some females is presented.
INTRODUCTION
The present study of the genus Lembeja Dis-
tant, 1892, is a further contribution to a revision
of the Oriental Prasiini, started by De Jong and
Duffels (1981) and continued by De Jong (1982,
1985).
Within the Oriental Prasiini, Lembeja is the
most diversified and by far the most widespread
genus. It is distributed over the Philippines
(Mindanao), Sangihe island, Sulawesi, Lesser
New Guinea, Torres Strait is-
lands and northern Queensland. The genus is
tentatively divided in several species-groups by
the present author on the basis of what are con-
sidered synapomorphous characters. These
groups will be defined in this and forthcoming
| publications. Consequences for the taxonomy
|
of the Oriental Prasiini as a whole will be dis-
cussed in a final paper, dealing with phylogenet-
ic relationships of the Labor species-groups
and the other taxa of the tribe.
One species-group and an assemblage of spe-
cies have already been mentioned, though su-
perficially, in previous publications, viz. the fa-
| tiloqua group (see De Jong, 1985) and an assem-
|
blage of species similar to Lembeja robusta
Distant, 1909 (see De Jong & Duffels, 1981; De
Jong, 1982).
The group dealt with here, the foliata group,
is distributed over Sulawesi and Sangihe island,
200 km north of Manado (Sulawesi Utara).
141
HISTORY OF THE GENUS
Lembeja (originally described as Perissoneura
Distant, 1883 (nom. preocc.)), was erected for
Lembeja maculosa (Distant, 1883). Other spe-
cies originally described in Lembeja or Perisso-
neura and not yet synonymized are L. paradoxa
(Karsch, 1890) (see for synonymies De Jong,
1982), L. fruhstorferi Distant, 1897, L. papuen-
sis De 1897 (see for synonymies De Jong &
Duffels, 1981), L. sanguinolenta Distant, 1909,
L. robusta Distant, 1909, L. roehli Schmidt,
1925, and L. harderi Schmidt, 1925. The first
species transferred to Lembeja is Cephaloxys
foliata Walker, 1858 (see Distant, 1905). Stal
had already referred this species to Prasia Stal,
1863 in 1862, thus erecting Prasia by indication
(International Code of Zoological Nomencla-
ture, 1985: Chapter iv, Article 12b 5). Howev-
er, as it is common usage to regard Prasia fatici-
na Stal, 1863, as the type-species of Prasia, the
accepted concepts of Prasia and Lembeja would
be at stake when the Rules would be followed
strictly (see also De Jong, 1985). Other attri-
butions are Prasia fatiloqua Stal, 1870 (see Hor-
vath, 1913; Myers, 1928, 1929), P. vitticollis
Ashton, 1912 (see De Jong, 1982) and P. tincta
Distant, 1909 (see De Jong, 1985).
Since attributions of species to Lembeja or
Prasia were often based upon obscure reasons,
an attempt has been made recently (De Jong,
1985) to define characters that separate Prasia
142 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
from Lembeja, in addition to those presented
with a new concept for Prasia.
INFRAGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS
In spite of the heterogeneity of Lembeja in its
present concept, some distinctly separable spe-
cies-groups can be recognized. One group has
been mentioned above: the fatiloqua group.
Furthermore, an assemblage of species similar
to L. robusta has been recognized.
The fatiloqua group is characterized by a me-
dian longitudinal dentation of the male tergite 1,
and the capability of males to inflate their bod-
les to a great extent, so that the large interseg-
mental membranes become visible. This feature
is also displayed by the African genus Zruana
Distant, 1905 (Boulard, 1976, 1981). Species at-
tributed to the fatiloqua group are L. fatiloqua,
L. frubstorferi, L. maculosa, L. paradoxa, L.
roehli, L. sanguinolenta and L. tincta.
The species similar to L. robusta, share a
more or less strongly developed trilobate struc-
ture of the uncus in ventral view. Species attrib-
uted to this assemblage are, apart from some
undescribed ones, L. papuensis, L. robusta and
L. vitticollis.
A third group, the monophyletic foliata
group, is defined here.
The foliata group
The foliata group is a monophyletic group,
defined here by one presumed synapomorphy:
the median longitudinal ridge on the male ter-
gite 1 (fig. 32).
Tentatively, two subgroups are recognized,
the foliata subgroup, serene L. dekkeri
n.sp., L. elongata n.sp., L. foliata (Walker,
1858), L. holloway: n.sp., L. incisa n.sp., L. ma-
juscula n.sp., L. minahassae n.sp., L. mirandae
n.sp., L. oligorhanta n.sp., L. pectinulata n.sp.
and L. sangihensis n.sp., and the distanti sub-
group, with L. brendelli n.sp. and L. distanti
n.sp. These two groups can be separated on ac-
count of different states of characters mainly
found in the dorsal aedeagal appendage, the
lateral part of the pygofer, the 3rd and 4th an-
tennal segment and the ovipositor sheath. These
differences are exemplified below.
The foliata subgroup is recorded from Sang- .
ihe island and North and Central Sulawesi, the
distanti subgroup from Central and South-east
Sulawesi. Neither of these subgroups have been
found in South-west Sulawesi.
Some characters of the foliata group were |
studied in detail to investigate their significance
for the reconstruction of a phylogeny of this
species-group and of the Prasiini as a whole. |
These characters will be discussed here pending |
their eventual application in the classification of
the Prasiini.
Base of dorsal aedeagal appendage. — In al-
most all species, the base of the dorsal aedeagal
appendage is very broad and sturdy and nearly
always sclerotized. In other genera and species-
groups of the Oriental Pasini the base is more
narrow and usually not sclerotized.
Apex of dorsal aedeagal appendage. — The
dorsal aedeagal appendage either bears two api-
cal hook-shaped processes (distanti subgroup),
or broadens towards the apex, which may be
more or less incised (foliata subgroup). The ap-
pendage is absent in L. pectinulata n.sp. When
present in other species of oriental Prasiini, the
appendage is usually weakly sclerotized, and
splits into two slender to broad processes of
variable length.
Antennal combs. — Combs of hairs on the
3rd antennal segment (and usually onwards on
the 4th segment) are hardly developed in the
distanti subgroup and very distinct in almost all
species of the foliata subgroup. The foliata
group is the only one known within the Cica-
doidea that displays this character.
Lateral pygofer lobe. — A flat enlargement of
the lateral part of the pygofer in the foliata sub-
group is situated between each of the edges run-
ning from the caudal dorsal beak to the lateral
lobes, and a ridge-like structure running from
the base of the lateral pygofer-lobe in posterior
direction. This ridge is also more or less present
in some species of the fatiloqua group, where
they do not form a flat enlargement as in the fo-
liata subgroup. The species of the distanti sub-
group have thick lateral lobes.
Spotting of tegmina. — This is usually red in
the cells of the tegmina in the foliata subgroup,
more brownish in the distanti subgroup. Pig-
mentation of the tegmina in other species of the
Oriental Prasiini is still under study.
Mesostigma. — Large within the foliata
group. Outside the foliata group this character
is also found in L. papuensis and in two undes-
cribed species from New Guinea.
Ovipositor sheath. — Long (sometimes very
long) in the foliata subgroup and relatively
short in the distanti subgroup, as in almost all
|
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 143
species of the Oriental Prasiini. A long oviposi-
tor sheath is also found in Jacatra typica Dis-
tant, 1905, and, to an even greater extent, in an
undescribed species of this genus from Jawa and
Sumatera.
DEPOSITORIES
The abbreviations given below are used in the
lists of material and throughout the text.
BIN Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor
Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel.
BMNH British Museum (Natural History),
London.
CNMW Collection Naturhistorisches Mu-
seum, Wien.
DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut,
Eberswalde.
MHNG Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Ge-
neve.
MSNG Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G.
Doria”, Genova.
MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense,
Bogor.
RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histo-
rie, Leiden.
SMD Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde,
Dresden.
ZMA Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölo-
gie, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very obliged to Dr J. P. Duffels, Dr P.
Oosterbroek and Prof. Dr J. H. Stock for their
critical reading of the manuscript.
The material studied was gratefully received
from Mr R. Detry (BIN); Dr W. J. Knight, Mr
M. D. Webb and Mr P. S. Broomfield
(BMNH); Dr A. Kaltenbach c.s. (CNMW);
Prof. Dr H. J. Müller, Dr G. Petersen and Dr A.
Weer DE MD 18) -lauseri(MEING) DER
Poggi (MSNG); Dr S. Adisoemarto (MZB); Dr
P. H. van Doesburg (RMNH); Dr R. Emmrich
(SMD). Most valuable material was gratefully
received from the “Project Wallace” expedition
and some of its participants, among which Dr
H. S. Barlow, Mr M. J. D. Brendell, Dr J. P.
Duffels, Dr T. W. Harman, Dr J. D. Holloway,
Dr B. Pitkin, Dr G. Robinson, Dr J. van Stalle
and Dr M. R. Wilson. This paper is based in
part on material collected whilst the author was
a participant on Project Wallace, sponsored by
the Royal Entomological Society of London
and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Results
of Project Wallace No. 19).
I am indebted to Mr G. Verlaan and Mr J.
Zaagman for technical assistance, to Mr L. v. d.
Laan for the photographs and to Dr W. N. Ellis
for help with nomenclatorial problems.
The participation of Dr J. P. Duffels to the
“Project Wallace” expedition was supported by
the Netherlands Foundation for the Advance-
ment of Tropical Research (WOTRO: WR85—
197).
The present investigations were supported by
the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Re-
search (BION), which is subsidized by the
Netherlands Organization for the Advancement
of Pure Research (ZWO).
Part of the material from the Rijksmuseum
van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (RMNH)
mentioned in this publication will be deposited
eventually in the Museum Zoologicum Bogo-
riense at Bogor (MZB).
TAXONOMY
A short characterization of the species-group
as a whole is presented here, whilst some details
of each subgroup will precede the descriptions
of the species, included in the subgroup.
All methods of investigation follow De Jong
(1985), with the exception of the measurements
taken of the abdomen length (and consequently
the body length) and the ovipositor sheath
length of the females, which is exemplified in
fig. 4.
The female genitalia have not been studied
yet, since I intend to publish separately a paper
dealing with the female genital characters of the
Oriental Prasiini.
The Lembeja foliata group
Head triangularly protruding in dorsal view.
Antennal segment 1 clearly visible; segment 3
and 4 mostly provided with comb(s) of hairs.
Mesostigma large. Male opercula small, just
extending over tymbal cavities.
Tegmina hirsute, always with small spots
combined to somewhat larger patches along the
veins in a regular pattern, and with small spots
inside the tegmen areas. Third apical area 0.78—
1.05 X as long as 4th apical area. Cu, and A,
veins fused up to the tegmen border. Wing with
anal field enclosed by a fusion of the Cu, and A,
veins between 69—95% of their length.
Male abdomen carinate along tergites 3—7.
Laterally tergites 3—8 strongly folded, forming
a lateral ridge on each side of the sternites. Ter-
gite 1 bulbous with two short lateroproximal
flaps, each continued into a weakly sclerotized
flap; medially a longitudinal ridge present, end-
144 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
ik
7 E A a
FL COLL YL
aa (2701
Figs. 1-4. Semischematic figures of the L. foliata group: 1, right tegmen and wing, Lembeja elongata; 2, fe-
male femur, lateral view, L. elongata; 3, male abdomen, ventral view, L. elongata; 4, female abdomen, lateral
view, L. majuscula (la= length abdomen; los= length ovipositor sheath).
ing in a more or less triangular shaped bulb, of-
ten attached to tergite 2. Triangularly shaped
sternite 1 small, blunt at apex. Folded mem-
branes and mirrors medium-sized. Sternite 8
usually short; broad at base.
Tymbals with 14-23 long ridges, alternating
with usually the same number of short ridges.
Female abdomen slender, carinate dorsally; in
lateral view convex along tergites 3—8. Ovipo-
sitor sheath extending beyond caudal dorsal
beak.
Lateral lobes of the pygofer fairly long, but
mostly not extending beyond anal valves. Cau-
dal dorsal beak broad and long. Claspers broad
at base, tapering towards apex, which often has
a small apical protrusion. Median uncus part
more or less pointed. Aedeagus fairly stout,
dentate apex usually rounded. All species (ex-
cept L. pectinulata n.sp.) provided with a more
or less broadly attached dorsal aedeagal append-
age.
Key to the species of the foliata group
(species marked with an asterisk are keyed out
for the males only)
1. Antennal segment 3 with distinct comb
(sometimes also on segment 4) (fig. 23). d:
tergite 1 distally not, or slightly, depressed
on both sides of the triangular shaped bulb
(fig. 22); dorsal aedeagal appendage, when
DE Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 145
Figs. 5, 6. L. foliata group: 5, head and pronotum, lateral view, Lembeja minahassae; 6, lett tymbal, lateral
view, L. mirandae.
Ww
present, unpaired, broad with sometimes
slightly incised apex (fig. 9). 2: ovipositor
sheath relatively long (fig. 4) .............
re CR CONDI OE ee foliata subgroup 2
Antennal segment 3 without or with weak-
ly developed comb. d: tergite 1 distally
clearly depressed on both sides of the trian-
gular bulb (fig. 127); dorsal aedeagal ap-
pendage with two hook-shaped processes
(fig. 120). 2: ovipositor sheath, though ex-
tending beyond caudal dorsal beak, rela-
tivelyzshoxt. sera. rer distanti subgroup 12
. Tegmina more or less opaque, usually green
Tegmina (sub)hyaline, sometimes greenish
Omuitilarge SPOESÌ Hay Are petit E 6
. Tymbal with 19—22 long ridges ........ =
Tymbal with 14 long ridges, alternating
with an equal number of short ridges.
North Sulawesi seers foliata (p. 149)"
. Medium-sized species (body length d:
18.3—22.7 mm, ©: 19.1—22.4 mm). d:
tymbal with 19—22 long ridges; base of
weakly sclerotized dorsal aedeagal append-
age relatively narrow, apex of appendage
round or only slightly incised; apex of ae-
deagus with a more or less dorsal projec-
tion. 2: abdomen rather sturdy; tegmina
weakly opaque. Altitude = 1000 m. North
Sulawesi gaa rs robe ran stuck à 5
Relatively small species (body length d:
14.8—17.5 mm, ©: 19.1—20.8 mm). 6:
tymbal with 21 long ridges; dorsal aedeagal
appendage weakly to fairly sclerotized and
with a relatively sturdy base, apex medially
incised; apex of aedeagus ovally shaped. ?:
146
10.
ie
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
abdomen rather slender; tegmina fairly
opaque. Altitude < 800 m. North Sula-
wesi minahassae (p. 151)
. Body length: 18.3—21.7 mm. Apex of ae-
deagus with a long dorsal projection. Alti-
tude 1000—1200 m. North Sulawesi...
RR ARM A elongata (p. 153)*
Body length: 21.1—22.7 mm. Apex of ae-
deagus without or with a short dorsal pro-
jection. Al titude ca. 1600 m. North Sulawe-
SINE REN se dekkeri (p. 155)”
Tegmina (sub)hyaline (may be greenish
tinged) with small red spots along the veins
and inside the cells of the tegmen........ 7
Tegmina hyaline with medium-sized to
large brown or dark-red spots inside the
cellstofsthe ceo miei ERE 10
. Dorsal aedeagal appendage absent; aedea-
gus with large tooter-shaped apex. North
Sulawesiq. raw pectinulata (p. 158)*
Dorsal aedeagal appendage present; apex of
ACACIA NCAA ERROR EE 8
. Body brownish coloured. Aedeagus broad-
ened laterally at apex (fig. 58); clasper
broad in lateral view. Sangihe island
noes EEN We Fat sangihensis (p. 160)*
Body green to greenish-yellowish,
sometimes with a brown patch on the cruci-
form elevation. Aedeagus not broadened
laterally; clasper apically swollen in lateral
view. North and Central Sulawesi....... 9
. Red spots inside cells and along veins on the
whole of the tegmina. Small species (body
length d: 13.4—15.5 mm, 9: 14.6—16.8
mm). d: apex of dorsal aedeagal appendage
as in fig. 67. North and Central Sulawesi ...
hollowayi (p. 162)
Red spots only conspicuous along veins in
basal part of tegmen, sometimes alles slight-
ly in apical part. Medium-sized species
Si length d: 18.4 mm, 9: 18.4—19.1
m). d : apex of dorsal aedeagal appendage
unie SRG eneraliSul ame si IE Le DENT
oligorhanta (p. 164)
Small, heavily pigmented species with hard-
ly any spots inside the cells of the tegmen.
Body size d: 14.2—15 mm, @: 15.1—16.7
mm. Central Sulawesi incisa (p. 171)
Large, heavily pigmented species with more
or less brown spotted cells of the tegmen.
Body size d: 22.8—25.5 mm, @: 20.4—
Amina Centralisulawesivee aay ee 11
Tegmina heavily spotted with brown in the
cells of the tegmen. d: median black spots
on the carinated tergites 3—7; dark colora-
tion onwards to the caudal dorsal beak; |
apex of aedeagal appendage as in fig. 98. 2: |
caudal dorsal beak dark coloured. Central |
Sulawesi majuscula (p. 170) |
Tegmina less heavily spotted with brown in
che cals of the tegmen. 6: black spots on
the carinated tergites 3—7 absent; apex of
aedeagal appendage as in fig. 91. 2: medio-
dorsal black coloration on segment 9 not
reaching the caudal dorsal beak. Central Su-
mirandae (p. 166)
12. Antennal comb on segment 3 may be pre-
sent. Distance between lateral ocelli 0.83—
0.97 x distance lateral ocellus and eye. 6:
pygofer without distinct ridge rom the base
of each lateral lobe downwards. Central
and South-East Sulawesi... distanti (p. 175)
— Antennal comb on segment 3 when present,
only very slightly. Distance between lateral
ocelli 1.0—1.6 x distance lateral ocellus:
and eye. d: distinct ridge on the pygofer
from base of each lateral lobe downwards.
Central Sulawezi brendelli (p.178)
The material studied contains several uniden-
tified females of the foliata group that probably
represent undescribed species, of which no
males have been found. Three large females
(body length: 23.5—24.5 mm) from Sangihe ıs-
land (BMNH; RMNH) and four smaller fe-
males (body length: 16.5—17.4 mm) from Mo-
rowali (Sulawesi Tengah) (BMNH) represent
two species of the foliata subgroup with opaque
tegmina. Three small females (body length:
15.2—17.3 mm) from Morowali (BMNH) rep-
resent one species with (sub)hyaline tegmina of
the same subgroup. One female (body length:
20.2 mm) from Mt. Tambusisi (Morowali N.P.)
(BMNH) represents a species that has brown
and/or dark-red spots in the cells of the tegmi-
na, and still belonging to the same subgroup. Fi-
nally, one female (body length: 24.7 mm) from
Mt. Tambusisi (Morowali N.P.) (BMNH) rep-
resents a species belonging to the distanti sub-
group.
The foliata subgroup
The foliata subgroup is characterized by the
presence of distinct combs on the 3rd, and
sometimes 4th, antennal segment. Eyes small,
width 0.43—0.67 X as wide as width of vertex
between eyes. Tegmina opaque or (sub)hyaline.
Spots on the tegmina always red, deep-red to
brown in L. majuscula n.sp., L. mirandae n.sp.
and L. incisa n.sp. Aedeagal appendage (lacking
in L. pectinulata n.sp.) usually sclerotized and
DE Jong: The foliata group of Lembeja 147
foliata
minahassae
elongata
dekkeri
brendelli
distanti
120° 122° 124° 126°
Map 1. Distributions of L. brendelli, L. dekkeri, L. distanti, L. elongata, L. foliata and L. minahassae.
148 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
incisa
majuscula
mirandae
hollowayi
oligorhanta
sangihensis
pectinulata
1209 1229 1249 1269
Map 2. Distributions of L. hollowayi, L. incisa, L. majuscula, L. mirandae, L. oligorhanta, L. pectinulata and
L. sangihensis.
a
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja
slightly incised at its broad apex. Lateral part of
pygofer provided with a flat enlargment be-
tween the edge of the caudal dorsal beak, run-
ning to each lateral lobe, and the ridge running
backwards from the base of each lateral lobe.
Lateral lobe somewhat recurved at its apex (fig.
20). Median uncus part with a smooth, pointed
projection. Ovipositor sheath extending rela-
tively far beyond caudal dorsal beak.
Lembeja foliata (Walker, 1858)
(figs. 7—14, map 1)
Cephaloxys foliata Walker, 1858: 37.
Prasia foliata; Stal, 1862: 483; Distant, 1892: xiv (in
partim: specimens from Sulawesi (= Celebes) on-
ly): 146: pl. 15 figs. 12, 12a—b (equals Cephaloxys
foliata Walk.); Breddin, 1901: 28.
Lembeja foliata; Distant, 1906: 185 (equals Prasia fo-
liata equals Cephaloxys foliata); Kato, 1932: 189;
Metcalf, 1963: 430, 431; De Jong, 1985: 165, 166.
The following references were found to relate to
other species:
Prasia foliata; Distant, 1892: xiv (in partim: speci-
mens from Sangihe island belong to Lembeja
sangıhensis n.sp.); Breddin, 1901: 153 (specimens
from Sangihe belong to Lembeja sangıhensis
n.sp.); Lallemand, 1935: 677 (Flores specimes be-
long to a yet undescribed species related to L.
harder:).
Lembeja foliata; Lallemand and Synave, 1953: 233
(Flores specimens belong to a yet undescribed
species related to L. harderi; Sumba specimens be-
long to L. harderi and to a yet undescribed rela-
tive to this species).
My knowledge of the species is based on two
specimens only, viz. the male holotype, whose
genitalia are damaged, and a male from an un-
known locality in bad condition, but its genita-
lia fairly intact (only the apex of the caudal dor-
sal beak missing).
Description of the male.
Body testaceous. Head and pronotum togeth-
er 1.14—1.34 x as long as meso- and metano-
tum together. Thorax and head together 1.09 x
as long as abdomen. Greatest width of body at
the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head.— Postclypeus strongly protruding in
dorsal view. Antennal combs on 3rd and 4th
segments. Eye small, in dorsal view 0.43—0.49
x as wide as width of vertex in between eyes.
Ocelli raised. Distance between lateral ocelli
0.9—1.2 X as long as distance between lateral
ocellus and eye. Head 1.54—1.82 X as long,
1.85—1.98 X as wide as width of vertex in be-
149
tween eyes. Postclypeus in ventral view strong-
ly laterally compressed, in lateral view trans-
verse ridges distinct, concolorous. Rostrum
with dark apex reaching trochanter of middle
leg.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.61 X as wide as
head including eyes, 1.75 X as wide as length of
head. Pronotum weakly domed. Mesonotum
dark on its lateral parts and in front of cruci-
form elevation, thus indicating four obconical
areas. Length of cruciform elevation about 1/3
of mesonotum length. Metanotum projecting
distinctly from under mesonotum.
Legs. — Concolorous, fore femora bearing
three spines. Basal one very long and pointed
apically; middle spine triangularly shaped,
about half as long as basal one; most apical
spine very small. Fore tibiae with a brown patch
apically.
Tegmina and wings. — Costa of tegmen very
finely hirsute. Subhyaline, testaceous. Spotted
with red along veins in a very regular pattern,
small red punctations inside tegmen cells.
Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending into
3rd one; continued by a fold, up to the fusion of
the Cu,, and the transverse vein of the 8th api-
cal area. Node in M;,, at about 3/5 of its length.
Third ulnar area 1.09 X as long as 1st ulnar area;
4th ulnar area 0.97 X as long as radial area.
Wings pale hyaline. Veins milky white col-
oured. A, and Cu, fused at 75% of their own
length.
Operculum. — Distal part of operculum very
small. Meracanthus large, reaching more than
halfway over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Broadly shaped. Medial ridge
on tergite 1 ending in a triangularly shaped
bulb, broadly attached to tergite 2. Folded
membrane dark coloured.
Tymbals. — Relatively large, 14 long ridges
alternating with an equal number of short
ridges.
Genitalia. — Pygofer with a medium-sized,
apically rounded, broad caudal dorsal beak.
Lateral lobes long, but not extending beyond
anal valves, somewhat concave at outerside,
convex at innerside. Edge running downwards
from lateral lobe to base of pygofer slightly
rounded. Median part of uncus small, weakly
pointed. In lateral view claspers broad, apically
tapering, with a small nail-shaped protrusion;
median part narrow in dorsal view. Aedeagus
with apex as in fig. 11, dentate. Flat dorsal ae-
deagal appendage medio-apically weakly sclero-
tized, broadening towards its apex, consisting of
150 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 7—14. Lembeja foliata, unknown locality. 7, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 8, clasper, lateral view; 9, aedea-
gal appendage ventrolateral view; 10, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view; 11, 12, apex of aedeagus, 11,
ventrolateral view, 12, ventral view; 13, sternite 8, ventral view; 14, apex of aedeagus with appendage, lateral
view.
a medial incision and reaching apex of aedeagus.
Measurements of the material studied: body
length 17.8 mm; width of pronotum collar 5.7
mm; tegmen length 22.1—23.2 mm.
Distribution. — North Sulawesi: Manado
(map 1).
Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi:
Manado “Celebes” (with on leaf-over)“55/,,”
(round label, handwritten; according to the ac-
quisition books of the BMNH “55/,,” stands for
Manado), “Prasia” (handwritten), “Cephaloxys
foliata” (with on leaf-over) “gineis, tibus tarsis-
que/areolis margin alibus fus” (print), “Type”
(round label, green edged, print), “Brit. Mus”
(print), d holotype of Cephaloxys foliata
(BMNH). Specimen without locality: 1 ó
(RMNH).
Remarks.
L. foliata closely resembles L. minahassae
n.sp., L. elongata n.sp. and L. dekkeri n.sp. in
the opaque tegmina and the clasper which 1s
fairly broad in lateral view. Some females in the
material studied may be attributed to L. foliata,
but the identification is uncertain so that they
remain unidentified. As far as known the species
was not coliected during the “Project Wallace”
Expedition in the Dumoga-Bone N.P. (Sulawesi
Utara). It is distinct for its relatively low num-
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 151
ber of alternating pairs of ridges on the tymbal
and its apex of the dorsal aedeagal appendage.
Lembeja minahassae n.sp.
(figs. 15—25, 139, 140, map 1)
The description of this new species is based
upon specimens collected during the “Project
Wallace” Expedition in the Dumoga-Bone N.P.
(Sulawesi Utara), primarily by Dr J. P. Duffels
(ZMA) and Dr J. D. Holloway (Common-
wealth Institute of Entomology). The species is
described in comparison with L. foliata.
Description.
Coloration of most males studied suggesting
immaturity. Smaller than L. foliata, yellowish
green coloured. Head and pronotum 0.98—1.2
x as long as meso- and metanotum together.
Thorax and head together in males 0.72—0.88
x, in females 0.83—0.89 X as long as abdomen.
Greatest width of body at the height of abdomi-
nal segment 3.
Head. — Yellowish green. Antennal combs as
in L. foliata. Eye small to medium-sized in dor-
sal view, 0.46—0.6 X as wide as width of vertex
in between eyes. Ocelli raised. Distance be-
tween lateral ocelli in males 0.82—1.0 X, in fe-
males 1.08—1.28 X distance between lateral
ocellus and eye. Head 1.53—1.74 X as long,
1.92—2.2 X as wide as vertex width between
eyes. Postclypeus ventrally green. Rostrum as in
L. foliata.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.55—1.97 X as
wide as width of head, 1.94—2.29 x as wide as
length of head. Four, green to yellow, obconical
areas indicated by patches; median obconical
areas being less than half as long as paramedian
ones, the latter reaching cruciform elevation.
Hind edge of cruciform elevation somewhat
darker coloured. Metanotum as in L. foliata.
Legs. — Spines on fore femora as in L. folia-
ta. Fore femora darker green than remaining
part of legs. All legs darkening towards claws.
Tan and wings. — Tegmina opaque
green (more conspicuous in females), extreme
base milky white. Costa somewhat ampliated.
Spotting similar to L. foliata. Veins yellowish
green to green. Third ulnar area 0.93—1.16 X as
long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area 0.85—1.0 X as
long as radial area. Transverse vein and corial
fold as in L. foliata. Wings milky, fusion of Cu,
and A, at 72—83% of their length.
Male: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus
broad at base, long and pointed, extending well
over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Yellowish green coloured.
Generally as in L. foliata, but distally more
slender. Folded membrane white.
Tymbals. — Twenty-one long ridges alter-
nating with an equal number of short, slightly
brownish coloured ridges.
Genitalia. — Generally as in L. foliata.
Lateral lobes rather swollen. Median part of un-
cus slender and somewhat more pointed. Edge
of pygofer just below each lateral lobe more
outcurved than in L. foliata. Weakly sclerotized
apex of dorsal aedeagal appendage incised; just
reaching apex of aedeagus.
Female: Operculum. — Small and rounded.
Meracanthus reaching just over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Yellowish green coloured.
Slender, slightly carinate in lateral view. Ovipo-
sitor sheath 0.36—0.51 X length of abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
148275 mms 2 16723 110 mm, 27194 —
20.8, x = 19.9 + 0.5 mm; width of pronotum
collar 824.8 52mm x — Sol 02mm 2:
5.9—6.6 mm, x = 6.3 + 0.2 mm; tegmen length
d: 19.4—21.5 mm, x = 20.2+ 0.8 mm, ©:
22.9—24.8 mm, x = 23.8 + 0.7 mm.
Distribution. — North Sulawesi (map 1).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Stat. 16/Lowland rainforest/light-trap, site
1+2/understorey/canopy” (print), “Toraut/7—
13.11.1985/H. S. Barlow” (print), “Indonesia/
Sulawesi Utara/Dumoga-Bone N.P/Project
Wallace” (print), 1 6 (MZB). Paratypes: Sula-
wesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone N.P.: st. 9, lowl.
rainf., MV light-trap, Page (= Barney’s) Camp
302 m, 4—8.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Hollo-
way, 1 6 (ZMA); st. 15, lowl. rainf., understo-
rey/canopy, MV light-trap, Hog’s Back Camp
AOD ii, WWM IIS, Jo IP. Dumas Ce | 1D.
Holloway, 1 2 (MZB), 1 2 (ZMA); same data
as holotype, 1 2 (MZB); st. 24, lowl. rainf.,
light-trap site 1, understorey, Toraut, 23—
26. MOSS SM Barlo MR (ZB) SEE?
(ZMA); st. 27, lowl. rainf., MV light-trap, un-
derstorey/canopy, Edwards Camp 664 m,
20.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway, 1 2
(MZB), 1 © (ZMA); Edwards Camp, iv.1985, J.
H. Martin, 1 d (BMNH); Kosingolan, guest-
house P.P.A. headquarters, at ligth, 13.1v.1985,
Charlotte Vermeulen, 1 2 (ZMA); Toraut, Ro-
thamsted light-trap, site 1, 200 m, v.1985, 1 d 1
2 (BMNH); surroundings Tumpah River,
111.1985, J. H. Martin, 1? (BMNH).
Etymology. — The species is named after its
distributional area, the Minahassa Peninsula
(Sulawesi Utara).
152 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 15—22. Lembeja minahassae, 3. 15, pygofer, ventrolateral view, paratype Toraut; 16, 17, apex of aedea-
gus, paratype Toraut, 16, ventral view, 17, ventrolateral view; 18, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view,
paratype Toraut; 19, clasper, lateral view, paratype Toraut; 20, pygofer, lateral view, paratype Toraut; 21, ae-
deagus with appendage, lateral view, paratype Toraut; 22, tergite 1, dorsal view, paratype Hog’s Back Camp.
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 153
Figs. 23—25. Lembeja minahassae; 23, 25, 3, paratype Toraut; 24, ®, paratype Hog’s Back Camp. 23, left an-
tenna segm. 1—4, lateral view; 24, sternite 7, ventral view; 25, sternite 8, ventral view.
Remarks.
L. minahassae is very much alike the some-
what larger L. foliata but can be distinguished
by the number of ridges on the tymbal, details
in the genitalia and the distally more slender
male abdomen.
Lembeja elongata n.sp.
(figs. 26—35, map 1)
The species is described in comparison with
L. foliata and L. minahassae after a series of
specimens collected during the “Project Walla-
ce” Expedition in the Dumoga-Bone N.P. (Su-
lawesi Utara). Relative sizes are based upon 10
male and 10 female type-specimens.
Description.
Somewhat larger than L. foliata, greenish ab-
domen may be more slender distally. Tegmina
opaque. Head and thorax greenish. Head and
pronotum together 1.0—1.21 x as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
rax together in males 0.73—0.82 x, in females
0.74—1.0 X as long as abdomen. Greatest width
of body at the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Generally as in L. foliata, though
with somewhat larger eyes, each being 0.52—
0.67 x as wide as width of vertex in between
eyes. Half of antennal segment 2 and onwards
to apex of antennae dark coloured, combs on
segments 3 and 4 not as dense as in L. minahas-
sae. Distance between lateral ocelli 0.78—1.37
X distance between lateral ocellus and eye.
Head 1.52—1.79 X as long as, 2.04—2.36 X as
wide as width of vertex in between eyes. Trans-
verse ridges unicolorous.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.56—1.80 X as
wide as width of head including eyes, 2.01—
2.45 X as wide as length of head. Four obconi-
cal areas clearly recognizable by light coloured
patches, filled with some dark spots. Sometimes
double-axed shaped dark-coloured mark on
mesonotum. Sometimes dark median spot on
cruciform elevation.
Legs. — As in L. foliata. All legs slightly
darkening towards apex.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina only slightly
greenish opaque, extreme base white with a
slight red infuscation. Transverse vein of 2nd
ulnar area just extending into the 3rd one. Third
ulnar area 0.85—1.23 X as long as Ist one; 4th
ulnar area 0.89—1.10 X as long as radial area.
Veins of the wing whitish or greenish tinged.
Cu, and A, fused at 69—83% from their origin.
Male: Operculum. — Compared to L. foliata
only a little larger. Meracanthus as in L. foliata.
Abdomen. — Generally shaped as in L. mi-
nahassae. Folded membrane only sightly
brownish tinged. Triangular shaped bulb on ter-
gite 1 more narrowly attached. Proximal edge of
tergite 1 sturdy and sometimes whitish col-
oured.
Tymbals. — Twenty-two long ridges alter-
nating with an equal number of short ridges.
Genitalia. — Generally as in L. foliata.
Lateral lobes of pygofer much more erect. Edge
of lateral lobe running straightly downwards to
base of pygofer. Claspers long and broad. Apex
of aedeagus dorsally elongated by a slender,
pointed projection. Dorsal aedeagal appendage
weakly sclerotized, sligthly incised at its round
apex.
154 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 26—32. Lembeja elongata, holotype. 26, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 27, clasper, lateral view; 30, apex of
aedeagal appendage, ventral view; 31, pygofer, lateral view; 32, tergite 1, dorsal view.
RE Saas
Den
EX
NEE | |
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 155
Figs. 33—35. Lembeja elongata; 33, 34, 6, holotype; 35, ©, paratype Clarke's Camp. 33, left antenna segm.
1—4, lateral view; 34, sternite 8, ventral view; 35, sternite 7, ventral view.
Female: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus
reaching over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Slender, carinate. Ovipositor
sheath 0.43—0.53 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
USL mne 219530 9mm, 27191
22.2 mm, x = 20.7 + 0.8 mm; width of prono-
tum collar d: 5.5—6.6 mm, x = 6.0 + 0.3 mm,
2: 6.2—7.5 mm, x = 6.8 + 0.3 mm; tegmen
length d: 21.4—24.2 mm, x = 22.7 + 0.8 mm,
PER DE Sagan. x — 253 32 ORS mm:
Distribution. — North Sulawesi (map 1).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Stat. 19/Gardens/PPA rest-house/at light”
(print), “Danau Moaat/E of Kotamobagu/1200
m/18.11.1985/J. P. Duffels” (partly handwritten,
partly print; correct height: 1080 m), “Indone-
sia/Sulawesi Utara/Project Wallace” (print), 1
3 (MZB). Paratypes: Sulawesi Utara: Danau
Moaat, 22—25.11.1985, 1 d (BMNH), same lo-
cality, 20—22.x.1985, G. Robinson, 1 d
(ZMA); Dumoga-Bone N.P., Clarke’s Camp
(= “1440”), 1140 m, lightsheet, i. 1985, J. H.
Martin, 1 d (BMNH), same data but: iv.1985, 2
3 (BMNH), v.1985, 1 d 8 2 (BMNH), same
locality but: 25.11.1985, T. W. Harman, 1 d 1 9
(MZB), 19—25.111.1985, M. Allen, 1 (MZB),
same locality but: 13—14.x.1985, B. Pitkin, 1 d
(MZB), 1 d 2 2 (ZMA); Gunung Ambang, near
Danau Moaat, iv.1985, J. H. Martin, 3 6
(BMNH), same locality but: 11.x1.1986, M. J.
D. Brendell, 3 4 3 2 (ZMA); Gunung Mogogo-
nipa, 1008 m, lightsheet, 20—22.v.1985, J. H.
Martin, 1 d 1 2 (BMNH), same locality but
with, 12.vi.1985, lightsheet, M. R. Wilson, 1 3
(BMNH), same locality but with, 18—
AQ MDS RK Wiles ES lS VIZE) RESO
(ZMA).
Etymology. — The species is named after its
elongated apex of the aedeagus.
Remarks.
L. elongata is very distinct by its typical apex
of the aedeagus. The species is recorded only
from an altitude of 1000—1200 m. It is very
similar to the somewhat larger L. dekkeri n.sp.
from which it can be distinguished only by
characters of the male genitalia. They are proba-
bly confined to different altitudes.
Lembeja dekkeri n.sp.
(figs. 36—45, map 1)
This relatively large species (body length:
21.1—22.7 mm) is described after four male and
two female specimens; the description has been
made in comparison with that of L. elongata.
Description.
Green, relatively hairy, large species. Head
and pronotum together 0.98—1.08 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
rax together in males 0.70—0.76 X, in females
0.86 X as long as abdomen. Greatest width of
body at the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Antennae from 2nd segment to apex
dark-coloured, 4th segment with a weakly de-
156 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 36—42. Lembeja dekkeri. 36, pygofer, lateral view, paratype; 37, apex of aedeagus, ventral view, para-
type; 38, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view, holotype; 39, pygofer, ventrolateral view, paratype; 40, ae-
deagus with appendage, lateral view, holotype; 41, tergite 1, dorsal view, holotype; 42, clasper, lateral view,
Paratype.
uit né
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 157
Figs. 43—45. Lembeja dekkeri; 43, 44, 3; 45, 2, paratype. 43, sternite 8, ventral view, holotype; 44, left anten-
na segm. 1—4, lateral view, paratype; 45, sternite 7, ventral view.
veloped comb. Eyes 0.56—0.62 X as wide as
width of vertex between eyes. Distance between
lateral ocelli 0.98—1.20 x distance between
lateral ocellus and eye. Head 1.50—1.72 X as
long as, 2.12—2.24 X as wide as width of vertex
in between eyes. Transverse ridges of postcly-
peus concolorous. Rostrum with dark apex
reaching trochanter of middle leg.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.67—1.84 X as
wide as width of head including eyes, 2.26—
2.64 X as wide as length of head. Four obconi-
cal areas on mesonotum slightly recognizable.
Paratype with a black-coloured mark covering
the two small median obconical areas.
Legs. — Legs darker coloured towards claws.
Tibiae and pretarsi with apicial dark patches.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina greenish
opaque. Extreme base whitish with a slight red
infuscation. Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area
extending just into 3rd ulnar area; continued by
a distinct fold. Third ulnar area 1.03—1.20 X as
long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area 0.84—1.04 X as
long as radial area. Veins of the wings whitish
and greenish tinged. Fusion of the Cu, and A, at
85—91% of their length.
Male: Operculum. — Very small. Meracan-
thus reaching halfway over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Large, light-greenish coloured.
Tergite 1 as in L. elongata. Folded membrane
white. Sternite 8 broad and distally rounded,
only slightly incised.
Tymbals. — Nineteen to 22 long greyish
brown ridges alternating with 19—21 short
orange brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Generally as in L. elongata.
Mainly differing in the more pointed median
part of uncus, the apex of the aedeagus not be-
ing prolonged, and the relatively larger dorsal
aedeagal appendage.
Female: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus
reaching over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Generally as in L. elongata.
Ovipositor sheath 0.39 x as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
M2 nm 222-4 mam width or
pronotum collar d: 5.9—6.7 mm, 9: 7.4—7.8
mm; tegmen length d: 23.3—24.8 mm, ©:
26.2—27.6 mm.
Distribution. — North Sulawesi (map 1).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“stat.20/lower montane/rainforest/MV light”
(print), “Ice Station Zebra/Gn. Poniki-trail, +
1520 m/23.x.1985/M. R. de Jong & M. J. D.
Brendell” (print), “Indonesia:/Sulawesi Utara/
Dumoga-Bone N.P./Project Wallace” (print) 1
3 (ZMA). Paratype: Sulawesi Utara: Dumoga-
Bone N.P., stat. 19, lower montane rainforest,
Ice Station Zebra, Gn. Poniki-trail, + 1570 m,
25m lO8S MR ANNE MR TenDekker, tid o(VIZB),
same locality but: 3.x1.1985, station: 081, R.
Bosman & J. van Stalle, 2 8 2 © (BIN).
Etymology. — The species is named after Mr
René Dekker, who captured the first specimen,
after it flew against his throat.
158 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Remarks.
There is an apparent correlation between
body length, especially in the males, and altitude
among L. minahassae, L. elongata, and L. dek-
keri. Within this small set of closely related spe-
cies, which all are recorded from a different alti-
tude, the species recorded from the lowest alti-
tude (L. minahassae) is the smallest, while the
one recorded from the highest altitude (L. dek-
keri) is the largest. Other small sets of species
within the foliata group appear to show the
same correlation (see also remarks on L. oligo-
rantha n. sp. and L. incisa n. sp.).
Lembeja pectinulata n.sp.
(figs. 46—55, map 2)
This small species is described after four
males and three females.
Description.
Body pale brownish yellow (fresh specimens
green, ventrally a little paler; one female in the
material studied is deep chocolate-brown, in-
cluding the tegmina and wings, which is proba-
bly an artifact). Head and pronotum together
1.03—1.19 X as long as meso- and metanotum
together. Thorax and head together in males
0.79 x, in females 0.87—1.19 X as large as ab-
domen. Greatest width of body at the height of
abdominal segment 3. It is the only species of
the L. foliata group missing a dorsal aedeagal
appendage.
Head. — Antennae dark from segment 2 to
apex and with combs on segment 3. Eye small,
in dorsal view 0.48—0.55 X as wide as vertex
width in between eyes. Ocelli slightly raised,
distance between lateral ocelli 0.96—1.30 X dis-
tance between lateral ocellus and eye. Head
1.50—1.59 X as long as, 1.97—2.10 x as wide
as width of vertex in between eyes. Transverse
ridges of postclypeus distinct in lateral view,
concolorous. Rostrum with dark apex reaching
trochanter of middle legs.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.56—1.70 X as
wide as width of head including eyes, 1.94—
2.35 X as wide as length of head. Four pale ob-
conical spots can hardly be discerned on the
mesonotum; specimen from Tangkoko with
large double-axe shaped, brown mark situated
medailly.
Legs. — Concolorous with underside of tho-
rax. Fore femora bearing three spines: basal one
longest and blunt, middle and distal small spines
both acutely pointed. Fore tibiae with a brown
patch apically, and a somewhat paler brown
patch at 1/3 of its length.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline
to slightly greenish opaque; spotted with red
along veins and inside cells of the tegmen (ba-
sically as in L. foliata). Venation whitish, ex-
treme base white, costa milky. Transverse vein
of 2nd ulnar area just extending into the 3rd
one; continued by a fold. Node halfway M,,,.
Third ulnar area 0.93—1.0 X as long as Ist one;
4th ulnar area 0.94—1.0 X as long as radial area.
Wings pale-hyaline, fusion of Cu, and A, at
85—91% of their length.
Male: Operculum. — Extremely small and
narrow. Meracanthus reaching over tymbal cav-
ity.
Abdomen. — Medial ridge of tergite 1 ends
distally in a small triangular bulb. Two lateral
sclerotized flaps of tergite 1 not acutely pointed
Sternite 8 very short and broadly rounded.
Tymbals. — Twenty-three long ridges alter-
nating with short brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak relatively
short and broadly rounded. Lateral lobes of py-
gofer fairly short, apical part of edge running
straight downwards from lateral lobe to base of
pygofer. Claspers in lateral view straight and
narrow, nail-shaped protrusion relatively large.
Median uncus part small and pointed medially.
Aedeagus with large, tooter-shaped, apex (figs.
48—50), toothed along its edge.
Female: Operculum. — Small, more or less
sickle-shaped. Meracanthus reaching sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Slender, carınate. Ovipositor
sheath 0.39—0.46 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
15.4—16.1 mm, @: 14.4—16.0 mm; width of
pronotum collar d: 4.3—4.5 mm, 9: 4.9—5.5
mm; tegmen length d: 17.1—19.3 mm, 9:
19.6-29.1mm.
Distribution. — North Sulawesı (map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Nord Celebes/Toli-Toli/Nov.—Dez. 1895/H.
Fruhstorfer” (print), “Lembeja/n.sp.” (hand-
written), “Coll. A. Jacobi/1911—5” (print, yel-
low label), “Staat. Museum für/Tierkunde
Dresden” (print), 1 4 (SMD). Paratypes: Sula-
wesi Utara: Dumoga-Bone N.P., Tumpah Rıv-
er, predated by jumping spider, 27.1x.1985, R.
Wiles, 1 d (ZMA); Parey, Tangkoko N.P., at
light, 2—3.x1.1985, M. J. D. Brendell, 1 &
(ZMA); Toli-Toli, xi—xii.1895, H. Fruhstorfer,
Lembeja fruhstorferi, 1 ® (BIN), same data but:
Distant coll. 1911—353, 1 2 (BMNH), Lembe-
DE Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 159
Figs. 46—55. Lembeja pectinulata; 46—52, 54, 55, 4, holotype; 53, 2, paratype Toli-Toli. 46, 47, pygofer, 46,
lateral view, 47, ventrolateral view; 48—50, apex of aedeagus, 48, ventrolateral view, 49, lateral view, 50, ventral
view; 51, clasper, lateral view; 52, sternite 8, ventral view; 53, sternite 7, ventral view; 54, left antenna segm. I—
4, lateral view; 55, tergite 1, dorsal view.
160 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
ja maculosa Distant 147.vii.13 9 (= Distant,
1892: p. 147, Pl. 7 fig. 13), 1 2 (MHNG). Speci-
men without precise locality: India Archipel,
1867, 1 6 (CNMW).
Etymology. — This is the first species in
which the antennal comb on antennal segment 3
has been recognized. Pectinulata stands for
“provided with a litte comb”.
Remarks.
L. pectinulata is the only species within the L.
foliata group missing a dorsal aedeagal append-
age. Whether this is caused by a fusion of the
dorsal aedeagal appendage with the aedeagus it-
self or the loss of the appendage is still under
study.
Furthermore, the tymbals of L. pectinulata
have the highest number of ridges within the fo-
lata group.
Lembeja sangihensis n.sp.
(figs. 5556, map 2)
The species is described after two males and
one female, which are not in a very good condi-
tion. As it is very peculiar in its aedeagal apex
and as it is the only species from Sangihe known
in the male sex, I believe its description as a sep-
arate species is justified.
Description.
Body ochraceous brown. Head and prono-
tum together 1.14—1.18 X as long as meso- and
metanotum together. Thorax and head together
in males 0.83, in the female 0.88 X as long as ab-
domen. Greatest width of body at the height of
abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Antennae dark coloured from seg-
ment 2 to apex; combs present on segment 3
and 4. Eye small, 0.49—0.55 X as wide as vertex
width between eyes. Ocelli slightly raised, dis-
tance between lateral ocelli in males 0.79—0.91,
in the female 1.14 X distance between lateral
ocellus and eye. Head 1.50—1.59 X as long as,
1.98—2.10 X as broad as width of vertex be-
tween eyes. Concolorous transverse ridges of
postclypeus distinct in lateral view. Rostrum
with its black apex reaching trochanter of mid-
dle leg.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.61—1.67 X as
wide as width of head including eyes, 2.12—
2.24 X as wide as length of head. Four obconi-
cal areas indicated by patches.
Legs. — Concolorous with ventral part of
thorax. Fore tibiae with two darker coloured
patches, one basally, one apically, as in L. pecti-
nulata. Fore femora with three spines, basal
longest one slightly pointed, middle- and small
apical one pointed.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline,
yellow-brownish glossy. Venation light-ochra-
ceous. Extreme base whitish. Spotted with red
along the veins and inside the tegmen areas
(alike L. foliata). Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar
area slightly extending into the 3rd one, contin-
ued by a slight fold. Third ulnar area 0.97—1.02
x als long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area 0.98—1.1 x
as long as radial area. Wings pale-hyaline, ex-
treme base whitish. Fusion of the Cu, and A, at
74—84% from their origin.
Male: Operculum. — Small, meracanthus
reaching over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Pale-brownish. Distinctly cari-
nated. Tergite 1 with its medial ridge ending in a
triangular shaped bulb of moderate size, at-.
tached to tergite 2. Sclerotized flaps not ex-
tremely pointed. Proximal border of tergite 1
sturdy and whitish. Sternite 8 about triangular-
shaped with a round apex.
