INHOUD

Blackith, R. E., & R. M. Blackith. — Tridactylids and Tetrigids (Orthoptera) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

Blommers, L. H. M., zie Hensen, R.V.

Compton, S. G., zie Gardiner, A. J.

Gardiner, A. J., & S. G. Compton. — New species of the fig wasp genus Diaziella (Hymenoptera,

@haleidoideafSycoecinae) bo polo veo re

Hensen, R. V., & L. H. M. Blommers. — Review of the Malagasy species of Belonogaster Saussure

Qaboos, VEDI) ccc scobcddoccc TOTO TOTTI TT

Jong, M. R. de. — Taxonomy and Biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 3. The fatilogua and parvula

groups of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae)..............

Nijveldt, W. — On four new Palaearctic species of the genus Cecidomyia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

Rossem, G. van. — A revision of western Palaearctic oxytorine genera. Part VI. (Hymenoptera,

chincumonidae) ee ARIE RR RANA Pra RSI as a RTE choy Een

Russev, B. K. — Ecology, life history and distribution of Palingenia longicauda (Olivier) (Ephemer-

O PET A) cane ce Manet IRA FOIS NT RT E

Speight, M. C. D. — External morphology of adult Syrphidae (Diptera).......................

Wiedenska, J. — Morphologie der Larven und Puppen einiger Phylidorea-Arten (Diptera, Limoniidae)

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VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorine genera. VI

INDEX

(Synonyms in italics)

accusator (a Cylloceria))y. ln sean on ae eae. 58

ATOS 5 6 He An Ae 86

apitatorm (Plectiscidea))...........2.:4 50145. 64, 75

alpigenn (den Re oe eee 54

alpigenay(EUsteninx) O N eee. 94

Caen ((CHOTITERTS) aunt) Sa Aa eee NN 94

CROP ICCEISCHS) en 73,

amicalisi(Pleetiscidea) nenn 64, 71

ADO arran aan 53

aquilonigena (Eusterinx)................ 89, 90, 97

andentis@Proeclitus) Puin 2h eek eae 59, 60

argutula (Eusterinx) ......... IL 90, 91, 92

HAT (EUSTEL NX) ee en 89, 95

ALMA: (Ort) Re NN 52

Abrencusi(Proclitus) i aen 59, 60

CROCS (BI RO SI TU

bispinosa (Eusterinx) ....:................ 89, 94

bistriatan(Plectiscidea) Vu 63, 67

blandita (Plectiscidea)..................... 65, 82

EI PUCUSIRORSIC RAR bak ce en aa en 86

Biapvscasslihomsan.. RI 86

Borzalis (Gilet) CRM ee 54, 55

borealis (Helictes)................... 98, 100, 102

Brachyunusı (Plectiscus))... +... 00.40 ee. en... 70

ealisata (Cylloceria) ......:........00.-. 54, 55, 56

canaliculata (Plectiscidea).................. 64, 74

CapMosush(Proeliatonen dec NN a. 103, 104

COMIC SPAR O latin CISTI SE 88, 93

Gimetulla (Plectiscidea) DU 64, 71

eincaeanBustering) nnn 89, 96

collazis (Bleetiseidea) NN 64, 77

colles (eco) Sn ane ee Ta

comes (Woehaa) nn i ONTO N 59

Communis ((Plectiscidea) … sana 86

conjuncta (Plectiscidea)................... 64, 76

connexa (Plectiscidea) a. 65, 81

konspieuusilHlelietes) ci... UN 98, 100

COALS (OD sene NII 100

Boat leeren) 70

crassicornis (Plectiscidea).................. 65, 80

crassulus (Gnathochorisis)................. 87, 88

crenicornis (Lampronota)..................... 56

Couentator(Megastylus)).. ii. NN 104

cruentatus (Cryptus) (Helictes)............... 104

curticauda (Plectiscus)............... 71, 72, 76, 84

Chloe re ee funy meek 54

DATORE 88,95

dentiteni(Gnachochorisis) UN 87, 88

deseuon@leetiseidea) on 65, 82

determinatus (Plectiscus)..................... za

DIES : ent 62

disparg (Bantisaeehus)p O 61, 62

disparilisk(Eusterinx) I... 89, 94

dinanetesa(Plectiscus)\0) sn 4...) 74

Dim ee rset Ub. nh) ee 88, 95

edwardsim(Proclitus ies san. e 59, 60

107

erythropyga (Plectiscidea) ................. G4, 74

erythrostoma Gmelin (Ichneumon)............. 98

erythrostoma Gravenhorst (Plectiscus).......... 98

Érythrostomal(Helictes) Me 98

eurystismal(Plectiscidea) PAIN 66, 85

BUSter Ae ae le RER 88, 90

BUETSORBUSEUDIECHIS CH) nee a eee 68

fabulanish(Hlelictes) nn IAN RIS ADI 98, 102

Navico (RIE 41045) VARONE VOOR NOA RATTO 76

flavjpess(Gnathochorisis)\ 4 RR 88

flavipesitHemiphanes) e RIO AIR RANA 50

ilauizonusa (PICCLISCUA NA AR ROGO NINNI 68

foerstezi (Bleetiscidea) sy eae 64, 78

fracticornis (Lampronota).................... 58

fraterna (Plectiscidea) iain O ONO 65, 82

Rug Atri heen MER EST Oa 63, 86

fulvicornis (Cryptus) (Helictes)................ 98

fulvicormisy(Proclitus)) ase yee. PTE AE 59

fulvipectus (Proclitus) Ore. CARO ene 60

AU RB le ctincus) Saco eels Gn oo Aloo n 85

fusciventrisi(Cyllocetia) e. O 54, 55

ILVA (PICCINO IO INNI DANTE 86

Goathocho risi sene 86

eracilisn(Pantisanthrus) N el NO TA AT 61

Sravaton(Hemiphanes) ee NARO N 51

VASI IR ae ee 83

haeselbartht (Aipoclima)) i gt. ar 53

HET Che SW ey ee a ny ase ROA EN INNO 98

hélvolal(Plécniscidea) ase I OI 64, 72

ISSN MENT EDS sae TA COLA ena 50

FOO meniscus ee RA RAI 88, 96

hortense)(Hemiphanes))./. EN 51

DOGO DIAZ ii 85

humeralisilßleetiseidea) rn un eee 66, 85

VAIO XE Reh ee EE VEN 98

impérspieual(Cylloceria) go sa ee oe 55 006

inaequalis (Eusterinx)...... nn el 89, 90, 95

inaequalis ldroxenuh) OOO E OO ATI 98

inaequalis (Pantisarthrus).................... 61

inconprnensi(HeliCtes) sns 98, 102

indomutanéPlectiscidea) sr. Ae 63, 68

inmaler mee 86

inquilinus (ldioxenus) i... 100

inigicatom (MALOXCHUS) nee CAIO I RO 100

inusitatumi(Elemiphanes) metde dee oe 52

invalsdus(ld1ox ENS) EEE IN 100

invictai(Cylloceria) RO RE 54, 56

invictus)(Proeliaton) er 103, 104

ISchyracis IO: SOR SARA SO, ANGRI 88, 94

jugoKumE(Busterinx)s. eens N ME 90, 91

Daenen ROSS ss wa EL LE CR 86

LA CPSCIACAANOROSSE inal ayn es RES 86

lanseiN(Gylloceria) yeaa an 54,55

longscornisi(Chalimoceras) an RON 58

lusidatom(Oxytorus) Ne 52

luridator (Oxytorus) f. nigricoxa ............... D?

108 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1988

TU rAUSI(Pantsart ni) er 61, 62

maderensasu((Mesoleptus) o0a50000g0q04500s006 105

TRAP (CINDIA) 600000060006805000000K6 56

mediator Förster (Idioxenus) .................. 98

mediator Schiodte (Megastylus)................ 98

Me pais YU SR ats E 104

Megastylus (Helictes) Thomson................. 98

MCCAURTO] morenen 98

melancholicai(Cylloceria) anes ae 55, 58

melancholica f. denticornis (Cylloceria) .......... 58

melancholica f. marginator (Cylloceria).......... 58

melanoceran(Plectiscidea) RR E 64, 73

mendica (Plectiscidea) 2.22 65, 82

mesoxantha (Plectiscidea) ................. 65, 81

MIMMATEUSTEINX) RO CP 90, 97

moerensi(Blectiseidea) 2... 2 63, 68

montanum (Hemiphanes) .................... SZ

monticolan(Plectiscidea)= u. ee 64, 74

MINIATI DIL RR SCENE: OLII Eee 98

navantBlectiscidea me 64, 78

nemorensis (Plectiscidea) .................. 63, 66

grecs (VIA) PERRIN ORE POI 100

rares (VEDA) RE RO 86

Dons (PAGE) a es ave der eden des o 70

obscurellal(Eusterina)e een 90, 91, 93

Occupaton (Eissonora) PARERI EE EEE 54

Ocho pus (PALATI Dil) SERE. 61

olipomeray(Eusteninx)j RR TEE cee 90, 91

onbivatom(Megastylus) REA ee: 105

OLO U Shen E IONI TITTI DI

pacanusy(EcOclitus) RR SER eee 59

Ban 015 AGE se 61

parvulan(Plectiscidea) PEER EEE 64, 69

PA (Mario) cacao dest 73

Ebosphosani fe o 102

PDOSDhOTAMINOMSONE EE EE O 102

IR DOSPIOTLANADIROSSEMPPI aa oa PCT EEE 102

PCR AOS VOCE. oc00s8cada0b8c0000cx000Gan" 102

pilicornis (Megastylus) (Helictes) ............. 101

Blectiscidea een o 62

RICCI CUSAUGLOLESR CE CORE O 62

Pecrsens (270 Gt) ee 06 dd dì 58

pOsticatan(Plectiscidea) mae ann E ae 65, 80

Danois (Ple) sc ard ores on ov an dn aoe 83

PEAETO (BLOEI) RARA RO 59

LOGI CU eN NR ea 58

Broeltorens 103

Dro pinguuss (idioxen2s) rn 100

propriusi(Proeliator)ARERERERERE EEA 103, 104

DELAI (ETAT RE 73

pseudochropus (Pantisarthrus)................ 61

pseudoligomera (Eusterinx) ............. 90, 91, 92

DICO Se os 92

pseudominutus (Hemiteles) var. jugorum........ 91

DUNLENA(ELCCISCLI) PRECETTORE CETTE 80

Pusilla@(Eusterinx)Er 1 RARE NERE 89, 90, 93

Kefractarial (BUusterinx) een 89, 90, 97

festrictus (Gnathochorisis) ERRE E PPS 88

rudepunctatus (Pantisarthrus) .............. 61, 62

fudis (Proclitus) ....: leto 60

rugosissima (Phosphoriana) .................. 103

rugosissimum (Entypoma) ................... 103

TROIS (CHLOGHAORZD) 0.0050000000000000¢ 103

Signaticorne)(Alpoclima) Pe 54

TALENTS EN eee val

sirzolata(Gyllocenta) ER eee 57

Subalpınas) (Anıseres) 222 61

subangulata (Plectiscidea) .................. 65, 85

PCA LEON ROSIE 74

subdolai(Eusterimx)) re EEE 90, 91, 92

vabsimilii(Epbalmato?) ERRE PRETE 66

AAA OUAIS RR 73

sSubstantiva (Plectiscidea) meen 65, 79

subsulcatusi(Proclitus) een 59

Subteres\(Plectiscidea) EE 63, 67

PALA CLAGHGCRS) I 0 74

suerinensisi(Cylloceria) ERRE RE RE ERRE 55

Sylvestris\(Cyllocer1a) EEE er DI Di!

sylvestrisi@Lry phon) PEER ER 57

tartarean(Eusterinx) PACCO ET 90, 94

Lebra gi pull 410 xen 15) NSE 100

tener (Blectiscidea er TE EE E 63, 69

tenuicinctal(Eusterinx)) 2 EE RE 89, 90, 96

tenuicornis (Plectiscidea) IRR 64, 70

terebrata (Gnathochorisis) meneere 88

terebrator (Plectiscidea) ................... 65, 83

townesi(Hemiphanes) ARS RN RSS RON RACE 51

taichopsa (Cato nici) ESITI REI ORTA 93

Vapatori(Plectiscidea) pr 64, 73

VATIALOTA(MALOXCNU) as oe ee eee RETE 101

ventosar(Plectiscidea reen 65, 84

Voetia sneren 102

xanthocephalus (Gnathochorisis) ............... 88

xanthonewrisi(Plect154) ERRORE e 68

ZONatus) (PTOGIItUS) rene 59

1987

DEEL 130

TIJDSCHRIFT

VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE

UITGEGEVEN DOOR

DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING

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2 S

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 130, 1987

INHOUD

R. E. BLACKITH and R. M. BLACKITH, Tridactylids and tetrigids (Orthoptera) from Sulawesi,

Indonesia nt ASTE Re RER TERI ce TOO ILE

R. V. HENSEN and L. H. M. BLOMMERS, Review of the Malagasy species of Belonogaster

Saussure (HiymenopterayVespidae)e re... OE

J. WIEDENSKA, Morphologie der Larven und Puppen einiger Phylidorea-Arten (Diptera,

Lıimonudae)...a. ac Sale OA I et...

G. VAN ROSSEM, A revision of western Palaearctic oxytorine genera. Part VI. (Hymenoptera,

fchneumonidie) LE A RR O en

B. K. Russev, Ecology, life history and distribution of Palingenia longicauda (Olivier)

(Epheméroptéra) fi. de: RE RR. oh OEE

A. J. GARDINER and S. G. COMPTON, New species of the fig wasp genus Diaziella (Hymen-

optera, ChalcidoideaySycoecinae) BECCO REI ELET

M. C. D. SPEIGHT, External morphology of adult Syrphidae (Diptera) .................

M. R. DE JONG, Taxonomy and biogeography of Oriental Prasiini. 3. The fatilogua and

parvula groups of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae) ........

W. NIJVELDT, On four new Palaearctic species of the genus Cecidomyia (Diptera, Cecidomyii-

dae)

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

ISSN 0040-7496

109

129

141

177

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 1—10

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

TRIDACTYLIDS AND TETRIGIDS (ORTHOPTERA) FROM

SULAWESI, INDONESIA

R. E. BLACKITH and R. M. BLACKITH

Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

ABSTRACT

The tridactylids and tetrigids from the Project Wallace and other expeditions to Sulawesi

are identified and where available notes on their biology are appended. Two widespread

south-east Asian species constitute the surprisingly small tridactylid fauna so far known.

Four tetrigid species new to science are described, six new to Sulawesi are listed, and the

presence of 13 previously recorded there is confirmed. Two tetrigid species described from

Sulawesi are synonymised. The tetrigid faunas of North, Central, and South Sulawesi are

distinct; they may have arrived on different fragments of continental plate and failed to mix

appreciably. The prospects for a radical revision of the Tetrigidae of the region are outlined.

INTRODUCTION

Hancock (1915) lists 47 Indian tetrigid speci-

mens which he reworked after Kirby (1914) had

determined them. They agreed fully on the

identity of only two specimens; moreover, of

the nine specimens which Kirby labelled Hedo-

tettix gracilis De Haan, Hancock deemed there

to be six species in four genera (none of them

Hedotettix). Again, within the 13 specimens

which Kirby regarded as Euparatettix persona-

tus (Bolivar), Hancock found eleven species in

five genera. These discrepancies suggest that not

only are tetrigids a “difficult group” but that

one of the difficulties is the wide disparity be-

tween one worker’s appreciation of infra-specif-

ic variation and another’s.

A successful revision of the group, now over-

due, may depend on establishing a numerical

basis for deciding what constitutes variation

within species, genera etc. We hope to use the

long series which were collected during Project

Wallace to this end. If no such basis is estab-

lished, further revisions may simply pit another

set of concepts against those implicit in previous

revisions, and add to the synonymy. There are

so few reliable characters that recourse to a

multivariate ordination, using numerous charac-

ters in combination, is a possible solution.

A particular difficulty with tetrigids from the

islands of the Oriental Region is that many spe-

cies are weak flyers or apterous, so that gene

flow between the islands is likely to be far be-

low that once thought needed for genetic cohe-

sion between the populations. The large number

of endemic genera is one obvious consequence,

but we also meet instances where a species

found on one island is very similar, but not

identical, to a related species from another is-

land. Whether it should be described as new be-

comes an existentialist problem, where deci-

sions are made with inadequate evidence to sup-

port them. In view of the high degree of

endemism in south-east Asian tetrigids, the at-

tribution of a given specific name to material

from widely separated continents is questiona-

ble.

Cousin (1961) has drawn attention to the

existence of “sibling” species (espèces sosies) in

gryllids, whereby populations doubtfully sepa-

rable morphologically but long isolated geo-

graphically, e.g. in Africa and South America,

may be capable of hybridising and giving rise to

fertile offspring. White (1978: 32) questions the

role of cohesive forces (gene-flow) in prevent-

ing speciation, and notes that we have no means

of measuring them even approximately. He

considers it legitimate to regard the origin of ge-

netic isolating mechanisms rather than subdivi-

sion of the gene-pool as the prime cause of spec-

lation. Since tetrigids have, superficially at least,

uniform caryotypes the prospects for unequivo-

cal resolution of their taxonomic problems by

cytogenetic analysis seem remote. However, the

shapes of different species are characteristic, and

2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

susceptible to numerical analysis.

A partial revision of south-east Asian tetri-

gids is under way, based on the multivariate

analysis of 80 morphological characters assessed

on each specimen. This analysis will be de-

scribed elsewhere. Provisional identifications

are offered here for tetrigids, as Kevan (1966)

recommends, although tridactylids are defini-

tively identified from the male genitalia (Black-

ith & Blackith, 1979). To avoid repetition, all

collecting localities are Indonesia, Sulawesi and

unless otherwise stated, in the Dumoga-Bone

National Park, Sulawesi Utara. All material col-

lected by us is dated between 3.1.1985 and

28.11.1985; for long-lived insects in an almost

unvarying habitat on the equator, with, locally,

no clear rainy season, further precision as to

dates seems pointless.

For biogeographical purposes we consider

Sulawesi to be divided into three regions; north

of the equator; central (between the equator and

latitude 4°S); and south of latitude 4°S. These ar-

bitrary divisions are based on major gaps be-

tween areas where collecting has been done.

Anatomical nomenclature follows Albrecht

(1953) except that the armament of the hind tib-

iae is called teeth, rather than spinules, which

implies articulation. Several characters useful in

tetrigid taxonomy have received little or no at-

tention in the literature; two that are used here

are the organisation of the thoracic pleura (fig.

1) particularly the presence or absence of a visi-

ble suture on the mesepisternum, and the ar-

rangement of prominent sensilla on the inner

face of the hind femora, proximal to the genicu-

lar region (fig. 2). These sensilla are often ar-

ranged in two groups, a central cluster roughly

half-way between the dorsal and ventral mar-

gins of the inner face, and a row or cluster much

nearer the dorsal margin. In some species, there

is a process or fold in the dorsal carena of the

hind femur here called the pregenicular fold,

proximal to the ante-genicular tooth (fig. 2b).

Two characters that our long series show to be

sufficiently unreliable to be more of a hindrance

than a help are the colour pattern and the rela-

tive lengths of the pulvilli on the first segment

of the hind tarsi.

Abbreviations: BMNH = British Museum (Natural

History); LEM = Lyman Entomological Museum

(Macdonald College of McGill Univ., Quebec); MB

= Museum Bogorensis, Java, Indonesia; MNHNP =

Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NMI

= National Museum of Ireland, Dublin; RNHL =

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

TRIDACTYLOIDEA: Tridactylidae

Tridactylus riparius Saussure, 1877

Material studied: 106, 102 (Blackith); 59,

7.vii.1985 (Butlin); 34,59, 15—18.1x.1985 (Ashe).

There is no discernable variation in the abun-

dance of this species over the nine months coy-

ered by these collections, the first ever made, so

far as we can judge, from Sulawesi.

T. riparius occurs on silt and silt-filled gravel

banks along the Dumoga, Bone, Toraut, Tum-

pah and Pononontuna Rivers. A creek on the

left bank of the Toraut upstream from the Maze

was chosen for a capture — recapture experi-

ment. This was an area of 12 sq. m. covered

with long sparse grass and inhabited by frogs

and water-snakes. On 2.11.85, 25 males and 18

females were marked with a spot of yellow oil

paint on the pronotum and released. Two days

later 102 males and 55 females were captured of

which four and one respectively, were marked.

A simple Lincoln Index calculation suggests

that the population contained 637 males and 990

females, roughly 128 individuals per sq. metre.

We think this is as dense a population as occurs

in the region.

Tridactylus opacus Walker, 1871

Material studied: 24, 15-18.1x.1985 (Ashe).

These few specimens were taken in a Malaise

trap near “The Maze” on the Toraut River.

Both species of Tridactylus range from India

to Sulawesi, but neither occurs in Australia (K.

K. Gunther, 1978).

TETRIGOIDEA: Tetrigidae

As there is no substantially complete or

agreed classification of this family into sub-fam-

ilies it will be treated provisionally as an entity.

Diotarus pupus Bolivar, 1887 (fig. 2d)

Material studied: 4d, 42, Edwards’ Camp; 16,

1440’ summit; 1d, 12, Gunung Muat, on crests of

ridges in forest, among leaf litter (Blackith).

New to Sulawesi, but occurs in the Phil-

ippines.

Hirrius montanus Günther, 1937

Material studied: 16, Sulawesi Tengah, Mount

Tambusiasi, 1200 m, 3-13.iv.1980 (Brendell)

(BMNH).

Described from south Sulawesi.

BLACKITH & BLACKITH: Sulawesi tridactylids and tetrigids 3

Eucriotettix aff. dammermanni

Gunther, 1938 (fig. 2c)

Material studied: 106, 189, widely distributed

within the Dumoga-Bone National Park (Blackith);

1d, 28.v1.1985 (Butlin); 26, 18.11.1985 (Holloway);

12, Plot A (BMNH Fogging Team) (BMNH).

This is a strong flyer and was often taken at

lights.

Kevan (1966) comments that the taxonomy of

the large genus Eucriotettix Hebard is “in rather

a chaotic state so that accurate determinations

are virtually impossible”. E. dammermanni was

described from Sevesi Island (between Java and

Sumatra) and, if the identification is correct, is

new to Sulawesi where it seems to be associated

with running water.

Eucriotettix ridleyi Gunther, 1938

Material studied: 1 8, 1 9, Hog’s Back Camp, on

forest floor (Blackith); 1 8, same data, on logs,

29.vi.1985 (Butlin).

Described from Singapore. If the identifica-

tion is correct, it is new to Sulawesi. The species

is unusual in having no sensilla immediately

proximal to the genicular area inside the hind

legs.

Scelimena celebica (Bolivar, 1887)

Material studied: 34,59 (Blackith).

This is the only species of Günther’s “Sceli-

menae verae” found during the expedition. It

inhabits rock-strewn river banks and gullies

with running water in rain-forest, often at low

light intensities where no other riverine tetrigid

can survive. As Humbert, quoted by Bolivar

(1887) notes, it swims and takes off from water,

flashing its striking blue wings. We collected it

wherever there was permanent running water in

deep shade and boulders with a matrix suffi-

ciently porous to allow continuous algal growth

on which it feeds (Blackith, in press). Described

previously from North Sulawesi, where it is ap-

parently endemic.

Between 28.1.85 and 25.11.85 an isolated pop-

ulation in a deep gully about 5 m below the for-

est floor, through which a stream runs into the

left bank of the Toraut in the Maze, was sub-

jected to five successive capture-recapture ex-

periments. A different coloured or positioned

mark was placed on the pronotum on each occa-

sion, using dots of oil-paints. Between 24 and

47 adults were marked on each occasion. Num-

bers, rates of immigration, and death, were cal-

culated by Jolly’s method as programmed by

Davies (1971).

The population was enclosed by areas inhos-

pitable to the species except up-stream, and a

few individuals including one marked specimen,

were found 150 m away from the experimental

area, which occupied 12 sq. m. of the stream

bed. By the end of the experiment, about half

the individuals bore paint. The maximum popu-

lation was estimated as 214, with standard error

of 64. Probabilities of survival were never sig-

nificantly less than unity, and estimates of re-

cruitment or loss never significantly greater

than zero.

Our impression is that the population is re-

markedly stable, with long-lived adults, much

more than three months, and few nymphs. It is

hard to conceive of environmental factors likely

to trigger substantial change, apart from non-

seasonal phenomena such as vulcanicity, wind-

blows, or man’s activity.

However, Dr. R. Butlin (personal commu-

nication), who took part in Project Wallace be-

tween June and August 1985, examined the

population several times during that period and

saw no marked individuals. Various currently

unverifiable explanations suggest themselves;

there may have been a sharp onset of mortality,

or the marks may have worn off.

Tondanotettix modestus Günther, 1937

Material studied: 1¢, Edwards’ Camp, on ridge in

leaf litter (Blackith); 268, 22, Gunung Mogogonipa,

on logs, 5.vii.1985 (Butlin).

Described from north Sulawesi. The metepis-

ternum has a large (0.25 mm) rounded process

with no obvious sensilla, apparently engaging

with the ventral margin of the pronotum.

Tegotettix corniculatus celebensis

Gunther, 1937

Material studied: 12, Sulawesi Tengah, Ramu Riv-

er Area, nr. Morowali (Brendell) (BMNH).

Described by Günther, as a subspecies of Te-

gotettix corniculatus (Stal), from south Sulawesi.

Euparatettix celebicus (Hancock, 1907)

Material studied: 29, Sulawesi Tengah, Ramu Riv-

er Area, nr. Morowali, 27.i—20.iv.1980 (Brendell)

(BMNH).

Described from south Sulawesi in the genus

Hedotettix Hancock, this species is said by

Gunther (1937) to be closely allied to E. perso-

natus, E. tricarinatus, and Paratettix histricus,

all three of which occur on the island, and may

have speciated there.

Euparatettix personatus (Bolivar, 1887)

Material studied: 26, 29, Sulawesi Tengah, Ramu

River Area, nr. Morowali, 27.i—20.iv.1980 (Brendell)

(BMNH).

Recorded by Günther (1937) from south Su-

lawesi.

Paratettix tricarinatus Bolivar, 1887

Material studied: 34, 39, Sulawesi Tengah, Ramu

Camp, Kolonodale area, at black light, 29.1.1980 (P.

G. Kevan) (LEM); 14, 32, Sulawesi Utara, Gua Ka-

pur, on Limestone with grass cover, 7.vil.1985 (But-

lin).

The Ramu Camp specimens bear a label with

the same determination by D. K. McE. Kevan.

Described from the Philippines, new to Sulawe-

si.

Paratettix aff. mimus

Bolivar, 1887

Material studied: 56, Sulawesi Tengah, Ramu

Camp, Kolonodale Area (P. G. Kevan) (LEM).

P. mimus was described from the Philippines,

but is new to Sulawesi.

Hedotettix costatus Hancock, 1912

Material studied: 16, 19, 1.vii.1985 (Butlin); 59,

Sulawesi Utara, nr. Dolodua, from egret’s crop,

5.1v.1986 (C. Vermeulen).

These specimens might well be A. gracilis De

Haan and H. costatus may itself be a synonym

of H. gracilis; H. costatus is recorded by

Gunther (1937) from south Sulawesi. The spe-

cies seems to be adapting to life in paddy fields.

Loxilobus insidiosus Bolivar, 1887

Material studied: 1d, 29, Lombongo Village

(Blackith); 26, 22, Lombongo Village, 6.viii.1985

(Butlin); 29, Manado (Blackith).

Kevan (1966) notes that the genus Loxilobus

Bolivar is almost certainly polyphyletic and its

taxonomy chaotic. The above species has a wide

4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

range from Malaysia to the Philippines, and

Gunther (1937) records it from north Sulawesi.

Loxilobus rugosus celebensis Ginther, 1937

Material studied: 34, 39, Lombongo Village, along

tributaries of the Bone River (Blackith).

Günther (1937) described this form as a sub-

species of L. rugosus Bolivar, which is a Bor-

nean species. However, during the description

he calls it L. celebensis, probably indicating that

it had virtually specific rank in his mind. The

type locality is south Sulawesi.

Systolederus ophthalmicus Bolivar, 1887

S. carlı celebensis Günther, 1937: 189. Syn. nov.

S. frubstorferi Günther, 1937: 189. Syn. nov.

Material studied: 8d, 102 (Blackith); 2d,

6.viii.1985 (Butlin); 19, 28.viii.1985 (Kirk-Spriggs)

(BMNH); 16, x.1985 (Ashe).

Gunther (1937) erected S. carli celebensis and

S. fruhstorferi because of differences in the rela-

tive lengths of the pulvilli on the first segment

of the hind tarsi and in colour patterns. He was

unable to see the type of S. ophthalmicus and

had to rely on Bolivar’s limited description

based on a single female. Inspection of this type

and of a long series of specimens from the To-

raut region of Minahassa shows that colour pat-

tern and the relative lengths of the pulvilli fall

into the category of characters which are collec-

tively useful but individually unreliable.

There is an apparently continuous range of

relative lengths (denoting the lengths of the pul-

villi seriatim by pl, p2 and p3) from pl= p2 =

p3 (as Bolivar claims for the type of S. ophthal-

micus), through p3 = pl + p2 (as in the descrip-

tion of S. carli celebensis) to rare specimens with

p3 > pl + p2 as in the description of S. fruhstor-

feri. In fact, careful measurement of Bolivar’s

type shows that pl = p2 = 0.20, but p3 = 0.25

mm on both legs.

No character has been found to distinguish

forms within this range, although the sensory

pads on the tips of the maxillary palps (when

examined at X 160) do appear to be smaller and

more elliptical in the one specimen we have at-

tributable on Günther’s description to S.

frubstorferi; this may be idiosyncratic.

The locally common species inhabits boulders

in fairly open rivers, not in deep shade, particu-

larly the Tumpah River and a waterfall some 4

BLACKITH & BLACKITH: Sulawesi tridactylids and tetrigids 5

km north-east of Lombongo. Aspects of its bi-

ology have been described by Blackith (in

press), and it appears to be endemic to north Su-

lawesi.

Coptotettix alfurus Gunther, 1937

Material studied: 35, 42, Huntuk trail and 71440’

summit (Blackith); 68, 72, Gunung Poniki, leaf-litter

and sphagnum, 14—15.vii.1985 (Butlin); 1d, 39,

Gunung Mogogonipa, 30.vii.1985 (Butlin); 12, Gun-

ung Poniki, 18.x.1985 (Monk) (BMNH).

An apterous, high altitude, form living in

leaf-litter, with several colour patterns. De-

scribed from south Sulawesi.

Coptotettix interruptus Bolivar, 1887

Material studied: 4d, 32, streams feeding the Bone

River (Blackith); 14, 6.vii.1985 (Kirk-Spriggs)

(BMNH); 19, Gunung Muat, Lakes Bungalow,

14.vii.1985 (Butlin).

The possibility that this is the alate form of C.

alfurus seems to be discounted by the fact that

the two forms live in quite different habitats, at

different altitudes. Described from Java, pre-

viously recorded from Sulawesi by Gunther

(1937).

Hyboella overbecki Gunther, 1939

Material studied: 1d, Gua Kapur, nr Gorontalo,

leaf litter in woods on limestone, 7.viii.1985 (Butlin);

1d, Gunung Poniki, Ice Station Zebra, 14.vin.1985

(Butlin).

Previously recorded from Java and Sumatra

(Gunther, 1955) and new to Sulawesi. The Gua

Kapur specimen is teneral.

Probolotettix corticolus sp. n.

(figs. 2b, 3)

Holotype, ©, Indonesia: Sulawesi Utara, Du-

moga-Bone National Park, 13.11.1985 (Black-

ith) (RNHL).

Paratypes, 26, 29, same data (Blackith)

(BMNH; LEM; NMI; MB).

Head and anterior segments of pronotum as

in fig. 3. Vertex (4.7 mm). wider than eye (4.0

mm). Frons visible throughout, in side view, be-

tween eyes. Scape dorso-ventrally compressed,

pedicel sub-spherical. Lateral carenae of vertex

joining median carena of fastigium, terminating

caudad in small black horns adpressed to inner

Fig. 1. Probolotettix kevanı sp. n. Organisation of

pleural segments of meso- and metathorax. e = ely-

tron, sp = spiracle, eps, = mesepisternum, epm, =

mesepimeron, eps’; = meta-anepisternum, eps; =

metakatepisternum, epm’, = meta-anepimeron, epm,

= metakatepimeron, pr = (proprioceptive) process on

metakatepimeron. Scala-line 0.25 mm.

eye margins. Palps only slightly elliptical in

cross section.

Vertical furrows of pronotum c and d deep,

becoming obsolete towards median carena,

linked at base by deep transverse furrow k. Fur-

row e obsolete. Prozonum upturned against

back of head. Infrascapular area (viewed x 160)

with smooth lower carena. Pronotal disc

brown, maculate black. Elytra elliptical (1.6 mm

X 0.6 mm). Wings fully developed, exceeding

pronotum by about 1.4 mm. Cells in cubital

area black, cross-veins white. Transverse suture

on mesepisternum weakly developed.

Ventral carenae of fore-and mid-femora with-

out fringe of long golden hairs. Fore-femora

lobed. Hind femora with eight fragae on outer

face, but no callosities. Five conspicuous white

sensilla on inner face of hind femora, proximal

to genicular area. The largest sensillum mea-

sures 0.6 mm X 0.45 mm. Hind tibia with six

teeth on outer, five on inner, margins. Pulvilli

on first segment of hind tarsi 0.6, 0.6 and 1.4

mm long. Ovipositor valves slender (upper

valve 1.2 mm X 0.3 mm).

Other material studied: 2d, 3? standing over

a label “Criotettix sp.” in the National Museum

of Ireland have more robust ovipositor valves

(0.9 X 0.5 mm) and are from Java. It seems un-

wise to designate these specimens as paratypes

although they appear to belong to P. corticolus.

This species was found on the bark of trees,

whether upright or fallen, in deep forest along

6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

5 agt pgf

299

sipr 5 9 *

9 Lg

AMT ilo

er ls Ser

ee red

Fig. 2. Arrangement of sensilla on internal face of

hind tibia. (Diagrammatic). slpr = semilunar process,

agt = antegenicular tooth, pgf = pre-genicular fold; a,

Probolotettix kevani sp. n.; b, Probolotettix corticolus

sp. n.; c, Eucriotettix aff. dammermanni Günther; d,

Diotarus pupus Bolivar. Scala-line 0.5 mm.

the Huntuk trail in the area between the Toraut

and Tumpah rivers. Records of partly cortico-

lous tetrigid species are scattered throughout

the literature, but in this case the species has

been found only on bark.

Probolotettix kevani sp. n.

(figs. 1, 2a, 4)

Holotype, 4, Indonesia: Sulawesi Tengah,

Ramu Camp, Kolonodale area, 5.11.1980 (P. G.

Kevan) (LEM).

Paratypes, 4d, 29, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-

Bone National Park (Blackith); (BMNH, NMI,

MB, MNHNP); 18, 22, same locality, 17.v—

16.v11.1985 (Butlin) (LEM, BMNH, NMI); 19,

same data, at light, 19.vu.1985 (Butlin)

(RNHL); 1d, Gunung Poniki, at light,

15.vin.1985 (Butlin) (RNHL); 19, same localı-

ty, 6.v11.1985 (Kirk-Spriggs) (BMNH).

Body colour brown, dorsal areas of epimera

black, raised pronotal disc bordered russet, pig-

mented across pronotum, anterior part black,

posterior yellow. Eyes globular, ocelli large

(0.18 x 0.12 mm) frons arcuate in profile, pro-

zonal carenae of pronotum divergent cephalad,

mesepisternal suture obsolete, elytra 1.1 x 0.5

mm, wings exceeding pronotum by 2 mm.

Fringe of white setae on ventral carena of

mid-femora. Hind tibia with eight teeth on in-

ner, seven on outer, margins. Sensilla on inner

face of hind femora as fig. 2a, pregenicular fold

on dorsal carena. Pulvilli on first segment of

hind tarsi produced into sharp points. The spe-

cies is distinguished from P. corticolus by the ar-

cuate frons, and the lateral carenae of the vertex

which are distinctly higher than the median

carena in profile (fig. 4).

The species differs from all those assigned to

the genus by Gunther (1939) in having the ver-

tex visible between the eyes in profile, a feature

which it shares with P. corticolus. It is, however,

very similar to P. sundaicus Gunther from

which it differs, apart from the projection of the

vertex, in size, although P. sundaicus appears to

be confined to western Indonesia.

The species is widespread in Sulawesi Utara

and inhabits river banks together with S. oph-

thalmicus. It flies strongly and comes to light

readily.

P. kevani is also the predominant species re-

covered from the crops of egrets and herons

feeding in and around paddy fields in areas of

north Sulawesi from which forest had been

cleared. It appears to be able to thrive in rice-

growing areas. These specimens, recovered by

Dr. Charlotte Vermeulen, were sent to me ac-

companied by specimens collected directly from

the paddy fields, many of which proved to be P.

kevani.

Although there is some overlap, the number

of teeth on the inner and outer margins of the

hind tibiae of P. kevani is greater (6—11, modal

value 9) than in P. corticolus (5—7, modal value

6). This result is unexpected, because Descamps

(1976) found that corticolous species generally

had more hind tibial teeth than other acridids.

Mazarredia celebica Bolivar, 1887

Material studied: 1d, 71440’ summit, 4.x.1985 (K.

Monk) (BMNH); 14, Gunung Ambang, 1200 m, Fog

7, 18.11.1985 (BMNH fogging team) (BMNH).

The genus Mazarredia Bolivar was erected

for 13 south-east Asian species ranging from Sri

Lanka to the Philippines. One of these, M. ce-

lebica, was described from a single female from

north Sulawesi. Bolivar notes that the depres-

sions behind the “shoulders” of the pronotum,

characteristic of the genus, are weakly devel-

oped in this small species, which makes it a pas-

sage form to several other genera of the region.

Later, Bolivar (1909) segregated M. celebica

into the genus Xistrella Bolivar. However,

Günther (1955) expresses the view that Xistrella

should be returned to a group of genera includ-

BLACKITH & BLACKITH: Sulawesi tridactylids and tetrigids

Figs. 3—6. Upper part of head in profile of: 3, Probolotettix corticolus sp. n., holotype 2; 4, P. kevani sp. n.,

paratype 9; 5, Mazarredia bolivari sp. n., paratype 2; 6, Thoradonta butlini sp. n., head and anterior part of

pronotum, holotype ©. Scala-line 0.5 mm.

ing Mazarredia pending further revision, with

which we provisionally concur. Günther’s ear-

lier major revision of 1938—1939 had been un-

able to include M. celebica as the type was un-

available to him.