Tymbals. — Provided with 21 long ridges al-
ternating with an equal number of short,
orange-brown coloured ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak reaching just
beyond anal valves, lateral lobes of pygofer
slender. Edge running downwards from lateral
lobe to base of pygofer nearly straight. In lateral
view claspers fairly short and sturdy. Median
uncus part fairly broad and apically pointed.
Aedeagus stout, armoured laterally with a dis-
tinct ridge (fig. 57). Basally narrow aedeagal ap-
pendage unsclerotized, with an almost straight
apex, not reaching apex of aedeagus.
Female: Operculum. — About sickle-shaped.
Meracanthus just reaching sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Slender, carinate. Ovipositor
sheath 0.36 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: Body length d:
15.9—16.5 mm, 2: 22.6 mm; width of prono-
tum collar 6: 5.1 mm, ©: 6.5 mm; tegmen
length d : 19.9 mm.
Distribution. — Sangihe island (map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sangihe: Holotype:
“Sanghir/(Doherty)” (handwritten), “Jacatra
typica?” (handwritten), “Distant Coll./1911-
383” (print), “Brit. Mus.” (print) 1 d (BMNH).
Baratypes: same, data as » holotype liga)
(BMNH); Faroena (= Tahuna?), J. H. Jur-
riaanse, 1 2 (RMNH).
Etymology. — The species derives its name
from its distributional area, Sangihe island. .
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 161
Figs. 56—65. Lembeja sangihensis; 56—62, 64, d ; 63, 65, ®, paratype. 56, pygofer, lateral view, paratype; 57,
aedeagus with appendage, lateral view, paratype; 58, apex of aedeagus, ventrolateral view, paratype; 59, clasper,
lateral view, paratype; 60, sternite 8, ventral view, holotype; 61, apex of aedeagus, ventral view, paratype; 62,
apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view, holotype; 63, sternite 7, ventral view; 64, tergite 1, dorsal view, holo-
type; 65, left antenna segm. 1—4, lateral view.
162 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Remarks.
L. sangihensis is very typical in its aedeagus
and its unsclerotized, basally narrow aedeagal
appendage.
Lembeja hollowayi n.sp.
(figs. 66—76, 141, 142, map 2)
This small species has been collected by Dr J.
P. Duffels and Dr J. D. Holloway in the Dumo-
ga-Bone N.P., and by Dr J. P. Duffels and Mrs
M. J. Duffels in Central Sulawesi.
Description.
Body yellowish green, sometimes with black
spots. Thorax with black coloration dorsally.
Red spots along the tegmen veins conspicuous.
Body males more elongate in comparison to all
other species of the foliata group, that have a
more rounded or triangularly shaped body.
Head and pronotum 1.06—1.26 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
rax in males 0.67—0.88, in females 0.79—1.0 x
as long as abdomen. Greatest width of body at
the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Antennae black coloured from 2nd
segment to apex; combs present on segments 3
and 4. Females sometimes with black coloration
on supra-antennal plates and area between ocel-
li. Eye rather large, 0.53—0.60 X as wide as ver-
tex between eyes. Distance between lateral ocel-
li 0.9—1.6 X distance between lateral ocellus
and eye. Head 1.35—1.77 X as long as, 1.99—
2.26 X as wide as width of vertex between eyes.
Rostrum with its black apex reaching trochanter
of middle leg.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar usually with a
black spot, which may continue as a black medi-
al fascia on the pronotum. Pronotum collar
1.51—1.74 X as wide as width of head, 1.98—
2.47 X as wide as length of head. Mesonotum
with dark-brown mark on cruciform elevation.
Some specimens with a large double-axe-shaped
marking between small paramedian obconical
areas and cruciform elevation; paramedian areas
with a small brown-black spot.
Legs. — Concolorous. Fore tibiae with two
conspicuous dark-coloured spots, placed as in
L. pectinulata and L. sangihensis. Armature of
fore femora as in L. sangihensis.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline.
Veins of tegmina yellow to green coloured; cos-
ta and extreme base of tegmen whitish. Red
spots along veins conspicuous; spots in cells of
tegmen relatively faint. Tegmen-border with
larger spots placed medially at apex of apical
areas. Large dark red spot at apex of Cu,,.
Third ulnar area 0.87—1.13 X as long as 1st
one; 4th ulnar area 0.86—1.04 X as long as radi-
al area. Wings with yellowish white veins; fu-
sion of the Cu, and A, at 78—90% from their
origin.
Male: Operculum. — Small, extending just
over tymbal cavity; meracanthus long, may
reach sternite 2.
Abdomen. — Green, sometimes slightly pale-
green, coloured. Tergite 1 with its medial ridge
ending distally in a triangular bulb of relatively
moderate size. Sturdy proximal edge slightly
concave near each of the hardly pointed, sclero-
tized flaps. Sternite 8 apically rounded.
Tymbal. — Provided with 18—19 long
ridges, alternating with medially short orange-
brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak of moderate
size, rounded apically. Lateral lobes of pygofer .
long and slender, in lateral view reaching just
beyond caudal dorsal beak, strongly diverging
in ventral view. Edge running downwards from
lateral lobe to base of pygofer only slightly
rounded. Claspers bulbous and sturdy, very
conspicuous in ventral view; nail-shaped pro-
trusion very small. Median uncus part smoothly
narrowing into a pointed projection. Apex of
aedeagus characteristic (fig. 70). Sclerotized
dorsal aedeagal appendage with broad, incised
apex, reaching apex of aedeagus.
Female: Operculum. — Small, rounded and
sickle-shaped. Meracanthus reaching sternite 2.
Abdomen. — Carinate, ovipositor sheath
0.35—0.48 x as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
13.4—15.5 mm, x = 14.7 + 0.6 mm, @: 14.6—
16.8 mm, x = 15.8 + 0.7 mm; width of prono-
tum collar d: 4.2—4.9 mm, x = 4.5 + 0.2 mm,
2: 4.5—5.7 mm, x = 5.2 + 0.3 mm; tegmen
length &: 16.3—17.9 mm, x = 17.2 + 0.7 mm,
22 17:8—20:9 mm, x = 19:2 = ONS mms
Distribution. — North and Central Sulawesi
(map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Stat. 15/Lowland rainforest/understorey/
canopy/MV light-trap” (print), “Hog’s Back
Camp/600 m, S-side of/ridge, 12—13.11.1985/J.
P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway” (print), “Indone-
sia/Sulawesi Utara/Dumoga-Bone N.P./Project
Wallace” (print), 1 6 (MZB). Paratypes: Sula-
wesi Utara, Dumoga Bone N.P.: Edwards
Camp 664 m, st. 27, MV light-trap, understo-
rey/canopy, 22.1.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D.
Holloway, 1 2 (ZMA); Hog’s Back Camp 492
De Jong: The foliata group of Lembeja 163
Figs. 66—76. Lembeja hollowayi; 66—75, 3; 76, 2, paratype Hog’s Back Camp. 66, pygofer, ventrolateral
view, paratype Toraut; 67, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view, paratype Toke Pangana; 68, clasper, lateral
view, paratype Toke Pangana; 69, aedeagus with appendage, ventrolateral view, paratype Toke Pangana; 70,
apex of aedeagus, ventral view, paratype Toke Pangana; 71, aedeagus with appendage, lateral view, paratype
Toke Pangana; 72, pygofer lateral view, paratype Toraut; 73, left antenna segm. 2—4, lateral view, paratype,
Toke Pangana; 74, sternite 8, ventral view, holotype; 75, tergite 1, dorsal view, holotype; 76, sternite 7, ventral
view.
m, st. 13, lowl. rainf., MV light-trap, canopy,
N-side of ridge, 10—11.1.1985, J. P. Duffels &
J. D. Holloway, 1 2 (MZB), 2 2 (ZMA), same
data but: st. 15, understorey/canopy, MV light-
trap, S-side of ridge, 12—13.11.1985, 1 ©
(MZB), 1 & (ZMA), same data but: st. 30A, MV
light-trap, canopy, 14.11.1985, J. D. Holloway, 1
® (MZB), 1 d 2 2 (ZMA); Page (= Barney's)
Camp 302 m, st. 9, lowl. rainf., MV light-trap,
48.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway, 1
3 (MZB); Toraut, st. 7, lowl. rainf., MV light-
trap, 1—2.i1.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Hollo-
way, 1 2 (MZB), 2 2 (ZMA), same data but: st.
16, light-trap site 1+2, understorey/canopy,
164 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
ZOE, ISL Se Badow, I 2 zB), Me
(ZMA), same data but: st. 23, light-trap site 2,
MMO SSN RA ze, 18 2 2 Kan),
samen datar but: sty 24% lieht-eraps site |, 15
DG HOS, i CAM ZB) 1S 22 AMUN) m
pah River; st. 34, secondary forest, 26—
29.11.1985, J. P. Duffels, 1 ® (ZMA). Sulawesi
Tengah, Lore Lindu N.P.: Marena, Hihia 360
m, 10 km NE Gimpu, st. 48, lowl. rainf. river-
bank, ML-light, 19.11.1985, J. P. & M. J. Duf-
fels, 1 d 1 2 (ZMA), same data but: st. 49, 400
m, along narrow stream, 20.11.1985, 2 d
(ZMA); Toke Pangana 700 m, st. 44, 4 km NE
Gimpu, 16.11.1985, J. P. & M. J. Duffels, 1 d 4
2 (ZMA).
Etymology. — The species is named after the
distinguished British lepidopterist Dr J. D. Hol-
loway (Commonwealth Institute of Entomolo-
gy), the Director of the Diversity and Conser-
vation Programme of the “Project Wallace” Ex-
pedition. Dr Holloway has made important
contributions to the knowledge and under-
standing of distribution patterns in the Indo-Pa-
cific. He stimulated the study of the biogeogra-
phy of cicadas in this region, e.g. by his exten-
sive collecting.
Remarks.
L. hollowayı and L. oligorhanta n.sp., char-
acterized by their bulbous claspers and diverg-
ing lateral lobes, are closely related. Differences
are found in the shape of the aedeagal append-
age, the density of red spots on the tegmina and
the body size.
Lembeja oligorhanta n.sp.
(figs. 77—86, map 2)
The species is described in comparison with
L. hollowayi, after two males and five females,
all from the Lore-Lindu N.P. in Central Sula-
wesl.
Description.
Larger than L. hollowayi. Body green, thorax
sometimes with black coloration dorsally. Red
spots along veins in tegmina usually only pre-
sent in basal half. Head and pronotum 1.03—
1.16 X as long as meso- and metanotum togeth-
er. Head and thorax in males 0.8—0.9, in fe-
males 0.77—1.01 x as long as abdomen. Great-
est width of body at the height of pronotum
collar.
Head. — Antennae black coloured from 2nd
segment to apex; combs present on segments 3
and 4. Females sometimes with black coloration
between eyes, on supra-antennal plates and
postelypeus. Eyes rather large, 0.53—0.67 X as
wide as vertex between eyes. Distance between
lateral ocelli 0.90—1.37 x distance between
lateral ocellus and eye. Head 1.39—1.77 X as
long as, 2.14—2.32 X as wide as width of vertex
between eyes. Rostrum as in L. hollowayi.
Thorax. — Pronotum coliar usually with a
black spot, which may continue in a broad,
black, medial fascia on pronotum. Pronotum
collar 1.54—1.78 X as wide as width of head,
2.0—2.63 X as wide as length of head. Mesono-
tum, and its eventual black markings, as in
L. hollowayı.
Legs. — Asin L. hollowayı.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline.
Coloration of venation as in L. hollowayı. Red
spots along veins usually only conspicuous in
basal part of tegmen, spots within cells of teg-
men usually not present, except at tegmen-bor- .
der at the height of apical area 8. Third ulnar
area 0.93—1.09 X as long as Ist one; 4th ulnar
area 0.88—0.95 X as long as radial are. Wings as
in L. hollowayi, fusion of Cu, and A, at 82—
91%.
Male: Operculum. — Relatively larger than
in L. hollowayı, meracanthus just not reaching
sternite 2.
Abdomen. — Green. Tergite 1 with a very
small triangular-shaped bulb. Other features as
in L. hollowayı.
Tymbal. — Provided with 21 long ridges al-
ternating with medial short brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak of moderate
size, rounded apically. Lateral lobes less slender
than in L. hollowayı, diverging in ventral view.
Edge running downwards from lateral lobe to
base of pygofer only slightly rounded. Claspers
less bulbous than in L. hollowayi, nail-shaped
protrusion larger than in L. hollowayı. Median
uncus part less pointed than in L. hollowayı.
Apex of aedeagus as in fig. 79. Small, tapering
apex of sclerotized dorsal aedeagal appendage
slightly incised, reaching apex of aedeagus.
Female: Operculum. — As in L. hollowayı.
Meracanthus usually reaching over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — As in L. hollowayı. Ovipositor
sheath 0.38—0.47 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
184mm! 2: 784191 mn) 82188
mm; width of pronotum collar d : 4.7—5.5 mm,
2: 6.1—6.5 mm, x = 6.21 + 0.2 mm; tegmen
length d: 20.5—21.3 mm, ©: 21.7—24.1 mm, x
= 22.6 + 0.8 mm.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (map 2).
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja
Figs. 77—83. Lembeja oligorhanta; 77—81, 83, holotype, 82, d, paratype. 77, aedeagus with appendage, ven-
trolateral view; 78, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 79, apex of aedeagus, ventral view; 80, apex of aedeagal append-
age, ventral view; 81, clasper, lateral view; 82, sternite 8, ventral view; 83, pygofer, lateral view.
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Museum Leiden Sulawesi/Palu, 50 km SE of:
Lore/Lindu NP, Dongi Dongi sh./UTM SJ 86;
950 m; 3 Dec. 1985 B/ Van Tol & Krikken”
(partly print, partly handwritten), 1 à
(RMNH). Paratypes: Sulawesi Tengah, Lore-
Lindy N.P.: same data as holotype but:
4.x11.1985, 1 d 1 2 (RMNH), same data but:
4—9.xu.1985, 2 2 (RMNH), same data but:
7.xu.1985, 1 © (ZMA), same locality but: st. 52,
ML-light, 90 km SE of Palu, 23.11.1985, J. P. &
M. J. Duffels, 1 2 (ZMA).
Etymology. — The name of the species refers
to its sparsely spotted tegmina. “Oligo” (Greek)
stands for little, and “rhanta” (Greek) for sprin-
kled.
165
166
À
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 84—86. Lembeja oligorhanta, 84, 86, holotype, 85, 2, paratype. 84, left antenna segm. 2—4, lateral view;
85, sternite 7, ventral view; 86, tergite 1, dorsal view.
Remarks.
L. oligorhanta is easily distinguished from the
other species of the foliata group, because of its
hardly spotted tegmina. It appears to be most
closely related to L. hollowayı, which is strong-
ly suggested by the shape of the lateral lobes
and the claspers. Though both present in Cen-
tral Sulawesi, they are probably confined to a
different altitude, as can be read from the data
(L. hollowayi: 200—700 m; L. oligorhanta: 950
m). A difference in size between the two species
is also apparent. A discussion on a possible rela-
tion between size and altitude is given in the re-
marks on L. incisa n.sp.
Lembeja mirandae n.sp.
(figs. 87—96, map 2)
This species, one of the largest of the foliata
group, is described after one male and one fe-
male from the Lore-Lindu N.P. in Sulawesi
Tengah.
Description.
Fairly large and robust species coloured with
brown, yellow to pale-ochraceous and black.
Ventrally pale-ochraceous. Pigmentation of api-
cal cells of the tegmen with relatively large,
dark-red spots. Head and pronotum together
1.15—1.18 X as long as meso- and metanotum
together. Head and thorax in the males 0.76 x,
in the females 0.87 X as long as abdomen.
Greatest width of body at the height of abdomi-
nal segment 3.
Head. — Antennae dark coloured, especially
from segment 2 to apex. Combs weakly devel-
oped on segment 3, hardly present on segment
4. Eye 0.59 x as wide as width of vertex be-
tween eyes. Area between raised ocelli and on
supra-antennal plates slightly darker coloured
than rest of head; distance between lateral ocelli
0.93—1.14 x distance between lateral ocellus-
and eye. Head 1.52—1.68 X as long as, 2.18 X
as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Post-
clypeus very narrow in lateral view, its upper
portion slightly darker coloured in lateral view.
Rostrum with dark apex reaching coxae of mid-
dle legs.
Thorax. — Pronotum collar greenish tinged
with a medially placed pale-brown spot, widely
ampliated at lateral corners; 1.69—1.81 X as
wide as width of head including eyes, 2.34—
2.41 X as wide as length of head. Ochraceous-
brown pronotum slightly domed. Mesonotum
of the male with a light ochraceous-brown area
in front of cruciform elevation, two small dark-
brown paramedian, obconical areas and dark-
brown lateral sides. Mesonotum of female on
the whole fairly dark. Cruciform elevation and
metanotum medially brown.
Legs. — Concolorous with underside of body
except for fore tibiae and intermediate coxae.
Darkening towards claws. Fore tibiae with a
large apical spot and a slightly smaller one at 4
from their bases. Armature of fore femora con-
sisting of a basal, slightly pointed, relatively
thick and round thorn, and two more apically
situated pointed spines; most apical one the
smallest. All thorns dark-coloured.
Tegmina and wings. — Hyaline tegmina with
yellowish-greenish veins; costa with its basal
half brownish coloured, slightly depressed be-
yond base. Extreme base whitish-pink, basal
area infuscated. Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar
area extending well into 3rd ulnar area; contin-
_ued by a distinct corial fold. Dark-red to brown
spots in cells of tegmen. Heavily pigmented
ee
De Jong: The foliata group of Lembeja 167
Figs. 87—92. Lembeja mirandae, holotype. 87, pygofer, lateral view; 88, clasper, lateral view; 89, apex of ae-
deagus, ventral view; 90, aedeagus with appendage, ventrolateral view; 91, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral
view; 92, pygofer, ventrolateral view.
168 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 93—96. Lembeja mirandae; 93—95, holotype; 96, paratype. 93, sternite 8, ventral view; 94, left antenna
segm. 1—4, lateral view; 95, tergite 1, dorsal view; 96, sternite 7, ventral view.
with brown in apical halt ot 4th ulnar area along
corial fold. Large brownish red spots at tegmen
border medially placed at apices of apical areas.
Node halfway M,,, distinct. Third ulnar area
0.93 X as long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area 0.94—
0.98 x as long as radial area. Wings hyaline
with red veins, extreme base whitish-pink. Fu-
sion of Cu, and A, at 91% of their length.
Male: Operculum. — Dark coloured, large
(compared to opercula of other members of the
same subgroup), just reaching over tymbal cavi-
ty. Pale-ochraceous meracanthus reaching well
over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Greenish brown, ventrally as
well as laterally paler coloured. Tergite 1 darker
than other tergites, its proximal edge thickened,
somewhat lighter coloured, rounded at the scle-
rotized flaps. Triangular bulb depressed, level-
ling it distally with the slightly depressed lateral
parts of the tergite. Sternites with small, medial
light-brown spots. Sternite 8 large, apically
straight to rounded.
Tymbals. — Nineteen long and an equal
number of short orange-brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak not extend-
ing beyond anal valves, apically rounded.
Lateral pygofer lobes fairly short. Edge running
downwards from each lateral lobe to base of py-
gofer apically slightly produced. Claspers in
lateral view broad. Nail-shaped protrusion only
small. Median uncus part with a broad protru-
sion. Aedeagus with broad apex, dorsally only
very slightly produced. Sclerotized aedeagal ap-
pendage stout, apically rounded, reasonably in-
cised; reaching apex of aedeagus. Adjustment of
aedeagus relatively high in ventral view.
Female: Operculum. — Small, dark coloured.
Meracanthus apically dark and reaching over
sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Light-ochraceous with two
lateral, broad dark-coloured fasciae, running
from segment 3 to segment 8, and a more nar-
row, medial dorsal light-coloured fascia running
up to pale-ochraceous caudal dorsal beak. Distal
edges of tergites light coloured. Sternites 3—6
with median, slightly darker triangular spots.
Ovipositor sheath somewhat darker coloured
than pale-ochraceous segment 9; its apex, being
0.39 X as long as abdomen, even darker.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
22.8 mm, 2: 20.4 mm; width of pronotum col-
lar d: 7.6 mm, ©: 7.2 mm; tegmen length &: 25
mm, © : 24.6 mm.
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 169
Figs. 97—103. Lembeja majuscula, holotype. 97, pygofer, lateral view; 98, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral
view; 99, clasper, lateral view; 100, apex of aedeagus, ventral view; 101, 102, aedeagus with appendage, 101,
lateral view, 102, ventrolateral view; 103, pygofer, ventrolateral view.
170 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 104—107. Lembeja majuscula; 104—106, holotype; 107, 2, paratype. 104, sternite 8, ventral view; 105,
left antenna segm. 1—4, lateral view; 106, tergite 1, dorsal view; 107, sternite 7, ventral view.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Stat. 41/Lower montane/forest/MV light”
(print), “Rano Rano, 1600 m/10 km NE Gim-
pu/14.111.1985/J. P. & M. J. Duffels” (print),
“Indonesia/Sulawesi Tengah/Lore Lindu N.P.”
(print), 1 4 (ZMA). Paratype: same data as ho-
lotype but: st. 43, 15.11.1985, 1 2 (ZMA).
Etymology. — This beautifully pigmented
species is dedicated to a very special friend with
the most appropriate name Miranda, which, in
Latin, stands for “to be admired”.
Remarks.
L. mirandae, L. majuscula n.sp. and L. incisa
n.sp. are the only three species described within
the foliata subgroup that are more or less heavi-
ly pigmented, as well considering their body as
their tegmina. To a certain extent these three
species remind of the L. distanti subgroup in
some features, viz. tergite 1 depressed distally
on both sides of the medial ridge, and as for
L. mirandae and L. majuscula n.sp., the weakly
developed antennal combs and the heavily pig-
mented tegmina.
Lembeja majuscula n.sp.
(figs. 97107, 143, 144, map 2)
This largest and most heavily pigmented spe-
cies of the foliata group is described in compari-
son with L. mirandae after two males and one
female from the Lore-Lindu N.P. in Central Su-
lawesi.
Description.
A large hairy species with brown to ochra-
ceous ground-colour, which is tinged with
green, and some dark patches on the thorax.
Ventrally slightly paler than dorsally. Pigmenta-
tion of cells of tegmina very conspicuous. Head
and pronotum together 1.02—1.09 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
rax together in males 0.70—0.71 X, in the fe-
male 0.86 X as long as abdomen. Greatest width
of body at the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Dark or light-ochraceous to brown-
ish green. Eye 0.53—0.54 X as wide as width of
vertex between eyes. More or less darker col-
oured between raised ocelli and on edge of su-
pra-antennal plate; distance between lateral
ocelli 0.84—1.15 x distance between lateral
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 171
ocellus and eye. Antennae dark coloured, espe-
cially from segment 2 to apex. Combs only very
slightly developed on segment 3. Head 1.52—
1.61 X as long as, 2.06—2.07 X as wide as
width of vertex between eyes. Upper portion of
postelypeus in lateral view somewhat darker
coloured, female with ventrally a median dark
stripe.
Thorax. — Pronotum irregularly patched
with darker spots. Pronotum collar tinged with
green, 1.78—1.91 X as wide as width of head,
2.37—2.60 X as wide as length of head. Obcon-
ical areas on mesonotum hardly discernable,
paramedian ones indicated by a narrow light-
coloured margin. Greatest part of cruciform ele-
vation light-coloured, with a median dark-
brown line, continued on the metanotum.
Legs. — As in L. mirandae, but slightly dark-
em
Tegmina and wings. — General shape and
coloration as in L. mirandae, but tegmina, espe-
cially in the female, with distinctly heavier pig-
mentation in cells of the tegmina and along
veins than in L. mirandae. Heavily pigmented
in apical half of 4th ulnar area near corial fold,
and in 8th apical area. Extreme base whitish-
pink. Third ulnar area 0.91—1.01 X as long as
Ist one; 4th ulnar area 1.01—1.11 X as long as
radial one. Wings as in L. mirandae, extreme
base more whitish coloured. Fusion of Cu, and
A, at 73—85% from their origin.
Male: Operculum. — Dark coloured, rela-
tively large. Meracanthus reaching well over
tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Broadly shaped, greenish col-
oured; sternites with medial light-brown spots,
less conspicuous than in L. mirandae. Tergite 1
as in L. mirandae. Mediodorsally dark-coloured
along the carination of segment 3—8. Tergite 1
as in L. mirandae. Sternite 8 relatively broad;
apex rounded and dark.
Tymbals. — Provided with 20 long, medially
dark-coloured ridges alternating ih 19 ae
orange-brown coloured ones.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak dark-col-
oured and apically pointed. Lateral lobes broad,
slightly darkening to their apices. Edge running
downwards from lateral lobe to base of pygofer
slightly produced just under lateral lobe. Clasp-
ers narrow, long and dark in lateral view. Nail-
shaped protrusion of clasper small. Median un-
cus part slightly produced. Sclerotized aedeagal
appendage stout, apically fairly deeply incised,
creating two very short pointed processes,
reaching apex of aedeagus. Aedeagus relatively
less broad than in L. mirandae.
Female: Operculum. — Small, dark coloured.
Meracanthus reaching over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Ochraceous with three broad,
dark-coloured fasciae, the upper edges of the
lateral ones almost touching the edges of the
dorsal one; dorsal one very dark on segment 9,
including caudal dorsal beak, lateral ones not
reaching hind margin of segment 8. Hind mar-
gins of tergites lighter coloured. Ovipositor
sheath dark, especially at apex; 0.36 X as long as
abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
24.3—25.5 mm, 2: 2.16; width of pronotum
collar d: 8.3—8.4 mm, ©: 7.9 mm; tegmen
length d : 27—27.7 mm, © : 26.1 mm.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Stat. 55/Disturbed lower/montane forest/ML-
light, canopy” (print), “10 km SE Polo-
ka/1900m, 25.iii.1985/J. P. & M. J. Duffels”
(print), “Indonesia/Sulawesi Tengah/Lore Lin-
du N.P.” (print), 1 d (ZMA). Paratypes: same
data as holotype, 1 6 (MZB) 1 2 (ZMA).
Etymology. — The name of this heavily pig-
mented species, “majuscula”, refers to its larger
size compared to the other, slightly less heavy
pigmented species within the foliata subgroup,
L. mirandae.
Remarks.
L. majuscula, L. mirandae and L. incisa n.sp.
seem to form a separate taxonomic unit within
the foliata subgroup, because of the pigmenta-
tion, the size of the male opercula, the shape of
the male tergit 1 and some features in the male
genitalia. L. majuscula differs, apart from its
size, from L. mirandae in the darker coloured
body and the more conspicuous pigmentation
of the cells of the tegmina.
Lembeja incisa n.sp.
(fig. 108—117, map 2)
This small, pigmented species is described in
comparison with L. mirandae after two males
and five females from the Lore-Lindu N.P. in
Central Sulawesi.
Description.
Small, pigmented species, coloured with oli-
vaceous-green, brown to dark-brown. Ventrally
pale-ochraceous. Apical cells of tegmina shaded,
hardly consisting of dark-brown spots. Head
and pronotum together 1.09—1.31 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
172 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 108—117. Lembeja incisa; 108—110, 112, 114, 115, holotype, 111, 113, d, paratype; 116, 117, ©, para-
type. 108, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 109, clasper, lateral view; 110, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventral view;
111, apex of aedeagus, ventral view; 112, aedeagus with appendage, ventrolateral view; 113, sternite 8, ventral
view; 114, pygofer, lateral view; 115, tergite 1, dorsal view; 116, left antenna segm. 2—4, lateral view; 117, ster-
nite 7, ventral view.
rax in males 0.77—0.85 x, in females 0.89—
1.12 X as long as abdomen. Greatest width of
body at the height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Antennae dark coloured. Combs
less weakly developed than in L. mirandae, pre-
sent on both antennal segment 3 and 4. Eyes
0.52—0.58 X as wide as width of vertex in be-
tween eyes. Ground colour of head olivaceous;
dark-brown between lateral ocelli, paler brown
on supra-antennal plates and sometimes on
postclypeus. Distance between lateral ocelli
1.0—1.15 X distance between lateral ocellus and
eye. Head 1.41—1.68 X as long, 2.03—2.16 x
as wide as width of vertex in between eyes. In
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 173
lateral view upper portion of postclypeus darker
coloured than basal portion. Rostrum as in
L. mirandae.
Thorax. — Pronotum on the whole fairly oli-
vaceous-greenish tinged, with irregularly brown
pronotum collar, fissures and central fascia.
Pronotum collar 1.54—1.69 X as wide as width
of head, 2.09—2.45 X as wide as length of head.
Olivaceous-green mesonotum usually covered
with brown patches, as in L. mirandae and
L. majuscula. Crucitorm elevation and metano-
tum medially brown, its distal edge more cov-
ered with brown than in L. mirandae and
L. majuscula. Ventrally paler, though dark
patches sometimes present.
Legs. — As in L. mirandae, but dark col-
oured patches more conspicuous.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina generally as
in L. mirandae, but less spotted within the teg-
men cells, especially apical areas 1—7. Third ul-
nar area 0.76—0.98 X as long as Ist one; 4th ul-
nar area 0.89—1.02 x as long as radial rea.
Wings as in L. mirandae, fusion of Cu, and A,
at 80—89% of their length.
Male: Operculum. — Slightly darker than
body ventrally. Small, hardly reaching over
tymbal cavity. Meracanthus pale-ochraceous,
reaching just over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Olivaceous-green. Tergite 1 al-
most completely dark coloured, shape as in
L. mirandae. Medio-dorsally dark coloured
along tergites 2—8. Two lateral broad, dark col-
oured fasciae, running from segment 3—7. Ster-
nites pale olivaceous-green. Sternite 8 small,
apically more pointed than in L. mirandae.
Tymbals. — Eighteen long and an equal num-
ber of short orange-brown ridges.
Genitalia. — Caudal dorsal beak just not ex-
tending beyond anal valves, apically rounded.
Lateral pygoter lobes fairly long, slightly diver-
ging in ventral view. Edge running downwards
from each lateral lobe to base of pygofer apical-
ly produced. The flat enlargement very narrow.
Claspers in lateral view narrow, as in L. pecti-
nulata. Nail-shaped protrusion small. Median
uncus part reasonably pointed. Broad apex of
aedeagus with a slight dorsal incision. Weakly
sclerotized aedeagal appendage not reaching
apex of aedeagus; shape as in L. majuscula. Ad-
justment of aedeagus as in L. mirandae.
2: Operculum. — Small, slightly dark col-
oured. Pale ochraceous meracanthus reaching
Just over sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Ochraceous. The two lateral
fasciae running from segment 3—7 and the dor-
sal fascia running from segment 1 up to the cau-
dal dorsal beak as in L. mirandae, though more
prominent. Distal edges of tergites 1—7 conco-
lorous with the dorsal fascia. Sternites pale och-
raceous. Ovipositor sheath 0.33—0.36 X as
long as abdomen, somewhat darker coloured
than pale ochraceous segment 9.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
14.2—15 mm, @: 15.1—16.7 mm, x = 16.0 +
0.7 mm; width of pronotum collar d: 4.7 mm,
NON armste men
length d: 17.2—17.8 mm, 2: 18.7—20.9 mm, x
= 19.8 + 0.8 mm.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (map 2).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Museum Leiden Sulawesi/Palu, 65 km SSE of:
Lore/Lindu NP, Marena shelter./UTM SJ62; 13
Dec. 1985 A/Van Tol & Krikken” (partly print,
partly handwritten), 1 d (RMNH). Paratypes:
Sulawesi Tengah, Lore Lindu N.P.: same data
as holotype but: 13.x11.1985, 1 2 (RMNH),
14.x11.1985, 1 g (RMNH), same data but:
léssi19895 di 2 (AMUN), seme Cat bue:
17.xu.1985, 1 2 (RMNH), same data but 13—
17.x11.1985, 1 2 (RMNH); Marena, Hihia, 400
m, 10 km N Gimpu, ML-light, 20.11.1985, J. P.
& M. J. Duffels, 1 2 (ZMA).
Etymology. — The species is named incisa,
because it is the only species within the foliata
group with an incised apex of the aedeagus.
Remarks.
Though pigmented alike L. mirandae and
L. majuscula, L. incisa has some features that
remind of other species. The weakly sclerotized
aedeagal appendage is reminiscent of that of
L. foliata and related species, whilst the claspers
are alike the ones of L. pectinulata. Finally, the
flat enlargement in the male genitalia is hardly
developed, suggesting being more similar to the
species of the distanti subgroup, that have no
enlargement at all.
This small species is recorded from an altitude
between 400—600 m. The larger L. mirandae is
recorded from 1600 m, and the largest pig-
mented species, L. majuscula, is from 1900 m.
This feature, that within a small assemblage of,
probably, closely related species, the body size
increases when taken at an higher altitude, is al-
so displayed when comparing L. minahassae, L.
elongata and L. dekkeri, and for L. hollowayi
and L. oligorhanta. Whether this feature is also
displayed in other species-groups of the Prasii-
ni, or even in other Cicadoidea, is under study.
174 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 118—125. Lembeja distanti, holotype. 118, 119, pygofer, 118, lateral view, 119, ventrolateral view; 120,
apex of aedeagal appendage, dorsal view; 121, 122, apex of aedeagus, 121, ventral view, 122, ventrolateral view;
123, apex of aedeagal appendage, ventrolateral view; 124, clasper, lateral view; 125, left antenna segm. 1—4,
lateral view.
The distanti subgroup
| Within the foliata group as a whole, the dis-
tanti subgroup can be recognized by the almost
complete lacking of the antennal combs. Fur-
thermore, eyes medium-sized, 0.56—0.75 x
width of vertex between eyes. Fore femora with
2nd spine from base (homologous to middle
thorn in other Prasiini) relatively large. Male
tergite 1 depressed distally at both sides of tri-
angular-shaped bulb. Opaque tegmina pig-
mented with minute punctations in cells of the
tegmina. Spots along veins brown. Sclerotized
aedeagal appendage with hook-shaped apex.
Lateral lobe bulbous. Ovipositor sheath extend-
ing not far beyond caudal dorsal beak.
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 175
126
Figs. 126—128. Lembeja distanti; 126, ©, paratype; 127, 128, holotype. 126, sternite 7, ventral view; 127, ter-
gite 1, dorsal view; 128, sternite 8, ventral view.
Lembeja distanti n.sp.
(figs. 118—128, map 1)
The species is described after three males and
two females.
Description.
Dull brownish testaceous to sometimes red-
dish in females. Ventrally paler. Head and pro-
notum together 0.95—1.04 X as long as meso-
and metanotum together. Head and thorax to-
gether in males 0.88 x, in females 1.07 X as
long as abdomen. Greatest width of body at the
height of abdominal segment 3.
Head. — Antennal comb on segment 3
sometimes only scarcely discernable. Eye large,
in dorsal view 0.62—0.65 X as wide as width of
vertex between eyes. Ocelli raised. Distance be-
tween lateral ocelli 0.82—0.97 x distance be-
tween lateral ocellus and eye. Head 1.41—1.72
x as long, 2.24—2.42 x as wide as width of ver-
tex between eyes. Upper portion of postclypeus
in lateral view slightly darker coloured. Ros-
trum with dark apex reaching trochanter of
middle leg.
Thorax. — Pronotum with some dark-brown
patches. Pronotum collar 1.60—1.74 x as wide
as width of head, 2.26—2.73 x as wide as length
of head. Central fascia slightly reddish. Meso-
notum mottled within 4 obconical areas.
Legs. — Concolorous with ventral side of
thorax. Fore and middle tibiae darkening to-
wards claws, and with somewhat darker spots at
their bases and apices. Fore femora with 4—5
spines: a basal long, rounded and apically point-
ed one, the following, pointed one (the so-called
middle thorn in other Prasiini) very sturdy,
which is followed by 2—3 gradually smaller,
pointed thorns.
Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline
with a high number of small red punctations,
combined irregularly to smaller and larger
patches within the cells of the tegmina, and to
more regular patches along the veins. Trans-
verse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending just into
the 3rd one; continued by a fold. Node halfway
M;,, distinct. Extreme base whitish to pink.
Third ulnar area 0.97—1.08 x as long as Ist
one; 4th ulnar area 1.08—1.25 X as long as radi-
al one. Wings with red to white veins. Fusion of
Cu, and A, at 88—95% from their origin.
Male: Operculum. — Small, meracanthus
reaching over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — Broad. Tergite 1 strongly de-
pressed distally at both sides of triangular
shaped bulb. Sternite 8 broad, posterior margin
almost straight.
Tymbals. — Fourteen to 15 long ridges alter-
nating with an equal number of short ridges.
Genitalia. — Apically pointed caudal dorsal
176 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
Figs. 129—138. Lembeja brendelli; 129—137, 6, Ranu River Area; 138, © paratype Ranu River Area. 129, py-
gofer, lateral view, paratype; 130, apex of aedeagal appendage, dorsal view, holotype; 131, pygofer, ventrolate-
ral view, paratype; 132, apex of aedeagus, ventral view, holotype; 133, clasper, lateral view, paratype; 134, ae-
deagus with appendage, lateral view, holotype; 135, left antenna segm. 1—4, lateral view, paratype; 136, tergite
1, dorsal view, holotype; 137, sternite 8, ventral view, paratype; 138, sternite 7, ventral view.
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 177
139
141
142
Figs. 139—142. General facies. 139, Lembeja minahassae 3, paratype Toraut; 140, Lembeja minahassae 9,
paratype Edwards Camp; 141, Lembeja hollowayi 3, paratype Toraut; 142, Lembeja hollowayi 2, paratype
Toraut.
178 TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
beak extending not or just beyond anal valves.
Lateral lobes in lateral view apically slightly re-
curved. Edge running downwards from lateral
lobe to base of pygofer straight. Claspers in
lateral view straight, nail-shaped protrusion me-
dium-sized. Aedeagus apically with a slightly
upcurved tooth. Dorsal aedeagal appendage api-
cally with more or less flattened hook-shaped
processes. Adjustment of aedeagus situated
halfway pygofer lobe. Base of pygofer medially
incised.
Female: Operculum. — Small, meracanthus
just reaching sternite 3.
Abdomen. — Dorsally carinated. Segment 9
dorsally somewhat darker coloured. Ovipositor
sheath 0.33 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length d:
19.7 mm (n = 1), 2: 18.4 mm (n = 1); width of
pronotum collar d: 5.8—6.7 mm, 2: 6.6 mm;
tegmen length d: 24.4 mm (n = 1), 2: 22.7—
22.8 mm.
Distribution. — Central and South-East Sula-
wesi (map 1).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Celebes/Posso See/Iil 95 ‘Sarasin? (ande
written), “Celebes/Posso See/Sarasins” (yellow
label, handwritten), “1910/6” (partly print,
partly handwritten), “coll. JACOBI” (print),
“Staatl Museum für/Tierkunde Dresden”
(print), 1 d (SMD). Paratypes: Indonesia, Sula-
wesı: Kandarı (= Kendari?), iv.1874, O. Becca-
ri, Perissoneura maculosa, 1 6 (MSNG); Posso
See, 11.95, Sarasin, Lembeja sanguinolenta Jaco-
bi det, coll. Breddin, 1 & (DEI), same data but:
sanguinolenta, 2, coll. Breddin, 1 2 (DEI).
Specimen without precise indication of locality:
Celebes, 1 2 (SMD).
Etymology. — The species is named after W.
L. Distant, one of the greatest contributors to
the knowledge on the Cicadoidea, primarily
concerned with the taxonomy of several insect
groups, among which the superfamily Cicadoi-
dea. Furthermore, he is the author of the genus
accommodating the species described in this
publication (Distant, 1883, 1892).
Remarks.
L. distanti and L. brendelli n.sp. are very sim-
ilar in their male genitalia structures. Characters
of distinction will be discussed in the remarks
on L. brendelli n.sp.
Lembeja brendelli n.sp.
(figs. 129—138, 145, 146, map 1)
The species is described, in comparison with
L. distanti, atter a tine series of male and female
specimens collected by Mr M. J. D. Brendell
(BM) during “Operation Drake” in Sulawesi
Tengah in 1980.
Description.
Brownish ochraceous, sometimes reddish in
females; pronotum and abdomen lighter col-
oured. Ventrally paler than dorsally. Head and
pronotum together 0.93—1.19 X as long as
meso- and metanotum together. Head and tho-
rax together in males 0.71—0.87 x, in females
0.77—1.09 x as long as abdomen. Greatest
width of body at the height of abdominal seg-
ment 3.
Head. — Mostly dark-coloured. Antennal
comb may be hardly discernable by some hairs
on the 3rd segment. Eye large, 0.56—0.75 X as
wide as width of vertex between eyes. Ocelli
raised; distance between lateral ocelli 1.0—1.6 .
x distance between lateral ocellus and eye.
Head 1.33—1.76 X as long, 2.12—2.49 x as
wide as width of vertex. Postclypeus in ventral
view medially slightly to considerably darker.
Rostrum with dark apex reaching trochanter of
middle leg
Thorax. — Pronotum with dark-coloured
patches as in L. distanti. The central fascia on
the pronotum usually dark-coloured and con-
tinues on pronotum collar. Lateral corners of
pronotum collar mostly with dark patches. Pro-
notum collar 1.48—1.72 X as wide as width of
head, 2.08—2.81 X as wide as length of head.
Obconical areas on mesonotum sometimes ligh-
ter, sometimes darker than ground colour. Cru-
ciform elevation with a medial longitudinal dark
line, which continues on the metanotum.
Legs. — Generally as in L. distanti, though
fore and middle legs on the whole darker tinged.
Arrangement of the 4, dark-coloured spines on
the fore femora as in L. distanti; most apical one
very small.
Tegmina and wings. — Subhyaline, especially
in females with a high number of small red
punctations, that are combined to very large, al-
most tegmencell-filling, patches; also dark-red
to brownish tinged small spots present, as well
in the cells of the tegmina as along the veins.
Extreme base pink to whitish. Transverse vein
of 2nd ulnar area extending just to reasonably
into the 3rd ulnar area, continued by a fold.
Third ulnar area 0.76—1.01 X as long as Ist
one; 4th ulnar area 1.15—1.5 X as long as radıal
area. Wings sometimes tinged basally with pink,
extreme base pink to whitish. Fusion of Cu, and
De Jone: The foliata group of Lembeja 179
Figs. 143—146. General facies. 143, Lembeja majuscula 3, holotype; 144, Lembeja majuscula 2, paratype;
145, Lembeja brendelli 3, paratype; 146, Lembeja brendelli 2 , paratype Ranu River area.
180 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 5, 1986
A, at 85—98% from their origin.
Male: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus
reaching just over tymbal cavity.
Abdomen. — More slender than in L. distan-
ti, triangular light-brown to ochraceous. Tergite
1 strongly depressed distally on both sides of
the triangular shaped bulb; ridge sometimes
slightly darker coloured. Sternite 8 broad,
sometimes narrowing apically.
Tymbals. — Provided with 17—20 long
ridges alternating with 16—20 short ridges.
~ Genitalia. — Generally as in L. distanti, but
with the following differences: claspers less
elongate; edge running downwards from each
lateral lobe to base of pygofer with a distinct
protrusion just under lateral lobe; lateral lobe
more bulbous subapically; apex of aedeagus
weakly upcurved; sclerotized processes aedea-
gal appendage round, slender and pointed.
Female: Operculum. — Relatively larger than
in L. distanti. Meracanthus just reaching ster-
nite 3.
Abdomen. — Reddish or brownish coloured
with dark mark on segment 9. Ovipositor
sheath 0.24—0.32 X as long as abdomen.
Measurements of the types: body length à:
16.8—19.2 mm, x = 17.6 + 0.8 mm, 9 : 16.2—
20.8 mm, x = 18.5 + 1.3 mm; width of prono-
tum collar &: 5.5—6.8 mm, x = 6.0 + 0.4 mm,
2: 5.9—7.5 mm, x = 6.9 + 0.9 mm; tegmen
length d: 19.4—20.2 mm, x = 19.8 + 0.3 mm,
? : 20.4—24.6 mm, x = 22.7 + 0.9 mm.
Distribution. — Central Sulawesi (map 1).
Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:
“Sulawesi Tengah:/Nr Morowali,/Ranu River
Area/27.1.—20.1v.1980” (print), “M. J. D. Bren-
dell/B.M. 1980-280” (print), “Brit. Mus.” (part-
ly print, partly handwritten), 1 d (BMNH).
Paratypes: Indonesia, Sulawesi Tengah: same
data as holotype, 4 d 14 ® (BMNH), 3 6 3 2
(ZMA), same data but: at light, lowl. rainf., 8 ©
(BMNH), same data but: at MV light lowl.
rainf., 3 2 (BMNH), same data but: lowl. rainf.,
1 © (BMNH); Solato R., Taronggo, 1°45’S—
121°40’E, 27—30.11.1980, M. J. D. Brendell,
BM 1980-280, 1 © (BMNH).
Etymology. — The species is named after the
British coleopterist Mr Martin J. D. Brendell
(BMNH), who has collected the series of speci-
mens, upon which the description of this species |
is based.
Remarks.
L. brendelli can be separated from L. distanti
by male genital characters, viz. the clearly out- |
curved edge running downwards from each
lateral lobe to base of pygofer, the rounded,
pointed processes of the dorsal aedeagal ap-
pendage and by the different number of long
ridges on the tymbal. The very depressed distal
parts of the male tergite 1 may be a synapomor-
phy for both species of the distanti subgroup.
REFERENCES
The list presented here is additional to the
references of Part 1 of the study: “Taxonomy
and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini” (De
Jong, 1985).
Boulard, M., 1975. Iruana rougeoti n.sp. intéressante
cigale éthiopienne. — Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 80: 176—
179, figs. 1—2.
Boulard, M., 1981. Recherches zoologiques en Ethio-
pie: Homoptera Cicadoidea. — Quad. Accad.
Naz. Lincei, Roma 243: 57—60, figs. 1—8.
Distant, W. L., 1897a. Cicadidae from the Malay Ar-
chipelago. — Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 20: 369—
371.
Distant, W. L., 1897b. Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nel-
la Papuasia orientale xvii. Additions to our knowl-
edge of the Cicadidae of New Guinea. — Annali
Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Giacomo Doria (2) 17: 378—
383.
Jong, M. R. de, 1985. Taxonomy and biogeography of
Oriental Prasiini 1: The genus Prasia Stal, 1863
(Homoptera, Tibicinidae). — Tijdschr. Ent. 128
(2): 165191, figs. 191. !
Lallemand, V., 1935. Homoptères des Iles de la Sonde
et de l’Australie du Nord. — Revue Suisse Zool.
42: 661—668, figs. 1—19.
Lallemand, V. & H. Synave, 1953. Homopteres de
Sumba et de Flores. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergeb-
nisse der Sumba-Expedition des Museums für
Volkerkunde und des Naturhistorischen Museums
in Basel, 1949. — Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel 64:
903—912, figs. 1—2.
(Author’s address: Institute of Taxonomic Zoology,
University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)
| DEEL 129 AFLEVERING 6 1986
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A. J. Davis. — Bibliography of the Ixodiphagini (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea,
Encyrtidae), parasites of ticks (Acari, Ixodidae), with notes on their biology,
pp. 181—190, figs. 1,2.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 6
Gepubliceerd 15-XII-1986
eter Aline RE
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE IXODIPHAGINI
(HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA, ENC
PARASITES OF TICKS (ACARI, IXODIDAE),
ON THEIR BIOLOGY f
by
YRTIDAE),
WITH NOTES
ì
\
A.J. DAVIS
Afdeling Oecologie, Subfaculteit Biologie, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Nederland
all
ABSTRACT
A bibliography is presented of the Ixodiphagini, poorly known specialist parasitoids of
ixodid ticks. Their larvae develop in the host, largely on vertebrate blood. Notes are given
on the taxonomy of the group and their occurrence in Europe. Their biology is described.
INTRODUCTION
The Ixodiphagini are a small tribe of morpho-
logically unremarkable Encyrtids (figs. 1 and 2).
Unlike other Encyrtids, however, they are in-
ternal parasites of hard ticks (Acari : Ixodidae).
Several hymenopteran families contain species
that parasitize arthropods that are not insects,
but the Ixodiphagini are unusual because their
larvae consume the vertebrate blood ingested by
the host tick. This diet is unique among the par-
asitic Chalcidoidea.
Tick physiology and ecology are different
from those of insects and the ixodiphagine aca-
roparasitoids show interesting adaptations to
their tick hosts. Because the group is not well
known, and the literature is scattered and diffi-
cult to trace, these notes and bibliography are
offered as a stimulus to new research.
TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY
There are currently seven species named in
the Ixodiphagini, all of which are now assigned
to the genus /xodiphagus Howard, 1907 (Trja-
pitzin, 1985). Formerly they were separated in-
to the genera /xodiphagus and Hunterellus
Howard, 1908 (Gahan, 1934; Quaraishi, 1958).
The present species names probably conceal
considerable diversity. Morphological and be-
havioural differences exist between /. texanus
Howard, 1907. populations from the United
States of America (Bowman, 1979), and from
Canada (Davis and Campbell, 1979). Similar
differences are recorded among the Indian 7.
hookeri (Howard, 1908) (Geevarghese and
Dhanda, 1983), and European /. hookeri may
181
differ from American representatives of the spe-
cies.
Species are known from all zoological regions
(Cole, 1965; Noyes and Hayat, 1984; Trjapıtzın
and Gordh, 1978). Only one species, 7. hooker,
is recorded from Europe: from Britain (Burtt,
1943; Noyes, 1977), Czechoslovakia (Boucek
and Cerny, 1954), France (Brumpt, 1930; Du
Buysson, 1912), and the Soviet Union
(Nikolskaya, 1952). The African species /. thei-
lerae (Fielder, 1953), however, has been col-
lected in Egypt on birds migrating to Europe
(Kaiser and Hoogstraal, 1958; Hoogstraal and
Kaiser, 1961). This species therefore may occa-
sionally enter Europe.
The behaviour of the Ixodiphagini has been
little studied except in the two American species
I. hookeri and I. texanus. Least well known is
how the female parasites find their hosts. Fe-
males have been seen in the fur of animals (Phil-
ip, 1931). They may therefore first search for
the prey animal of the tick. The ticks would
then be found and parasitized whilst they were
still attached. All the ixodiphagines studied are
able to oviposit in recently detached fully fed
ticks. J. hookeri from the western U.S.A. (Cool-
ey and Kohls, 1928), and from France (Brumpt,
1930), will also oviposit in unattached unfed
hosts.
The host ranges of the Ixodiphagini are un-
known. Taxonomic uncertainty among the par-
asitoids obscures the true acceptability of tick
species as hosts for particular ixodiphagines.
Some host specificity exists among the Indian
species (Geevarghese and Dhanda, 1983). In
182 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 6, 1986
lmm
Fig. 1. Zxodiphagus hooker: (Howard, 1908), female from Czechoslovakia. Redrawn after Boucek and Cerny,
1954.
Nova Scotia, Canada, /. texanus emerged from
only one of several tick species collected in the
field. In the laboratory I was unable to obtain
parasitization of any additional potential host
species. Females of this strain of /. texanus have
a complex sequence of host acceptance behav-
iour. They begin the sequence by antennating
any rounded object, but oviposition is only
completed on fully fed larvae and nymphs of
one species. In Oklahoma, U.S.A., however, the
same species parasitizes several tick species
(Bowman, 1979).
The Ixodiphagini are not known to oviposit
in adult ticks, whether these are fed or unfed,
and most identified species oviposit and develop
only in the nymphal stage of the host. /. texanus
in Canada develops in fully fed larvae as well as
nymphs (Davis and Campbell, 11979) MIamthe
U.S.A. the same species will also oviposit in
unfed nymphs (Bowman, 1979). I. hooker: ovi-
posits in fed and unfed larval and nymphal
hosts, but development only occurs in the fully
fed nymphs. This behaviour is known for
material from Europe (Brumpt, 1930) and from
America (Cooley and Kohls, 1934).
Several eggs are laid during a single oviposi-
tion and the larvae develop gregariously. In the
laboratory there is no apparent obstacle to si-
multaneous or subsequent superparasitism.
After detaching from its prey the tick enters
the ground litter. At this stage apolysis occurs
in the tick and this may stimulate hatching, or
development, ot the parasites. As the ixodipha-
gine larvae grow the external appearance of the
tick shows characteristic changes (Wood, 1911).
The duration ot larval life depends on tempera-
ture, and on whether or not the tick diapauses.
Adult parasitoids usually emerge from a sin-
gle hole chewed at the rear of the tick (Davis
and Campbell, 1979) where the cuticle is thin-
nest. Males tend to emerge first and copulation
takes place near the host remains. Females dis-
perse rapidly after mating.
More adults emerge from large than from
small hosts, although adult size appears to be
A.J. Davis: Bibliography of Ixodiphagini 183
1mm
Fig. 2. Ixodiphagus hirtus Nikolskaya, 1950, female
from the Far Eastern U.S.S.R. Redrawn from Trjapit-
zin, 1985.
negatively correlated with brood size. Broods
from large hosts have, in general, a lower pro-
portion of males. These relationships exist in
one species, J. texanus (Dean, 1982), and also
appear to hold across the Ixodiphagini as a
whole.
NOTES
This bibliography contains over 135 publica-
tions on the genera /xodiphagus and Hunterel-
lus, all members of which are internal gregari-
ous parasitoids of ticks (Acari, Ixodidae).
The publications are listed alphabetically by
author and each entry includes the full title, full
journal title and pagination. Where the article
contains a large number of pages, those re-
ferring directly to the Ixodiphagini are listed in
parentheses immediately after the full reference.
In square brackets after each entry is given the
original language of the article followed by the
language of any translation in my possession.
The initials AUIC indicate translations made
under my auspices and the number following
them is the index number of the translation in
my collection. NAMRU3 refers to translations
made, or held, by the Medical Zoology Depart-
ment, American Naval Medical Unit Number 3,
Embassy of the United States of America, Cai-
ro, Egypt. It is followed by the number re-
ferencing the translation in their library. Where
both an AUIC and a NAMRU3 translation are
listed, they both usually originate from AUIC.
I have not been able to obtain copies, or trace
the whereabouts, of those entries preceded by
an asterisk (*).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the many colleagues and cor-
respondents who have helped to discover, ob-
tain, and in some cases, translate, the articles
listed.
The Bibliography was initially compiled in
1985 during my stay as a visiting researcher at
the Rijksuniversiteit Leiden in the Netherlands,
using facılities generously made available by the
Ecology Department of the Subfaculty of Biolo-
BY:
M. Wilbraham and J. Law prepared the fig-
ures.
IXODIPHAGINI
Alfeev, N. I., 1940. The utilization of Hunterel-
lus hookeri How. for the control of the ticks
Ixodes ricinus L. and Ixodes persulcatus
P.Sch. with reference to the peculiarities of
their metamorphosis under the conditions of
the province of Leningrad. — In: Second
Conference on Parasitological Problems, Le-
ningrad November 1940. Ed. E. N. Pavlovs-
ky. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk CCCP: 23-
25. [Russian]. — Abstracted: 1946, Review
of Applied Entomology, Series B, 34: 108-
109. [English]
Alfeev, N. I., and Ya. V. Klimas, 1938. An ex-
periment in cultivating ichneumon flies,
Hunterellus hookeri, imported from the
USA, which destroy ticks of the family Ixo-
didae of our fauna. — Priroda 2: 98-101.
(Russian, English AUIC:11, NAM-
RU3:T1674]
Alfeev, N. I., and Ya. V. Klimas, 1938. On the
possibility of developing ichneumon flies
Hunterellus hooker: in the climatic condi-
tions of the USSR. — Sovetskiya Veterinar-
ya, Soo Russians Enos AUG:
NAMRU3:T1676] .
Annecke, D. P., and H. P. Insley, 1971. Cata-
logue of Ethiopian Encyrtidae and Aphelini-
dae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). — Ento-
mology Memoir. Department of agricultural
technical Services, Republic of South Africa
23: 1-53 (14,38). [English]
Anonymous, 1936. Entomological Branch:
Other investigations and activities. — An-
nual Report, Canadian Department of Agri-
culture (1935-1936): 83. [English]
184
Anonymous, (after 1965). Introduced parasites
and predators of arthropod pests and weeds.
— Agricultural Handbook, United States
Department of Agriculture 480: 1-545 (2-3).
[English]
Babenko, L. V., 1969. Parasitic insects as one of
the causes of ixodid tick death. — Prirod-
noochagoviye bolezni Urala Sibiri 1 Dalnego
Vostoka: 84-89. [Russian]
Bequaert, J., 1930. Ticks collected by the Amer-
ican Museum Congo Expedition 1909-1915,
with notes on the parasites and predacious
enemies of these arthropods. — American
Museum Novitates 426: 1-12. [English]
_ Bequaert, J. C., 1945. The ticks, or Ixodoidea,
of the Northeastern United States and Cana-
da. — Entomologia Americana 25(2): 74-
201 (117,150,198). [English]
Bernadskaya, Z. M., 1936. A case of parasitism
in Ixodid ticks. — Trudy uzbekskoj nauchno
issledovatelskoj veterinarnij opitnoj stanzii.
Narkom, Uzbek CCP 11(2): 28-30. [Rus-
sian, English AUIC:10, NAMRU3:T1686]
Bishopp, F. C., 1934. Records of hymenopter-
ous parasıtes of ticks in the United States. —
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Washington 36(4): 87-88. [English]
Bishopp, F. C., 1934. Minutes of the 458th reg-
ular meeting of the Entomological Society of
Washington, Oct 4 1934. — Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Washington
36(8-9): 262-263. [English]
Bishopp, F. C., and C. N. Smith, 1938. The
American dog tick, eastern carrier of Rocky
Mountain Spotted Fever. — Circular, Unit-
ed States Department of Agriculture 478: 1-
25 (23). [English]
Blagoveschensky, D. I., 1940. Hymenopterous
parasites of ixodid ticks. — In: Second Con-
ference on Parasitological Problems, Lenin-
grad, November 1940. Ed. E. N. Pavlosky.
Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk CCCP: 23.
[Russian]
Blagoveschensky, D. I., 1947. Hymenopteran
parasites of ticks of the family Ixodidae. —
Parasitologicheskij Sbornik Zoologicheski
Instituta Akademii Nauk CCCP 9: 115-124.
(Russian, English AUIC:7, NAM-
RU3:T1681]
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 6, 1986
Blanc, G., E. Goiran, and M. Baltazard, 1937.
Observations de deux cas de fievre bouton-
neuse a Conakry (Guinée Française) et
découverte, chez les Rhipicephales de la
région du chalhidien parasite Hunterellus
hookeri. — Archives de l’Institut Pasteur du
Maroc 1(4): 667-675. [French]
Boucek, Z., and V. Cerny, 1954. Cizopasnik
Kustat Chalcidka Hunterellus hookeri How.
v CSR. — Zoologicke a Entomologike listy,
Folia Zoologica et Entomologica 3(2): 109-
ieee iCzeche FEnelish ZAUI@EIE
RU3:T1685]
Bowman, J. L., 1979. Host suitability and labo-
ratory biology of Ixodiphagus texanus
Howard. — Unpublished MSc Thesis, Okla- :
homa State University, Stillwater, Oklaho-
ma, USA. [English]
Brumpt, E.,
laires entomophages dans la lutte contre les
insectes pathogenes. — La Presse Médicale
36: 359-361. [French]
Brumpt, E., 1930. Parasitisme latent de l’/xodi-
phagus caucurtei chez les larves gorgées et
les nymphes a jeun de divers ixodines
(Ixodes ricinus et Rhipicephalus sanguineus).
— Comptes rendus de [Académie des
sciences de Paris 191(12): 1085-1087.
[French]
Burton, W. E., 1936. Beware the tick. — Hy-
geia 14: 324-328. [English]
Burtt, E. T., 1943. The occurrence of the tick
parasite /xodiphagus texanus du Buysson
(Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea; Fam. Encyrti-
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Royal Entomological Society of London, Se-
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Clausen, C. P., 1940. Entomophagous Insects.
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Clausen, C. P., 1956. Biological control of in-
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Cobb, S., 1942. Tick parasites on Cape Cod. —
Science 95(2472): 503. [English]
NAM. |
1913. Utilisation des insectes auxil-
|
A.J. Davis: Bibliography of Ixodiphagini 185
Cole, M. M., 1965. Biological control of ticks
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Cooley, R. A., 1926. Notes on medical entomo-
logy. — Journal of Economic Entomology
19: 810. [English]
Cooley, R. A., 1927. A parasite of ticks. —
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Cooley, R. A., 1928. Montana’s laboratory for
the study of insect borne diseases. — Ameri-
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[English]
Cooley, R. A., 1929. Tick parasites - Executive
Report. — Biennial Report, Montana State
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Cooley, R. A., 1929. Preliminary report on the
tick parasite /xodiphagus caucurtei du Buys-
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Cooley, R. A., 1929. A summary of tick para-
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Cooley, R. A., 1930. The Montana tick parasite
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Cooley, R. A., 1931. Review of tick parasite
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[French]
Cooley, R. A., 1934. A search for tick parasites
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Author’s present adress: 101, Rue St. Dominique,
75007 Paris, France.
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H. R. BOLLAND. — Review of the systematics of the family Camerobiidae (Acari,
Raphignathoidea). I. The genera Camerobia, Decaphyllobius, Tillandsobius, and
Tycherobius, pp. 191—215, figs. 1—66.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 7 Gepubliceerd 15-XII-1986
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REVIEW OF THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE FAMILY
CAMEROBIIDAE (ACARI, RAPHIGNATHOIDEA).
I. THE GENERA CAMEROBIA, DECAPHYLLOBIUS,
TILLANDSOBIUS, AND TYCHEROBIUS=">>
by tH 4 / 7
H. R. BOLLAND Ve
Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands a
ABSTRACT
A review and a new classification of the family Camerobiidae are given. The family is
now divided into five genera. A general key to the genera and a key to the species of the
genera Camerobia, Decaphyllobius, Tillandsobius and Tycherobius are given. The species of
the genus Neophyllobius will be described in the near future. The genus Camerobia now
contains four species: the two new species, C. pistaciae and C. monspeliensis, and the earlier
described species C. australis and C. southcotti. The latter one is the only known species in
the family with dorso-sublateral setae. Three new genera are described: Decaphyllobius
(type-species: D. gersoni spec. nov.), Tillandsobius (type-species: Neophyllobius floridensis
McGregor) and Tycherobius (type-species: Neophyllobius lombardinu Summers & Schlin-
ger). Neophyllobius superbus and N. virginiensis are transferred to Tycherobius gen. nov.
which also contains the new species 7. polonicus and T. stramenticola. Neophyllobius cıtrı,
N. agrifoliae and N. hadros are tentatively assigned to the genus Decaphyllobius gen. nov.
and Neophyllobius rhytis to the genus Tycherobius gen. nov. but this requires confirmation
by study of the type-series.
INTRODUCTION
The stilt-legged mites (family Camerobudae
Southcott) form a group of Acari with a distinct
and characteristic habitus. They have a dorso-
ventrally flattened body provided with eight
slender long legs on which they move rather
cautiously.
Stilt-legged mites are usually found singly, or
in very small numbers. For this reason many de-
scriptions are based on single specimens. Aggre-
gation of adult mites has never been reported;
only juveniles seem to remain close to each oth-
er. It is therefore conceivable that even on fa-
voured plants stilt-legged mites occur in low
numbers. They are also found in grass, straw
and tree litter of leaf mold samples, while their
presence in soil samples is rather exceptional.
Very little is known about the biology of
these mites. Only recently, the complete devel-
opmental cycle of a Neophyllobius sp. was de-
scribed. It consists of egg, larva, protonymph
and deutonymph. The deutonymph is very sim-
ilar to the adult and has not been recognized as
that before (Bolland, 1983).
Presumably all camerobiid mites are preda-
tors, preying on plant-associated mites, such as
191
gall, false spider and tydeid mites (Bolland,
1983; De Leon, 1958). They are also reported as
predators of crawlers of scale insects (Meyer,
1962; Richards, 1962; Gerson, 1971, 1973; Ger-
son et al., in prep.; Hassan, 1976; Zaher & Go-
maa, 1979). Camerobiid mites are probably of
little importance in regulating numbers of phy-
tophagous mites or scale insects ın plant
ecosystems.
There are no reports on the dispersal of stilt-
legged mites and information on their reproduc-
tive rates are likewise absent. Bisexuality has
been demonstrated for a number of species. Ka-
ryotype studies have shown that sex-determina-
tion is based on haplo-diploidy: chromosome
numbers of 2n = 22 and n=11 have been
found in the eggs of Neophyllobius aesculi Bol-
land (Bolland, 1983). Haplo-diploidy is com-
mon in the order of Prostigmata (Helle et al.,
1984).
It should be noted that a number of n = 11 is
relatively high, since in other prostigmatic taxa
the haploid numbers are usually lower, with
n= 2andn = 3 as being the most common.
Camerobiidae are capable of spinning: fe-
males of N. aesculi produce fine webbings to
192 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
cover their eggs (Bolland, 1983). The location of
the spinneret is not known, but silken threads
may very well be secreted through the eupathi-
dia on the palptarsi. Several members of other
prostigmatid families also produce silk, includ-
ing the Bdellidae, Cunaxidae, Cheyletidae and
Tetranychidae (Alberti & Ehrnsberger, 1977;
Gerson, 1985).
Until now, only two genera were recognized
in the Camerobiidae: Camerobia with two spe-
cies (Southcott, 1957; Gerson, 1972) and Neo-
phyllobius with 44 species.
The distribution of the Camerobiidae is
worldwide. They have been reported from Eu-
rope, Asia, Africa, North and South America,
Australia and New-Zealand, and from temper-
ate as well as tropical zones. During the last few
years the author studied many camerobiid spec-
imens, belonging to 98 species, of which 50 ap-
peared to be new. After this comprehensive
study it was felt that the erection of more genera
than Camerobia and Neophyllobius is justified.
Therefore three new genera, namely Decaphyl-
lobius, Tillandsobius and Tycherobius are pro-
posed and separated by a key from the two gen-
era recognized so far.
This paper further comprises a general review
of the external morphology of the different de-
velopmental stages, the history of the family
and the description of three new species, one in
the genus Decaphyllobius gen. nov. and two in
the genus Tycherobius gen. nov. The genus
Neophyllobius will be dealt with elsewhere.
The chaetotaxy of the different genera of the
Raphignathoidea (Atyeo, 1963), is difficult to
compare with that of the Camerobiidae.
The terminology employed here is similar to
that used by Gerson (1968). All measurements
are given in um and refer to the holotype, those
in parentheses pertain to the paratypes. Scan-
ning electronic microscopic (SEM) micrographs
are given of a protonymph of Decaphyllobius
gersoni spec. nov. (figs. 31—36).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DEPOSITORIES OF
MATERIAL STUDIED
The material studied in this paper belongs to
the collections of the institutions mentioned be-
low. I am indebted to the keepers of these col-
lections for the loan of specimens. The abbre-
viations of the institutions are used throughout
the text.
|
|
|
BM(NH) British Museum (Natural History), |
Cromwell Road, London; Mr D.
Macfarlane
College of Agricultural University,
Szarvas, Hungary; Dr P. Szabo
CS Collection Southcott, Mitcham, —
South-Australia; Dr R. V. Southcott :
DEUAL Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of Agriculture, Lyallpur, Paki-
stan; Dr W. M. Chaudhri
Doyle Conner, Commissioner of Ag-
riculture, Division of Plant Industry,
Gainesville, Florida; Dr H. A. Den-
mark
Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Cairo, Giza, Egypt; Dr M. A. Zaher
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Fac-
ulty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel;
Dr U. Gerson
Instituto Sperimentale par la Zoologia
Agraria, Firenze, Italia; Dr F. Pegaz-
zano
South Australian Museum, Adelaide,
Australia; Mr D. C. Lee
Uniwersytet im A Mickiewica, Insty-
tut Biologii, Poznan, Poland; Dr M.
Kalizewski
University of Missouri Columbia,
Missouri, U.S.A.; Dr W. R. Enns
National Museum of Natural Histo-
ry, (formerly United States National
Museum), Smithonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., Dr E. W. Baker.
Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoolo-
gie (Zoological Museum), University
of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr
J. P. Duffels
CAU
DCDG
ADG
HU]
ISZA
SAM
UAM
UNI
USNM
ZMA
I am grateful to Prof Dr W. Helle for his help
and comments during the preparation of this
maniscript. Thanks are due to Dr M. K. P.
Smith-Meyer and to Prof Dr U. Gerson for
helptul suggestions, critical remarks and the lat-
ter also for placing the scanning electron micro-
scopic micrographs of Decaphyllobius gersoni
spec. nov. at my disposal.
CAMEROBIIDAE Southcott, 1957
Type species: Camerobia australis Southcott,
19574
Description.
Body small, 210—400 um, broadly oval or
rounded, dorso-ventrally flattened, greatest
H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 193
width in front of coxae III, without a sejugal
furrow. Mites coloured with haemolymph pig-
ments, probably carotenoids, giving a yellow-
ish, greenish, brownish or reddish appearance.
Midgut often visible from above as a white me-
dial tape in opisthosoma. Body weakly sclero-
tized and cuticle wrinkled. On dorsum, areas
with fine striation patterns can be recognized,
often separated from each other by longitudinal
or transverse bands, of coarse striae.
Two double-lensed eyes are always present
lateral to the line between the third and fourth
dorso-lateral setae (= /). There are nine to ten
pairs of / setae and five to six pairs of dorso-cen-
tral setae (= mc). The shape of the dorsal setae
ranges from short palmate to very long whip-
like. Dorsal setae placed on small or large tuber-
cles. Setae /; always located anterior to coxae
III. One short, supra-coxal seta situated lateral
to h.
There are three pairs of ventral setae. In addi-
tion, there are two pairs of genital and three
pairs of anal setae. Ventrally, close to the palp
basis, is a pair of hardly discernible coxal setae.
The legs are often stilt-like, because of an elon-
gation of the femora and tibiae. The genua are
relatively short. The coxae are arranged into
two groups, with a space between coxae II and
Il.
Coxae I—IV with a setal formula of 3-1-2-2
setae. Trochanters with no or one seta. Femora
with one to six setae, depending on the species.
Genua with one or two setae; genua I and II
each with a solenidion distal to the setae (fig.
33).
Tibiae with different numbers of setae, rang-
ing from six to nine. Numbers and location of
tibial setae are of generic significance. Very of-
ten, a distally located solenidion is present. Tar-
si with different numbers of setae, ranging from
six to ten. Two of the distal setae are always bi-
fid. One, exceptionally two solenidia are pre-
sent on tarsi I and II. The empodium, between
the two claws, is pad-like, provided with two
rows of capitate tenent hairs.
The small gnathosoma is almost covered by
the anterior flap of the prodorsum. Basal parts
of the chelicerae fused; stylets short, dagger-like
and movable. Tortuous peritremata arise on the
dorsum of the gnathosoma and consist of one,
two or four almost complete loops; pedipalps
divided into five segments with the following
setation: trochanter without seta, femur has two
setae, genu one seta and tibia two to four setae.
One of the tibial setae is sword-like and is prob-
ably a vestigial palptibial claw. Tarsus with one
or two setae. In addition, palptarsus with one
solenidion and one or two eupathidia.
Developmental stages.
Larva hexapod. Mc, lacking. Only two pairs
of ventral and three pairs of anal setae. Coxa I
with one seta, II and III without setae.
Protonymph octopod. Setae on coxa IV and
trochanter IV lacking.
Deutonymph in size and setation roughly
similar to adult. The genual setae often longer
than in the adult. Many authors, not aware of
the existence of two separate nymphal stages,
use the word “nymph” instead of protonymph.
History.
The genus Neophyllobius was classified in the
family Tetranychidae by Berlese (1886), Canes-
trini (1890), Geijskes (1939) and Womersley
(1940). On the contrary McGregor (1950)
placed it in the Stigmaeidae; Baker & Wharton
(1952) in the Raphignathidae; Summers &
Schlinger (1955), Meyer & Ryke (1959), Atyeo
(1961), Meyer (1962), Wood (1964) and
Chaudhri (1974) in the Calligonellidae.
Southcott (1957) erected two separate fami-
lies, viz., Neophyllobiidae and Camerobiidae.
This practice was followed by De Leon (1958,
1959, 1967), Soliman & Zaher (1967), Summers
(1966), Gerson (1968), Smiley & Moser (1968),
Krantz (1970), Livshits & Mitrofanov (1975,
1980) and Zaher & Gomaa (1979). Gerson
(1972) pointed out that two of the characters
used to separate these two families i.e. the palm-
ate dorsal body setae and the absence of ultra-
long setae on the genua, are inconsistent and
that the third one, the presence of a cameros-
tome, is invalid. Therefore he synonymized
Neophyllobiidae with Camerobiidae and placed
Neophyllobius in the latter family. This concept
had been followed by Robaux (1975), Kuzne-
cov & Livshits (1979), Kethley (1982), Krantz
(1978) and Bolland (1983).
Diagnosis.
The Camerobiidae are separated from other
raphignathoid families by their long legs having
elongate femora and tibiae, by the location of
the peritremata, by the fused chelicerae, by the
location of the anal area, by the position of the
coxal fields and by the absence of a sejugal fur-
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
194
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H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 195
row. A whip-like seta is often present on the
short genua. The paltibia bears a “long sword-
like” seta instead of a short “thumbclaw”.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CAMEROBIIDAE
(based on females)
1. Solenidion on tarsi I and II situated distally
(ities, eS)! See Br ee 2
— Solenidion on tarsi I and II situated proxi-
mal AGE EE) ROUEN 3
2. Dorsum with nine / setae; tibial setal for-
mula I—IV: 7 (6)-6-6-6; trochanter I with-
out setae (fig. 9) .... Camerobia Southcott
— Dorsum with ten / setae; tibial setal formula
I—IV: 8-7-7-7; trochanter I with one seta
(Me oe ae ae Decaphyllobius gen. nov.
3. Tibial setal formula I—IV: 8-7-6-6 (fig. 40);
two medio-ventral setae on tarsi I and II
not placed in a longitudinal line (fig. 1c) ....
N... Tillandsobius gen. nov.
— Tibial setal formula I—IV: 9-8-7-7 (fig. 49);
two medio-ventral setae on tarsi I and II
not placed in a longitudinal line (fig. 1d)... .
le... Tycherobius gen. nov.
— Tibial setal formula I—IV: 9-8-8-7; one or
two medio-ventral seta(e) on tarsi I and II.
If two setae present, the setae placed in a
longitudinallimel(tigs le) MAN ER
Camerobia Southcott, 1957
Camerobia Southeott, 1957: 306—312.
Type species: Camerobia australis Southcott,
1957.
Dorsum with 15—17 pairs of short and round
to budlike setae, with a short stalk and placed
on small tubercles. The mc, setae are placed on
the same transversal level as the /, setae. Dor-
sum with a rough striation pattern laterally and
finer transversal striae mediad. Peritremata con-
sist of four almost complete loops. Trochanter I
without setae. Genual setae short. Tibiae with
six or seven setae of two types. Each tibia also
has a long solenidion on the distal end.
All tarsi with only one mid-ventral seta. Tarsi
I and II have seven and tarsi III and IV six distal
setae of which two are always bifurcated. Tarsı
I and II have a solenidion at their distal half.
Palptibiae with one seta and a sword-like se-
ta, palptarsi with one seta, one eupathidium and
a solenidion.
') See discussion under Neophyllobius hadros.
Key to the species of Camerobia
—
E engtuelbwichisissetaeliie rer. 2
— Femur I with five setae (fig. 4) . C. australis
. Femur III with four setae; tibia I with seven
Setae (broei) Miners Ary ER RESTE 3
— Femur III with three setae; tibia I with six
Se (tie) 2 C. pistaciae spec. nov.
3. Dorsum without sub-lateral setae; bush-
ikea Re ME C. southcotti
— Dorsum with two pairs of sub-lateral setae;
bud-like C. monspeliensis spec. nov.
N
Camerobia australis Southcott
(figs. 2—6)
Camerobia australis Southcott, 1957: 306—312.
Female: Body length 295 (250)um, width 275
(220)um. Length of legs: (295; 265; 270; 320
um). Six pairs of mc and nine pairs of /; 18—25
(all 15) um long and 12—20 (5) um wide. Inter-
seul ‘lisuarasese Mels lbs ide (053 52 30
um). Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters 0-
1-1-1, femora 5-4-2-2, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 6-
6-6-6, tarsi 8-8-7-7. Pedipalp setation: trochant-
er 0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 1 + 1 sword-like se-
ta, tarsus 1 + 1 eupathidium.
The dorsal setae are much smaller than those
of C. southcotti Gerson, and their width is
about one third of their length. There is only
one seta on the distal end of each femur;
C. southcotti has two setae on each femur in a
transverse row on the distal end.
Male: Unknown.
Material examined: Paratype ®, Australia,
Queensland, Kaban, Atherton Tableland, under
bark of Eucalyptus sp., 24.vii.1944, R. V.
Southcott (CS no. ACC 330).
Other published material: Holotype 2, Aus-
tralia, Tableland, Kaban, Atherton, under bark
of Eucalyptus sp., 24.viii.1944, R. V. Southcott
(CS no. ACC 329). Paratypes: 1 2, South Aus-
tralia, Glen Osmond, under bark of Eucalyptus
camaldulensis, 17.11.1937, R. V. Southcott (CS
NONNEN TE leew Ais tralia Grovelyaneat
Brisbane, probably from Eucalyptus sp.
25.viii.1945, R. V. Southcott (CS no. ACC 332).
Camerobia pistaciae spec. nov.
(figs. 7—12)
Camerobia australis Southcott; Szabo, 1980: 376.
Misidentification.
Female: Body length 280 um, width 240 um.
Length of legs: 280; 265; 275; 280 um. Six pairs
of mc: 30; 30; 30; 30; 30; 25 um. Nine pairs of /:
196 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs. 2—6. Camerobia australis Southcott, ©. 2, pedipalp; 3, dorsal seta; 4, dorsal view; 5, genital-anal region;
6 coxae I and II.
25; 25; 25; 30; 30; 30; 30; 25; 25 um. All dorsal thidium. The genual setae are short. The dorsal
setae are 25—30 um wide. Inter-setal distances: setae are more or less palmate, spiculate and ba-
L-L; L-L; 1,-1, = 30, 30, 30 um. Leg setation: sically with a small stalk.
coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters 0-1-1-1, femora 6-5- Fach femur has two setae on a transversal lev-
3-3, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 6-6-6-6, tarsi 8-8-7-7. el at the distal end.
Pedipalp setation; trochanter 0, femur 2, genu 1, Male: Unknown.
tibia 1 + 1 sword-like seta, tarsus 1 + 1 eupa- Protonymph: Six pairs of mc. Nine pairs of /.
Figs. 7—12. Camerobia pistaciae spec. nov., 2. 7, pedipalp; 8, coxae I and II; 9, dorsal view; 10, dorsal seta; 11,
genital-anal region; protonymph. 12, dorsal view.
197
H.R. Borranp: Review Camerobiidae, I
198 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
15
Figs. 13—16. Camerobia southcotti Gerson, 2.13, pedipalp; 14, dorsal seta; 15, coxae I and II; 16, dorsal view.
Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-0, trochanters 0-1-1-
0, femora 3-2-1-1, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 5-5-5-
3, tarsi 1-1-1-1 (mid-ventral), distal parts of tar-
si indistinct.
Type material: Holotype @, Israel, Zikhron
Yaakov, on Pistacia branches, 23.xiii.1981, U.
Gerson (ZMA). Paratypes: 2 protonymphs
same data as holotype; 1 9, Hungary, Szarvas,
on Corylus avellana, 14.x.1979, P. Szabo
(CANO),
Remarks. The Hungarian specimen was stud-
ied from photographs taken by Dr P. Szabo.
This specimen does not belong to C. australis
but is conspecific with the holotype of C. pista-
ciae. This species differs from C. australis by
having six setae on femur I instead of five. The
dorsal setae are longer and wider (25/30 um)
than those of C. southcotti and are more spicu-
late. In contrast to C. southcotti, C. pistaciae
has femur III with three setae and tibia I with
six setae.
Camerobia southcotti Gerson
(figs. 13—16)
Camerobia southcotti Gerson, 1972: 502—508.
Female: Body length 265 (262) um, width 235
(227; 231) ume Length of less: 2805925050255.
270 (im. Six pairs of 77e%20; 20120 205.2020)
Nine pairs of 13.25; 25; 205 20; 20; 20,20, 20.0
um. All dorsal setae are 15 um wide. Inter-setal
distances: /,-1,; 5-4; L-1, = 20, 30, 25 um.
Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters 0-1-
1-1, femora 6-5-4-3, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 7-6-
6-6, tarsi 8-8-7-7. Pedipalp setation: trochanter
0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 1 + 1 sword-like setae,
tarsus 1 + 1 eupathidium. The genual setae are
short. The dorsal setae are bushlike, spiculate,
H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I
199
Figs. 17—20. Camerobia monspeliensis spec. nov., 9. 17, pedipalp; 18, dorsal seta; 19, dorsal view; 20, coxae I
and II.
and basally with a small stalk. Each femur has
two setae in a transverse row at the distal end.
Male: Unknown.
Material examined: Holotype %, Israel,
Montfort, on Pistacia tree, 31.11.1970, U. Ger-
son (HUJ no. 2300).
Other published material: Paratypes: 1 9
(USNM); 1 2 (SAM no. ACC 866), both same
collection data as holotype.
Remarks. According to Gerson (1972) this
species has four setae on femur III and seven se-
tae on tibia I, which are different in C. pistaciae
spec. nov.
The dorsal setae are shorter and smaller
((11—12); (13—14); (15—17)) um than those of
C. pistaciae spec. nov. and are less spiculate.
This species differs from C. australis ın hav-
ing six setae on femur I instead of five and seven
setae on tibia I instead of six. The dorsal setae
are more rounded and larger. Also the location
of the femoral setae is different in both species.
Camerobia monspeliensis spec. nov.
(figs. 17—20)
Female: Body length 250 um, width 193 um.
Length of legs: 271; 240; 259; 271 um. Six pairs
of mc: all 31 um. Nine pairs of /: 28; 28; 31; 31;
317312313231: 31 um:
200 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs. 21—26. Decaphyllobius gersoni spec. nov., ©. 21, peritremata and stylets;
coxae I and II; 25, dorsal view; 26 caudal-dorsal seta.
Two pairs of sub-lateral setae (= sl): 31; 31
um. All dorsal setae are, at widest point, 16 um
wide. Inter-setal distances: /,-l,; 1-l,; Ll, = 30,
30, 20 um. Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, tro-
chanters 0-1-1-1, femora 6-5-4-3, genua 1-1-1-
22, pedipalp; 23, dorsal seta; 24,
1, tibiae 7-6-6-6, tarsi 8-8-7-7. Pedipalp seta-
tion: trochanter 0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 1 + 1
sword-like seta, tarsus 1 + 1 eupathidium. The
genual setae are short. The dorsal setae are more
budlike, spiculate and with a small stalk. Each
H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 201
femur has two setae in a transverse row on the
distal part.
Male: Unknown.
Type material: Holotype 2, France, Mont-
pellier, on Platanus acerifolia Willd., 28.xi.1985,
H.R. Bolland (ZMA).
Remarks. This species can be differentiated
from the three other Camerobia species, by
having two pairs of sub-lateral setae (= sl) on
the opisthosoma. It is the only species in the
family Camerobiidae which possesses these s/
setae. Camerobia monspeliensis has seven setae
on tibia I and four setae on femur III, resem-
bling €. southcotti.
Decaphyllobius gen. nov.
Type species: Decaphyllobius gersoni spec.
nov.; by present designation.
Dorsum with 16 pairs of setae. There is an ex-
tra pair of /, setae (Ln). L and /, setae are closer
together than /, and /,. Mc, and mc, are close to
each other and posterior to level of /,. Peritre-
mata consist of two almost complete loops.
Trochanters I—IV each with one seta. There are
one or two (see Neophyllobius agrifoliae Mc-
Gregor) short, genual setae. Tibia I with eight
whereas other tibiae have seven setae. A soleni-
dion at the distal end of the tibiae is not always
present. Tarsi I and II each with a solenidion on
distal half (see discussion under Neophyllobius
hadros Chaudhri). Palptibiae with three setae
and a sword-like seta, palptarsi with two setae,
two eupathidia and a solenidion.
Decaphyllobius gersoni spec. nov.
(figs. 21—36)
Female: Body length 310 (300—305) um,
width 280 (255—285) um. Length of legs: 495;
435; 490; 525 (500—545; 450—500; 500—550;
560—565) um.
Six pairs of mc: 60; 60; 65; 60; 40; 30 (55; 60;
73970) 50-50)) um. ent pairs 011-4545 60;
50; 60; 70; 40; 45; 30; 35 (35—45; 35—45; 50—
55; 45—50; 55; 60—65; 30—35; 35—40; 30—
35; 25) um. Inter-setal distances: /,-/,; L-l,; L-
1, = 35; 10; 40 um. Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2,
trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 4-4-3-2, genua 1-1-
1-1, tibiae 8-7-7-7, tarsi 8-8-6-6. Pedipalp seta-
tion: trochanter 0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 3 + 1
sword-like seta, tarsus 2 + 2 eupathidia. The so-
lenidia on tarsus I and II are situated on the dis-
tal part of each tarsus. Tarsi I—IV all with two
setae in a ventral position, see figure 1b.
Tibiae I—IV devoid of solenidia. There are
two different types of setae on the dorsum:
broadly lanceolate and spatulate (ls, /, and mc).
All dorsal setae with a stalk, located on tuber-
cles. From the outer margins a band of coarse
striae is present posterior to /, and curves ante-
rior to mcs, rest of posterior part of opisthoso-
ma also covered by coarse striae.
Male: Body smaller, mc, reduced in length.
There is only one solenidion on the distal end
of tibia I, whereas most males of the Camerobii-
dae have two. All four tarsi have basically a
male solenidion. There are no ventral genital se-
tae but four pairs of anal setae.
Protonymph: Six pairs of mc setae and ten
pairs of / setae. Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-0, tro-
chanters 1-1-1-0, femora 3-2-1-1, genua 1-1-1-
1, tibiae 5-5-5-3, tarsi 1-1-1-1 (mid-ventral); se-
tae at distal end of tarsus indistinct. One short
solenidion at distal end of tibia I. The “lay-out”
of the solenidia on tarsi III—IV, which are
placed in a more proximal position, strongly in-
dicating that it is a male-protonymph. The dor-
sal setae are of a different shape than in the
adult. SEM micrographs of a protonymph are
given in figures 31—36.
Larva: Five pairs of mc setae; mc, absent.
Nine pairs of / setae: /, absent. Leg setation:
coxae 2-0-0, trochanters 0-0-0, femora 2-2-1,
genua 1-1-1, tibiae 3-3-3, tarsi 1-1-1 (mid-ven-
tral). Distal parts of tarsi indistinct. The soleni-
dia on distal ends of tibiae I—IV are missing.
D. gersoni was found on galls of Obdulia sp.
(Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on tamarisk trees. This
species is named after Dr U. Gerson (HU]).
Type material: Holotype ©, Israel, Elat, on
Tamarix aphylla, 23.v.1975, U. Gerson (HU]
no. 2764). Paratypes: allotype d (HUJ no.
2763); 2 © (HUJ no. 2769 and 2770); 1 (6) pro-
tonymph (HUJ no. 2766); 1 larva (HUJ no.
2765), all with the same collection data as holo-
type.
The following three species are tentatively as-
signed to Decaphyllobius. Confirmation re-
quires study of the type series.
Neophyllobius citri Soliman & Zaher, 1967:
27, 28, (6 and ©). Type material: the holotype
? and allotype d were collected in Upper
Egypt, Kom Ombo, on citrus trees, and are no
longer present in the FAUC.
Neophyllobius agrifoliae McGregor, 1950:
56—58; McDaniel, 1979: 201, 202, pl. 386.
Type material: holotype ©, U.S.A., California,
202 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs. 27—28. Decaphyllobius gersoni spec. nov., d. 27, dorsal view; 28, tarsus I and distal part of tibia I.
South Pasadena, on Quercus agrifolia,
3.1x.1938, B. L. Boyden (USNM no. 1746,
(1757?)). No specimen was present on the type
slide. Plate 15 fig. 4 (McGregor, 1950) gives two
setaeongenual—IV. :
Neophyllobius hadros Chaudhri, 1974: 188—
198. Type material: holotype ©, Pakistan, Univ.
Agric. Lyallpur, Campus, Cyclops spec.,
4.1v.1971, W. M. Chaudhri (DEUAL). Para-
type: 1 2, Pakistan, one mi. N. Vehari, Salva-
dora oleoides, 21.1.1972, W. M. Chaudhri
(DEUAL).
Judging from the description by Chaudhri
(1974), there are probably two solenidia on each
of tarsi I and II. The distal one is important for
genus recognition. According to the latter au-
thor the proximal solenidion is also present on
tarsi I and II. It is noteworthy to mention that
the presence of two solenidia on tarsi I and II is
rare for the Camerobiidae.
H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I
Figs. 29—30. Decaphyllobius gersoni spec. nov., protonymph. 29, dorsal view; larva. 30, dorsal view.
203
204 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs 31—36. Decaphyllobius gersoni spec. nov., protonymph. 31, dorsal view; 32, venter of gnathosoma; 33,
genu I; 34, rostrum; 35, apotele IV; 36, pedipalp. 31, magnification 430 x; 32, 2000 x; 33, 3400 x; 34, 7000 x:
35/36, 5000 x.
H.R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobudae, I
Tillandsobius gen. nov.
Type species: Neophyllobius floridensis Mc-
Gregor, 1950; by present designation.
Dorsum with 15 pairs of setae. L, and /, are
situated closer to each other than /, and /,. Mc,
setae are placed close behind the line across
bases of J,.
The four peritremata consist of two almost
complete loops. Trochanters I—IV each with
one seta. Genual setae short. Tibial counts 8-7-
6-6. All tibiae each with a distal solenidion. Tar-
si I and II each with a subbasical solenidion.
Tarsi I and II each with two setae which are not
both placed in a ventral position, see figure Ic.
Tarsi III and IV each with one mid-ventral seta.
Palptibiae with three setae and one sword-like
seta. Palptarsi with one seta and two eupathidia
and a solenidion.
Tillandsobius floridensis
(McGregor) comb. nov.
(figs. 37—45)
Neophyllobius floridensis McGregor, 1950: 61.
Female: Body length 285 (285—305) um,
width 205 (205—235) um. Length of legs: 345
(345—375); 285 (285—295); 310 (310-360);
350 (350—375) um. Six pairs of mc: 20 (20); 15
(15—20); 15 (15—20); 20 (20—25); 20 (20—
30); 20 (20—30) um. Nine pairs of /: 30 (30—
35); 20 (2030); 15 (1520); 15 (15—20); 20
(20—30); 20 (20—25); 20 (20-25); 20 (20—
30); 20 (15—25) um. Inter-setal distances: /,-L;
Ll; LL, = 10; 35; 30 um. Leg setation: coxae
3-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 4-3-2-2,
genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 8-7-6-6, tarsi 10-10-7-7.
Pedipalp setation: trochanter 0, femur 2, genu
1, tibia 3 + 1 sword-like seta, tarsus 1 + 2 eupa-
thidia.
Mc, setae are placed behind the line across
bases of J,.
Anterior two thirds of dorsum outlined by a
narrow band of coarse striae, other bands of
coarse striae on the dorsum are between Ll,
and between /-/, but the latter does not touch
the /, setae; rest of posterior part of dorsum also
covered with finer longitudinal striae; whole
dorsum irregularly punctate. Tarsi I and II with
two ventral setae, not in a line with each other
but variously spaced. Tarsi III and IV with only
one mid-ventral seta.
Male: smaller than female: Mc, shortened in
length. Only the male solenidion could be ob-
served on each tarsi I and IV, because other tarsi
205
were broken off. There are two solenidia on the
distal end of tibia I.
Protonymph: Six pairs of mc. Nine pairs of 1.
Setation of legs: coxae 3-1-2-0, trochanters 1-1-
1-0, femora 3-2-1-1, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 4-4-
4-2, tarsi 1-1-1-1, medio-ventral. Distal parts of
tarsi indistinct.
Larva: Five pairs of mc. Nine pairs of dorso-
laterals. Setation of legs: coxae 2-0-0, trochante-
ra 0-0-0, femora 2-2-1, genua 1-1-1, tibiae 2-2-
2, tarsi 1-1-1, medio-ventral. Distal parts of tar-
si indistinct. The coarse striation band occurs
transversad behind mc, instead of behind mc, as
in the adult.
Remarks. On one side of a paratype d (in
USNM) two mid-ventral setae are present on
tarsus III, but only on one side. One paratype 2
(in UMC) also has two mid-ventral setae on one
side of tarsus III.
Material examined: Holotype 2, USA, Flor-
ida, Duval County, Dupont road, Spanish moss,
9.11.1948, D. C. Thurman (USNM no. 1897).
Paratypes: allotype d and 2 d, same slide and
data as for the holotype (USNM no. 1897); 1 2
and 1 larva, USA, Louisiana, St. Landry Parish,
two mi. N. Melville, Spanish moss, 2.1.1972, L.
Dureseau (UMC); 2 protonymphs, USA, Flor-
ida, Haines City, Spanish moss under Austra-
lian pine, 22.11.1968, H. L. Greene (DCDG).
Tycherobius gen. nov.
Type species: Neophyllobius lombardini
Summers & Schlinger, 1955; by present desig-
nation.
Dorsum with nine pairs of / setae. Five pairs
of mc setae, mc,-mc, (only Neophyllobius rbytis
Chaudhri has six pairs of mc setae; Tycherobius
virginiensis comb. nov. has five pairs, plus a sin-
gle mc, seta). The four peritremata consist of
two almost complete loops. Trochanters I—IV
each with one seta. Tibiae with 9-8-7-7 setae,
scattered all over the segment. All tibiae with a
distal solenidion. Tarsi I and II each with a sub-
basical solenidion. The tarsi are skittle-shaped
(fig. 1d). Tarsi I and II each with two variously
spaced setae (fig. 1d). Tarsi III and IV only with
one medial seta. Palptibiae with three setae and
a sword-like seta. Palptarsi with one or two se-
tae, one eupathidium and a solenidion.
Key to the species of the genus Tycherobius
1. Five pairs of mc setae; coarse transverse
striae banded behind mc,
206 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
— More than five pairs of mcsetae......... 5
2) Mesapproxssamellensıhiorner seer
oie PR EIA T. lombardinu comb. nov.
— | Me, shorter in length than me, .......... 3
3. Mc, approx. Vof the length of mc; ...... 4
— Mc, approx. % of the length of mc, ........
SR eg eee ae T. superbus comb. nov.
4. Palptarsi with one seta; /; shorter than /,
TRAI A PR T. stramenticola spec. nov.
— Palptarsi with two setae; /; longer than /,
ge EEEN DER EM T. polonicus spec. nov.
5. Eleven mc setae, mc, represented by an un-
paired seta; coarse transverse striae banded
ben dz iS T. virginiensis comb. nov.
— Six pairs of mc setae... T. rhytis comb. nov.
Tycherobius lombardinii
(Summers & Schlinger) comb. nov.
(figs. 46—49)
Neophyllobius lombardinu Summers & Schlinger,
1955: 550, 551, 560; MacDaniel, 1979: 202.
Female: Body length 280 (285) um, width 235
(240) um. Length of legs: 625 (570); 520 (475);
560 (530); 645 (610) um. Five pairs of mc: 185
(170); 170 (165); 155 (100); 45 (45); 40 (35) um.
Nine pairs of /: 85 (70); 55 (40); 45 (35); 35 (30);
70 (55); 40 (30); 55 (40); 40 (40); 40 (35) um. In-
ter-setal distances: Ll; L-l;; 1,-1, = (30; 30/35;
60 um). Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters
1-1-1-1, femora 4-3-3-2, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae
9-8-7-7, tarsi 10-10-7-7. Pedipalp setation: tro-
chanter 0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 3 + 1 sword-
like seta, tarsus 2 + 1 eupathidium. From the
outer margin a band of coarse striae runs medi-
ad behind /, and curves anteriad behind mc,, to
rejoin the margin behind /,.
Similar bands behind L-mc,-l,, l-mc,-l, and
l,-mcs-lz. The members of the pair of setae,
situated near the tips of the tarsi, vary consid-
erably in length. The length of setae on femora
II and III is characteristic of this species. Mo,
mc, and mc, long and mc, and mc, short. The
dorsal setae are strongly serrated.
Male: Unknown.
Material examined: Paratypes: 2, USA, Cali-
fornia, Glendale, oak leaf mold, 1.1.1951, E. I.
Schlinger (USNM no. 3); 2, USA, California,
The Gavilan, Riverside.
Other published material: Holotype 9, USA,
California, Glendale, oak leaf mold, 1.1.1951,
Schlinger (USNM no. 2200). Paratypes: 2 9,
with same data as holotype; 11 2, USA, Cali-
fornia, The Gavilan, Riverside, 17.v.1951, E. I.
Schlinger (USNM).
Remarks. McDaniel (1979, fig. 387) depicted
a species with different body and leg setation as
that shown in the original description.
T. lombardinu can be distinguished from oth-
er members of this genus by the strongly ser-
rated body setae and the relative length of the
mc setae: mc), m, and mc, long, mc, and mc,
short. Another distinctive feature is the length
of the setae on femora II and III.
Tycherobius superbus
(Canestrini) comb. nov.
Neophyllobius superbus Canestrini, 1889: 523—524;
Canestrini, 1890: 459, 460, Tav. 39, fig. 44, Tav.
40, fig. 39; Berlese, 1894: fasc. 71, Tav. 3; Berlese,
1900: 289.
Female: Body length 270—290 um, width
220 um. Length of legs: 500 um. Five pairs of
mc: mc, = 140 um, mc; = 115 um. Nine pairs
of J. Leg setation: coxae ?, trochanters 1-1-1-1,
femora 3-3-2-2, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 9-8-7-7,
tarsi ? Pedipalp setation: trochanter 0, femur 2,
genu 1, tibia ? + 1 sword-like seta, tarsus ? + ?
(indistinct).
Mc, and mc, long, mc, of moderate length,
mc, and mc, very short. The most proximal seta
on femur IV does not reach the genu.