We have been able to examine Bolivar’s type

and compare it with two specimens from the

Project Wallace expedition. The 80-character

morphometric analysis shows that the Project

Wallace specimens are virtually identical with

the type. It seems that this is a high-altitude spe-

cies of some rarity, in view of the paucity of

specimens discovered.

Sulawesian species of Mazarredia can be dis-

tinguished from those of Probolotettix by the

absence, in Mazarredia, of sensilla proximal to

the genicular area of the internal face of the hind

femora. However, the boundaries of these gen-

era need clarification. M. celebica has patches of

scabrous cuticle on either side of the unpaired

ocellus, possibly homologous with the fastigial

foveolae of gomphocerine acridids.

Mazarredia bolivari sp. n.

(fig. 5)

Holotype, ©, Indonesia, Sulawesi Utara, Du-

moga-Bone National Park, at u-v. light,

30.1.1985 (Holloway) (BMNH).

Paratypes, 4d, 59, same data (Blackith)

(BMNH; LEM; NMI; MB; MNHNP;

RNHL); 12, Sulawesi Tengah, nr. Morowali,

Ramu River at light, 27.1—20.iv.1980 (Brendell)

(BMHN).

Leaden grey body colour flecked with dull

yellow. Head slightly exserted, eyes raised just

above the pronotum. Frons just visible before

upper part of eyes. Vertex slightly narrower

than an eye, with minute horns on lateral care-

nae. Maxillary palps compressed. Anterior mar-

gin of pronotum tilted sharply upwards towards

head. Pronotum weakly depressed behind

shoulders. Panier (saddle-bag)-shaped processes

8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

on mesozonum. Lateral carena of pronotum in-

terrupted by shallow protuberance (grey against

brown pronotal disc) cephalad of which the

lateral carenae are obsolescent. Transverse care-

na on episternum of mesothorax. Metasternal

pits and sutures deeply incised. Elytra 1.45 X

0.50 mm. Ocelli 0.20 x 0.17 mm. Wings ex-

ceeding pronotum by 1.5 mm. Pronotal length

10.5 mm, hind femoral length 4.9 mm. Long

(0.2 mm) golden setae spaced at a distance about

equal to their length along ventral carena of

fore- and mid-femora and proximal half of hind

femora. Hind tibiae with six teeth on inner, five

on outer margin.

This species is distinguished from M. celebica

in which the lateral carenae of the pronotum are

percurrent, and in which the wings are subequal

to the pronotum; the ocelli of M. bolivari are

distinctly larger (0.17 mm wide against 0.11 mm

for M. celebica).

This species is a strong flyer and comes to

light. It is abundant along the water-courses

draining the Dumoga and Bone valleys. The

species is often found on vegetation some 20 cm

above the ground, an unusual position for a te-

trigid.

We name this species to celebrate the cente-

nary (1.x1.1987) of Ignacio Bolivar’s seminal

“Essay” on the tetrigids.

Table 1. Distribution of tetrigids on Sulawesi (+ = material identified by us but not

recorded by Günther, 1937; (+) = material seen by us, and recorded by Günther,

1937; ( ) = material not seen by us, but recorded by Günther, 1937; — = material not

recorded from the area)

SPECIES NORTH

Diotarus pupus Bolivar +

Kraengia apicalis Bolivar =

Ophiotettix cygnicollis Walker ()

Hirrius sarasinorum Günther ()

Hirrius scrobiculatus Günther ()

Hirrius montanus Günther —

Criotettix bispinosus Dalman =

Eucriotettix dammermanni Günther +

Eucriotettix ridleyi Günther sl

Scelemina celebica (Bolivar) +

Tegotettix armatus Hancock

Tegotettix c. celebensis Günther =

Bullaetettix sarasinorum Gunther =

Tondanotettix meridionalis Günther —

Tondanotettix modestus Günter

Pseudoparatettix luwuensis Günther =

Euparatettix celebicus Hancock =

Euparatettix personatus Bolivar =

Paratettix tricarinatus Bolivar +

Paratettix mimus Bolivar —

Paratettix femoralis Bolivar =

Paratettix histricus Stàl =

Hedotettix costatus Hancock +

Indatettix sp. ©)

Loxilobus insidiosus Bolivar

Loxilobus r. celebensis Günther

Spadotettix heinrichi Günther

Systolederus ophthalmicus Bolivar

Coptotettix alfurus Günther

Coptotettix interruptus Bolivar

Hyboella overbecki Günther

Probolotettix corticolus sp. n.

Probolotettix kevani sp. n.

Mazarredia celebica Bolivar

Mazarredia bolivari sp. n.

Thoradonta butlini sp. n.

Sat

—

I+++++++%#

CENTRAL SOUTH

ar ar

BLACKITH & BLACKITH: Sulawesi tridactylids and tetrigids 9

Thoradonta butlini sp. n.

(fig. 6)

Holotype, ®, Indonesia, Sulawesi Utara, Du-

moga-Bone National Park, ’1440° summit,

24.vii.1985 (Butlin) (BMNH).

Pronotal disc flavous, sides and legs darker,

scabrous white, fragae on hind femora suffused

with pink. Sooty black patches well behind

shoulders of pronotum. Head and anterior part

of pronotum as fig. 6. Frons almost straight,

vertex, top of eyes and prozonum of pronotum

colinear. Antennae set well below eyes, upper

margin of scape 0.3 mm lower than lowest mar-

gin of eyes. Terminal antennal segments fuscous

and compressed, pedicel roughly square in pro-

file (0.13 x 0.13 mm).

Prozonum of pronotum projecting slightly

over occiput. Grooves c, d and e all cut lateral

carenae of pronotum anterior to the shoulders

where the carenae are obsolescent, marked by

change of colour. Infra-scapular area of prono-

tum wide (0.25 mm). Pronotum 6 mm long. Ap-

terous. Hind femora 4.3 X 1.7 mm, with 17 fra-

gae on dorsal external segment and 14 on mid-

segment. No visible suture on episternum of

mesonotum, no sensilla on internal face of hind

femora proximal to the genicular area. Hind tib-

ia with seven teeth on inner margin, six on outer

margin. Hind femora just projecting beyond

pronotum. Metaspinal pits exceptionally deep

and wide.

This species is unique among known mem-

bers of the genus, which is allied to Mazarredia,

in having the lateral lobes of the pronotum

smoothly rounded, but is otherwise representa-

tive of the genus, with modifications appropri-

ate to an apterous species.

DISCUSSION

There is little biogeographical information to

be gleaned from the tridactylids, both species of

which are widespread from India to Indonesia.

The paucity of species, and the apparent ab-

sence of records from expeditions earlier than

Project Wallace in Minahassa, suggests that the

tridactyloids may have reached Sulawesi only

recently, as the distribution is grossly unbal-

anced.

The comparison of tetrigid records in the

three regions (table 1) into which we divide the

island is striking; only two species are recorded

from both the north and centre, only five spe-

cies are common to centre and south, and only

six species to north and south, out of a total 36

tetrigid species recorded from the island. This

finding strongly suggests that the tetrigid faunas

of the three areas are distinct. Audley-Charles

(1981) reviews the evidence suggesting that the

three regions of Sulawesi may be derived from

distinct fragments of continental plate coming

together as part of the tectonic upheavals of the

sea-floor in that region, and each fragment may

have brought its own fauna with it. Mixing of

the faunas, in the dense forest cover of the is-

land, may have been very slow.

However, there are probably biasses in these

records. Of the 25 species mentioned in

Günther’s 1937 paper only 13 have been found

on Sulawesi again. Moreover, only six of

Ginther’s 28 records have been confirmed both

as to species and region, as table 1 shows. Var-

ious reasons suggest themselves, including the

possibility that some species are very local and

that their habitat(s) may have been destroyed by

forest clearing. It is also possible that some spe-

cies may have been misidentified. Nevertheless,

the fact that only 13 species out of 36 listed

from Sulawesi (table 1) were recorded both by

Gunther and subsequently suggests that the col-

lecting effort required to establish the tetrigid

fauna with any precision is much greater than

has been available so far.

A curious bias is the apparent predominance

of small forms in the Sulawesian tetrigid faunas.

It is hard to know quite what size distribution

to expect, but forms with a pronotum length of

more than 12 mm seem notably wanting. Only

two of the usually large “scelimenae verae” with

pronotum lengths ranging from 15 to 25 mm are

confirmed as present on the island. If it is true

that tridactylids have arrived on the island rela-

tively recently it may also be true that part of

the tetrigid fauna was also late in arriving geo-

logically speaking and that there has not been

time for all available niches to be occupied.

It seems that there are (at least) three distinct

tetrigid faunas on the island which have not

fully mixed. Since this conclusion is likely to

hold, to some extent, for other orthopteroids, it

may help to explain Ramme’s (1940) conclusion

when writing of orthopteran biogeography

“Aber noch immer ist Celebes in vieler Bezei-

hung einer Sphinx” (Even today, the Celebes is

in many ways a Sphinx).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are deeply grateful to the following for

10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

specimens and information to supplement our

own collecting: Dr P. Ashe, Trinity College,

Dublin, for tridactylids and tetrigids; Dr R. K.

Butlin, U. of East Anglia, for tridactylids and

tetrigids; Dr J. Holloway, Commonwealth

Institute of Entomology, for tetrigids; Dr D. K.

McE. Kevan, Lyman Entomological Museum,

for the loan of tetrigids collected by Dr P. G.

Kevan; Dr Vicenta Llorente del Moral, Instituto

Espanol de Entomologia, for the loan of Boli-

var’s types; Dr K. Monk, Reading University,

for tetrigids; Dr D. R. Ragge, British Museum

(Natural History) for the loan of specimens in

that Museum; and Dr C. Vermeulen, Integrated

Pest Control Research in the Dumoga-Bone

National Park for specimens from birds’ crops.

Our special thanks also go to all members of

Phase 1 of Project Wallace who helped us so

unsparingly.

This paper is partly based on material col-

lected while the authors were participants in

Project Wallace, sponsored by the Royal Ento-

mological Society of London and the Indone-

sian Institute of Sciences (Results of Project

Wallace no. 28)

REFERENCES

Albrecht, F. O., 1953. The Anatomy of the Migratory

Locust. — London, Athlone Press.

Audley — Charles, M. G., 1981. Geological History

of the Region of Wallace’s Line: 24—35 In: Wal-

lace’s Line and Plate Tectonics. — Ed. T. C.

Whitmore, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Blackith, R. E. in press. Primitive Orthoptera and

Primitive Plants. — Bolletino della Societa ento-

mologica italiano.

Blackith, R. E. & R. M. Blackith, 1979. Tridactyloids

of the Western Old World. — Acrida 8: 189—

217.

Bolivar, I., 1887. Essai sur les Acridiens de la Tribu

des Tettigidae. — Annales de la Société entomolo-

gique de Belgique 31: 175—313.

Bolivar, I., 1909. Nouvelles espéces d’Acridiens du

Musée de Genève. — Boletin de la Real Sociedad

Espanola de Historia Natural 9: 393—403.

Cousin, G., 1961. Essai d’analyse de la spéciation chez

quelques Gryllides du Continent Américain. —

Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique

95: 155—174.

Davies, R. G., 1971. Computer Programming in

Quantitative Biology. — Academic Press, Lon-

don.

Descamps, M., 1976. Les Nicarchi, Ommatolampini

dendrosclerophiles de la forét néotropicale (Acri-

domorpha, Ommatolampinae). — Annales de la

Société entomologique de France, n. sér. 12 (3):

509—526.

Gunther, K., 1937. Orthoptera Celebica Sarasiniana.

Fam. Acrididae, Subfam. Acrydiinae. — Treubia

16: 165—195.

Günther, K., 1939. Revision der Acrydiinae (Orthop-

tera). III. Sectio Amorphopi (Metrodorae Bol.

1887, Auct.). — Abhandlungen und Berichte der

Museum fir Tierkunde und Volkerkunde zu

Dresden (A) 20: 1—335.

Gunther, K., 1955. Uber die Dornschrecken (Orth.

Acrid. Tetrigidae) von Sumba und Flores mit fau-

nenhistorischen Anmerkungen zur Verbreitung

einiger Gattungsgruppen der Tetrigidae im sud-

ostasiatischen Inselbereich. — Wissenschaftliche

Ergebnisse der Sumba-Expedition: Museums fur

Volkerkunde und des Naturhistorischen Museums

in Basel 1949: 147—175.

Günther, K. K., 1978. Die Tridactyliden Australiens

(Tridactylidae, Caelifera, Orthopteroidea, Insec-

ta). — Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Mu-

seum in Berlin 54: 223—255.

Hancock, J. L., 1915. Indian Tetrigidae (Acrydiinae).

-— Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta 11:

13—54.

Kevan, D. K. McE., 1966. Some Orthoptera-Caelifera

from the Philippine, Bismark, and Solomon Is-

lands, with a few interesting records from New

Guinea and the Moluccas. — Entomologiske

Meddelelser 34: 375—420.

Kirby, F. W. I., 1914. The Fauna of British India,

Orthoptera, Acrididae: 11—80.

Ramme, W., 1940. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Acridi-

den-Fauna des Indomalayischen und benachbarter

Gebiete (Orth.), mit besonderer Berücksichtigung

der Tiergeographie von Celebes. — Mitteilungen

aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 25 (1):

1—243.

White, M. J. D., 1978. Modes of speciation. — San

Francisco, W. H. Freeman.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 11—31

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

REVIEW OF THE MALAGASY SPECIES OF BELONOGASTER

SAUSSURE (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE)

R. V. HENSEN

I. B. Bakkerlaan 69-III, 3582 VV Utrecht

and

L. H. M. BLOMMERS

Herenstraat 102, 3911 JH Rbenen

ABSTRACT

The Malagasy species of the Afrotropical wasp genus Belonogaster are reviewed and

keyed. Twenty-one species are recognized, of which twelve are newly described: B. ambzko,

B. betsileo, B. dayi, B. discifera, B. erythrocephala, B. fanemitra, B. mandraka, B. scutifera,

B. tanosy, B. tipuliformis, B. trandraka, and B. vadoni. B. malagassa Saussure is newly

synonymized with B. bicolor Saussure, B. keiseri Richards with B. madecassa (Saussure).

The male of B. maromandia is described for the first time. Lectotypes are designated

for B. malagassa Saussure, B. ornata Saussure and B. pomicolor Saussure.

INTRODUCTION

The Malagasy and the Afrotropical species of

Belonogaster were recently revised by the late

O. W. Richards (1982). As Richards (1982: 101)

already suspected, the material available to him

was in fact too limited to permit a thorough

treatment of the Malagasy species. The present

study was based primarily on material collected

by the authors (resp. in 1984 and 1971-1973),

which appeared to contain several new and

imperfectly known species. At a later stage, the

collection of the Paris Museum has been exam-

ined, including the material of the Seyrig col-

lection, and most of this material is treated here

as well. It seems that Richards misinterpreted

some species, and overlooked some characters

of major diagnostic value. Therefore we feel

obliged to give a new key, and to list the species

again, with the most important references.

We wish to thank the authorities of the

following museums for enabling us to study the

material under their care.

BMNH British Museum (Natural History),

London, England (Mr C. O. Vardy &

Dr M. C. Day)

KMMA Koninklijk Museum

voor Midden

Afrika, Tervuren, Belgium (Dr E. de

Cooninck)

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva,

Switzerland (Dr C. Besuchet)

Muséum National d'Histoire Natu-

relle, Paris, France, (Mme. J. Casevitz-

Weulersse)

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histo-

rie, Leiden, The Netherlands (Dr C.

van Achterberg)

Snow Entomological Museum, Law-

rence, Kansas, USA (Dr R. W. Brooks)

Specimens collected by the second author will

be deposited in the Zoologisch Museum, Am-

sterdam, The Netherlands (ZMA), those of the

first author are part of his private collection

(CH).

MHNG

MNHN

RMNH

SEM

MORPHOLOGY

One of the most important characters in

Belonogaster is the length of the stalk of the

second metasomal tergite. The character, how-

ever, is not easily appreciated, if not explicitly

defined, because there is no discontinuity be-

tween the stalk and the remaining part of the

tergite. For the length of the stalk we have taken

the distance between the anterior margin of the

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

stalk and the point were the tergite has the same

width as anteriorly; the width is measured were

the stalk is at its narrowest, usually just before

the middle.

The males of Belonogaster have excellent

diagnostic characters in the shape of their ter-

minal flagellomeres,

and therefore we have

selected males for holo- and lectotypes, as far

as possible. The females are often less easily

identifiable. The colour pattern of most species

is characteristic, but it may prove to be less

constant than the limited material available to

us suggests.

slo

KEY TO THE MALAGASY SPECIES OF

BELONOGASTER

. Hindwing: M + Cu divides after cu-a “a

DERE ER OR O in D Ne ie

Hindwing: M + Cu divides before cu-a ig

DZ NR AA ARE ASA, 3

. Body yellowish to brown; first flagellomere

nearly as long as second + third + fourth

(fig. 3); no tubercle present between anten-

NAlBinserti o ns madecassum Saussure

Body with vivid green, whitish-yellow and

brown markings; first flagellomere only

slightly longer than second + third (fig. 4);

frons with rounded tubercle between anten-

MAL ADSETBONE ac een oo dayi sp. n.

. Petiolus ventrally transversely striate ... 4

Retiolusiventrallyssmoothitenes er 5

. Petiolus comparatively short (fig. 12); ce-

phalic foveae small, as large as surrounding

punctation; male: head black, clypeus, scapes

ventrally, fore and middle coxae and femora

ventrally white .... brevipetiolata Saussure

Petiolus longer, more slender (fig. 15); ce-

phalic foveae larger than surrounding punc-

tation; head of @ ferruginous, with broad

white bands along inner orbits; legs without

white markings, partly reddish

RR NIC PETE RES erythrocephala sp. n.

. Mesoscutum strongly, rather densely punc-

tate, and with long black setosity; metapleu-

ral flange produced into a short tooth, im-

mediately behind the spiracle (fig. 33); legs

dark green to black, without yellow pattern

PR AURIS, AI ME RR QI PI. EM 6

Mesoscutum at most sparsely, weakly punc-

tate, and without long black setosity; me-

tapleural flange without tooth; legs usually

partly yellow

Mesonotum nearly smooth and shiny be-

tween the punctures; setae of mesoscutum

il.

as long as flagellar width; mesosoma largely

black, mesopleuron, metapleuron ventrally,

scutellum and metanotum ferruginous; 9

unknown SERRE RS EE ambiko sp. n.

Mesonotum dull, finely reticulate between

the punctures; setae of mesoscutum half as

long as flagellar width; mesosoma ferrug-

inous; @ unknown ....... trandraka sp. n.

. Stalk of second metasomal tergite half as

long as wide (fig. 8); meso- and metasoma

entirely black; mesoscutum longer than wide;

length of forewing 14 mm; © unknown ....

RARI AR ovo cc betsileo sp. n.

Stalk of second metasomal tergite at least

1.4 times as long as wide; meso- and met-

asoma usually at least partly green; mesos-

cutum as long as wide, or larger species

. Mesoscutum 1.1—1.2 times as long as wide;

length of forewing 145—29 mm ....... 9

Mesoscutum as long as wide; length of

forewing 10- IZ 2 erw 18

. Fore coxae and mesopleuron ventrally with

numerous long black setae among the shorter

white pubescence or tomentum

Fore coxae with white pubescence, rarely

with a few longer dark setae

. Length of forewing 25—29 mm; body and

legs entirely ferruginous gxerini Saussure

Length of forewing 16—21 mm; body and

legs partly black and/or yellow

Propodeum with impressed median line over _

its entire length; wings yellowish hyaline;

mesosoma ferruginous; stalk of second met-

asomal tergite 3 times as long as wide; &

uUnknowag AES NE bicolor Saussure

Propodeum without impressed median line;

coloration of body and wings different 12

. Forewing greyish with the apical third light

yellow; head and mesosoma bright yellow

and green; stalk of second metasomal seg-

ment 3.5 times as long as wide; @ unknown

HOHEN. PARIS tipuliformis sp. n.

Forewing uniformly yellow to brown; head

and mesosoma ferruginous to fuscous or

nearly entirely yellow; stalk of second seg-

ment at most three times as long as

Wide ius loi SRI 13

. Stalk of second metasomal tergite nearly

three times as long as wide (fig. 28); me-

soscutum distinctly punctate; legs and mes-

osoma dark ferruginous; wings brown

BE SEI Q scutifera sp. n.

Stalk of second tergite at most twice as long

as wide (fig. 23); punctures of mesoscutum

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 13

Der ri,

Figs. 1—10. 1, B. madecassa, ®, right hindwing. 2, B. eumenoides, 9, right hindwing. 3, B. madecassa, 9,

left antenna. 4, B. dayi, 9, left antenna. 5—6, B. ambiko, 8. 5, apical antennal segments; 6, metasomal basis.

7—8, B. betsileo, &. 7, apical antennal segments; 8, metasomal basis. 9, B. dayi, 2, metasomal basis; 10,

B. bicolor, 2, metasomal basis. 1, 2, 6—10: 9 X; 3, 4: 18 X: 5: 36 X.

16.

18.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

hardly discernible; coloration different; &

UNO COV RAO oh PRE PRE Rn 14

. Mesosoma yellow, pronotum laterally with

green spots; legs yellow; wings yellow

RR ero vadoni sp. n.

Mesosoma ferruginous, dorsally infuscated;

legs black; wings brown mandraka sp. n.

. Forewing dark grey, with the tip light red-

brown; mesosoma black; & unknown

PH N es nes apicalis Saussure

Forewing uniformly yellow to brown; mes-

osoma never entirely black

Fifth segment of fore tarsi of & not dilated;

last antennal segment of & weakly curved,

apically broad and hardly pointed; mesosoma

bright green and reddish yellow

PORTE RE MEMEO e prasina Saussure

Fifth segment of foretarsi of @ dilated and

flattened (fig. 27); last antennal segment of

6 strongly curved, apically sharply pointed

(fig. 26); mesosoma ferruginous to fuscous

or very dark green, with at most metanotum

and part of propodeum yellow

Fifth segment of fore tarsi of & longer than

wide (fig. 41); mesosoma dorsally fuscous

to dark green, metanotum usually yellowish,

mid and hind tibiae yellow

aaa Randi RR ER maromandia Richards

Fifth segment of fore tarsi of & wider than

long (fig. 27); mesosoma entirely ferrugi-

nous, mid and hind tibiae brown with white

Steak ee eo & scutifera sp. n.

Forewing of 9 greyish, apical third bright

yellow; antenna of & with dense pubescence

on inner side (fig. 38); apical segment of

foretarsus of @ dilated, black (fig. 39); mes-

osoma, including propodeal valves nearly

COLEI GREEN Le 00.640 fanemitra Sp. n.

Forewing of uniformly yellow to brownish;

antenna of @ with insignificant pubescence

on inner side; apical segment of foretarsus

of @ not dilated, not darker than preceding

segments; mesosoma never entirely green,

propodeal valves always whitish ...... 19

. Last flagellar segement of @ strongly dilated

and flattened, dark brown in contrast to

preceding segments (fig. 13); female: dis-

tance between antennal insertions as long

as distance between antennal insertion and

MAME ONE ati discifera sp. n.

Last flagellar segment of & not dilated,

yellowish like preceding segments; female:

distance between antennal insertions longer

than distance between antennal insertion

ANGL AMOR CODE oes ones ana Ban 20

20. Mesosoma finely punctulate-reticulate, with-

out coarser punctures, and without any black

SELOSILY serene AE hildebrandti Saussure

— Mesosoma finely punctulate-reticulate, with

some distinct larger punctures, which bear

black setae, at least in 9

21. Terminal flagellomere of @ dorsiventrally

flattened and strongly curved (fig. 30); malar

space of ® short, shorter than width of

flagellum (fig. 29); gena of Q in lateral view

0.4 times as wide as eye ...... tanosy sp. n.

— Terminal flagellomere of & slightly flattened

laterally, less strongly curved; malar space

of Q long, longer than flagellar width (fig.

18); gena of 9 in lateral view 0.5—0.7 times

asiwideseye=t.. inder + i EEE?

. Terminal flagellomere of & rather strongly

curved, widest subapically (fig. 25); colora-

tion: mesosoma green, with the mesopleuron

and usually the metanotum yellow to yel-

lowish ferruginous; tibiae nearly entirely

yellow... 4-44 Eee ornata Sausure

— Terminal flagellomere of @ weakly curved,

widest subbasally (fig. 17); coloration: mes-

osoma ferruginous to fuscous; tibiae ferrug-

inous, in @ with white longitudinal streaks

Taito MORE eumenoides Saussure

(NS)

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MALAGASY SPECIES OF

BELONOGASTER SAUSSURE

Belonogaster ambiko sp. n.

(figs. 5, 6)

Male.

Body length 18.8 mm, length of forewing 13.5

mm.

Coloration. — Head ferruginous, mandibles

and clypeus apically pale yellow, face with pale

yellow side stripes along inner orbits, and spot

between antennal insertions; vertex nearly black.

Antennae black, scape ventrally greenish yellow,

flagellum ventrally, apical three segments en-

tirely yellowish. Mesosoma black, pronotum ven-

trally, mesopleuron largely, metapleuron ven-

trally, scutellum and metanotum ferruginous,

propodeal valves pale yellow. Legs dark green,

fore coxae anteriorly pale yellow, fore and middle

tibiae anteriorly with white streaks, middle and

hind tibiae and all tarsi black. Wings hyaline.

Metasoma black, petiolus anteriorly and ven-

trally dark green, posterior tergites and sternites

dark ferruginous.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with rather dense

white tomentum, and rather long black setae;

frons, mesosoma and fore coxae with very long

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 15

black setae (as long as flagellum width); mes-

osoma with sparse white tomentum; mid and

hind femora ventrally only proximally with a

few pale setae; metasoma with short black setae

on tergites, third to seventh sternite only with

white tomentum.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, angle

about 130°; gena 0.4 times as wide as eye in

lateral view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus

sparsely finely punctate, vertex sparsely rather

strongly punctate, shiny; third antennal segment

0.8 times as long as fourth + fifth, these both

2.3 times as long as wide; eighth segment 1.7

times as long as wide, terminal segment long,

slender, strongly curved (fig. 5).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum as long as wide;

scutellum without median impressed line; me-

tapleural flange produced into a flat tooth, behind

the mesopleural spiracular lobe; propodeum

with anterior depression small, but deep, median

impressed line weak, fading near the small

posterior depression; integument shiny, rather

densely strongly punctate, punctulation dense,

but shallow; propodeum with a few transverse

striae above the posterior depression. Hindwing:

M + Cu divides before cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.3 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not transversely striate,

posteriorly not swollen, spiracles not prominent

(fig. 6); stalk of second tergite 0.5 times as long

as wide; seventh sternite truncate.

Holotype. — &. “Madagascar; (Tamat.); Pé-

rinet; 950 m; 48°16 E, 18°56 S; 10.v.1984; leg.

R. Hensen & A. Aptroot’ (RMHN).

Etymology. — “Ambiko” is one of the peculiar

Malagasy hedgehogs, of the family Tenrecidae.

The name is chosen to illustrate the long pu-

bescence of B. ambiko, and its more or less

similar colour.

Belonogaster apicalis Saussure

Belonogaster apicalis Saussure, 1900: 207, 208; Ri-

chards, 1982: 47, 105, figs. 85, 86.

It seems very doubtful whether the two males

in the RMNH, examined and mentioned by

Richards (1982) indeed belong to this species.

Belonogaster betsileo sp. n.

(figs. 7, 8)

Belonogaster brevipetiolata, Richards, 1982: 101,

102, fig. 80 (partim).

Description.

Body length 18.9 mm, length of forewing 14.3

mm.

Coloration. — Black, the following parts fer-

ruginous: mandibles, clypeus, frons including eye

emargination, ventral side of scape, apical three

flagellomeres, fore legs except the tarsi. Face

along inner orbits yellowish. Wings yellowish

hyaline, veins and stigma yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with short white pu-

bescence, frons and vertex with long fine grey-

brown setae; mesosoma with sparse white to-

mentum, and long fine grey-brown setae; fore

coxae with short white pubescence, and some

longer grey setae; mid and hind femora with

short white pubescence ventrally; metasoma

with short white pubescence.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, angle

about 150°; gena 0.4 times as wide as eye in

lateral view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus

shiny, punctulate, with sparse fine punctures;

vertex shiny, sparsely punctulate, and with dis-

tinct punctation; third antennal segment 0.9

times as long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.9

and 1.8 times as long as wide; eighth segment

1.7 times as long as wide (fig. 7); third to ninth

ventrally keeled; last segment slender, strongly

curved (fig. 7).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long

as wide; scutellum without median impressed

line; metapleural flange without tooth; propo-

deum with distinct anterior pit, without median

impressed line; posterior depression well-devel-

oped; integument shiny, punctulate and rather

sparsely punctate, punctures fine but very dis-

tinct. Hindwing: M + Cu divides before cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.2 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not transversely striate,

posteriorly hardly swollen, spiracles strongly

prominent (fig. 8); stalk of second tergite 0.5

times as long as wide; seventh sternite truncate.

Holotype. — ©, “Betsileo, Madagascar,

82—30” (BMNH). The specimen bears Ri-

chards’ identification label, and his description

and figure of @ B. brevipetiolata appear to have

been based on this specimen.

Etymology. — Named after the Betsileo, one

of the original Malagasy tribes, inhabiting

roughly the highland region between Antsirabe

and Fianarantsoa.

16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Belonogaster bicolor Saussure

(fig. 10)

Belonogaster bicolor Saussure, 1900: 207, 208; Ri-

chards, 1982: 47, 104.

Belonogaster malagassus Saussure, 1900: 210. New

synonymy.

Types. — The lectotype of B. malagassus, by

present designation, is a female, labelled “Ma-

dagascar, F. Sikora”. It evidently belongs to B.

bicolor, and is the only one of the four specimens

standing under B. malagassus in the MHNG

agreeing completely with the description. The

two paralectotypes are labelled “Madagasc.”,

resp. “Nossible”. The fourth specimen, labelled

“Madagasc., Annanarive” agrees in no way with

the description, being smaller and nearly entirely

black, and cannot be considered a syntype. It

seems to belong to a still undescribed species,

related to B. mandraka sp. n.

Material examined. — 1 Q, without locality

(BMNH); 19 , Ifanadiana, Ranomafana, 900 m,

29.xii.1971, L. & R. Blommers (ZMA); 9, Région

d’Ambanja, A. Seyrig (MNHN).

Belonogaster brevipetiolata Saussure

(figs. 11, 12)

Belonogaster brevipetiolata Saussure, 1891: 98, pl.

4, fig. 1 (partim); Richards, 1982: 101, figs. 79,

80 (partim).

Most specimens examined by Richards belong

to the related species B. erythrocephala sp. n.,

which was regarded as a variety by Saussure

(1891: 98). The two possible syntypes, seen by

Richards in the Paris Museum, belong indeed

to the present B. brevipetiolata. The & identified

and described by Richards (1982) as B. brevipe-

tiolata belongs to a third species, B. betsileo sp.

Diagnosis. — Like B. erythrocephala, except

for the following. Coloration: head and meso-

soma without red markings; @ with clypeus and

part of frons, scapes ventrally, fore and middle

coxae and femora ventrally white. Cephalic fo-

veae small, as large as surrounding punctures

on vertex. Terminal flagellomere of @ more

slender (fig. 11), finely pubescent on inner side.

Petiolus distinctly shorter and stouter (fig. 12),

as long as hind tibia.

Material examined. — 1 Q, without locality

(BMNH); 1 Q, Périnet, 20.xii.1955, E. McC.

Callan (BMNH); 1 8, Manjakandriana, Man-

draka, 1200 m, 12.xii.1971, L. & R. Blommers

(ZMA); 1 9, Fampanambo, 1962, 1 9, N. E.

Madagascar, Ambodivoangy, 1.1962, both J.

Vadon (KMMA).

Belonogaster dayi sp. n.

(figs. 9, 36, 37, 42)

Male.

Body length 17.5 mm, length of forewing 12.5

mm.

Coloration. — Head yellow, vertex green,

antennae ferruginous. Mesosoma green, meso-

and metapleuron, posterior margin of scutellum,

metanotum, propodeum along median line and

apically yellow. Legs yellow, hind coxae and all

femora green, tarsi ferruginous to fuscous, last

segment of fore tarsi proximally white, last

segment of mid and hind tarsi light, contrasting

with darker preceding tarsomeres. Metasoma

green, second to sixth tergite and sternite with

broad yellow band apically. Wings proximally

grey-brown, hyaline, veins brown, apical third

yellow, veins yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with dense white

pubescence, vertex and mesosoma dorsally with

sparse brownish setae; fore coxae with dense

white pubescence and a few longer dark setae;

mid and hind femora with dense white pubes-

cence beneath; metasoma posteriorly without

dark setosity.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, angle

about 140°; gena about 0.4 times as wide as eye

in lateral view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus

sparsely punctate; vertex densely punctulate,

with a few indistinct punctures; third antennal

segment 0.85 times as long as fourth + fifth,

these resp. 2.9 and 2.6 times as long as wide;

eighth segment twice as long as wide; third to

eleventh ventrally keeled; last segment compar-

atively short and broad, weakly curved (fig. 36).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long

as wide; scutellum only posteriorly with median

impressed line; metapleural flange without

tooth; propodeum with anterior depression

small (propodeum damaged, other details not

observable); integument punctulate-reticulate,

mesopleuron with some weak punctures, prop-

odeum with fine transverse striae. Foreleg: last

tarsomere strongly dilated and flatened (fig. 37).

Hindwing: M + Cu divides after cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.15 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly dis-

tinctly swollen, spiracles prominent; stalk of

second tergite 2.5 times as long as wide; seventh

sternite trunctate.

Female.

Body length 19.5—22.3 mm, length of fore-

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 157

15 16

Figs. 11-19. 11—12, B. brevipetiolata. 11, &, apical antennal segments; 12, 9, metasomal basis. 13—14,

B. discifera. 13, 8, apical antennal segments; 14, 9, metasomal basis. 15—16, B. erythrocephala. 15, 9, metasomal

basis; 16, 6, apical antennal segments. 17—19, B. eumenoides. 17, &, apical antennal segments; 18, 9, head;

19, 9, metasomal basis. 12, 14, 15, 19: 9 X; 18: 18 X; 11, 13, 16, 17: 36 X.

18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

wing 15.2—15.7 mm (holotype: largest speci-

men).

Coloration. — Head green, mandibles, clypeus

apically, frons along inner orbits below antennal

insertions, large part of genae yellow. Antennae

fuscous, scape ventrally green, flagellum ven-

trally and apically bright ferruginous. Mesosoma

green, meso- and metapleuron, scutellum later-

ally, metanotum, propodeum along median line

and apically yellow; tegulae and post-spiracular

plate ferruginous. Legs green, coxae, trochanters,

tibiae and last segment of all tarsi yellowish;

remaining part of tarsi black, pulvilli white.

Metasoma green, stalk of second tergite fuscous,

second to fifth tergites and sternites, with whit-

ish-yellow apical band, which is medially more

or less interrupted by a brownish hyaline part;

sixth segment whitish-yellow. Wings proximally

grey-brown, hyaline, veins brown, apical third

yellow, veins yellow, stigma yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus ventrally with brown

setae, vertex and mesosoma dorsally with sparse,

short curved setae, fore coxae with rather dense

white pubescence, and many longer black setae;

mid and hind femora with some white setae

beneath; sixth tergite and sternite posteriorly

with some black setae.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

100°; gena half as wide as eye in lateral view;

cephalic foveae absent; clypeus sparsely punctate,

dorsal two thirds densely punctulate; vertex

punctulate- reticulate, with a few indistinct punc-

tures; third antennal segment as long as fourth

+ fifth, these resp. 1.3 and 1.2 times as long

as wide; eighth segment 1.1 times as long as

wide.

Mesosoma. — Scutellum without median im-

pressed line; propodeum with anterior depres-

sion small, posterior impressed line extending

slightly more than half length of propodeum;

last tarsomere of foreleg not dilated; otherwise

as in the male.

Metasoma. — As in the male.

Holotype. — 9, “Madagascar: Tamat.; Périnet;

27.iv—3.v.1983; J. S. Noyes, M. C. Day; BM

1983—201” (BMNH).

Paratypes. — 1 9, same data as holotype (CH);

19, Perinet, 20.xii.1955, E. McC. Calllan

(BMNH); 1 9, Rogez, Forêt côte Est, i.1937,

39, Périnet, Forêt côte Est, 11.1939, 1 @, Périnet,

ii.1931, all A. Seyrig (MNHN, 1 £ CH).

Note. — The following account on the nest

. (fig. 42) and behaviour was sent by Dr Day.

‘John Noyes and I stayed at the Station Hotel

at Andasibe for a week at the start of the winter

rains. We collected near the Lemur reserve, a

kilometre south, and also on a small hill to the

immediate south of the Hotel, where I sited three

malaise traps. After erecting the second of these

in an area specially cleared adjacent to a path,

I noticed a green Belonogaster fly languidly past.

It flew rather like a tipulid, but inaccessible

amongst the vegetation, so I could not get at

it with a net. On each and every subsequent visit

to the trap, sometimes several times a day, one

or more of these green Belonogaster would

materialise and fly away from me, in various

directions. I became aware that they appeared

only when I was on one particular side of the

trap and that their flight paths radiated from

that point! After considerable search, seven days

later I finally found the nest (photo, fig. 42),

which depended from a twig into open space

at head height. It consisted of a single filament

with twelve radially arranged cells, one above

the other, much like some Oriental Stenogaster

nests. A maximum of 13 wasps was seen clus-

tered in a regular fashion about the filament;

the photograph shows eight. So far I could tell,

all were female. Their position and behaviour

were such that the nest was virtually indetectable,

giving the impression of leguminous seed heads

or some such plant material. Even when coor-

dinate sight lines were given to observers so

that it was clear they must have been looking

at the nest, they nevertheless did not see it for

between several seconds and close to a minute.

Coupled with the non-agressive “decoy” behav-

iour, this species exhibits very sophisticate ad-

aptations for the maintenance of open free-

hanging colonies.”

Belonogaster discifera sp. n.

(figs. 13, 14)

Male.

Body length 16.1 mm, length of forewing 12.2

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; antenna dorsally

dark, ventrally pale green, second to third fla-

gellomere dorsally infuscated, last flagellomere

dark brown; mandibles white; lateral thirds of

clypeus and frons, and area between antennal

insertions white; legs dark green, fore and middle

coxae anteriorly white, rest of fore coxae fer-

ruginous, tibiae and mid femur anteriorly with

pale green streak, apical tarsomeres ferruginous;

propodeum greenish, propodeal valves white;

petiolus and anterior half of second metasomal

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 19

segment dark green. Wings yellowish hyaline,

veins and stigma brownish yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with dense white

pubescence; vertex and mesosoma dorsally with

many rather long black setae; fore coxae with

dense white pubescence and a few longer black

setae; mid and hind femora ventrally without

erect setosity; metasoma posteriorly without

dark setae.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

120°; gena 0.4 times as wide as eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus punctulate;

vertex punctulate-reticulate, with a few indistinct

punctures; third antennal segment 0.8 times as

long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 2.6 and 2.4

times as long as wide; eighth segment 2.2 times

as long as wide; seventh to eleventh with raised

line on inner side, twelfth strongly dilated and

flattened (fig. 13), about 1.4 times as long as

wide.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum as long as wide;

scutellum without median impressed line; me-

tapleural flange without tooth; propodeum with

anterior depression distinct, without impressed

median line, posterior depression small, shallow;

integument punctulate-reticulate, and sparsely

shallowly punctate, punctures most distinct on

mesopleuron. Hindwing: M + Cu divides before

cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.15 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly not

swollen, spiracles prominent (cf. fig. 14); stalk

of second tergite 1.6 times as long as wide;

seventh sternite truncate.

Female.

Body length 16.4 mm, length of forewing 12.3

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; vertex, flagellum

dorsally, propodeum and metasoma infuscated;

scape, legs except the fore coxae, trochanters

and tarsi, petiolus and stalk of second metasomal

tergite black with greenish shine; propodeal

valves white. Wings yellowish hyaline, veins and

stigma brownish yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with yellow setae on

ventral half; vertex and mesosoma dorsally with

many rather long black setae; fore coxae with

long black setae; mid and hind femur with a

few outstanding white setae ventrally; metasoma

apically without dark setosity.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

100°; gena 0.5 times as wide as eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus on ventral

two fifth granulate, with coarse punctures, dor-

sally punctulate, with sparse fine punctures;

vertex punctulate-reticulate, with a few indistinct

punctures; third antennal segment 1.2 times as

long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.5 and 1.3

times as long as wide, eighth segment 0.9 times

as long as wide.

Meso- and metasoma like in the @.

Holotype. — 4, "Rep. Malgache, Manjakan-

driana, Mandraka, 1300 m, 11.11.1973, L. & R.

Blommers”, “nest nr. 73.15” (ZMA).

Paratypes. — 1 9, 5 à, same data as holotype

(ZMA; 1 @ RMNH); 1 9, Sambirano, Manon-

garivo, 1150 m, xii.1960, P. Griveaud (MNHN).

Note. — Most specimens were collected from

an old nest, with practically no cell walls left,

hanging in a tuft of grass on top of a road bank

facing south.

Belonogaster erythrocephala sp. n.

(figs. 15, 16)

Belonogaster brevipetiolata; Saussure, 1891: 98, pl.

4, fig. 1 (partim); Richards,, 1982: 101, 102, figs.

79, 80 (partim).

This species was regarded as a variety of B.

brevipetiolata by the Saussure, and Richards did

not make any distinction at all. Both sexes can

easily be separated on basis of the characters

given in the key.

Male.

Body length 21.0 mm, length of forewing 14.2

mm.

Coloration. — Black; head ferruginous, face

with broad pale-yellow side stripes along inner

orbits and spot between antennal insertions;

ocelli surrounded by black rings; pronotum, sides

of scutellum and metanotum, and fore femur

and tibia ferruginous. Wings hyaline, veins and

stigma yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with distinct white

tomentum and longer black setae; frons and

vertex with rather long black setae; mesosoma

with sparse white tomentum, mesoscutum and

mid and hind femora ventrally with short black

setae; fore coxae with long black setae; all tergites

and sternites with sparse short brown setosity.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle less than

90°; gena 0.85 times as wide as an eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae present, larger than sur-

rounding punctures; clypeus sparsely rather

strongly punctate, dorsal two thirds very finely

punctulate; vertex punctulate-reticulate, more

densely punctate; third antennal segment 1.3

20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

times as long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.1

and 0.9 times as long as wide; eighth segment

0.85 times as long as wide; terminal segments

(fig. 16) with sparse dark setosity on inner side.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.2 times as long

as wide; scutellum with median impressed line;

metapleural flange without tooth; propodeum

with anterior depression small, median im-

pressed line extending hardly farther than the

small posterior depression; integument dull, very

finely punctulate-reticulate, and with sparse,

rather strong punctation. Hindwing: M + Cu

divides after cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.1 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally transversely striate, poste-

riorly hardly swollen, spiracles rather prominent

(cf. fig. 15); stalk of second tergite 0.7 times

as long as wide.

Female

Like the male, except for the following. Body

length 21.5 mm, length of forewing 17.6 mm.

Head without yellow pattern; mesosoma black;

legs black, coxae, particularly the fore coxae, and

base of fore tibiae dark ferruginous. Clypeus with

brown setosity. Petiolus 1.1 times as long as hind

tibia.

Holotype. — 8, “Rép. Malgache, Nosy Be,

Dzamandzar, 8/10.i. 1972, L. & R. Blommers”

(ZMA).

Paratypes. — 1 9, same data as holotype

(ZMA); 1 9, Nosy Be, 0—100 m, 5.vi.1984, R.

Hensen & A. Aptroot (CH); 1 9, Fampanambo,

19.xi.1957, E Keiser (BMNH).

Belonogaster eumenoides Saussure

(figs. 2, 17—19, 43)

Belonogaster eumenoides Saussure, 1891: 94; Ri-

chards, 1982: 47, 110, figs. 91, 92 (partim).

This species is according to Richards (1982:

110) a very variable one. We think that in fact

a mixture of species was recognized under the

name B. eumenoides. For one of these species

two names of Saussure (1900) appear to be

available: B. ornata and B. pomicolor. This

species is redescribed here under the name B.

ornata. Furthermore, B. tanosy, B. fanemitra, and

B. discifera fall in this category. B. malagassa,

placed by Richards (1982: 110) in the synonymy

of B. eumenoides, is a synonym of B. bicolor

(q. V.).

The type material of B. malagassa, B. ornata

and B. pomicolor was kindly sent to us by Dr

Besuchet, Geneva, and only this allowed us to

solve these taxonomic problems.

Male.

Body length 17.6 mm, length of forewing 11.2

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; the following

parts pale yellow. Clypeus and frons, except for

a median stripe below antennal insertions,

mandibles, scapes ventrally, narrow transverse

line on pronotum, humeral plates, propodeal

valves, fore and mid coxae anteriorly. Pale yellow

stripes along hind coxae, fore and mid femora,

all tibiae; last tarsal segments yellow. Black lines

present along edges of mesoscutum, scutellum,

metanotum, metapleuron, and along median line

and parapsidal grooves of mesoscutum. Meta-

soma except the petiolus fuscous, second tergite

with yellow apical band in one specimen. Wings

yellowish hyaline, veins yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with short white pu-

bescence; vertex with long black setae; meso-

soma dorsally with sparse rather long black

setosity; fore coxae with white pubescence, and

a few black setae; mid and hind femora without

longer setae; metasoma with short black setosity

on posterior tergites.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, the

angle about 120°; clypeus as long as wide; gena

0.4 times as wide as eye in lateral view; cephalic

foveae absent; interocular width on vertex

slightly longer than third antennal segment;

clypeus shiny, finely punctulate; vertex more

closely and strongly punctulate, and with sparse

shallow larger punctures; third antennal seg-

ment 0.77 times as long as fourth + fifth, these

resp. 2.8 and 2.5 times as long as wide; eighth

segment 2.0 times as long as wide; third to

eleventh with raised longitudinal line ventrally;

last segment slightly flattened bilaterally, me-

dially and subapically equally wide, weakly curved

(fig. 17).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum as long as wide;

pronotal keel absent; scutellum without im-

pressed median line; metapleural flange without

tooth; propodeum with anterior depression

small; posterior depression shallow, small,

continued in short impressed median line dor-

sally; integument dull, closely punctulate-retic-

ulate, and with sparse shallow punctation.

Hindwing: M + Cu divides before cu-a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.1—1.2 times as long

as hind tibia, ventrally not transversely striate,

posteriorly hardly swollen, spiracles weakly

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 2

Figs. 20—29. 20, B. fanemitra, Q, metasomal basis. 21—22, B. madecassa. 21, 8, apical antennal segments;

22, Q, metasomal basis. 23, B. mandraka, 6, metasomal basis. 24—25, B. ornata, 6. 24, metasomal basis,

25, apical antennal segments. 26—28, B. scutifera. 26, 8, apical antennal segments; 27, &, left fore tarsus,

dorsal view; 28, Q, metasomal basis. 29, B. tanosy, Q, head. 20, 22—24, 28: 9 KERN DOMS DENDER G:

36 X.

22 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

prominent (cf. fig. 19); stalk of second tergite

1.5 times as long as wide; seventh sternite

truncate.

Female.

Body length 16.8—17.5 mm, length of fore-

wing 12.7—13.0 mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous, the following

parts more or less darkened. Antennae dorsally,

mesoscutum, propodeum, mid and hind legs, and

metasoma. Propodeal valves pale yellow. Wings

brownish hyaline, veins yellow. The palest spec-

imen has only the metasoma posteriorly dar-

kened. The darkest specimens (two from original

type-series) are entirely black, with greenish

shine, and the petiolus green.

Pubescence. — Clypeus ventrally with yellow

setae; vertex and mesosoma dorsally with rather

short black setosity; fore coxae with rather dense

white pubescence, and many longer black setae;

mid and hind femora ventrally with short sparse

white pubescence; metasoma with short brown

pubescence on posterior tergites.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

90°; clypeus 1.2 times as long as wide; malar

space as long as maximal flagellar width; gena

0.5-0.7 times as wide as eye in lateral view;

cephalic foveae absent; apical third of clypeus

sparsely fovealate, proximal two thirds punctu-

late and with sparse larger punctures; vertex dull,

punctulate-reticulate, with sparse shallow punc-

tures; interocular distance on vertex as long third

+ fourth + fifth antennal segment, or a little

more or less; third antennal segment 1.1 times

as long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.3 and

1.1 times as long as wide; eighth segment 0.8

times as long as wide.

Mesosoma. — Pronotal keel distinct, often

rather strong; otherwise like the male.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.1—1.2 times as long

as hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly

weakly or not swollen, spiracles weakly or hardly

prominent (fig. 19); stalk of second tergite

1.4—1.6 times as long as wide.

Material examined. — 5 £ 1 @, Manjakan-

driana, Mandraka, 1350 m, 11.iii.1973, L. & R.

Blommers, “Nest Nr. 73.19”, 14 , same data,

“uit nest Nr. 73.19”, 3 9, same data, “Nest Nr.

73.20”, 29, same data, “uit nest Nr. 73.19/20

(ZMA); 1 9, Périnet, 10.v.1984, R. Hensen &

A. Aptroot (CH); 19 , Betsileo, 82-30 (BMNH);

VON Tananarive-E 11350) m, Av 1984 R

Hensen & A. Aptroot (CH); 1 9, Périnet, 900

m, 16.11.1972, L. & R. Blommers (ZMA); 7 ©

1 8, Andragoloaka, 4 9, Annanarivo (original

type-series, including lectotype; MNHG); 2 9,

Mandjakandriana, Angavokely, 1600 m,

17.vi.1972, 1 Q, same locality, 17.1.1973, L. &

R. Blommers (ZMA); 3 9, 17 km W. Amba-

tolampy, 1650 m, 30.1.1985, J. Wenzel (SEM);

1 Q, Tananarive, Parc de Tzimbazaza, 29.x.1984,

R. Brooks (SEM).

Note. — The brown-coloured nests (nrs. 73.19

and 73.20; fig. 43) were found both attached

to a loose tree root, on a steep bank along the

highway near the hamlet Ambatoloana. Spec-

imens marked “Nest nr. ...” have been collected

as adults with the nest, those marked “uit nest

nr. … (= from nest nr. …) emerged later. Two

females from Angavokely were caught very close

to a similar, more greyish nest (nr. 72.30), fixed

to bare rock at 2.5 meters above the ground.

Belonogaster fanemitra sp. n.

(fig. 20, 38, 39)

Male.

Body length 16.0 mm, length of forewing 12.2

mm.

Coloration. — Head and mesosoma green,

mandibles and sides of face whitish, flagellum

brown, apical flagellomeres ferruginous. Legs

green, fore and mid tibiae suffused with white,

fore tarsi with second to fourth segment whitish,

fifth fuscous, mid tarsi more or less similar, hind

tarsi entirely fuscous. Metasoma fuscous, prox-

imal half of petiolus green, stalk of second tergite

greenish white. Wings brownish, apically paler.

Morphology. — Like male of B. eumenoides,

except for the following. Flagellum strongly

pubescent ventrally (fig. 38); metasoma without

black setosity. Vertex without discernable punc-

tation; third antennal segment 0.9 times as long

as fourth + fifth; these resp. 2.0 and 1.9 times

as long as wide; eighth 1.5 times as long as wide;

third to eighth ventrally keeled; last segment

cylindrical, rather strongly curved (fig. 38). Prop-

odeum without impressed median line; mesos-

cutum without discernable punctation. Last seg-

ment of fore tarsi dilated, hardly longer than

wide (fig. 39). Petiolus 1.3 times as long as hind

tibia, posteriorly swollen, spiracles prominent;

stalk of second tergite about twice as long as

wide.

Female.

Body length 16.7 mm, length of forewing 14.0

mm.

Coloration. — Head and mesosoma dark

green, mandibles and apex of clypeus ferrug-

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 23

inous, flagellum ferruginous, proximally dark,

apically lighter; mesoscutum infuscated. Legs

green, tarsi largely fuscous. Metasoma fuscous,

basal half of petiolus green, stalk whitish green.

Wings yellowish grey, apex of forewing bright

yellow.

Morphology. — Like female of B. eumenoides,

except for the following. Gena 0.6 times as wide

as eye in lateral view; vertex without discernable

punctation; interocular distance on vertex as long

as third + fourth antennal segment; third an-

tennal segment 1.1 times as long as fourth +

fifth, these resp. 1.3 and 1.2 times as long as

wide; eighth segment 0.9 times as long as wide.

Pronotal keel absent; punctures of mesoscutum

not discernable; propodeum with posterior de-

pression shallow, semicircular, not continued in

impressed line dorsally. Petiolus 1.2 times as long

as hind tibia, posteriorly a little swollen, spiracles

weakly prominent (fig. 20); stalk of second

tergite twice as long as wide.

Holotype. — 9, "Madagascar, Sambirano, Ma-

nongarivo, 1150 m, P. Griveaud, xii.1960”

(MNHN).

Paratype. — 6, Périnet, 21.iii.1931, A. Seyrig

(MNHN). The specimen is in bad condition.

Etymology. — "Fanemitra” is the Malagasy

word for “aculeate wasp”.

Belonogaster guerini (Saussure)

(fig. 44)

Raphigaster guerini Saussure, 1853: 17, pl. 2, fig.

Belonogaster guerini, Smith, 1857: 94, Richards,

1982: 46, 102, fig. 81.

A photograph of the nest is given in fig. 44.

Material examined. — 2 9, Ambohimanga,

1600 m, 17.iv. 1984, 1 9, Tamatave, sealevel,

19.v.1984, 1 9, Périnet, 950 m, 10.v.1984, all

RosHensen & A Aptroot (CH); 1: 9; Fort

Dauphin, 24.11.1966, J. Gutierrez (ZMA); 2 8

Brickaville, Ambila-Lemaitso, 10.x.1971, 2 9,

Fénérive-Est, 15.x.1971, 1 9, Ifanadiana, Ranom-

afana, 29.xii — 211971/72, 1 9, Tamatave,

Fanandrana, 5.1.1972, all L. & R. Blommers

(ZMA).

Belonogaster hildebrandti Saussure

Belonogaster hildebrandti Saussure, 1891: 95, pl. 17,

fig. 11; Richards, 1982: 47, 108, fig. 90.

Known only from the type series, and two

specimens in the BMNH, identified by Richards,

which we have examined. It seems doubtful if

these two, a 9 and a @, are conspecific indeed.

Belonogaster madecassa (Saussure)

(MZ 22,25)

Raphigaster madecassus Saussure, 1853: 16, pl. 2,

fig. 7.

B madecassus, Smith, 1857: 94.

Belonogaster longestylus Saussure, 1891: 97.

Belonogaster madecassa; Richards, 1982: 46, 103, figs.

82, 83.

Belonogaster keiseri Richards, 1982: 46, 104, fig. 84.

New synonymy.

Synonymy. — Richards saw only two males

of this species, and described one of these as

the new species B. keiseri. Examination of the

type, and several more males, including a nest-

series, convinced us that there are no specific

differences between B. madecassa and B. keiseri.

Distribution. — This species appears to in-

habit the entire island of Madagascar, and occurs

as well on the Comores (here recorded for the

first time).

Material examined. — 2 9, Tamatave, sealevel,

19.v.1984, 1 9, Ambanja, 50 m, 3.vi.1984, both

R. Hensen & A. Aptroot (CH); 1 9, Tamatave,

Ivoloina, 11.11.1972, 10 9 3 @, Tsaramandroso,

Ampijoroa, 1.v.1972, nest 72.23, all L. & R.

Blommers (ZMA); 1 9, Bereboka, 60 km NE

Morondava, 18—23.v.1983, J. S. Noyes, M. C.

Day (BMNH); | 9, Grande Comore, Mitsoudje,

xii.1970, J. Brunhes (ZMA); 1 9, Mandjakan-

driana, Mandraka, 900 m, 10.11.1973, 2 9, Nosy

Be, Dzamandzar, 8—10.1.1972, 1 9, Fénérive-

Est, Foulpointe, 11—12.11.1972, 1 9, Ifanadiana,

Ranomafana, 29.xii—2.1.1971/72, all L. & R.

Blommers (ZMA); 1 9, Andriba, RN 4, kp 220,

600 m, 25.1.1973, 2 9, Tamatave, Fanadrana,

5.11.1972, all L. Blommers (ZMA); 8 9, Région

d'Ambanja, 1 9, Fort Dauphin, viii.1940, 1 9,

Ihosy, 1 9, Tampika, vi.1929, 1 9, Bekily, iii. 1930,

1-6, Fort Dauphin, v.1937, all „An Seyrig

(MNHN); 2 9, Prov. d’Ananalava, Maromandia,

R. Decary, 1923 (MNHN).

Note. — Nest nr. 72.23 (fig. 45) was attached

to the underside of a mango (Mangifera indica)

leaf at about 1.75 m above the ground.

Belonogaster mandraka sp. n.

(fig. 23)

Female.

Body length 24.3 mm, length of forewing 19.5

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; the following

parts darkened: antennae except the apical seg-

ments, pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum.

Legs fuscous, fore coxae, trochanters and femora

greenish; metasoma fuscous, petiolus before the

spiracles green, stalk of second metasomal tergite

anteriorly pale yellow, posteriorly green. Wings

light brown, veins and stigma brown.

Pubescence. — Clypeus and vertex with rather

long black setae; metasoma dorsally with many

rather short curved black setae; fore coxae with

long black setosity; mid and hind femora ven-

trally with rather long black setosity; metasoma

with black setae on all tergites and sternites.

Head. — Clypeus ventrally acute, angle about

95°; gena in lateral view 0.6 times as wide as

eye; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus with ventral

third granulate, with sparse coarse punctures,

dorsally punctulate, with sparse finer punctures;

vertex punctulate-reticulate, punctures not dis-

cernable. Third antennal segment 1.1 times as

long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.6 and 1.4

times as long as wide; eighth segment 1.2 times

as long as wide.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long

as wide; metapleural flange without tooth; prop-

odeum with anterior depression indistinct, with-

out median impressed line, posterior depression

shallow; integument punctulate-reticulate, punc-

tures on mesoscutum indistinct, on mesopleuron

well discernable; propodeum with some trans-

verse striae above posterior depression. Hind-

wing: M + Cu divides before cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.2 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly

slightly swollen, spiracles prominent (fig. 23);

stalk of second tergite 1.9 times as long as wide.

Holotype. — 9, “Rép. Malgache, Manjakan-

driana, Mandraka, 1200 m, 26.v.1972, L. & R.

Blommers” (ZMA).

The type and only specimen of this species

is stylopized, and its morphology may therefore

differ from the normal situation. Important

characters, like the absence of an impressed line

on the propodeum, the short stalk of the second

tergite, the aberrant colour pattern, and the

strong setosity, which separate B. mandraka

from its closest relatives, viz., B. bicolor, B.

apicalis and B. maromandia, indicate that the

type cannot be regarded as an anomalic specimen

of one of the known species.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Belonogaster maromandia Richards

(figs. 40—41)

Belonogaster maromandia Richards, 1982: 47, 108.

The species was described by Richards on basis

of two females. The male is described here for

the first time, and some remarks on the types

and other females are given below.

Male.

Body length 20.0—24.0 mm, length of fore-

wing 14.5—15.5 mm.

Coloration. — Head ferruginous, mandibles,

sides of face and antenna ventrally pale yellow.

Mesosoma ferruginous, dorsally infuscated, me-

sopleuron ventrally pale yellow. Legs ferrugi-

nous, all coxae and fore and mid femora ventrally

white, mid and hind tibiae and tarsi yellow.

Metasoma ferruginous, partly infuscated. Wings

reddish yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with dense white

tomentum; vertex and mesosomal dorsum with

short black setae; fore coxae with dense white

pubescence and a few brown setae; mid and hind

femora ventrally with dense white setosity.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, angle

about 120°; gena 0.4 times as wide as eye in

lateral view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus

sparsely finely punctate, shiny, vertex densely

punctulate, dull, with a few coarse punctures;

third antennal segment 0.78 times as long as

fourth + fifth; these resp. 3.4 and 3 times as

long as wide; eighth segment 2.3 times as long

as wide; sixth to tenth keeled on inner side;

last segment apically pointed (fig. 40).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.2 times as long

as wide; scutellum with median impressed line;

metapleural flange without tooth; propodeum

with anterior depression small, median im-

pressed line absent, posterior depression weak;

integument dull, finely punctulate-reticulate,

with sparse punctation, punctures of mesoscu-

tum distinct. Fifth segment of fore tarsi dilated

and flattened (though less than in B. scutifera)

(fig. 41). Hindwing: M + Cu divides before cu-

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.25 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly little

swollen, spiracles prominent; stalk of second

tergite 2.4 times as long as wide; seventh sternite

truncate.

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 25

È me )

31 32

Figs. 30—35. 30—31, B. tanosy. 30, 6, apical antennal segments (posterior view; 30a, dorsal view); 31, 9,

metasomal basis. 32, B. tipuliformis, 9, metasomal basis. 33—34, B. trandraka, 2. 33, posterior part of metasoma,

right side, lateral view, with tooth of metapleural flange indicated (wings omitted); 34, metasomal basis. 35,

B. vadoni, 2, metasomal basis. 31—35: 9 X; 30: 36 X.

Female

The coloration is rather variable; mesosoma

dark green with metanotum yellow to ferrug-

inous, and mesopleuron ventrally, metapleuron

and propodeum to a variable extent ferruginous;

legs black to greenish, the tibiae and tarsi always

light ferruginous. The fore coxae and ventral

side of mesopleuron may bear some brown

setosity. Typically the propodeum bears some

oblique striae apically; these are absent in some

specimens.

Material examined. — 6 Q 2 @, Région

d'Ambanja, A. Seyrig (MNHN; 19 CH, 1 9

ZMA); 1 9, Prov. d’Analalava, Maromandia, R.

Decary, 1923 (MNHN, paratype).

Belonogaster ornata Saussure

(figs. 24, 25)

Belonogaster ornata Saussure, 1900: 209.

Belonogaster pomicolor Saussure, 1900: 209.

Belonogaster eumenoides, Richards, 1982: 47, 110,

figs. 91, 92 (partim).

It is possible that B. pomicolor is a distinct

26 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

species, but as long as the male is not known

we prefer to leave it in the synonymy of B. ornata.

Male.

Body length 14.0 mm, length of forewing 9.7

mm.

Coloration. — Head pale yellow, vertex green;

antennae ferruginous, scape ventrally yellow,

dorsally green. Mesosoma green, meso- and

metapleuron yellowish ferruginous; posterior

margin of scutellum and large parts of metan-

otum yellow; tegula ferruginous; propodeal

valves white. Legs green, fore coxae and middle

coxae anteriorly and lines along fore and middle

femora and tibiae white; posterior tibiae yellow,

proximally and apically infuscated; tarsi fuscous.

Petiolus and second metasomal tergite green,

rest of metasoma brown, second tergite with

white band apically, third to sixth tergite and

second to fifth sternite with white lateral spots

apically. Wings light brownish hyaline, veins

light brown.

Morphology. — Like the male of B. eume-

noides, except for the following. Gena 0.3 times

as wide as eye in lateral view; interocular distance

on vertex slightly shorter than third antennal

segment; third antennal segment 0.7 times as

long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 3.3 and 3.0

times as long as wide; eighth segment 3 times

as long as wide; third to eleventh with raised

longitudinal line ventrally; last segment strongly

curved, widest subapically (fig. 25); pronotal keel

absent; petiolus 1.2 times as long as hind tibia,

spiracles weakly prominent; stalk of second

tergite two times as long as wide (fig. 24).

Female.

Body length 15.2—16.8 mm, length of fore-

wing 10.6—12.9 mm.

Coloration. — Head green, mandibles and

genae, and often clypeus and frons yellow; an-

tennae green, scapes ventrally often yellow,

flagellum ferruginous. Mesosoma dark green,

mesopleuron and often metapleuron, metano-

tum yellow to ferruginous, propodeum often

ferruginous; propodeal valves whitish. Legs

green, with at least fore and mid tibiae, often

also hind tibiae yellow. Coloration of metasoma

variable: fuscous to green, with or without yellow

spots. Wings light brownish hyaline to yellow,

veins and stigma light brown to yellow.

Morphology. — Like female B. eumenoides,

except for the following. Gena 0.55 times as wide

as eye in lateral view; interocular distance on

vertex as long as third + fourth antennal seg-

ment; third antennal segment 1.1 times as long

as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.6 and 1.3 times

as long as wide; eighth segment as long as wide.

Pronotal carina weak. Petiolus 1.1—1.2 times

as long as hind tibia, spiracles weakly prominent;

stalk of second tergite 1.8—2.0 times as long

as wide.

Types. — The lectotype of B. ornata, by

present designation, is a 6, "Madagasc.”,

“ornatus Sauss., 6” (MHNG). Paralectotypes are

5 ® , 4 6, all MHNG. The lectotype of B.

pomicolor, by present designation, is a Q, labelled

“Madagasc’ (MHNG); paralectotypes are 5 9,

all MHNG.

Other specimens. — 1 @ 1 9, Fampanambo,

x.1962, J. Vadon (KMMA),; 29, Périnet, 950 m,

10.v.1984; R. Hensen & A. Aptroot (CH); 5 9,

Ivondro, 1.1941, 1 9, Fort Dauphin, viii.1940,

all A. Seyrig (MNHN; 1 9 CH).

Belonogaster prasina Saussure

Belonogaster prasinus Saussure, 1891: 92, pl. 19, fig.

5; Richards, 1982: 47, 107, figs. 87—89.

Some specimens have the mesosoma nearly

entirely yellow. The metasoma usually exhibits

well defined yellow bands but sometimes it is

entirely light ferruginous. Variation in size is

considerable: forewing of female 14.5—21.0 mm.

Material examined. — 1 9, Fampanambo,

11959, J. Vadon (KMMA); 2 9, Ifanadiana,

Ranomafana, 900 m, 29.xii.1971, 2 9, Nosy Be,

Dzamandzar, 8/11.1.1971, all L & R. Blommers

(ZMA); 2 & 5 Q, Fort Dauphin, v.1937, 1 Q

2 9, Région d'Ambanja, 7 9, Sambirano, 1 9,

Périnet, 11.1931, all A. Seyrig (MNHN, 1 &

39 CH).

Belonogaster scutifera sp. n.

(figs. 26—28)

Male.

Body length 20.2 mm, length of forewing 16.1

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; the following

parts pale yellow: mandibles, clypeus except for

a median stripe, frons except medially below

antennal insertions, ventral half of eye emar-

ginations, propodeal valves, all coxae ventrally,

fore and middle trochanters and all femora

anteriorly, small apical spots on fore tibiae,

streak anteriorly on middle and hind tibiae, fifth

segment of fore tarsi proximally; remaining part

of fore tarsi black; antennae dorsally darkened;

metasoma behind stalk darkened, except broad

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster DI

apical margins of second to fifth segment. Wings

yellowish hyaline, veins yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with dense white

tomentum, and sparse black setae; vertex with

rather long black setae; mesosoma with sparse

white tomentum and sparse very short black

setae; mid and hind femora ventrally with black

setae, particularly along the posterior margins.

Head. — Clypeus bluntly angled below, angle

about 120°; gena 0.35 times as wide as eye in

lateral view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus

sparsely finely punctulate, shiny, vertex densely

punctulate, dull, with a few coarse punctures;

third antennal segment 0.8 times as long as

fourth + fifth, these resp. 4 and 3.5 times as

long as wide; eighth segment 1.6 times as long

as wide; ninth and tenth segment keeled on inner

side, last segment apically pointed (fig. 26).

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.15 times as long

as wide; scutellum with median impressed line;

metapleural flange without tooth; propodeum

with anterior depression obsolete, median im-

pressed line absent, posterior depression weak;

integument dull, finely punctulate-reticulate,

with sparse punctation, punctures of mesoscu-

tum distinct, though shallow. Legs: fifth segment

of fore tarsi strongly dilated and flattened, shield-

like (fig. 27). Hindwing: M + Cu divides before

cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.15 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not transversely striate,

posteriorly swollen, spiracles prominent; stalk

of second tergite three times as long as wide;

seventh sternite truncate.

Female.

Body length 23.0 mm, length of forewing 17.8

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous, femora and tibiae

and antennae dorsally darkened; propodeal

valves reddish yellow; sixth sternite black.

Pubescence. — Like the male, but clypeus only

with black setae and some tomentum, mid and

hind femora ventrally with many black setae,

metasoma with brown to black setae on tergites

and sternites behind the petiolus, setosity of sixth

sternite rather long and dense.

Head. — Clypeus acute ventrally, angle about

100°; gena 0.5 times as wide as eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus finely punc-

tulate, and sparsely strongly punctate; vertex

dull, punctulate-reticulate, and with sparse shal-

low punctures; third antennal segment as long

as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.4 and 1.6 times

as long as wide, eighth segment 1.1 times as

long as wide.

Mesosoma. — Like the male but fifth tarsal

segment not dilated.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.2 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly

weakly swollen, spiracles slightly prominent (fig.

28); stalk of second tergite 3 times as long as

wide.

Holotype. — 6, “Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Ma-

dagascar Est: Ambodivoangy, v.1960, J. Vadon”

(KMMA).

Paratype. — 9, Fampanambo, ii. 1961,J. Vadon

(KMMA).

Belonogaster tanosy sp. n.

(figs. 29—31)

Male.

Body length 15.4—17.0 mm, length of fore-

wing 10.9—11.3 mm (holotype: largest speci-

men).

Coloration. — Head pale yellow, vertex dark

greenish brown; mandibles pale yellow; anten-

nae yellowish ferruginous, first three segments

with greenish tinge. Mesosoma dark green, pron-

otum laterally, mesopleuron, metapleuron, pos-

terior margin of scutellum, metanotum laterally

and propodeal valves pale yellow; tegulae green-

ish brown; fore legs and mid coxae pale yellow,

mid and hind legs green, with the last tarsomeres

ferruginous. Metasoma fuscous, petiolus and

stalk of second tergite dark green. Wings yel-

lowish hyaline, veins yellow.

Morphology. — Like the male of B. eume-

noides, except for the following. Clypeus 1.1

times as long as dorsally wide; gena 0.3 times

as wide as eye in lateral view; interocular width

on vertex as long as third antennal segment;

third antennal segment 0.79 times as long as

fourth + fifth, these resp. 3.1 and 2.8 times as

long as wide; eighth segment 2.1 times as long

as wide; third to tenth with raised longitudinal

line ventrally, the ones on the apical segments

flattened and polished; last two segments dorsi-

ventrally flattened and concave on inner side;

last segment strongly curved (fig. 30); pronotal

keel weak; petiolus 1.05 times as long as hind

tibia, posteriorly distinctly swollen, spiracles

strongly prominent (cf. fig. 31) weakly prom-

inent in some of the paratypes); stalk of second

tergite 1.5 times as long as wide.

28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 36—41. 36—37, B. dayi, &. 36, apical antennal segments; 37, fore tarsus. 38—39, B. fanemitra, &. 38,

apical antennal segments; 39, fore tarsus. 40—41, B. maromandia, 6. 40, apical antennal segments; 41, fore

tarsus. 37, 39, 41: 18 X; 36, 38, 40: 36 X.

Female.

Body length 14.7—15.4 mm, length of fore-

wing 9.7—10.4 mm.

Coloration. — Head ferruginous, clypeus me-

dially and ventrally, and sides of frons yellow;

vertex dark fuscous; scape greenish black, fla-

gellum dark ferruginous. Mesosoma ferruginous,

pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum anteriorly

fuscous; propodeum medially darkened, propo-

deal valves yellow. Legs dark green, fore coxae

ferruginous, mid coxae dark ferruginous. Wings

yellowish hyaline, veins yellow. Metasoma fus-

cous, anterior half of petiolus and stalk of second

tergite green.

Specimens from other than the type locality

differ as follows: propodeum green; fore and

mid tibiae and fore tarsi yellow, mid tarsi and

hind tibiae and tarsi fuscous; second metasomal

tergite with a pair of yellow spots apically.

Morphology. — Like female B. eumenoides,

except for the following. Malar space shorter

than maximal flagellar width; gena 0.4 times

as wide as eye in lateral view; interocular distance

on vertex nearly as long as third + fourth +

fifth antennal segment; third antennal segment

1.1 times as long as fourth + fifth, these resp.

1.2 and 1.1 times as long as wide; eighth segment

0.9 times as long as wide. Pronotal keel weak.

Petiolus (fig. 31) 1.3 times as long as hind tibia,

posteriorly distinctly swollen, spiracles rather

strongly prominent; stalk of second tergite 1.4

times as long as wide.

Holotype. — 6, “Madagascar, Fort Dauphin,

500 m, 15.iv.1968, K. M. Guichard” (BMNH).

Paratypes. — 1 9 2 8, same data as holotype

(BMNH, 1 @ CH); 1 9, Fénérive, 22.xu.1955,

E. McC Callan (BMNH); 3 ©, Fénérive-Est,

15.x.1971, L. & R. Blommers (ZMA); 8 9,

Sambirano, 1 9, Fort Dauphin, vii.1940, all A.

Seyrig (MNHN, 1 © CH, 1 £RMNH).

Belonogaster tipuliformis sp. n.

(fig. 32)

Female.

Body length 19.2 mm, length of forewing 14.5

mm.

Coloration. — Head green, mandibles, genae

and sides of clypeus and frons yellow; antennae

ferruginous, scape green. Mesosoma yellow,

pronotum except ventral corners, mesoscutum

and propodeum anterodorsally green. Legs yel-

low, mid and hind coxae pale green, femora

green, tarsi largely black. Metasoma fuscous,

petiolus anterodorsally and ventrally, and stalk

of second tergite green, second to sixth tergite

with apical yellow band which is interrupted in

the middle on second to fourth; second to sixth

sternite largely yellow. Wings proximally yel-

lowish grey, apical third bright yellow.

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 2°)

Figs. 42—45. Nests of Belonogaster. 42, B. dayi, at Périnet (courtesy of Dr W. G. d’Arcy, Missouri); 4

B. eumenoides, at Manjakandriana, Mandraka, nest nr. 73.20; 44, B. guerini, at Fénérive, nest nr. 71.58; 45,

B. madecassa, at Tsaramandroso, nest nr. 72.23.

Pubescence. — Clypeus ventrally with brown

setae, vertex and mesosoma dorsally with sparse

short yellowish setae; fore coxa with dense white

pubescence, and several longer black setae; mid

and hind femora with some white setae beneath;

metasoma without black setosity.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

100°; gena 0.7 times as wide as eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus sparsely

punctate, dorsal two thirds densely punctulate;

vertex densely punctulate, with a few indistinct

punctures; third antennal segment 1.1 times as

long as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.5 and 1.4

30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

times as long as wide; eighth segment 1.1 times

as long as wide.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long

as wide; metapleural flange without tooth; prop-

odeum with anterior depression small, posterior

depression small but deep, impressed median

line very short; integument punctulate-reticu-

late, sparsely shallowly punctate, fairly shiny.

Hindwing: M + Cu divides after cu-a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.2 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly dis-

tinctly swollen, spiracles prominent (fig. 32);

stalk of second tergite 3.5 times as long as wide.

Holotype. — 9, “Madagascar; (Tamat.); Pé-

rinet; 950 m; 48° 16 E, 18° 56 S; 10.v.1984; leg.

R. Hensen & A. Aptroot’ (RMNH).

Paratypes. — 1 9, “Madagascar, collection le

Moult”, 1 9, Sambirano, Manongarivo, 1150 m,

x11.1960, P. Griveaud (both MNHN).

Belonogaster trandraka sp. n.

(figs. 33, 34)

Female.

Body length 20.6 mm, length of forewing 14.2

mm.

Coloration. — Ferruginous; antennae infus-

cated, except the apical segments ventrally; legs

dark brown, but fore coxae ferruginous, mid

coxae, fore and mid femora and fore tibiae

greenish; propodeal valves pale yellow; meta-

soma fuscous, petiolus ventrally and dorsally on

anterior half green. Wings light brown, veins

and stigma yellowish to reddish ferruginous.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with rather long yel-

low setae; vertex and mesosoma dorsally with

long rather dense black setosity, setae half as

long as flagellar width; fore coxae only with short

white pubescence; mid and hind femora ventrally

with sparse white pubescence; setosity of pos-

terior tergites and sternites light brownish, com-

paratively short.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

100°; gena in lateral view 0.6 times as wide as

eye; cephalic foveae absent; ventral third of

clypeus granulate, sparsely foveolate, dorsal two

thirds punctulate, with sparse coarse punctures;

vertex punctulate-reticulate, with distinct punc-

tation. Third antennal segment 1.1 times as long

as fourth + fifth, these resp. 1.1 and 1.0 times

as long as wide; eighth segment 0.9 times as

long as wide.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum as long as wide;

scutellum without impressed median line; me-

sopleural flange produced into a flat tooth,

behind the mesopleural spiracular lobe (fig. 33);

propodeum with distinct anterior depression,

impressed median line only present just above

the small, shallow posterior depression. Integ-

ument punctulate-reticulate, and densely, rather

coarsely punctate, interspaces as large as the

punctures on the mesoscutum. Hindwing: M +

Cu divides before cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.5 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not striate, posteriorly

hardly swollen, spiracles not prominent (fig. 34);

stalk of second tergite as long as wide.