Male: Berlese (1894, 1900) mentioned a male,
having five setae on femur I. It is probably a
male of a different species.
Known material: Holotype 9, Italy, Padova-
no, Trentino, of unknown date. Paratypes: sev-
eral £ and 6d; only one slide at ISZA [not exam-
ined].
Remarks. No material of this species was
available for study. The discription is based on
the papers of Canestrini and Berlese, and by in-
formation provided by Dr. F. Peggazzano (IS-
ZA). According to Canestrini (1889) the female
has three setae on femur I, and the male five se-
tae. However, it is an inconsistency if the num-
bers of setae on femur I are different in both
sexes. Femur III further has two setae which is
in contrast to the three found in other members
of the genus.
T. superbus is characterized by having mc,
and mc; long, mc, of moderate length and mc;
H.R. BOLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 207
Figs. 37—40. Tillandsobius floridensis (McGregor) comb. nov. ©. 37, pedipalp; 38, dorsal seta; 39, coxae I—IV;
40, dorsal view.
and m, very short. The most proximal seta on ; ]
femur IV does not reach the genu, as in 7. lom- Tycherobius stramenticola spec. nov.
bardinii, T. stramenticola spec. nov. and T. po- (figs. 50—54)
lonicus spec. nov. Figure 19 (page 33) by Liv- Female: Body length 250 um, width 225 um.
shits & Mitrofanov (1980), is not of 7. superbus, Length of legs 560; 420; 515; 610 um. Five pairs
because there are six pairs of mc and a different of mc: 180; 155; 70; 70; 35 um. Nine pairs of /:
number of tibial and tarsal setae. 80; 35; 60; 25; 60; 40; 40; 35; 35 um. Inter-setal
208
distances: /,-1,; 1-13; 1,-1, = 30; 35; 45/50 um.
Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-
1, femora 4-3-3-2, genua 1-1-1-1, tibiae 9-8-7-
7, tarsi 10-10-7-7.
Pedipalp setation: trochanter 0, femur 2, genu
1, tibia 3 + 1 sword-like seta, tarsus 1 + 1 eupa-
thidium. Bands of coarse striae like those of
T. lombardinii occur on the dorsum. Mc, and
mc, long, mey, mc, of moderate length and mc,
short.
The most distal seta on femur II is very short.
Palptarsus only with one seta and one eupathi-
dium.
Male: Unknown.
Type material: Holotype 2, Israel, Mount
Carmel, in pine litter, 12.xu.1974, U. Gerson
(HUJ no 2750).
Remarks: T. stramenticola differs from T. po-
lonicus spec. nov. in having only one seta on the
palptarsus. L, is much shorter than /,. The mc
setae differ from those of T. polonicus spec. nov.
and T. lombardinit.
Tycherobius polonicus spec. nov.
(figs. 55—60)
Neophyllobius superbus; Kuznecov & Livshits, 1979:
82, 101. Misidentification.
Female: Body length 320 um, width 295 um.
Length of legs: 615; 500; 540; 655 um.
Eiyespaicskotuneserae2295,0205:0955285553>
um. Nine pairs of /: 80; 55; 80; 30; 70; 60; 55;
30; 30 um. Inter-setal distances: /;-L,; 1-5}; &-
Ll, = 25; 40; 60 um. Leg setation: coxae 3-1-2-2,
trochanters 1-1-1-1, femora 4-3-3-2, genua 1-1-
1-1, tibiae 9-8-7-7, tarsi 10-10-7-7. Pedipalp se-
tation: trochanter 0, femur 2, genu 1, tibia 3 + 1
sword-like seta, tarsus 2 + 1 eupathidium.
Bands of coarse striae like those of T. lombardi-
nu present on dorsum. The two anteriolateral
setae on femur III are short, more separate and
not touching each others bases as is the case in
T. lombardinii and T. stramenticola. L, are
long, subequal to /,. Mc setae with blunt-tipped
spines.
Male: Unknown
Type material: Holotype 9, Poland, locality,
host and date unknown, M. Kaliszewski (UAM
10. S/6 R626).
Remarks. T. polonicus resembles T. stramen-
ticola. It differs from the latter by having two
short anterior setae on femur III which are
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
more widely spaced than those of the latter spe-
cies. L, as long as /, while in 7. stramenticola |,
is much shorter than /,. The palptarsus has two
setae instead of one as in 7. stramenticola.
The specimen identified by Kuznecov & Liv-
shits (1979) as T. superbus appears to be T. po-
lonicus. Mc setae in T. polonicus are different
from those of other Tycherobius spp.
Tycherobius virginiensis (McGregor) comb.
nov.
(figs. 61—66)
Neophyllobius virginiensis McGregor, 1950: 69, 70.
Female: Body length 295 (305) um, width 255
(360) um. Lerigth legs: 500 (470); 390 (375); 445
(445); 515 (515) um. Six pairs of mc: 2 (3); 3 (3);
3 (3); 3 (3); 30 (25); 30 (30) um. Nine pairs of /:
55 (55); 35 (40); 30 (35); 30 (35); 40 (45); 35
(40); 35 (40); 35 (35); 30 (30) um. Inter-setal:
distances: /,-l,; L-l; 1-1, = 40; 10; 55 um. Leg
setation: coxae 3-1-2-2, trochanters 1-1-1-1,
femora 4-3-3-2, genua 1-1-1-1, tibia 9-8-7-7,
tarsi 10-8-7-7. Pedipalp setation: trochanter 0,
femora 2, genua 1, tibia 3 + 1 sword-like seta,
tarsi 1 + 1 eupathidium.
From the outer margin a band of coarse striae
runs mediad behind /, and anteriad in a curve
behind mes, to rejoin the margin behind /,. The
rest of the dorsum is covered with a fine tortu-
ous striation. Only a single centrally located me,
seta is present and situated immediately behind
l;. Mc, setae situated far away from mc,, in line
with /,. Mc; setae more separated from each
other than the other mc pairs. Mc; located close
to each other whereas mc, are contiguous. Mc, ,
can be vestigial as a consequence of mutilation.
The distance between /, and /, is very short in
comparison with the other Tycherobius spp. and
they are nearby contiguous.
Male: Unknown.
Material examined: “Cotype” 9, USA, Vir-
ginia, Arlington, from sample E-7483, x1.1938,
F. Andre (USNM no 1748). 1 ©, USA, Florida,
Lake Placid, in sand-pine litter, 16.x11.1964, M.
H. Muma & H. L. Greene (DCDG).
Other published material: “Cotype” ©, USA,
Virginia, Arlington, second slide from sample
E-7483, xi.1938, F. Andre (USNM no 1748).
Remarks. The unpaired mc, seta, the shorter
and different positioned dorsal setae, the place
of the only coarse transversal striae bandage and
eight setae on tarsus II, separate this species
from other Tycherobius spp.
H. R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 209
Figs. 41—45. Tillandsobius floridensis (McGregor) comb. nov. ¢. 41, dorsal view; 42, peritremata; proto-
nymph. 43, dorsal view; 44, dorsal seta; larva. 45, dorsal view.
210 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs. 46—49. Tycherobius lombardinu (Summers & Schlinger) comb. nov., ©. 46, pedipalp; 47, coxae I and II;
48, ], seta; 49, dorsal view.
H. R. BoLLAND: Review Camerobiidae, I 211
Figs. 50—54. Tycherobius stramenticola spec. nov., 2. 50, pedipalp; 51, coxae I and II; 52, /, seta; 53, dorsal
view; 54, genital-anal region.
212 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
Figs. 55—60. Tycherobius polonicus spec. nov. ©. 55, peritremata; 56, pedipalp; 57, /, seta; 58, coxae I and I];
59, dorsal view; 60, genital-anal region.
H.R. BorLann: Review Camerobiidae, I
213
Figs. 61—66. Tycherobius virginiensis (McGregor) comb. nov., £. 61, pedipalp;
l, seta; 64, dorsal view; 65, coxae I and II; 66, genital-anal region.
62, left part of peritremata; 63,
214 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 7, 1986
The following species is tentatively assigned
to Tycherobius. Confirmation requires study of
the type series.
Neophyllobius rhytis Chaudhri 1974: 190—
191, fig. 83. Type-material: holotype ©, Paki-
stan, 3 mi. W. Hyderabad, on unidentified host-
plant no. 4/71, 12.x1.1971, W. M. Chaudhri
(DEUAL). Paratype ©, Pakistan, 2 mi. N. Bal-
akot, 3500, Hedera himalaica, 13.vi.1971, W.
M. Chaudhri (DEUAL).
_This species has six pairs of mc setae.
Neophyllobius Berlese, 1886
Neophyllobius Berlese, 1886
Type species: Neophyllobius elegans Berlese,
1886.
The species of the genus Neophyllobius will
be described in separate papers in the near fu-
ture.
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INHOUD
R. V. HENSEN. — Revision of the subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht (Hymeno-
ptera, Sphecidae), pp. 217—261, figs. 1—118.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 8 Gepubliceerd 31-VII-1987
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CONTENTS
Maroducion sitter url. wk: eier 217
SOMO RE NE DRE Re nen 218
| The subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht ..... 218
| PAUSE a. dE ne eer 2119
| Key to the species of the subgenus Prosceli-
Be PronN En der Vecht i. 222
Rene ia NE ER 259
BISI OE de Sal. 261
i INTRODUCTION
| This paper is the second part of the “Studies
in the Sceliphronini” which was started in 1968
with the “Revision of the nominate subgenus
i Sceliphron Latreille (recte: Klug) (Hymeno-
ptera, Sphecidae)” by Van der Vecht & Van
Breugel. The present paper deals with the sub-
genus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht, and thus
| completes the revision of the genus Sceliphron. I
| have based my work to some extent on material
gathered by Dr Van der Vecht, during and after
| his work on Sceliphron s.s., and I have taken ad-
vantage of his personal notes on the species and
morphological terminology of Bohart and Men-
he replaced the terms “thorax” by “mesoso-
on Hymenoptera in this respect. For the de-
| subspecific forms.
| Terminology. — I generally have applied the
! ke (1976), which is the same as that used in the
revision of the nominate subgenus. However, I
ma”, and “abdomen” by “metasoma”, follow-
ing Michener (1944) and many other workers
| scription of surface sculpture the terminology
| of Eady (1968) has been followed.
À
BY
R. V. HENSEN
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the species belonging to the subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht,
1968 (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae: Sceliphron Klug). Eleven species are recognized, and ten
additional subspecies. The status of eight taxa is changed in comparison to the lists of Bo-
hart and Menke (1976). Three new subspecies are described: S. deforme femorale, S. rufo-
pictum kalshoveni, and S. rufopictum laticinctum. Lectotypes are designated for twelve spe-
cies-group names. The revision comprises keys to the species and subspecies, descriptions
of all taxa, maps of the distribution, and a phylogenetic analysis of characters, resulting in a
REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS PROSCELIPHRON VAN DER
VECHT (HYMENOPTERA, SPHECIDAE)
Two structures of morphological importance
appeared not to be named yet. The “post-anten-
nal tubercles” are elevations on the frons, just
above the antennal insertions, which vary in
shape and size. The “volsellar plate” is a median
plate-like structure in the genitalia of the male,
attached ventrally at the bases of the volsellae.
The fact that the taxonomic importance of this
structure has never received much attention 1s
probably due to the common practice of illus-
trating only one half of the genital apparatus.
With regard to colour-patterns I have consid-
ered it unnecessary to give lengthy descriptions
of all taxa, since Kohl’s work (1918) is rather
complete in this respect; full descriptions are
therefore only given for taxa which are not
mentioned in Kohl’s work.
In order to give some of the specific charac-
ters a more exact basis, I have found it useful to
express these in a number of ratios. Certain
body measurements were made on a selection of
specimens of each species, including the extrem-
es as far as possible. The ratios are defined and
abbreviated as follows.
IFR Interocular distance across the vertex,
divided by the length of the first fla-
gellomere.
PTR Length of the petiolus (b in fig. 1), divid-
ed by the length of the hind tibia.
PR Petiolus ratio, see fig. 1: a divided by b.
TR Tergite ratio, see fig. 1: c divided by d.
SR _ Segment ratio, see fig. 1: d divided by b.
217
218 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
The material used for this study is for the
most part preserved in the collections of the fol-
lowing museums:
BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolu-
lu, Hawau, USA
BMNH British Museum (Natural History),
London, England
CH Collection Hensen, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
DEI Former Deutsche Entomologische
Institut, now Institut fur Planzen-
- schutzforschung, Eberswalde, GDR
IRSN Institut Royal de Sciences Naturelles,
Brussels, Belgium
LACM Los Angeles County Museum, Los
Angeles, Calif., USA
TMA Természettudomanyi Müzeum, Bu-
dapest, Hungary
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., USA
RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histo-
rie, Leiden, The Netherlands
MNHN Musee National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Parıs, France
MZU Museo di Zoologia della Universita,
Torino, Italy
NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien,
Vienna, Austria
NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock-
holm, Sweden
OUM Oxford University Museum, Oxford,
England
USNM United States National Museum,
Washington D.C., USA
UZM Universitetets Zoologiske Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark
ZIL Zoologitseskij Institut, Leningrad,
USSR
ZMA Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
ZMB Zoologisches Museum der Hum-
boldt-Universität, Berlin, GDR.
I am greatly indebted to the curators of these
museums, for enabling me to study the material
in their care.
I especially wish to thank Dr J. van der
Vecht, Putten, and Dr C. van Achterberg, Lei-
den, for their helpful criticism and valuable re-
marks, and for the final reviewing of the manu-
script; and Dr E. McC. Callan, Canberra, for.
his permission to publish some of his observa-
tions on S. formosum.
Fig. 1. Sceliphron deforme (Smith), first metasomal
segment, lateral aspect.
BIOLOGY
As discussed by Van der Vecht (1961: 254), —
biologically, the species of Prosceliphron are
separated from those of Sceliphron s.s. in the
way in which they construct their nest. Sceli-
phron s.s. species build their cells against each
other, and the whole nest is covered with an ex-
tra layer of mud after completion. Prosceli-.
phron-species build the cells close to each other,
but they remain free, and are not covered by an
extra layer of mud. This behaviour has been re-
ported up to now for the following species: S.
rectum Kohl, S. curvatum (Smith), S. deforme
(Smith), S. coromandelicum (Lepeletier) and S.
rufopictum (Smith). Dr E. McC. Callan, Can-
berra, Australia (pers. comm.) confirmed this
type of behaviour in S. formosum (Smith): “The
nest was built in a sheltered situation in the ga-
rage of my house in Canberra. It comprised five
free mud-cells, amphora-shaped, and with a
smooth surface, and was not covered by an ex-
tra layer of mud (crépissage) applied after com-
pletion of the cells. Provisioning was almost ex-
clusively with spiders of the family Salticidae”.
THE SUBGENUS PROSCELIPHRON VAN DER
VECHT
Prosceliphron Van der Vecht, 1968: 192, as subgenus
of Sceliphron Klug.
Type species: Sceliphron coromandelicum
(Lepeletier, 1845), by original designation.
The following description is an addition to
the generic description by Bohart & Menke
(1976: 103—104).
Head. — Lower three-fifths of inner orbits
parallel; clypeus of female with a pair of lobes
apically, which are continuous with the lateral
margin, or separated from it by an angle or inci-
sion; clypeus of male with a pair of small apical
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron
219
Table 1. Synoptic table of character-states in the species of the subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht.
a
u
f=} cal
Plesiomorphous È 3 E E
character-states SS 6 e 5
(0) Se ase
O Oo ed oa a
Oa 8 9 8 ©
MD OO WH a VO TT
1) Hypostomal carina oO Ole. ell ele
complete
2) Clypeal lobes not
differentiated COR ONE" Ce
3) First tergite slender 000 0 6 @
4) Clypeus of male 0 oke Eee
laterally emarginate
5) Dorsal margin of pro-
podeal orifice narrow Ga POLO ao
6) Vertex simple © © © © @ ©
7) Volsellar plate narrow, OL TION
oblong
8) Cuspis pubescent 0 ? ® ® 0 0
lobes, or rounded and medially incised; mandi-
ble unidentate; hypostomal carina usually re-
duced, evanescent about half-way to mandible,
but complete in shestakovi.
Mesosoma. Mesoscutum transversely
striate to strigose; scutellum longitudinally stri-
gose, striae more or less evanescent anteriorly;
mesopleuron strongly sculptured: strigose and
punctate or granulate; scrobal sulcus indicated;
metapleural sulcus present; metapleuron with
variable sculpture; claws of middle and hind
legs, and usually those of fore legs with small
mesal tooth; propodeum transversely strigose
and more or less punctate.
Metasoma. — Petiolus curved, except in fu-
nestum and rectum; sixth sternite of female
keeled; male with feebly developed bands of mi-
cro-pubescence on fifth and sixth sternite; penis
valves ventrally with a row of 10—20 teeth on
the inner margin; aedeagus apically rounded;
cuspis densely punctate and with long setae, ex-
cept in rectum and funestum; head of digitus
rounded; gonobasis with more or less distinct
tooth ventrally.
fervens
E
3
9) E
ed 3
Gal {el D
CP A lie Apomorphous
Bu OE character-states
a ee (0)
HW Ho +1 OW
© 8.9 0
OPENEN
o o o o © Hypostomal carina reduced
Clypeal lobes
differentiated (©)
1 a' a! a' a!
CO nye Ne Clypeus with lateral
incisions (@')
OPFOR 0520270 First tergite swollen
Clypeus of male
Sio) area laterally rounded
oe 0 0 è Dorsal margin of propodeal
orifice raised
Vertex with tendency
OST Se Cane to elevation
ee Volsellar plate small (®)
Volsellar plate
triangular (@')
Oo © @ 4% oO Cuspis without pubescens
PHYLOGENY
For the phylogenetic analysis of the genus
Sceliphron Klug, I have considered Chalybion
Dahlbom to be its sister-group and consequent-
ly the most useful outgroup. The morphological
evidence for the sister-group relationship be-
tween these genera is rather weak, as pointed
out by Bohart & Menke (1976: 83). There are
no strict autapomorphies separating the two
genera from the remaining Sceliphronini. How-
ever, there is a strong biological argument, 1.e.
the type of prey these genera use. Sceliphron
and Chalybion prey exclusively on spiders,
whereas all other Sceliphronini prey on Orthop-
tera and Dictyoptera. The use of spiders is very
rare within the Sphecidae, whereas Orthoptera
are a common prey of many Sphecid tribes, in-
cluding the Sphecini. Thus preying on spiders
can be regarded as a synapomorphy of Sceliph-
ron + Chalybion.
Within this assemblage, Sceliphron can be
considered a monophyletic group on basis of
the following synapomorphies, determined by
reference to the other genera of the Sceliphroni-
220 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
rufopictum murarium
coromandelicum
vertex not raised @
dorsal margin of pro- S
podeal orifice narrow S
volsellar plate oblong @
unifasciatum
formosum
vertex raised (tendency)
dorsal margin of propodeal
orifice broad
volsellar plate triangular
fervens curvatum deforme
Oo = @ ig
clypeus of with 9 clypeus of + without
RN à ©) GEN Fe
lateral incisions lateral incisions
volsellar plate well-developed (| N volsellar plate reduced
elypeus of d laterally ? elypeus of & laterally
rounded
first tergite slender (LD
clypeal lobes of
? differentiated
petiolus curved
emarginate
first tergite swollen
rectum funestum
7 clypeal lobes of ?
2 not differentiated
Q petiolus straight
cuspis without long
cuspis with long pubescence N pubescence
shestakovi
5 a N 2 aa) 7 hypostomal carina
ypostomal carina redu © complete
Prosceliphron
Sceliphron s. S.
gonobasis not toothed
sixth sternite of È not keeled
mesopleuron smooth
inner orbits ventrally converging
petiolus straight
cerci of co absent
gonobasis of d' toothed
sixth sternite of Se keeled
mesopleuron strigose
inner orbits ventrally parallel
petiolus curved
cerci of d' present
Fig. 2. Cladogram of the species of the subgenus Prosceliphron Van der Vecht.
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron 221
ni. The corresponding plesiomorphous charac-
ter-states, found in the other Sceliphronini, in-
cluding Chalybion, are given between brackets.
1. Clypeus ventrally untoothed, with broad,
flat margin. (Clypeus toothed, without flat mar-
gin.)
2. Integument partly bright yellow, particu-
larly the legs and petiolus, usually also part of
meso- and metasoma. (Integument black or me-
tallic blue, not partly yellow.)
)
Within the genus Sceliphron, two subgenera
can be recognized on basis of the following
characters. The plesiomorphous character-state,
determined by reference to the outgroup Chaly-
bion, is given between brackets.
1. Inner orbits of female essentially straight
on lower three-fifth. (Inner orbits ventrally
converging.)
2. Mesopleuron strigose, dull. (Mesopleuron
punctate, shiny.)
3. Petiolus long and essentially straight. (Pe-
tiolus short, curved.)
4. Sixth sternite of female longitudinally
keeled. (Sixth sternite of female convex or flat,
not keeled.)
5. Eighth tergite of male without cerci.
(Eighth tergite of male with cerci.)
6. Gonobasis of male apico-ventrally with a
small tooth. (Gonobasis of male untoothed.)
The subgenus Sceliphron s.s. has the apomor-
phous character-states of 3 and 5. The subgenus
Prosceliphron has the apomorphous character-
states of 1, 2, 4 and 6.
The following characters are of taxonomic
importance within the subgenus Prosceliphron,
at the species-level. The plesiomorphous char-
acter-states, determined by reference to the out-
group, the sister-group Sceliphron s.s, are given
between brackets, if the interpretation is unam-
biguous.
1. Hypostomal carina reduced, ending about
half way between the top of the hypostomal
cavity and the base of the mandible. (Hyposto-
mal carina complete, ending near base of mandi-
ble.)
2. The clypeus of the female. A sequence of
three character-states can be recognized; the
second state is morphologically a distinct inter-
mediate between the other two. The polarity of
the transformation-series however is doubtful.
All three character-states occur in Sceliphron
s.s. as well:
i) Apical lobes not differentiated from the
lateral parts of the free clypeal margin (fig. 4).
u) Apical lobes differentiated, making an obtu-
se angle with the rest of the clypeal margin
(fig. 33).
ui) Apical lobes separated from the rest of the
clypeal margin by lateral incisions (fig. 65).
3. First metasomal tergite swollen (fig. 55).
(First metasomal tergite slender.)
4. Ventral clypeal margin of male laterally
rounded (fig. 71). (Ventral clypeal margin of
male laterally emarginate (fig. 66).)
5. Dorsal margin of propodeal orifice raised
into a lamella, trapezoid or rounded in posterior
view (fig. 91). (Dorsal margin of propodeal ori-
fice narrow, rounded (fig. 6).)
6. Vertex strongly raised behind anterior
ocellus (fig. 100). (Vertex not raised.)
7. 1) Volsellar plate reduced (fig. 20). 11) Vol-
sellar plate broadly triangular (fig. 87). (Volsel-
lar plate well-developed, oblong, ppinted (fig.
53).)
8. Cuspis without pubescence. (Cuspis with
rather long pubescence.)
The distribution of the plesio- and apomor-
phous character-states among the species is
shown in the synoptic table (table 1).
The polarity of the transformation-series in
character 2 has been determined by reference to
others, in particular the first character. This one
seems to be fairly strong: reduction of the hy-
postomal carina is a unique development within
the Sceliphronini. On basis of this character, S.
shestakovi can be regarded as the sister-group of
the remaining species of Prosceliphron.
On basis of the data-matrix, the most parsi-
monious cladogram has been constructed,
which is depicted in fig. 2. The four species on
the top row have been ordered more or less
phenetically, as they show no formal synapo-
morphies. These species are allopatric, insular
taxa from the Indo-Australian area, and may
have arisen by rapid, contemporary speciation.,
In that case it is not astonishing that no synapo-
morphies could be traced.
The place of S. fervens in the cladogram is
rather doubtful. In the cladogram of fig. 2 it is
placed as the sister-species of S. curvatum + S.
deforme, assuming that homoplasy is present
with respect to character 2, the shape of the cly-
peus of the female, and that character 3, the
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Fig. 3. Hypothetical evolutionary migration of Prosceliphron Van der Vecht; the present distribution is indi-
cated by numbers which refer to recent species and subspecies (see figs. 114—118).
swollen first tergite, is a true synapomorphy.
The resulting cladogram is strongly corre-
lated to the current geographic distribution of
the species. Species at the base of the cladogram
occur in Central and South-Western Asia, while
species at the top of the cladogram are found in
the Indo-Australian area. Apparently, the zoo-
geographic history of Prosceliphron is a case to
which Hennig’s progression rule (Wiley, 1981:
288) applies. Under these particular circum-
stances, it is possible to hypothesize about the
migratorial routes the subgenus has followed in
the course of its evolution. One of the probable
pathways is shown in fig. 3. Obviously, the sub-
genus has originated in Central Asia, where
nowadays S. shestakovi, sister-species of the re-
maining Prosceliphron still occurs. Spreading
over South and East Asia supposedly took place
via the Indian subcontinent. Two lineages of
species arrived independently in the Indonesian
archipelago, via the Malayan peninsula. The
lineage originating from a S. coromandelicum-
like ancestor spread over large parts of the ar-
chipelago, and reached the Philippines via Ce-
lebes, and Australia via New Guinea. A second
group probably arrived subsequently, spread
over Sumatra and Java, and reached the South-
ern Philippine island Palawan via Borneo.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS
PROSCELIPHRON VAN DER VECHT
1. Petiolus in lateral view nearly straight (PR
0.02—0.04), usually longer than hind tibia
(PTR © 0.9—1.1; & about 1.1), and apical-
ly compressed, about 1.5 times as high as
broad (figs. 10, 14, 15); clypeus of © with-
out distinct terminal lobes (fig. 12) ...... 2
— Petiolus in lateral view distinctly curved
(PR 0.05—0.14), usually shorter (PTR ©
0.6—1.0; 4 0.8—1.1) and apically not com-
pressed, as high as wide (e.g. figs. 27, 28);
clypeusiom 2 variables eer re nee 3
2. Mesosoma with extensive yellow markings:
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 223
8
4
9
a 12
10
13
14
Figs. 4—15. 4-8. Sceliphron shestakovi Gussakovskij. 4—7, ©, USSR, Tadzhikistan. 4, clypeus; 5, antennal in-
sertion; 6, propodeal orifice; 7, first metasomal segment. 8, 4, USSR, Kirgizia, clypeus. 9—11, Sceliphron funes-
tum Kohl. 9, 9, Greece, pronotum, lateral aspect; 10, d, Greece, first metasomal segment; 11, 2, Turkey, pro-
podeal orifice. 12—15, Sceliphron rectum Kohl. 12, ©, India, Gujurat, clypeus; 13—14, d, India, Gujurat, 13,
clypeus, 14, first metasomal segment; 15, 2, Pakistan, metasoma, lateral aspect. 4, 7, 8, 10, 12—15: scale-line; 9:
2.0 x scale-line; 5, 6, 11:4.0 X scale-line.
224
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
at least with bands on pronotum and scutel-
lum and large spots on the mesopleuron;
petolussyellow ewan tone" ee
ei Sg” rectum Kohl (p. 228)
Mesosoma nearly entirely black; petiolus
blackaGreecenliunke ren
ee. funestum Kohl (p. 226)
Hypostomal carına runs to base of mandı-
bles; metapleuron finely granulate; petiolus
very short (PTR ® 0.6—0.7; d 0.8), mainly
yellow; all tergites with yellow band; Tadz-
hikistan and adjacent Soviet Republics
Ira +... shestakovi Gussakovskij (p. 224)
Hypostomal carina does not reach base of
mandibles; metapleuron punctate or stri-
gose; petiolus longer (PTR ® 0.7—1.0; d
0.8—1.1); coloration variable
. Mesoscutum dull, irregularly strigose, and
with distinct shallow punctation between
thesstriaeioverätsientiresurlacer n= re 5
Mesoscutum comparatively shiny, regularly
striate and only laterally and along the ad-
median line sometimes shallowly punctate. .
. Interocular distance at vertex distinctly lon-
ger than first flagellomere (IFR © 1.1—1.2;
3 1.1—1.2); fore claws untoothed; clypeus
of ® without lateral incisions (fig. 25); cly-
peus of à laterally emarginate (fig. 22);
Tadzhikistan to Nepal, Austria
SERIEN De curvatum (Smith) (p. 228)
Interocular distance shorter (IFR 2 0.9—
1; d 0.9—1.1); fore claws toothed; cly-
peus of ® with lateral incisions (figs. 103,
104); clypeus of ¢ laterally rounded (figs.
105, 106); Australia, New Guinea, Bis-
marck-Archipelago, Solomon-Islands
formosum (Smith) (p. 255)
. Petiolus yellow, rest of metasoma black;
mesosoma nearly entirely black; India to
IV ENEN abies ete SI ee Des pe Ag Le
ae coromandelicum (Lepeletier) (p. 243)
Petiolus entirely or for the most part black;
mesosoma usually with extensive yellow
markings ues eee st a DIN. 7
. First tergite swollen (TR © 0.22—0.36; d
0.25—0.38) (figs. 36—39); upper margin of
propodeal orifice narrow and rounded (figs.
24850) usuallyanostranslueenen war 8
First tergite not swollen (TR 9 0.13—0.22;
3 0.17—0.18) (figs. 76, 78, 80); upper mar-
gin of propodeal orifice strongly developed:
broad, lamelliform, rounded (fig. 77) or tra-
pezoid (fig. 79), often yellowish or brown-
ish translucent
8. Forewing at apex with well defined dark
spot; only third metasomal tergite with
complete yellow band; lower part of subte-
gular spot, if present, smaller than upper
part; clypeus of © with lateral incisions (fig.
49); Southern Thailand to Java, Borneo,
alarme m I. fervens (Smith) (p. 242)
Forewing at apex with comparatively ill-de-
fined dark spot; at least fourth and fifth ter-
gite with complete band, or metasoma un-
banded; lower part of subtegular spot, if
present, larger than upper part; clypeus of
2 without lateral incisions (figs. 33, 34);
Kazakhstan to Japan and Indochina .......
deforme (Smith) (p. 230)
9. Pubescence of head and mesosoma dark
brown; meso- and metasoma without yel-
low markings; first and second tergites en-
tirely reddish; Ceram, Ambon...) ee
Pubescence of head and mesosoma white or
slightly yellowish; metasoma entirely black,
without red, or with yellow bands 10
Mesosoma with extensive yellow markings
on pronotum, mesopleuron, scutellum and
propodeum (figs. 81—84); pronotal collar
comparatively broad in lateral view (figs.
74, 75); Philippines, Celebes, Java and
smaller Sunda Islands
rufopictum (Smith) (p. 247)
Mesosoma with at most small spots on sub-
alar area and faint bands on pronotum and
scutellum; (fig. 85); pronotal collar com-
paratively high and narrow in lateral view
(fig. 94); Northern Moluccas
unifasciatum (Smith) (p. 254)
10.
Sceliphron shestakovi Gussakovskij
(figs. 4—8, 114)
Sceliphron (Pelopoeus) shestakovi Gussakovskij, 1928:
4, 2 — Transcaspia (ZIL; examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) shestakovi; Bohart & Men-
ke, 1976: 106.
Type. — The type-specimen I have seen is la-
belled “Merv, 12.VI.1925, V. Gussakovskij”,
“Sceliphron shestakovi m. sp. typicum unicum,
V. Gussakovskij”. It has been labelled as the
lectotype, but evidently, it is the holotype. The
type-locality Merv (= Mary) is situated in the
Turkmen SSR, at 37°42’ N, 61°54’E.
Description. — Body length: 9 12.9—15.0
mm, d 16.9 mm; length of forewing: 2 8.7—
9.6 mm, d 10.4 mm. Erect pubescence of head
murarium (Smith) (p. 254).
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron
0.00°,0 ©
ote ee. 0 ©
COO 7e
dv co very?
vo
eco
ooo
oS deo e
er sì
0°
1.0 mm
18
17
225
19, Sceliphron rectum Kohl,
ide of left half of aedeagus. 18
17, inner s
ia, ventral aspect;
l
19, genitalia, ventral aspect.
, genita
1
Figs. 16—19. 16—17. Sceliphron funestum Kohl, 4, Greece. 16
3, India, Gujarat. 18, inner side of left half of aedeagus
226
and mesosoma white, tomentum of face silvery.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus without
well-differentiated lobes (fig. 4); post-antennal
tubercles distinct (fig. 5); hypostomal carina
runs to base of mandibles, like in Sceliphron s.s.;
pronotum with median impression; mesoscu-
tum sharply transversely striate, without punc-
tation, finely granulate between the striae;
metapleuron finely granulate; scutellum smooth
on anterior two-thirds; propodeal orifice
rounded, with very narrow dorsal margin (fig.
6); petiolus short, moderately curved, first ter-
gite not swollen (fig. 7); IFR 1.16—1.18; PTR
0.62—0.69; PR 0.08—0.09; TR 0.20—0.24; SR
0.90—1.09. Male. — Like the female, but cly-
peus laterally emarginate, and with the apical
lobes more or less fused (fig. 8); petiolus longer.
IFR unknown; PTR 0.79; PR 0.091; TR 0.16;
SR 0.86.
Coloration: Black; the following parts are
bright yellow: rectangular spot on clypeus,
scape ventrally, bands on pronotum and scutel-
lum, spots on tegula, on mesopleuron below te-
gula, near basis of propodeum and near apex of
dorsal enclosure, a large mark near apex of pro-
podeum; legs yellow, except coxae, trochanters,
basal half of femora and basal half of posterior
tibiae, apical tarsomeres infuscated; petiolus
yellow, basal half ventrally and laterally black,
apical half with lateral black lines; first tergite
yellow with antero-median dark patch, follow-
ing tergites with broad yellow bands, sternites
with lateral spots, those on fifth and sixth ster-
nite almost coalescent; wings yellowish hyaline.
Distribution. — Southern USSR: Tadzhikis-
tan, Kirgizia, Turkmenistan (fig. 114)
Material examined. — Tadzhik SSR. — 1 9,
Kondara (35 km N. Dushanbe), 8 July 1979, W.
J. Pulawski (USNM): 1 ©, Kondara, Varzoba,
1100 m, July 1937, Gussakovskij (USNM); 1 ©,
Aman Kuta, 6 July 1932, V. Gussakovskij
(ZIL).
Kirgiz SSR. — 1 2, Tashkent, 17 June 1930,
G. Kuzan (ZIL).
Sceliphron funestum Kohl
(figs. 9—11, 16, 17, 114)
Sceliphron funestum Kohl, 1918: 121, 2 — Izmir,
Turkey (NMW; not examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) funestum; Bohart & Men-
ke, 1976: 106.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Description. — Body length: 2 17.6—21.1
mm, d 18.7 mm; length of forewing: 2 11.2—
12.9 mm, d 12.0 mm. Pubescence white, to-
mentum of face silvery.
Morphology: Female. — Head broad, the
eyes distinctly swollen; clypeus without dis-
tinctly differentiated lobes (cf. fig. 12); pronotal
collar in lateral view longer and lower than in
other Prosceliphron (fig. 9), dorsally with medi-
an impression; mesoscutum strongly transver-
sely striate, scutellum longitudinally striate,
striae anteriorly not evanescent; scutellum with
shallow median impression; integument of head
and mesosoma comparatively dull, strongly
granulate; claws of fore legs untoothed; dorsal
margin of propodeal orifice narrow and round-
ed (fig. 11); petiolus nearly straight and about as
long as the hind tibia, posteriorly compressed,
1.5 times as high as broad, first tergite short and
slender (cf. fig. 15); IFR 0.84—0.86; PTR
0.99—1.06; PR 0.02—0.03; TR 0.15—0.16; SR
0.48—0.50. Male. — Like the female, but cly-
peus with ventral margin rounded, medially
shallowly emarginate (cf. fig. 13); petiolus lon-
ger and somewhat curved (fig. 10); genitalia
(fig. 16, 17): gonobasis with well-developed
tooth, gonostyles with rather inconspicuous la-
mellae, volsellar plate narrow, oblong, cuspis
without long hairs (for differences between S.
funestum and S. rectum, see under the latter).
IFR 0.85; PTR 1.0; PR 0.04; SR 0.48.
Coloration: Black; the following parts are
yellow: ventral half of scape, spot on tegula,
apex of fore and middle femora, apex of fore
and middle tibiae (scutellum with transverse
spot in a male from Rhodes); fuscous: third
flagellomere, anterior sides of fore and middle
tibiae (black in specimens from Crete). Wings
light greyish hyaline, apex of forewing dark-
ened.
Distribution. — Greece, Turkey (fig. 114).
Material examined. — Turkey. — 1 9, Re-
shadieh, Sept. 1929, Harry Stiner (USNM): 1 2,
Icel, Silifke-Sapakili, July 1963, 300 ft., E. James
(BMNH); 1 ©, Silifke 35 km NNW, Kargican,
200 m; 4 Aug. 1985, R. Hensen (CH).
Rhodes. — 4 @, Ixia, 1—4 Sep. 1962, P. M. F.
Verhoeff (RMNH); 1 ® 1 dg, near Lindhos, 21
Aug. 1975, Ph. Pronk (RMNH).
Crete. — 1 2, Chanea, 16—20 July 1942, K.
Zimmermann (RMNH): 1 ®, Chania, Samaria,
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 227
SS
Figs. 20—28. Sceliphron curvatum (Smith). 20—22, d, Austria. 20, genitalia, ventral aspect; 21, inner side of
left half of aedeagus; 22, clypeus. 23—24, ©, India, Uttar Pradesh. 23, antennal insertion; 24, propodeal orifice.
25, 2, India, Punjab, clypeus. 26—27, 9, India. 26, pronotum, lateral aspect; 27, first metasomal segment. 28,
3, India, Calcutta, first metasomal segment. 22, 25, 27, 28: scale-line; 26: 2.0 x scale-line; 23, 24: 4.0 X scale-
line; 20, 21: 8.0 scale-line.
228
29 July 1981, P. van Ooyen (coll. van Ooyen); 1
3, Messaraebene, Ampelusis, 3 July 1942, K.
Zimmermann (RMNH).
Greece. — 1 ®, Ilia, Olympia, 4—11 July
1979, M. C. Day (BMNH).
Sceliphron rectum Kohl
(figs. 12—15, 18, 19, 114)
Description. — Body length: 9 16.5—19.4
mm. 6 14.4—17.3 mm; length of forewing ©
11.6—12.3 mm, d 9.3—11.4 mm. Pubescence:
erect pubescence white, head densely, mesoso-
ma sparsely covered with silvery tomentum.
Morphology: structurally S. rectum is practi-
cally identical to S. funestum; the difference in
colour-pattern however is striking, and there
are differences in the genitalia of the d (fig. 18,
19): the volsellar plate is triangular, where-as in
S. funestum it is oblong, and the aedeagus-head
is, in lateral view, proximally broader than api-
cally, whereas in S. funestum it is parallel-sided.
9 — IFR 0.84—0.92; PTR 0.94—1.07; PR
0.015—0.02; TR 0.10—0.19; SR 0.48—0.54. d
— IFR 0.89—1.00; PTR 1.04—1.13; PR 0.01—
0.02; TR 0.07—0.11; SR 0.32—0.42.
Distribution. — Iran, United Arab Emirates,
Pakistan, India (fig. 114).
Key to the subspecies of Sceliphron rectum Kohl
1. Metanotum with yellow band, propodeum
with extensive yellow markings, at least)
first tergite with yellow band, hind tibiae
blackalranttosndian see
NE ENEN pulchellum Gussakovskij
— Metanotum, propodeum and first tergite
black; hind tibiae yellow on outer side; Sik-
kim rectum Kohl
Sceliphron rectum pulchellum Gussakovskij
Sceliphron bilineatum; Dutt, 1912: 221—223, figs. 10,
10a, 11 (W. India and Pusa; bionomics) (misiden-
tification).
Sceliphron pulchellum Gussakovskij, 1933: 275, 6 —
Bushir, Iran (ZIL; examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) pulchellum; Bohart &
Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — According to the original descrip-
tion, the species was based on only one speci-
men, the holotype. It is labelled “Bushire, Per-
sia”, “Sceliphron pulchellum, sp. n., 4, V. Gus-
sakovskij”, and “k. Gussakovskij”.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Description. — Coloration: female (hitherto
undescribed). — Black, the following parts yel-
low: small spot on clypeus, antennal scape and
flagellomeres 1—4 ventrally, broad band on
pronotum, scutellum and metanotum, spots on
tegulae, large subtegular spots, propodeum with
basal spots and very large terminal mark, which
is confluent with a pair of spots in the dorsal en-
closure; legs yellow except basal third of femora
and hind tibiae; wings yellowish hyaline, apex
of forewing darkened; petiolus and large trans-
verse spot on first tergite yellow. Male. — Like
the female, but with additional yellow spots on
alle coxae, first tergite nearly entirely yellow,
third to seventh tergite with yellow apical bands
(in the Indian and Pakistani material the third
and fourth tergite are black).
Material examined. — India. — 1 © 2 36, Ah-
medabad, bred from cell, 16 Aug. 1967, S. D. .
Jayakar (MNHN, RMNH); 1 ©, Pachrukhi,
Behar, 1927, Cornell U. Lot 753 (Cornell
Univ., New York).
Pakistan. — 2 2, Kurrachee, Aug.-Sept.,
Maindron 133—96 (MNHN, RMNH).
United Arab Emirats. — 2 © 13 6, Hatta, 23
Oct.—13 Nov. 1981; 1 2, Wadi Uyoynah, nr.
Dibba, 7 Aug. 1981; 1 6, Masafi, 7 Aug. 1981,
all C. D. Roche (coll. Roche, duplicates in
BMNH,, coll. Guichard, USNM, CH).
Sceliphron rectum rectum Kohl
Sceliphron rectum Kohl, 1918: 124—125, 9, — Sik-
kim, India (ZMB; examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) rectum; Bohart & Menke,
1976: 106.
jes — The holotype, and only known
specimen of the subspecies, is labelled “Sikhim,
coll. Bingham”.
Description. — Differs only by coloration
from the previous subspecies, the pattern was
described in full detail by Kohl (1918); charac-
teristic are the bands on the pronotum and scu-
tellum, large subtegular spots, petiolus largely
yellow, remainder of metasoma black, and pro-
podeum black.
Sceliphron curvatum (Smith)
(figs. 20—28, 115)
Pelopoeus curvatus Smith, 1870: 187, d (not 9) —
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron
30
GER
92
cs
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eh
994 47
Q oat
a
edi ®
1.0 mm
Figs. 29—39. Sceliphron deforme (Smith). 29—30, d, Japan. 29, genitalia, ventral aspect; 30, inner side of left
half of aedeagus. 31, 2, S. d. deforme (Smith), China, Tibet, antennal insertion. 32, 2, S. d. atripes (Morawitz),
USSR, Primori area, antennal insertion. 33—35, clypeus; 33, 2, Thailand; 34, ©, India, Khasia; 35, d, Japan.
36—39, first metasomal segment; 36, &, India, Darjeeling; 37, d, China, Tibet; 38, ?, holotype S. d. femorale
ssp. n.; 39, 2, Taiwan. 33—39: scale-line; 31, 32: 4.0 X scale-line; 29, 30: 8.0 X scale-line.
229
230
Mainpuri, India (BMNH; examined).
Sceliphron curvatum; Strand, 1915: 91 (Naga Hills).
Sceliphron deforme; Kohl, 1918: 122; Basil-Ed-
wardes, 1921: 293—297, figs. 1, 2 (bionomics at
Simla, India); Beaumont, 1969: 390 (Afghanistan:
Kabul).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) curvatum; Bohart & Men-
ke, 1976: 106; Van der Vecht, 1984: 213—219,
figs. 1—5 (descriptions 9, d; established in the
Steiermark, Austria).
Type. — The BM possesses a male with labels
“Pelopoeus curvatus (type) Smith” in Smiths
handwriting, and “69—86”, which means,
according to the BM register: “Presented by
Ch. Horne, these are the type spec. descr. in the
VII vol. Tr. Zool. Soc.”. The description speaks
only of female, apparently more than one, since
a range of lengths is given. The specimen men-
tioned is probably one of the types, and
somehow a mistake was made in the descrip-
tion. I designate it herewith as the lectotype.
Description. — Body length: 2 15.6—18.0
mm, 6 16.0—17.3 mm; length of forewing: ?
10.8—12.1 mm, d 10.3—10.8 mm. Pubescence:
yellowish-white, tomentum of face pale-golden.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with only
feebly differentiated lobes (fig. 25); post-anten-
nal tubercles moderately large (fig. 23); inter-
ocular distance at vertex larger than first flagel-
lomere; pronotum with median impression, in
lateral view narrow (fig. 26); mesoscutum irreg-
ularly transversely strigose, with dense shallow
punctation over the whole surface, comparati-
vely dull; other parts of integument of head and
mesosoma also more distinctly punctate and less
shiny than in other Prosceliphron; dorsal margin
of propodeal orifice narrow and rounded (fig.
24); claws of fore legs untoothed; petiolus
short, curved, first tergite swollen, but not as
strongly as in S. deforme and S. fervens (fig. 27).
IFR 1.10—1.21; PTR 0.75—0.77; PR 0.06—
0.07; TR 0.18—0.26; SR 0.84—0.88. Male. —
Like the female but apical margin of clypeus
laterally shallowly emarginate (fig. 22), as in S.
deforme; petiolus longer (fig. 28); genitalia (fig.
20, 21) similar to those of S. fervens and S. de-
forme, but cuspis with comparatively more and
denser pubescence, volsellar plate of slightly
different shape, gonostyles not pointed apically,
and with better differentiated lamellae than in S.
fervens. IFR 1.13—1.21; PTR 0.86—1.00; PR
0.08—0.11; TR 0.16—0.20; SR 0.72—0.76.
Coloration: As described by Van der Vecht
(1984) ın full detail. Diagnostic features are the
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
presence of reddish-yellow bands on all tergites
and sternites, and the laterally abbreviated cly-
peal mark. Spots at the basis of the propodeum
are only present in specimens from Tadzhikis-
tan and Pakistan.
Distribution. — Originally the species
seemed to be confined to mountainous regions
South and West of the Himalayas, in Tadzhikis-
tan, Pakistan, India and Nepal (fig. 119). The
record of S. deforme from Afghanistan (Beau-
mont, 1968) probably pertains to S. curvatum.
Material examined. — Kazakhstan. — 2 9,
N. Tashkent, Gr. Tchimgan, 2500 m, 12 July
1984, J. Oehlke (DEI).
Tadzhikistan. — 1 ©, Kalai-Vamar, Roshan
(37°50/N, 72°30'E), 30 June 1937, Tupkoya
(ZIL).
Pakistan. — 1 ©, Hazara, Kawai, Shogran, |
2300 m, 14—17 May 1978, C. Holzschuh (Coll.
Gusenleitner).
Nepal. — 1 2, Kathmandu, 1300—1400 m,
May 1966, J. & M. Sedlacek (BPBM); 1 2, 5
mls. W. of Pokhara, 3000 ft., 13 May 1954, J.
Quinlan (BMNH); 3 ©, Taplejung Dist., Sango,
6200 ft., Sep.—Oct. 1961, R. L. Coe (BMNH);
1 ©, Kathmandu, 1500 m, June 1982, 6 ©, Ka-
kani, 2070 m, June 1984, all M. G. Allen
(BMNH).
India. — 1 ©, Nat. Highway 110 km N. Jam-
mu, 6 July 1978, J. Timmer (ZMA); 1 ©, Pund-
jab, 1886, Harmand 411—87 (MNHN); 5 9,
Mussoorie, 23 May 1905, E. Saunders coll.
(BMNH); 8 9, Simla, May 1897, Nurse
(BMNH); 1 2, Mussoorie (NMW); 1 ® Hima-
laya, Felder (RMNH); 1 2, Simla, 26 Nov.
1918, Brunetti (BMNH); 1 2, Kumaon, April
1890, coll. Bingham (BMNH); 1 2, W. India,
Bacon (OUM); 1 ©, Xymcan, S. P. Yzau, 12
June 1970 (?) USNM).
Austria. — 2 ® 4 6, Steiermark, Demmerko-
gel/Sausal, 12 July 1983, J. & E. van der Vecht
(RMNH, USNM).
Sceliphron deforme (Smith)
(figs. 1, 29—48, 116)
Description. — Body length: 9 16.2—20.7
mm, 6 14.4—16.5 mm; length of forewing: ?
10.4—13.3 mm, d 10.3—12.1 mm. Pubescence:
erect pubescence of head and mesosoma white
or slightly yellowish, tomentum of face usually
pale-golden. Wings hyaline, apex of forewing
darkened, but dark area not sharply defined.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus without
231
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron
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TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
232
“nssurry EUD ‘è ‘ch SUEAUE J, ‘è ‘pp ‘nping ‘UEMUI9ZS UID ‘è ‘cr 'SuIoned Inojos
(qarws) awsofap ‘p uoLgdyars “Cry "SSI
233
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron
wnauoddiu ‘p 'S
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234 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
lateral incisions (fig. 33, 34); interocular dis-
tance at vertex rather large, but not as large as in
S. curvatum; post-antennal tubercles variable in
size; pronotum with median impression; mesos-
cutum sharply transversely striate, laterally and
anteromedially with more or less distinct punc-
tation between the striae; propodeal orifice with
narrow, rounded dorsal margin (cf. fig. 24); pe-
tiolus short, shorter than hind tibia, and strong-
ly curved, first tergite long and strongly swollen
(figs. 28, 39). IFR 0.93—1.10; PTR 0.82—0.97;
PR-0.09—0.12; TR 0.22—0.36; SR 0.70—1.00.