Holotype. — 9, “Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr., Ma-

dagascar Est: Ambodivoangy, v.1960, J. Vadon”

(KMMA).

Etymology. — “Trandraka” is the local name

for one of the peculiar Malagasy hedgehogs, or

Tenrecs, insectivorous mammals of the family

Tenrecidae. The name is chosen because of the

long erect pubescence and similar colour of the

wasp.

Belonogaster vadoni sp. n.

(fig. 35)

Female.

Body length 26.3 mm, length of forewing 17.7

mm.

Coloration. — Yellow, antennae bright fer-

ruginous, pronotum dorsally with a pair of green

markings; petiolus suffused with green, second

and third tergite anteriorly green. Wings yellow,

veins and stigma yellow.

Pubescence. — Clypeus with yellow, frons and

vertex with conspicuous short black setae; mes-

osoma with black setosity, on mesonotum rather

dense and long; fore coxae with long dense black

setosity, and white tomentum; mid and hind

femora ventrally only with short pale pubes-

cence; metasoma with yellowish tomentum and

yellow setae.

Head. — Clypeus acute below, angle about

90°; gena 0.7 times as wide as eye in lateral

view; cephalic foveae absent; clypeus ventrally

coarsely punctate, dorsal three-fifth densely

punctulate and sparsely rather finely punctate;

vertex dull, punctulate-reticulate, punctation in-

distinct; third antennal segment 1.1 times as long

as fourth + fifth, these both 1.2 times as long

as wide, eighth segment 0.9 times as long as

wide.

Mesosoma. — Mesoscutum 1.1 times as long

as wide; scutellum with median line weakly

impressed on posterior half; metapleural flange

HENSEN & BLOMMERS: Review of Malagasy Belonogaster 31

without tooth; propodeum without anterior de-

pression, median impressed line indicated on

posterior half, posterior depression well deve-

loped; integument dull, finely punctulate-retic-

ulate, with sparse shallow, indistinct punctation;

propodeum with strong oblique striae above the

posterior depression. Hindwing: M + Cu divides

before cu—a.

Metasoma. — Petiolus 1.3 times as long as

hind tibia, ventrally not transversely striate,

posteriorly swollen, spiracles prominent (fig.

35); stalk of second tergite 1.7 times as long

as wide.

Holotype. — 9, “Coll. Mus Tervuren, N. E.

Madagascar, Fampanambo, 1.1959, J. Vadon”

(KMMA).

REFERENCES

Richards, O. W., 1982. A revision of the genus

Belonogaster de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespi-

dae). — Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural

History), Entomology 44 (2): 31—114.

Saussure, H. L. F. de, 1853—54. Monographie des

guepes sociales ou de la tribu des Vespiens: i—xxi

+ 1-590. — Paris & Genova (1—96, 1853,

97—256, 1854).

Saussure, H. L. F. de, 1891. In: Grandidier, A, Histoire

Physique naturelle et politique de Madagascar. 20.

Histoire Naturelle des Hymenoptères. Première

partie: i—xxi + 1—590, 27 pls. — Paris.

Saussure, H. L. F. de, 1900. Wissenschaftliche Er-

gebnisse der Reisen in Madagascar und Ostafrika

in der Jahren 1889—1895 von Dr. A. Voeltzkow.

Hymenoptera Vespidae. — Abhandlungen der

Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesell-

schaft 262: 203—210.

Smith, F, 1857. Catalogue of the hymenopterous

insects in the collection of the British Museum.

Part 5. Vespidae: i—iv + 1—147. — London.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 33—47

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

MORPHOLOGIE DER LARVEN UND PUPPEN EINIGER

PHYLIDOREA-ARTEN (DIPTERA, LIMONIIDAE)

von

JOLANTA WIEDENSKA

Instytut Biologii Srodowiskowej, Lédé, Polen

ABSTRACT

Die Larven und Puppen von vier Arten der Gattung Phylidorea Bigot (Limoniidae, He-

xatominae) werden beschrieben, Phylidorea (s. str.) nigricollis (Mg.) und Phylidorea

(Euphylidorea) nigronotata (Siebke) zum ersten Mal. Die Beschreibungen und Illustrationen

von Phylidorea (s. str.) squalens Zett. und Phylidorea (Euphylidorea) fulvonervosa

(Schumm.) sind umfassender und genauer als frühere.

Als Material fiir die Beschreibungen wurden die Exuvien von Larven des 4. Stadiums

und von Puppen benutzt.

EINLEITUNG

In Europa wurde bisher das Vorkommen von

15 Arten der Gattung Phylidorea Bigot (sensu

Alexander, 1972) festgestellt. Dagegen sind nur

sieben Arten in den Praeimaginalstadien be-

kannt.

Die Beschreibungen der Larven und Puppen

von diesen Arten sind meist unvollstandig (Be-

ling, 1878, 1886; De Meijere, 1916; Lévy, 1918;

Brindle, 1958, 1967; Hennig, 1968). Die Autoren

dieser Arbeiten haben oft solche Merkmale be-

rücksichtigt, die für die ganze Gattung oder viele

Phylidorea-Arten zutreffen, deshalb sind diese

Charakteristiken keine guten diagnostischen Be-

schreibungen. Von grösserer Bedeutung sind die

von Brindle und Bryce (1960) zusammengestell-

ten Bestimmungstabellen, weil sie nicht nur den

Analsegmentbau sondern auch den Kopfkapsel-

bau berticksichtigen. Diese Bestimmungstabellen

werden jedoch von den Autoren selbst fiir ziem-

lich provisorisch gehalten, weil sie nicht alle Ar-

ten enthalten und die angegebenen Merkmale

meistens keine diagnostischen Merkmale einzel-

ner Arten sind. Alle bisher bekannten Jugend-

stadien der Limoniiden sind in den Bestim-

mungstabellen von Rozkosny und Pokorny

(1980) enthalten.

Meine Arbeit betrifft die Larvenmorphologie

des 4. Stadiums und die Morphologie der männ-

lichen Puppen von vier Arten der Gattung

Phylidorea Bigot. Zwei Arten werden zum ersten

Mal von mir beschrieben, namlich Phylidorea

(s. str.) nigricollis (Mg.) und Phylidorea

(Euphylidorea) nigronotata (Siebke). Die Be-

schreibungen von Phylidorea (s. str.) squalens

Zett. und Phylidorea (Euphylidorea) fulvoner-

vosa (Schumm.) dagegen enthalten neue, bisher

in der Literatur unbekannte Einzelheiten.

Es wurde die Taxonomie von Phylidorea Bigot

nach Alexander (1972) und Mendl (1978) an-

gewandt, obwohl Stary (1981) und Savtshenko

(1986a, b) innerhalb dieser Gattung wesentliche

Veränderungen vorschlägen.

Herrn Doz. Dr. Krzysztof Jazdzewski danke

ich sehr herzlich für wertvolle Anregungen zu

meiner Arbeit.

MATERIAL UND METHODEN

Die Untersuchungen wurden von Herbst 1980

bis Herbst 1983 durchgeführt. Das Material

wurde im Lubrzanka-Fluss (rechter Nebenfluss

des Czarna Nida-Fluss, Swietokrzyskie Gebirge)

und im Grabia-Fluss (rechter Nebenfluss des Wi-

dawka-Fluss, Central Polen) gesammelt.

Die Larven des 4. Stadiums leben im Ufer-

schlamm an der Wasserlinie. Sie wurden mit ei-

nem hydrobiologischen Netz (Maschenweite: 0,5

mm) entnommen, vorsichtig ausgespült und in

Thermosflaschen in das Laboratorium transpor-

tiert. Dort wurde jede Larve einzeln in einer

Kunstoffschale mit sauberem Sand und Fluss-

wasser bis zur Imago zogen. Beobachtungen an

lebenden Tieren erfolgten durch den Schalen-

deckel.

Imago, zugehörige Exuvien der Puppe und des

letzten Larvenstadiums wurden nach dem

Schliipfen in 75% Alkohol konserviert. Die

Kopfkapseln der Larvenexuvien wurden in mi-

kroskopischen Dauernpraparaten in Canadabal-

sam verarbeitet.

Von etwa 90 ziichteten Larven haben sich acht

zur Imago entwickelt, weitere acht haben sich

verpuppt, die tibrigen erreichten das 4. Stadium.

Fiir meine Beschreibungen benutzte ich nur Ex-

emplare, die sich zumindest bis zur Puppe ent-

wickelt hatten.

Dieser Material bildet nur ein Teil meiner von

Swietokrzyskie Gebirge bearbeitenen Samm-

lung/ Wiederiska 1986/. Auf diesem Gebiet habe

] N [me pe À

AN ZAR

IN n

[LAN

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ich das Vorkommen von 7 Arten der Gattung

Phylidorea Bigot festgestellt, aber nur vier Arten

habe ich bis zur Imago oder Puppe züchten kön-

nen.

Phylidorea (Ph.) nigricollis (Mg.)

Limnobia nigricollis Meigen, 1830: 276.

Limnophila nigricollis (Mg.); de Meijere, 1921: 85.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) nigricollis (Mg.); Stary,

1970: 146.

Verbreitung: Mittel- und Nordeuropa (Stary

1970; Savtshenko 1986 b).

Material: 3 @, 5 9. Lubrzanka-Fluss: Zagnarisk —

Gruszka, 1 Larve: 22.x1.1980 gesammelt, 29.xii.1980,

8 geschlüpft; Marzysz, 1 Larve: 20.v.1981 gesammelt,

30.v.1981, 9 geschliipft; Marzysz, 1 Larve: 20.v.1981

gesammelt, 21.v.1981, & verpuppt; Marzysz, 1 Larve:

14.v.1982 gesammelt, 21.v.1982, & verpuppt. Grabia-

Fig. 1. Analsegment von Phylidorea (Ph.) nigricollis. Dorsalansicht. Fig. 2. Kopfkapsel Phylidorea (Ph.) nigricollis.

Dorsalansicht.

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 35

Fluss: Grabica, 1 Larve: 18.v.1982 gesammelt,

06.vi.1982, 9 geschliipft; Grabica, 1 Larve: 06.v.1983

gesammelt, 19.v.1983, © geschlüpft; Zamo$é, 1 Larve:

12.iv.1983 gesammelt, 22.iv.1983, 9 geschlüpft; Za-

most, 1 Larve: 12.v.1983 gesammelt, 23.v.1983, 9

geschliipft.

Länge der Larven des 4. Stadiums 17—20 mm.

Körper bedeckt mit sehr kurzer und zarter, aber

dichter brauner und schillernder Behaarung.

Verletztes Segment charakteristisch ange-

schwollen.

Auf der Ventralseite des Analsegments (Fig.

1) vier ziemlich grosse, ovale Analpapillen. Stig-

menfeld auf der Dorsalseite gelegen, Stigmen

deutlich pigmentiert, oval. Vier Randlappen: die

zwei Ventrallappen lang und breit, die beiden

Laterallappen kurz und stämmig, nur etwa halb

so lang wie die Ventrallappen. Randlappen mit

hellbraunen Streifen (schmale auf den Lateral-

lappen, breite an der Basis auf den Ventrallap-

pen), die sich auf dem Stigmenfeld nicht mit

einander verbinden. Distalränder der Ventral-

lappen fast schwarz, stark sklerotisiert, mit einer

dichten Reihe langer und weicher Haare ge-

säumt. Das Stigmenfeld nackt.

Kopfkapsel (Fig. 2), wie bei

anderen

Phylidorea-Arten schwach und zart sklerotisiert.

Länge: 1,5—1,9 mm. Die Lateralplatten mit den

tiefen Dorsalspalten in Externo- und Interno-

lateralia geteilt. Internolateralia hinter der Fron-

talplatte verbunden, am Hinterrand der Kopf-

kapsel durch die schmale, nicht sehr tiefe

Coronalspalte geteilt. Alle Platten fein und fast

durchsichtig; stark sklerotisiert sind nur die Lei-

sten, die die Rander dieser Platten bilden. Die

Externolateralia rinnenförmig, auf der Ventral-

seite durch starke Leisten mit dem Hypopharynx

verbunden. Die Verbindungsstelle der langlichen

Leisten, die die Antennen und Mundgliedmassen

tragen, ist am kraftigsten sklerotisiert.

Antennen (Fig. 3a) zweigliederig. Basalglied

75,7—100,7 um lang, 22,2—30,7 um breit. Api-

kalglied 41,5—56,9 um lang, 6,5— 7,9 um breit,

fein gestreift. Auf dem Basalglied zwei schlanke

Sensillen und eine Borste, die etwa halb so lang

wie das Apikalglied ist. Sockel breit, stark skle-

rotisiert, unregelmässig geformt.

Clypeolabrum (Fig. 4a): Länge 149,6—174,1

um. Breite 290,2— 340,3 um, ziemlich stark skle-

rotisiert. Sutur zwischen Clypeus und Labrum

undeutlich. Lateralränder mit stark sklerotisier-

ten ‘Flügelchen”. Am Vorderrand des Clypeo-

labrums (Fig. 5a) verschiedenartige Strukturen,

Fig. 3. Antennen Phylidorea-Larven: a, Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis, b, Ph. (Ph.) squalens; c, Ph. (E.) nigronotata; 4, Ph.

(E). fulvonervosa.

36 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

die symmetrisch angeordnet sind: links und

rechts von der Medianen zwei kraftige, etwas

abgestumpfte Dorne; seitlich davon, auf vorste-

henden Erhöhungen, je drei fingerförmige, ne-

beneinander liegende Fortsätze; daneben je zwei

feine Sensillen (finger- und lanzettformig) und

auf den am weitesten lateral gelegenen, deut-

lichen Erhöhungen je drei Fortsätze mit schar-

tigen Randern. Auf der Flache etwas vom Vor-

derrand entfernt, lateral je ein selbst ziemlich

kraftig sklerotisierter Fortsatz mit unregelmäs-

sigen Randern auf stark sklerotisierten Erhebun-

gen. Daneben, zur Medianen hin, zwei weiche,

streitkolbenförmige, niedrige Warzen.

Epipharynx (Fig. 5b) auf der Ventralseite des

Clypeolabrums gelegen. Symmetrisch zur Kör-

perachse befinden sich von vorn nach hinten:

ein Paar zweigliederige, fingerförmige Fortsätze

und drei Paar Sensillen. Ausserhalb dieser Rei-

hen auf sehr kräftig sklerotisierten, ausgedehn-

ten Erhöhungen zwei lange, steife Borsten, die

an der Rändern dieser Erhöhungen liegen. Nä-

her zum Aussenrand des Epipharynx ein kleines

Büschel niedriger, dicker Haare.

Mandibeln (Fig. 6a, e) 352,8—405,1 pm lang,

129,2—156,5 um breit. Ziemlich stark sklero-

tisiert, besonders im unregelmässigen und ziem-

lich bauchigen Proximalteil. Der Apikalteil

dorso-ventral abgeflacht, mit langem, gleichmäs-

sig verjüngtem und zur Mitte umgebogenem

Zahn. Am Innerrand dieses Zahns nahe seiner

Basis eine schwach sklerotisierte, fast durchsich-

tige, schmale Klinge, die fast die Hälfte der

Zahnlänge erreicht. Unter dem ersten, dem Api-

kalzahn, noch vier Zahne: der zweite und dritte

Zahn blättrig, fein, in der Höhe ausgebreitet;

der vierte Zahn dreieckig, spitz endend und stark

sklerotisiert; der fünfte Zahn klein, schmal, ab-

gestutzt, mit unregelmässigem Rand. Die Ka-

nalmündungen befinden sich an der Basis des

zweiten Zahns und auf dem Basalvorsprung der

Mandibel weit unterhalb des fünften Zahns. Auf

der Aussenfläche der Mandibel, ein Drittel von

der Basis entfernt, zwei lange Borsten.

Maxillen (Fig. 7a): etwa 500 pm lang, an der

Basis 106,4— 169,9 um breit. Im Basalteil ziem-

lich stark sklerotisiert, zur Spitze hin schwächer.

Der membranartige Apikalteil an den stark skle-

100 um

Fig. 4. Clypeolabrum der Phylidorea-Larven: a, Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis; b, Ph. (Ph.) squalens; c, Ph. (E.) nigronotata;

d, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 37

rotisierten, spitze zulaufenden Keil angelehnt.

Die Innenflachen der Maxillen im Apikalteil

dicht behaart.

Hypopharynx (Fig. 8a, b) membranös, von

der Querbrticke und zwei Lateralarmen begrenzt.

Am Vorderrand lateral zwei säulenartige Labial-

palpen, von 34,7—35,9 um Höhe; die Entfer-

nung zwischen beiden beträgt 58,3—63,7 um.

Auf der platten Apikalfliche des Palpus eine

schlanke Papille (Lange 10,8—12,5 um). Die

Querbrücke (Länge 44,4—72,8 um, Breite

195,2— 228,7 um) ist stark gleichmässig skle-

rotisiert, mit fast parallelen Rändern. Die La-

teralarme (Länge 177,0—215,7 um, Breite

130,9—172,4 um) sind unregelmässig und platt.

Ihre Aussen- und Vorderränder sind umgebogen

und stärker sklerotisiert als die übrigen Teile.

Hypostomium nicht entwickelt.

Die unbewegliche Puppe ist dunkelbraun, hell

nur an den Segmentgrenzen. Die Länge der

männlichen Puppe beträgt etwa 15 mm, der

weiblichen etwa 17 mm.

Die Kopfscheide (Fig. 9a) ist flach, dunkler

als der Puppenkörper. Die Labralscheide (Breite

344—358 um) ist gläschenförmig, etwas vor die

Labialscheide vorgeschoben. Die Maxillentaster-

scheiden (Länge etwa 630 um) sind allmählich

zur Spitze hin verschmälert, etwas nach oben

gekrümmt. Die Labialtasterscheiden (Länge

etwa 230 um) sind schlank, von charakteristi-

scher Gestalt: im Mittelteil stark gewölbt, im

Distalteil dagegen abrupt verengt.

Pronotalhörner (Fig. 10a) 900—930 um lang,

röhrchenförmig, an der Basis rund, im Apikalteil

abgeplattet. Oberfläche mit sklerotisierten La-

mellen bedeckt, sehr fein gekerbt. Die Ränder

N n o NEI =D teli

( Il

| MUNG Ile / ( a

Mili Vili |

eld

Fig. 5. Vorderrand des Clypeolabrums (a, c, e, g) und Vorderteil des Epipharynx (b, d, f, h) der Phylidorea-Larven:

a—b, Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis, c—d, Ph.(Ph.) squalens; e—f, Ph. (E.) nigronotata, g—h, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

“psoarauoagpnf (I) Yd UP pwjouo4sıu (4) ‘dd Gif 5) (suojonbs (4d) dd JY ‘SUJOIABIU (4d) Gd ST ‘UdAIeT-vasopyhgd Jap ujaqipuryy ‘9 ‘SIA

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 39

100 um

Fig. 7. Maxillen der Phylidorea-Larven: a, Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis; b, Ph. (Ph.) squalens; c, Ph. (E.) nigronotata; d,

Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

der Atmungsspalte membranartig, mit spitz ge-

franstem Chitin verstarkt. Da die Sklerotisierung

der Pronotalhörner stark ist, sind Tracheen-

stamm und Atmungskammer unsichtbar.

Die Fltigelscheiden reichen bis zum Ende des

2. Abdominalsegments. Die gleichartigen Bein-

scheiden reichen fast bis zum Ende des 3. Ab-

dominalsegments.

Die Abdominaltergite und -sternite sind mit

unregelmässigen Plättchen bedeckt (Fig. 11a),

die ein ziemlich symmetrisches Muster bilden:

zwei horizontale Reihen mit dicht nebeneinan-

der angeordneten Plattchen und zwei vertikale

Reihen an den Segmentseiten bilden ein Recht-

eck, dessen Fläche unregelmässig mit Plättchen

bedeckt ist. Die Sternite sind dichter als die Ter-

gite mit Plattchen bedeckt. In der Mitte von Ter-

git und Sternit befindet sich das unpaare Stigma.

Am Hinterrand des vorletzten Abdominalseg-

ments steht eine Reihe dicht angeordneter, spit-

zer Dorne.

Analsegment des & (Fig. 12a) schlank mit ei-

nem Paar unregelmässiger und ziemlich weicher

Lateralvorspringe (L). Zwei Paar Dorsalvor-

sprünge: die Anterodorsalvorspriinge (AD) sind

klein, die Posterodorsalvorspriinge (PD) dage-

gen grösser und stämmig. Die Analvorspriinge

(AN) an dem gemeinsamen Stamm sind lang

und schlank.

Phylidorea (Ph.) squalens (Zett.)

Limnobia squalens Zetterstedt, 1838: 834.

Limnophila bicolor (Zett.); Lundstrôm, 1912: 63.

Limnophila squalens (Zett.); de Meijere, 1921: 73.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) squalens (Zett.); Stary,

1970: 147.

Praeimaginalstadien:

Limnophila (Phylidorea) squalens (Zett.); Brindle &

Bryce, 1960: 217, Fig. 13 (Analsegment); Brindle

1967: 199, Fig. 48, 52 (Analsegment), Fig. 123

(Pronotalhorn).

Verbreitung: Mittel- und Nordeuropa, Nord-

und Ostsibirien (Stary, 1970; Savtshenko,

1986b).

Material: 2 &. Lubrzanka-Fluss: Ameliöwka, 1

Larve: 20.v.1981 gesammelt, 25.v.1981, @ verpuppt;

Zagnansk — Jaworze, 1 Larve: 23.iv.1983 gesammelt,

04.v.1983, & geschliipft.

Die Lange der Larven des 4. Stadiums beträgt

etwa 10—12 mm. Bei makroskopischer Betrach-

tung ist die Larve anderen Phylidorea-Arten ähn-

lich, aber bedeutend kleiner. Ihr Körper ist mit

einer dunkelbraunen und intensiv schillernden

Behaarung bedeckt. Analpapillen klein und ku-

40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

gelförmig. Ventrallappen lang und breit an der

Basis. Laterallappen fast so lang wie die Ventral-

lappen. Randbehaarung sehr lang, pigmentierte

Streifen auf den Randlappen deutlich und breit.

Die Länge der Kopfkapsel beträgt 0.9—1,3

mm.

Antennen (Fig. 3b): Basalglied 24,6 um lang,

17,7 um breit; Apikalglied 35,3 um lang, 6,3 um

breit. Das Apikalglied ist fein gestreift und sitzt

auf dem Basalglied versenkt in einer kragenför-

migen Krause. Auf der Distalfläche des Basal-

100 um

glieds eine steifen Borste, die etwas länger als das

Apikalglied ist. Sensillen fehlen.

Clypeolabrum (Fig. 4b) 111,0—145,1 pm lang,

146,8— 207,8 um breit, trapezförmig mit sanft

abgegrundeten Ecken. Lateralränder ohne skle-

rotisierte "Flügelchen”. Am Vorderrand (Fig. Sc)

zwei Paar stärkerer Borsten, seitlich davon

scharfe, in einer Vertiefung angelegte Dorne,

flankiert von einer Papille.

Epipharynx (Fig. 5d) am Vorderrand nahe des

Medianen mit einem Paar lanzettförmiger Papil-

ar CD

SAC

Fig. 8. Hypopharynx der Phylidorea-Larven und seine Grundbestandteile: a, Hypopharynx von Ph. (Ph)

nigricollis; b, Querbrücke und Lateralarm von Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis; c, Ph. (Ph.) squalens; d, Ph. (E.) nigronotata;

e, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa; f, Labium von Ph. (Ph.) squalens; g, Ph. (E.) nigronotata; h, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 41

len, dahinter ein Paar zweigliederige Fortsätze

mit kleines Papille an der Basis, seitlich davon

zwei stark sklerotisierte Erhöhungen mit dichter

Behaarung. Einzeln stehende Borsten fehlen.

Mandibeln (Fig. Gb, f) nur 196,6—273,1 um

lang und 84,2—114,9 um breit. Die schlanke und

durchsichtige Klinge am Innenrand des A pikal-

zahns erreicht fast zwei Drittel seiner Linge. Der

zweite Zahn ist platt mit einer ziemlich breiten

Klinge, der dritte bedeutend kleiner und schlank.

Anstelle des fünften Zahns steht eine geringe

Erhöhung mit der Kanalmündung. Auf der Aus-

senfläche der Mandibel befindet sich zwei unter-

schiedlich lange, ziemlich dicke aber weiche Bor-

sten.

Maxillen (Fig. 7b) etwa 250 pm lang und etwa

100 pm breit, fast auf ganzer Länge gleich breit.

Hypopharynx (Fig. 8c, f): die Querbrücke 22,2

um lang in der Mitte, 84,8 um breit; die Latera-

larme 155,3—191,2 um lang und 69,4— 101,3 um

breit. Die Querbrücke ist unterschiedlich stark

sklerotisiert, am schwächsten in der Vertiefung

in der Mitte. Die Labialpalpen 29,6 um, die Pa-

pillen 10,8 um hoh.

Hypostomium nicht entwickelt.

Die Puppe ist hellbraun, ihre Lange beträgt

etwa 9 mm.

Die Kopfscheide (Fig. 9b) hat dieselbe Farbe

wie der Körper. Die Labralscheide (Breite 200

um) ist oval, lang und deutlich sichtbar ausser-

halb vor die Basis der Labialtasterscheiden vor-

geschoben. Die Maxillentasterscheiden (Länge:

etwa 340 um) wirken untersetzt, sie sind allmäh-

lich zur Spitze hinverschmälert. Die Labialtaster-

scheiden (Länge: etwa 140 um) sind kurz, unter-

setzt, schaufelförmig.

Die Pronotalhörner (Fig. 10b) (Länge

230—270 um) sind klein, untersetzt,

kegelstumpfförmig, mit gerundeten Ecken. Im

Durchmesser sind sie an der Basis rund, bauchig,

dagegen im Apikalteil abgeflacht. Ihre Fläche ist

eben. Die Atmungskammer und der Tracheen-

stamm scheinen durch.

Die Flügelscheiden reichen bis zum Ende des

2. Abdominalsegments, die Beinscheiden fast bis

zum Ende des 3. Abdominalsegments.

Die kutikulare Oberflächenstruktur auf Tergi-

ten und Sterniten (Fig. 11b) besteht aus spitzen

Dornen, die ein Rechteck bilden. Seine Fläche ist

unregelmässig mit Dornen bedeckt. An den La-

teralrändern der Tergite und Sternite befinden

sich unregelmässige, dunkelbraune Pigment-

streifen. Im Distalteil und in einem Zweitel der

Länge jedes Abdominalpleurits steht ein grosser

Dorn.

Analsegment @ (Fig. 12b) kurz und untersetzt

mit zwei Paar Lateralversprüngen und zwei Paar

verschiedenartigen kegelförmigen Dorsalvor-

sprüngen. Vor jedem Anterodorsalvorsprung

eine kräftige, kurze, spitze Borste. Die beiden

kurzen Analvorsprünge haben separate Stämme.

Phylidorea (Euphylidorea) nigronotata

(Siebke)

Limnobia nigronotata Siebke, 1870: 305.

Phylidorea (Macrolabina) nigronotata (Siebke);

Savtshenko, 1986 a: 20.

Verbreitung: Nord- und Mitteleuropa, Sibi-

rien, Zentralasien (Savtshenko 1986 a).

Material: 3 &. Lubrzanka-Fluss: Marzysz, 1 Larve:

01.1v.1982 gesammelt, 13.iv.1982 & verpuppt. Gra-

bia-Fluss: Zamosc, 1 Larve: 07.iv.1982 gesammelt,

13.1v.1982 & verpuppt: Zimne Wody, 1 Larve:

06.v.1983 gesammelt, 08.v.1983 & verpuppt.

Die Larven des 4. Stadiums 15—20 mm lang.

Ihr Körper ist sehr zart und schillernd behaart.

Das vorletzte Segment ist — wie bei allen

Phylidorea-Arten — angeschwollen.

Die Analpapillen sind lang und sehr faltig.

Alle vier Randlappen sind lang und schlank, die

Laterallappen erreichen zwei Drittel der Ven-

trallappenlänge. Randlappen mit sehr blass pig-

mentierten Streifen und ziemlich langer Randbe-

haarung.

Die Kopfkapsel ist 1,7—1,8 mm lang und

schwach sklerotisiert.

Antennen (Fig. 3c): Basalglied 51,2—73,4 um

lang, 23,9—26,7 um breit; Apikalglied fein ge-

streift, 37,0—47,8 um lang, 80—9,7 um breit.

Sockel besonders gross, breit und sklerotisiert.

Im Proximalteil des Basalglieds ein Porus; auf

der Distalfläche zwei geringe, untersetzte Sensil-

len und eine starke steife Borste, die etwas kürzer

als das Apikalglied ist.

Clypeolabrum (Fig. 4c): 133,7—140,5 um

lang, 263,1—260,6 um breit, ziemlich stark skle-

rotisiert. Lateralrander mit stark sklerotisierten

“Flügelchen”. Am Vorderrand (Fig. 5e) median

zwei stark sklerotisierte Plattchen von unregel-

mässiger Form zum Vorderrand hin hochgebo-

gen, mit ausgefransten Oberkanten. Auf diesen

Plattchen je zwei Borsten: eine kurze steife und

daneben eine lange schwanke. Symmetrisch zu

den Seiten hin je zwei verschiedengebaute Sen-

sillen: eine zylindrisch abgestumpft, mit breiter

Basis, die andere zweigliedrig mit schmalern Ba-

salglied. Und etwas weiter auf die Fläche gerückt

stehen je zwei Sinnesgruben.

Epipharynx (Fig. 5f) auf der Ventralseite des

‘psoasauoanf{ CH) Fd ‘P ‘parpououdiu (CH) Yd ? ‘suojonbs (dd) 4d ‘A ‘syjomasiu (Yd) Yd ‘© suaddng-vasopy gd 19P uaplayssydoxy ‘6 ‘314

Wry OSL

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 43

Clypeolabrums gelegen. Ausgeriistet mit zwei

Paaren zweigliedriger, verschiedenlanger, fin-

gerförmiger Fortsätze. An deren Basis ein zartes

Haarfeld. Auf den seitlichen Erhebungen steht je

eine lange steife Borste.

Mandibeln (Fig. 6c, g): 302,7— 315,7 um lang,

115,5— 135,4 um breit. Die schmale Klinge am

Innenrand des Apikalzahns ist mehr als halb so

150 um

mmm

Fig. 10. Pronotalhörner der Phylidorea-Puppen: a, Ph.

nigronotata, d, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

lang wie der Apikalzahn. Der zweite und dritte

Zahn sind schmal, mit fast parallelen Rändern.

Der vierte Zahn ist kegelförmig, an der Spitze

abgestutzt, ziemlich kraftig entwickelt. Die Ka-

nalmündungen liegen an der Basis des zweites

Zahns und etwas unterhalb des kleinen fiinftes

Zahns.

Maxillen (Fig. 7c): etwa 450—500 p lang und

(Ph.) nigricollis; b, Ph. (Ph.) squalens, ©, Ph. (E.)

etwa 130 u breit, lang und schlank. Der dunkel

sklerotisierte Keil, der den häutigen Apikalteil

stüzt, ist sehr lang.

Hypopharynx (Fig. 8d, g): Querbrücke

26,7—50,6 pm lang, 156,5— 162,7 pm breit; La-

teralarm 176,4—190,6 um lang, 129,7/—138,8

um breit. Die Querbrücke ist oval mit bis-

kuitförmig verbreiterten Enden. Der Lateralarm

ist sehr unregelmässig geformt. Die Höhe der

Labialpalpen misst 13,1 um und die der Papillen

12,5 um; die Entfernung zwischen den Labialpal-

pen beträgt 43,8 um.

Hypostomium nicht entwickelt.

Die Puppe ist dunkelbraun und etwa 17 mm

lang. Der Kopf wirkt ziemlich schmal im Ver-

hältnis zum Körper. Die Mundgliedmassen-

scheiden sind in Fig. 9c abgebildet. Die Labral-

scheide (Breite etwa 250 um) ist im vorderen Teil

Se AL

CS Cer 6 Gece

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

etwas verengt; ihre leicht konkav gebogener

Rand reicht nicht an die Basis den Labialtaster

heran. Die Maxillentasterscheiden (Lange etwa

470 um) sind an der Basis breit, bauchig und im

Distalteil stark verschmälert. Die Labialtas-

terscheiden (Lange etwa 300 um) sind unter-

setzt, keulenförmig.

Die Pronotalhörner (Fig. 10c) sind schwach

sklerotisiert, so dass Tracheenstamm und At-

mungskammer durchscheinen. Ihre Form ist ke-

gelstumpfartig, im Durchmesser sind sie an der

Basis rund, zum Apikalteil hinabgeflacht oval,

die Spitze ist abgestumpft. Ihre Länge beträgt

etwa 450 um.

Die Flügelsscheiden reichen bis zum Ende des

2. Abdominalsegments, die Beinscheiden fast bis

zum Ende des 3. Segments.

Die Musterung auf den Abdominalsegmenten

iii.

c 80 „um

Fig. 11. Kutikulare Oberflaächenstruktur von Phylidorea-Puppen: a, Ph.6Ph.) nigricollis, b, Ph. (Ph.) squalens;

c. Ph. (E.) nigronotata; d, Ph. (E.) fulvonervosa.

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 45

ist unterschiedlich. Auf den Tergiten ist nur je-

weils eine Reihe Plättchen am Distelrand deut-

lich zu erkennen. Auf den Sterniten ist die übli-

che Musterung in Form von Rechtecken

ausgebildet. Die Plattchen sind breit, ziemlich

flach und unterschiedlicher Grösse (Fig. 11c).

Nahe der Distalränder sind sie gross und stehen

recht dicht in Reihen, auf der tibrigen Flache sind

nur einzelne Plattchen anzutreffen. Am Distal-

rand des vorletzten Abdominalsegments stehen

grosse, starke, dicht nebeneinander ansetzende

Dornen; ein kleineren Dorn auch imm Distalteil

jedes Pleurits.

Analsegment & (Fig. 12c) ist lang und schlank.

Lateralvorsprünge fehlen. Die Dorsalvor-

sprünge sind kegelförmig: die Anterodorsalvor-

sprünge kleiner, die Posterodorsalvorsprünge

grösser. Zwischen den Anterodorsalvorsprün-

gen liegt eine nicht allzugrosse sklerotisierte Er-

höhung mit zwei Larvalstigmenresten. Die

Analvorsprünge sind lang, schlank, scharf zuge-

spitzt und gehen von einem gemeinsamen

Stamm aus. Die Spitzen aller Vorsprünge sind

schwarz pigmentiert.

Phylidorea (Euphylidorea) fulvonervosa

(Schumm.)

Limnobia fulvonervosa Schummel, 1829: 164.

Limnophila fulvonervosa (Schumm.): de Meijere,

1921: 82.

Fig. 12. Analsegment & der Phylidorea-Puppen. Dorsalansicht. a, Ph. (Ph.) nigricollis, b, PH. (Ph.) squalens; c,

Ph. (E.) nigronotata.

46 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Limnophila (Phylidorea) fulvonervosa (Schumm.);

Stary, 1970: 145.

Phylidorea (Paraphylidorea)

(Schumm.); Savtshenko 1986b: 290.

Praeimaginalstadien:

Limnophila (Phylidorea) fulvonervosa (Schumm.);

Brindle & Bryce, 1960: 217, Fig. 13 (Analsegment

und Antenna); Brindle, 1967: 199, Fig. 46

(Analsegment).

fulvonervosa

Verbreitung: Europa (Stary 1970; Savtshenko

1986 b).

Material: 2 6, 1 9. Lubrzanka-Fluss, Zagnansk-

Jaworze: 1 Larve: 12.xi.1981 gesammelt, 08.xii. 1981,

8 verpuppt; 1 Larve: 23.1v.1983 gesammelt,

04.v.1983, 9 geschlüpft; 1 Larve: 23.iv.1983 gesam-

melt, 09.v.1983, 6 verpuppt.

Lärvenlänge des 4. Stadiums 15—20 mm. Kör-

perbehaarung sehr zart, fast unsichtbar. Ventral-

lappen lang, mit langer Randbehaarung und

breit gestreuten Pigmentstreifen. Die Laterallap-

pen sind kurz, etwa halb so lang wie die Ventral-

lappen.

Die Kopfkapsellange betragt etwa 1,6 mm.

Antennen (Fig. 3d): Basalglied 52,9—55,2 um

lang und 25,6—29,6 um breit; Apikalglied

33,6—37,6 um lang und 5,1—9,1 um breit, deut-

lich gestreift. Auf der distalen Flache des Basal-

glieds, nahe am Anzatz des Apikalglieds, stehen

eine Papille und eine lange, steife Borste (Lange

65,4—68,3 um). An der Basalgliedbasis ist ein

Porenring auf der Innenflache der Antenne zu

erkennen.

Clypeolabrum (Fig. 4d): 158,2—194,6 um

lang, 245,2—261,2 um breit, trapezeförmig.

“Flügelchen” fehlen. Am Vorderrand (Fig. 5g) in

der Mitte eine stark sklerotisierte Erhöhung,

symmetrisch zu den Seiten hin je eine lange,

schwanke Borste, je eine spitze Dorne und je

zwei flache Papillen: eine spitzlanzettförmige

und eine fingerförmige. Etwas weiter hinten la-

teral je zwei Sinnesgruben.

Epipharynx (Fig. 5h) mit zwei Paar zweiglie-

deriger Papillen: die Papillen des ersten Paares

sind grösser als die des zweiten. Lateral stark

sklerotisierte Erhöhungen mit kurzer Behaa-

rung. Am inneren Rand beider Erhöhungen eine

kurze, steife Borste.

Mandibeln (Fig. 6d, h): 290,2— 352,8 um lang,

128,0— 143,4 pm breit. Die helle Klinge am In-

nenrand des Apikalzahns ist ziemlich kurz; sie

erreicht nicht die Hälfte der Apikalzahnlänge.

Zweiter und dritter Zahn sind blattförmig (bei

den einzelnen Exemplaren unterschiedlich aus-

geprägt). Die Kanalmündungen liegen an der

Basis des drittes Zahns und dicht unter dem fünf-

ten Zahn. Auf der Aussenfläche der Mandibel,

nahe an ihrer Basis, inseriren zwei schwanke,

unterschiedlich lange Borsten.