Male. — Like the female, but clypeus with small
triangular lobes, laterally of which the margin is
distinctly emarginate (fig. 35); petiolus longer,
first tergite shorter and more strongly swollen
(figs. 36, 37); genitalia (figs. 29, 30) with com-
paratively slender aedeagus and volsella, volsel-
lar plate oblong, hardly differentiated, pubes-
cence of cuspis comparatively short. IFR 1.00—
1.23; PTR 0.86—1.10; PR 0.10—0.14; TR
0.28—0.38; SR 0.67—0.92.
Distribution. — Continental Asia from
Kazakhstan to Thailand and the Ussuri-area;
Taiwan, Japan (fig. 116).
The species shows a considirable amount of
variation over this area, mainly with respect to
colour-pattern, but also in the shape and size of
the post-antennal tubercles. This last character
appears to vary clinally, the Northern forms
having large, conspicuous tubercles, whereas in
Southern specimens these structures are hardly
developed. I have tried to express the variation
by distinguishing a number of subspecies, for
most of which names are already available. I am
well aware of the fact that in some cases the lim-
its between these are purely arctificial. This is
due to the fact that where several characters can
be used to define continental subspecies, these
characters may show zones of intergradation
which are geographically separated. A clear ex-
ample is presented in the subspecies d. deforme
and d. atripes: S. d. atripes typically has large
post-antennal tubercles, and a strongly reduced
colour-pattern, but specimens from Korea and
Northern China combine large tubercles with
the bright colour-pattern of d. deforme, which
typically has rather small tubercles. Thus this
population, as a whole is intermediate between
two other subspecies, and cannot be considered
a separate third subspecies, but neither can it be
placed unequivocally under one of the two. In
other cases however, the limits between the
subspecies may be fairly sharp, for example be-
tween deforme and tibiale, which are separated
by the natural barrier of the Himalayas.
The following key may serve to distinguish
between the subspecies. It is based on females,
since the range of variation in males does not al-
low the construction of an adequate key. How-
ever, in general the males show the same geo-
graphic variation in characters.
Key to the subspecies of Sceliphron deforme
(Smith)
ie Antennalsscapes.dorsally, black ers 2
— Antennal scapes completely yellow or red-
dish dorsal em. Lie ee a 5
2. Hind femora nearly entirely reddish, in
contrast to the fore and middle, which are
nearly entirely black; post-antennal tuber-
cles small, black (fig. 31); Thailand, Laos... _
TRE Re nae Soden femorale ssp. n.
— Hind femora largely black, like the fore and
middle; post-antennal tubercles variable . 3
3. Post-antennal tubercles very large, dorsally
truncate (fig. 32); Southern Siberia, Mongo-
l'atolorea hr" eee atripes (Morawitz)
— Post-antennal tubercles small (fig. 31).... 4
. Yellow colour-pattern reduced: flagellum
entirely black, basal propodeal spots absent,
hind tibiae black (fig. 48); Japan...........
intra AE nipponicum Tsuneki
— Yellow colour-pattern more extensive: sec-
ond flagellomere anteriorly reddish, basal
propodeal spots present, hind tibiae partly
reddıshitiese43% 45); Chinas PES
AA deforme (Smith)
5. Yellow bands on first and second tergite
complete; post-antennal tubercles with yel-
low spot (figs. 42, 44); China .............
ns RY BE NE deforme (Smith)
— Bands on first and second tergite reduced,
largely suffused with red; post-antennal tu-
bercles black (fig. 40); Northern India, Bur-
tibiale Cameron
>
Sceliphron deforme tibiale Cameron
(figs. 40, 116)
Sceliphron formosum; Bingham, 1897: 236, 239, 2 d.
Sceliphron tibiale Cameron, 1899: 53 (sex not men-
tioned) — Khasia Hills (OUM; examined).
Sceliphron lineatipes Cameron, 1900: 36, 2 & — Kha-
sia Hills, coll. Rothney (OUM; examined).
Sceliphron deforme; Strand, 1914: 116 (nest); Kohl,
1918: 122 (Bombay, Darjeeling, Burma: Moul-
main, Tenasserim).
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron 235
55
57
Figs. 49—57. Sceliphron fervens (Smith). 49—50, 2, Indonesia, Borneo, 49, clypeus; 50, antennal insertion. 51,
2, Malaysia, propodeal orifice. 52—55, 3, Malaysia, 52, clypeus; 53, genitalia, ventral aspect; 54, inner side of
left half of aedeagus; 55, metasoma, lateral aspect. 56, 2, Malaysia, pronotum, lateral aspect. 57, 2, Indonesia,
Borneo, first metasomal segment. 49, 52, 55, 57: scale-line; 56: 2.0 X scale-line; 50—51: 4.0 X scale-line; 53, 54:
8.0 x scale-line.
236
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme tibiale; Bohart &
Menke, 1976: 106.
Types. — The OUM possesses one female
specimen labelled “Sceliphron tibiale Cameron,
type, Khasia”, which I herewith designate as the
lectotype. In the BMNH I have seen two fe-
males labelled “S. tibiale Cameron, Khasia”, “ex
FMS 1955—354”, which I have labelled as para-
lectotypes, since S. tibiale was described from
material in the FMS-collection.
S. lineatipes was described from OUM-
material. I found there two male specimens on
one pin, with label “Sceliphron lineatipes, type,
Cameron”. The upper specimen fits the rather
incoherent description best: it agrees at least
with the Latin diagnosis. I herewith designate it
as the lectotype. The lower specimen is paralec-
totype, as is a male labelled “Sceliphron linea-
tipes Cam., type, Khasia” in the BMNH. Sever-
al of 72 partly unlabelled specimens in the
OUM and ZMA may have been part of the or-
gininal type-material too, since S. tibiale was
described from both sexes, but there is no evi-
dence based on label data which allows desig-
nation of more paralectotypes.
Description. — Post-antennal tubercles small
(cf. fig. 50), black. Yellow colour-pattern rather
extensive (fig. 40). Characteristic are: antennal
scape yellow or reddish yellow; propodeum of-
ten with a pair of spots at apex of the dorsal en-
closure; legs reddish except the coxae, trochant-
ers and base of femora dorsally; metasoma with
broad yellow bands on all tergites, those on first
and second tergite suffused with red or reduced;
sternites with lateral reddish-yellow spots.
In the male the coloration is like the female or
more or less reduced: clypeus with a pair of
small spots or completely black, scapes dorsally
black, spots at basis of propodeum small or ab-
sent; legs brownish, hind femora ventrally
somewhat lighter; metasoma with narrow bands
on fourth to sixth tergite, those on second and
third reduced or absent.
Variation. — Specimens from Darjeeling tend
to be more brightly coloured than described
above: in the male the clypeus bears a large
mark, the scapes are red dorsally, the legs are
mainly red-yellow and the metasoma has com-
plete bands on all tergites.
Material examined. — India. — 1 ®, Dacca,
30 May 1945, D. Leston (BMNH); 2 2, N.
Khasia Hills (BMNH); 5 © 5 6, Khasia, coll.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Bingham (OUM); 4 @, Sikkim, Runjit Valley,
1000 ft., April 1894, Bingham coll. (BMNH); 3
2, Sikkim, F. A. Müller (UZM); 1 ©, N.W. In-
dia (BMNH); 1 ©, N. India, Lukna, 55 km S.
Darjeeling, May 1966, Sedlacek (BPBM); 3 ©,
Sikkim, coll. Bingham (BMNH); 2 2 1 6, Dar-
jeeling, coll. Frühstorfer (RMNH); 19 ® 10 8,
Khasia Cameron (ZMA); 10 ©, Sikkim, coll.
Bingham (ZMB).
Burma. — 1 2, Rangoon Dist., March 1888,
Bingham coll. (BMNH); 1 2, Pegu Hills,
March 1889 (BMNH).
Sceliphron deforme femorale ssp. n.
(figs. 38, 41, 116)
Holotype. — 2, Thailand, Chiangmai, 4 May
1952, D. & E. Thurman (USNM).
Description. — Post-antennal tubercles small,
black (like in S. d. tibiale); colour-pattern much
less extensive than in adjacent subspecies (fig.
41); antennal scape yellow ventrally; pronotum
with narrow, interrupted yellow band; subtegu-
lar spots small; scutellum with narrow trans-
verse spot; propodeum only with small apical
spot; fore and middle femora black, with small
yellow spot apically; hind femora reddish; legs
otherwise blackish; metasoma black, first tergite
medially reddish-yellow, third with strongly re-
duced, fourth with complete yellow apical
band; fifth and sixth reddish-yellow; tomentum
of face golden, erect pubescence purely white.
Structurally S. d. femorale is identical with S.
d. tibiale. With respect to colour-pattern how-
ever, the form resembles the related species S.
fervens, which occurs in the adjoining area; this
particular colour-pattern may thus represent an
independently developed environmental adapta-
tion.
Paratypes. — Thailand. — 1 ©, Doi Suthep,
4—10 May 1952, D. & E. Thurman (USNM); 2
2, Khun Tan Mts., May 1933, 4000 ft, H.
Smith coll. (USNM, RMNH) (with basal spots
on propodeum, larger scutellar band, one with
complete band on third tergite).
Laos. — 2 9, Pak Kop, Mekong River, 7 May
1920, R. V. de Salvaza (BMNH) (one of these
with propodeal spots basally).
Sceliphron deforme deforme (Smith)
(figs. 31, 43—45)
Pelopoeus deformis Smith, 1856: 231, ® — North
China, coll. Fortune (BMNH; examined).
Sceliphron deforme; Strand, 1914: 116 (Tsingtau,
237
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron
-uemegeg ‘sourddryryg “è ‘09 “years ‘eiskefew “6G SPISAETETN 152 M ‘gg 'suraned 1n0]09 “(rung
)
suaaraf U014d1722S ‘09—8G “SSI
238
nest); Turner, 1917: 176; Kohl, 1918: 122—123,
figs. 26, 27; Gussakovskij, 1936: 4 (N. E. Szech-
wan); Iwata, 1939: 169, fig. 21 (Formosa, bionom-
ics); Yasumatsu, 1942: 106 (Peking); Tsuneki,
1967 (Formosa).
Sceliphron deforme taiwanum Tsuneki, 1971: 6, 2 d
— Taiwan, Taitung pref., Chulu (coll. Tsuneki;
not examined); Bohart & Menke, 1976: 106.
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron deforme deforme; Bohart &
Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — The specimen which was figuring as
the type of S. deforme in the BM (no. 21.613)
belongs to S. curvatum. It was evidently incor-
rectly labelled, since it does not agree with the
description of S. deforme, which mentions a
“spot at each side of the metathorax at base”;
such spots fail in S. curvatum, and moreover, S.
curvatum does not occur in Northern China.
The lectotype by present designation is a female
in the BMNH with label “N. China, 54—8”
(according to the register: “China, Shanghai,
purchased from Stevens, coll. by Fortune”).
There is one other specimen which is old
enough, and may have been a syntype. It is la-
belled “56—45, China” (“April; China, purch.
from Stevens, coll. by Mr. Bowring”) and “type
rufopictus Smith” in Smith’s handwriting.
There are two female specimens in the Saun-
ders’ collection (OUM) standing as syntypes of
S. deforme. One of these belongs to S. deforme,
the other to S. curvatum. There is no evidence
that these were part of the original type-materi-
al.
Description. — Female. — Post-antennal tu-
bercles of intermediate size (fig. 31), larger than
in S. d. tibiale, smaller than in S. d. atrıpes,
usually with yellow spot; colour-pattern rather
extensive (figs. 42—44), only slightly darker
than tibiale: scapes often black dorsally, tegulae
with yellow mark, propodeum with large basal
spots, and sometimes with a pair of spots at
apex of the dorsal enclosure, legs blackish to
red-brown, femora largely black dorsally, ven-
trally lighter, metasoma with broad reddish-yel-
low bands on alle tergites, sternites 2—5 with
bands or lateral spots.
Male. — Darker than the female, but very
variable: clypeus often only with a pair of small
spots, basal propodeal spots reduced or absent,
bands on tergites usually reduced, sometimes
nearly absent.
Variation. — Female specimens from Tibet
are very brightly coloured (fig. 42): the scapes
are completely yellow, post-antennal tubercles
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
with yellow mark, often small spots on sides of |
pronotum, and marks on the mesoscutum in
front of the tegula, propodeum with a pair of
spots in the dorsal enclosure, legs mainly yel-
low, femora dorsally black on proximal half, pe-
tiolus largely or partly yellow. The coloration
of the Taiwanese population was described by
Tsuneki (1971), and is illustrated in fig. 44. The
pattern is somewhat less bright than that of the
Tibetan specimens, and brighter than that of the
other mainland populations (fig. 45). I prefer
therefore to regard Tsuneki’s S. deforme tai-
wanum as part of the nominate species.
Material examined. — Mongolia. —
Tchi-Li, J. de Joannis, 1890 (MNHN);
Tcheli, J. de Joannis, 1903 (MNHN).
China. — 1 ?, Ningpo, Aug. 1949 (NMB); 1
2, China (OUM); 2 2, Tientsin, N. China; 1
ES
Le
>
©, Peking, “curvatum, det. Kohl”, “deforme, .
det. Kohl”; 1 ?, Tientsin, Walte; 1 9, Tsingtau,
Prof. Hoffmann; 1 2, Tschili; 1 6, Tientsin (all
NMW); 3 & 1 6, Shankhov, Honan, D. Renard
(IRSN); 4 © 2 g, Kiangsi, A. David, 1875; 1 9,
Kiangsu, Shanghai, 27 July 1925, 1 d, Shanghai,
14 Aug. 1924, both O. Piel; 1 d, Kouytcheou,
1921, Cavalérie; 1 2 1 d, Shensi, 1875, A. Da-
vid (all MNHN); Canton, 1 ©, 8 June 1917, 28
1 2, 10 May 1917; Lungtaoshan, Kwangtung, 1
2, 17. Sep 19171722719 Sep. MRC PIRE
1917; Lofaoshan, Kwangtung, 1 ®, 20 July
1916, 1 d, 11 Aug. 1916, 1 2 1 d, 20 May 1917,
1 4,1 May 1917; Gaotung, Kwangtung, 1 d, 3
June, 1 6, 9 June; Tshayunshan, Kwangtung, 1
2, iil Aug. 1912, 1 2,24 June IDEE
June 1912; 1 ?, Sholyunshan, 30 May; all leg.
Mell (ZMB); 1 2, Chinkiang, 10 June 1924, 1
2, Mokanshan, 18 July 1924, both J. F. Illing-
worth (BMNH); 1 ©, Hongkong, F. W. Ferry,
1 2, Tonkin, Hoabink, Aug. 1918, R. V. de Sal-
vage; 2 ©, Howlik, R. C. L. Perkins coll.; 1 ®,
Peiping, C. F Wu coll.; 1 2, Foochow, June
1936, M. S. Yang; 1 2, Yunnan, 1918, G. For-
rest; 1 2, Shanghai, 1 ©, Sinling, pr, Shen-Se,
W. A. Maw; 1 6, Shihchiachwang, C. F. Wu
coll. (all BMNH); 5 @, Kiangsu, Kolthoff
(NRS); 1 ©, Kina, N.O. Szechwan, Sven He-
dins Exp. C. Asien, Dr. Hummel (NRS); 1 2,
Foochow, Kellogg (MCZ); 1 ©, Huaying Shan,
Szechwan, Aug. 1932, G. Liu (MCZ); China-
Tibet border, 3 2, Ludingshiao, 4900 ft., 12—
20 Aug. 1930, 1 2, Bet. Uenchuan and Mow-
chow, 4500—5500 ft., 3—6 Aug. 1924, 1 =
Dashianglin Pass, 4960 ft., 23 Aug. 1930; Suifu,
178722,1928, 1 27 May-June 192951008
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 239
65
66
68
1.0 mm
67
Figs. 61—69. Sceliphron coromandelicum (Lepeletier). 61—62, 6, Malaysia. 61, genitalia, ventral aspect; 62, in-
ner side of left half of aedeagus. 63—65, ©, India, Kerala. 63, antennal insertion; 64, propodeal orifice: 65, cly-
peus. 66—67, 3, Malaysia. 66, clypeus; 67, first metasomal segment. 68—69; 2, Malaysia. 68, first metasomal
segment; 69, pronotum, lateral aspect. 65—68: scale-line; 69: 2.0 X scale-line; 63, 64: 4.0 X scale-line; 61, 62:
8.0 x scale-line.
240 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
2000 ft.; 5 2, Shinkaisi, Mt. Omei, 4000—5000
ft) ee Meo Er LOO vir som lyn 1929 MRC
Chiacopin, 22 Jan. 1933, 2100 ft., 1 2, Dono-
menwai, 10 mi. W. Weichow, 5600 ft., 1933; 1
2, S. of Suifu, Aug. 1929; 1 ©, Tseojiageo, S. of
Suifu, Sep. 1929, 1400—2000 ft.; 1 9, near Ya-
chow, 2 July 1930; 7 ®, Kuanshien, 3000 ft.,
1-4 Aug. 1934; 8 22 6, Fulin, 2400 ft., 17—
18 July 1928, 2 2, Ningyuenfu, 6000—6200 ft.,
2-4 Aug. 1928; 2 ©, Bet. Ginkeoho and Shin-
kaishi, 3—4 Aug. 1925; 1 ©, Tsaekeo; all D. C.
Graham coll. (USNM).
Taiwan. — 1 ©, Taihorinsho, Aug. 1908, 1 ®,
Fuhosho, Sep. 1909, 2 ®, Taihorinsho, Oct.
1909, 2 ©, Fuhosho, Aug. 1909, 1 ©, Kanshirei,
108 a AS ate RNA MS rar AZ [ay
1934, L. Gressit (MCZ); 6 d 1 ®, Taipei-hsien,
Wulai, 4 July 1966, 1 4, Nantou-hsien, Puli, 11
July 1966, 3 2, Taitung-hsien, Chulu, 12 Aug.
166, I 2, ick, 29 one 1968, 2 2, Taitung-
hsien, Chihpechi, resp. 13 Aug. 1966 and 30
June 1968, all leg. K. Tsuneki (RMNH).
Japan. — Chiba Pref., 1 ?, Usui, Sakura
City, 9 Sep. 1968, 1 2, Oamish irasato, Sanbu
Gun, 10 Sep. 1970, 1 ®, Kuriyama, Matsudo
City, 22 Aug. 1963, 2 d, Mt. Kasamori, Cho-
nan, 3 Sep. 1970, 1 d, Zenshoji Toke, Chiba
City, 10 Sep. 1970, all leg. H. Suda (RMNH).
Vietnam. — 2 ®, Ht. Tonkin, Phuong Lom,
(J. J. M. Laisi) R. Oberthir 1901 (MNHN)
(transitional between S. d. deforme and S. d.
femorale; band on second tergite reduced, hind
femur less dark than fore and middle).
Sceliphron deforme atripes (Morawitz)
(figs. 32, 46, 116)
Pelopoeus atripes Morawitz, 1888: 271, 2 — Semipa-
latinsk (ZIL; examined).
Sceliphron deforme; Kohl, 1918: 122, 123, 133 (origi-
nal description).
Sceliphron formosum var. koreanum Uchida, 1925:
329 (description in Japanese) (not examined).
Sceliphron deforme koreanum; Tsuneki, 1967: 6 (de-
scription 9 ó).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme atrıpes; Bohart &
Menke, 1976: 106.
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme koreanum; Bohart
& Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — The Zoological Institute at Lenin-
grad possesses two syntypes of P. atripes Mora-
witz. The lectotype, by present designation, is a
female, labelled “Semipalatinsk”, “k. F. Mora-
witz” and “atripes 2, F. Morawitz”. The para-
lectotype ıs labelled “Semipalatinsk”, “k. F.
Morawitz” and “Pelopoeus atripes ©, F. Mora-
witz”. It lacks forewings, antennae and the legs
largely.
Description. — Morphology. — Post-anten-
nal tubercles exceptionally large, dorsally trun-
cate (fig. 32).
Coloration. — In the type-specimens, the
colour-pattern is strongly reduced (fig. 46): the
metasoma bears no yellow bands, and the meso-
soma is almost entirely black; specimens from
the Eastern part of the area occupied by this
subspecies are more brightly coloured (fig. 47).
Material examined. — Mongolia. — 1 2 1 6,
Dinyuanin, s. Alashan, 5—14 Aug. 1908, Koz-
low (ZIL); 1 2, Dundusaichan, Gobi, 9 July
1909, Kozlow (ZIL).
China. — 1 9, China, 801, 48, curvatum Sm
det. Kohl (RMNH); 1 ©, Peking, C. F. Wu coll.
(BMNH); 1 ©, Nord Peking, A. David, 1865 .
(MNHN); 1 2, “Chasyang”, A. P. Jacot, Aug.
1921 (MNHN); 1 6, Petaiho Beach, Hopei
Prov., Kina, 1942, A. M. Hemingston
(RMNH); 1 ©, Heishan, Liaching, C. F. Wu
coll. (BMNH).
Korea. — 3 2, Geumgok, Jinyang-gun,
Gyeongnam, July—Aug. 1984, 2 2, Mt. Jiri, 17
July 1984, all G. J. Jeong (RMNH); 1 6,
Shoyozan, 30 May 1943, K. Tsuneki (RMNH);
3 ©, Korea, Kim coll., (BMNH); 1 ©, “Corea”
(BMNH).
USSR. — 18 3 ©, Vladivostok, Sedanka, Ma-
laise (NRS); 2 2, Vladivostok, Suchan, Malaise
(NRS); 1 2, Ussuri (USNM); 1 2, Okeanskya,
Siberia, Aug. 1923, Cockerell (USNM); 1 ®,
Suputnskiy zap-k., Primorsky Kraj, Lelej
(RMNH) (45° N, 136° E); 1 2, Kongaus, Sibe-
ria, Aug. 1923, Cockerell (USNM); 2 ©, Onon,
Amour (MNHN); 2 2, Amour, Siberia
(BMNH); 1 2, Okeanskaya, Ussuri, 3 July
1911, Cherskiu (ZIL); 1 2, Yakovlevka, Ussuri,
12 Sep. 1926, Diakonov Filipev (ZIL); 1 2, Pri-
morje Dist., 20 km E. Ussurijsk, Goznotajozh-
noje, 23 July 1983, E. Budrys (ZIL).
Sceliphron deforme nipponicum Tsuneki
(fig. 48)
Sceliphron deforme; Kohl, 1918: 123 (Hokodadi);
Tsuneki & Shimoyama, 1963: 48 (Towada dist.,
Honshu); Tsuneki, 1964: 10 (Mt. Kuju, Sasebo,
Kyushu).
Sceliphron deforme japonicum Tsuneki, 1971: 7 (2)
(nec japonicum Gribodo).
Sceliphron deforme nipponicum Tsuneki, 1972: 1, ©
— Prov. Fukui (Iwaya), paratypes © d, Fukui,
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 241
70
71
74
75
76
78
80
Figs. 70—80. Sceliphron rufopictum (Smith). 70, ®, Indonesia, Celebes, clypeus; 71, 3, Philippines, Luzon, cly-
peus; 72, S. r. kalshoveni ssp. n., 9, holotype, antennal insertion; 73, S. r. rufopictum (Smith), ©, antennal inser-
tion; 74, S. r. kalshoveni ssp. n., 2, holotype, pronotum, lateral aspect; 75, S. r. laticinctum ssp. n., 2, holotype,
pronotum, lateral aspect; 76—77, S. r. rufopictum (Smith), ®; 76, first metasomal segment; 77, propodeal ori-
fice; 78—80, S. r. laticinctum ssp. n.; 78, 2, Philippines, Luzon, first metasomal segment; 79, 9, Philippines,
Luzon, propodeal orifice; 80, 4, paratype, first metasomal segment. 70, 71, 76, 78, 80: scale-line; 74, 75: 2.0 X
scale-line; 72, 73, 77, 79: 4.0 X scale-line.
242 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
several localities (coll. Tsuneki; not examined);
Bohart & Menke, 1976: 106.
Description. — Female. — Post-antennal tu-
bercles large, but distinctly smaller than in S. d.
atripes, and not truncate dorsally; colour pat-
tern (fig. 48) more or less like Eastern specimens
of S. d. atripes; post-antennal tubercles black,
scape dorsally black, subtegular spots small,
basal propodeal spots absent; metasoma with
the bands more or less darkened (brownish) and
reduced; second to fifth sternite black; legs
brownish black, with yellow streaks along fore
and middle tibiae. The colour-pattern was de-
scribed in full detail by Tsuneki (1971, 1972).
Male. — Like the female, but darker: clypeus
sometimes entirely black, metasoma usually
black, except for a narrow brownish band on
the first tergite.
Material examined. — Japan. — Mt. Haku, 3
9, 1—2 Aug. 1953, 1 d, 1 Aug. 1962; 2 ©, Fu-
kui Pr., 8 Aug. 1953; 1 &, Nikko, 3 July 1952; 3
36 3 2, Koike, Fukui, several dates; 2 &, Simou-
tinami, Fukui, 30 July 1971; 3 ©, Arashi, Fukui,
several dates; 1 2, Ichinose, Mt. Haku, 30 July
1964; 2 2, Hatogaya, Fukui, 29 Aug. 1969; all
K. Tsuneki (RMNH); Tamba, 2 ©, Yohoku, 23
July 1955, Higuchi, 1 2, Yakami, 23 July 1955,
Honda, 1 & 1 9, Sasayama, 15 July 1955 and 9
Sep. 1951, K. Iwata (all RMNH); 4 9, Japan,
Smith coll. (BMNH).
Sceliphron fervens (Smith)
(figs. 49—60, 117)
Pelopoeus fervens Smith, 1858: 101, 2 — Borneo, Sa-
rawak, leg. Wallace (OUM; examined).
Sceliphron fervens; Turner, 1912: 196; Kohl, 1918:
130, fig. 28.
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) fervens; Bohart & Menke,
1976: 106.
Type. — The lectotype, by present desig-
nation, is a female in the OUM with only the
original Wallace-label “SAR”. The BM pos-
sesses three paralectotypes with additional la-
bels “P. fervens Smith” in Smith’s handwriting.
Two of these have been part of Smith’s own col-
lection, according to their label “F. Smith coll.,
99—363”, the third is labelled “57—36, Bor-
neo .
Description. — Body length: 9 15.3—16.5
mm, d 14.5 mm; length of forewing: © 10.6—
11.9 mm, d 9.6 mm. Pubescence greyish white, |
tomentum of face silvery.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with lateral
incisions (fig. 49); post-antennal tubercles small
(fig. 50); pronotum with median impression; |
mesoscutum with sharp transverse striation;
laterally with some shallow punctation; propo-
deal orifice with narrow dorsal margin, like in S.
deforme, but not evenly rounded (fig. 51); pe-
tiolus moderately long, distinctly curved (fig. —
57), first tergite distinctly swollen, like in S. de-
forme. IFR 0.88—0.95; PTR 0.92—1.00; PR
0.09—0.10; TR 0.26—0.30; SR 0.76—0.82.
Male. — In structural characters like the female,
but clypeal margin laterally from the small, tri-
angular lobes shallowly emarginate (fig. 52),
like in S. deforme; petiolus longer and more
strongly curved (fig. 55); genitalia similar to
those of S. deforme, but volsellar plate more dif-
ferentiated and gonostyles apically not so sharp-
ly pointed (fig. 53, 54); the difference in the dig-
itus is probably an artifact due to dehydration.
IFR 0.95; PTR 1.12; PR 0.12; TR 0.29; SR 0.63.
Coloration: scapes dorsally black, post-an-
tennal tubercles black, upper subtegular spot
larger than lower, basal spots of propodeum
small or absent, legs mainly reddish, mesosoma
often reddish on basal tergites, a distinct yellow
band is only present on the third tergite,
sometimes the second and fourth bear reduced
bands; wings clear, with well-defined dark mark
at apex of forewing.
Variation: In specimens from Malaysia, Su-
matra and Java the red colour on the metasoma
is restricted to the first tergite, (fig. 58), whereas
in most specimens from Borneo it covers three
or more tergites (fig. 59); the one specimen
from Palawan I have seen has a pair of spots at
the apex of the dorsal enclosure, and the femora
are entirely reddish (fig. 60).
Distribution. — Southern Thailand, Malaysia,
Sumatra, Bangka, W. Java, Borneo, Palawan
(fig. 117).
Material examined. — Thailand. — 1 ©, Sa-
tun, Thaleban Nat. Park, 26 July 1986, R. Hen-
sen (CH).
Malaysia. — 1 2, Kedah, near Jitra, 8 April
1982, 1 9, Perak, Batang Padang, Jor Camp,
1800 ft., 3 2 1 d, Kuala Lumpur, Gardens, 22
March 1941, all H. M. Pendlebury (BMNH,
RMNH); 1 ©, Taiping, W. B. Orme (BMNH);
1 2, Labuang Padang, July 1907, C. B. H. Hunt
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron
(BMNH); 1 2, Kuala Lipis, 29 May 1928, Mill-
er (BMNH); Penang, Batu Feringgi, catchment
Sree la Basden, 1.9, 14-Reb.1957, 12, 15
Feb. 1961 (BMNH); 1 ?, Ulucheka, in jungle,
10 Aug. 1928, Miller (BMNH).
Bangka. — 1 ©, Bangka, Van den Bossche
(RMNH).
Sumatra. — 1 ©, S. Sumatra, Res. Benkoelen,
Boekit-Item, 24 June—2 July, 1935, 650 m, M.
E. Walsh (RMNH); 1 2, Muara Sako, Oct.
1915, E. Jacobson (USNM).
Java. — 2 2, Radjamandala, Dec. 1938, J. v.
d. Vecht (RMNH); 1 2, Radjamandala, Djam-
pang Wetan, Oct. 1936, 1200 ft., M. E. Walsh
(RMNH); 1 ®, Palaboean Ratoe, 16 April 1933,
M. Lieftinck (RMNH).
Borneo. — 2 ©, Bettotan, near Sandakan, 11
Aug. 1927 (BMNH); 1 9, E. Borneo, Ketapan,
50 m, June 1937, M. E. Walsh (RMNH); 1 &,
Sarawak, Kampong Pueh, Lundu Dist., 690—
1500 m, 25—31 May 1958, T. C. Maa (BPBM);
2, S. E. Borneo, Wahnes S., Wolf v. Schönberg
V. (ZMB).
Palawan. — 1 ©, 3.2 kmS. of Tarumpitao Pt.,
31 May 1958, near jungle ravine, H. E. Milliron
(USNM).
Sceliphron coromandelicum (Lepeletier)
(figs. 61—69, 115)
Pelopoeus coromandelicus Lepeletier, 1845: 306, 2 —
Coromandel (coll. Spinola, MZU).
Sceliphron coromandelicum; Dutt, 1912: 216—221, pl.
XII, figs. 1, 7 (bionomics at Pusa, India); Field,
1914: 378—379 (bionomics); Strand, 1915: 91 (Sri
Lanka); Kohl, 1918: 125, 126(@ d).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) coromandelicum; Van der
Vecht & Van Breugel, 1968: 192 (type-species of
Prosceliphron); Bohart & Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — The Spinola-collection (MT) con-
tains one female of this species, standing under
the label “Pelopoeus coromandelicus m. et
Lep.”, which is most probably the holotype,
since the description seems to be based on one
specimen. Van der Vecht (pers. comm.) saw the
specimen several years ago, and confirmed the
general interpretation of the species, on which
Kohl (1918) was not sure. The type is in poor
condition, the head and mesosoma have been
damaged severely by Anthrenus.
Description. — Body length: 2 17.4—21.0
mm, d 16.4—19.5 mm; length of forewing: ?
11.9—13.3 mm, d 10.8—11.7 mm. Pubescence:
long, erect pubescense of head and mesosoma
dark brown or black, but sometimes discolored
-
243
to pale brown in older specimens, short pubes-
cense as usually white; tomentum of face sil-
very.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with small
lateral incisions (fig. 65); post-antennal tuber-
cles very small (fig. 63); pronotum with median
impression, rather broad in lateral view (fig.
69); mesoscutum strongly transversely striate,
only laterally with some shallow punctures;
dorsal margin of propodeal orifice narrow (like
in S. deforme), but not evenly rounded (fig. 64);
petiolus long, sometimes as long as in S. funes-
tum, but always distinctly curved (fig. 68). IFR
0.90—0.96; PTR 0.86—0.91; PR 0.05—0.08;
TR 0.14—0.18; SR 0.67—0.74. Male. — Like
the ©, but clypeus evenly rounded, with small,
triangular apical lobes (fig. 66); genitalia (fig.
61, 62): pubescence of cuspis dense, but shorter
than in S. rufopictum and S. formosum, volsellar
plate reduced, gonostyle with comparatively
long and dense pubescence, the lamellae of the
gonostyle are rather narrow. IFR 1.00—1.05;
PTR 0.97—1.00; PR 0.07—0.08; TR 0.16—
0.20; SR 0.51—0.66.
Coloration: Black; the following parts are
yellow: two spots on the clypeus (often co-
alescent); ventral side of scape, more or less de-
veloped band on pronotum (absent in specimens
from Malaya), very small subtegular spots; rare-
ly a small spot on the scutellum and at apex of
the propodeum; petiolus yellow, legs reddish
yellow, except coxae, trochanters, base of fore
and middle femora and terminal tarsomeres
(hind tibiae black in a specimen from Laos).
Distribution. — India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
Burma, Thailand, Laos, Malaya (fig. 115). S. co-
romandelicum is at present the only species
known to occur sympatrically with several oth-
er Prosceliphron-species: with S. fervens in Ma-
laya, with S. deforme femorale in Thailand and
Laos, with S. deforme tibiale and S. rectum in
Northern India.
The ZMA possesses a series of 15 © 2 d from
Coimbatore, India, which is almost completely
stylopized.
Material examined. — Sri Lanka. — 1 9, Pu-
wakpitiya, Hiver 1906—7, E. Bugnon
(MNHN); 1 2, Mon. Dist., Bibile, 7 June 1975,
S. L. Wood & J: L. Petty (USNM); 1 2, Gal
Dist., Kanneliya, 24—26 Jan. 1979, 1 2, Tri.
Dist, Trincomalee, 0—100 ft, 13—17 May
1976, 2 2, Col. Dist., Labugama Res., 110 m,
29, Oc 1977 and 11-]July1973,1.2,, Rat Wises
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
244
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245
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron
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246 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Figs. 87—95. 87—90. Sceliphron murarium (Smith), 3, Indonesia, Ambon; 87, genitalia, ventral aspect; 88, in-
ner side of left half of aedeagus; 89, clypeus; 90, first metasomal segment; 91—93, S. murarium (Smith), ©, In-
donesia, Ambon; 91, propodeal orifice; 92, clypeus; 93, first metasomal segment. 94—95, Sceliphron unifascia-
tum (Smith), 9, Indonesia, Obi; 94, pronotum, lateral aspect; 95, first metasomal segment. 89, 90, 92, 93, 95;
scale-line; 94: 2.0 X scale-line; 91: 4.0 x scale-line; 87, 88: 8.0 x scale-line.
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron 247
Uggalkaltota, 23—26 June 1978, 1 2, Bad.
Dist., Ulhitiya, 15 mi. NNE of Mahiyangana,
5—6 Sep. 1980, all leg. K. V. Krombein
(USNM); 1 2, Rat. Dist., Udalawaya, 5—6
June 1975, D. H. Messersmith e.a. (USNM); 1
2, Col. Dist., Kollupitiya, 21—22 Nov. 1978,
G. Ratnaweera (USNM); 1 ©, Kantalai, 29 June
1953, F. Keiser (RMNH); 1 2, Col Dist., Labu-
gama Res., 400 ft., 2—3 Oct. 1976, G. F. Hevel
(RMNH); 1 2, Gal. Dist., Kanneliya, 28 July
1973, 300 ft., G. Ekis (RMNH); 1 9, M. Illupa-
la, Jan. 1912, Butt.-Repp (ZMB); 1 ©, Bibile,
Bad. Dist., 1 2, Ruhuan Nat. Park, 5 Aug.
1963, both Univ. London Ceylon Exp.
(BMNH).
India. — 3 ©, Nilgiri Hills, Singara, 3400 ft.
June 1948, 1 ©, Walayar Forest, 100 ft., 18 Oct.
1947, 1 ©, Kurumbagaram, 12 June 1947, 1 9,
Coimbatore, Nov. 1950, all P. S. Nathan
(USNM); 1 2, Balasore, R. Oberthür, 1898
(MNHN); 1 2, Mahé, Aug. 1892 (MNHN); 1
2, Ostindien, Dald (ZMB); 4 © 1 gd, Lonavla,
W. Ghats, 650 m, 1 à, Sinhagad, near Poona,
1320 m, all May 1963, F. Wain (RMNH); 1 9,
Sangli (MBUD); 1 2, Calcutta, 6 June 1944, D.
E. Hardy (USNM); 1 ©, Karikal, Nov. 1961, P.
S. Nathan (LACM); 1 2, Bangalore, 1894,
Bingham (USNM); 7 2, Coimbatore, 1400 ft., 2
2, Anamalai Hills, Chinchona, 3500 ft., 1 ®,
Walayar Forest, 700 ft., all April-May 1960, P.
S. Nathan (RMNH); 2 ©, Orissa, 11 April
1965, S. D. Jayakar & H. Spurway (RMNH); 1
9, Khasia, 1 ©, Bengalen, 1 ©, Karivar, 6 Aug.
1907 (all RMNH); 1 ©, Bengal (TMA); 15 9 2
3 Coimbatore, 500 m, 7 April 1970, R. T. Si-
mon Thomas (ZMA; 2 ® CH); Coimbatore,
495 amy 2) 2), July 1963, 1 2, Nov. 1962, 1 9,
April 1964, all P. S. Nathan (ZMA); 2 @, Ka-
raikkal, June-July 1964, P. S. Nathan (ZMA); 6
©, Barrackpore, Rothney (OUM); 5 ©, Bom-
bay, W. Ghats, Mathera, Charlotte Lake, 1
April 1908, G. B. Longstaff (OUM); 1 6, India,
5 May 1909, E. Brunetti (BMNH); 2 2, Bom-
bay, Matheran or Mableshwar, I. Newton
(BMNH); 1 2, Coimbatore, 1925 (BMNH); 1
SAMI hekkadiseWPRenyar Dam Oct. 1938
(BMNH); 1 ©, N. Khasia Hills (BMNH); 2 9,
Coimbatore, June 1935, P. S. Nathan (BMNH).
Burma. — 10 2 1 d, Rangoon Dist., 1 d, Te-
nasserim, Taungoo, all coll. Bingham (ZMB).
Thailand. — 1 2, Lee, 22 July 1952, D. & E.
Graham (USNM); 1 2, near Metah Valley, J. D.
H. Hedley (BMNH).
Laos. — 1 ©, Sedone Prov., Pakse (15°10 N,
106°00 E), 15 Aug. 1967, native coll. (RMNH);
1 2, Indochine Francaise, Vitalis de Salveza,
Mme A. Vuillet, 1920 (MNHN); 1 2, Vien-
tiane, 30 April 1967, native coll. (BPBM).
Malaya. — 7 2 4 6, Penang, ex nido, April
1966, H. T. Pagden (BMNH, RMNH); 1 6,
with part of nest, from gun barrel, 21 Oct. 1980
(BMNH).
Sceliphron rufopictum (Smith)
(figs. 70—84, 96—97, 117)
Description. — Pubescence: Erect pubes-
cence of head and mesosoma yellowish, tomen-
tum of face pale-golden.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with lateral
incisions (fig. 70); post-antennal tubercles vari-
able in size; vertex sometimes raised; interocu-
lar distance at vertex shorter than or equal to
length of first flagellomere; pronotal collar vari-
able (figs. 74, 75); mesoscutum sharply trans-
versely striate, only laterally with shallow punc-
tation; propodeal orifice with broad dorsal mar-
gin, which is generally brownish translucent
(figs. 77, 79); petiolus distinctly curved, shorter
than hind tibia, first tergite moderately long,
not swollen (figs. 76, 78). Male. — Similar to the
female, but clypeus rounded, with small, trian-
gular lobes (fig. 71); petiolus longer than hind
tibia (fig. 80); genitalia (figs. 96, 97): gonostyles
apically rounded, and with broad lamellae, cus-
pis with rather dense and long pubescence
laterally, volsellar plate rounded triangular.
Distribution. — Sunda-islands from Eastern
Java to Flores, Celebes, Philippine Islands (fig.
7).
Four subspecies can be distinguished, differ-
ing in colour pattern as well as in a number of
structural characteristics: 1) the size of the post-
antennal tubercles, 2) the swelling of the ocellar
area, 3) the broadness and median impression of
the pronotum. These characters appear to vary
clinally from South to North. Recognition of
these clines led me to regard the geographic
forms as conspecific. No conclusions could be
drawn out of male genital structure, since only
one male specimen was available.
Key to the subspecies of Sceliphron rufopictum
(Smith)
1. Post-antennal tubercles rather large (fig.
73), sometimes with yellow spot; subtegu-
lar and basal propodeal spots large (fig. 83,
Ban ben th Basar Alea, 2
— Post-antennal tubercles small (fig.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
248
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66 86 16
um Q°T
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron 249
black; subtegular and basal propodeal spots
Sn ASE veer cue EL PRE ee. 3
2. Vertex raised behind anterior ocellus;
usually tergites 2—5 with complete yellow
band, antennal scape dorsally black; Phil-
ippine Islands +... 42"... laticinctum ssp. n.
— Vertex not or hardly raised; only third ter-
gite with distinct apical band, antennal
Scapemeddish dorsally; Gelebes............
EN. iI rufopictum (Smith)
3. Fifth tergite with yellow band, base of fem-
ora black (Java) or femora entirely reddish
(Hors) N tn... kalshoveni ssp. n.
— Fifth tergite black, femora totally reddish;
Sumbat. ke bicinctum Van der Vecht
Sceliphron rufopictum kalshoveni ssp. n.
(figs. 72, 74, 81, 117)
Holotype. — ©, M. Java, S. Coast, Patjitan,
12 Dec. 1937, J. van der Vecht (RMNH).
Description. — Body length 16.6 mm, length
of forewing 10.7 mm.
Morphology. — Post-antennal tubercles
small (fig. 72); ocellar area hardly raised; prono-
tal collar narrow (fig. 74), with distinct median
impression; propodeal orifice rounded, upper
margin very broad (cf. fig. 77).
Coloration. — Black; the following parts are
yellow: broad spot on clypeus, antennal scapes,
dorsal band on pronotum, spots on the tegulae,
small subtegular spots, transverse spot on scu-
tellum, very small basal propodeal spots, trian-
gular mark at apex of propodeum, first metaso-
mal tergite, and bands on tergites 2—5; legs
light reddish, base of femora black, yellow spots
at apex of fore and middle femora, yellow lines
anteriorly on fore and middle tibiae (fig. 81).
Paratypes. — Java. — 1 2, Gedangan, 8 Sep.
1939, P. A. Blijdorp; 2 2, Gedangan, 18 Feb.
1933, Kalshoven; 1 9, Djati Rogo, Djati Forest,
100 m, M. E. Walsh; 1 2, Midden Java, with
nest, Kalshoven (all RMNH).
Karimun Djawa Islands. — 2 9, 22—30 Nov.
1930, M. A. Lieftinck.
Not paratypes: Flores. — 2 9, W. Flores,
Pater Verheyen, no. 116 (RMNH).
Variation. — Body length 16.6—18.8 mm,
length of fore wing 10.8—12.3 mm; IFR 0.89—
0.95; PTR 0.82—0.90; PR 0.04—0.07; TR
0.13—0.19; SR. 0.76—0.84. The specimens
from Flores have the femora entirely reddish,
and the basal propodeal spots and the subtegu-
lar spots are comparatively large. These speci-
mens are probably transitional between the sub-
species S. r. rufopictum, r. kalshoveni, and r. bi-
cinctum.
Sceliphron rufopictum bicinctum Van der
Vecht
(figs. 82, 117)
Sceliphron deforme bicinctum Van der Vecht, 1957:
370, 2 — Sumba (Museum Basel; not examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme bicinctum; Bohart
& Menke, 1976: 106.
Description. — Body length 17.4—18.0 mm,
length of forewing 11.0—11.2 mm.
Morphology. — Post-antennal tubercles
small (cf. fig. 72); vertex not raised; pronotal
collar with distinct median impression (cf. fig.
74); propodeal orifice rounded, with broad dor-
sal margin (cf. fig. 77). IFR 0.93—0.95; PTR
0.85—0.87; PR 0.07; TR 0.16—0.20; SR 0.71—
075%
Coloration. — Post-antennal tubercles black,
antennal scapes yellow, subtegular spots and
basal propodeal spots small, femora, tibiae and
tarsi reddish, first tergite reddish, third and
fourth tergite with yellow apical band (fig. 82).
Material examined. — Sumba. — 1 9, W.
Sumba, Pogobina, 16 Sep. 1949, 1 2, O. Sumba,
Laluku, 4—7 July 1949, both leg. Dr Buhler &
Dr Sutter (paratypes, RMNH).
Sceliphron rufopictum rufopictum (Smith)
(figs. 73, 76—77, 83)
Pelopoeus rufopictus Smith, 1856: 232, 2 — Celebes
(BMNH; examined).
Pelopoeus flavo-fasciatus Smith, 1859: 15, 2 — Ce-
lebes, leg. Wallace (OUM; examined).
Sceliphron rufopictum; Kohl, 1918: 129.
Sceliphron deforme rufopictum; Van der Vecht, 1957:
370.
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme rufopictum; Bo-
hart & Menke, 1976: 106.
Types. — The lectotype of P. rufopictus
Smith, by present designation, is a female la-
belled “Celebes, 55/22” in the BMNH, which is
the only specimen old enough, according to la-
bel data, and which fits the original description.
Previously a specimen with label “China,
56/45”, belonging to S. d. deforme (Smith), was
erroneously marked as the type.
The lectotype of P. flavofasciatus Smith, by
present designation, is a female with labels
250 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
113
112
1.0 mm
____i
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 251
Fig. 114. Distribution of (1) Sceliphron shestakovi Gussakovskij, (2) Sceliphron funestum Kohl, (3) Sceliphron
rectum pulchellum Gussakovskij, and (4) Sceliphron r. rectum Kohl.
“Celebes” and “Pelopoeus flavo-fasciatus
Smith” (Smith’s handwriting) in the OUM. Par-
alectotypes are 2 2 with labels “Mak” (Makas-
sar) (Wallace’s handwriting) and “Pelopoeus fla-
vofasciatus Smith” (Smith’s handwriting)
(BMNH and OUM). The specimen in the
BMNH is additionally labelled “F. Smith coll.,
BM 79—22” and is stylopized.
Description. — Body length 17.8—21.6 mm,
length of forewing 11.4—13.7 mm.
Morphology. — Post-antennal tubercles rath-
er large; vertex sometimes slightly raised behind
anterior ocellus; pronotal collar with distinct
median impression, rather broad in lateral view
(fig. 75); dorsal margin of propodeal orifice
rounded and broad (cf. fig. 77). IFR 0.84—0.96;
PTR 0.76—0.85; PR 0.05—0.08; TR 0.14—
0.18; SR 0.80—0.86.
Coloration. — Antennal scapes yellow; post-
antennal tubercles usually with yellow spot;
Figs. 100—113. Sceliphron formosum (Smith). 100—101, S. f. ocellare Kohl, 2, Solomon Islands; 100, upper
part of head; 101, antennal insertion; 102, S. f. formosum (Smith), ©, Australia, Queensland, antennal insertion;
103—106, clypeus; 103, S. f. formosum (Smith), ®, Australia, Queensland; 104, S. f. bruinjnu (Maindron), ®,
N.W. Nw. Guinea; 105, S. f. formosum (Smith), d. Australia, Queensland; 106, S. f. ocellare, &, Solomon Is-
lands; 107—109, propodeal orifice; 107, S. f. formosum, ®, Australia, Queensland; 108, °, S. f. ocellare (Kohl),
2, Solomon Islands; 109, S. f. bruinjnit (Maindron), 9, Indonesia, New Guinea; 110—112, first metasomal seg-
ment; 110, S. f. formosum (Smith), 2, Australia, Queensland; 111, 112, S. f. ocellare Kohl, 3, Solomon Islands,
111, Nygela, 112, Guadalcanal; 113, S. f. ocellare Kohl, 2, Solomon Islands, Malaita, pronotum, lateral aspect.
103—106, 110—112, scale-line; 100: 0.5 X scale-line; 113: 2.0 X scale-line; 101, 102, 107—109: 4.0 X scale-line.
252 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Fig. 115. Distribution of (5) Sceliphron curvatum (Smith), and (12) Sceliphron coromandelicum (Lepeletier).
' subtegular and basal propodeal spots large; dor-
sal enclosure of propodeum sometimes with a
pair of spots (N. Celebes); first tergite reddish,
third with a broad yellow band apically; femo-
ra, tibiae and tarsi entirely reddish (fig. 83).
Material examined. — Celebes. — 1 2, Bua
Kraeng, 5000 ft., Feb. 1896, 1 ?, Samanga,
Nov. 1895, both H. Frühstorfer (NMW); 1 2,
Patunuang, Jan. 1896, H. Frühstorfer (ZMB); 1
©, Toelabella, Rosenberg (RMNH); 1 9, Lom-
poh Batang, 200 m, 1941, H. Lucht (RMNH); 2
©, Manado, June and Aug. 1941, F. Dupont
(RMNH); Bantimurung, 1 2, 3 Oct. 1931, J.
van der Vecht, 1 ©, July 1949, C. J. H. Frans-
sen, 1 2, G. Ribbe, 1882 (all RMNH); 1 9, Lo-
ka, 1200 m, C. J. H. Franssen (RMNH).
Sceliphron rufopictum laticinctum ssp. n.
(figs. 75, 78—80, 84, 96—97)
Sceliphron deformis; Williams, 1919: 122, fig. 59 (Lu-
zon, bionomics); Rohwer, 1921: 675 (Luzon).
Holotype. — 2, Los Banos, Philippine Isl.,
July-Aug. 1917, F. X. Williams coll. (RMNH).
Description. — Body length 18.3 mm, length
of forewing 12.0 mm.
Morphology. — Post-antennal tubercles rath-
er large, shiny (fig. 73); vertex moderately
raised behind anterior ocellus; pronotal collar
evenly rounded, without traces of a median im-
pression, rather broad in lateral view (fig. 75);
mesosoma more regularly and finely sculptured
than in the other subspecies, and more shiny,
particularly the mesopleuron; propodeal orifice
more or less trapezoid in outline, dorsal margin
broad and brownish translucent (fig. 79).
Coloration. — Black, the following parts yel-
low: large spot on clypeus, scapes ventrally,
broad band on pronotum, large transverse spot
on scutellum, large subtegular spots, small spots
on tegulae, basal spots and apical spot on pro-
podeum, first metasomal tergite, except on the
middle, apical bands on tergites 2—5 (the one
on the second tergite less strong), faint bands on
sternites 2—5; reddish are all tibiae, tarsi, and
the apical 2/5 of the femora, but the last tarso-
meres are infuscated, and the fore and middle
tibiae bear a yellow stripe anteriorly. The col-
our-pattern is illustrated in fig. 84.
Measurements (entire type-series). — Body
length 16.0—20.0 mm, length of forewing
10.8—13.0 mm; IFR 0.82—0.87; PTR 0.80—
0.89; PR 0.08—0.09; TR 0.17—0.23; SR 0.76—
0.88.
Male. — Body length 15.8 mm, length of
forewing 10.6 mm. IFR 0.81; PTR 1.02; PR
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 253
Fig. 116. Distribution of the subspecies of Sceliphron deforme (Smith): (6) S. d. tibiale Cameron, (7) S. d. femo-
rale ssp. n., (8) S. d. deforme (Smith), (9) S. d. atripes (Morawitz), and (10) S. d. nipponicum Tsuneki.
0.10; TR 0.17; SR 0.60. Morphologically like
the 2, coloration see below (specimen from Ce-
bu).
Paratypes. — Luzon. — Los Banos, 1 ?, 23
Sep MOIS AVS Sur (iO 920 July ZINE:
Manuel, 2 2, 7 Sept. and 8 Nov. 1953, Townes
Family, 1 2, 30 May 1954, H. & M. Townes,
(all RMNH); 1 2, Limay, Bataan, Sep. 1920, 1
©, Camalia, Albay, 26 Aug. 1893, A. E. Bigor-
nia, 1 2, Mt. Maquiling, 3 Feb. 1954, M. Delfi-
nado, 1 ®, Altimonan, Quezon, July 1963, A.
Concepcion (all RMNH); 1 ©, Montalban,
Baker, 2 2, Mt. Maquiling, Baker (all USNM).
The following specimens are not included in
the type-series. They originate from other is-
lands of the Philippine Archipelago, and exhibit
constant differences in colour-pattern. The
specimens from Mindanao may even be re-
garded as transitional between S. r. rufopictum
and S. r. laticinctum.
Samar. — 5 Q, Island Samar, Baker (USNM).
(With more or less distinct median impression
on pronotum; antennal scape with narrow lon-
gitudinal black line dorsally; femora to a larger
extent reddish).
Cebu. — 1 2 1 d, Camp 7.25 km W. Cebu
City, 21—29 Sep. 1965, D. Davis, 400 m
254 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987) |
(USNM). (Pronotal collar with median impres-
sion, antennal scape with black line dorsally,
only third tergite with distinct apical band; first
and second tergite of male partly reddish, fore
and middle tibiae of male posteriorly black).
Bilirany MSP Islande Biliran, Baker
(USNM). (Hind tibiae reddish, broad band on
second tergite).
Mindanao. — 4 ©, Dapitan, Baker (USNM);
12077 Dayao, April 1027 Vie ne. Greco
(BMNH). (Distinct median impression on pro-
notum, large yellow spots on fore and middle
femora and large spots on dorsum of propo-
deum (like S. r. rufopictum-specimens from
North Celebes)).
Sceliphron murarium (Smith)
(figs. 87—93, 117)
Pelopoeus murarius Smith, 1863: 34, © — Ceram, leg.
Wallace (OUM; examined).
Pelopoeus rufipes Mocsary, 1883: 24, 2 — Ambon
(TMA; not examined) (nec rufipes Fabricius,
1804).
Sceliphron mocsaryı Dalla Torre, 1894: 388 (new
name for P. rufipes Mocsary).
Sceliphron rufipes; Kohl, 1918: 131.
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) fervens murarium; Bohart
& Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — In the Saunders-collection (OUM)
two specimens are standing under this species.
One of these is a female with labels “Cer.” and
“Pelopoeus murarius Smith” (Smith’s hand-
writing). This specimen is the lectotype by pre-
sent designation. The other specimen belongs to
S. formosum bruinjnu (Maindron) and is a male,
labelled “N.” and “Pelopoeus murarius Smith
male?” (Smith’s handwriting). It was evidently
not part of the original type-series.
Description. — Body length: 2 17.8—21.0
mm, d 16.8—17.7 mm; length of forewing: ©
12.5—14.0 mm, d 11.5—12.1 mm. Pubescence:
erect pubescence of head and mesosoma dark
brown; tomentum of face golden.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with lateral
incisions (fig. 92); post-antennal tubercles very
small (cf. fig. 50); vertex not raised; pronotum
with distinct median impression, high and nar-
row in lateral view, like in S. unifasciatum (fig.
94); mesonotum sharply transversely striate,
only laterally with a trace of punctation; propo-
deal orifice nearly circular in outline, dorsal
margin very broad (fig. 91), and brownish
translucent; petiolus rather short (shorter than
in S. unifasciatum and S. rufopictum), first ter-
gite long but not swollen (fig. 93). IFR 0.81—
0.88; PTR 0.71—0.75; PR 0.06—0.07; TR
0.15—0.22; SR 0.80—0.95. Male. — In most re-
spects like the female, but clypeus rounded,
with small triangular lobes (fig. 89); petiolus |
long, strongly curved (fig. 90); genitalia (fig. 87, |
88) like those of S. rufopictum, but more stoutly
built, with shorter aedeagus and gonostyles, and
more strongly curved digitus, however with the
same dense flock of setae laterally on the cuspis.
IFR 0.89—0.93; PTR 0.83—0.89; PR 0.08—
0.09; TR 0.16—0.17; SR 0.65—0.70.
Coloration. — Sufficiently described by Kohl
(1918) after the type of S. rufipes Mocsary. Most
important traits are the absence of yellow mark-
ings on the mesosoma, except for occasional
traces of a band on the pronotum; the first and
second tergite and the second sternite are red-
dish, the remaining tergites more or less fuscous
apically.
Distribution. — Endemic to the Southern
Moluccas (fig. 117).
Material examined. — Ambon. — 1 2, Am-
bon (RMNH); 4 ©, Ambon, Waai, 1—50 m,
12—26 May 1965, 2 2,1 6, Ambon Isl., 70 m,
resp. 10 and 26 Nov. and 23 Sep. 1960, 3 9,
Ambon, 70 m, resp. 22 Jan., 1 April and 7 May
1961, all A. M. R. Wegner (RMNH); 10 9 1 6,
Ambon, Waai, different dates, A. M. R. Wegner
(BPBM).
Ceram. — 1 ®, West Ceram, April—June
1910, Van Dalen (ZMA).
Sceliphron unifasciatum (Smith)
(figs. 85, 9495, 117)
Pelopoeus unifasciatus Smith, 1861: 123, 2 — Batjan,
leg. Wallace (OUM; examined); Kohl, 1918: 129
(in synonymy of S. rufopictum).
Pelopoeus affinis; Maindron, 1878: 395, pl. IX, fig. 9,
© — Halmaheira (MNHN) (nec Sphex affinis
Fabricius, 1793); Kohl, 1918: 129 (doubtful syno-
nym of S. rufopictum), 132 (original description).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) deforme unifasciatum; Bo-
hart & Menke, 1976: 106.
Type. — There is one specimen of this species
in the Saunders-collection (OUM), labelled
“Bac” (Batjan) and “Pelopoeus unifasciatus
Smith” (Smith’s handwriting), which I regard as
the holotype.
Description. — Body length 18.2—19.5 mm;
length of forewing 12.1—13.1 mm. Pubescence:
erect pubescense of head and mesosoma purely
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 255
Fig. 117. Distribution of (11) Sceliphron fervens (Smith), (13) S. rufopictum kalshoveni ssp. n., (14) S. r. bicinc-
tum Van der Vecht, (15) S. r. rufopictum (Smith), (16) S. r. laticinctum ssp. n., (17) S. murarium (Smith) and (18)
S. unifasciatum (Smith).
white, not yellowish as in S. rufopictum; facial
tomentum silvery.
Morphology. — Clypeus with lateral inci-
sions (cf. fig. 92); post-antennal tubercles very
small; vertex not raised; pronotal collar high
and narrow in lateral view (fig. 94), medially
impressed; mesoscutum sharply transversely
striate, laterally with shallow punctation; pro-
podeal orifice more or less rectangular, dorsal
margin very broad (like fig. 91); petiolus dis-
tinctly curved, longer than in S. murarium, first
tergite rather long, but not swollen (fig. 95).
IFR 0.88—0.90; PTR 0.72—0.78; PR 0.07—
0.08; TR 0.17—0.21; SR 0.85—0.93.
Coloration. — Clypeus black or with small
yellow spot; pronotum usually with narrow, in-
terrupted yellow band; small subtegular spots
present, and usually a small spot on the scutel-
lum; metasoma sometimes with central yellow
spot on the first tergite, and usually with band
on the third tergite. There is considerable varia-
tion in colour-pattern between the different is-
land-populations; the colour-pattern of a speci-
men from Morotai is illustrated in fig. 85.
The & of this species is unknown.
Distribution. — Endemic to the Northern
Moluccas (fig. 117).
Material examined. — Halmaheira. — 1 9,
Kao Dist., Kampung Toliwang, 1—14 March
1981, A. C. Messer & P. M. Taylor (USNM)
(scutellum only with very small spot, first ter-
gite black).
Morotai. — 2 ®, Morotai, Bernstein
(RMNH) (pronotum black, first tergite black
(fig. 85)).
Obi. — 2 2, W. Obi, Lake Riv., 0—50 m, Ju-
ly—Nov. 1953, A. Wegner (RMNH) (prono-
tum black, scutellum black, all tergites black).
256 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Sceliphron formosum (Smith)
(figs. 86, 98—113, 118)
Description. — Body length: 2 15.4—20.7
mm, 6 15.2—18.7 mm; length of forewing: 9
10.8—12.7 mm, 6 11.0—12.3 mm. Pubescence:
erect pubescense of head and mesosoma yellow-
ish, facial tomentum golden.
Morphology: Female. — Clypeus with more
or less distinct lateral incisions (figs. 103, 104);
post-antennal tubercles variable in size; vertex
strongly raised in one subspecies; pronotal col-
lar with median impression, which may be very
shallow; mesoscutum transversely striate, but
less sharply than in other species, except S. cur-
vatum, moreover with distinct punctation be-
tween the striae; propodeal orifice with rather
broad dorsal margin (figs. 107—109), which is
often yellowish or brownish translucent; petio-
lus distinctly curved, shorter than hind tibia,
first tergite short and slender (fig. 110). IFR
0.87—1.05; PTR 0.76—0.88; PR 0.06—0.08;
TR 0.15—0.20; SR 0.71—0.88. Male. — Like
the female, but clypeus rounded, with hardly a
trace of lobes, medially emarginate (figs. 105,
106); petiolus about as long as the hind tibia
(figs. 111, 112); genitalia (figs. 98, 99): gono-
styles pointed, digitus comparatively long and
slender, volsellar plate distinctly triangular. IFR
0.93—1.05; PTR 0.88—1.02; PR 0.08—0.10;
TR 0.12—0.18; SR 0.55—0.76.
Distribution. — New Guinea, Bismarck-Ar-
chipelago, Solomon Islands, Northern and East-
ern Australia (fig. 118).
This species consists of three distinct geo-
graphic forms, which differ in colour as well as
in some structural details; the large area in
which intergradation occurs, however, proves
that these forms do not merit specific status.
The transitional specimens (from Southern and
Eastern New Guinea) are provisionally divided
over the subspecies.
Key to the subspecies of Sceliphron formosum
(Smith)
1. Second tergite black, or with strongly re-
duced band; usually the sternites are black,
the petiolus and the antennal scape yellow;
Australia, SsNewiGuinean ve Nn
formosum (Smith)
— All tergites with complete yellow bands;
sternites with yellow bands or lateral spots;
petiolus usually black; scape dorsally black
2. Vertex raised (fig. 100); post-antennal tu-
bercles and tegulae with yellow spot; only
first tergite partly red; Bismarck-Archipela-
go, Solomon-Islands, E. New Guinea......
NAIL ue On oe babies pes ocellare Kohl
— Vertex not raised; post-antennal tubercles
and tegulae black; often all tergites with
reddish ground-colour; N. and W. New
Guinea bruinjnii (Maindron)
Sceliphron formosum bruinjnii (Maindron)
(figs. 104, 109, 118)
Pelopoeus bruinjnu Maindron, 1878: 394, pl. 9: 10, 2
— Manokwari (“Dorey”) and Anday, New Gui-
nea (MNHN;; examined).
Sceliphron bruinjnu; Cameron, 1906: 221 (Merauke,
Etna Bay); Kohl, 1918: 134.
Sceliphron bruyni Cameron, 1906: 56 (emendation).
Sceliphron (Pelopoeus) fallax Kohl, 1918: 129, 26 —
Stephansort, Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea (NMW;
examined).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) bruijnü; Van der Vecht &
Van Breugel, 1968: figs. 2—4 (genitalia of 3).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) bruinjnit; Bohart & Menke,
1976: 106.
Maindron dedicated this form to Mr.
“Bruinjn” at Ternate, whose actual name was
“De Bruyn”. Cameron’s emendation however is
incorrect, since in the original publication there
is no evidence of this error.
Types. — The Paris Museum possesses the
two syntypes of P. bruinjnü. The female with
lables “Dorey” and “Raffray & Maindron, Do-
rey, Nouvelle Guinée” is herewith designated as
the lectotype. The paralectotype is labelled
“Nouvelle Guinée, Andaie, Mai 1878”.
The Vienna Museum possesses three syntypes
of S. fallax. The lectotype, by present desig-
nation, is a female with labels “N. Guinea, Biro
97”, “Stephansort, Astrolabe B.” and “Sc. fallax
Kohl”. The male paralectotype is labelled equal-
ly; the female paralectotype lacks Kohl’s identi-
fication-label.
Description. — Morphology. — Vertex not
or slightly raised; post-antennal tubercles rather
large (cf. fig. 101); propodeal orifice often dis-
tinctly trapezoidal in outline, with the dorsal
margin straight (fig. 109).
Coloration. — Rather variable; the type ıs a
brightly coloured specimen, with large subtegu-
lar spots, basal propodeal spots and broad bands
on the tergites and sternites; the first and the
second tergites are almost entirely reddish. Oth-
er specimens, like the type-series of S. fallax, are
R. V. HENSEN: The subgenus Prosceliphron 257
Fig. 118. Distribution of the subspecies of Sceliphron formosum (Smith): (
f. formosum (Smith), and (21) S. f. ocellare Kohl.
darker, without subtegular spots, without red
parts on the metasoma, and with the bands on
the tergites and sternites very narrow.
Material examined. — New Guinea. — 1 9,
Manokwari, 23 May 1903 (ZMA); 1 2, Pionier-
bivak, July 1920, W. C. van Heurn, 1 ©, Hat-
tam, Utrechts Zendingsgenootschap, 1 2, Tami
River, Hollandia, 1920, R. Voorhoeve (all
RMNH); Ifar, 2 9, 1 March 1957, 1 2 2 6,5
DESSERT TOE MOSER March
1959, all J. van den Assem (RMNH); 1 2,
Humboldt Bay, Hollandia, April 1936, L. E.
Cheesman, 1 ®, Hollandia, Jan. 1937, 300—600
m (BMNH); 1 ®, Fiume, Purari, Loria, Jan.
1894 (Mus. Genoa); 1 2, Dorey, Humboldt
Bay, 1906, O. K. Pasteur (MNHN); 1 2, Me-
dang Dist., Wanuma, 600-720 m, Aug. 1968, J.
Sedlacek (BPBM).
The following specimens are transitional be-
tween this subspecies and S. formosum ocellare:
S. f. bruinjnii (Maindron), (20) S.
New Guinea. — 1 ©, Kwamkwam, 90 km NW.
Finschhaten, 18 Jan. 1973, K. W. Ströder
(RMNH); 1 2, Wau, Morobe Dist., 1150 m, 17
May 1962, J. Sedlacek (BPBM): these specimens
have the vertex slightly raised, the post-antennal
tubercles are rather large and marked with yel-
low, the tegulae bear very small yellow spots,
the metasoma however is largely red; 12, Wau,
1200—1400 m, 18—26 Sep. 1972, J. van der
Vecht (RMNH); 1 ©, Hohola, Pt. Moresby,
Central Dist., 30 May 1966, in ornamental gar-
den (RMNH); 1 6, Port Moresby, emerged
from mud-nest (Australian Museum): these
specimens have the vertex slightly raised, the
post-antennal tubercles are large, and the tegu-
lae bear small yellow spots; 1 2, Bulolo, 700 m,
6 Nov. 1969, J. Sedlacek (BPBM); 1 ©, Sim-
bang, Huon Golf, Bird, 1900 (Sc. ocellare, type,
det. Kohl) (NMW): like the previous, but with
additional yellow spot on the post-antennal tu-
bercles.
258 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 8, 1986 (1987)
Sceliphron formosum formosum (Smith)
(figs. 86, 102—103, 105, 107, 110, 118)
Pelopoeus formosus Smith, 1856: 230, ® — Australia
(BMNH; examined).
Sceliphron papuanum Cameron, 1906: 221, 9 — New
Guinea, Merauke (ZMA; examined).
Sceliphron (Pelopoeus) formosus; Kohl, 1918: 126—
128 (2 3), 138 (original description S. papua-
num).
Sceliprhon (Prosceliphron) formosum; Bohart & Men-
ke, 1976: 106.
Type. — The lectotype, by present desig-
nation, is a female with labels “Port Essington”
and “formosus Sm., type” in Smith’s hand-
writing. Another specimen, labelled “type, F.
Smith coll. 79—22” is probably not a type-spec-
imen: it does not agree with the description, and
may be of a later date.
Description. — Morphology. — Typically
the post-antennal tubercles are small (fig. 102),
the vertex is not raised, and the clypeus has dis-
tinct lateral incisions in the female (fig. 103).
Coloration. — As described by Kohl (1918);
the characteristic traits are: post-antennal tuber-
cles black, pronotal band not interrupted, pro-
podeum with yellow spots at apex of dorsal en-
closure, petiolus yellow, second and usually
third tergite black, sternites 2—5 black (fig. 86).
Variation. — In some N. Australian speci-
mens the petiolus is black, and the sternites bear
yellow lateral spots; the spots at apex of the
dorsal enclosure may be absent; in the extreme
North of Australia the morphology tends to be
transitional between formosum and ocellare: the
post-antennal tubercles are larger and the vertex
is slightly raised.
Distribution. — Southern New Guinea, East-
ern parts of Australia (fig. 118). The occurrence
in Tasmania is doubtful. Kohl (1918) mentions
also Ceram and Ternate, without reference to
specimens or literature, but this is almost cer-
tainly incorrect.
Material examined. — Australia. — 1 9, S. E.
Queensland, 14 Feb. 1957, A. R. Steginga
(ZMA); 2 ®, Australia, Feb. 1847, Vereaux
(MNHN); 3 2, Tasmania, 1846, Vereaux
(MNHN); 1 2, Nov. Hollande, Gory
(MINEIN) PMR OE eb 1900 RAME Rurner.
(BMNH); 1 2, Stradford, Barron River, 17 Jan.
1972, 1 ©, Cairns, 30 Jan. 1972, both L. Ooster-
weghel (RMNH): 1 9%, Australia boreal
(RMNH); 1 2, N. S. Wales (RMNH); 2 ©,
Brisbane, March 1944, E. F. Riek (USNM); 2 |
?, Stradbroke Island, 5 Dec. 1913, 1 2, Bris-
bane, 21 Dec. 1912, both E. F. Riek (USNM); 1
©, Halifax, Feb. 1913, Girault, 1 ©, Cairns, 1
®, Sunnybank, 1 Dec. 1951, E. F. Riek (all
USNM); 15 d 10 2, Mackay, Jan. 1901, R. E.
Turner (BMNH); 1 2, Townsville, 1 March |
1902, F. P. Dodd (BMNH); 2 ©, Tamworth, 25
Jan. 1960, M. Edwards (BMNH); 2 @, Elalie, S.
of Elaggy, 9 Nov. 1917, L. Oosterweghel, 1 2,
Terra van Diemeni, Parzudaki, 1 ©, Nov. Holl.
(all RMNH); 1 ©, Claudie R., 5 Mls. W. Mt.
Lomond, Queensland, 23 Dec. 1971, DIR}
McAlpine (USNM).
New Guinea. — 1 9, New Guinea Exp.
1905/6, Merauke (ZMA; holotype of S. papua-
num Cam.); 1 2, Eramboe, 80 km ex Merauke,
5 Feb. 1960, T. C. Maa (BPBM); 1 2, Pt. More-
sby area, May 1947, L. Jones (BMNH).
Sceliphron formosum ocellare Kohl
(figs. 100—101, 106, 108, 111—113, 118)
Sceliphron (Pelopoeus) ocellare Kohl, 1918: 128, 2 —
Bismarck-Archipelago, Ralum (? ZMB) and Kini-
gunang (? NMW).
Sceliphron (Prosceliphron) ocellare; Bohart & Menke,
1976: 106.
Type. — I have seen a specimen labelled by
Kohl as “type”, but it originates from New
Guinea, and thus cannot be considered a type-
specimen. No other type-material could be
found in the NMW, and neither in the ZMB and
TMA.
Description. — Morphology. — Lateral inci-
sions in clypeus of female usually less developed
than in other subspecies; post-antennal tuber-
cles rather large (fig. 101); vertex moderately to
strongly raised behind anterior ocellus (fig.
100).
Coloration. — As described by Kohl (1918:
128); the diagnostic features are: antennal scape
dorsally black, post-antennal tubercles with yel-
low mark, tegulae with yellow mark, petiolus
usually black, tergites with broad bands, ster-
nites with bands or lateral spots.
Variation. — The petiolus and scapes are
completely yellow in two males from Manus,
which also have the legs nearly entirely yellow;
one of these also had a pair of spots at the apex
of the dorsal propodeal enclosure. The vertex 1s.
extremely swollen in four females from Nor-
manby Island; the coloration is very rich in
these specimens, including additional spots
R. V. Hensen: The subgenus Prosceliphron 259
laterally on the pronotum, on the hypo-epime-
ral area, and sometimes laterally on the mesos-
cutum.
Material examined. — Admiralty Islands. —
2 2, Manus, Lorengau, 17 and 19 June 1962, 2
2, Lavongai, Banatam, 19 and 23 March 1962,
all Noona Dan Exp. (UZM).
New Britain. — 1 dg, Rabaul, 1933, J. L.
Froggatt (BMNH).
New Ireland. — 1 9, Kandan, 25 Dec. 1959,
W. W. Brandt (BPBM); 1 d, Lemkamin, 16
April 1962, Noona Dan Exp. (UZM).
Normanby Island. — 4 ©, Wakaiuna, Sewa
Bay, 1—8 Jan. 1957, W. W. Brandt (BPBM,
RMNH).
New Guinea. — transitional specimens, see
under S. f. bruinjnit.
Solomon Islands. — 1 ?, Small Gela, Balaga,
12731 Dec: 1963, M. J. A. de Korter, 1 ©,
Guadalcanal, Honiara, Nov. 1967 (both ZMA);
1 2, Iles Salom, 1914, E. André (MNHN); 2 2,
Malaita, Dala, 50 m, 6—8 June 1964, J. & M.
Sedlacek (BPBM); 1 2, Isabel, Rasa, 11 Dec.
1964, M. McQuillan, 5 2 3 &, Guadalcanal,
Kukum, 7 Dec. 1961, M. Greenslade, 1 2, Bou-
gainville, Oct. 1960, R. W. Paine (all BMNH); 1
2, Tulagi, jungle, collecting mud, 16 Dec. 1934,
1 2, Tulagi, Sasapi cutting, 25 Dec. 1934, 1 9,
Sevo Isl., Reko, 23 Feb. 1934, all H. T. Pagden
(RMNH); 1 9, Bougainville, Kieta, 26 Nov.
1959, T. C. Maa (BPBM).
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INDEX
Be iE Maindron).........eeeesssacserscennnreeene. 254
Le (MO EM) ene 240
Prema ae an der Vecht 2... 249
MENTON)... 256
Hoyt CSM 256
coromandelicum (Lepeletier)....................... 243
EOS RER RES 228
He (Sid inn 230, 236
aller Ko En 256
Aeon SONORE 236
rans SIN) iii 242
[izuofasciaium: (Smith)... 249
Nonas (Smith) pini 255, 258
Pret tone inn 226
UOMO nn 240
RAS D oem BS) Ds Ale: dns 249
RorcanuingUchiida nme. 240
Tatieanetue SSPAn Renee herren 252
Voen tine ne am enon re nn 234
moes AD al MOGEN: 254
MU Tann Smith) E nn 254
PIREO n 240
ocelli ene 258
JODO LID CES NRE 258
palchi Gissi 228
AED) nl ELSE ER 228
nes (Mocsany) ner 254
open Sichere 247, 249
CHER ODA CUS AROMNS Kill teeta ee 224
ALTO ans Ken: 238
HD Ale CAME ONE een 234
HI AS CLALIT: SM 254
ORTEN 3 eV
NE nn. SR
Da
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sa
è oa
t N
ial a ae Sime
T B
ud ae Ni
La
:
6 Le
ara Wao
nr
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Ra
DEEL 129 AFLEVERING 9 1986
AL
UGI
me TIJDSCHRIFT
VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
INHOUD
M. A. Liertinck. — New and little known Platycnemididae and Coenagrionidae
from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Odonata), pp. 263—291, figs. 1—
43.
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 129, afl. 9 Gepubliceerd 31-VII-1987
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN PLATYCNEMIDIDAE AND
COENAGRIONIDAE FROM NEW GUINEA AND THE
SOLOMON ISLANDS (ODONATA)
PF mg VIE
by ( SMITHSON.
OAL
/ 14 LPS
VAS ; VATA
M.A. LIEFTINCK + \ N
. > è, y 7
With notes added by J. van Tol 7 +
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlyke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands RIES
ABSTRACT
Five new species of Platycnemididae (Odonata), viz., Rhyacocnemis prothoracica, Salo-
mocnemis gen. nov. gerdae, Lieftinckia malaitae, L. isabellae and L. ramosa, and four new
species of the genus Teinobasis (Coenagrionidae), viz., T. simulans, T. obtusilingua,
T. chionopleura and T. imitans, are described. Papuagrion gurney: Liettinck and Teinoba-
sis emarginata Lieftinck are synonymized with Teinobasıs aluensis Campion. Besides sever-
al other species of these families from the Solomon islands are discussed.
This posthumous publication concludes the scientific odonatological studies of Dr M. A.
Lieftinck.
[INTRODUCTION]
by J. van Tol
After the death of Maurits Anne Lieftinck on
April 12th, 1985, most of his scientific material
was donated to the Rijksmuseum van Natuur-
lijke Historie (Leiden). I have thought it one of
my first tasks to investigate whether the manu-
scripts that Dr Lieftinck had at hand, could be
prepared for publication. During my last visit to
him in February, 1985, he showed me drawings
and manuscripts in preparation. One large
manuscript on the genus Procordulia and allied
genera, for which many drawings were already
prepared, is not available for publication; the
second manuscript has resulted in the present
paper.
The manuscript appeared to be almost com-
plete, and thus suitable for publication. The
drawings and photographs were all mounted on
cardboard, and numbered. The descriptions of
all but one species were available, but a general
introduction, an introduction to the Platycne-
mididae and concluding remarks were lacking
or not in a form ready for publicaton. I have
added the minimum amount of text, restricting
myself to additions that were needed to publish
a consistent paper, viz., a title, an abstract, an
introduction, a list of species included, a few ti-
tles of chapters (i.e. names of genera), the refer-
263
ences in the next to the figures, the captions of
the figures, and the references. No serious
problems were met with this work. The number
of scientific papers in this field is rather limited,
so that I could easily find the works referred to.
The captions to the figures were prepared from
notes made in pencil with the drawings, as well
as from the text. Since the description of the
specimens from the Thomas W. Donnelly col-
lection, numbered “72 x 040”, was lacking, I
have left out the preliminary new genus and
species name for this taxon, which is closely re-
lated to Torrenticnemis. The figures, which
were already mounted by Dr Lieftinck, are,
however, included. The names of chapters
added by me are indicated in square brackets.
I should like to emphasize explicitly here,
that Dr Lieftinck should be considered the au-
thor of all new names introduced in this paper.
[| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
The cooperation of the curators of the Odo-
nata departments of the following institutions is
gratefully acknowledged (the abbreviations
used for the collections are given in brackets):
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BISH),
British Museum (Natural History), London
(BM), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris (MP) and United States National Museum,
Washington (USNM).
264 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
Soon
SSS =
Sif
Lie
[> ON
ET
Figs. 1-4. Wings of Platycnemididae. — 1, Idiocnemis obliterata Lieftinck, 1932; 2, Paramecocnemis erythro-
stigma Lieftinck, 1932; 3, Lochmaeocnemis malacodora Lieftinck, 1949; 4, Torrenticnemis filicornis Lieftinck,
1949.
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 265
The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden, is abbreviated as ML.
Special thanks are due to Dr Thomas W.
Donnelly (Binghamton, N.Y.) for making spec-
imens from his own collection available for
study.
[LIST OF SPECIES INCLUDED]
Platycnemididae
Genus Rhyacocnemis Lieftinck, 1956
R. prothoracica spec. nov.
Salomocnemis gen. nov.
S. gerdae spec. nov.
Genus
Lieftinckia Kimmins, 1957
L. salomonis Kimmins, 1957
L. lairdi Lieftinck, 1963
L. malaitae spec. nov.
L. kimminsi Lieftinck, 1963
L. isabellae spec. nov.
L. ramosa spec. nov.
Lieftinckia spec. indet. 1
Lieftinckia spec. indet. 2
Genus
Coenagrionidae
Teinobasis Kirby, 1890
T. aluensis Campion, 1924
T. simulans spec. nov.
T. obtusilingua spec. nov.
T. chionopleura spec. nov.
T. imitans spec. nov.
T. bradleyi Kimmins, 1957
Genus
PLATYCNEMIDIDAE
Rhyacocnemis Lieftinck, 1956
Rhyacocnemis prothoracica spec. nov.
(figs. 5, 8)
Material. — NE.New Guinea: 1 d (adult, holo-
type), Morobe Dist., stream at Gurakor, Wau Rd.,
500 m, 25.x.1972, nr. 72X044, Thomas W. Donnelly
leg., in coll. ML.
Male (adult, holotype). — Smaller than
R. sufficiens Lieftinck, 1956. Head short and
broad, width across eyes only 4.0 mm. Labium
bright creamy yellow, median lobe with short
V-shaped emargination about 1/5 as deep as
midlength of lobe itself, its apical lobes some-
what convex exteriorly, obtusely rounded off,
tips, as also the outer border of palpi, fringed
with ferruginous bristles. Labrum and clypeus
broad and prominent as in sufficiens, well visible
from above; labrum convex and widest ante-
riorly, its surface smooth and rather shiny, deep
black; anteclypeus pale at middle, postclypeus
with pair of bright yellow transverse spots, one
each side, which taper inward leaving a thick T-
shaped black mark occupying most of the sur-
face. Frons in front and whole genal area taken
up by a sharply defined chrome yellow bar con-
necting the eyes, which extends upward to al-
most reaching the antennal sockets; remainder
of head above and underneath deep coal back
with no other pale marks or pruinescent areas
than a pair of large, isolated, pear-shaped sky-
blue postocular spots pointing inward. Anten-
nae long (about 2.5 mm), black; scape cylindri-
cal, short and thick, only little longer than its
diameter at apex, pedicel slender, slightly
clubbed, about 7—8 times as long as its apical
width, third segment much thinner but of equal
length, the distalia long and thread-like.
Prothorax markedly dissimilar to that of
R. sufficiens; anterior lobe long, rather de-
pressed and lacking a distinctly swollen anterior
rim, its dark surface indistinctly mottled with
ferruginous specks and with a pale margin; pro-
notal tubercles strongly raised, forming a pair of
robust slightly diverging cone-shaped and
bluntly pointed processes whose surface is dull
and coarsely wrinkled; these pyramidal bosses
are about equal in height to the smooth pro-
pleurae and directed obliquely upward and
backward; posteriorly, they are feebly ridged
on either side, enclosing a more flattened for-
ward slanting posterior face; immediately be-
hind each of them arises a small and thin trans-
verse plate, situated on a much lower level; pos-
terior lobe broad and collar-shaped, about equal
at midlength to the anterior lobe by lying flatly
down, its side angles triangular, slightly project-
ing and a little downbent. Colour of whole dor-
sal surface of prothorax lustreless dark brown
on coarsely wrinkled ground, all lateral parts re-
maining smooth and contrastingly coloured a
bright greenish yellow.
Mesothorax with a complete, almost parallel-
sided, dull bronze-black middorsal band occu-
pying the inner halves of mesepisterna, the mid-
dorsal carina and ante-alar triangles being also
black; outer halves of mesepisterna lighter,
forming a dark ferruginous brown juxtahumeral
band equal in width to the black middorsal one,
this coloured area acquiring a much lighter tint
upon lower 1/4 of mesepimera in the form of an
266 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
3
Figs. 5—6. Male appendages of Platycnemididae in dorsal and left lateral view. — 5, Rhyacocnemis prothoracica
spec. nov.; 6, Unnamed species, “72040” collection of Donnelly.
elongate patch of bright chrome which is con-
tinued ventrad upon the mesostigmal laminae.
A black line, broadening at lower end to occupy
most of the mesinfraepisternites as well, accen-
tuates the humeral suture. Sides, as far down
and just including the metaspiracle, bright chro-
me intermingled with light green; behind this,
an almost equally broad but very irregular band
of rusty dark brown runs over the second su-
ture, expanding ventrad to cover also most of
the metinfraepisternites; rest of metepimeron
distinctly light blue, the lateroventral carina and
whole vental surface of thorax, pale yellow;
poststernal plate almost bare, but provided
upon its middle with a compact patch of many
longish, dark, stiff bristles placed upon a dis-
tinctly swollen part of the sclerite, the setae
making up this paintbrush-like tuft being di-
rected straight back though remaining well visi-
ble in profile view.
Legs thin and slender, hind femur reaching
back to a little beyond halfway length of first
abdominal segment; femoral bristles 11—12
each side, longest on hinder pair, almost three
times the interspaces but decreasing in length
toward base, 8—9 on mid and fore femora; tib-
ial bristles longer, 7—8 in outer row of hinder
pair; tarsi slender, the claws with small but
acute subapical inferior tooth. Colour of all
coxae and trochanters blue-green, outer faces of
all femora with a thick black stripe broadening
gradually toward end including the knees, inner
faces bright chrome darkening toward apex; all
tibiae and tarsi black but claws yellowish.
Wings (fig. 8), narrower with more pointed
tips than in both /diocnemis and Paramecocne-
mis (figs. 1, 2), shape and venation very similar
to R. sufficiens (fig. 7), the undulations of post-
pterostigmal border slightly more pronounced
than in the latter but less so than in /diocnemis;
neuration black. Pterostigma oblique, a trifle
longer than high, dark brown heavily framed in
black. Wing bases with all axillary sclerites as
well as the meso- and metanota strikingly col-
oured a brilliant sky-blue.
Abdomen (end segments fractured), very slim
and slender but not unusually drawn out and
lacking conspicuous hair tufts on any of the ter-
gites such as seen in both species of male Para-
mecocnemis. Structural peculiarities are (1),
postero-lateral edge of tergite 2 produced back-
ward, ending in a short triangular lobe (instead
of normally cylindrical and parallel-sided in suf-
ficiens), its lower border sparsely beset with
golden yellow setae; (2), Antero-lateral edge of
tergite 3 with a short, nipple-shaped protuber-
267
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata
(ima
>|
See, u
Ener]
Figs. 7—9. Wings of Platycnemididae. — 7, Rhyacocnemis sufficiens Lieftinck, 1956; 8, Rhyacocnemis protho-
racica spec. nov.; 9, Unnamed species, “72 X40” in Donnelly collection.
268 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
ance directed laterad (this tergite normal in suf-
ficiens); intermediate segments thin and needle-
like, but from end of 7 on gradually expanding
in both dimensions, 8 about one and one-third
times longer than 9, the latter squarish and par-
allel-sided, 10 short and broad. Almost wholly
black; tergites 1 and 2 conspicuously marked
with sky-blue and bright ochreous: distal half of
1 blue, finely interrupted by black in the median
line, this stalk attached to a narrow black apical
ring; 2 on either side with complete, thick,
bright chrome lateral bar occupying lower por-
tion of tergite; next segments, inclusive of the
anal appendages, apparently all black (tergites 8
and 9 possibly discoloured and partly blue in
life?), save merest traces of obscurely coloured
basal annules and a yellow line bordering ven-
tral margin of tergites 3—7. Directly from be-
low mid-apical border of tergite 10 projects a
slender, rod-like cylindrical process whose apex
is subtruncated and a little incised.
Anal appendages as in fig. 5; superior pair
about equal in length to the subquadrangular
9th segment, at first outcurved and bluntly
toothed on the inside near base, then broaden-
ing, bent inward and somewhat flattened,
strongly transversely ridged on uneven ground,
inner border in dorsal view irregularly sculp-
tured and toothed, outer faces of basal portion
of each beset with short and strong spike-like
denticles interspersed with longish hairs (only
partly shown in dorsal view and omitted inside
view sketch). Inferior appendages well devel-
oped but attaining only half the length of supe-
rior pair, basal portion of each broad and rather
swollen, then rather suddenly narrowing and
somewhat curved toward each other, gently ta-
pering to slightly upcurved tips.
Salomocnemis gen. nov.
Stature of Lieftinckia, but with a broader
head and more bulging eyes. Labium similar,
the median emargination equally small but less
narrow, the limbs of the U distinctly diverging
instead of subparallel. Shape of mouth-parts and
face much as in Lieftinckia salomonis (the type-
species), but all parts comparatively a little
broader. Anteclypeus forming a right angle with
the postclypeus, the latter distinctly carinate an-
teriorly. Frons obtuse-angulate anteriorly with
well-pronounced though rounded, transverse
ridge, instead of gently sloping down and rather
flattened in Lieftinckia; frontoclypeal suture
broad, impressed, rectangulate, the sulcus be-
tween antennal sockets likewise distinctly im- |
pressed. Inner orbital line straight (not convex),
strongly converging anterad on dorsal as well as
on ventral surface of head (parallel-sided ven- |
trally in Lieftinckia). Antennal sockets but little
raised but distinctly swollen; scape only slightly
longer than its socket, thick, cylindrical, little |
more than twice as long as broad; pedicel more
slender and rather clubbed apically, subequal in
length to scape; segment 3 thinner and about |
one-fourth shorter than pedicel, remaining seg- |
ments about equal in length to scape and pedicel
united. Vertex small, raised, ocelli in equilateral |
triangle. Occipital ridge subacute. |
Prothorax not modified, pronotal tubercles |
raised, conical; posterior lobe broad, surface |
convex, rather dome-shaped, side-angles round- |
ed off in both sexes. Legs much shorter and less |
slender than in Lieftinckia; hind femur not |
nearly attaining apex of 2nd abdominal seg- |
ment; armature as in the allied genus, but all |
femoral and tibial bristles comparatively a little
shorter; tarsal claws with distinct subapical in-
ferior tooth only little shorter than the claw it-
self.
Wings less abruptly petiolated, more evenly
broadened and with more open neuration than
in Lieftinckia. Nodus situated more distad, ap-
proximately one-third of the distance from base
to apex. Arculus at Ax,; Ac placed distal to
Ax, instead of far proximal to that level in Lief-
tinckia; petiolation of the wing as in that genus
ending at a point where Ab meets the wind bor-
der, but Ab and Ac coincident at margin instead
of far apart, Ab occasionally terminating slight-
ly proximal to Ac, almost at level of Ax,. Rs at
or slightly distal to subnodus, M, well before
that level, the distance separating them at origin
shorter in fore wings than in hind wings. Two
postquadrangular antenodal cells. Quadrilateral
hardly broadened distally, costal side much lon-
ger than distal side, especially in hind wing. Me-
dio-anal link entire, or almost so. Wing border
of whole apex posterior to pterostigma, back to
termination of Cu,, slightly but distinctly undu-
lated (most marked on hind wing). A single row
of cells between C and R, beyond pterostigma.
Pterostigma rather swollen, almost square, cov-
ering one underlying cell.
Abdomen slender, basal and terminal seg-
ments moderately inflated. Proportionate
lengths of segments as in Lieftinckia. Colour
pattern much as in that genus. Vesica spermalis
of d penile organ not prominent, suboval, thin
and plate-shaped in profile view, membranous
LIEFTINGK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata
269
Fig. 10. Wings of Salomocnemis gerdae spec. nov. (Guadalcanal).
in the centre, but with strongly sclerotised
lateral rims; ligula (penis) shaped as in fig. 15;
no shaft spines. Male anal appendages of rather
simple structure, resembling L. salomonis.
Eighth abdominal sternite of female simple,
without any indication of an apical spine; geni-
tal organs normal, valves surpassing tenth seg-
ment and tuberculum anale for about the same
length as the former, lower margin of outer
valves finely denticulate; cerci short and blunt,
flattened dorsoventrally.
Type-species: Salomocnemis gerdae spec.
nov.
Habitat: Solomon Is. (Guadalcanal).
Salomocnemis gerdae spec. nov.
(figs. 10, 14—16)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 2 & 1 © (1 d subadult),
one pair of juveniles, Guadalcanal I., Komugelea,
1200 ft., “in forest”, 22.1x.1965, R. Slooff and Gerda
Stanny Slooff-de Vries (all ML).
Male (subadult, holotype). — Head with labi-
um palest yellow, mentum and centre of median
lobe semitransparent, colourless. Mandible-
bases dark yellow-green, the teeth black. La-
brum, clypeus, genal area and frons, dark olive-
green, rather shiny; all the rest of dorsal surface
of head, including the antennae, similarly col-
oured but dull, sparsely marked with light
brown, as follows: a minute central spot in the
depth of ante-ocellar depression, basal half of
antennal pedicel, a crescentic spot to the inside
of each lateral ocellus, and a vestigial spot upon
middle of occipital ridge; a curved black line ex-
tends inward on either side of middle upper or-
bital margin as far as outer end of occipital
ridge, the upper part of the postocular area be-
hind this line being olive-green, the lower por-
tion dark brown fading to dirty yellowish un-
derneath.
Prothorax, inclusive of anterior and posterior
lobes, dull orange, growing paler and inter-
mingled with light green laterally; pronotal tu-
bercles little elevated, rounded; posterior lobe
depressed, at least four times broader than long,
surface slightly convex and undulated, its poste-
rior border a little upturned, almost straight,
side-angles rounded. Synthorax orange, deepest
in tint at the humeral suture but becoming light-
er with admixture of pale green upon lower
portions of epimera and infraepisterna; dorsum,
to a little in advance of humeral suture, olive-
green; mesoprescuta orange, with deep black
speck on either side of the triangles, the latter
also orange but with their borders deep black,
as are the postero-dorsal edges of the metepime-
ron.
Legs with coxae and trochanters palest
orange, for the rest light greenish to greyish yel-
low; apices of all femora and last tarsal seg-
ments, narrowly ringed with brown; all bristles
and teeth of tarsal claws brown.
Wings hyaline, the open neuration black, on-
ly the petiole somewhat more palely veined.
Whole margin of wing apex posterior to ptero-
stigma with a number of small but distinct un-
dulations, the posterior border of hind wing
270 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
moreover noticeably protruding at a point
where M, and Cu, enter the margin. Fore wing
with 14, hind wings with 12 Px of first series;
Rs arises very slightly distal to subnodus, M,
well proximal to it; M, at Px, in fore wings, a
little beyond Px, in hind pair; M,, three and
four cells further distad, respectively. (In all
fore wings and in four out of six hinds wings,
the anal bridge terminates even a little proximal
to Ac, which in the female is placed under Ax,
instead of slightly distal to it).
Abdomen, ground colour yellowish, distal
portions of tergites 3—7 marked indefinitely
with brown, this colour progressively becoming
more extensive and darker posteriorly; hind
margins of 1—2 finely ringed with black and
each with a dark middorsal line; basal 1/3 to 2/5
of 3—7 yellow, passing gradually to brown pos-
teriorly, the apical rings deep black; 8 black, 9
brownish black mottled with yellow, dorsum of
10 entirely yellow, the sides greenish with a
deep black streak alongside middle of posterior
border.
Anal appendages (fig. 14), superior pair trian-
gular, acutely pointed, inner faces of each rather
flattened, the basal portions also triangular, di-
rected obliquely mesad and ventrad, tapering to
a blunt black-tipped process visible only in cau-
dal view; inferior appendages also yellowish,
rather longer, strongly hollowed out within, the
apices of each incurved, squarely cut off and
furnished with a row of five black denticles.
Female (juvenile). — N.B. Where not men-
tioned in the description of the male, most of
the next details of structure also apply to that
sex.
Resembles the male in most respects. Mouth-
parts in better condition than in the available
males. U-shaped median emargination of labi-
um elongate, about 1/5 total length of midlobe,
the U itself parallel-sided; colour of whole
structure as well as mandible-bases, palest chro-
me. Labrum porrect, slightly more than 1%
times broader than long, widest at middle, its
surface convex, smooth. Structure of all upper
parts of head and antennae as described for the
male, coloration a pale creamy yellow inclusive
of the sockets and scape of antenna, the pedicel
and third joint being grey-black, for the rest dis-
talia again lighter. Postocular area cream, except
its anterior suture finely deep black; occipital
region gradually changing to brown.
Prothorax much as in male: surface smooth,
pale ochreous almost throughout; anterior lobe
broad, of the usual shape, subequal in width to
the posterior one but strongly swollen in side
view, moderately raised, its front border thick-
ened, straight-lined and subacute in dorsal view,
but protuberant in side view, with pair of deep
black transverse rims one each side; pronotum
with three pairs of somewhat convex, roundish
tubercles placed in the long axis, the outer pair
largest, the innermost pair diverging anterad but
fused together in the median line posteriorly,
the outer tubercles covered with extremely min-
ute, finely pointed tubercles; transverse sulcus
separating them from posterior lobe moderately
deep, surface irregular. Posterior lobe of pro-
thorax quite simple, not at all modified, mid
portion somewhat raised, bow-shaped in caudal
view, the whole structure about 4—5 times
broader than long, hind margin subacute, al-
most straight at middle in dorsal view, sides
gently rounded, hardly downcurved.
Mesostigmal laminae small, subtriangular,
yellow, each with a raised, deep black inner rim
placed in the long axis, lateral parts triangularly
tapered (fig. 16). All colour marks on dorsum of
synthorax ill-defined, pale chrome with faint
greenish hue: a pair of wedge-shaped antehu-
meral bands, widest below, tapering and bluntly
pointed upward, on a pale ferruginous ground,
this colour extending laterad to almost halfway
metaspiracle; ante-alar triangles lighter but fine-
ly black-rimmed, as are also the dorsal ridges of
mesopleurae, a speck at upper end of second su-
ture, and the posterior borders of the metepime-
ron.
Legs throughout light greenish yellow, the
femoral banding hardly indicated; all spines and
bristles obscured; tarsal claws as described for
the male: with small but distinct, sharply point-
ed dark inferior tooth very near the apex prop-
ete
Wing neuration light brown, membrane hya-
line. Venation, inclusive of the relative positions
of Ac and origin of M; — Rs as well as shape of
pterostigma almost exactly as described for the
male (fig. 10), but differing from the latter in
that the wing tips are more bluntly rounded, the
post-pterostigmal as well as the underlying cells
being markedly higher, those of the latter being
subquadrangular or even higher than long
(instead of the reverse in two males). Also, the
marginal undulations at wing tips and end of
main veins, are distinctly more pronounced than
in the opposite sex. Pterostigma dark grey, con-
trastingly framed in bright yellow.