Maxillen (Fig. 7d): etwa 480 pm lang und 150

um breit. Im Apikalteil ein, zwei oder drei keil-

förmige Sklerotisierungen, die den unregelmäs-

sig geformten, membranösen Teil verstärken.

Hypopharynx (Fig. 8e, h): Querbrücke

35,3—63,7 um lang, 130,9— 148,5 pm breit; La-

teralarm 245,8— 270,8 um lang, 134,3—150,2

um breit. Die Querbrücke ist unregelmässig ge-

formt, in der Mitte mit einer tiefen, schwach

sklerotisierten Vertiefung. Der Lateralarm ist

platt, im Mittelteil stark sklerotisiert, verstärkt

durch parallele Leisten. Die Höhe der Labialpal-

pen beträgt 41,5 —49,5 um, ihre Entfernung von-

einander 56,9—64,3 um. Die Höhe der Papillen

beträgt 10,2—11,2 um.

Hypostomium nicht entwickelt.

Die Puppe ist hellbraun. Die Länge einer weib-

lichen Puppe beträgt etwa 17 mm. Die Mund-

gliedmassenscheiden sind in Fig. 9d dargestellt.

Die Labralscheide ist breit 344 um, fast quadra-

tisch mit sanft gerundeten Ecken und etwas unter

die Labialtasterbasis gezogen. Die Maxillentas-

terscheiden (Länge: etwa 630 um) sind an der

Basis eng, im Mittelteil deutlich verbreitert und

zum Distalteil hin sanft zugespitzt. Die

Labialtasterscheiden (Länge: etwa 190 um) wir-

ken untersetzt; ihr Ansatz am Labium ist sehr

breit, ihr Apikalteil hat eine charakteristische

Gestalt — er gleicht einem Fuss in Seitenansicht.

Pronotalhörner (Fig. 10d) etwa 600 um lang,

kelchförmig, an der Basis rund, im Apikalteil

abgeflacht. Die Atmungsspalte ist sehr breit,

halbkreisförmig, Atmungskammer und Tra-

cheenstamm scheinen durch.

Die Flügelscheiden reichen bis zum Ende des

2. Abdominalsegments, die Beinscheiden fast

bist zum Ende des 3. Segments.

Die abdominalen Tergite und Sternite sind mit

langen, spitzen, markant breit ansetzenden Dor-

nen bedeckt (Fig. 11d), die eine regelmässige

Rechteck-Musterung bilden. Am dichtesten ste-

hen die Dorne im capitad weisenden Teil jedes

Rechtecks. Lateral, an Tergiten und Sterniten

entlang, ziehen sich unregelmässige, längliche

dunkelbraune Flecke hin

Die Abdominalspitzen der männlichen Pup-

penexuvien sind bei der Aufzucht leider verlo-

rengegangen.

WIEDENSKA: Larven und Puppen Phylidorea-Arten 47

LITERATURVERZEICHNIS

Alexander, C. P., 1972. New subgenera of North

American crane flies (Tipulidae: Diptera). —

Entomological News 83: 29—37.

Beling, T., 1878. Zweiter Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte

(Metamorphose) verschiedener Arten aus der Fa-

milie der Tipuliden. — Verhandlungen der Zoolo-

gisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 28:

21-56.

Beling, T., 1886. Dritter Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte

(Metamorphose) verschiedener Arten aus der Fa-

milie der Tipuliden. — Verhandlungen der Zoolo-

gisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 36:

171—214.

Brindle, A., 1958. Notes on the identification of

Limnophila larvae (Diptera — Tipulidae). —

Transactions of the Society for British Entomology

13: 58—68.

Brindle, A., 1967. The larvae and pupae of the British

Cylindrotominae and Limoniinae (Diptera, Tipu-

lidae). — Transactions of the Society for British

Entomology 17: 151—216.

Brindle, A., & D. Bryce, 1960. The larvae of the British

Hexatomini (Dipt., Tipulidae). — Entomologist’s

Gazette 11: 207—224.

Hennig, W., 1968. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren.

Teil 2: 1—458. — Berlin.

Lévy, L., 1918. Contributions à l'étude des métamor-

phoses aquatiques des Diptéres. — Annales de

biologie lacustre 9: 201—248.

Lundstròm, C., 1912. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dip-

teren Finnlands. VIII. Suppl. 2. Mycetophilidae,

Tipulidae, Cylindrotomidae und Limnobiidae. —

Acta Societatis pro fauna et flora fennica 36: 1—70.

Meigen, J. W., 1830. Systematische Beschreibung der

bekannten europäischen zweifliigeligen Insecten

6: 1—405. — Schulzische Buchhandlung, Hamm.

De Meijere, J. C. H., 1916. Beitràge zur Kenntnis der

Dipterenlarven und -puppen. — Zoologische

Jahrbiicher, Abteilung fiir Systematik, Geographie

und Biologie der Tiere 40: 177—322.

De Meijere, J. C. H., 1921. Studien über palaearkti-

sche, vorwiegend holländische, Limnobiiden, ins-

besondere tiber ihre Kopulationsorgane. — Tijd-

schrift voor Entomologie 64: 54—118.

Mendl, H., 1978. Limoniidae. In: Limnofauna Euro-

paea (Illies J. Ed.): 367—377. — Stuttgart.

Rozkoëny, R., & P. Pokorny., 1980. 3. éeled Bahnomil-

koviti — Limoniidae. In: Klië vodnich larev hmyzu

(Rozkosny R. Ed.): 245—257. — Praha.

Savtshenko, E. N., 1986 a. Palearctic Limoniid Flies

of "nigronotata” group of the genus Phylidorea

(Diptera, Limoniidae). — Vestnik Zoologii 5:

20—26.

Savtshenko, 1986 b. Komary-limoniidy (ob3taja cha-

rakteristika, podsemejstva pediciiny i geksato-

miny). — Fauna Ukrainy 14: 1—380. — Kiev.

Schummel, T. E., 1829. Beschreibung der, in Schlesien

einheimischen, Arten einiger Dipteren Gattun-

gen. I. Limnobia. Meigen. — Beitrage zur Entomo-

logie 11: 97—201.

Siebke, H., 1870. Beretning om en i Sommeren 1869

foretagen entomologisk Reise gjennem Ringerike,

Hallingdal og Valders. — Nyt Magazin for Natur-

videnskaberne 17: 246—314.

Stary, J., 1970. Revision der Arten der Unterfamilie

Limoniinae (Tipulidae, Diptera) aus den Samm-

lungen des Mährischen Museums in Brno mit be-

sonderer Berücksichtigung der Fauna Mährens. II.

Tribus Hexatomini und Eriopterini. — Acta Musei

moraviensis 55: 133—194.

Stary, J., 1981. Nachträge und Berichtigungen zur

Limoniiden-Fauna der Tsechchoslowakei (Dip-

tera). II. — Acta Rerum naturalium Musei slove-

nici 27: 99—122.

In. 1986. Sygaczowate (Diptera, Limonii-

dae) Gor Swietokrzyskich. Cz. I. Limoniidae doliny

Lubrzanki. — Fragmenta Faunistica 30: 99—120.

Zetterstedt, J. W., 1838. Insecta Lapponica: 1—1139.

— Lipsiae.

Anschrift des Verfassers: Dr Jolanta Wiedenska,

Instytut Biologii Srodowiskowej, Uniwersytet Lódzki,

90—237 Lod£, ul. Banacha 12/16, Polen.

= NE = “Far Mie n: i i a | Da

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hank li ER

DEREN

TR Igt

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 49—108

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

A REVISION OF WESTERN PALAEARCTIC OXYTORINE

GENERA. PART VI. (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE)

G. VAN ROSSEM

Berkenlaan 25, Ede, The Netherlands

INTRODUCTION

A taxonomic guide and a key to the genera of

the Oxytorinae was given by Townes (1971). A

generic key to the Palaearctic Oxytorinae was

published by Van Rossem (1982). Almost all the

type-species of the genera are specified by

Townes (1971). This part of the revision of

western European Oxytorinae includes a survey

of the genus Hemiphanes Förster together with

the record of three new species, viz., H. hor-

tense, H. inusitatum and H. montanum.

The genus Apoclima Forster is re-introduced

with the description of one new species, A. hae-

selbarthi.

One new species of Pantisarthrus Forster is

described, P. gracilis.

The Forster (1871) and Thomson (1888) type

material of the genus Plectiscidea Viereck was

studied. Two new subgenera, Plectiscidea and

Fugatrix, are introduced and five new species,

P. indomita, P. foersteri, P. substantiva, P. blan-

dita and P. ventosa are proposed. Plectiscidea

nemorensis is a nomen novum for Ephalmator

subsimilis Van Rossem. The Plectiscidea species

described from males by Forster lc. are re-

garded as species inquirendae, for at present it is

impossible to find the matching females.

The name Gnathochorisis Forster, 1869, takes

priority over Laepserus Förster, 1869. Gnatho-

chorisis crassulus (Thomson), that was presumed

(Van Rossem, 1980) to be a colour from of

Gnathochorisis dentifer (Thomson), is now con-

sidered to be a separate species.

A new approach to the genus Eusterinx

Forster is presented with the recognition of six

new subgenera.

Of the genus Helictes Haliday a revision of

the type material, males only, is published, in-

cluding two newly described species, H. incon-

gruens and H. fabularis. At present the recogni-

tion of the females is not possible.

The name of the genus Phosphorus Van Ros-

sem, 1980, is preoccupied. It is proposed to re-

place it by Phosphoriana nomen novum.

A new species is introduced in the genus

Proeliator Van Rossem: P. invictus.

Of the genera Oxytorus, Cylloceria and Meg-

astylus type material has become available,

which allowed me to make some remarks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All observations were made with a Zeiss bin-

ocular compound microscope. The length of the

front wing was measured with the ocular micro-

meter at 10 X enlargement. The length of the

ovipositor was taken from the apex of the gas-

ter.

For the terms used, see Townes (1969: 36—

48).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is indebted to Dr E. J. Fittkau,

Director of the Zoologische Staatssammlung at

München, for permission to study the Forster

collection over a period of seven years. I thank

Mr Erich Diller for his help and hospitality dur-

ing my visits to the München Museum.

I am grateful to Dr Henry Townes (Gaines-

ville, Florida) for information, the loan of speci-

mens and continuous concern with respect to

my work.

For the loan of type material it is a pleasure to

thank: Dr R. Danielsson (Universitetets Zoo-

logiska Institutionen, Lund); Dr M. Kak (Mu-

zeum Przyrodnicze, Wroctaw); Dr B. Petersen

(Zoologisk Museum, Kobenhavn); Dr J. P.

O'Connor (National Museum of Ireland, Dub-

lin); Dr K. J. Hedqvist (Naturhistoriska

Riksmuseet, Stockholm); Dr habil. G. Morge

(+) (Curator of Strobl Collection at Admont,

Eberswalde-Finow, DDR); Dr M. G. Fitton

(British Museum (Natural History), London;

Dr E. Konigsmann (+) (Zoologisches Museum

Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, DDR); Dr J.

50 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Oehlke (Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung

Kleinmachow, Eberswalde-Finow, DDR); Mr

K. W. R. Zwart (Laboratorium voor Entomolo-

gie, Wageningen); Dr D. R. Kasparyan (Zoo-

logical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Lenin-

grad); Dr K. Horstmann (Zoologisches Institut

III der Universität, Würzburg).

Lastly I am very much indebted to Dr E.

Haeselbarth, München, and Mr C. J. Zwakhals,

Arkel, for their contribution of numerous speci-

mens of Oxytorinae, frequently undescribed

species, or specimens from remarkable locali-

ties.

I wish to thank my friend Dr C. G. Johnson,

Harpenden (U.K.) for reading the manuscript

and improving the English.

The author owes thanks to the Uyttenboo-

gaart-Eliasen Stichting at Amsterdam for grants

to travel to München.

Genus Hemiphanes Forster

Hemiphanes Forster, 1871: 101—102.

Hemiphanes; Townes, 1971: 184—185.

Hemiphanes; Van Rossem, 1980: 85—88.

The species described below include three

hitherto unknown. I regret that I have only one

specimen of each, two of them in rather poor

condition. I consider the gender of Hemiphanes

to be neuter.

Key to Hemiphanes males

(The male of H. montanum is unknown)

1. Hind aspect of head deeply concave ..... 2

— Hindaspectof head not concave ........ 3

2. Tyloids on flagellar segments 9—12. Occip-

ital carina interrupted. Postpetiole striate . . .

REG AI è PRAISE È H. gravator Forster

— No tyloids present. Occipital carina not

present. First tergite with different longi-

tudinal sculpture ... H. hortense spec. nov.

3. Postanellus conspicuously stout, 3.0 times

as long as apical width. No tyloids present

MR RNA cel H. inusitatum spec. nov.

— Postanellus not stout, 5.0—7.6 times as

lon Sa pica id en RE RR e NA 4

4. No tyloids present. Nervulus opposite

basal vein H. townesi Van Rossem

— Tyloids on flagellar segments 9—10 (or 9—

11), running over the whole length of the

segment. Nervulus slightly basally of basal

Veint BEN nia H. flavipes Forster

Key to Hemiphanes females

(The females of H. gravator, H. hortense and

H. inusitatum are unknown)

1. Apical margin of clypeus with a deep medi-

an semicircular notch. Upper and lower

teeth of mandible equal inlength..........

slay eh econ ae H. montanum spec. nov.

— Apical margin of clypeus only weakly in-

dented. Lower tooth of mandible shorter

than upper

2. Lateral lobes of mesoscutum with close ad-

pressed hairs. Gaster more fuscous, with

yellowish spots medially on tergites two

andithree occa H. townesi Van Rossem

— Lateral lobes of mesoscutum hairless except

for some hairs proximally and laterally. The

gaster from tergite three yellow ...........

RR TR, SL) H. flavipes Forster

Hemiphanes flavipes Forster

Hemiphanes flavipes Förster, 1871: 101.

Hemiphanes flavipes; Van Rossem, 1980: 86.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 4.5—

5.3 mm. Mandible yellow, lower tooth shorter

than the upper. Clypeus yellow, margin trun-

cate. Anterior tentorial pits open. Antenna long,

reaching length of body, scape rather swollen,

pedicel large, yellow. Tyloids on flagellar seg-

ments 9—11. Postannellus 5.2—6.0 times as

long as apical width. Apical corners of protho-

rax and tegulae yellow. Front parts of notauli

deep. Median lobe of mesoscutum with ad-

pressed hairs, lateral lobes polished. Epomia

present. Apex of scutellum with some rough

sculpture. Propodeum with apical transverse ca-

rina strong. Basal transverse carina absent. Me-

dian longitudinal carinae present. Front wing

without areolet. Nervelus placed basally of bas-

al vein. Nervellus about vertical, intercepted

low, discoidella present. Legs, including coxae,

yellow, hind coxae comparatively large. Hind

femur 5.0—5.7 times as long as wide in the mid-

dle, rather short and slender. First gastral seg-

ment wide towards apex, end of first sternite

and spiracles situated in the middle.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing

5.46.0 mm. Clypeus 2.0 times as wide as long.

Postanellus 8.0 times as long as apical width.

Gena, temple and vertex polished. Occipital ca-

rina closed. Pronotum for the greater part pol-

ished, epomia weak, with some parallel running

ridges. Notauli running beyond centre of meso-

scutum. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal cari-

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 51

na reaching subtegular ridge. Lateral parts of

first tergite with longitudinal striation and with

some continuation on tergite two. Following

tergites polished. Ovipositor slightly protruding

beyond tip of gaster. Gaster rather depressed

towards apical part. Otherwise as the male.

Distribution. — Germany. Sweden up to Lapland

(Van Rossem, 1980).

Hemiphanes gravator Forster

Hemiphanes gravator Forster, 1871: 102.

Hemiphanes gravator; Van Rossem, 1980: 86.

The female is unknown.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 4.0—

5.0 mm. Mandible yellow, the lower tooth

shorter and narrower than upper. Apical margin

of clypeus yellow, truncate. Anterior tentorial

pits open. Face rather protuberant below the

antennal base (more than in H. flavipes). Hind

aspect of head deeply concave. Occipital carina

interrupted. Scape ventrally yellow. Postannel-

lus 5.0—6.0 times as long as apical width. Ty-

loids situated on flagellar segments 9—12. No-

tauli present. Scutellum flat, closely punctured.

Wing without areolet. Nervulus somewhat dis-

tally of basal vein. Legs, including coxae, yel-

low. Hind femur 4.7—6.0 times as long as wide.

Propodeum with only apical transverse carina

present, more smoothly sculptured than in H.

flavipes. First gastral segment wide towards

apex, postpetiole striate, with yellow spot. Ster-

nite in front of the middle. Second tergite

striate, with brown spots laterally.

Distribution. — Austria. Germany. Sweden (Van

Rossem, 1980).

Hemiphanes townesi Van Rossem

Hemiphanes townesi Van Rossem, 1980: 86—87.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing about

5.8 mm. Mandible whitish, teeth brown. The

lower tooth about 0.5 times shorter than upper.

Clypeus about 2.4 times as wide as long, whit-

ish to brownish, convex, margin truncate. No

groove between clypeus and face. Face below

antennal sockets closely punctured, with ad-

pressed long, silvery hairs. Malar space wide,

about 1.5 times the width of mandibular base,

polished. Scape globular, pedicel large, whitish

to brownish. Postannellus slender, about 8.0

times as long as apical width. Antenna without

tyloids. Frons, vertex, temple and gena pol-

ished. Frons not concave. Pronotum polished,

epomia present. Mesoscutum with close ad-

pressed hairs. Scutellum punctured, apex with

rough sculpture. Propodeum with irregular

sculpture, the median longitudinal and lateral

longitudinal carinae proximally obliterated. Ap-

ical transverse carina strong, medially devel-

oped into a keel, lying near to apex of propo-

deum. The minute propodeal spiracles circular.

Dorsal rim of metanotum with a triangular pro-

jection, lying opposite the front end of lateral

longitudinal carina. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal carina present. Front wing without

areolet. Nervulus lying slightly distally of basal

vein. Nervellus intercepted low, the discoidella

running almost to wing margin. Coxae and legs

whitish to light brown. First tergite with rough

sculpture, spiracles at 0.40 of the length, end of

first sternite at 0.30 of the length of the seg-

ment. Front half of second tergite with longi-

tudinal striation and coriaceous sculpture. Api-

cal half with weak striation and a median yellow

brown spot. Following tergites more polished.

Third and fourth tergite with yellow brown

area. Apical part of gaster depressed.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing

about 4.5 mm. Otherwise as the male. First ter-

gite with close longgitudinal striation. Oviposi-

tor not protruding beyond tip of gaster.

Distribution. — China, Shaowu Hsien, 1200—1500

m altitude (coll. Townes).

Hemiphanes hortense species nova

Characteristics of the holotype (4, Nether-

lands, Asperen (Prov. Zuid-Holland), 8.vi.1973,

leg. and coll. C. J. Zwakhals): Front wing 2.8

mm. Head fuscous. Mandible yellowish brown,

the lower tooth slightly the longer. Clypeus flat,

rather protruding, the margin truncate. Clypeus

and face, frons, vertex and gena coriaceous.

Hind aspect of head deeply concave (seen from

dorsal side V-shaped), occipital carina absent,

lower part of genal carina present. Postannellus

as long as second flagellar segment, slender. No

tyloids present. Epomia absent. Notauli strong

to about middle of mesoscutum. Mesoscutum,

scutellum, and propodeum coriaceous. Propo-

deum with only apical transverse carina and

pleural carina present. Mesopleurum coria-

ceous, prepectal carina weak but reaching the

margin. Nervellus intercepted about in the mid-

dle, discoidella very weak. Legs including mid-

dle and hind coxae, yellowish brown, long and

very slender, especially the hind tibia. First ter-

52 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

gite with conspicuous longitudinal sculpture.

Second tergite with weak longitudinal sculp-

ture. Gaster fuscous.

Material examined. — The holotype only.

Hemiphanes inusitatum species nova

Characteristics of the holotype (4, Italy,

Prov. Bolzano, Sarntal, 1250 m, 1.vi.1977, leg.

and coll. C. J. Zwakhals): Front wing 3.7 mm.

Mandible (teeth reddish), clypeus and face yel-

low. Clypeus not protruding, short, about 3.6

times as wide as long. Hind aspect of head not

concave. Occipital carina present and closed.

Postannellus stout, 3 times as long as apical

width. No tyloids present. Antenna light

brown. Epomia absent. Mesoscutum coria-

ceous, notauli absent. Propodeum coriaceous,

no carinae present except for stubs of median

longitudinal carinae. Lower part of mesopleu-

rum coriaceous, upper part polished. Prepectal

carina almost obsolete. Front and middle coxae

white, hind coxae fuscous. Legs yellowish

brown. First tergite 1.8 times as long as apical

width, coriaceous. Gaster fuscous, second ter-

gite with brownish apical band.

Material examined. — The holotype only.

The specific name is from the Latin “inusita-

tus”, meaning “uncommon” or “unusual”.

Hemiphanes montanum species nova

Characteristics of the holotype (¢, Austria,

T., Niederthai Gubener Hütte, 2000 m,

1.1x.1979, leg. and coll. Haeselbarth): Front

wing 4.7 mm. Mandible yellowish, teeth brown,

of the same length. Clypeus yellow, the apical

part depressed and with a deep median semicir-

cular indentation, the side parts of which stand

out flap-like. Malar space as wide as base of

mandible. Head entirely coriaceous, excepting

the clypeus. Flagellum yellowish, postannellus

slender, 7.0 times as long as apical width. Epo-

mia absent. Mesoscutum coriaceous, notauli

present towards margin, shallow. Scutellum and

propodeum coriaceous. Pleural carina present.

Median longitudinal carina present only to-

wards base of propodeum. Mesopleurum coria-

ceous and weakly striated. Prepectal carina

strong, reaching the margin. Nervulus distad of

basal vein. Nervellus not intercepted. Discoidel-

la absent. All coxae fuscous. Second trochanter

of all legs pale in colour. Front and middle legs

brownish, hind femur fuscous. Front femur

stout, middle and hind femur more slender. Left

middle leg missing beyond femur. In the speci-

men the right hind leg missing beyond coxa; al-

so tarsi of left hind leg missing beyond basitar-

sus. First tergite coriaceous, rather wide apical-

ly, about 1.6 times as long as apical width. A

conspicuous pit at base of petiole between the

median dorsal carinae. Following tergites coria-

ceous, with a yellow brown band medially from

apical margin of tergite two. Ovipositor not

projecting beyond tip of gaster.

Material examined. — The holotype only.

Genus Oxytorus Forster

Oxytorus Forster, 1868: 199.

Oxytorus; Townes, 1971: 185.

Oxytorus; Van Rossem, 1980: 88.

Type-species: Oxytorus armatus Thomson,

1883.

Oxytorus luridator (Gravenhorst)

Ichneumon luridator Gravenhorst, 1820: 379.

Oxytorus luridator; Van Rossem, 1980: 90.

Atractodes properator Haliday, 1838: 120.

Oxytorus luridator; Fitton, 1976: 332.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Atractodes

properator Haliday. Labels: a printed label

“England?”; a label “Haliday, 20.2.82”; a label

“named by Claude Morley Atractodes propera-

tor Hal, Type, vi.193”; a circular label with red

margin “Type CM”; a small label illegible; lec-

totype label Fitton, 1975. National Museum of

Ireland, Dublin. Female. The specimen repre-

sents Oxytorus luridator (Gravenhorst).

Oxytorus luridator (Grav.)

forma nigricoxa Kiss von Zilah

Callidiotes luridator (Grav.) forma nigricoxa Kiss von

Zilah, 1924: 118.

The two syntypes (Transylvania, Borosjenò,

leg. Diöszeghy) are labelled as males, but both

are females. They show fuscous coxae which is

in fact a male character. The specimens are kept

in the Természettudomanyi Muzeum, Buda-

pest. I thank the curator Dr J. Papp for sending

them to me.

Note. — In the description of O. luridator

(Van Rossem l.c.) there is a wrong description

of the mesopleural sculpture: “transverse”

ridges should be “longitudinal” ridges.

VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 53

Figs. 1, 2. Base of male entenna. 1, Apoclima signati-

corne Forster, left antenna (right one broken); 2, A.

haeselbarthi spec. nov., right antenna. Enlargement,

ca 80 X.

Genus Apoclima Forster

Apoclima Forster, 1871: 97—98.

Apoclima; Townes, 1971: 191—192.

Apoclima; Van Rossem, 1980: 97—98.

In Dr E. Haeselbarth’s material I found an

Apoclima male which I compared with the holo-

type of Forster’s Apoclima signaticorne. The lat-

ter has a weak projection on segment three of

the flagellum that merely delineates the notch of

the segment (fig. 1). In Haeselbarth’s specimen,

which undoubtedly is another species, the pro-

jection is strong and toothlike (fig. 2).

Key to Apoclima males

1. Third flagellar segment notched on apical

half, the base of fourth flagellar segment

somewhat notched (the tyloids). The third

flagellar segment with a weak projection

below the tyloid at the apex of which two

bristlesi(fie td) "ee" A. signaticorne Forster

— Third flagellar segment notched on apical

half (the tyloid), the base of fourth flagellar

segment scarcely notched. The third flagel-

lar segment with a strong tooth below the

tyloid at the apex of which two minute

hairs (tig42) ERRE A. haeselbarthi spec. nov.

Apoclima haeselbarthi species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of Apoclima

haeselbarthi (3, Germany, Bayern, Oberam-

mergau, Laber, 1400—1600 m, 5.1x.1980, leg.

and coll. Haeselbarth (München)): Front wing

3.5 mm. Palpi brown. Lower margin of mandi-

ble turned inwards. Clypeus convex, coriaceous

as malar space, face and vertex. Malar space and

gena wide. Occipital carina widely interrupted

medially. Occiput not so strongly curved in-

wards as in A. signaticorne. Antenna brown, in-

cluding scape and pedicel tips missing in speci-

men. Pedicel large. Third flagellar segment

notched on apical half (the tyloid). Base of

fourth flagellar segment very weakly notched.

The third flagellar segment with a strong tooth

below the tyloid, at the apex with two minute

hairs. Epomia present. Mesoscutum coriaceous,

with notauli vaguely meeting in centre. Scutel-

lum with weak carina running towards apex.

Propodeum with irregular sculpture, apical

transverse present, other carinae not strongly

developed. Mesopleurum polished. Prepectal

carina rather underdeveloped, not reaching

margin. Front wing without areolet, with two

bullae. Portion of cubitus between intercubitus

and second recurrent vein 0.3 of the length of

recurrent vein. Nervellus inclivous. Discoidella

present. Legs brownish. Claws of front legs and

left hind leg missing beyond femur in the speci-

men. Femora stout. All coxae fuscous and with

long erect hairs. First tergite coriaceous, about

1.1 times as long as apical width, glymma pre-

sent, median dorsal carina strong to about 0.75

of length. Dorsolateral carina strong, the spira-

cles protruding. The dorsal profile of first ter-

gite strongly convex in the middle. Apex of first

sternite in front of the middle. Second tergite

for the greater part coriaceous. The entire gaster

fuscous, except for vague brownish apical mar-

gin of tergite two. All tergites, except the first,

with conspicuous suberect hairs.

Female unknown.

Material examined. — The holotype only

54 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

I name this species after Erasmus Haeselbarth

(Munchen) who contributed his extensive Oxy-

torine material.

Apoclima signaticorne Forster

Apoclima signaticorne Forster, 1871: 97—98.

Apoclima signaticorne; Van Rossem, 1980: 97—98.

Characteristics of the male. Length front

wing 3.2 mm. The third flagellar segment

notched on apical half, the base of fourth flagel-

lar segment somewhat notched (the tyloids).

The third flagellar segment with a weak projec-

tion below the tyloid, at the apex of which there

are two bristles (fig. 1). Pedicel large. Postannel-

lus 3.7 times as long as wide. Postocciput con-

cave, occipital carina interrupted. First tergite

wide and short. Apex of sternite and spiracles in

front of the middle. Glymma present. Median

dorsal carina not reaching the spiracles.

Characteristics of the female. Length of front

wing 3.4 mm. Pedicel large. Flagellum slender,

postanellus 4.0 times as long as wide. Postocci-

put rather concave. Occipital carina widely in-

terrupted. Portion of cubitus between intercubi-

tus and second recurrent vein 0.36 of the length

of recurrent vein. Nervellus vertical, intercepted

below the middle, front part of discoidella pre-

sent. First tergite 1.4 times as long as apical

width, coriaceous. Glymma weak. Median dor-

sal carina not reaching the spiracles, the latter at

0.32 of the length. Basal half of second tergite

coriaceous. Ovipositor about the length of hind

tibia beyond tip of gaster, apex somewhat up-

curved, no dorsal notch present, the tip acumi-

nate.

Distribution. — A very rare species. In total four

specimens are registered; the male holotype is from

Aachen (coll. Forster), a female from Blankenburg

(Thuringen) (coll. Schmiedeknecht) and a male and fe-

male from Wiesen (Spessart) (Germany) (both coll.

Haeselbarth).

Genus Cylloceris Schiodte

Cylloceria Schiedte, 1838: 140.

Cylloceria; Townes, 1971: 192.

Cylloceria; Van Rossem, 1980: 98—107.

One undescribed species (Cylloceria invicta)

is inserted. The lectotype of Gravenhorst’s Try-

phon sylvestris was brought to light. It proved

to be the same as Cylloceria striolata (Hellén).

The type specimen of Lissonota occupator

Gravenhorst, 1829, is lost.

Key to females

(The female of C. suerinensis (Brauns) is un-

known)

1. Frons with rough sculpture. Nervellus in-

tercepted below the middle, upper part in-

clivous, lower part reclivous. Dorsolateral

carina of the first tergite running to the spi-

racles. Second to fourth tergite orange, pol-

ished. Basal half of second tergite with

some rough longitudinal wrinkling lateral-

ly. Ovipositor about the length of hind tibia

BR do ao C. langei (Brauns)

— Frons polished or with fine sculpture or

with regular longitudinal striation. Combi-

nation of characters not as above........ 2

2. The last joint of flagellum conspicuously

swollen. Second tergite with fine longitudi-

nal striation. Ovipositor 0.34 of length of

WOME WHS 5 as ous a's ooo C. borealis (Roman)

— The last joint of flagellum not swollen ... 3

. Mandible and clypeus yellow. Head and

mesoscutum polished, without punctures.

Hind femur fuscous. Nervellus intercepted

deeply below the middle. Ovipositor about

0.46 of lengthiof front wang) ee

reto C. alpigena (Strobl)

— Clypeus not yellow. Hind femur orange or

yellow 24> SE TER 4

4 All(coxae and temora rane ase 5

— Allle’coxae tuscous == EE ET eee 6

. Mesopleurum polished, widely and finely

punctured. Some striation may be present

in the lower hind corner below the specu-

lum and some below the subtegular ridge.

Frons polished or with indistinct coriaceous

sculpture. Ovipositor 0.50—0.67 of length

of front wing ff}: ERMES

PROGR he BR ai C. caligata (Gravenhorst)

— Mesopleurum with close longitudinal stria-

tion. Frons with regular longitudinal stria-

tion. Ovipositor 0.85 of length of front

WIG MEN RER Meee C. invicta spec. nov.

6. Apical half of second tergite and all follow-

ing tergites orange . C. fusciventris (Hellén)

—"Gaster fuscous ve IRE ERI 7

7. Postannellus long, 9.6 times as long as api-

cally wide. Ovipositor 0.9—1.0 as long as

the front wing. I AEN 8

— Postannellus shorter, 7.0—8.8 times as long

as apically wide. Ovipositor 0.6—1.1 of the

lengthtof front wins 9

8. First and second tergite with very rough

sculpture. Basal margin of third and fourth

tergite with a rough band of sculpture.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 55

Mesopleurum polished. Apical margins of

tergites black. Postanellus long, 9.0 times as

long as apically wide. Ovipositor 0.9 of

lenethroisirontiwing RARE RA

C. imperspicua spec. nov.

— First tergite with regular and rather fine

sculpture. Second tergite finely striated.

Third tergite also showing striation. Meso-

pleurum polished. Postanellus 9.6 times as

long as apically wide. Ovipositor 0.9—1.0

of the length of front wing ...............

sdb dae AE es RE C. sylvestris (Grav.)

9. Postannellus 8.0—8.8 times as long as api-

cally wide. Second tergite with fine sculp-

ture, the base finely striated. Nervellus in-

tercepted slightly below, or in the middle.

Ovipositor 0.9—1.1 of the length of front

win C. sylvestris (Grav.)

— Postannellus 7.0 times as long as apically

wide. Second tergite coriaceous. Nervellus

intercepted slightly over the middle. Ovi-

positor about 0.6 of the length of front

Will OOo C. melancholica (Gravenhorst)

Key to males

(Males of C. imvicta spec. nov., C. alpigena

(Strobl) and C. imperspicua spec. nov. are un-

known).

1. Frons with rough sculpture. Second to

fourth tergite orange, polished............

EERE ah a POLE C. langei (Brauns)

— Frons polished or with fine sculpture .... 2

2. All coxaeand all femora including front and

middleseibiaetorange nm. nn:

a ae nn: C. caligata (Gravenhorst)

_arAlllcoxacibrownioriblack(.l.. Jo. st en 3

3. Flagellar segments four and five weakly

notched. Third and following tergites pol-

ENG OS SUNSET CES C. suerinensis (Brauns)

— Flagellar segments three and four notched

4. Gaster from tergite two reddish to orange

in colour. Second tergite coriaceous and

with longitudinal wrinkling. The following

tergites for the greater part polished .......

N OI os C. fusciventris (Hellén)

ZB @asterstuscousı wave teel I 5

5. Third segment of flagellum apically with a

deep semicircular notch. The base of the

notch is emphasized tooth-like. The basal

half of segment four with a weak notch.

Notauli meeting ...... C. borealis (Roman)

— Third segment of flagellum apically with a

semicircular notch, the base not em-

phasized tooth-like. The basal part of seg-

ment four with a weak notch ........... 6

6. Nervellus intercepted slightly below the

middle. Second and third tergite with some

longitudinal sculpture. Gena polished,

WICCIYIPUNCLUrE PERE O

C. sylvestris (Gravenhorst)

— Nervellus intercepted over the middle. Sec-

ond, third and fourth tergites without lon-

gitudinal wrinkling. The base of the second

and third tergites with weak coriaceous

sculpture. The apical margins of tergite two

to five with brownish to orange colour.

Gena polished, punctures absent ..........

Ve CR À C. melancholica (Gravenhorst)

Cylloceria borealis (Roman)

Lampronota borealis Roman, 1925, Arkiv for Zoologi

17 A (4): 20—21.

Characteristics of the lectotype of C. borealis.

Female. Front wing 6.4 mm long. Palpi brown.

Mandible and clypeus brown, the latter polished

and 2.2 times as wide as long. Malar space wide,

0.33 of width face. Face, frons and vertex finely

sculptured. The last joint of flagellum conspicu-

ously swollen, a character not shown in other

Cylloceria species. Postannellus 7.1 times as

long as apically wide. Pronotum finely sculp-

tured with some wrinkling. Mesoscutum with

indistinct sculpture. Notaulus strong. Upper

part of scutellum polished. Propodeum with

rough sculpture, the longitudinal carinae strong.

Mesopleurum for the greater part polished. Pre-

pectus with sculpture. All coxae brown, other

parts of legs orange-yellow to brown in colour.

Claws strong. First tergite with rough, somew-

hat striated sculpture. The first abdominal seg-

ment robust, with a broad apical edge. Second

tergite with fine longitudinal striation. Base of

third tergite with longitudinal wrinkling, the

further part polished. The apical tergites pol-

ished. Ovipositor 0.34 of length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male. Front wing 6.4

mm long. Palpi yellow. The sculpture of the

head corresponding to that of the female. Third

segment of the flagellum apically with a deep

semicircular notch, emphasized tooth-like at

base of notch. Basal part of segment four also

with a weak notch. Pronotum with irregular

sculpture. Mesoscutum almost polished, notauli

strong, meeting. Propodeum roughly sculp-

tured, the longitudinal carinae strong. Meso-

pleurum polished. Prepectal carina bending to-

wards the margin. Coxae brown, other parts of

56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

legs yellow in colour. Claws strong. First tergite

with rough sculpture. Second and third tergite

with longitudinal wrinkling. The broad apical

margin of the third tergite polished. The apical

tergites polished.

Material examined. — Sweden: female holotype

and male paratype, Angermanland, leg. C. Stàl (coll.

Roman, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm).

Lectotype label of Townes.

Distribution. — According to Roman (l.c.), the

species is found in northern Sweden, Finland and the

U.S.S.R., Siberia (Jenissei region) and Kamchatskaya.

Three specimens, all females, were received on loan

from the Leningrad Museum: 5 km N. Pusjkina, Le-

ningrad, lesopologa (forest area near Leningrad), leg.

D. R. Kasparyan, 14.viii.1980; Romanovka (east of

Baykal Lake), bliz Jamburga, 30.v.1905, leg. Bar-

ovskij; R. Nelgeche, berch. Verchojan, okr. 11—

12.viti.1927, leg. Tkatsjenko.

Cylloceria caligata (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Phytodietus caligatus Gravenhorst, 1829: 936.

Lampronota crenicornis Curtis, 1832: 407.

Cylloceria crenicornis; Fitton, 1976: 323.

Characteristics of the female lectotype of Lampronota

crenicornis. Labels: a separate label: Haliday 20-2-

82; lectotype label of Fitton (National Museum of

Ireland, Dublin). The specimen has the character-

istic orange coloured coxae.

Chalinoceras mancus Ruthe, 1855: 82.

Cylloceria manca; Fitton, 1978: 76.

Labels: Germany: Spandau (BMNH). The lec-

totype is a specimen of Cylloceria caligata.

This was also suggested by Fitton.

Material examined. — Five specimens, all females,

were received on loan from the Leningrad Museum:

females, Sumuch ? Sumucha), 28.vii.1896, leg. K. Ko-

kujeva (Western Siberia); Kurjat, 18.vi.1886, merig,

leg. K. Jarosjevskago; Kurjat, 18.vin.1888, Na Zet

poyl, leg. K. Jarosjevskago; Kurjat, 18.vi.1889, merig

A. offic., leg. K. Jarosjevskago. 1 d, Bologoye, Val-

dajsk, v.vii.1907, leg. Zajtseez (400 km south of Le-

ningrad).

Distribution. — The species occurs through-out the

Palaearctic Region.

Cylloceria invicta species nova

Characteristics of the holotype. Female.