Abdomen slender, of the usual shape, basal
segments scarcely broadened, thereafter grad-
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 271
ually a little expanded toward the end (imma-
ture specimen!). Ground colour cream, marked
indistinctly with brown: traces of that colour on
middorsum and sides of tergite 2, whole 4/5 of
3, 2/5 of 4—6, almost distal half of 7, and most
of 8 including the valves; 9—10 as well as the
cerci and tuberculum, all yellow. Genital valves |
rather long, projecting beyond apex of abdo-
men, equal in length to lower margin of tergite
8; ventral border of valves only slightly convex
in side view, apical 3/5 of each armed with a
row of ca. 24—26 microscopical swollen tuber-
cles gradually increasing in size toward apex,
each of the most distal ones ending suddenly in
a minute acuminate spine.
Measurements: ¢ abdomen + appendages
34.6 mm, hind wing 21.5 mm; 2 abdomen (incl.
valves) 33.1 mm, hind wing 21.4 mm.
Lieftinckia Kimmins, 1957
Lieftinckia salomonis Kimmins
(fig. 17)
Lieftinckia salomonis Kimmins, 1957: 312—315, fig. 1
A—G (89 struct.), &? Guadalcanal. — Lief-
tinck, 1963: 527—530, 541—542 (8? incl. key),
531—533 (6 larval struct.), pl. 26 fig. 1 (d wings),
tfig. 1—12 (6 imaginal char. & larval struct.),
3 2 Guadalcanal.
Additional material. — Solomon Is.: 1 2 (juvenile)
Guadalcanal I., Tenaligi River 25.ix.1965, “heavy for-
est”, R. Slooff (ML); 1 & (adult), Guadalcanal I., Gal-
lego, 11.vii.1965, “hidden valley, 2nd grass clearing”,
Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit.Mus.1966 (BM); 1 d 2 2 (sub-
adult), Guadalcanal, Gold Ridge, 22.11.1955 (4) and
Tsarivonga river, same date (©), E. S. Brown (BM).
Male. — The Gallego specimen from Guadal-
canal is the first full-coloured male of the type-
species of Lieftinckia. Like so many other platy-
cnemidids, salomonis also passes through a se-
ries of colour phases before reaching maturity,
the present case being a good example of this
extraordinary variation. With its pale brown
and cream-coloured body, the present male
looks quite different from the immature insect.
Labium obscurely red-brown, all the rest of the
face vividly brick red as far upward as a little
behind the ocellar triangle; thereafter the red
changes abruptly to black in a line that runs
from eye to eye, passing over the occipital crest,
which itself is dark brown in the middle. Hind
portion of the postocular lobes and rear of the
head, deep black except a triangular spot on the
lower genal area. Dorsum of prothorax and up-
per part of its sides dull black, for the rest
obscurely orange-red. Mesepisternites and ante-
alar triangles black, almost lustreless, this colour
passing beyond the humeral line for a short dis-
tance parallel to the suture but suddenly ex-
pands upward so as to occupy also the dorsal
one-third of the mesepimeron. Sides and ventral
surface of thorax bright chrome, only most of
the infraepisternites rusty brown. Coxae and
femora inclusive of the bristles, orange-red;
outer faces of fore femora more obscured, knees
also darkened; tibiae and tarsi reddish black.
Wing membrane suffused with grey-brown,
pterostigma brownish black. Abdomen dark
brown becoming black on the terminal seg-
ments; sides of 1 and those of 2 for the basal 2/3
part, ochreous; fairly distinct basal and subter-
minal spots of the same colour bordering the
tergites laterally being also present on 3—6,
these spots elongate and fused together on 7.
The three further Guadalcanal specimens (Ta-
penanje), are near topotypes collected in 1955.
These were found unnamed in the British Mu-
seum collection years later than the examples of
either sex discussed earlier by Kimmins (1957)
and myself (1963).
I made the following brief colour note on the
subadult male: “Head bright orange, dorsum of
synthorax black, the sides and legs orange; ab-
domen obscured, the annules sharply defined,
segm. 10 and anal appendages yellow”.
Lieftinckia lairdi Lieftinck
Lieftinckia lairdi Lieftinck, 1963: 534—537, 542 (key
d 2), pl. 26 fig. (d wings), tfig. 13—16 (d struct.),
3 2 Guadalcanal.
Lieftinckia spec.? Kimmins, 1957: 315, 2 Guadalca-
nal.
Additional material. — Solomon Is.: 1 3 (adult),
Guadalcanal I., Sutakiki River, 23.11.1955, E. S.
Brown, no. 2605 BM 1957—201 (BM); 1 & (sub-
adult), Guadacanal I., Nuhu, 26.x.1965, “slow flow-
ing pool formed by seepage alongside river, by ford”,
Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit. Mus. 1966 (ex BM, ML).
Male (adult, Sutakiki river). — This is a near
topotype, larger in size than the previously de-
scribed immature specimens. The following de-
tails are noteworthy additions to the original
description.
272 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
Prothorax shaped as in the immature insect
but colours generally darker; posterior lobe
more evenly bordered, showing no undulations
such as seen in the juvenile males. Sides of syn-
thorax red-brown, the meso- and metepimera
predominantly light green. The subapical dark
rings at the femora are broad but not sharply
pronounced. Wings relatively shortly stalked,
neuration likewise not differing from that origi-
nally described and photographed (loc. cit.,
1963, pl. 26 fig. 2). Fore wing with 22—23, hin-
der pair with 20 Px of first series; M, arises just
before the subnodus, Rs half a cell beyond that
level. The short, narrow and very oblique pte-
rostigma approaches salomonis most closely in
shape.
Abdominal tergites mainly blackish brown,
but dorsal bands much less constricted and con-
trastive with the light ground colour, than in
malaitae spec. nov., described hereafter.
Measurements: abdomen + appendages 40.5
mm, hind wing 28.0 mm.
So far only known from Guadalcanal.
Lieftinckia malaitae spec. nov.
(fig. 12)
Structurally very similar to L. lairdi, but ob-
viously specifically distinct from that species.
Material. — Solomon Is.: 2 & 1 2 (semiadult), Ma-
laita I., Dala, 50 m, 9—14.vi.1964, J. & M. Sedlacek
(Gz WSs, MIDs De @ ack, i euvel), Melk Ie
Ngwaiau, 1500 ft., 10.x.1967, R. Slooff (holotype d
and 2 paratypes, ML).
Male (adult, Ngwaiau). — Antenna long, al-
most equal in length to inner orbital line when
viewed from above; scape short and cylindrical,
little longer than broad, pedicel thin and much
slenderer (apparently a little varying in length:
in one paratype fully three times longer than
scape), both segments pale in colour; distalia
darkened, about as long as first two segments
united.
Head, thoracic sclerites and legs, all more
uniformly coloured than in lairdi, of a delicate
cinnamon to light brownish orange, deepest in
shade on top of frons, the ocellar region and on
the thorax above; otherwise unmarked save
minute dark lines and specks at the median cari-
na, dorsal margin of mesepimeron, the upper-
most edges of the pleural parts, and at the
lateroventral angle of metepimeron. Whole ven-
tral surface of thorax as well as the coxae, tro-
chanters and femora, throughout pale, the ex-
treme tips and much broader subapical rings of |
femora brown, the latter distinct though not
sharply outlined; tibiae, tarsi and bristles slight- |
ly more obscured than the femora.
Shape and neuration of wings as shown in fig.
12, relatively narrow and elongated, more |
abruptly stalked than in salomonis and lairdi, |
the stalk also being longer than in the latter, |
while the pterostigma is slightly less oblique,
higher and more nearly parallel-sided. Fore
wing with 18—22, hind wing with 17—18 Px of
first series.
Ground colour of abdomen light ochreous,
but tergites 2—7 much more contrastingly
marked with blackish brown than in any other
species. Dorsal bands extending from base to
apex, forming complete, fairly distinct marks,
which toward the base of each tergite are rather
pointed, leaving elongate yellow lateral spots,
but distad are markedly constricted before be-
coming fused with well-defined black apical
rings. Tergites 8—10 much obscured, only the
sides usually broadly yellowish.
Anal appendages (not figured) yellow, the su-
periors darkened above, shaped much as in Jair-
di, but differing as follows: superior appendages
triangular, rather inflated basally, as in laırdi,
but more distinctly pointed apically; inferiors
less strongly upcurved with the black tips
sharply hooked inward and acuminate, instead
of tapering gradually, as seen in lairdi. The ro-
bust interobasal spurs of the superior append-
ages are distinctly longer than in lairdi and
wholly exposed in side view, at first directed
straight ventrad, then gently curving cephalad;
in caudal view these processes are directed to-
ward one another, the apices meeting at their
extreme tips, thus remaining uncrossed.
Female (subadult). — Resembles the male in
most respects but differs in details of colouring
and the better defined abdominal pattern.
Mouth-parts pale yellow, the labrum mixed
with light ochreous; face, the swollen antennal
sockets, and an ill-defined broad area along in-
ner orbits tending to palest green, the vertex
surrounding the ocellar area and most of the oc-
cipital region behind it, dark cinnamon, this col-
our occupying most of the dorsal surface be-
tween the eyes posterior to the lateral ocelli.
Antennae pale, shaped as in male, the long slen-
der pedicel tipped with black. Ventral surface of
head palest greenish yellow.
Pro- and synthorax light brownish yellow,
rather darkened upon all upper parts: brown
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 273
Figs. 11—12. Wings of Lieftinckia species (Platycnemididae). — 11, L. isabellae spec. nov. (Santa Isabel); 12, L.
malaitae spec. nov. (Malaita).
becoming dirty orangish on the surtace on ei-
ther side of the humeral line, and still more dif-
fusely so along the second suture, between these
darkish areas is a band of pale yellowish green.
Prothorax little modified, pronotal tubercles
low, not at all prominent, their dorsal line in
side view almost straight; anterior lobe raised,
of the usual shape, its border simply convex;
posterior lobe short and broad, shorter than the
pronotum itself, slightly raised and almost
straight-lined in dorsal aspect but hind border
distinctly undulated with obtuse-angulate dor-
solateral edges, the little prominent lateral lobes
small, narrowly rounded off.
Legs including bristles pale, femora ringed as
in male, brownish.
Wings hyaline, the apical crenulations as dis-
tinct as in male. Fore wing with 19, hind wings
with 17 Px of first series. Pterostigma shaped
exactly as in the opposite sex, i.e. with sides
more nearly parallel than in Jairdi; colour pale
grey-brown.
Abdomen slender but less so than in male,
with cylindrical segments of almost even width,
except the last ones very slightly expanded.
Ground colour light ochreous, the dorso-lateral
dark brown marks much more sharply defined,
standing out more clearly than in male, as fol-
274 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
lows: tergite 1 only the raised posterior portion
in front of the intersegmental halfring behind
the transverse ridge, brown; terminal ring of 2
occupying slightly more than its apical one-
third, this spot narrowly prolonged forward in
the median line; dorsal marks of 3—7 more
deeply constricted subapically than in male,
pointing basad, becoming successively broader
from before backward, the broad basal portions
of light ground colour most conspicuous and
largest on 2—4, subinterrupted before their fu-
sion with the dark apical rings; brown and yel-
low areas of tergites 8—10 ill-defined, the yel-
low predominating. Valves not surpassing seg-
ment 10; cerci short, triangular and finely
pointed, yellowish.
Measurements: d abdomen + appendages
33.5— 38.2 mm, hind wing 22.8—25.0 mm, the
holotype male being the largest specimen; ©
32.5 mm and 24.0 mm, respectively.
Lieftinckia kimminsi Lieftinck
(fig. 18)
Lieftinckia kimminsi Lieftinck, 1963: 537-541 (49
inclus. key), pl. 26 fig. 3 (6 wings), tfig. 17—18
(d struct.), 6 2 Bougainville I.
No fresh material.
This species is easily distinguished from its
congeners by a combination of characters. It is
chiefly remarkable for the well-defined bright
blue head and thorax markings, and also by hav-
ing a relatively large head (width across eyes
and total body length in the ratio 10.2:100),
which gives the insect a “facies” reminescent of
certain species of Coeliccia. Shape of wings and
neuration similar to Jairdi, but wings of the lat-
ter are slightly narrower and less abruptly pe-
tiolated (cf. Lieftinck, 1963: pl. 26, figs. 2 and
3). The pterostigma is rather like that of ramosa
(fig. 13), distinctly less oblique, more regularly
lozenge-shaped, than in lairdi. In both lairdi
and kimminsi the posterior margin of the wing
tips is strongly undulated, more markedly so
than would appear from the published photo-
graphs (loc. cit., same figs.). The male superior
anal appendages are equal in length to, or a trifle
longer than, segment 10. When viewed from
within, the appendage shows a peculiar arma-
ture, which is best shown in fig. 18. A broad,
robust somewhat molar-like tubercle is placed
about midway its whole length, at the base of
the finger-like downpointing process; this tu-
bercle is subrectangular in outline, with shal-
|
|
lowly emarginate margin, its main portion being
bluntly triangular and about equal in size to the |
true apex of the appendage. In these respects |
kimminsi differs from ramosa, in which the in- |
terior process is considerably smaller, while the |
true apex of the superior appendages is longer |
and more slender (cf. figs. 21 and 22).
Lieftinckia isabellae spec. nov.
(figs. 11, 19)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 3 d (two adults, one
headless, one subadult), Santa Ysabel I., Maring
Distr., Ta Matahi, 2.vii.1960, C. W. O’Brien. Holo-
type d adult and one paratype & (ML), one paratype
3 (BISH).
Stature more robust than lairdi and the
larger-sized kimminsi, with a shorter and more
compactly built synthorax, narrower wings,
more normally lozenge-shaped pterostigma,
lighter coloured end segments of abdomen, and
quite differently shaped anal appendages.
Male. — Labium yellowish, palpi ferrugi-
nous, emargination of midlobe roundish, U-
shaped, its depth less than ‘4 whole length of
mentum. Labrum, mandibles (save the tips light
ferruginous), anteclypeus and whole genal area,
deep brownish black mixed with ferruginous,
surface of all parts brightly shining. Postclypeus
subhorizontal, its anterior 2/5 deep black, this
mark widest at middle and convex behind, the
anterior ridge sharply pronounced; colour
otherwise bright chrome to orange (full col-
oured male), whole surface shiny, the light col-
our surpassing fronto-clypeal suture and con-
tinued upward to form a complete broad trans-
verse band of orange extending from eye to eye,
occupying the frons as far dorsad as the rather
swollen black antennal sockets. Rest of the head
above, inclusive of the occipital ridge, unicol-
oured dull velvet brownish black; rear of head
otherwise ochreous. Antenna rather shorter
than upper orbital line; scape short and cylin-
drical, only little longer than its own diameter,
black with slight greenish hue; pedicel much
more slender, subequal in length to scape but
about twice as long as its diameter, colour yel-
lowish; flagellum indistinctly segmented, black.
Main body of prothorax much shorter than in
kimminsi and lairdi, hardly twice as long as its
anterior lobe, the latter shaped similarly though
much larger in size; pronotal tubercles weakly
convex in side view, relatively larger and broad-
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 275
er than in the two species mentioned but of the
same simple collar-like form, the side-edges
narrowly rounded off.
Synthorax distinctly shorter and more ex-
panded than in both kimminsi and lairdi. Col-
our-pattern a soft light rusty brown variegated
with a mixture of delicate cream-yellow and
pale green, the latter forming incomplete, ill-de-
fined antehumeral bands tapering upward, sepa-
rated above from a pair of almost conjoined jux-
tahumeral patches of the same colour, one
placed before, the other just behind the suture;
metapleurae marked with two, almost complete
light bands, both ill-defined but of the same tnt
as the dorsal spots, separated from one another
by an equally diffuse rusty brown band over the
second suture. Whole ventral surface of thorax
uniform pale ochreous, this tint turning to light
green only along ventral metepimeral ridge.
Legs throughout light rusty brown, as on
most parts of the thorax, posterior femoral
ridges finely black from near base to apex, the
knees and extreme base of tibiae, distinctly
ringed with dark brown, diffuse lighter brown
annules placed slightly beyond halfway length
of femora also discernible in two out of three
males; colour of tibiae and tarsi as well as all
bristles somewhat more obscured than on the
femora; hind femur long, reaching back to very
slightly over the apical border of segment 1,
with 11—12 long bristles in outer row.
Wings notably longer in proportion to the
relatively short and very slender abdomen: fore
wing when folded attaining base of segment 7;
shape and neuration as in fig. 11; marginal un-
dulations of apical portion quite distinct; veins
almost black, membrane subhyaline. Arculus at
Ax, in all six wings; M, arising at or a trifle dis-
tal to the subnodus, Rs at Px,; anal bridge
reaching the wing border at level of the prolon-
gation of Ax, or sligthly distal to that point.
Fore wing with 21—22, hind wing with 18—19
Px of first series. Area enclosed by C and R,
posterior to pterostigma irregularly veined:
very rarely with only a single cell-row, usually
made up of more than 2 (1—6) duplicated cells
(fig. 11).
Abdomen slender, though relatively a little
shorter than in both kimminsi and lairdi, from
segment 7 on gradually somewhat expanded.
Colour much as described for the other congen-
ers: tergites bright yellow to dusky ochreous
(depending on the state of maturity), but greater
part of 2—6 much darker dorsally, brown to al-
most black from end to end, the light parts
forming more or less distinct basal rings, except
1 unmarked and basal one-third of 2 also re-
maining yellow, its dorsal black mark pointing
forward; 8—10 and anal appendages pale, lack-
ing dark areas, only 7 occasionally obscured
upon middle of tergite.
Anal appendages short and compact, shaped
as in fig. 19.
Measurements: abdomen + appendages
33.8—35.2 mm, hind wing 22.5—24.5.
Female unknown.
Lieftinckia ramosa spec. nov.
(figs. 13, 20—23)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 d (holotype, adult,
right hind wing and apex of left fore wing missing),
San Jorge islet, off Santa Isabel, 26.1x.1965, “ Casuari-
na forest, low herbage near stream”, Roy. Soc. Exped.
Brit. Mus. 1966 (BM) [“small island to the SW of San-
ta Isabel separated only by a small channel, but has a
slightly different geological formation”, pers. comm.
by Peter Ward, BM]. — 1 ¢ (adult, paratype), la-
belled “Jdiocnemis inornata Selys Bougainville”, in
R. Martin’s handwriting (ex MP, in ML).
Male (holotype, San Jorge). — Labium dark
brownish orange. Labrum, mandibles, genal
area and anteclypeus obscurely reddish black,
very shiny; postclypeus (with the anterior bor-
der remaining black) bright shiny orange-ru-
fous, as are also a pair of trapezoidal spots, one
each side, connecting edges of postclypeus with
inner orbital margin in front of antennal sock-
ets, which are dull black; frons, antennae, ver-
tex, epicranium and occipital region, all lustre-
less deep black, only a small area next to the for-
amen on postocciput somewhat lighter, reddish
black. Antenna black, scape thick, squarish, the
pedicel more slender, cylindrical, but only 1%
times as long as scape; distalia missing.
Prothorax, including anterior and posterior
lobes, reddish black above, the sides throughout
deep chrome; pronotal tubercles low, evenly
convex; posterior lobe broad, not modified, de-
pressed, almost straight behind, but distal bor-
der distinctly upturned, with rounded side-an-
les.
; Synthorax predominantly dark rufous inter-
mingled with vinaceous brown, variegated with
paler vinaceous and yellow areas which are no-
where sharply outlined; black are: mesoprescu-
tum, middorsal carina, margins of ante-alar tri-
angles, and shiny black dots at all dorsal ridges
inclusive of lateral sutures and posterior edge of
276 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
13
ae
Pd
Fig. 13. Wings of Lieftinckia ramosa spec. nov. (Bougainville).
metepimeron. Mesepisterna with faint indica-
tion of lighter antehumeral bands, which are
broadening and somewhat better defined up-
ward to form definitely yellow, subcircular
dots; sides with some lighter colouring dorsally
upon the mesepimeron and a wedge-shaped
chrome-yellow streak, pointing upward, along
mid portion of first suture, the latter not quite
reaching metaspiracle; some yellow also on
middle of mesinfraepisternum and posterior
edge of metepimeron; ventral surface pale.
Legs light rufous, but coxae paler and all fem-
ora with ill-defined, broad, brownish rings and
dark brown apices; all spines and bristles ru-
fous.
Shape and neuration of wings almost exactly
as shown in fig. 13, for the male from Bougain-
ville, but pterostigma a little more oblique and
higher than in the type, its costal side distinctly
shorter than the proximal, and distal side con-
vex outwardly. Fore wings with 18, one hind
wing with 17 Px of first series; arculus distinctly
distal to Ax,. Pterostigma dark reddish brown.
Abdomen very slender, terminal segments,
from base of 8 to end of 10 gradually broad-
ened, shaped much as in fig. 20. Colour mainly
dark brown, segment 1 pale ferruginous above,
the raised posterior border obscured and the
sides also somewhat darkened; 2 obscurely
brown with a diffuse yellowish basal annule and
an indistinct stripe of the same colour along
lower margin of tergite; 3—7 dark brown deep-
ening gradually to almost black posteriorly,
each showing low metallic lustre above and all
with small but fairly distinct yellow basal rings,
prolonged caudad alongside for a short distance,
those on 3 and 7 narrowly interrupted by
brown at the middorsal line; intersegmental
rings obscured but on 3—6 preceded laterally
by minute, ill-defined yellowish apical spots;
dorsum of 8 lighter brown, its sides more
broadly ferruginous; 9—10 and anal appendages
entirely brownish orange to ferruginous, the
swollen postero-lateral border of 10 with a
black streak.
Anal appendages as in fig. 20; apices of inner
spur of superior pair as well as the incurved tips
of the inferiors, black.
Male (paratype, Bougainville). — Resembles
the type in most respects, but differs slightly in
body colour and structure of appendages, as fol-
lows. Glossy surface of anterior parts of head
uniform dark rufous instead of almost black,
transverse clypeal band rather more orangish,
less defined, and all the rest of head including
antennae and undersurfaces, rufous, lacking
dark areas. Pro- and synthorax as described for
the type, except that there are no definite yellow
areas on the mesepisterna, which instead bear a
pair of complete, narrow and straight, cinna-
mon-coloured antehumeral stripes not strongly
contrasting against the dark orange-rufous
ground; sides with faint indication of a greenish
superior spot just below dorsal crest of mesepi-
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 277
Figs. 14—18. Platycnemididae. — 14, Male anal appendages of Salomocnemis gerdae spec. nov., dorsal and
right lateral view; 15, Idem, ligula of male left lateral view and ventral view; 16, Idem, mesostigmal laminae of
female; 17, Lieftinckia salomonis Kimmins, male anal appendages, dorsal and right lateral view; 18, L. kımminsı,
left superior appendage, innerside.
meron, also traces of light green on infraepister-
nite and lower edges of metepimeron. Legs bad-
ly damaged and broken.
Wings (fig. 13), neuration brown. Fore wings
with 18, hind wings 15—16 Px of first series;
pterostigma brown.
Abdomen shaped and coloured as in the type,
except tergite 8 also showing traces of a latero-
basal yellow spot. Anal appendages (fig. 23),
very similar to those of the type, but lower
branch of superiors slightly thicker and shorter,
forming an angle of about 80° with the main
branch (obtuse-angulate in the type), and inner
tubercle about halfway length of superior ap-
pendages a little less pronounced.
Measurements: d abdomen + appendages
278
31.3 mm, hind wing 20.2 mm (San Jorge); 30.4
and 20.0 mm, respectively (Bougainville).
Female unknown.
This very distinct species has no near allies
among its congeners inhabiting the Solomon
chain but it approaches kimminsi most closely
by having only a single row of cells between the
veins C and R, beyond the pterostigma, and by
having a branched apex of the superior append-
ages. It differs, among other characters, from
both kımminsi and lairdi by its more abruptly
petiolated wings, less pointed wing tips, and the
quite characteristically shaped and coloured
head and thoracic markings.
I am not quite certain about the correctness
of the locality “Bougainville”, as written on the
label by R. Martin himself. In fact several in-
stances are known of Odonata in Martin’s col-
lection whose reported habitats later proved to
be erroneous.
Lieftinckia spec. indet.
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 2 (subadult), San Cris-
toval I., Wainoni, 22.vii.1965, Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit.
Mus. 1966 (BM).
This species is no doubt a near ally of L. salo-
monis, but apparently quite distinct. Although
the shape of the prothoracic hind lobe with its
lateral blades and the peculiarly inflated meso-
prescutum are developed similarly to those of
salomonis, the mesoprescutal outgrowth in the
present specimen is much narrower and sulcate
medially, while the posterior lobes of the pro-
thorax are subtriangular in outline. The colour-
pattern also resembles that seen in salomonis;
and, like that species, there are two cell-rows
between the nervures C and R, beyond the pte-
rostigma. This San Cristoval insect is, however,
a good deal smaller in size than salomonis.
By the absence of a topotypical male I prefer
to leave this species unnamed.
Lieftinckia spec. indet.
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 © (juvenile, left hind
wing missing), San Cristoval I., Camp 2, 24.vii.1965,
Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit. Mus. 1966 (BM).
This © belongs to another undescribed spe-
cies left without a name. It is immature and in
rather poor condition.
Posterior lobe of prothorax trapezoidal, rath-
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
er saddle-shaped lacking projecting side-lobes;
no mesoprescutal outgrowths. Only a single
row of cells between C and R, beyond ptero-
stigma.
Size small: abd. 31.5 mm approx., hind wing
22.5 mm.
COENAGRIONIDAE
Teinobasis Kirby, 1890
Teinobasis is a fairly large genus with over
sixty named taxa and probably more than twen-
ty still undescribed species and subspecies. The
genus is wide-spread all over southern S. E.
Asia, Micronesia, the Melanesian islands, and
the northernmost parts of Australia. Only two
or three outlying members, doubtfully gener-
ically distinct from Teinobasis, are known from
Malawi, a country on the verge of Ethiopia
proper, and the Malgassian subregion (genus
Seychellibasis Kennedy, 1920).
At the time of summarizing the regional spe-
cies of Teinobasis (Lieftinck, 1949), no members
other than 7. aluensis Campion and rufithorax
(Selys), had been known to occur in the Solo-
mon Islands. On that last occasion, three more
species were added to the list, but all were based
on single specimens: two on immature females
and the third on a male erroneously attributed
to Papuagrion Ris, 1913. In the present paper all
of them are revised, partly synonymized, and
their structures more properly analysed. This
has led to the recognition of 8 species (including
one left without a name), of which the following
7 are believed to be validly named, viz., T.
aluensis Campion, bradleyi Kimmins, chiono-
pleura spec. nov., imitans spec. nov., obtusilin-
gua spec. nov., rufithorax (Selys), and simulans
spec. noy. As to the most widely distributed and
best known rufithorax, this is only briefly men-
tioned in the next pages and will not concern us
here any further. All others are probably en-
demic to the Solomons.
Insufficient acquaintance with 7. aluensis
must be held responsible for my erroneous as-
signment of gurneyi to a new species of Papua-
grion Ris, 1913. The latter is a Papuasian genus
closely related to Teinobasis but with a more re-
stricted range, comprising many, generally
more sturdily built damselflies centred in New
Guinea. Considering all characters used to sepa-
rate these two genera (Lieftinck, 1932, 1935,
1937-38, 1949), and after re-examing the type-
species, I arrived at the conclusion that 7.
LiEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 279
19
Figs. 19—23. Male anal appendages of Lieftinckia species. — 19, L. isabellae, dorsal and right lateral view; 20,
L. ramosa spec. nov., dorsal and right lateral view (San Jorge); 21, L. ramosa spec. nov., innerside of superior
appendage (San Jorge); 22, Idem (Bougainville); 23, Idem, left lateral view (Bougainville).
aluensis, emarginata and gurneyi should be re-
united and placed in Teinobasıs, the last two be-
ing obviously conspecific with alwensis, i.e. the
earliest described member of this insular group.
They were also compared with a few more re-
cently discovered species, mentioned above and
described below as new. They form a closely in-
terrelated group differing markedly in details of
structure and venation from Papuagrion (for
references, see above). With the exception of the
smaller-sized ones amongst the new taxa, two
of them, simulans (New Georgia) and imitans
(Guadalcanal), come very near aluensis and with
much more material may even turn out to be
only insular subspecies of the latter. As only
few specimens are available for comparison, and
no representatives of the aluensis cluster have so
far been discovered in the intervening islands of
the Solomons, questions of subspeciation and
relationship cannot yet be answered. In the pre-
sent case it seems best to keep all taxa apart as
full species. It should be borne in mind that all
of them exhibit a certain amount of variation in
body colour and extent of markings, a well
known disadvantage mainly depending on the
insect’s stage of maturity, — in fact a real hand-
icap frequently hampering easy recognition of
similar-looking species of Teimobasis and allied
genera!
In the present context a few remarks are per-
haps worth attention bearing upon the intricate
and diversified structure of the end segments of
the male abdomen, especially with regard to the
conjunction and flexibility of their relation to
one another. These sclerites, with their append-
ages, are most complex in certain genera pres-
280
ently still united in the subfamily Pseudagrioni-
nae (Davies & Tobin, 1984), a very large and
heterogeneous group of genera. Some of the
Old World members, like Pseudagrion and Ar-
chibasis, contain generalized and easily recog-
nizable forms, whereas others are more highly
specialized, viz. Amphicnemis, Nesobasis, Pa-
puagrion, Pericnemis, Teinobasis, and some an-
nectent genera with fewer species. Regarding
the last group, it may be remembered that I
once redescribed and illustrated some species of
Amphicnemis and Teinobasis occurring in the
Philippine Islands. These had been character-
ized already by Brauer (1868: 541—546), de Se-
lys (1877: 114), and subsequently also by Need-
ham & Gyger (1939). On two occasions (Lief-
tinck, 1953: 250 and 1957: 161—170), I pointed
out that the lower (inner) branches of the upper
pair of appendages had been mistaken by all au-
thors for the inferiors, possibly because the lat-
ter are sometimes longer and stronger than the
upper (main) branches of the superiors, OCCa-
sionally abutting tightly on the major part of the
inferior pair as well, even in the remarkable zy-
gopteron Pericnemis stictica Selys. In that spe-
cies the slender lower branch of the superiors is
almost as strongly developed as the pincer-like
upper portion. In all known genera of the Tei-
nobasis alliance, the superior appendages are
deeply divided and consist of two well-devel-
oped branches. From dissections and pictures of
these sclerites drawn in caudal view, it became
quite clear that these processes are parts of a
single appendage whose branches are firmly and
immovably connected basally, forming together
the true superior appendage. Consequently, the
interpretation and terminology of the male gen-
ital organs as given by Needham & Gyger
(1939), are incorrrect.
A further complication sometimes averting
immediate recognition of the various compo-
nents of the terminalia, is caused by the exis-
tence of a median sclerite emerging from be-
neath the overhanging ridge of the posterior
border of the 10th tergite. This accessory scle-
rite is usually placed in a vertical plane so as to
protect the aperture and the more weakly scle-
rotised membrane of the body wall. In the
course of years, numerous drawings of that
structure were published showing it in caudal
(see e.g. Lieftinck, 1962, and the author’s papers
(1932—1949), cited above. It is here termed
“Breech-Block”; and though showing great di-
versity in size and shape among species, its form
seems to be quite stable specifically. Its function
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
is unknown, but in view of the complex form of |
the female pronotal lobes and mesostigmal lami-
nae, its flexibility is supposed to play an impor-
tant role in the pre-copulatory process.
Teinobasis aluensis Campion
(figs. 24—26)
Teinobasis aluensis Campion, 1924: 614, fig. 2 (6
app.), 6 Alu I. (Shortland Is. group). — Kimmins,
1934: 107 (type fixed, 2 topotype, not descr.). —
Lieftinck, 1949: 343 (note on type).
Teinobasis emarginata Lieftinck, 1949: 344—345, fig.
6(® proth.), © juv., Shortland Is. Syn. nov.
Papuagrion gurneyi Lieftinck, 1949: 341—343, fig. 5
(6 app.). — 4 Bougainville I. Syn. nov.
Material re-examined. — Solomon Is.: 1 d (adult),
Alu, Solomon Is., C. M. Woodford 87—3, with D. E.
Kimmins’s confirmative type label, holotype T. aluen-
sis Campion (BM); 1 2 (juvenile), topotypical, det. D.
E. Kimmins (BM). 1 © (juvenile), Shortland Is., Hisiai _
River, 22.x.1936, R. A. Lever, holotype T. emargina-
ta Lieftinck (ML). — 1 d (adult), Bougainville I.
6.vili—16.x1.1944, A. B. Gurney, holotype Papua-
grion gurneyi, Lieftinck (USNM).
To the original description a few more details
can be supplemented.
Male (adult, holotype Alu I.). — Labrum
broadly bordered with yellow-ochre rounda-
bout its obscured centre. Face and frons entirely
blue inclusive of the impressed area of the frons.
Antennae pale (incomplete). Prothorax short,
not modified. Synthorax with complete bronze-
black middorsal band occupying the inner
halves of the mesepisterna, beyond which the
light non-metallic ground is discoloured and
obscurated; the dorsum gradually acquires a
lighter tint beyond the humeral suture, but the
somewhat obscured bluish mesepimera are en-
tirely without the distinct wedge-shaped bron-
zy mark(s) seen in simulans and imitans; sides
otherwise blue fading to yellowish underneath.
Legs short, resembling Papuagrion in form;
femoral bristles relatively strong, numbering 3,
4, —, respectively (posterior legs missing),
slightly shorter than the interspaces; tarsal
claws lacking a subapical inferior tooth. Wings
much as described for gurneyı (loc.cit., 1949)
and the other close allies; M, and Rs closely ap-
proximated at origin, M, weakly curved, arısing
very slightly before, Rs at the subnodus, both
veins remaining separated thereafter. Ab enter-
ing the posterior margin well beyond Ac; me-
dio-anal link entire; three postquadrangular an-
tenodal cells. All wings with 15 Px of first se-
ries. Pterostigma as in simulans.
|
|
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 281
sup. app. (lower
Ze branch)
Figs. 24—33. Teinobasis — 24, T. aluensis Campion, male anal appendages, left lateral and dorsal view (type of
T. gurneyi); 25, Idem, caudal view; 26, T. aluensis Campion, hind margin of prothorax of female (type of 7.
emarginata); 27, T. simulans spec. nov., male anal appendages, dorsal view (New Georgia); 28, Idem, left lateral
view; 29, Idem, caudal view; 30, T. imitans spec. nov., male anal appendages, dorsal view (Guadalcanal I.); 31,
Idem, left lateral view; 32, Idem, caudal view; 33, 7. imitans spec. nov., prothorax of female, dorsal view (Gua-
dalcanal I.).
282 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
Abdominal tergite 10 in caudal view shaped
much as shown for the type of gurneyi (fig. 25)
and imitans spec. nov. (fig. 32), the vertical sur-
face of the raised upper part of the body-wall
slightly convex, black in colour, but its mid-api-
cal process bright yellow (deep black in simu-
lans), at first directed obliquely caudad, then
strongly hooked, recurved, with bilobed apex.
Anal appendages equal in length to segment
10; colour yellow; superior pair relatively short
and broad in dorsal view, slightly but distinctly
S-shaped in side view, as shown for gurney) (fig.
24),
Measurements: abdomen + appendages 48
mm, hind wing 31.5 mm.
Female (juvenile, “red” colour phase, Alu I.).
— This (undescribed) teneral specimen was ex-
amined by me at the British Museum (Natural
History) after publication of T. emarginata,
with which it agrees in most respects, especially
in the venation. Prothorax similar to emargina-
ta, except that the deeply divided lamellae of the
posterior lobe are somewhat more drawn out at
the inner edges, so as to resemble the adult fe-
male of imitans (fig. 33) more closely; in emar-
ginata the lobes are more depressed and
shrunken owing to the teneral condition of the
sclerite. Metallic green marks covering the tho-
racic dorsum in the form of ill-defined bands
occupying the inner halves of the mesepister-
nites. Its measurements are: abdomen 41.5 mm,
hind wing 30 mm.
Teinobasis simulans spec. nov.
(figs. 27—29)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 6 (adult), New Georgia
I., Bareki River, 30.viii.1965, Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit.
Mus. 1966—1. Holotype (BM).
Male (adult). — Labium yellow; basal half of
labrum (including the central pit) glossy brown-
ish black, its distal half sharply defined bright
ochreous; mandible-bases and genae dark olive,
anteclypeus more brownish olive, postclypeus
dark brown. Frons with well pronounced, al-
most rectangulate transverse anterior crest, the
smooth vertical surface dark olive; upper sur-
face of frons, antennal sockets and all remaining
dorsal parts of head dull greenish bronzy black
with some traces of brown just in front of the
ocelli and along occipital crest; occipital area
and rear of the head dirty orangish. Scape and
pedicel of antenna yellowish, the latter about
1/2 times length of scape, its apex brown; dista- |
lia black.
Pronotum dark brown, lower portion of tu-
bercles fading to rusty brown, the latter low and
but little convex; sides including those of poste-
rior lobe rusty brown, the lobe short and broad,
longest at middle, somewhat upturned, its sur-
face convex anteriorly; posterior border in dor-
sal view throughout evenly and but slightly
convex, the side lobes small, not protuberant
and rounded.
Dorsum of synthorax as far down as a little
before humeral suture and including ante-alar
triangles, black with low but distinct metallic
green lustre, a hairline at the humeral suture re-
maining rusty brown; mesepimeron rusty
brown, its lower (anterior) half marked with a
wedge-shaped brown spot pointing upward and
ill-limited above, posterior portion yellowish
green, as are also the remaining parts of the
sides and ventral surface of thorax; mesinfra-
episternites rusty brown with a subcircular
blackish central dot low down.
Coxae and trochanters of legs light green;
legs otherwise pale ochreous; but outer faces of
all femora with two brown stripes partly fused
together beyond halfway length; extreme bases
and carinae of tibiae as well as all bristles,
brown. Hind femora with 4—5 strong bristles
in outer row, all a little shorter than the inter-
spaces; tarsal claws lacking an inferior subapical
tooth, or a rudiment of a tooth only at the fore
tarsi.
Wings narrow, venation brown. Ac situated
much nearer Ax, than Ax,, its length a little less
than half its distance from proximal side of qua-
drilateral, which is scarcely longer than Ac it-
self; Ab enters the margin well distal to Ac at a
distance of about twice the length of Ac. Arcu-
lus at Ax, in all wings. Quadrilateral in fore
wing with proximal and costal sides of equal
length, in hind wing costal side markedly longer
than proximal side. Medio-anal link entire;
three subquadrangular antenodal cells. M, mod-
erately curved at origin, arising sligthly before
the subnodus (least so in fore wings), Rs at the
subnodus, both veins very closely approximated
(just not fused together), from their meeting
point to almost as far as Px,, thence gradually
diverging. Broken course of M, and Cu, dissi-
milar: fractured portion of M beginning beyond
halfway its length, that of Cu, much before that
level, i.e. at level of Px,-Px,. Fore wing with
15—16, hind wing with 14—15 Px of first se-
ries. Pterostigma of small size, braced, lozenge-
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 283
shaped but very oblique, a little longer than
high, its proximal side only a trifle more oblique
than the distal one; colour cinnamon, darker
brown centrally.
Abdomen long and slender, basal and termi-
nal segments moderately expanded. Segment 1
light blue-green, distal one-fourth of tergite
with crescent-shaped transverse brown mark
and traces of rusty brown in front of the latter;
dorsum of 2 metallic green from base to apex,
this mark very slightly expanded before the end,
the sides blue-green; succeeding segments for
the greater part brownish black with slight
bronzy reflections, 3—7 each with pair of small,
greenish yellow basal spots forming dorso-
lateral annules narrowly interrupted from be-
hind in the median line; sides of 8 with a yel-
lowish stripe, broadest at either end bordering
lower margin of tergite; 9 with transverse basal
stripe of yellow alongside; 10 with similar
stripes basally, the sides as well as the apical 1/3
of the upper surface of this tergite likewise
brownish yellow. Intersegmental rings of 8—9
and 9—10 pale. Configuration of 10th tergite
and anal appendages as shown in figs. 27—29;
colour brownish yellow, including the midapi-
cal process of tergite 10; lower branch of supe-
rior appendages ending in a transverse, smooth,
shining black ridge bearing minute erect light
hairs; fringes on the inside at tips of superiors
and long tufts at apices of inferior appendages,
all pale golden yellow.
Measurements: d abdomen + appendages
46.6 mm, hind wing 29.0 mm, pterostigma 0.5
mm. |
Female insular topotype, unknown.
Teinobasis obtusilingua spec. nov.
(figs. 37—39)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 2 ¢ (adult, one in frag-
ments), San Cristoval I., Huni River, mouth Camp 4,
14.vin.1965, “in and around small pools in Casuarina
forest on basic soils”. Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit. Mus.
1966-1. The perfect specimen is the holotype (BM),
the fragmentary one a paratype (ML).
Male (adult, holotype). — Labium yellowish;
labrum almost wholly black, only anterior nar-
rowly lined with yellow. Mandible-bases yel-
lowish with a large central spot of brown; genae
and anteclypeus dirty brownish, postclypeus
glossy brownish black. Frons shaped as de-
scribed for chionopleura, colour deep black with
faint bronze reflections, the sulcus between cly-
peus and frons brown. Head otherwise dull
bronze-black, save for a pair of small, oblique
pale streaks, one either side, between base of an-
tenna and lateral ocellus; occipital ridge also
somewhat lighter. Rear of head apparently
brownish black or black except anteriorly a tri-
angular yellow mark at level of submentum.
Antennal scape very short, black, at most one-
third as long as pedicel, which is yellowish
streaked with brown, flagellars long and slen-
der, black.
Prothorax including posterior lobe, bronze-
black, the main portion bearing a broad x-
shaped mark occupying the whole dorsum,
sides greenish yellow; posterior lobe simple, de-
pressed, much broader than long, surface con-
vex, hind border evenly and broadly rounded,
the side-angles narrow, not projecting, round-
ed. Dorsum of synthorax, as far down as the hu-
meral suture and including ante-alar triangles,
black with distinct bronze and coppery reflec-
tions; mesepimeron pale rust-coloured, marked
with an irregular bronze-black band that covers
the lower 2/3 of the area but dorsally narrows
abruptly to a stripe extending upward along the
impressed part of the first suture, the latter
curving round the black dorsal crest so as to al-
most meet an elongate blackish streak along up-
per end of second suture; remaining parts of
side and ventral surface unicoloured greenish
yellow; mesinfraepisternites more rust-col-
oured, with a large subsquarish patch of
bronze-black covering most of that sclerite.
Legs pale ochreous, the coxae mixed with
green; outer faces of all femora and the knees
narrowly, with complete thick dark brown
stripe; four strong dark brown bristles in outer
row and five in inner row of hind femora, all
shorter than the interspaces. Tibiae and tarsi un-
marked; tarsal claws simple, or with the merest
trace of an inferior subapical tooth.
Wings narrow, shaped as in bradleyi, the
apices slightly more pointed. Ac much nearer
Ax, than Ax,, only about one-third as long as
its distance from proximal side of quadrilateral,
which is nearly twice as long as Ac itself; Ab
enters the margin well distal to Ac at a point
away from it for about twice the length of Ac.
Arculus distinctly distal to Ax, in all wings.
Quadrilateral longer than in bradleyi, its costal
side in fore wing longer than proximal side, in
hind wing more markedly so. Medio-anal link
entire; three postquadrangular antenodal cells.
Origin of M, and Rs close together, M; moder-
ately curved at origin, arising a trifle before sub-
nodus in fore wings, at the latter in hinder pair;
284 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
NN NN
Figs. 34—43. Teinobasis. — 34, T. bradleyi Kimmins, male anal appendages, dorsal view (Bougainville I.); 35.
Idem, left lateral view; 36, Idem, caudal view; 37, T. obtusilingua spec. nov., male anal appendages, dorsal view
(San Cristoval I.); 38, Idem, left lateral view; 39, Idem, caudal view; 40, T. bradleyi Kimmins, thorax; 41, 7.
chionopleura spec. nov., anal appendages, dorsal view (holotype male, Sandfly I.); 42, Idem, left lateral view; 43,
Idem, caudal view.
LiEFTINcK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata
Rs arıses a little beyond the subnodus, while
both veins gradually diverge immediately after
their meeting point (in right hind wing they are
fused together for a short distance!). Broken
course of M, and Cu, as described for bradleyi.
Fore wing with 13—14, hind wing with 12 Px
of first series. Pterostigma of small size, long
and narrow, braced, much smaller than under-
lying cell and almost twice as long as high, sides
oblique but proximal side distinctly more
oblique than distal side; colour deep black.
Abdomen long and slender, shaped much as
in bradleyi; tergite 1 yellow-green with a trape-
zoidal bronze-black marking occupying most of
the dorsum and broadest posteriorly; 2 with the
dorsum bronze-black from base to apex, this
mark a little constricted at extreme base and
hardly expanded subapically, the sides possibly
greenish in life; succeeding segments for the
greater part bronze-black, 3—6 or 3—7 each
with narrow yellowish basal annules which suc-
cessively become more broadly interrupted and
placed more laterad posteriorly; 8—10 appar-
ently unmarked, but intersegmental rings of ter-
minal segments yellowish.
Configuration of 10th tergite and anal ap-
pendages as in figs. 37—39; colour black, except
the dorso-apical ridge, the thickened posterior
border of last tergite, and most of the inferior
pair of appendages, which are light brown; sub-
apical hair-fringe springing from inner faces of
superior appendages, also pale.
Measurements: d (holotype) 37.0 mm, hind
wing 21.8 mm, pterostigma 0.5 mm.
Female unknown.
Teinobasis chionopleura spec. nov.
(figs. 4143)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 & (adult, holotype),
Florida Is., Ngela group, Sandfly Island, Takavali,
22.x11.1965, “common in forest”, R. Slooff (ML); 1 3
(adult, discoloured), Florida Is., Small Ngela I.,
Dende, 18.1x.1960, C. W. O’Brien (ex BISH, ML); 1
3 (adult, head and part of abdomen missing), Florida
Is., Big Florida I., 28.x1.1944, H. E. Milliron (BISH).
Male (adult, Sandfly I.). — Whole labium, in-
cluding submentum and all parts in front of the
foramen, light chrome as are also the genae as
far back as the base of squamae, only the mandi-
bles tipped with black. Labrum, clypeus and a
transverse band in front of frons connecting the
eyes, which reaches up as far as the antennal
bases and including the antennal sockets, all
285
unicoloured orange-chrome. Frontal ridge
weakly developed, obtuse-angulate, surface of
frons uneven but lacking transverse wrinkles.
All the rest of head behind the frontal ridge, en-
tirely dull greenish black to black without any
light markings, the rear also wholly black but
postoccipital lobes with a pair of bluish pruines-
cent patches. Scape and pedicel of antenna of
the usual shape, short and subequal in length,
both obscured but apex of scape yellow-ringed.
Pro- and synthorax entirely metallic bronzy
black, all sclerites (except upper portions of
meso- and metepimera) thickly overlaid with
palest blue pruinescence, leaving only traces of
the orangish ground colour at dorsal ends of hu-
meral and first lateral sutures, and posterior
edge of metepimeron.
Coxae, trochanters and extreme bases of fem-
ora, black, these parts pruinescent blue all over;
legs otherwise light orange-yellow, the tips of
femora narrowly obscured and all bristles black;
femoral bristles slightly longer than the inter-
spaces, numbering 2 + 2, 6—7, and 6, on the
three pairs of legs; tibial bristles 5, followed by
a row of 6—7 much shorter ones at fore tibiae,
4—5 at mid tibiae, and 5—7 at hinder pair of
same; tarsal claws without any indication of a
subapical tooth.
Wings hyaline, neuration as for genus, but
quadrilaterals rather long: proximal and costal
sides subequally long in fore wings, but proxi-
mal side only about half as long as costal side in
hind wings, the costal and distal sides in the lat-
ter being subequal in length. Arculus at Ax,; Ac
much nearer Ax, than Ax,; Ab entering the
wing margin a little less than 112 times the
length of Ac itself beyond it. Three postqua-
drangular antenodal cells; M, arises well before,
Rs at the subnodus, base of M; normally curved
and both veins well separated immediately after
their meeting point. M, and Cu, of normal great
length, marginal convexities at end of veins
hardly indicated. Fore wing with 16, hinder pair
with 15 Px of first series. Pterostigma distinctly
oblique, lozenge-shaped but parallel-sided, 1%
times longer than high; colour deep black finely
bordered with yellow. Only a single row of 4—
5 cells between C and R, posterior to pterostig-
ma.
Abdomen long and slender, from end of seg-
ment 6 to base of 10 slightly expanded, the latter
parallel-side. Ground colour yellowish, but all
tergites with predominantly light brown mark-
ings, this colour gradually deepening to dark
brown and bronze-black toward end of abdo-
286
men, 8—10 (except laterally) mostly black. Ter-
gite 1 with diffuse brown dorsal mark broaden-
ing toward apex forming an ill-defined dark ter-
minal ring, the sides bright greenish yellow; a
complete dark mark also on dorsum of 2, deep-
est in colour and broadest on basal half but leav-
ing tiny yellow streaks on either side at base, the
sides also greenish yellow; dorso-lateral bands
on 3—7 suddenly abbreviated in front, so as to
save a pair of small yellow spots at the bases of
each, the latter being largest on 5—7 and co-
alescent with distinct citron-yellow lines bor-
dering ventral margin of tergites; 2—6 more-
over with fine deep black intersegmental an-
nules restricted to the dorsum, those of 8—10
bright yellow; sides, distal one-third of tergite
10 as well as the vertical mid-caudal process of
the latter, ochreous.
Anal appendages (inclusive of the 10th apical
plate) ochreous, lower branches of superior ap-
pendages and the incurved apices of main
branch, black-tipped; inner faces of superiors
clothed densely with softish pale pubescence.
Measurements: abdomen + appendages 43
mm; hind wing 27.3 mm.
Male (adult, Small Nggela I.). — This para-
type is the 2nd complete d whose characters
correspond almost exactly with those of the
type, except that there are minute traces only of
pruinescence, the thoracic sclerites being wholly
deep black with low bronze reflections, save the
posterior edges of metepimeron and the post-
sternal surface, which are light ochreous. The
legs also are coloured as in the type, only the
tarsi being obscured.
Size slightly larger: abdomen + appendages
46.0 mm, hind wing 28.4 mm.
Male (adult, incomplete, Big Florida I.). —
Quite similar to the last-mentioned male. How-
ever, there is an interesting point of difference
in its wing venation: the nervure Ac is placed
further distad in both hind wings, i.e. at a level
only little away from Ax, causing the veins Ac
and Ab to meet the posterior border of the wing
at one point, which is unusual for Teinobasis. In
all specimens the medio-anal link is entire.
Female unknown.
This new species is distinctly more slenderly
built and has a somewhat larger head, than the
members of the 7. aluensis group, though all are
of about the same large size. Further peculiari-
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
ties are found in the structure of the terminal
genital organs by which chionopleura differs
from its congeners in the Solomons. In caudal
view, the raised vertical portion of the 10th ter-
gite (fig. 43), does not seem to bear a prolonged
median process but is reduced to a short trans-
verse plate hardly visible in dorsal aspect. The
black-tipped upcurved and pointed lower
branches of the superior appendages are placed
inward to a pair of shorter, blunt and pale-col-
oured, upper branches of the inferior append-
ages, both of these being well visible in side
view (fig. 42), but hidden from view when
looked at from above (fig. 41).
Teinobasis imitans spec. nov.
(figs. 30—33)
Material. — Solomon Is.: 1 d (adult holotype),
Guadalcanal I., Honiara, 150 m, 2.v.1964, J. Sedlacek
(ex BISH, ML). 1 © (adult), Guadalcanal I., Honiara, .
17.1x.1965, “at house lights”, Roy. Soc. Exped. Brit.
Mus. 1966 (BM).
Closely allied to both 7. aluensis and simulans
spec. nov.
Male (holotype, adult, abdominal segments
4—7 missing). — Labium, mandible-bases, and
genae as far up along orbital lines as base of an-
tennae, obscurely greenish yellow (possibly
green or blue in life), mandibles tipped with
deep black; labrum bright chrome gradually
changing into brown at extreme base, the
boundary almost straight but ill-limited. Ante-
and postclypeus black with bronze lustre, sur-
face of anteclypeus uneven, of postclypeus fine-
ly transversely striated. All the rest of head, in-
clusive of postocular lobes and occipital ridge,
almost lustreless dark bronzy black; transverse
frontal crest distinct, subacute; rear of the head,
except some diffuse obscuration on inner sur-
face, bright greenish yellow. Antennal sockets
somewhat swollen, scape short and thick, pedi-
cel much slenderer, about 1/2 times length of
scape, both obscurely yellow.
Prothorax dirty ochreous mottled with dark
brown on pronotum and centre of pleurae, the
anterior lobe suberect, strongly black-rimmed
in front; posterior lobe broad, collar shaped, de-
pressed, its hind margin somewhat undulated,
the side-edges rounded, whole surface dark me-
tallic green. Synthorax robust, shaped as in
aluensis and simulans spec. nov.; centre of
mesostigma lamina and whole mesonotum with
the ante-alar triangles, dark metallic green to as
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 287
far as the humeral suture, which is indicated by
a yellow hair-line; mesepimeron and mesinfra-
episternum beyond that level, mainly light blue,
the former bearing two distinct patches of dark
metallic green of unequal size, separated from
each other by the pale ground colour: a diffuse,
oblique zone of a more ferruginous tint. Meta-
pleurae similarly coloured but changing to (or
mixed with) clear blue upon middle of metepis-
ternum and to yellow further down, the whole
ventral surface of thorax also unmarked.
Legs almost entirely yellow, only outer faces
of coxae light blue and those ot femora slightly
more orangish with the knees a shade darker,
the yellow at the tibiae conspicuous; femoral
bristles robust, brown, 2—4—5, respectively,
little shorter than the interspaces; tibial bristles
shorter than interspaces, fore tibiae with four
longer bristles followed by a row of ca. 10 thin-
ner ones (setae) in outer row, 4—5 strong ones
on mid and hind tibiae. Tarsal claws indistinctly
toothed: rudimentary or obsolete on all legs.
Wings long, distinctly petiolated as fas as Ac,
much as in aluensis, i.e. more markedly broad-
ened than in the smaller-sized regional Teinoba-
sis, but again broader than in the close ally simu-
lans; venation brown. Arculus at Ax, in all
wings; position of Ac and Ab as in the other
species: Ab entering margin at a point in line
with proximal side of quadrilateral, the latter in
fore wing only little longer than, in hind wing
almost twice as long as, costal side. Medio-anal
link entire; three postquadrangular antenodal
cells. M; arises well before, Rs at the subnodus,
the former moderately curved, both veins well
separated after their subnodal meeting point. M,
and Cu, of great length, the broken course of
M, beginning at Px, ; in fore wings, at Px, 9 in
hinder pair, and of Cu, at Px, ;. Fore wing
with 16, hind wing with 15 Px of first series.
Pterostigma small, oblique, much longer than
high, lozenge-shaped but subparallel-sided,
braced and much smaller than underlying cell;
colour brown narrowly lined with yellow along
proximal and costal sides. Between C and R,
posterior to pterostigma 1—2 divided cells
about halfway length of space (undivided in
right hind wing only).
Abdomen (incomplete), ground colour of ter-
gites 1—2 blue, on succeeding segments dirty
ochreous; 1 with complete subtriangular dorsal
mark of metallic green pointing basad, sides
broadly blue; dorsum of 2 metallic green from
base to apex, leaving only a pair of narrow sub-
interrupted blue annules at extreme base, the
lower half of sides yellow; dorsum of 3—7 ap-
parently similarly banded, but losing gradually
their metallic gloss and becoming broader and
darker toward end of abdomen, only at base of
3 a pair of semicircular yellow spots confluent
with the pale ground colour at the sides; 8—10
almost wholly black, but intersegmental mem-
branes of 8—9, 9—10 and 10—sup.app., stand-
ing out clearly as bright ochreous dorsal an-
nules, the swollen dorsolateral ridge at apex of
tergite 10 also yellow.
Anal appendages (figs. 30—32) subequal in
length to segment 10, shaped very similar in
principle to those of aluensis, its synonym gur-
neyi, and simulans. Dorsal (main) branch of su-
perior appendages black above and black-
tipped, yellow and rather hollowed out within,
each provided with tuft of long pale golden
hairs (resembling szmulans); inferior appendages
also yellow above and densely light-haired,
obscured ventrally.
Female (adult, topotype). — Resembles the
male very closely in most respects, differing on-
ly in colour design of body and legs, as follows.
Labium, upper mouth-parts, face and frons as
well as first two antennal segments, all light
ochreous, but at mandibles and genae slightly
mixed with olive, the labrum being more bright-
ly orange. Rest of head above dull bronze-
black, sharply contrasting with the greenish yel-
low rear. Antennal pedicel dark-ringed apically,
the distalia black.
Prothorax (fig. 33), reddish ochreous, mar-
gins of posterior lobe obscured, the latter hardly
raised; laminae mesostigmales transverse, carry-
ing light brown, erect, ear-like lobes. Synthorax
much as in male, bronze-green dorsally to just
before humeral suture, the suture itself pale, the
bronzy tint including ante-alar triangles, mid-
ventral and axillary sclerites; colour at sides and
underneath, all dirty ochreous. Brownish patch
upon shoulder area (mesepimeron) very diffuse,
with slight metallic green gloss.
Legs totally yellow save outer faces of coxae
blue and those of femora orangish, armature as
in male. Claws with rudiment only of an inner
subapical tooth. Wings well petiolated, with
brown neuration; medio-anal link entire though
slightly fractured in left hind wing. Wing tips
relatively obtuse; all wings with 15 Px of first
series. Pterostigma as in male, light brown sur-
rounded by yellow; area between C an R, distal
to pterostigma exactly as in male.
Abdomen yellow-brown gradually darkening
288 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
toward end; tergites 2—7 indistinctly obscured
apically, 3—8 moreover with very narrow ill-
defined yellowish basal rings interrupted by the
yellow-brown dorsal colouring; intersegmental
membranes dark, except those between 7—8
and 8—9, yellow; tergites 8—10 metallic green-
ish black, the lower half of sides pale. Genital
valves not surpassing apex of segment 10, carry-
ing a row of minute, blunt marginal serrula-
tions; cerci obscured, shorter than segment 10,
divergent, pyramidal, tips acute.
Measurements: d abdomen + appendages 47
mm (approx.!), hind wing 31.5 mm; © abd. 46.0
mm, hind wing 32.6 mm, pterostigma 0.6 mm.
This is probably the closest relative of aluen-
sis. Apart from minor colour features of less im-
portance, male imitans differs from aluensis in
the following points: (1), the whole posterior
surface of the vertical process (or “breech-
block”), at the apex of the 10th tergite, is deep
black (bright yellow in aluensis); (2), the outer
faces of the main (upper) branch of the sup. app.
and their lower branches as well, are also black,
the latter being very shiny; (3), the appendages
are longer and more slender, less hollowed out
within, than in aluensis; (4) the inf. apps. of im-
itans are obscured ventrally but yellow on the
inside and clothed densely with pale pubes-
cence, the tip with the long fringe of pale golden
hairs directed inward (only partly shown in fig.
31). In both species the median process of the
10th tergite is broad and somewhat flattened
when viewed from above, but strongly hooked
and downcurved in profile view (cf. figs. 30 and
ID):
Teinobasis bradleyi Kimmins
(figs. 3436, 40)
Teinobasis bradley: Kimmins, 1957: 315—316, tfigs. 2
A—C (3 thorax & anal apps.). — d Guadalcanal
I.; Kimmins, 1970: 183 (8 lectotype selected).
Material. — Solomon Is.: 2 d (adult, one imper-
fect), Guadalcanal I., Tapenanje, 10—23.xii.1953,
lectotype and paralectotype (BM). — 2 6 (adult), Ma-
laita I., Ngwaiau, 1500 ft., 10.x.1967, “in forest”, R.
Sloof (ML). — 1 d (adult), Santa Ysabel I., Maring
dist., Te natahi, 2.vii.1960, C. W. O’Brien (ex BISH,
ML). — 1 g (adult), Bougainville I., Buin, 2.1.1970, R.
Straatman (ML); 2 6, 1 ® (adult), Bougainville I.,
Buin town, 15—16.v.1975, “along small stream”, H.
R. Wimmer (USNM), and Bougainville I., 16.xi.1944,
“ex jungle by stream” (one pair), A. B. Gurney
(USNM); 1 ® (juvenile, red), Bougainville I., Buin,
4.v1.1956, J. L. Gressit (BISH).
Male (adult, Tapenanje). — The following |
colour and structural notes are additional to
those given for the lectotype, subsequently se-
lected by Kimmins for one of his specimens
from Guadalcanal.
Differs from T. obtusilingua spec. nov.: ante-
rior margin of labrum more broadly bordered
with chrome. Face and frons in front, bright
blue. Thoracic pattern wholly different, as
shown by Kimmins (loc. cit., tfig. 2 A) and in
our fig. 40. Inner faces of sup. anal app. beset
along whole length with long pale hairs (in ob-
tusilingua only at apices); appendages very simi-
lar in the two, but mid-apical process of tergite
10 broader and tapering to a blunt point, deep
black, as shown in fig. 34 (see also Kimmin’s
tfig. 2 C). From T. aluensis, the present species
differs in that the vein M, arises before, and Rs
at the subnodus, but this character may be
unstable; aluensis is also a somewhat more ro-
bustly built and larger species than bradley:, the
type of the latter measuring abdomen + ap-
pendages 39 mm, hind wing 26 mm. The “slight
undulations of the wing apices”, mentioned by
Kimmins, apply to the prominent posterior bor-
der at the end of the main veins, not to the api-
cal undulations, as seen in a number of regional
platycnemidids.
Female. — No insular topotypes are avail-
able.
Close comparisons made between typical
bradleyi from Guadalcanal and all specimens
collected in the island chain of Malaita, Santa
Ysabel, and Bougainville, have led to the con-
clusion that all these populations belong to a
single species which, accordingly, seems to have
a much wider distribution than was thought at
the outset of this investigation. All agree in their
wing venation, the scheme of coloration, and
their genital structure, only the body size and
details of colour having been noticed. The next
descriptions and drawings are based on the best
preserved and fully mature specimens from
Bougainville, which also include a well-col-
oured female from that most westerly situated
island of the chain.
Male (adult, Bougainville). — Labium palest
yellow, labrum glossy black, the anterior bor-
der, except laterally, yellow, a vestige of a yel-
low spot also on either side at extreme base;
mandible-bases light blue, the distal one-third
brownish black; anteclypeus light blue, postely-
LIEFTINCK: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 289
peus glossy black; entire genal area and ante-
frons as far as the transverse ridge and insertion
point of antennae light blue, this colour extend-
ing posteriorly all along orbital margin to be-
yond base of maxillae; remainder of frons and
all the rest of head including the occiput, black.
Frons and ocellar area with low bronze reflex,
behind which the interocular and occipital re-
gion with more distinct dark metallic green
lustre. A tiny oblique yellow spot just visible
between antenna and lateral ocellus. Occipital
lobes slightly pruinescent blue, an oval patch of
blue pruinescence placed more rearward also
upon centre of occiput. Cervix yellow.
Whole dorsum of prothorax black with slight
bronze sheen, the sides light blue; pronotal tu-
bercles low, evenly convex; posterior lobe sim-
ple, rather crescent-shaped, surface convex and
directed straight back, about twice as long as the
side lobes, which are rounded off; whole border
evenly rounded, hardly swollen or upturned.
Dorsum and upper part of sides of synthorax,
black, as shown in fig. 40, for the rest all vivid
light blue, as described for the type by Kimmins
(1957, fig. 2 A). All dorsal ridges and humeral
suture with the exception of a vestigial spot of
blue at either end of the latter (one to the inside,
the second at the dorsal ridge of suture), like-
wise black; inner portions of black mesepisterna
with distinct metallic green lustre, the remain-
der deep black; a sharply contrasting brown
hair line laterally, and a pair of posterior dark
spots on the poststernum.
Coxae and trochanters of legs blue; femora
pale greenish blue with complete, thick, dark
brown exterior stripe broadening to an apical
ring at the knees; tibiae yellow-brown tipped
with ochreous; tarsi bright orange-chrome. All
spines and bristles black; femoral bristles as
long as the interspaces, 3, 4, 4, respectively; tib-
ial bristles longer, also equalling interspaces, 5,
4, 5, respectively; tarsal claws lacking an inferi-
or tooth, the tips obscured.
Wings narrow, neuration much as in all other
regional congeners; membrane hyaline, veins
black. Ac situated much nearer Ax, than Ax,,
only half as long as its distance from the qua-
drilateral, which is slightly less than twice as
long as Ac itself; Ab enters the margin well dis-
tal to Ac, for fully twice the length of Ac. Arcu-
lus at Ax, in fore wings, very little beyond that
level in hinder pair. Quadrilateral of fore wing
with proximal side little shorter than costal side,
in hind wing costal side markedly longer, twice
as long as proximal side and subequal to distal
side. Medio-anal link entire; three postqua-
drangular antenodal cells. M; and Rs closely ap-
proximated at origin, base of M, but little
curved, arising slightly before, Rs slightly after
the subnodus, both veins well separated distal to
their meeting point. Broken course of M, and
Cu, dissimilar: fractured portion of M, begin-
ning far distad, i.e. at level of Px,, in both pairs
of wings, of Cu, at level of Px,, both portions in
the latter subequally long. Fore wing with 13—
14, hind wing with 13 Px of first series. Pteros-
tigma small, almost twice as long as high,
oblique but almost parallel-sided, surmounting
exactly one much larger cell; colour brownish
black, costal and anal sides bordered with ex-
tremely fine pale hair-line.
Abdomen very thin and slender, basal seg-
ments more expanded than terminal ones; sides
of tergites 1—2 largely blue, dorsum of both
with complete metallic greenish black band
broadening markedly toward end though, after
a subapical constriction, forming almost com-
plete dark terminal annules, the intersegmental
membrane 1—2 blue; dorsum and most of the
tergal sides 3—7 occupied by well defined
bronze-black marks from base to apex, leaving
only vestigial paired yellowish spots at extreme
base, the dark bands broadening somewhat pos-
teriorly, the rest of the tergites bright ochreous
in colour. Tergite 8 with the dorso-lateral mark
hardly broadening posteriorly, on 9 almost
straight-lined, and the one on 10 leaving only a
triangular spot along lower border. All interseg-
mental membranes dorsally as well as the ster-
nites, bright chrome yellow. Configuration of
10th tergite and anal appendages as in figs. 34—
36, colour black or almost so, only inner shelves
of main branch of inferior appendages yellow-
ish, the hairs fringing inner faces and apices of
upper branch of superior appendages distinctly
white.
Female (adult, Bougainville). — This was col-
lected simultaneously with the male and corre-
sponds closely with the latter in stature and ve-
nation. Here follows a comparative description.
Labium bright yellow. Labrum black only at
middle along base, all the rest of it vivid orange.
Anteclypeus obscured, dullish; postclypeus
contrastingly deep glossy black, except laterally
and on the mandible-bases which are coloured a
dirty greenish ochreous, yet acquiring a more
vividly green tint on the genal area and forming
a broad colour band also on the antefrons as far
up as the antennal sockets and frontal ridge;
290
first antennal segments partly obscured. Whole
less shiny than the black postclypeus, light
marks restricted to a pair of tiny oblique specks
placed about midway between lateral ocelli and
antennae; a thick transverse bar upon the occip-
ital plate at some distance behind lateral ocelli,
also pale. Rear of the head deep black, the pale
genal area extending upward along eye-border
as far as base of labial hinge, the black area thin-
ly pruinescent.
Prothorax ferruginous brown, its sides over-
laid with bluish pruinescence; posterior lobe
larger and more raised than in male, median
portion dome-shaped in caudal view, its border
broadened a little on either side of middle to
form slightly forwardly curved, rounded lobes,
which are convex anteriorly, hollowed out pos-
teriorly. Synthorax marked exactly as in male,
except that the dorsolateral parts are ferrugi-
nous instead of black, only the middorsal carina
and a complete parallel-sided band attached to it
on either side, metallic green, this median band
almost equal in width to each of the mesepister-
nal (antehumeral) halves; remainder of thoracic
sides as well as the ventral surface throughout
pale blue, slightly pruinescent lower down.
Legs coloured as in male, i.e. vivid light chrome,
the bases of all coxae blue, a complete though
narrow black stripe at outer faces of all femora,
these stripes broadening at end to form distinct
apical annules; bristles black. Shape of wings
and neuration as in male, the relatively long pte-
rostigma light brown finely surrounded with
yellow. Px of first series 15 in fore wings, 13 in
hinder pair.
Abdomen comparatively slender, the terminal
segments but little expanded. Ground colour
greenish yellow, all segments marked with
bronze-green dorsal bands, complete on tergites
1—2, both broadening toward end, those on
3—7 more abruptly narrowed basally and ex-
panded apically, the small yellow basal annules
finely interrupted in the median line; colour of
apical tergites obscured, broadly yellow at sides.
Genital valves darkened, surpassing tuberculum
anale and cerci for about half length of segment
10, yellow-tipped; cerci pricker-shaped, yellow.
Measurements: abdomen (incl. valves) 35.5,
hind wing 25.0, pterostigma 1.0 mm.
Female (juvenile, red colour phase).
Ground colour of whole body bright orange-
pink; dark markings much as in male, differing
as follows. Labrum wholly pale save for a deep
TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, AFL. 9, 1986 (1987)
black midbasal spot; front of face likewise, ex-
cept postclypeus deep black. Dorsum of pro-
thorax with a fine X-shaped black mark and a
median spot at extreme base of its posterior
lobe, the latter shaped much as in the adult, but |
side-lobes more rounded. Synthorax with the
metallic green dorsal band a little narrower,
standing out clearly on either side of the median
carina, which remains orange, as also the ante-
alar triangles. Abdomen as in the adult female,
but end segments 9—10 for the greater part
orange.
[ REFERENCES |
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G. Semper mitgeteilten, von dessen Bruder auf
den Philippinen gesammelten Neuropteren und
Beschreibung einer neuen Libellen-Gattung aus
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Campion, H., 1924. Descriptions of two new species
of Teinobasis (Odonata). — Annals and Magazine
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Davies, D. A. L., & P. Tobin, 1984. The dragonflies
of the world: A systematic list of the extant spe-
cies of Odonata. Volume 1. Zygoptera, Anisozy-
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127.
Kimmins, D. E., 1934. A note on two species of Tez-
nobasis (Odonata) described by the late Herbert
Campion. — The Entomologist 67: 197.
Kimmins, D. E., 1957. Odonata collected by Mr. J. D.
Bradley on Guadalcanal Island, 1953-54. — Bul-
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Kimmins, D. E., 1970. A list of the type-specimens of
Odonata in the British Museum (Natural Histo-
ry). Part III. — Bulletin of the British Museum
(Natural History), series Entomology 24: 173—
205.
Lieftinck, M. A., 1932. The dragonflies (Odonata) of
New Guinea and neighbouring islands. I. Descrip-
tions of new genera and species of the families
Lestidae and Agrionidae. — Nova Guinea 15:
485-602.
Lieftinck, M. A., 1935. The dragonflies (Odonata) of
New Guinea and neighbouring islands. III. De-
scriptions of new and little known species of the
families Megapodagrionidae, Agrionidae and Li-
bellulidae (genera Podopteryx, Argiolestes, Papua-
grion, Teinobasis, Huonia, Synthemis and Procor-
dulia). — Nova Guinea 17 (Zool.): 203—300.
Lieftinck, M. A., 1937. The dragonflies (Odonata) of
New Guinea and neighbouring islands. IV. De-
scriptions of new and little known species of the
families Agrionidae (sens. lat.), Libellulidae and
Aeshnidae (genera /diocnemis, Notoneura, Papua-
Liertinck: New Guinea and Solomon Islands Odonata 291
grion, Teinobasis, Aciagrion, Bironides, Agyrta-
cantha, Plattycantha, and Oraeschna). — Nova
Guinea (N. S.) 1: 1—82.
Lieftinck, M. A., 1938. The dragonflies (Odonata) of
New Guinea and neighbouring islands. V. De-
scriptions of new and little known species of the
families Libellaginidae, | Megapodagrionidae,
Agrionidae (sens. lat.), and Libellulidae (genera
Rbinocypha, Argiolestes, Drepanosticta, Notoneu-
ra, Palaiargia, Papuargia, Papuargion, Teinobasis,
Nannophlebia, Synthemis, and Anacordulia). —
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Lieftinck, M. A., 1962. Odonata. — Insects of Micro-
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Lieftinck, M. A., 1963. Contributions to the odonate
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Needham, J. G., & M. K. Gyger, 1939. The Odonata
of the Philippines, II. Suborder Zygoptera. — The
Philippine Journal of Science 70: 239—314, plates
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Selys Longchamps, E. de, 1877. Synopsis des Agrio-
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de l’Académie Royale de Belgique serie 2, 43 (2):
97—159 (separate p. 1—65).
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TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING
REGISTER VAN DEEL 129
* Een sterretje duidt een naam aan die nieuw is voor de wetenschap; cursieve paginanummers verwijzen naar
de beschrijvingen van nieuwe taxa.
* An asterisk denotes a name new to science; numbers in italics refer to descriptions of new taxa.
ACARI
aesculi, Neophyllobius 191
agrifoliae, Neophyllobius 191,
superbus, Tycherobius 206-208
texanus, Ixodiphagus 181-183
theilerae, Ixodiphagus 181
[201 *Tillandsobius 191, 194, 195, 205
australis, Camerobia 191, 192,
[195, 196, 198, 199
Camerobia 191, 192, 194, 195,
[201
citri, Neophyllobius 191, 201
*Decaphyllobius 191, 192, 194,
[195, 201
elegans, Neophyllobius 214
floridensis, Neophyllobius 191,
[205
floridensis, Tillandsobius 207,
[209
*gersoni, Decaphyllobius 191, 192,
[200, 201, 202-204
hadros, Neophyllobius 191, 201,
[202
hirtus, Ixodiphagus 183
hookeri, Ixodiphagus 181, 182
Hunterellus 181, 183
Ixodiphagus 181, 183
lombardinii, Neophyllobius 191,
*Tycherobius 191, 194, 195, 205,
aphrodite, Tipula 7
appendiculata, Nephrotoma 2
argyriventris, Bequaertiana, 23,
[25
ariadne, Tipula 7
[208, 214 artemis, Tipula 7
virginiensis, Neophyllobius 191,
asetosa, Melanophora 24, 32
[208 aspromontensis, Tipula 4
virginiensis, Tycherobius 205,
aterrima, Oplissa 23, 24, 30, 31
[206, 208, 213 atramentaria, Stevenia 17, 19, 23,
ARANEAE
cornutus, Araneus 17
COLEOPTERA
Anthrenus 243
carcharias, Saperda 17
Cetonia 77,98, 104
Geotrupes 98, 104
violaceum, Callidium 17
DICTYOPTERA
nigra, Ostrava 107, 109
wolfforum, Mazonopterum 107
[205, 206 DIPTERA
lombardinii, Tycherobius 206-
[208, 210
*monspeliensis, Camerobia 191,
[195, 199, 201
Neophyllobius 191-195, 214
Obdulia 201
*pistaciae, Camerobia 191, 195,
[ 196, 198, 199
*polonicus, Tycherobius 191, 206,
[207, 208, 212
rhytis, Neophyllobius 191, 205,
[214
rhytis, Tycherobius 206
southcotti, Camerobia 191, 195,
[198, 201
*stramenticola, Tycherobius 191,
[206, 207, 208, 211
superbus, Neophyllobius 191,
[206, 208
acerba, Angioneura 20, 21
Acompomintho 23, 27, 29, 30
aculeata, Nephrotoma 2
acuminata, Tipula 11
Acutipula 2, 6
alpina, Tipula 4
alpium, Tipula 3
analis, Nephrotoma 2
Angioneura 15, 20, 21, 23, 27
angustifrons, Phyto 17, 23, 18,
[25, 26
angustifrons, Stevenia 23,
angustifrons, Tromodesia 23, 25,
[26
anicilla, Tipula 6
animula, Tipula 6
Anoplisa 30
anthe, Tipula 7
antichasia, Tipula 6
[31
atrata, Tanyptera 2
austriaca, Tipula 4
Azaisia 23, 27, 29, 30, 32
balcanica, Tipula maxima 2, 5
Baniassa 18, 20, 23, 25-27, 32
basilewskyi, Bequaertiana 23
benesignata, Tipula 4
Bengalia 16, 22
Bequaertiana 17, 23, 24, 26, 32
Beringotipula 2
betulae, Semudobia 125, 128,
[132, 133, 136-140
Bezzimyia 20
bifasciculata, Tipula 7
bimacula, Tipula 5, 7, 9, 12
bimaculata, Dictenidia 2
bispina, Tipula 6
borystenica, Tipula 7
brevicornis, Paykullia 23
brevipalpis, Semudobia 126, 130,
Ha, 135
brunneinervis, Tipula 5, 7, 11
bulbosa, Tipula 7
caesia, Tipula 3
Callidesia 23, 25, 26
Calliphora 77, 98
Calobataemyia 22
capensis, Melanomyoides 23,
[27-29, 32
capensis, Rhinomorinia 23
capreola, Tipula 6
carbonaria, Metoplisa 23, 30-32
carpatica, Tipula excisa 4
294 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, 1986 (1987) |
cassiope, Tipula 6 fimbriata, Angioneura 21
caudatula, Tipula 6 festiva, Ctenophora 2
caudispina caudispina, Tipula 6 flaveolata, Ctenophora 2
caudispina parnonensis, Tipula 6 flavescens, Nephrotoma 2
Chaetostevenia 27 flavipalpis, Nephrotoma 2
cheethami, Tipula 4 flavipes, Queximyia 23, 28, 32
ciconia, Tipula truncata 6 flavolineata, Tipula 2
cilicrus, Clinodiplosis, 125 fulvipennis, Tipula 2
cinerascens, Tipula 6 furcula, Tipula 7
cinerella, Tipula 7 fuscicosta, Tipula 7
cingulata, Phyto 23 fuscipes, Dolichopeza 4
circumdata, Tipula 4 gimmerthali, Tipula 4
Clans, 175 22, 23, 27 glacialis, Tipula 4
Clinodiplosis 126 goriziensis, Tipula 4
clio, Tipula 6, 10 graeca, Dolichopeza 4
coerulescens, Tipula graecolivida, Tipula 7
latemarginata 3 griseithorax, Comoromyia 23, 30,
Comoromyia 23, 30 [32
congolensis, Parazamimus 23, 26, grisescens, Tipula 4
[32 guestfalica, Nephrotoma 2
conspurcata, Helicella 17 guttata, Ctenophora 2
cornicina, Nephrotoma 2 harmonia, Tipula 6
couckei, Tipula 3 helicivora, Melanophora 17
crassiventris, Tipula 4 helvola, Tipula 2
cretis, Tipula 5, 7 hemiptera, Tipula strobliana 4
crocata, Nephrotoma 2 hera, Tipula 6
croceiventris, Nephrotoma 2 heros, Tipula 7
Ctenophora 2 hertingi, Phyto 27
cyrtoneurina, Angioneura 20,21 hirtigena, Stevenia 23, 30
danieli, Tipula 6 Hoplisa 30
Dasineura 125, 126, 136, 139 hortorum, Tipula 3
deceptoria, Stevenia 23 invenusta subinvenusta, Tipula 4
decipiens, Tipula 3 interbracta, Dasineura 130, 136,
decolor, Tipula 7 [137
Dendrotipula 2 interserta, Tipula 4
Dictenidia 2 irrorata, Tipula 3
discrepans, Phyto 17, 21, 23 ismene, Tipula 6
Dolichopeza 4 istriana, Tipula 7
dorsalis, Nephrotoma 2 italica errans, Tipula 5, 7, 9
elegans, Ctenophora 2 jeekeli, Tipula 4
eleonorae, Tipula 4 jordansi, Tipula pannonia 7
Emodotipula 4 klytaimnestra, Tipula 6
engeli, Tipula 5, 7 kugleri, Paykullia 23
erato, Tipula 7 laetabilis, Tipula 4
errans, Tipula italica 5, 7, 9 lanispina, Tipula 6
euchroma, Nephrotoma 6 latemarginata coerulescens,
eugeniana, Tipula 6 Tipula 3
eurykleia, Tipula penelope 6 lateralis, Tipula 3
euterpe, Tipula 6 latifurca, Tipula transcaucasica 6
excisa carpatica, Tipula 4 leandros, Tipula 7, 10
excisa excisa, Tipula 4 leda, Tipula 6
fascicula, Tipula 6 lepida, Rhinophora 17, 23, 26,
fascingulata, Tipula 4, 10 [28, 32
fascipennis, Baniassa 23, 25, 27 Lestodiplosis 126
fascipennis, Tipula 2 leto, Tipula 6
fastidiosa, Dasineura 136, 137 limbata, Tipula 4
fastuosa, Ctenophora 2, 3 limitata, Tipula 4
fernandezi, Stevenia 23 livida, Tipula 2, 11
lobata, Acompomintho 23, 29, 32
longimana, Macrotarsina 23, 29,
[32
luna, Tipula 2
lunata, Tipula 2, 11
Lunatipula 2, 4-6, 8-12
lunulicornis, Nephrotoma 2
luridorostris, Tipula 4
luteipennis, Tipula 3
macropeliostigma, Tipula 7
macroselene macroselene, Tipula
iy,
macroselene pan, Tipula 7
Macrotarsina 23, 29, 40
maculata, Paykullia 17, 23, 25
marginella, Tipula 3
marshalli, Termitoloemus 22
maxima balcanica, Tipula 2, 5
mayerduerii, Tipula 4
Mediotipula 4
mediterranea, Tipula 5, 7
melanocephala, Phyto 17, 23, 26
Melanonya 15, 21, 22
Melanomyoides 23, 27, 29
Melanophora 17, 18, 20, 23, 24
melanoptera, Morinia 21, 22
mellea, Tipula 2
melpomene, Tipula 6
Metopisena 23
Metoplisa 23, 29, 30
milichioides, Ventrops 23, 27, 28
monstrabilis, Tipula 7
montana, Tipula 4
montium, Tipula 3
Morinia 15, 22
nana, Melanomya 21
nausicaa, Tipula 7
Nephrotoma 2, 4, 6
neurotica, Tipula 4
nigerrima, Morinia 22
nigra, Nigrotipula 2
nigricornis, Tanyptera 2
Nigrotipula 2
nodicornis, Tipula 3
nubeculosa, Tipula 3
Nyctia 22
obscura, Angioneura 20, 21
obscura, Azaisia 23, 29
obsoleta, Tipula 3
Odonatisca 3
oldenbergi, Oplisa 30
oleracea, Tipula 3
onusta, Tipula 7
Oplisa 23, 29, 30, 32
Opsodexia 20
orientalis, Tipula 5, 7
ornata, Ctenophora 2
pabulina, Tipula 3
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, 1986 (1987)
pachyprocta, Tipula 7
pallidicosta, Tipula 4
paludosa, Tipula 3
pan, Tipula macroselene 7
pandorra, Tipula 7
pannonia jordansi, Tipula 7
pannonia pannonia, Tipula 7
Parazamimus 20, 23, 24, 26, 27
parnonensis, Tipula caudispina 6
paucipila, Baniassa 23, 26
pauciseta, Phyto 23, 25
Paykullia, 17-20, 23, 24, 26, 27,
[32
pectinicornis, Ctenophora 2
pelidne, Tipula 7
peliostigma, Tipula 3, 11
penelope eurykleia, Tipula 6
penelope penelope, Tipula 6
Phyto 15, 17-20, 22, 23, 26, 27,
[30, 32
pictipennis, Callidesia 23, 25, 32
pierrei, Tipula 3
pinnifer, Tipula 6
Platytipula 3
plitviciensis, Tipula 4
pollinosa, Oplisa 23, 30
polydeukes, Tipula 6
praecox, Tipula 6
pratensis, Nephrotoma 2
profdrassi, Tipula 6
pruinosa, Tipula 3
pseudoirrorata, Tipula 4
pseudopruinosa, Tipula 4
pseudovariipennis, Tipula 3
Pterelachisus 3, 4
pythia, Tipula 6
quadrifaria, Nephrotoma 2
quadristriata, Nephrotoma 2
Queximyia 23, 27, 29
Rhinomorinia 22, 23, 26, 27, 29,
[32
Rhinophora 17, 18, 23, 27, 29
riedeli, Tipula 7
roralis, Melanophora 17, 21,
[ 23-25, 32
rubricosa, Tricogena 17, 23, 31,
[32
rufina, Tipula 3
rufula, Tipula 6
saginata, Tipula 4, 5
sarajevensis, Tipula 4
Sarcophaga 19
sarcophagina, Rhinomorinia 17,
[23, 26, 28
Savtshenkia 3, 4
savtshenkoi, Tipula 7
scalaris, Nephrotoma 2
schmidti, Tipula 6
Schummelia 3, 4
scripta, Tipula 3
scurra, Nephrotoma 2
seguyi, Tipula 6
selene, Tipula 3
Semudobia 125, 132, 133, 135,
[ 136, 139, 140
setitarsis, Azaisia 23
Shannoniella 20
siebkei, Tipula 4
sigma, Tipula 6
simulans, Tipula 4
Siphona 16
skuhravae, Semudobia 126, 128,
[ 132, 136-140
soosi, Tipula 5, 7, 9, 12
Stevenia 17, 18, 22, 23, 26, 27,
[29, 30, 32
stigmatella, Tipula 4
strobliana hemiptera, Tipula 4
strobliana strobliana, Tipula 4
stubbsi, Tipula 3, 5
subcunctans, Tipula 3
subinvenusta, Tipula invenusta 4
submaculosa, Nephrotoma 2
submarmorata, Tipula 3
submontium, Tipula 3
subnodicornis, Tipula 4
subsignata, Tipula 4
subtrunca, Tipula 6
subtruncata, Tipula 6
Tanyptera 2
tarda, Semudobia 126, 128, 132,
[133, 136-140
tenuicornis, Tipula 2
tenuipes, Nephrotoma 4
tergestina, Oplisa 23, 30
Termitoloemus, 15, 22
thais, Tipula 6
theia, Tipula 6
tibonella, Tipula 7
Tipula 2-4
titania, Tipula 6
transcaucasica latifurca, Tipula 6
Tricogena 17, 18, 23, 26, 29, 30
Tromodesia 23, 25-27, 32
trunca, Tipula 6
truncata ciconia, Tipula 6
truncata truncata, Tipula 6, 10
truncorum, Tipula 3
tyche, Tipula 6
umbratica, Stevenia 17, 23
unca, Tipula 2
urania, Tipula 7
variicornis, Tipula 3
varipennis, Tipula 3
Ventrops, 23, 27, 32
vernalis, Tipula 3, 5
295
Vestiplex 3, 4
vibripennis, Tromodesia 25
vittata, Tipula 2
vogtenhuberi, Tipula 7
vorax, Lestodiplosis 125
wewalkai, Tipula 7
wolfi, Tipula 7
xanthocephla, Rhinomorinia 23,
[28
Yamatotipula 3, 7
zonaria, Tipula 4
EPHEMEROPTERA
Caenis 88
Ephemera 81, 87
Oligoneuriella 88
Ostrava 109
HOMOPTERA
*brendelli, Lembeja 141, 142, 146,
[147, 176, 178-180
*dekkeri, Lembeja 141, 142,
[ 145-147, 150, 155-158, 173
*distanti, Lembeja 141, 142, 145-
[147, 170, 173, 174, 175, 178, 180
*elongata, Lembeja 141, 142, 144,
[146, 147, 150, 153-155, 157,
[158, 173
faticina, Prasia 141
fatiloqua, Lembeja 141, 142
foliata, Cephaloxys 141, 149, 150
foliata, Lembeja 141-147,
[ 149-151, 153, 158, 160, 162,
PGO ONS WA
foliata, Prasia 149
fruhstorferi, Lembeja 141, 142,
[158
harderi, Lembeja 141, 149
*hollowayi, Lembeja 141, 142, 146,
148, 162-164, 166, 173, 177
*incisa, Lembeja 141, 142, 146,
148, 158, 166, 170, 171-173
Iruana 142
Lembeja 141, 142, 158
maculosa, Lembeja 141, 142, 160
maculosa, Perissoneura 178
*majuscula, Lembeja 141, 142,
[144, 146, 148, 169, 170,
(171, 173, 179
*minahassae, Lembeja 141, 142,
[ 145-147, 150, 151-153,
ISS} 775) 1177
*mirandae, Lembeja, 141, 142,
[145, 146, 148, 166-168, 170-173
*oligorhanta, Lembeja 141, 142,
[146, 148, 158, 164-166, 173
papuensis, Lembeja 141, 142
paradoxa, Lembeja 141, 142
296
*pectinulata, Lembeja 141, 142,
[144, 146, 148, 158-160, 162, 173
Perissoneura 141
Prasia 141, 150
robusta, Lembeja 141, 142
roehli, Lembeja 141, 142
*sangihensis, Lembeja 141, 142,
[146, 148, 149, 160-162
sanguinolenta, Lembeja 141, 142,
[178
tincta, Lembeja, 142
tincta, Prasia, 142
~ typica, Jacatra 143, 160
vitticollis, Lembeja 142
vitticollis, Prasia 141
HYMENOPTERA
affinis, Pelopoeus 254
affinis, Sphex 254
Apis 77
atripes, Pelopoeus 240
atripes, Sceliphron deforme 229,
[233, 234, 238, 240, 242, 253
betulae, Misocyclops 125
betulae, Platygaster 125-128,
[ 132-134, 136, 137, 139, 140
betularia, Platygaster 125-128,
[ 131-134, 136, 137, 139, 140
bicinctum, Sceliphron deforme
[249
bicinctum, Sceliphron rufopictum
[244, 249, 254
bilineatum, Sceliphron 228
bruijnii, Sceliphron 256
bruinjnii, Pelopoeus 256
bruinjnii, Sceliphron 256
bruinjnii, Sceliphron formosum
[251, 254, 256, 257, 259
bruynii, Sceliphron 256
Chalybion 219, 221
coromandelicus, Pelopoeus 243
coromandelicum, Sceliphron
[218-220, 222, 224, 239, 243, 252
curvatus, Pelopoeus 228, 230
curvatum, Sceliphron 218-221,
[224, 227, 228, 230, 234,
[238, 252, 256
deforme, Sceliphron 218-221,
[224, 229-231, 234, 236,
[238, 240, 242, 243, 253
deforme atripes, Sceliphron 229,
[233, 234, 238, 240, 242, 253
deforme bicinctum, Sceliphron
[249
deforme deforme, Sceliphron
[231, 232, 234, 236,
[238, 240, 249, 253
*deforme femorale, Sceliphron
[217, 229, 231, 234,
[236, 240, 243, 253
deforme japonicum, Sceliphron
[240
deforme koreanum, Sceliphron
[240
deforme nippo nicum,
Sceliphron 233, 234, 240, 253
deforme rufopictum, Sceliphron
[249
deforme taiwanum, Sceliphron
[238
deforme tibiale, Sceliphron 231,
[234, 236, 238, 243, 253
deforme unifasciatum,
Sceliphron 254
deformis, Pelopoeus 236
deformis, Sceliphron 252
fallax, Sceliphron 256
*femorale, Sceliphron deforme
LA, 220) DIG 2345
[ 236, 240, 243, 253
fervens, Pelopoeus, 242
fervens, Sceliphron 219-221, 224,
[230, 235, 237, 242, 243, 255
fervens murarium, Sceliphron
[254
flavo-fasciatus, Pelopoeus 249,
[251
formosum, Sceliphron 218-220,
[224, 234, 243, 251, 256-258
formosum bruinjnii, Sceliphron
BOL 2325 258, 2375 259
formosum formosum, Sceliphron
[245, 251, 256-258
formosum koreanum, Sceliphron
[240
formosum ocellare, Sceliphron
[248, 251, 256-258
formosus, Pelopoeus 258
formosus, Sceliphron 258
funestum, Sceliphron 219, 220,
(223-226, 228, 243, 251
hiemalis, Platygaster 136
japonicum, Sceliphron deforme
[240
*kalshoveni, Sceliphron
rufopictum 217, 219, 220, 224,
[241, 244, 249, 255
koreanum, Sceliphron deforme
[240
koreanum, Sceliphron formosum
[240
*laticinctum, Sceliphron
rufopictum 217, 218, 241, 245,
248, 249, 252, 253, 255
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, 1986 (1987)
lineatipes, Sceliphron 234, 236
mamertes, Piestopleura 126
Metaclisis 129, 130, 132, 135,
[138, 140
Misocyclops 125
mocsaryi, Sceliphron 254
murarium, Sceliphron 219, 220,
[224, 246, 254, 255
murarium, Sceliphron fervens
[254
murarius, Pelopoeus 254
nipponicum, Sceliphron deforme
[233, 234, 240, 253
ocellare, Sceliphron 258
ocellare, Sceliphron formosum
[248, 251, 256-258
-papuanum, Sceliphron 258
Pelopoeus 224, 258
phragmitis, Metaclisis 125-127,
[130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140
Piestopleura 129, 136
Platygaster 125, 127-130, 132,
[133, 135-140
Prosceliphron 217-222, 224, 225,
[228, 230, 235, 238, 240, 242,
[243, 249, 254, 256, 258
pulchellum, Sceliphron 228
pulchellum, Sceliphron rectum
[228, 251
rectum, Sceliphron 218-220,
[ 223-226, 228, 243
rectum pulchellum, Sceliphron
[228, 251
rectum rectum, Sceliphron 228,
[251
rufipes, Pelopoeus 254
rufipes, Sceliphron 254
rufopictum, Sceliphron 241, 243,
[244, 247, 249, 254, 255
rufipictum, Sceliphron deforme
[249
rufopictum bicinctum, Sceliphron
[244, 249, 254
*rufopictum kalshoveni,
Sceliphron 217, 219, 220, 224,
[241, 244, 249, 255
*rufopictum laticinctum
Sceliphron 217, 218, 241, 245,
[248, 249, 252, 253, 255
rufopictum rufopictum,
Sceliphron 241, 249, 253-255
rufopictus, Pelopoeus 249
rufopictus 238
Sceliphron 217-221, 226
shestakovi, Sceliphron 219-224,
[251
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 129, 1986 (1987) 297
taiwanum, Sceliphron deforme Gomphus 115
[238 grandis, Aeshna 109
tibiale, Sceliphron 234, 236 gurneyi, Papuagrion 263, 278,
tibiale, Sceliphron deforme 231, [280
[234, 236, 238, 243, 253 gurneyi, Teinobasis 279, 281,
unifasciatum, Sceliphron 219, [282, 287
[220, 224, 244, 246, 254, 255 Hemianax 64
unifasciatum, Sceliphron Ictinogomphus 115
deforme 254 Idiocnemis 266
unifasciatus, Pelopoeus 254 *imitans, Teinobasis 263, 265,
[ 278-282, 286, 288
LEPIDOPTERA imperator, Anax 62-64, 66, 68,
farinalis, Pyralis 17 [69, 72, 103, 109
neustria, Malacosoma 17 inornata, Idiocnemis, 275
tabaniformis, Paranthrene 17 ‘*isabellae, Lieftinckia 263, 265,
[273, 274, 279
ODONATA juncea, Aeshna 98
Aeshna 68 kimminsi, Lieftinckia 265, 274,
aluensis, Teinobasis 263, 265, 12755 2776 278
[278-281, 286-288 lairdi, Lieftinckia 265, 271-275,
Amphicnemis 280 [278
Anax 61, 64 Lieftinckia, 265, 268, 271, 273,
Archibasis 280 [279
bradleyi, Teinobasis 265, 278, malacodora, Lochmaeocnemis
[283-285, 288 [264
cancellatum, Orthetrum 103 *malaitae, Lieftinckia 263, 265,
*chionopleura, Teinobasis 263, (272,275
[265, 278, 283-285, 286 mirabilis, Hemiphlebia 110
Coeliccia 274 mixta, Aeshna 36
cyanea, Aeshna 36, 59, 64, 70, 97, | Nesobasis 280
[100, 103,115 obliterata, Idiocnemis 264
Davidius 115 *obtusilingua, Teinobasis 263,
emarginata, Teinobasis 263, [265, 278, 283, 284, 288
[279-282 Oligoneuriella 88
ephippiger, Hemianax 64 Onychogomphus 115
Epiophlebia, 36, 39, 42, 44, 56, Papuagrion 278-280
[61, 101, 109, 115, 118, 119 papuensis, Hemianax 64
erythrostigma, Paramecocnemis Paramecocnemis 266
[264 Pericnemis 280
filicornis, Torrenticnemis 264 Procordulia 263
frequens, Sympetrum 92 *prothoracica, Rhyacocnemis 263,
*gerdae, Salomocnemis 263, 265, [265-267
[269,277 puella, Coenagrion 64
Pseudagrion 280
*ramosa, Lieftinckia 263, 265, 274,
[275, 276, 279
Rhyacocnemis 265
rufithorax, Teinobasis 278
*Salomocnemis 263, 265, 268
salomonis, Lieftinckia 265, 268,
[269, 271, 272, 277, 278
Seychellibasis 278
*simulans, Teinobasis 263, 265,
[ 278-282, 286, 287
stictica, Pericnemis 280
striolatum, Sympetrum 101
sufficieus, Rhyacocnemis 265-268
superstes, Epiophlebia 117
Teinobasis 263, 265, 278-281,
[284, 286, 287
Torrenticnemis 263
ORTHOPTERA
Locusta 77, 97, 98, 104
Schistocerca 92, 104, 114
MOLLUSCA
elegans, Succinea 21
PLANTAE
Betula 125, 135
Betula populifolia 135
Casuarina 275, 283
Corylus avellana 198
Cyclops 202
Eucalyptus 195
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 195
Hedera himalaica 214
Pistacia 198, 199
Platanus acerifolia 201
Quercus agrifolia 202
Salvadora oleoides 202
Tamarix aphylla 201
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