Front wing 8.8 mm long. Palpi brown. Mandi-

ble brown, medially with a light brown spot.

Clypeus brown. Other parts of head black. Face

longitudinally striated. Malar space with irregu-

lar sculpture, 0.34 of width face. Frons with

regular, longitudinal striation. Occiput punc-

tured. Gena more polished, but punctured to-

wards genal carina. Antennal scape closely

punctured. Postannellus 7.8 times as long as api-

cally wide. Pronotum closely striated. Mesoscu-

tum finely punctured, backwards and laterally

indistinct. Notaulus strong, particularly to-

wards base. Propodeum with regular and rough

sculpture, the longitudinal carinae strong.

Mesopleurum with close, longitudinal striation.

(The mesopleurum in C. caligata is polished and

punctured, which is a distinguishing character).

Prepectal carina indistinct. Front coxae brown.

Middle and hind coxae and other parts of legs

orange, except for trochanters, hind tibia and

tarsus. Nervellus intercepted over the middle.

First tergite with regular and rather subtle

sculpture. Spiracles at 0.38 of the length of the

segment. Median dorsal carina developed to the

spiracle. Second and third tergite finely coria-

ceous. Ovipositor 0.85 of length of front wing.

Material examined. — Female holotype from the

Zoological Institute at Leningrad: U.S.S.R., Olenek,

Yakutia, 67—689, viii.1874, leg. A. Czekanowski. It

also bears a number: 74478.

“Invictus” is the Latin for “irrefutable”, “im-

movable”.

Cylloceria imperspicua species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of €.

imperspicua. Female. Front wing 8.22 mm long.

Palpi brown. Basal half of mandible coriaceous

and with strong punctures, apical part polished,

teeth robust. Clypeus with vague coriaceous

sculpture, 2.0 times as wide as long. Malar space

wide, 0.37 of width of face. Face towards malar

space polished. Medially, below antennal sock-

ets a triangular protuberance with vertically

wrinkled sculpture. Postannellus extremely

long, 9.0 times as long as apically wide. Frons

strongly concave. Vertex with fine coriaceous

sculpture. Gena wide, polished. Pronotum me-

dially wrinkled. Mesoscutum with strong no-

tauli, these not meeting. The median lobe in the

backward part with rough wrinkled sculpture.

The basal part of the median lobe punctured and

the lateral lobes indistinctly punctured. Propo-

deum with rough sculpture, the longitudinal ca-

rinae present. Mesopleurum widely punctured

and for the greater part polished. Prepectal cari-

na strong, meeting the margin. A robust subte-

gular ridge present. Nervellus intercepted over

the middle. Coxae fuscous and polished. Front

and middle tibia and femur and the hind femur

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 57

orange in colour. The front and middle tarsus

brown, the hind tibia and tarsus black. The first

abdominal segment robust, the apical edge 0.85

of the length of the segment. The first and sec-

ond tergite showing rough and irregular sculp-

ture. Third and fourth tergite basally with a

rough band of sculpture, backward more coria-

ceous. Gaster entirely black. Ovipositor 0.91 of

the length of front wing.

Material examined. — Sweden: 2, holotype, Dalar-

na, Idre (Fjatervalen), 24.vii—1.vi.1982, Malaise

trap, leg. & coll. Van Rossem.

“Imperspicuus” is the Latin for “inscrutable”.

Cylloceria sylvestris (Gravenhorst)

Tryphon sylvestris Gravenhorst, 1829: 138.

Cylloceria sylvestris; Pfankuch, 1906: 87.

Lampronota melancholica (Grav.) var.

Hellén, 1915: 48.

Lampronota striolata Hellén, 1937: 12.

Cylloceria striolata; Jussila, 1965: 101.

Cylloceria striolata; Van Rossem, 1980: 130—104.

striolata

Through the kindness of Dr M. Kak (Mu-

zeum Przyrodnicze, Wroctaw) I got the oppor-

tunity to study the type material of Tryphon syl-

vestris Gravenhorst. It appears that the type

material in question consists of two male speci-

mens. The one I labelled as the lectotype is

identical with Cylloceria striolata (Hellén).

Dr Kak wrote that he was not quite sure that

the specimen which I labelled as the type of

Tryphon sylvestris is a Gravenhorst specimen.

However, the other specimen represents Cyllo-

ceria caligata, which species was also described

by Gravenhorst (l.c., p. 138).

Characteristics of the lectotype of Tryphon

sylvestris (6, a white tag, 69; a green tag; a

white tag handwritten conf (confer?) melancho-

lica): Front wing 7.1 mm long. Mandible

brown. Clypeus: the apical part polished, near

basal margin somewhat sculptured. The apical

margin truncate. Face closely punctured, me-

dially somewhat convex. Frons polished. Vertex

and gena finely punctured (implantations of

hairs). Apex of third flagellar segment with a

semicircular notch, base of fourth segment also

with a notch. Pronotum with rather coarse

semicircular striation, epomia present. The me-

dian lobe of mesoscutum convex, closely punc-

tured, the lateral lobes with fine punctures. Pro-

podeum roughly sculptured, with all longitudi-

nal carinae present. Mesopleurum with fine

punctures, the prepectal carina to the margin.

Below the subtegular ridge some longitudinal

striation. Nervellus intercepted below the mid-

dle. All coxae and trochanters fuscous. All fem-

ora, front and middle tibiae yellow to orange.

Hind tibia and tarsus conspicuously fuscous.

First tergite roughly sculptured and somewhat

longitudinally wrinkled. Second tergite coria-

ceous and with some longitudinal striation. The

third tergite with indistinct coriaceous sculp-

ture.

From Dr R. Jussila (Paattinen, Finland) I re-

ceived a female and male of Cylloceria striolata

(Hellén) from Finnish Lapland. In a collection

Oxytorinae sent by Dr D. P. Kasparyan from

the Zoological Institute at Leningrad there were

four dubious specimens of the same species. Al-

though these specimens show rather striking

variability, I decided to place the four Russian

Table 1. Cylloceria sylvestris (Gravenhorst). For explanation, see text.

specimen length length ratio length ratio width nervellus

front ovipositor/ postannellus/ malar space/

wing length apical width face

front wing width

Reservoir Vudjavr 8.93 0.99 9.6 0.40 below middle

20.viu.1930

Jujasnor chibinsja 8.17 0.91 9.6 0.35 below middle

8.vin.1937

C. striolata, Suomi, 7.86 0.88 8.8 0.36 below middle

Utsjoki, 10.v11.1961

Koslovo, 16.v11.1975 7.33 0.94 8.4 0.34 in the middle

Burunduk, kos. r. 7.06 1.10 8.0 0.35 in the middle

Adsva, Arkh.

29.v1.1909

58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

specimens tentatively with C. sylvestris. For

comparison table 1 gives: the length of the front

wing in mm; ratio of the length of the oviposi-

tor to the length of the front wing; ratio of the

length of postannellus to its apical width; ratio

of the width of malar space to the width of face;

interception of the nervellus.

Characteristics of the female. Front wing

7.1—8.9 mm long. Palpi brown. Malar space

wide, 0.34—0.40 of width face, somewhat co-

riaceous. Face laterally widely punctured, me-

dially somewhat convex. Postanellus long, 8.0—

9.6 as long as apically wide. Second and third

flagellar segments long. Frons, vertex and gena

polished and with fine punctures (implantations

of hairs). Pronotum with coarse sculpture, ir-

regularly striated. The basal part of median lobe

of the mesoscutum closely punctured. The

lateral lobes indistinctly punctured. Propodeum

roughly sculptured, the carination indistinct or

absent. Mesopleurum polished, but in the last

two specimens of the table, finely striated. The

prepectal carina reaching to the margin. Coxae

and trochanters fuscous. Other parts of legs yel-

lowish to orange to brown (hind tibia). Hind

tarsus fuscous. Nervellus intercepted below the

middle or in the middle. First tergite with regu-

lar and rather fine sculpture, slightly striated.

Second tergite with regular and fine striation,

the apical margin polished. Third tergite with

some fine striation and coriaceous sculpture.

The fourth tergite sometimes also showing in-

distinct striation and some coriaceous sculpture.

Ovipositor 0.9—1.1 of the length of the front

wing.

Material examined. — Finland: 62, Suomi Inl.

Utsjoki, 10 & 14.vii. 1961 (coll. R. Jussila). U.S.S.R.:

4 2, Reservoir Vudjavr, Chibin. g. Kolsk (mountain),

leg. Tsevurova, 30.viii.1930; Jujasnor chibinsja, gory

Kolsk, leg. Fridolin, 8.viii.1937; Burunduk, kos. r.

Adzva, Arkh. g. leg. Kuluk, 29.vii.1909; Kozlovo, 50

km s. Kalgi (? Kalga), Tsit. (=? Chitinskaya), obl. (=

oblast = province), leg. Kasparyan, 16.vii.1975 (all

Zoological Institute, Leningrad, curator D. P. Kaspa-

ryan). Poland: 6, lectotype, “Warmbrunn” (coll.

Gravenhorst, Wroctaw).

Cylloceria melancholica (Gravenhorst, 1820)

Ichneumon melancholicus Gravenhorst, 1820: 372.

Lampronota fracticornis Haliday, 1838: 121.

Cylloceria fracticornis; Fitton, 1976: 334.

Characteristics of the female lectotype of Lampronota

fracticornis. Labels: “British”; a separate label:

Haliday 20-2-82; lectotype label of Fitton (Nat.

Mus. Ireland, Dublin). In my key the specimen

runs to C. melancholica.

Chalinoceras longicornis Ratzeburg, 1852: 130. Sensu

Viereck, 1914. The type is lost.

Cylloceria melancholica forma

denticornis (Haliday, 1838)

Lampronota denticornis Haliday, 1838: 121.

? Cylloceria accusator (Fabricius) sensu Fitton, 1976:

32 (8): 334.

The Fabrician type material does not belong to the

Oxytorinae (Van Rossem, 1980).

Cylloceria melancholica f. marginator Schiedte, 1839:

24 (sensu Van Rossem, 1980).

Characteristics of the female lectotype of

Lampronota denticornis. Labels: “British”; a

separate label: 20-2-82; lectotype label of Fit-

ton, 1975 (Nat. Mus. Ireland, Dublin). The sec-

ond to sixth tergite have an orange to yellowish

hind margin and a brownish to light brown col-

our.

Material examined of Cylloceria melancholica

(Gravenhorst). — U.S.S.R.: several 2, Guzeril, Kav-

kazck (Caucasus), Zapov (National Park), ysjtsj, Zje-

lobnoi, leg. D. R. Kasparyan, 22.vi.1976; 2 sp., Te-

bertsinsky, Zapov (Nat. Park), g. M. Chatipara, chv

les (forest), leg. D. R. Kasparyan, 14.vii.1976; Berbi-

guno, 26.v.1891, Lisuv. ber., leg. K. Kokujeva. Identi-

fication dubious, ovipositor too short, Sejdozero, 20

km south east of Revdy, Murmansk district, leg. D. R.

Kasparyan, 25.v11.1974 (label Aubert; Cylloceria). All

specimens from the Zoological Institute at Leningrad.

Distribution. — Cylloceria melancholica (Graven-

horst) ıs widely spread in the Western Palaearctic Re-

gion.

Genus Proclitus Förster

Cryptus (Clepticus) Haliday in Curtis, 1838: 112—

121.

Proclitus Förster, 1868: 172.

Proclitus; Förster, 1871: 113.

Plectiscus (Prochtus); Thomson, 1888: 1306—1307.

Proclitus; Townes, 1971: 194.

Proclitus; Aubert, 1977: 142.

Proclitus; Van Rossem, 19832: 153—165.

Key to the males

The males of P. comes (Haliday in Curtis), P.

fulvicornis Forster and P. rudis Forster are un-

known. I have not seen the male of P. fulvipec-

tus Forster. These four species are not included

in the key.

The distinction of the males of P. praetor

(Haliday in Curtis), P. ardentis species nova, P.

attentus Forster and P. albidipes Forster is al-

most impossible; nevertheless I have included

them in the key. I based the distinction on the

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 59

ratio of the length of the first abdominal seg-

ment to the apical width. I have used only those

units which are clearly separated. This implies

that other data can overlap.

Anterior tentorial pits impressed and with a

carina between the eye margin and the

lateral corner of the clypeus. Clypeus flat,

the apical margin arcuate, 2.5 times as wide

along. P. paganus (Haliday in Curus)

Anterior tentorial pits not impressed and

without carina between eye and clypeus.. 2

. Face wide, about 0.45 of frontal width (in-

cluding the eyes) and with a row of con-

spicuous long, erect setae along the inner

margin of eye. Clypeus exceptionally wide,

almost 3 times as wide as long, the apical

margin arcuate. Lateral corner of clypeus

reaching beyond line of inner margin of

eye. Clypeus with widely placed long setae

vei SR Ore P. subsulcatus Forster

Not this combination of characters ...... 3

. First tergite coriaceous. Lateral carinae of

scutellum running to apex of scutellum, not

meetings P. zonatus (Gravenhorst)

First tergite not coriaceous. Lateral carinae

of scutellum not running to apex, only pre-

sent at proximal corners of scutellum .... 4

. First abdominal segment 4.0—4.7 times as

long as the apical width. Clypeus for the

PreatetapantyyellOws Vises une.

N Ute a at. P. praetor (Haliday in Curtis)

First abdominal segment less than 4.0 times

as long as the apical width. Clypeus fuscous

. First abdominal segment 3.5—3.7 times as

longtasithelapicaliwidthi®)25.05 955 2.

BENE MTB RODE De P. ardentis spec. nov.

First abdominal segment 3.1—3.3 times as

long as the apical width P. attentus Förster

Remark. — There is a male paralectotype of

Proclitus edwardsi with the same labels, but I

doubt whether this male agrees with the female.

The specimen does not show the impressed an-

terior tentorial pits and neither the shape of the

clypeus agrees.

Key to the females

(Females of P. subsulcatus Förster and P. albi-

dipes Forster are unknown)

Ovipositor long, 0.60—1.05 of length front

Wo MRE DORE N TERE SIR Se 2

— Ovipositor shorter, less than 0.60 of length

TRO NEW A SET! DONE HAUTE A 4

2. Ovipositor exceptionally long, 0.80—1.05

of length front wing. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.5—3.0 times as long as the apical

widcher en P. comes (Haliday in Curtis)

Ovipositor not exceptionally long, 0.60—

0.70 of length front wing. First abdominal

segment 2.7—4.5 times as long as the apical

WEINE see RR a SOA AA ZI odd DON 3

. First abdominal segment 3.5—4.5 times as

long as the apical width. Ovipositor 0.59—

0.69 of length front wing. Clypeus for the

PTE MP ATV EON EEE eterna ere

ARRE à P. praetor (Haliday in Curtis)

First abdominal segment 2.7—3.0 times as

long as apical width. Ovipositor 0.63—0.65

of length front wing. Clypeus fuscous

ak ORE ha NO P. ardentis spec. nov.

. Anterior tentorial pits impressed and with a

carina between eye margin and lateral cor-

neniohelypeust. to ad I 5

Anterior tentorial pits not impressed and

with a weak or no carina between eye mar-

einfand Cly pes emer II 7

. Ovipositor 0.27—0.31 of length of front

wing. Clypeus flat, 2.4 times as wide as

long, the apical margin weakly arcuate.

Margin of tergite two yellowish brown, ter-

gite three yellowish brown or entirely fus-

EOU STRIEN P. paganus (Haliday in Curtis)

Ovipositor 0.37—0.48 of length of front

WIDE LIRE CERRI RO APE a 6

. Ovipositor 0.37—0.47 of length of front

wing. Median dorsal carina of first tergite

present. Margin of tergite two and tergite

three entirely more yellow in colour .......

ENE MST | P. fulvicornis Forster

Ovipositor 0.48 of length of front wing.

Clypeus medially strongly convex, the api-

cal margin arcuate. Median dorsal carina

absent. Abdominal tergites from margin of

tergite two to apex orange in colour .......

ir RME ER LE P. edwardsi Roman

. Ovipositor very short, 0.26 of length front

wing. Malar space with a groove. Lateral

carinae of scutellum running to apex of scu-

tellum, not meeting. Apex of scutellum

striated or with somewhat rough sculpture.

First, and in some specimens also the sec-

onditergite coriaceous a I A EN.

Née SON. ARE P. zonatus (Gravenhorst)

Ovipositor longer, 0.36—0.48 of length

front wing. Lateral carinae of scutellum on-

ly at proximal corners of scutellum ...... 8

. Anterior tentorial pits conspicuous, open.

A carina and laterally of the carina a groove

60 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

between eye margin and lateral corner of

Cpu P. fulvipectus Förster

— Anterior tentorial pits not conspicuous.

There is a groove between eye margin and

clypeus, but no carina present … 9

9. Ovipositor 0.42—0.48 of length front wing.

First abdominal segment 2.7—3.0 times as

long as the apical width. Radius originating

at 0.54 of lower margin of stigma..........

Oec gt rte P. attentus Förster

— Ovipositor 0.39 of length of front wing.

First abdominal segment short, 2.0 times as

long as the apical width!). Radius originat-

ing at 0.50 of lower margin of stigma.......

AIA ALII P. rudis Forster

Proclitus ardentis species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of Proclitus

ardentis. Female. Front wing 4.97 mm long.

Clypeus somewhat convex, fuscous, its apical

margin protruding, with rather long setae. Ma-

lar space narrow, about as wide as the mandibu-

lar base, with a groove between eye margin and

clypeus. Clypeal fovea somewhat impressed,

but not forming a distinct carina between eye

margin and clypeus. Face and other parts of

head fuscous. Antennal sockets slightly el-

evated. Upper part of face between antennal

sockets with a circular impression. Flagellum

slender. Postannellus 5.6 times as long as the ap-

ical width. Pronotum polished, epomia almost

obliterated. Mesoscutum polished, notaulus on-

ly present as a dent on the mesoscutal margin.

Propodeum almost entirely polished, carinae

present but rather weak. Mesopleurum pol-

ished, prepectal carina almost obliterated. Front

and middle legs, inluding the coxae, yellow.

Hind coxae yellow, hind femur, tibia and tarsus

brownish. First abdominal segment 2.9 times as

long as the apical width. Postpetiole with some

longitudinal striation, median dorsal carina

weakly present. Second tergite polished, thyri-

dia present and rather large, the apical tergal

margin yellow. Third tergite polished and al-

most wholly yellow. Remaining tergites fus-

cous, polished and with adpressed long setae.

Ovipositor 0.65 of the length of front wing.

Characteristics of a male paratype of P. ar-

dentis. Front wing 4.62 mm long. Clypeus

somewhat convex, fuscous, its apical margin

protruding, setae not conspicuous. Malar space

') Based on the holotype only.

narrow. All parts of head fuscous. Frons be-

tween antennal sockets impressed. Pronotum

fuscous, polished. Epomia absent. Other parts

of thorax polished and fuscous. Prepectal carina

present, but weak. Front and middle legs, in-

cluding coxae yellow. Hind coxae yellow. Apex

of hind femur, tibia and hind tarsus brown. First

abdominal segment 3.5 times as long as the api-

cal width. Median dorsal carina present on post-

petiole. All other tergites polished. Apical mar-

gin of tergite two yellow. Tergites three, four

and five for the greater part yellowish brown.

All tergites, except the first, with adpressed long

setae.

The trivial name “ardentis” is from the Latin

for “sparkling”.

Material examined. — Austria: ©, holotype,

Oberôsterreich, Riedl im Haselgraben, 12.ix.1985; 2

3, paratypes, same locality and date as holotype; 1 ©,

paratype, Oberôsterreich, Felsleiten bei Eidenberg,

10.1x.1985; ®, paratype, Oberòsterreich, Brunnwald

bei Bad Leonfelden, 21.viii.1985; d, paratype,

Oberôsterreich, Schauerschlag, bei Zwettl R.,

15.1x.1985 (the entire series leg. & coll. Martin

Schwarz, Zwettl, Osterreich).

Distribution. — Only four localities in Austria are

kwown.

Proclitus edwardsi Roman

Proclitus edwardsi Roman, 1923: 73—74.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Proclitus

edwardsi. Female. Front wing 4.71 mm long.

Palpi whitish. Mandible yellow. Malar space

0.35 of width face. Clypeus medially strongly

convex, the apical margin arcuate. Anterior ten-

torial pits strongly impressed and with a carina

between eye margin and lateral corner of cly-

peus. Face, frons, vertex and gena polished, fus-

cous. Pronotum fuscous, polished, epomia pre-

sent, short. Mesoscutum polished, notaulus

short. Scutellum polished, the margin only pre-

sent at the front corner. Scutellar fossa deep.

Propodeum polished, apical transverse carina

strong. Median longitudinal carina developed as

stubs on apical transverse carina. Mesopleurum

polished, prepectal carina not reaching to the

margin. Legs, including coxae yellow. Coxae

polished. Front femur stout, about 3.0 times as

long as wide. Postpectal carina absent. First ter-

gite fuscous, polished, median dorsal carina ab-

sent. The spiracle in the middle. The first seg-

ment is 2.2 times as long as apically wide. All

other tergites polished, from the apical margin

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 61

of tergite two orange in colour. The ovipositor

0.48 of the length of the front wing.

The species is a parasite of Brachypeza radia-

ta Jenkins.

Material examined. — England: lectotype, labels:

B.M. Type Hym. 3.b.1623; Shefford Beds. viii.1918,

leg. F. W. Edwards, ex Brachypeza radiata Jenk. in

Pleurotus; Proclitus edwardsi Roman, ®, label: Procli-

tus Edwardsi Rn n.sp. type. Lectotype label Fitton,

1979

Genus Pantisarthrus Förster

Pantisarthrus Förster, 1871: 109—110.

Pantisarthrus; Townes, 1971: 193—194.

Pantisarthrus; Van Rossem, 1980: 110—113.

I found an undescribed species in Haesel-

barth’s collection. It is described below.

Key to the species

1. First tergite exceptionally long, 2.7—3.0

times as long as apical width, with rough

and irregular longitudinal sculpture. Profile

of tergite trapezium shaped. Claws of front

leg conspicuously stronger than of middle

and hind leg. Ovipositor 0.16 of length hind

NES ati EN P. gracilis spec. nov.

— First tergite not more than 2.5 times as long

as apical width. Sculpture of first tergite co-

riaceous. In some males surpassing 2.5

times but in these the first tergite coria-

CEO SE LI MOON N eno 2

2. Second tergite and following polished but

with some, not very obvious robust, irregu-

larly placed punctures. Mesoscutum strong-

ly convex, prescutellar groove conspicuous-

ly deep. A not very distinct species, of

which only the holotype is extant .........

un. P. rudepunctatus Strobl

— Second tergite and following polished,

Withougpuneturesiu et. a al JAR. 3

3. Section gh of radiella (fig. 3) in hind wing

absent. First tergite 2.0—2.6 times as long

Fig. 3. Hind wing of an ichneumonid. dgh = radiella;

jmp = nervellus; mn = discoidella. After Townes

(1969).

as apical width ..... P. dispar Van Rossem

— Section gh of radiella present. First tergite

1.4—2.3 times as long as apical width .... 4

4. Section gh of radiella equal to or slightly

shorter than section dg. First tergite 1.8—

2.3 times as long as apical width...........

PDT ROSE RER PRE P. inaequalis Forster

— Section gh of radiella longer than section

dg. First tergite 1.4—2.5 times as long as

APIC AW AENE eher ae P. luridus Forster

Pantisarthrus gracilis species nova

Characteristics of the holotype. Female.

Front wing 3.5 mm. Palpi yellow. The mandible

not turned inwards, the lower tooth much

smaller than upper. Clypeus convex, yellowish

brown in colour, the margin truncate. Clypeus

with erect, long hairs. Occiput slightly concave

and sloping beyond ocelli. Pronotum polished,

with epomia. Mesoscutum polished, notaulus

present towards centre of mesoscutum, but

shallow. Prescutellar fovea wide and deep. Pro-

podeum with strong apical transverse carina

with an obtuse tooth between median longitudi-

nal carinae (also a character of other Pantisarth-

rus species). Mesopleurum polished, prepectal

carina present, not reaching to the margin. Por-

tion of cubitus between intercubitus and second

recurrent vein 0.5 times as long as recurrent

vein. In the hind wing gh shorter than dg. Dis-

coidella absent. Legs, including the coxae, yel-

lowish. Dorsal part of hind tibia brown. Claws

of front leg stronger than those of middle and

hind legs. Hind femur conspicuously club-

shaped. First tergite exceptionally long, 2.7

times as long as the apical width. The tergite has

rough longitudinal sculpture and a trapezium

shaped profile. All other tergites fuscous and

highly polished. Second tergite with a yellow

apical band. Ovipositor 0.16 of the length of

hind tibia.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Italy: 2, holotype, Prov.

Bolzano, Kaltern Leuchtenburg, 500 m, 22.1x.1978;

9, paratype, Prov. Bolzano, Kaltern Leuchtenburg,

500 m, 22.1x.1978 (both leg. and coll. Haeselbarth,

Munchen).

Pantisarthrus inaequalis Forster

Pantisarthrus inaequalis Förster, 1871: 110.

Pantisarthrus ochropus Forster, 1871: 110.

Pantisarthrus pseudochropus Strobl, 1903: 137.

Aniseres subalpinus Strobl, 1903: 138.

Pantisarthrus inaequalis; Van Rossem, 1980: 110—

111.

62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Characteristics of male and female. Length

front wing 3.0—3.6 mm. Tyloids absent. Malar

space wide, with a groove. Face, frons and ver-

tex polished. Occipital carina present. Mesoscu-

tum convex, polished, notaulus absent. Scutellar

carina almost reaching to apex. Section gh of ra-

diella equal to or shorter than section dg. First

tergite 1.8—2.3 times as long as wide, coria-

ceous. Median dorsal carina present.

Common and widely distributed.

Pantisarthrus luridus Forster

Pantisarthrus luridus Forster, 1871: 110.

Pantisarthrus luridus; Van Rossem, 1980: 111—112.

Characteristics of male and female. Length

front wing 3.0—3.6 mm. Section dg of radiella

about 0.6 of section gh. First tergite 1.4—2.0

times as long as wide.

Common and widely distributed.

Pantisarthrus rudepunctatus Strobl

Pantisarthrus rudepunctatus Strobl, 1903: 137—138.

Pantisarthrus rudepunctatus; Van Rossem, 1980: 112.

Characteristics of the female. Length front

wing 3.0 mm. Section dg of radiella 0.5 of sec-

tion gh. First tergite 2.4 times as long as wide,

coriaceous. Other tergites, according to Strobl,

with robust, irregularly placed punctures. I did

not find these to be very conspicuous.

Distribution. — Only the holotype of Styrian Alp

(Austria) is extant.

Pantisarthrus dispar Van Rossem

Pantisarthrus dispar Van Rossem, 1980: 112—113.

Characteristics of male and female. Length of

front wing 2.8—3.3 mm. Section gh of radiella

absent. First tergite 2.0—2.6 times as long as

wide.

Common and widely distributed.

Genus Plectiscidea Viereck

Plectiscus auctores, before 1914.

Plectiscidea Viereck, 1914: 118.

Plectiscus; Förster, 1871: 84—90.

Plectiscus; Strobl, 1903: 125—130.

Plectiscidea; Townes, 1971: 196—197.

Plectiscidea; Aubert, 1975: 3—5; 7—8.

Forster (1871) published keys to his Plectiscus

females and males and at the same time intro-

duced 51 new species in his key to the females.

The description of these is extraordinarily con-

cise and based upon characters which do not

lead to identification. Apparently Forster con-

fused the conception of a species with mere in-

dividual differences, describing specimens rath-

er than species.

The Forster type material is in the Zoolog-

ische Staatssammlung at Munchen and in excel-

lent condition. Aubert (1975) first revised this

collection and recognized 14 species.

A subgenus, Fugatrix, is introduced to incor-

porate one species, Plectiscus communis Forster

in the genus Plectiscidea. This species was

placed in Dialipsis by Townes (1971). I think

that the character used by Townes to separate

Dialipsis and Plectiscidea, that is the ratio be-

tween the length of the petiolar area and the

length of combined areola and basal area, does

not exclude other Plectiscidea species from Di-

alipsis. Neither the shape of the postannellus

separates these two genera. It seems to me that

only the exceptionally large clypeal fovea is a

true character of Dialipsis. Townes considers

this character to be only an aberrant one. Con-

sequently the other species belong to the subge-

nus Plectiscidea.

On the whole 36 species are dealt with; of

these five are new: Plectiscidea indomita, P.

foersteri, P. substantiva, P. blandita and P. ven-

tosa. Plectiscidea nemorensis is a nomen novum

for Ephalmator subsimilis Van Rossem.

Morphology

It is difficult to find proper morphological

characters for comparison and for the separa-

tion of Förster’s types. I used the following

eight criteria:

(1) ratio of width malar space to the width of

face (enlargement 100X);

(2) ratio of length of postannellus to its apical

width (enlargement 100X);

) presence or absence of notaulus;

(4) development of the lateral scutellar carina;

(5) ratio of length of first abdominal segment to

its apical width (enlargement 100);

(6) ratio of length of first abdominal segment to

the length of the front wing (enlargement

40x);

(7) position of the spiracles of the first abdomi-

nal segment in proportion to the length of

the segment (enlargement 100);

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 63

(8) length of ovipositor in proportion to the

length of the front wing (enlargement 40).

These criteria offer a rather meagre founda-

tion. Perhaps scanning electron microphotogra-

phy would reveal better characters, but I had no

access to such an instrument.

A word must be said about the males. Forster

described 26 species, founded solely on the

males. I regard these as species inquirendae as it

is impossible at present to find the matching fe-

males.

Note to the key

An extensive series of Plectiscidea collaris col-

lected in Austria by Martin Schwarz gave me a

better understanding of the variability of this

species. I, therefore, doubt if my key between

17 and 18 is reliable.

The following observations should also be

noted:

Plectiscidea monticola is distinguished by the

short first abdominal segment.

Plectiscidea agitator, of which only the holo-

type is available, could be identical with P. col-

laris.

Plectiscidea conjuncta can be distinguished

from P. collaris by the ratio of the length of the

first abdominal segment to the length of the

front wing (0.14—0.16 in P. conjuncta and

0.17—0.19 in P. collaris). In P. conjuncta the

spiracles of the first abdominal segment lie at

0.31—0.37 of the length of the segment. In P.

collaris at 0.37—0.42 of the length of the seg-

ment.

Of P. conjuncta only the holotype and three

other specimens were available. Two of these

are type specimens of P. flavicoxis of which the

status is doubtful.

Key to Plectiscidea females

1. Length of ovipositor 0.72—0.85 of length

of front wing. Petiolar area of propodeum

1.5—2.0 times as long as combined areola

and basal area. Postanellus 3.6—4.5 times as

long as the apical width. First abdominal

segment 1.8—2.5 times as long as the apical

width. First tergite coriaceous. Front wing

2.3—3.6mm long .. Fugatrix subgen. nov.

— Length of ovipositor less than 0.70 of

length of front wing. (Subgenus Plectisci-

AEL ISS ACA eN Reet ine rt IE ROS 2

2. Ovipositor relatively short, 0.09—0.30 of

lenethyofsinontawine Se 3

Ovipositor longer than 0.30 of length of

front wines Oe aap inl Mer Mra eee 15

. Ovipositor 0.09 of length of front wing.

Postannellus long, 6.0 times the apical

width and with a conspicuous character,

viz., a medial notch, thus giving the impres-

sion of two short inflated segments. Anten-

na, legs, propodeum and gaster with long

hairs. Abdominal segment 2.3 times as long

as the apical width. The first tergite coria-

COOUSH Heme SAGE P. nemorensis nom. nov.

Ovipositor more than 0.10 of length of

frontwine te er ARI O ates ens 4

. Ovipositor 0.14—0.18 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 4.0—4.8 times as long as

the apical width. The first abdominal seg-

ment 1.4—1.8 times as long as the apical

WAG Chie are. P. bistriata (Thomson)

Ovipositor longer than 0.18 of length of

frontwing tn aise er. 5

. Postannellus 4.0—4.8 times as long as the

apicaliwidthy IR ENORME enr 6

Postannellus 5.0—6.5 times as long as the

apıical width Aes te EA 8

. The length of the first abdominal segment

1.3 times as long as the apical width due to

the conspicuous breadth of the tergite. Ovi-

positor 0.27 of the length of the front wing.

Postannellus 4.2 times as long as the apical

width. P. subteres (Thomson)

The length of the first abdominal segment

2.0—2.4 times as long as apical width .... 7

. Ovipositor 0.20—0.22 of the length of front

wing. Postannellus 4.0—4.6 (4.8) times as

long as apical width. The length of the first

abdominal segment 2.0—2.3 times as long

as apical width P. indomita spec. nov.

Ovipositor 0.25—0.27 of the length of front

wing. Postannellus 4.3—4.6 times as long as

the apical width. The length of the first ab-

dominal segment 2.2—2.4 times as long as

the apical width P. moerens (Forster)

. Postannellus 5.0—5.6 times as long as the

apicalwidth Kur. San ern 9

Postannellus 6.0—6.5 times as long as the

apicalhwidthee mec ee 12

. First tergite with longitudinal striation and

some not very conspicuous coriaceous

sculpture between. The spiracles rather

protruding. The first abdominal segment

2.1 times the apical width. Postannellus 5.0

times as long as the apical width. Malar

space 0.41 of width face. Ovipositor 0.21 of

the length of front wing . P. tener (Förster)

First tergite with coriaceous sculpture .. 10

10.

12.

13.

14.

158

16.

17.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Ovipositor 0.19—0.22 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.0—5.5 times as long as

the apıcal width. First abdominal segment

1.8—2.0 times as long as the apical width ...

ARR WR EN! P. parvula (Forster)

Ovipositor 0.24—0.30 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.0—5.6 times as long as

tea pali deere ESE 11

. Ovipositor 0.24—0.27 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.5—5.6 times as long as

the apical width. First abdominal segment

2.0—2.3 times as long as apical width

PIRAS E P. tenuicornis (Forster)

Ovipositor 0.28—0.30 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.0—5.5 times long as

the apical width. First abdominal segment

1.9—2.3 times as long as apical width

SRO ED Le P. cinctula (Forster)

Ovipositor 0.22—0.23 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 6.0 times as long as the

apical width. The first abdominal segment

2.3—2.6 times as long as apical width

ORE ae Ee M SIC P. amicalis (Fòrster)

Ovipositor 0.25—0.30 of length of front

RDO AE die e CAS PL AE 13

First abdominal segment 2.4—2.7 times as

long as apical width. Ovipositor 0.25—0.31

of length of front wing. Postannellus 6.5

timesaslons es api ali ie EEE er

P. helvola (Forster)

First abdominal segment 2.0—2.3 times as

longyastapicaliwad chine eee Ener 14

Ovipositor 0.25—0.30 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 6.0 times as long as the

apical width. Length of first abdominal seg-

ment 2.1—2.3 times the apical width...

sg ANY FA MECN cr P. vagator (Forster)

Ovipositor 0.27—0.30 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 6.0—6.5 times as long as

the apical width. Length of first abdominal

segment 2.0 times the apical width...

PISA Ra P. melanocera (Forster)

Notaulus indicated by a groove on the

MESOSCUtA OMENTHIN 5 4600000n0000050008 16

Notaulus not present or evanescent..... 25

First abdominal segment conspicuously

long, 3.1—3.5 times the apical width. Post-

annellus (4.8)—5.2 times as long as the api-

cal width. Ovipositor 0.33—0.36 of length

of front wing .... P. canaliculata (Förster)

Length of first abdominal segment less than

330)timesithe apicalawidthy wees an eee 117

Postannellus 5.0—6.3 times as long as the

apicalkwid thie... Gar mint O INSEL REG. 18

Postannellus less than 5.0 times as long as

20.

21.

208

23.

24.

the apical width 22

. Ovipositor 0.55 of the length of front wing.

Postannellus long, 6.0 times the apical

width. Length of first abdominal segment

2.7 times the apical width. Front wing 4.8

MIO TORNA P. erythropyga (Forster)

Ovipositor shorter, 0.35—0.52 of the

lengthorfront.wine- === 19

. First abdominal segment short, 2.0 times

the apical width. Ovipositor 0.44 of length

of front wing. Postannellus 5.0 times as

long as the apical width. Front wing 3.7 mm

long P. monticola (Forster)

Length of first abdominal segment 2.3—2.9

timiesitherapicaliwidthya ee eee 20

Postannellus 6.0 times as long as the apical

width. Ovipositor 0.40 of the length of

front wing. First abdominal segment 2.3

times as long as the apical width. Front

wing 4.5 mm long .... P. agitator (Förster)

Postannellus 5.0—6.3 times as long as the

apical width. Ovipositor 0.35—0.52 of

length of frontiwine eae eee 21

The first abdominal segment measures

0.14—0.16 of the length of the front wing.

Ovipositor 0.36—0.38 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.2—5.3 times as long as

the apical width. First abdominal segment

2.2—2.4 times as long as the apical width ...

RAR MES AR P. conjuncta (Forster)

first abdominal segment measures

0.17—0.19 of the length of the front wing.

Ovipositor 0.35—0.52 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.0—6.3 times as long as

the apical width. First abdominal segment

2.3—2.9 times as long as the apical width ...

P. collaris (Gravenhorst)

Postannellus 3.7 times as long as the apical

width. Ovipositor 0.44 of length of front

wing. First abdominal segment 2.4 times as

long as the apical width. Front wing 4.7 mm

lon P. foersteri spec. nov.

Postannellus 4.2—4.6 times as long as the

apical width

Ovipositor 0.38 of length of front wing.

Postannellus 4.3 times as long as apically

wide. First abdominal segment 2.3 times as

long as the apical width. Front wing 3.7 mm

RR Ao P. nava (Forster)

Ovipositor 0.41—0.48 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 4.0—4.6 times as long as

the apical width

Malar space 0.29—0.35 of width face. Ovi-

positor 0.43—0.48 of length of front wing.

Postannellus 4.0—4.5 times as long as the

25.

26.

27.

28.

29)

30.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 65

apical width. First abdominal segment

2.42.7 times as long as the apical width.

Front wing 4.2—5.2 mm long

EPE, P. substantiva spec. nov.

Malar space wide, 0.41—0.42 of width face.

Ovipositor 0.41—0.43 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 4.2—4.6 times as long as

apical width. First abdominal segment

2.3—2.6 times as long as the apical width.

Front wing 3.7—4.5 mm long

N eens P. crassicornis (Forster)

Postannellus extremely long, 7.0 times the

apical width. Ovipositor 0.33—0.35 of

length of front wing. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.7 times as long as apical width......

P. posticata (Forster)

Postannellus shorter, less than 5.8 the ap-

keel rico E oe eae 26

Ovipositor 0.40—0.47 of length of front

wing. Postannellus 5.0—5.7 times as long as

the apical width. Length of first abdominal

segment 1.8—2.8 times the apical width 27

Ovipositor shorter, 0.33—0.38 of length of

front wing. Postannellus 4.3—5.4 times as

long as the apical width. Length of first ab-

dominal segment 1.6—2.6 times the apical

FICO u srt Pe A 38

Ovipositor 0.40 of length of front wing.

Postannellus 5.3 times as long as the apical

width. Malar space 0.40 of width face.

Length of first abdominal segment 2.7 times

the apical width, the spiracles situated at

0.37 of the length of the segment

P. connexa (Forster)

Ovipositor more than 0.40 of length of

TODE WITT O ee 28

Length of first abdominal segment 1.8 times

the apical width, the spiracles situated at

0.32 of the length of the segment. Postan-

nellus 5.7 times as long as the apical width.

Ovipositor 0.42 of length of front wing ....

P. mesoxantha (Forster)

Length of first abdominal segment more

than 1.8 times the apical width......... 29

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated between 0.40—0.50 of the length

of the segment

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated between 0.34—0.37 of the length

of the segment

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated in the middle of the segment (0.50).

The length of the first abdominal segment

2.0 times the apical width. Postannellus 5.0

times as long as the apical width. Malar

ale

92°

33.

34.

ESRI RE PO akhal P. mendica (Forster)

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated at 0.40—0.43 of the length of the

HOTTE NE cio EN. 31

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated at 0.40 of the length of the seg-

ment. The length of the first abdominal seg-

ment 2.3 times the apical width. Postannel-

lus 5.5 times as long as the apical width.

Malar space 0.38 of width face

P. fraterna (Forster)

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated at 0.43 of the length of the seg-

ment. The length of the first abdominal seg-

ment 2.1 times the apical width. Postannel-

lus 5.0 times as long as the apical width.

Malar space 0.35 of width face

P. deterior (Forster)

Malar space 0.42 of width face. The first ab-

dominal segment 2.5 times as long as the

apical width, the spiracles situated at 0.34 of

thelength onthe segment: nee

P. blandita spec. nov.

Malar space 0.33—0.35 of width face. The

first abdominal segment 2.1—2.3 times as

long as the apical width, the spiracles situ-

ated at 0.34—0.37 of the length of the seg-

ment. Postannellus 5.0—5.3 times as long as

the apical width.!) Ovipositor 0.42—0.47 of

the length of the front wing. Front wing

3.5—4.5 mm long .. P. terebrator (Förster)

Postannellus 4.3—4.6 times as long as the

apical width. Ovipositor 0.32—0.37 of

length of front wing. Length of first ab-

dominal segment 1.6—1.8 times the apical

widthe ee: P. ventosa spec. nov.

Postannellus 5.0—5.4 times as long as the

apicaliidthoarsdat, un LR 34

Postannellus 5.4 times as long as the apical

width. Ovipositor 0.36 of length of front

wing. Malar space 0.31 of width face. Scu-

tellar carina slightly beyond the scutellar

corner and turning inwards, but not meet-

ing. Length of first abdominal segment 2.2

times the apical width. Front wing long, 5.2

MM gee eee P. subangulata (Forster)

Postannellus 5.0—5.2 times as long as the

apical width. Malar space 0.31—0.38 of

width face. Front wing 3.5—4.3 mm long

!) In P. terebrator the postannellus can reach to 6.3—

6.6 times the apical width.

66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

35. Postannellus 5.0 times as long as the apical

width. Malar space 0.37 of width face. Ovi-

positor 0.36 of length of front wing. Scutel-

lar carina slightly beyond scutellar corner.

The spiracles of the first abdominal segment

situated at 0.43 of the length of the seg-

ment. First abdominal segment 2.5 times as

long as the apical width. Front wing 4.0 mm

lon P. eurystigma (Thomson)

— Postannellus 5.0 times as long as the apical

width. Malar space 0.33 of width of face.

Ovipositor 0.37—0.38 of length of front

wing. Scutellar carina slightly beyond cor-

ner and curving inwards, not meeting. The

spiracles of the first abdominal segment sit-

uated at 0.32—0.34 of the length of the seg-

ment. First abdominal segment 2.0—2.6

times as long as the apical width. Front

ne Ne LS NONE da eso dee ooo dae a 8

P. humeralis (Förster)

Subgenus Plectiscidea Viereck

Plectiscidea Viereck, 1914: 118. Type: Plectiscus colla-

ris Gravenhorst. Original designation.

Front wing 2.7—6.0 mm long. Postannellus

4.0—7.0 times as long as apically wide. Petiolar

area of propodeum around 1.2 times as long as

combined areola and basal area. First abdominal

segment 1.3—3.5 times as long as apical width.

Ovipositor 0.09—0.55 of length of front wing.

Plectiscidea nemorensis nomen novum

Ephalmator subsimilis Van Rossem, 1980: 122 (nec

Forster, 1871). Paratype examined in 1985. See al-

so Van Rossem (1982: 169).

The male was originally described with

Ephalmator subsimilis. It is not taken into con-

sideration here.

Characteristics of the female. Front wing

3.0—4.1 mm long. Malar space 0.38—0.40 of

width face. Anterior tentorial pits in the Dutch

specimen rather impressed. Postannellus 5.6—

6.0 times as long as apical width. The postannel-

lus with a weak medial notch giving the appear-

ance that the postannellus consists of two seg-

ments. Notauli not present or fading. Propo-

deum coriaceous, median longitudinal carina

weak, present as stubs from the apical trans-

verse carina. The latter strong. Legs, including

coxae, with long hairs. First abdominal segment

2.0—2.3 times as long as apical width. The first

tergite coriaceous, median dorsal carina absent,

the spiracles at 0.37—0.43 of the length. Second.

tergite with an apical yellow band. Third tergite

for the greater part yellow. The ovipositor ex-

ceptionally short, 0.09—0.10 of the length of

the front wing. The main characters are shown

on table 2.

Material examined. — Austria: 2, T. Pertisau, 1550

m, 12.vu.1977 (paratype of Ephalmator subsimilis)

(leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Netherlands: 2, Naarder-

meer, Malaise trap, (Loc. ix), 6.vui.1974, leg. Bunnik

& Van Wijngaarden (coll. K. W. R. Zwart, Wagening-

en).

Remark. — The name “subsimilis” is preoc-

cupied (Forster, 1871, Verh. naturh. Ver. pre-

uss. Rheinl. 28: 86). The new name is from the

Latin for “from the holy wood”; the locality

“Naardermeer” is a nature reserve.

Table 2. Plectiscidea nemorensis nom. nov.: frw — the length of the front wing in mm; ovip/frw — ratio of

ovipositor length to length of the front wing; psta //w —ratio of length of postannellus to its apical width; malsp

/f — ratio of width of malar space to the width of face; abds l/w — ratio of length of first abdominal segment to

its apical width; spir/abds — the position of the spiracles of the first abdominal segment in relation to the lenght

of the segment; not — notaulus (if not filled in, no attention is given to the notaulus); pr — notaulus present;

weak or prw — notaulus weakly present; not pr — notaulus absent; pet. area/areo + bas — ratio of length of

petiolar area to length of combined areola and basal area (used only for the subgenus Fugatrix); abds/frw —

ratio of length of first abdominal segment to length of front wing (used only for P. conjuncta and P. collaris); not

filled in — not determined.

frw ovip/

frw

Paratype Ephalmator 4.1 0.10

subsimilis

Naardermeer 3.0 0.09

6.v111.1974

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

5.6 0.40 2.0 0.37 weak

6.0 0.38 2.3 0.43 not

VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 67

Plectiscidea bistriata (Thomson)

Plectiscus bistriatus Thomson, 1888: 1288. Lectotype

designation by Van Rossem. There is a male in the

type series (Fitton, 1982).

Characteristics of the lectotype. Female.

Front wing 3.5 mm. Clypeus small, square, con-

vex, somewhat protruding, the apical margin

truncate. Face polished, slightly produced for-

ward below the antennal sockets. Postannellus

4.0 times as long as the apical width. Occipital

carina closed. Mesoscutum polished, notauli

weakly present. Scutellum with carina to apex.

Propodeum almost completely polished, with

erect rather long hairs. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal carina present but widely away from

the margin. Legs and coxae brownish. First ab-

dominal segment 1.5 times as long as apical

width. Postpetiole finely coriaceous. Apical half

of abdomen compressed. Ovipositor 0.18 of the

length of the front wing. Compare table 3.

The two main characters of this species are

the short ovipositor: 0.14—0.18 of the length of

the front wing and the rather short and wide

first abdominal segment (1.4—1.8 times the api-

cal width).

The male was described by Thomson (1888).

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

western Palaearctic region: Austria, Germany, the

Netherlands and Sweden.

Material examined. — All ®. Austria: Kärnten,

Bodental 1100 m, 30.vi.1981 (leg. & coll. Zwakhals);

Sonnenwendgebirge, 1300—1500 m, Hint. Swjoch

21.v1.1959; St. Haus Gföhlalm, 1300 m, 27.v1.1972.

Germany: Oberbayern, Gauting, 5.vi.1972; ibidem,

17.v.1976; Hedemiinden €, 12.v.1966; Dransfeld,

12.vi.1966 (all leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Netherlands:

Naardermeer (Malaise trap), 11.vi.1974, leg. Bunnik

& Van Wijngaarden (coll. Zwart, Wageningen). Swe-

den: lectotype, Herrevadskloster (Skane), vi.1882

(coll. Thomson, Entomology Museum, Lund).

Plectiscidea subteres (Thomson)

Plectiscus subteres Thomson, 1888: 1300. Holotype

label of R. Hinz (1962).

Characteristics of the holotype. Female.

Front wing 4.2 mm. Clypeus polished, outer

margin truncate, medially protruding, with

erect hairs, width 0.61 of width face. Face,

frons, vertex and temple polished. Occipital ca-

rina complete. Postannellus 4.2 times as long as

the apical width. Pronotum polished, epomia

strong. Mesoscutum polished, notauli present

but obliterated posteriorly. Scutellum with the

carina partly present. Most of the propodeum

with irregular sculpture, carinae rather strongly

developed. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal

carina present but well away from the margin.

Coxae and legs yellowish brown, legs slender.

Length of the abdominal first segment 1.3 times

the apical width. The apical margin wide. First

tergite coriaceous, median dorsal carina to 0.42

of the length of the tergite. The spiracle situated

at 0.37 of the length of the segment. The end of

the first sternite is at 0.28 of the length of the

segment. The second tergite is coriaceous, the

apical margin is polished and light brown in col-

our. The ovipositor is 0.27 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 4.

Male unknown.

Table 3. Plectiscidea bistriata (Thomson). For explanation of abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta abds not

frw l/w l/w

lectotype P. bistriata 3.5 0.18 4.0 1.5

Kärnten, 30.v1.81 0.13 4.8 1.5

Sonnenw. geb., 21.vi. 0.16 4.8 1.5

Haus, 27.vi.72 0.17 4.0 1.5

Gauting, 5.v1.72 0.15 4.0 1.4

Gauting, 17.v.76 0.17 4.4 1.5

Hedemünden, 12.v.66 0.16 4.4 127

Dransfeld, 12.v1.66 AZ 4.3 1.7

Naardermeer, 11.v1.74 0.14 4.8 1.8

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 4. Plectiscidea subteres (Thomson). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype P. subteres 4.0 0.27

Material examined. — Germany: (?), ©, holotype,

f. 22.v.1886, leg. and coll. Thomson (Entomological

Museum, Lund).

Plectiscidea indomita species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of P. indomi-

ta. Female. Front wing 3.8 mm long. Mandible

yellow, teeth about the same length. Clypeus

rather convex, somewhat protruding. Malar

space rather wide, 0.43 of width of face. Postan-

nellus 4.0 times as long as the apical width. Epo-

mia present. Notaulus present, short. Lateral

carina of scutellum running somewhat behind

the corner and slightly curving inwards. Propo-

deum dorsally with coriaceous sculpture,

laterally with irregular fine sculpture. Prepectal

carina present. First abdominal segment 2.0

times as long as the apical width. The spiracles

situated at 0.40 of the length of the segment.

The first tergite medially rather convex, with

coriaceous sculpture. The second tergite with

vague coriaceous sculpture. The other tergites

polished. Ovipositor 0.22 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 5.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Austria: paratype, T. Lech-

taler A., Bichlbachle, 1350 m, 14.vin.1974. Germany:

©, holotype, Hohenschwangau, Säulingweg, 1120—

1300 m 16.vii.1974; 2 2, paratypes, Weszling, Hoch-

stadt, 19.v.1974 (all leg. & coll. Haeselbarth); 2, para-

lectotype of Plectiscus sodalis Forster, Lousberg, 19.v

(coll. Förster, München). Italy: BS, Valvestino Malga

Tombea, 1800 m, 14.vi.1976 (leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth).

psta abds not

I/w I/w

4.2 1.3

Distribution. — Widely spread in the western Pal-

aearctic Region.

“Indomitus” is the Latin for “invincible”,

cc” = »

indomitable”.

Plectiscidea moerens (Forster)

Plectiscus moerens Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus xanthoneuris Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype

labelled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Plectiscus flavizonus Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Plectiscus eversorius Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym

Characteristics of the holotype of P. moerens.

Female. Front wing 3.4 mm long. Postannellus

4.3 times as long as apical width. Epomia pre-

sent, short. Notaulus short. Lateral carina of the

scutellum somewhat behind the corner. Propo-

deum polished, with rather long hairs. Prepectal

carina present. First abdominal segment 2.4

times as long as apical width. Spiracles situated

at 0.33 of the length of the segment. First tergite

coriaceous, with rather long lateral hairs. Sec-

ond tergite polished. Ovipositor 0.27 of the

length of the front wing. Compare table 6.

The species is characterized by the ratio of

length and width of the postannellus, 4.3—4.6

times as long as the apical width, the length of

the ovipositor, 0.25—0.27 of the length of the

front wing and the ratio of length and width of

the first abdominal segment, 2.2—2.4 times as

long as the apical width. The second tergite al-

most polished in most specimens.

Male unknown.

Table 5. Plectiscidea indomita spec. nov. For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype P. indomita 3.8 0.22

Lecht, A., 14.vili. 3.5 0.22

Weszling, 19.v.74 3.5 0.20

Weszling, 19.v.74 BIO 0.20

Lousberg, 19.v. 3.5 0.22

psta abds spir/ not

l/w I/w abds

4.0 2.0 0.40 pr

4.3 2.0 0.37 pr

4.8 23 0.36 prw

4.6 2.2 0.38 prw

4.3 22 0.40 pr

VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae

Table 6. Plectiscidea moerens (Fòrster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw I/w /f l/w abds

holotype 3.4 0.27 4.3 2.4 0.33

P. xanthoneuris il 0.25 4.6 25

P. flavizona 3.3 0.26 4.3 2.3

P. eversoria 4.0 0.25 4.3 257) 0.40

paralectotype 3.6 0.26 4.3 261 0.38

P. subcurvata

Material examined. — Germany: ©, holotype of sculpture in the hind part. The spiracles rather

P. moerens, Aachen; ©, holotype of P. xanthoneuris,

Aachen; ®, holotype of P. flavizona, Aachen; ©, ho-

lotype of P. eversoria, Aachen; ©, paralectotype of

P. subcurvata, Aachen (all coll. Förster, München);

9, Bayern, Starnberg, Kerschlach, 18.v.1975; 9,

Oberbayern, Glonn, 13.vi.1968; 2, Obb. Karwendel

(illegible), 20.vii.1958; 2 ©, Hedeminden (E),

10.vii.1967; 2 2, Dransfeld (A), 15.v.1966. Italy: ©,

Schabs, Sudtirol, 750 m, 30.vii.1966 (all leg. & coll.

Haeselbarth); ©, Sarntal (Bolzano), 1250 m, 9.vi.1977

(leg. & coll. Zwakhals). Netherlands: ®, Naarder-

meer, Malaise trap, 15.x.1974, leg. Bunnik & Van

Wijngaarden (coll. Zwart, Wageningen).

Distribution. — Widely spread in Western and

Central Europe.

Plectiscidea tener (Forster)

Plectiscus tener Forster, 1871: 86. Report on type by

Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the holotype of Plectiscus

tener. Female. Front wing 2.8 mm long. Post-

annellus 5.0 times as long as apical width. Epo-

mia present, but short. Propodeum polished,

the apical transverse carina well developed. Pre-

pectal carina present, short, reaching lower cor-

ner of pronotum. Left wings missing. First ab-

dominal segment 2.1 times as long as apical

width. The first tergite showing the most im-

portant feature of the species, namely the longi-

tudinal striation with some vague coriaceous

protruding. The other tergites polished. Ovipo-

sitor 0.21 of the length of the front wing.

I found only one other specimen; it more or

less agrees with the type specimen. It has the

longitudinal sculpture of the first tergite. Com-

pare table 7.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype, Aa-

chen (coll. Forster, Miinchen); 2, Wiershausen (Nie-

dersachsen) (Cb), 14.viii.1966 (leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth).

Plectiscidea parvula (Forster)

Plectiscus parvulus Forster, 1871: 86. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus coxator Förster, 1871: 86. Holotype labelled

by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Plectiscus nuptialis Forster, 1871: 87. Report on type

by Aubert (1975). New synonym.

Characteristics of the holotype of Plectiscus

parvulus. Female. Front wing 2.7 mm long.

Postannellus 5.5 times as long as apical width.

Malar space 0.41 of width face. Epomia short.

Prepectal carina not reaching the margin. Scu-

tellum damaged by pin. Middle femur extremely

slender, 13 times as long as apical width. First

abdominal segment 1.8 times as long as apical

width. The first tergite coriaceous. Ovipositor

0.19 of the length of the front wing. Compare

table 8.

Table 7. Plectiscidea tener (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 2.8 0.21

Wiershausen, 3.5 0.22

14.v111.1966

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

5.0 ZA] weak

Dee 225 weak

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 8. Plectiscidea parvula (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype DA) 0.19

P. parvula

holotype 2.8 0.22

P. coxator

holotype 2.9 0.22

P. nuptialis

Hohenschwangau, 4.2 0.22

16.v11.74

Hedemünden, Bal 0.21

12.v.66

Also the holotype of P. nuptialis shows the

extremely slender middle femur.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. parvula, Lousberg, 15.ix; 2, holotype of P. coxa-

tor, Koln; ®, holotype of P. nuptialis, Aachen (all

coll. Forster, Munchen); 9, Bayern, Hohenschwang-

au, Wildsulz, 1420— 1560 m, 16.vu.1974; ©, He-

demünden C, 12.v.1966 (specimen badly damaged)

(both specimens leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Austria: 2

2, Pass Thurn, Salzburg, 1200 m, 8.1x.1968; 2, Fliess,

Tirol, 4.1x.1971 (all three coll. Haeselbarth).

Distribution. — This is a species from Western Eu-

rope and the Alpine Region.

psta malsp abds spir/ not

I/w /f Vw abds

5.5 0.41 1.8 pr

5.0 0.41 1.9 pr

5.0 0.38 1.9

5.0 0.41 1.9

5.0 1.8

Plectiscidea tenuicornis (Forster)

Plectiscus tenuicornis Forster, 1871: 86. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus tenuicornis Thomson, 1888: 1303.

Plectiscus brachyurus Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. tenuicor-

nis. Female. Frontwing 2.7 mm long. Postannel-

lus 5.5 times as long as apical width. Notaulus

weak. First tergite coriaceous. First abdominal

segment 2.1 times as long as apical width. Ovi-

positor 0.27 of length of front wing. Compare

table 9.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. brachy-

Table 9. Plectiscidea tenuicornis (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw l/w /f l/w abds

holotype 2.7 0.27 5.5 2.1 weak

P. tenuicornis

holotype 2.8 0.26 5.5 2.0 weak

P. brachyura

Zell Pfarre, 14.vii.79 4.2 0.24 5.6 1.8

Fliess, Tirol, 11.vin 3.0 0.24 5.5 DI

Wiershausen, 14.viii 3.5 0.24 5.2 2.3

Obb. Weszling, 25.viii 4.3 0.24 5.3 2.3

Naardermeer, 4.vi.74 3.8 0.25 5.6 2.0

Norge, Lom — Lia, 3.8 0.27 5.6 DD

26.v1.81

Sweden, Värmland, 4.0 0.25 5.3 2.0

Transtrand, 21.vii.81

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae Val

urus. Female. Front wing 2.8 mm long. Postan-

nellus 5.5 times as long as apical width. Notauli

weak, with a short carina on the inner margin.

First tergite coriaceous. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.0 times as long as apical width. Oviposi-

tor 0.26 of length of front wing.

The species is characterized by the length of

the ovipositor (0.24—0.27 of the length of the

front wing). The postannellus is 5.5—5.6 times

as long as the apical width.

The male was described by Thomson (1888).

Material examined. — Austria: ©, Kärnten, Zell

Pfarre, 1200 m, 14.vii.1979; ©, Kärnten, Himmel-

berg, 1000 m, 15.viii.1980 (both coll. Zwakhals); °,

Fliess (Tirol), 1550 m, 11.viii.1971 (coll. Haeselbarth).

Germany; 2, holotype of P. tenuicornis, Lousberg,

25.x.; 2, holotype of P. brachyurus, Aachen (both

leg. & coll. Förster, Münden); 2 2, Hann. Munchen,

13.vili.1965; ©, Hedemünden, 12.v.1966; ®, Lip-

poldshausen, B, 20.v.1967; 2, Hessen, Witzenhausen,

14.v.1966; 9, Niedersachsen, Wiershausen,

19.viii.1966; 2 ©, Bayern, Herrsching, Kerschlacher

Forst, 19.v.1974; 2, Oberbayern, Weszling,

2.viii.1973. Italy: 2, Campenjoch, Südtirol, 1350 m,

A, 3.ix.1967 (all leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Nether-

lands: 2, Naardermeer, Malaise trap, 4.vi.1974, leg.

Bunnik & Van Wijngaarden; 2, Malaise trap,

8.x.1974, leg. Bunnik & Van Wijngaarden (both speci-

mens coll. Zwart, Wageningen). Norway: ©, Opp-

land, Lom-Lia, 26.vi.—20.vii.1978 (leg. & coll. Van

Rossem). Sweden: ®, Orebro Lan, Klysna “Norr-

berga”, 8.vii.—2.viii.1979; ©, Värmland, Transtrand,

Storbacken, 18 station, 21—31.vii.1981, margin of

forest, close vegetation (leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

Western Palaearctic Region.

Plectiscidea cinctula (Forster)

Plectiscus cinctulus Forster, 1871: 89. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus determinatus Forster, 1871: 88. Lectotype

designation by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Plectiscus curticauda Thomson, 1888: 1302. Lectotype

designation by Aubert (1977). The specimen has

an Aubert label “gleiche Art wie hier unten als

tenuicornis Frst.” New synonym.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. cinctu-

lus. Female. Front wing 3.8 mm long. Apical

part of clypeus yellow. Postannellus 5.0 times as

long as apical width. Notaulus weak, only visi-

ble on the margin. Scutellar carina running be-

yond the corner, not meeting at apex. Propo-

deum with vague coriaceous sculpture. Prepec-

tal carina not reaching the margin. First

abdominal segment 2.3 times as long as apical

width. First tergite coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.29

of length of front wing.

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. curti-

cauda (Thomson). Female. Front wing 4.3 mm

long. Postannellus 5.1 times as long as apical

width. Epomia short. Notaulus rather strong,

but short. Lateral carina of scutellum not run-

ning behind the corner. Propodeum with irreg-

ular sculpture, the apical transverse carina with

weak apophyses. The first abdominal segment

2.5 times as long as apical width. The spiracles

lying at 0.35 of the length of the segment. The

first tergite coriaceous. About 0.60 of the sec-

ond tergite with coriaceous sculpture. Oviposi-

tor 0.27 of the length of the front wing.

Male unknown.

Remark. — The lectotype and paralectotype

of P. determinata are placed provisionally un-

der P. cinctula. In both specimens the ratio of

the length and width of the postannellus does

not agree with the holotype of P. cinctula.

Compare table 10.

Material examined. — Austria: ©, T. Lechtaler Al-

pen, Bleispitze, 1900—2200 m, 14.viii.1974 (leg. &

coll. Haeselbarth). Germany: ®, holotype of P. cinc-

tula, Aachen (coll. Forster, Munchen); ®, lectotype of

P. curticauda (Thomson), ? Kaltenkirchen,

23.vin.1886 (coll. Thomson, Lund); 3 2, Hedemün-

den, C, 12.v.1966; ®, Oberbayern, Deisenhofen,

26.vu.1958; 2 2, Bayern, Hohenschwangau, Sauling-

weg, 1120—1300 m, 16.v11.1974 and Wildsulz, 1420—

1560 m, 16.vi1.1974 (all leg. & coll. Haeselbarth).

Sweden: 2 ©, Fjätervälen — Idre, Dalarna, 2.vii—

12.vili; 24.vu—1.v111.1982 (leg. & coll. Van Rossem);

2, Dalarna, Transtrand, Hemfjallstangen, vii.1976

(leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — A widely spread species which

may tend to mountainous regions.

Plectiscidea amicalis (Forster)

Plectiscus amicalis Forster, 1871: 87. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus sodalis Forster, 1871: 88. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. amicalis.

Female. Front wing 4.0 mm long. Postannellus

6.0 times as long as apical width. Notaulus

weakly indicated on the margin. Mesopleurum

polished, prepectal carina not reaching the mar-

gin. The first abdominal segment 2.6 times as

long as the apical width. First tergite in part co-

riaceous. Second tergite with vague coriaceous

sculpture. Gaster with rather conspicuous hairs.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 10. Plectiscidea cinctula (Förster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw I/w /f I/w abds

holotype 3.8 0.29 5.0 2.3 weak

P. cinctula

lectotype 3.6 0.28 5.6 2.36 0.4

P. determinata

paralectotype 3.3 0.27 4.8 2.18 0.33

P. determinata

lectotype 4.3 0.27 5.1 2.5 0.35

P. curticauda

Lechtaler, A., 14.viii 3.5 0.30 5.2 1.9

Hedemiinden, 12.v.66 3.0 0.30 5.5 1.8

Hedemünden, 12.v.66 3.8 0.31 5.2 2.3

Hohenschwangau, 0.29 5.2 17

16.vii (wings damaged)

Sverige, Fjätervä- 3.4 0.28 5.2 2,2

len, 2—12.viii

Ovipositor 0.22 of the length of the front wing.

Compare table 11.

Male. Thomson (1888) described the male of

P. sodalıs. I did not see the specimen.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. amicalis, no locality; 2, lectotype of P. sodalis,

Lousberg, 26.x (coll. Förster, München); ©, Bayern,

Weszling, Hochstadt, 19.v.1974 (leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth). Italy: 2, Bz, Valvestino, Monte Tombea,

1500—1700 m, 14.vi.1976 (identification dubious); 9,

Bz, Valvestino, Cima Tombea, 1900 m, 14.vi.1976

(identification dubious) (both specimens leg. & coll.

Haeselbarth). Sweden: ®, paralectotype of P. curti-

cauda (Thomson), Kfe (=Kavlinge, Skane) (coll.

Thomson, Lund).

Distribution. — There are few localities available of

this species in Germany and Sweden. The Italian lo-

calities are dubious.

Plectiscidea helvola (Forster)

Plectiscus helvolus Forster, 1871: 86. Report on type

by Aubert (1975).

Table 11. Plectiscidea amicalis (Förster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

lectotype 4.0 0.22

P. amicalis

lectotype 4.0 0.23

P. sodalis

paralectotype 4.3 0.22

P. curticauda (Th.)

Weszling, Hochstadt 2.8 0.23

Hedemiinden, 12.v.66 3.4 0.24

Valvestino, 1900 m 3.5 0.21

Valvestino, 1500—1700 m 3.6 0.20

Valvestino, 1500—17.00 m

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

6.0 2.6

6.0 210

6.0 2.3 no areolet

6.0 25

6.0 DD

6.5 2.3

6.5 1.8

6.0 2.4

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae

Table 12. Plectiscidea helvola (Forster. For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw Vw /£ I/w abds

holotype 32 0.25 6.5 2.4 weak

P. helvola

holotype 3.3 0.31 6.5 2.5

P. subsimilis

holotype 3.8 0.28 6.5 2.6

P. petiolata

paralectotype 3.7 0.28 6.5 27

P. amicalis

Kärnten, Himmelberg, 3.5 0.25 6.5 2.4

11.vi11.1980

Plectiscus subsimilis Forster, 1871: 86. New synonym.

Placed as synonym of_P. melanocera by Aubert

(1975).

Plectiscus petiolatus Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. helvola.

Female. Front wing 3.2 mm long. Postannellus

6.5 times as long as apical width. Epomia pre-

sent. Notaulus almost absent. Scutellar carina

running to the apex. Propodeal carinae weak.

Prepectal carina present, but short. First ab-

dominal segment 2.4 times as long as apical

width. First tergite with vague coriaceous sculp-

ture. Ovipositor 0.25 of the length of the front

wing. Compare table 12.

Male unknown.

Remark. — The species closely resembles

P. melanocera, but it differs in the length of the

first abdominal segment, 2.4—2.7 times the api-

cal width (2.0 times in P. melanocera).

Material examined. — Austria: ©, Kärnten, Him-

melberg, 1000 m, 11.vin.1980 (leg. & coll. Zwakhals).

Germany: ®, holotype of P. helvola, Aachen; 2, ho-

lotype of P. subsimilis, Lousberg, 4.vin; 2, holotype

of P. petiolata, Aachen; 9, paralectotype of P. amica-

lis, Aachen (all coll. Forster, München).

Plectiscidea vagator (Forster)

Plectiscus vagator Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Plectiscus ambulator Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. vagator.

Female. Front wing 3.8 mm long. Postannellus

6.0 times as long as apical width. Epomia pre-

sent. Notaulus present, a short groove on the

margin of the mesoscutum. Scutellar carina run-

ning to the apex. Propodeum with some coria-

ceous sculpture, the carinae rather weak. Pre-

pectal carina present. First abdominal segment

2.1 times as long as apical width. First tergite

coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.25 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 13.

The species is characterized by the length of

the postannellus, 6.0 times as long as apical

width (6.5 times in P. melanocera and P. helvo-

la). The length of the ovipositor in the lectotype

of P. vagator (0.25 of the length of the front

wing) does not quite agree with the other speci-

mens which I placed in P. vagator (0.27—0.30

of the length of the front wing).

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Switzerland: 9, lectotype of

P. vagator, Pontresina. Germany: 2, holotype of

P. ambulator, Aachen (both specimens coll. Forster,

München); ©, Oberbayern, Glonn, 14.v11.1968. Italy:

2, Südtirol, 2100 m, B, 24.vii.1966 (both specimens

leg. & coll. Haeselbarth).

Plectiscidea melanocera (Forster)

Plectiscus melanocerus Forster, 1871: 87. Report on

type by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus proximus Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. melano-

cera. Female. Front wing 3.0 mm long. Lower

tooth of mandible slightly shorter than upper

tooth. Postannellus 6.5 times as long as apical

width. Notaulus weakly present. Length of first

abdominal segment 2.0 times the apical width.

First tergite coriaceous. The other tergites pol-

74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ished, but the second tergite with vague coria-

ceous sculpture. Ovipositor 0.27 of the length

of the front wing. Compare table 14.

The species is characterized by the long post-

annellus, 6.5 times the apical width; the length

of the ovipositor, 0.27—0.30 of the length of the

front wing and the short first abdominal seg-

ment, 2.0 times the apical width.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. melanocera, Lousberg, 13.ix; ?, lectotype of

P. proxima, Lousberg, 11.1x (coll. Forster, Munchen);

2 2, Hedemiinden, C, 12.v.1966 (leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth). Netherlands: 2, Naardermeer, Malaise trap,

20.vin.1974; 2, Naardermeer, Malaise trap, 3.1x.1974;

2, Naardermeer, Malaise trap, 8.x.1974 (all leg. Bun-

nik & Van Wijngaarden) (coll. Zwart, Wageningen).

Distribution. — Widely spread in the western Pal-

aearctic Region.

Plectiscidea canaliculata (Forster)

Plectiscus canaliculatus Forster, 1871: 86. Lectotype

designation by Aubert. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

Plectiscus subtilis Forster, 1871: 86. Lectotype desig-

nation by Townes. Placed as synonym with P. ca-

naliculata by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus distinctus Forster, 1871: 88. Lectotype des-

ignation by Aubert. Placed as synonym with

P. canaliculata by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus subcurvatus Forster, 1871: 89. Lectotype

designation by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. canali

culata. Female. Front wing 3.1 mm long. Malar

space 0.33 of width face. Postannellus 5.2 times

as long as apical width. Epomia present but

short. Notaulus strong on the mesoscutal mar-

gin. Lateral carina of scutellum at the corner.

Propodeum with some vague coriaceous sculp-

ture and widely placed rather long hairs. Pre-

pectal carina present, short, not beyond ventral

corner of pronotum. First abdominal segment

long, 3.1 times as long as apical width. First ter-

gite coriaceous and with a vague median dorsal

carina. Ovipositor 0.36 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 15.

Male unknown.

Remark. — The species is characterized by

the long first abdominal segment, 3.1—3.5 times

as long as apical width. I am well aware that the

lectotype of P. subcurvata does not quite agree

with P. canaliculata. The postannellus is rather

short. The ovipositor reaches 0.32 of the length

of the front wing and the first abdominal seg-

ment measures 3.5 times the apical width.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. canaliculata Lousberg, 15.ix; ®, lectotype of

P. subtilus, Aachen; ®, no locality (pencil label “sub-

tilis”); 2, lectotype of P. distincta, Aachen, 5.vii; ®,

lectotype of P. subcurvata, Lousberg, 5.v (all coll.

Förster, München). Austria: ©, Kärnten, Bodental,

1100 m, 13.v1.1981 (leg. & coll. Zwakhals). Ger-

many: 2, Bayern, Hohenschwangau, 830—1050 m,

16.v11.1974 (leg. & coll. Haeselbarth).

Distribution. — Widely spread in the western Pal-

aearctic Region.

Plectiscidea erythropyga (Forster)

Plectiscus erythropygus Forster, 1871: 88. Lectotype

designation by Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. erythro-

pyga. Female. Front wing 4.8 mm long. Mandi-

bular teeth of the same length. Clypeus for the

greater part yellow. Malar space impressed.

Postannellus 6.0 times as long as apical width.

Epomia strong, almost reaching the mesoscutal

margin. Notaulus strong, reaching to about 0.3

of the distance to the center of mesoscutum.

Upper part of propodeum more or less pol-

ished, apical transverse carina strong. Meso-

pleurum polished, prepectal carina not reaching

the margin. Hind coxa punctured by implanta-

tions of hairs. First abdominal segment 2.7

times as long as apical width. The first tergite

with longitudinal striated sculpture, also

somewhat coriaceous. In the basal half of the

second tergite vague coriaceous sculpture, the

apical margin yellowish brown. Third tergite

with a narrower yellowish margin. The apical

part of the gaster dirty yellowish. Length of

ovipositor 0.55 of the length of front wing.

Compare table 16.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. erythropyga, Lousberg, 15.x. (coll. Förster,

Miinchen).

Plectiscidea monticola (Forster)

Plectiscus monticola Forster, 1871: 89. Lectotype des-

ignation by Aubert. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 75

Table 13. Plectiscidea vagator (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw Vw /f l/w abds

lectotype 3.8 0.25 6.0 251 pr

P. vagator

holotype 4.0 0.30 6.0 23 pr

P. ambulator

Glonn, 14.vi1.68 327, 0.27 6.0 275 weak

Südtirol, 2100 m, 35 0.29 6.0 ZA pr

24.v11.66

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. monti- Material examined. — Switzerland: ©, lectotype of

cola. Female. Front wing 3.7 mm long. Mandi-

bular teeth of the same length. Malar space 0.35

of width of face. Postannellus 5.0 times as long

as apical width. Epomia strong, reaching to the

mesoscutal margin. Notaulus present, running

to about 0.30 of the distance to the centre of the

mesoscutum. Scutellar margin reaching beyond

the scutellar corner, turning inwards but not

meeting. Propodeum with coriaceous sculpture,

carinae strong. Mesopleurum polished, prepec-

tal carina strong, not reaching to the margin.

Coxae brown, hind coxa coriaceous. First ab-

dominal segment 2.0 times as long as apical

width. First tergite coriaceous, medially rather

convex. The second tergite coriaceous, with an

apical yellow band, merging into a spot on ter-

gite three. Ovipositor 0.44 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 17.

P. monticola, Splügen (coll. Förster, München); ©,

Gr. S-charl Clemgiatal, 2000—2100 m, 12.v111.1973

(leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Germany: ®, Oberbayern,

Umg. Deisenhofen, 26.vii.1958 (leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth). Sweden: ®, coll. Holmgren, no locality, para-

lectotype of P. curticauda (Thomson) (coll. Thomson,

Lund).

Distribution. — The species seems to be a moun-

tainous and perhaps a boreal species.

Plectiscidea agitator (Forster)

Plectiscus agitator Forster, 1871: 89. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. An Aubert label: Plectisci-

dea subangulatus Forst. (= mesoxanthus = agita-

tor Forst.).

Characteristics of the holotype. Female.

Front wing 4.5 mm long. Malar space 0.35 of

Table 14. Plectiscidea melanocera (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw l/w /f l/w abds

holotype 3.0 0.27 6.5 2.0

P. melanocera

lectotype 3.0 0.25 6.5 2.0

P. proxima

Hedemünden, 4.0 0.30 6.4 2.0

12.v.66

Hedemünden, 3.5 0.30 6.5 2.0

12.v.66

Naardermeer, 3.1 0.28 6.0 1.9

20.viii.74

Naardermeer, 3.4 0.33 6.5 2.0

3.1x.74

Naardermeer, 4.0 0.29 6.4 2.0

8.x.74

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 15. Plectiscidea canaliculata (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw I/w /£ l/w abds

lectotype 3.1 0.36 52 0.33 Dol pr

P. canaliculata

lectotype 3.2 0.36 5.2 3.1 pr

P. subtilis

P. subtilis 3.2 0.33 5.2 3.1

specimen, no loc.

lectotype 3.1 0.35 5.2 3.1

P. distincta

lectotype 3.4 0.32 4.8 3.5 pr

P. subcurvata

width of face. Lower tooth of mandible slightly

shorter than upper tooth. Postannellus 6.0 times

as long as apical width. Epomia present. Notau-

lus present, but rather weakly impressed. Scu-

tellar margin not reaching further than the scu-

tellar corner. Propodeal carinae well developed.

Prepectal carina strong. Right hind leg missing

beyond femur. Left hind leg missing beyond

trochanter. First abdominal segment 2.3 times

as long as the apical width. First tergite with

some longitudinal sculpture. Second tergite al-

most polished, with a yellow apical margin.

Ovipositor 0.40 of the length of the front wing.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ©, holotype of

P. agitator, Lousberg, 1.vii (coll. Forster, München).

Plectiscidea conjuncta (Forster)

Plectiscus conjunctus Forster, 1871: 87. Report on

type by Aubert (1975).

®Plectiscus flavicoxis Förster, 1871: 87. Placed in the

synonymy of P. conjuncta by Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the holotype of P. conjunc-

ta. Female. Front wing 3.9 mm long. Clypeus

yellow. Malar space 0.38 of width of face. Post-

annellus 5.2 times as long as apical width. Tips

of both antennae broken off. Epomia to the pro-

notal margin (an exception). Notaulus present.

Scutellar carina running beyond the corner,

curving inwards, but not meeting. Propodeum

polished. Prepectal carina present. First abdom-

inal segment 2.4 times as long as apical width

and it measures 0.16 of the length of the front

wing. Spiracles situated at 0.34 of the length of

the segment. First tergite coriaceous. Second

tergite with vague coriaceous sculpture. Ovipo-

sitor 0.38 of the length of the front wing. Com-

pare table 18.

Male unknown.

Remark. — The status of the lectotype of

P. flavicoxis is disputable. The notaulus is oblit-

erated by the glue fixing the head of the speci-

men. Nevertheless the first abdominal segment

measures 0.15 of the length of the front wing. I

have placed P. flavicoxis tentatively as a syno-

nym of P. conjuncta. In the paralectotype of

P. flavicoxis the abdominal segment measures

0.14 of the length of the front wing and conse-

quently agrees with P. conjuncta.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ©, holotype of

P. conjuncta, Lousberg, 25.x; 2, lectotype of P. flavi-

coxis, Lousberg, 25.x; ©, paralectotype of P. flavicox-

is, Lousberg, 31.x (all coll. Forster, Munchen). Italia:

©, Funes (Prov. Bolzano), 20.vii—9.vili.1968, Selva

Nera 1400—2000 m (leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Table 16. Plectiscidea erythropyga (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw I/w /f l/w abds

lectotype 4.8 0.55 6.0 Ded pr

P. erythropyga

Table 17. Plectiscidea monticola (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw I/w /f I/w abds

lectotype 3.7 0.44 5.0 0.35 2.0 pr

P. monticola

paralectotype 4.4 0.42 5.0 0.44 2.1 weak

P. curticauda

Deisenhofen, 5.2 0.42 5.6 0.41 DIA pr

26.v11.1958

Clemgiatal, 3.5 0.41 5.2 0.37 2.2 pr

12.vii1.73

Plectiscidea collaris (Gravenhorst)

Plectiscus collarıs Gravenhorst, 1829: 987. No

Gravenhorst label present. Lectotype designation

by Aubert.

Plectiscus collaris; Förster, 1871: 85 & 89.

Plectiscus collaris; Thomson, 1888: 1300. Material not

examined.

Plectiscus binodulus Forster, 1871: 89. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Plectiscus

collaris. Female. Front wing 4.8 mm long. Palpi

yellow. Lower mandibular tooth somewhat

shorter than upper tooth. Clypeus protruding,

the apical margin curved inwards. Width of cly-

peus about half the width of face. Malar space

wide, 0.38 of width of face. All parts of head

polished. Postannellus 5.0 times as long as apical

width. Epomia present. Notaulus strong at the

margin, but short. Scutellum with the carina to

the apex, not meeting. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal carina not reaching the margin. Coxae

and legs yellow. Hind coxa slightly coriaceous.

Length of first abdominal segment 2.6 times the

apical width and it measures 0.18 of the length

of the front wing. The first tergite coriaceous.

The second tergite for the greater part polished

with some vague coriaceous sculpture. The oth-

er tergites polished. Ovipositor 0.38 of the

length of the front wing.

Characteristics of the holotype of Plectiscus

binodulus. Female. Front wing 5.2 mm iong.

Palpi and mandible whitish. Lower tooth of

mandible somewhat shorter than upper tooth.

Clypeus protruding, the outer margin curved

inwards weakly. Malar space 0.35 of width of

face. Postannellus 5.2 times as long as apical

width. Notaulus strong, but short. Margin of

scutellum not present. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal caina wide away from margin. Length

of first abdominal segment 2.4 times the apical

width and measuring 0.19 of the length of the

front wing. Coriaceous sculpture of the first

tergite present but weak. Second tergite pol-

ished but with vague coriaceous sculpture. The

other tergites polished. Ovipositor 0.35 of the

length of the front wing. Compare table 19.

Male. Thomson (1888) and Strobl (1903) dis-

tinguished the male.

Material examined. — No locality, 2, lectotype of

P. collaris (Muzeum Przyrodnicze, Wroclaw). Ger-

many: ®, label P. collaris, Aachen; 2, holotype of

P. binodula, Lousberg, 26.x (both specimens coll.

Forster, München); 2 ©, Bayern, Herrsching, Wid-

Table 18. Plectiscidea conjuncta (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta

frw l/w

holotype 3.9 0.38 5.2

P. conjuncta

lectotype 35 0.38 5.2

P. flavicoxis

paralectotype 3.7 0.36 5.2

P. flavicoxis

malsp: abds spir/ not abds

/f l/w abds /frw

0.38 2.4 0.34 pr 0.16

0.35 2.2 0.31 0.15

0.38 2.2. 0.37 weak 0.14

78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 19. Plectiscidea collaris (Gravenhorst). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta abds spir/ abds

frw l/w l/w abds /frw

lectotype 4.8 0.38 5.0 2.6 0.18

P. collarıs

Aachen, coll. Förster 4.9 0.37 5.2 2.6

holotype 5.2 0.35 5.2 2.4 0.18

P. binodula

Ede, 3.x.64 0.40 6.0 2.8 0.37 0.19

Sarntal, 1250 m, 0.34 5.7 2.6

24.1.1976

+ Amesberg, 30.v111.85 0.45 5.7 2.3 0.42 0.18

+ Brunnwald, 21.viii.85 0.52 6.0 2.6 0.19

+ Brunnwald, 21.v111.85 0.48 6.3 2.8 0.39 0.19

+ Schönau, 4.viii.85 0.45 6.0 2.4 0.41 0.18

+ Penzenmühle, 19.ix.85 4.97 0.46 6.0 2.3 0.18

+ Dreiegg, 24.1x.85 0.46 5.6 2.6 0.18

+ Riedl, 12.1x.85 0.47 5.0 2S) 0.19

+ Riedl, 12.ix.85 0.45 4.8 2.3 0.40 0.17

+ = Austria

dersberg, sumpfiges Tal, 22.v1.1974 (leg. & coll. Hae-

selbarth). Italia: 2, Bolzano, Sarntal, 24.vi.1976 (leg.

& coll. Zwakhals). Netherlands: 2, Ede, Planken

Wambuis, 3.x.1964 (leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — Plectiscidea collaris is the type spe-

cies of Plectiscidea but it seems to be uncommon. It is

nevertheless widely spread.

Plectiscidea foersteri species nova

Characteristics of the holotype. Labels: 23

gl., Aachen (coll. Forster, Munchen). Female.

Front wing 4.7 mm long. Lower tooth of man-

dible much shorter than upper tooth. Clypeus

yellow. Malar space 0.33 of width of face. Right

antenna missing. Postannellus 3.7 times as long

as apical width. Pronotum reddish brown in

colour. Epomia present. Notaulus developed to

about 0.5 of the distance to the mesoscutal cen-

ter, with a short carina on the inner side at the

mesoscutal margin. Scutellum with the lateral

carina only at the basal corner. Propodeum with

vague coriaceous sculpture, the carinae well de-

veloped. Prepectal carina strong. Left hind leg

missing beyond coxa. First abdominal segment

2.4 times as long as apical width. First tergite

coriaceous. Second tergite with vague coria-

ceous sculpture, the apical half yellow. The oth-

er tergites and sternites yellow. Ovipositor 0.44

of the length of the front wing.

Male unknown.

The species is named after Arnold Forster

(1810—1884).

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. foersteri. Aachen. (coll. Forster, Munchen). The

specimen belongs to the material placed by Forster

under the name Plectiscus collaris.

Plectiscidea nava (Forster)

Proclitus navus Forster, 1871: 117. Holotype labelled

by Van Rossem. Label of Aubert: Plectiscidea fla-

vizonus Forst. (= Proclitus navus Forst.).

Plectiscidea (nec Proclitus) navus; Aubert, 1977: 146.

Characteristics of the holotype of Proclitus

navus. Female. Front wing 3.9 mm. Malar space

0.41 of width of face. Width of clypeus 0.52 of

width of face. Postannellus 4.3 times as long as

the apical width. Flagellum of the left antenna

lacking. Flagellum of the right antenna lacking

beyond the third flagellar segment. Epomia pre-

sent. Mesoscutum polished, with notaulus

strong towards the mesoscutal margin, further

on obsolete. Propodeum with coriaceous sculp-

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae

Table 20. Plectiscidea nava (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw l/w /f l/w abds

holotype 319 0.38 4.3 2.3 pr

P. nava

Bodental, 1100 m 4.7 0.39 4.0 2. pr

1.viu.81

Spertental, Tirol 3.5 0.37 4.3 2.0 pr

5.vi1.71

Clemgiatal, 1900— 3.5 0.35 4.0 2.0 pr.

2000 m, 12.v111.73

ture. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal carına

not reaching the margin. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.3 times as long as the apical width. The

first tergite with coriaceous sculpture. The sec-

ond tergite for the greater part coriaceous. The

other tergites polished. Ovipositor 0.38 of the

length of the front wing. Compare table 20.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. navus, Aachen (coll. Forster, Munchen). Austria:

9, Kärnten, Bodental, 1100 m, 1.vii.1981 (leg. & coll.

Zwakhals); 2, Tirol, Spertental, 1100 m, 5.vii.1971

(leg. & coll. Haeselbarth) Switzerland: 2, Gr. S-charl,

Clemgiatal, 1900—2000 m, 12.viii.1973 (leg. & coll.

Haeselbarth).

Distribution. — Besides the type specimen from

Aachen, there are some alpine localities at high alti-

tudes.

Plectiscidea substantiva species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of P. substan-

tiva (2, Nd Spessart, Lochmühle 1971, 17—

22.ix, Malaise trap, leg. G. van Rossem): Front

wing 4.5 mm long. Palpi and mandible yellow.

Lower mandibular tooth shorter than upper

tooth. Malar space wide, 0.35 of width of face.

Anterior tentorial pits conspicuous. All parts of

head polished. Mandible, clypeus and face with

rather long hairs. Postannellus 4.2 times as long

as the apical width. Epomia present. Notaulus

strong on the mesoscutal margin and with a

short carina on the inner side. Mesoscutum pol-

ished, on front part and along the lateral margin

with suberect long hairs. First and second pleu-

ral area and metapleural area with conspicuous

and close suberect hairs. Mesopleurum pol-

ished, hairs on lower part, prepectal carina

strong, not reaching the margin. Front and mid-

dle coxae whitish, hind coxae brown. Claws

strong. First tergite coriaceous and with fine

longitudinal striation, laterally with hairs. The

first abdominal segment 2.6 times as long as api-

cal width. The second tergite with vague coria-

ceous sculpture and with a yellow apical band.

The other tergites polished and yellow. Ovipo-

Table 21. Plectiscidea substantiva spec. nov. For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw Vw /f I/w abds

holotype 4.5 0.47 4.2 0.35 2.6 pr

Lochmühle, 17—22.ix.71 4.8 0.43 45 0.33 2.7 pr

Lochmühle, 17—22.ix.71 4.8 0.45 4.5 0.29 2.5 pr

Lousberg, 6.x, 4.6 0.48 4.5 0.35 235 pr

coll. Forster

Obbay. Jettenhausen, 4.2 0.43 4.0 0.33 2.4 pr

12.v11.68

Austria, Bodental, 5.2 0.48 4.5 0.31 2.5 pr

1100 m, 3.vi1.81

Neth., Ede 2—3.x1.66 4.8 0.48 4.5 0.33 257 pr

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 22. Plectiscidea crassicornis (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 4.5 0.41

P. crassicornis

Sudtirol, 1900 m, 4.5 0.41

24.v11.66

Switzl. St. Surains, 3.7 0.43

1500 m, 30.v11.73

sitor 0.47 of the length of the front wing. Com-

pare table 21.

Male unknown.

Remark. The anterior tentorial pit of the ho-

lotype is strongly impressed. In the paratypes

this is less conspicuous.

The specific name “substantivus” is the Latin

for “separately”.

Material examined. — Germany: ?, holotype of

P. substantiva, Nd Spessart, Lochmühle, Malaise trap,

17—22.ix.1971; 2 ©, paratypes, Nd Spessart,

Lochmühle, Malaise trap, 17—22.ix.1971 (leg. & coll.

Van Rossem); ®, paratype, third specimen of P. colla-

ris sensu Forster, Lousberg, 6.x (coll. Forster,

München); 2, paratype, Oberbayern, Jettenhausen,

12.vii.1968 (leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Austria: 2,

Karnten, Bodental, 1100 m, 3.vii.1981 ((leg. & coll.

Zwakhals). Netherlands: 2, paratype, Ede (garden),

2—3.x1.1963 (leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

Western Palaearctic Region.

Plectiscidea crassicornis (Forster)

Plectiscus crassicornis Forster, 1871: 89. Report on

type by Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the holotype of P. crassi-

cornis. Female. Front wing 4.5 mm long. Malar

space wide, 0.42 of width of face. Postannellus

4.2 times as long as apical width. Epomia pre-

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

4.2 0.42 2.6 0.37 pr

4.2 0.41 2.3

4.6 0.41 2.3

sent, short. Notaulus present and rather strong.

Scutellar carina not running behind the scutellar

corner. Propodeum with strong carinae and

weak apophyses. Prepectal carina present. Legs

and coxae yellowish brown, strong. Femora

stout. Front femur 3.0 times as long as wide.

First abdominal segment 2.6 times as long as ap-

ical width. First tergite coriaceous and with a

conspicuous lateral row of hairs. The spiracles

situated at 0.37 of the length of the segment.

The gaster bright yellow of colour in the apical

half of the second tergite and further. Oviposi-

tor conspicuously long, 0.41 of the length of the

front wing. The type specimen is robust for a

Plectiscidea species. Compare table 22.

Male. Thomson (1888) described the male.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. crassicornis, Lousberg, 15.1x (coll. Förster,

München). Italia: ©, Südtirol (Bolzano district), 1900

m, C, 24.v11.1966. Switzerland: ©, Gr. Sent Surains u.

Val Gronda, 1500 m, 30.vii.1973 (both specimens leg.

& coll. Haeselbarth).

Distribution. — Besides the type specimen from

Lousberg (Aachen), there are two specimens from

high altitudes in the Alps.

Plectiscidea posticata (Forster)

Plectiscus posticatus Forster, 1871: 87. Report on type

by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus pungens Forster, 1871: 87. Placed as syno-

nym of P. posticata by Aubert (1975).

Table 23. Plectiscidea posticata (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds spir/ not

frw l/w /f l/w abds

holotype 3.6 0.33 7.0 0.30 DI weak

P. posticata

holotype 3.6 0.35 7.0 Ded weak

P. pungens

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 81

Table 24. Plectiscidea connexa (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 4.2 0.40

P. connexa

Austria, Haus, 1200 m 4.2 0.46

9.v1.72

Characteristics of the holotype of P. postica-

ta. Female. Front wing 3.6 mm long. Left an-

tenna missing. Malar space 0.30 of width of

face. Postannellus 7.0 times as long as apical

width. Epomia present. Notaulus weak. Lateral

carina of scutellum running somewhat past the

scutellar corner. Propodeum polished. Prepectal

carina present. First abdominal segment 2.7

times as long as apical width. First tergite coria-

ceous. The gaster compressed behind the second

segment. Ovipositor 0.33 of the length of the

front wing.

Male unknown.

Remark. — The chief characters of the female

of this species are the following. Front wing 3.6

mm long. The postannellus is conspicuously

long, 7.0 times the apical width. Notaulus eva-

nescent. The ovipositor 0.33—0.35 of the length

of the front wing. Compare table 23.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. posticata, Aachen; ®, holotype of P. pungens,

Lousberg, 3.x (coll. Forster, München).

Plectiscidea connexa (Forster)

Plectiscus connexus Forster, 1871: 89. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. connexa.

Female. Front wing 4.2 mm long. Malar space

0.40 of width of face. Postannellus 5.3 times as

long as apical width. Epomia short. Notaulus

not present. Lateral carina of scutellum running

to apex of scutellum. Prepectal carina with a si-

nuosity caused by the indentation of the ster-

naulus. First abdominal segment 2.7 times as

long as apical width. First tergite coriaceous.

psta malsp abds spir/ not

Vw /f l/w abds

5.3 0.40 27. 0.37 not

5.0 0.37 3.0 0.40 weak

The spiracles situated at 0.37 of the length of the

segment. Second tergite almost polished, with a

yellow band merging into a yellow zone of ter-

gite three. Ovipositor 0.40 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 24.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, holotype of

P. connexa, Aachen (coll. Forster, München). Austria:

2, St., Haus, Heidelbeere, 1200 m, 9.vi.1972 (leg. &

coll. Haeselbarth).

Plectiscidea mesoxantha (Forster)

Plectiscus mesoxanthus Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype

labelled by Van Rossem.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. meso-

xantha. Female. Front wing 4.6 mm long. Malar

space 0.38 of width of face. Postannellus 5.7

times as long as apical width. Epomia strong,

but short. Notaulus almost absent. Propodeal

carinae strong. Prepectal carina with a sinuosity

from the rather strong impression of the ster-

naulus. First abdominal segment 1.8 times as

long as apical width. The apical margin of the

postpetiole is wide. The spiracles situated at

0.30 of the length of the segment. The first ter-

gite coriaceous with some longitudinal sculp-

ture. The second tergite almost polished, with a

yellow lateral and apical margin. The third ter-

gite yellow. Ovipositor 0.42 of the length of the

front wing. The right front wing missing, the

other wings in bad shape. Compare table 25.

Male unknown.

Remark. The holotype of P. mesoxantha is a

conspicuously stout specimen of Plectiscidea.

Material examined. — Germany: 2, holotype of

Table 25. Plectiscidea mesoxantha (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 4.6 0.42

P. mesoxantha

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

5.7 0.38 1.8 0.32 not

oe)

(SS)

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 26. Plectiscidea mendica (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 4.2 0.43

P. mendica

P. mesoxantha, Veen (near Wesel) (coll. Forster,

Munchen).

Plectiscidea mendica (Forster)

Plectiscus mendicus Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. mendica.

Female. Front wing 4.2 mm long. Malar space

0.37 of width of face. Postannellus 5.0 times as

long as apical width. Epomia present. Notaulus

hardly impressed. Lateral carina of the scutel-

lum running somewhat beyond the corner and

slightly curved inwards. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.0 times as long as apical width. First ter-

gite coriaceous. The spiracles situated at 0.50 of

the length of the segment, a character deserving

attention. Ovipositor 0.43 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 26.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: 2, holotype of

P. mendica, Aachen (coll. Forster, München).

Plectiscidea fraterna (Forster)

Plectiscus fraternus Forster, 1871: 87. Holotype la-

belled by Van Rossem.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. fraterna.

Female. Front wing 3.1 mm long. Malar space

0.38 of width of face. Postannellus 5.5 times as

long as apical width. Flagellum of both antennae

missing, except for right postannellus. Epomia

present. Notaulus absent. Lateral carina of scu-

tellum curved inwards behind the corner, not

meeting. Prepectal carina present. First abdomi-

nal segment 2.3 times as long as apical width.

The spiracles situated at 0.40 of the length of the

segment. First tergite coriaceous. Second tergite

with vague coriaceous sculpture. Ovipositor

psta

malsp abds spir/ not

Vw /f I/w abds

5.0 0.37 2.0 0.50 not

0.46 of the length of the front wing. Compare

table 27.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ©, holotype of

P. fraterna, Aachen (coll. Forster, Minchen).

Plectiscidea deterior (Forster)

Plectiscus deterior Forster, 1871: 88. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. deterior.

Female. Front wing 4.2 mm long. Malar space

0.35 of width of face. Postannellus 5.0 times as

long as apical width. Notaulus evanescent.

Lateral scutellar carina running somewhat be-

hind the scutellar corner. First abdominal seg-

ment 2.1 times as long as apical width. The spi-

racles situated at 0.43 of the length of the seg-

ment. First tergite coriaceous. Sculpture of the

second tergite for the greater part coriaceous.

Ovipositor 0.46 of the length of the front wing.

Compare table 28.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: 9, lectotype of

P. deterior, Aachen (coll. Forster, München). Austria:

9, Fliess, Tirol, Heidelbeeren, 1600 m, 4.ix.1971 (leg.

& coll. Haeselbarth).

Plectiscidea blandita species nova

One paralectotype of P. hostilis does not

agree with P. humeralis (of which P. hostilis is a

synonym). The ovipositor is too long (0.44 of

the length of the front wing). The specimen

comes close to P. terebrator, but the malar

space (0.43 of the width of face) does not agree

with that of P. terebrator. The length of the first

Table 27. Plectiscidea fraterna (Forster). For abbreviatios, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype Bi 0.46

P. fraterna

psta

malsp abds spir/ not

I/w /f Vw abds

5.5 0.38 275 0.40 not

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 83

Table 28. Plectiscidea deterior (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

lectotype 4.2 0.46

P. deterior

Tirol, Fliess, 1600 m, 0.45

4.1x.71

abdominal segment reaches 2.5 times the apical

width. I consider this specimen to represent a

different species.

Characteristics of the holotype of P. blandita.

Labels: Aachen, 26.x. Paralectotype of P. hosti-

lis Forster. Female. Front wing 4.0 mm long.

Malar space 0.42 of width of face. Postannellus

5.0 times as long as apical width. Epomia short.

Pronotum yellowish in colour. Notaulus not

present. Lateral carina of scutellum curved in-

wards behind the scutellar corner. Prepectal ca-

rina present. Left hind leg missing behind the

coxa. First abdominal segment 2.5 times as long

as apical width. The spiracles situated at 0.34 of

the length of the segment. First tergite coria-

ceous. The second tergite polished with some

vague coriaceous sculpture near the base, the

apical margin yellowish. The third tergite yel-

lowish. Ovipositor 0.44 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 29.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ©, holotype of

P. blandita, Aachen, 26.x (coll. Forster, Munchen).

The specific name “blandita” is the Latin for

“enchanting”.

Plectiscidea terebrator (Forster)

Plectiscus terebrator Forster, 1871: 87. Lectotype des-

ignation by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus habilis Forster, 1871: 88. Holotype labelled

by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Plectiscus praepositus Forster, 1871: 89. Lectotype

psta

malsp abds spir/ not

Vw /f Vw abds

5.0 0.35 2.1 0.43 not

5.2 0.35 2.1 0.40

designation by Van Rossem. New synonym.

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. terebra-

tor. Female. Front wing 3.5 mm long. Malar

space 0.33 of width of face. Postannellus 5.2

times as long as apical width. Epomia present.

Notaulus absent. Prepectal carına present. First

abdominal segment 2.2 times as long as apical

width. First tergite coriaceous. Spiracles situ-

ated at 0.34 of the length of the segment. Second

tergite weakly coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.46 of

the length of the front wing. Compare table 30.

Male unknown.

Remarks. — Of the lectotype of P. praeposita

the face and mouthparts are obscured by glue.

I have placed the single paralectotype of

P. proxima under P. terebrator as I cannot iden-

tify ıt properly. A part of the first, second and

third abdominal segments are damaged by Der-

mestids.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. terebrator, Aachen; 2, holotype of P. habilis, Aa-

chen; ®, lectotype of P. praeposita, Lousberg, 15.ix;

2, paralectotype of P. praeposita, Lousberg, 15.ix; 9,

paralectotype of P. subangulata (Forster), Lousberg,

26.x; ®, paralectotype of P. proxima (Förster), Aa-

chen (all coll. Förster, München); 2, Lippoldshausen,

B, 21.viii.1966 (coll. Haeselbarth). Austria: ©, Fliess,

Tirol, Heidelbeeren, 1600 m, 4.1x.1971 (leg. & coll.

Haeselbarth). Sweden: ®, Dalarna, Transtrand,

Hemfjällstangen, vii.1976 (leg. & coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — Recorded from Germany (Aachen

region) and Lippoldshausen, also from Austria and

Sweden.

Table 29. Plectiscidea blandita spec. nov. For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 4.0 0.44

P. blandita

psta

malsp abds spir/ not

Vw /f Vw abds

5.0 0.42 2.5 0.34 not

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 30. Plectiscidea terebrator (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

lectotype 3.5 0.46

P. terebrator

holotype 4.3 0.47

P. habilis

lectotype 4.2 0.47

P. praepostia

paralectotype 4.0 0.47

P. praeposita

parelectotype 4.5 0.45

P. subangulata

paralectotype++ 3.5 0.42

P. proxima

+ damaged

++ species inquirenda

Plectiscidea ventosa species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of P. ventosa

(Holland, Naardermeer, Malaise trap,

20.viii.1974, Bunnik & Van Wijngaarden): Fe-

male. Front wing 3.7 mm long. Mandible yel-

low, lower tooth shorter than upper tooth. Cly-

peus rather small, with erect hairs, width 0.58 of

width of face. Face, frons, vertex and temple

polished. Occipital carina complete. Postannel-

lus 4.3 times as long as the apical width. Mesos-

cutum highly polished. Notaulus absent. Hairs

scarce, only along the margin and on the front

part of the lateral lobes. Scutellar carina running

to the apex, but not closed. First lateral and

pleural areas and metapleurum coriaceous.

Mesopleurum highly polished. Prepecteal carina

present, well away from the margin. Legs slen-

der, yellowish brown. First abdominal segment

1.7 times as long as the apical width. The first

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

5.2 0.33 DI 0.34 not

5.3 0.33 2.3 0.35

5.0 + 2.1 0.35

5.0 0.35 25 0.37

5.3 0.33 DD 0.37 weak

5.2 0.33 1.9 0.20 not

tergite coriaceous, fuscous. The end of the first

sternite at 0.64 of the length of the tergite. Front

half of the second tergite coriaceous, the apical

half polished. Other tergites polished, brownish

in colour. Ovipositor 0.33 of the length of the

front wing. Compare table 31.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Netherlands: 2, holotype of

P. ventosa, Naardermeer, Malaise trap, 20.vı1.1974,

leg. Bunnik & van Wijngaarden. Two paratypes from

the same locality and data (all coll. K. W. R. Zwart,

Wageningen). Sweden; ©, syntype of Plectiscidea cur-

ticauda (Thomson), Halland (coll. Thomson, Ento-

mological Museum, Lund).

Distribution. — The type material originated from

a marshy area in the Netherlands. There is one speci-

men from Sweden.

Table 31. Plectiscidea ventosa spec. nov. For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holtotype 37 0.33

P. ventosa

paratype 37, 0.33

P. ventosa

paratype 37, 0.32

P. ventosa

paralectotype 4.2 0.37

P. curticanda

psta malsp abds spir/ not

Vw /f l/w abds

4.3 1.7 not

4.6 1.6 not

4.3 1.8 not

4.28 1.8

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 85

Table 32. Plectiscidea subangulata (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

lectotype 52 0.35

P. subangulata

The specific name “ventosus” is from the Lat-

in meaning “tempestuous”.

Plectiscidea subangulata (Forster)

Plectiscus subangulatus Forster 1871: 88. Report on

type by Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. suban-

gulata. Female. Front wing 5.2 mm long. Malar

space narrow, 0.31 of width of face. Postannel-

lus 5.4 times as long as apical width. Notaulus

absent. Scutellar carina running slightly behind

the scutellar corner, curving inwards, not meet-

ing. The length of the first abdominal segment is

2.2 times the apical width. Ovipositor 0.36 of

the length of the front wing. Compare table 32.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. subangulata, Lousberg, 14.ix (coll. Förster,

Munchen).

Plectiscidea eurystigma (Forster)

Plectiscus eurystigmus Thomson, 1888: 1301. Lecto-

type designation by Townes, Momoi and Townes.

Examination of type reported by Fitton (1982).

Characteristics of the lectotype of

P. eurystigma. Female. Front wing 4.0 mm

long. Malar space 0.37 of width of face. Post-

annellus 5.0 times as long as the apıcal width.

Notaulus absent. Scutellar carına running

slightly behind the scutellar corner, not curving

inwards. The length of the first abdominal seg-

ment is 2.5 times the apical width. Spiracles sit-

uated at 0.43 of the length of the segment. Ovi-

positor 0.36 of the length of the front wing.

Compare table 33.

Male unknown.

abds

psta malsp spir/ not

I/w /f Vw abds

54 2.2 not

Material examined. — Sweden: 9, lectotype of

P. eurystigma, Esp (= Äsparöd) (Skane) (coll. Thom-

son, Entomological Museum, Lund).

Plectiscidea humeralis (Forster)

Plectiscus humeralis Forster, 1871: 86. Report on type

by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus fulvus Forster, 1871: 86. Report on type by

Aubert (1975). New synonym.

Plectiscus hostilis Forster, 1871: 88. Placed as syno-

nym of P. humeralis by Aubert (1975).

Characteristics of the holotype of P. humera-

lis. Female. Front wing 3.6 mm long. Malar

space 0.33 of width of face. Postannellus 5.0

times as long as apical width. Epomia present,

short. Notaulus not present. Scutellar carina

running somewhat behind the scutellar corner.

Propodeum polished. Prepectal carina present.

First abdominal segment 2.3 times as long as ap-

ical width. Spiracles situated at 0.34 of the

length of the segment. First tergite coriaceous.

Ovipositor 0.38 of the length of the front wing.

Characteristics of the female. Front wing

3.6—4.3 mm long. Malar space 0.31—0.33 of

width of face. Width of clypeus 0.50—0.53 of

width of face. Clypeus protruding. Mandibular

teeth about the same length. Postannellus 5.0

times as long as the apical width. Epomia pre-

sent, but weak. Notaulus absent. Scutellar cari-

na running somewhat behind the scutellar cor-

ner. Propodeum polished. Mesopleurum pol-

ished, prepectal carina present. The first

abdominal segment 2.0—2.6 times as long as ap-

ical width. Spiracles lying at 0.32—0.34 of the

length of the segment. First tergite coriaceous.

Ovipositor 0.37—0.38 of the length of the front

wing. Compare table 34.

Male unknown.

Table 33. Plectiscidea eurystigma (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

lectotype 4.0 0.36

P. eurystigma

abds

psta malsp spir/ not

Vw /f l/w abds

5.0 0.37 225 0.43 not

86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 34. Plectiscidea humeralis (Forster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/

frw

holotype 3.6 0.38

P. humeralıs

Material examined. — Germany: 2, holotype of

P. humeralis, Lousberg, 30.viii; ©, holotype of P. ful-

va, Aachen; ®, lectotype of P. hostilis, Lousberg, 9.x

(all coll. Förster, München); 2, Oberbayern, Glonn,

Heidelbeeren, 18.viii.1970 (2 specimens, leg. & coll.

Haeselbarth). Austria: ®, Fliess, Tirol, 1550 m,

11.viii.1971 (leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Netherlands:

©, Naardermeer, Malaise trap, 8.x.1974, leg. Bunnik

& Van Wijngaarden (coll. K. W. R. Zwart, Wagening-

en).

Distribution. — Three type-specimens are from the

Aachen region. One specimen is Alpine. One speci-

men comes from a marshy area in the Netherlands.

Subgenus Fugatrix novum

Type species Plectiscidea communis (Forster).

Front wing 2.3—3.6 mm long. Postannellus

3.6—4.5 times as long as apical width. Petiolar

area of propodeum 1.5—2.0 times as long as

combined areola and basal area. First abdominal

segment 1.9—2.8 times as long as apical width.

Ovipositor 0.72—0.85 of the length of the front

wing.

“Fugatrix” is Latin for “she who dispels”.

Plectiscidea (Fugatrix) communis (Forster)

Plectiscus communis Forster, 1871: 86. Report on type

by Aubert (1975).

Plectiscus nigritus Forster, 1871: 86. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

Plectiscus gilvus Förster, 1871: 86. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

Plectiscus infirmus Forster, 1871: 86. Lectotype desig-

nation by Van Rossem. Report on type by Aubert

(1975).

Characteristics of the lectotype of P. commu-

nis. Female. Front wing 3.6 mm long. Postan-

nellus 3.6 times as long as the apical width. Pe-

tiolar area 1.6 times as long as combined areola

and basal area. First abdominal segment 1.8

times as long as the apical width. Ovipositor

0.72 of the length of the front wing. Compare

table 35.

psta malsp abds spir/ not

l/w /f l/w abds

5.0 0.33 2.3 0.34 not

Male. Fôrster (1871) observed the male. Also

Thomson (1888) and Strobl (1903) were aware

of it. I did not study the males of Plectiscidea for

want of males of most species.

Material examined. — Germany: ®, lectotype of

P. communis, Lousberg, 11.ix; ©, lectotype of P. nı-

grita, Lousberg, 25.x; 2, lectotype of P. gilva, no lo-

cality; ©, lectotype of P. infirma, Lousberg, 25.x; 3

9, Lousberg, 25.vi; 25.x; 31.x.1862; 4 ©, Lousberg,

25.x.1864 (all coll. Forster, Munchen). Austria: ©, T.

Achenkirch, 1100 m, 13.viii.1974; ©, same locality,

1200—1500 m, 23.vii.1974 (leg. & coll. Haeselbarth);

©, Kärnten, Bodental, 1100 m, 27.vi.1981 (leg. & coll.

Zwakhals). Germany: 2 ®, Bayern, Ammergebirge,

Nickelswald, 1100—1300 m, 28.vii.1974; 2 2, Wes-

zling, Hochstadt, 19.v.1974; 2 ©, Hohenschwangau,

Säulingweg, 1120—1300 m, 16.vu.1974; 2 2, Oberba-

yern, Umg. Gauting, 24.v.1959 & 22.v1.1972; 9,

Umg. Andechs, 18.v.1959; 2, Lippoldshausen, B,

8.viii.1966; 92, Oberjettenberg b. Reichenhall,

26.v.1969; ©, Harthausen b. München, 20.viii.1969; 2

©, Hedemünden, C, 12.v.1966 (all leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth). Ireland: ©, Co Tyrone, Moy (H8356), 17—

24.1x.1984, Malaise trap (leg. & coll. M. Boston). Ital-

ia: 2, Bolzano, Feldthurns, 1200 m, 11.1x.1978; ®,

Bs, Valvestino, Monte Tombea, 1500—1700 m,

14.v1.1976; @, Vr, Malcesine, 500—1300 m,

18.vi.1976; 2 2, Campenjoch, Südurol, 1550 m, E,

23.v11.1966.

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

Western Palaearctic Region.

Genus Gnathochorisis Forster

Gnathochorisis Förster, 1868: 152.

Gnathochorisis; Forster, 1871: 111.

Gnathochorisis; Aubert, 1969: 41.

Laepserus Forster, 1868: 205.

Laepserus; Perkins, 1962: 434.

Laepserus; Aubert, 1969: 41.

Laepserus; Van Rossem, 1980: 114.

Blapticus Thomson, 1888: 1288.

Blapticus; Strobl, 1902: 113.

Acroblapticus Schmiedeknecht, 1911: 2173.

Blapticus Forster, 1869 is a subjective synonym of

Symplecis Van Rossem, 1980: 114, 123.

Dr. Klaus Horstmann (Würzburg) kindly

drew my attention to the priority that the name

Gnathochorisis takes over Laepserus, as Aubert

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 87

Table 35. Plectiscidea (Fugatrix) communis (Fòrster). For abbreviations, see table 2.

frw ovip/ psta malsp abds pet.area

frw l/w (hc l/w /areo+bas

lectotype 3.6 0.72 3.6 1.8 1.6

P. communis

lectotype 3.4 0.80 3.6 222 1.5

P. nigrita

second specimen 2.8 0.84 Del 2.0

P. nigrita

lectotype 3.0 0.85 255 1.6

P. gilva

second specimen 2.6 0.89 2.5 2.0

P. gilva

Ammergeb., Nickelswald 0.80 2.5 1.6

1100—1300 m

Hohenschwangau, ; 0.82 282 1.8

1120—1300 m, 16.vii

Italia, Feldthurns, 0.85 2.8 1.6

1200 m, 11.1x.78

(1969), being the first reviser, gave precedence

to Gnathochorisis.

I cannot redeem my first view that Gnatho-

chorisis (Blapticus sensu Thomson) crassulus

(Thomson, 1888) is a colour-form of Gnatho-

chorisis dentifer (Thomson, 1888). With hesi-

tation I arrive at the opinion that the taxa in

question represent two species although the

morphological differences are not convincing.

The differences in colouring seem to be constant

between the males, though not between the fe-

males of the two species.

Key to the males

Without recapitulation of the entire key to

Gnathochorisis (Laepserus Van Rossem, 1980),

the males of these two species can be separated

as follows.

1. Face, lower third part of frons and lower

frontal orbits yellow. Pronotum, lower half

of mesopleurum and mesosternum yellow.

Width of face 1.0—1.4 times the width of

face in G. dentifer. The first abdominal seg-

ment 2.1—2.3 times as long as the apical

width Gnathochorisis crassulus (Thomson)

— Face yellow. Frons fuscous. Lower frontal

orbits yellow. Pronotum, mesopleurum and

mesosternum fuscous. Width of face 0.71—

0.95 times the width of face in G. crassulus.

The first abdominal segment 2.0—2.4 times

asilong;asithe apıcalwadchesn, rar re

RB Gnathochorisis dentifer (Thomson)

Key to the females

1. Face fuscous. Clypeus and lower gena ivory

to yellow (a fuscous lower gena may occur).

Lower frontal orbits yellow or fuscous.

Dorsal corner of pronotum and tegulae yel-

low. Width of face 1.0—1.3 times the width

of face in Gn. dentifer. The first abdominal

segment 2.1—2.6 times as long as the apical

vado ca mee G. crassulus (Thomson)

— Face fuscous. Clypeus ivory to yellow.

Lower gena fuscous. Lower frontal orbit

fuscous. Dorsal corner of pronotum and te-

gulae yellow. Width of face 0.70—0.90

times the width of face in G. crassulus. The

first abdominal segment 2.2—2.7 times as

long asitherapicaliwidthy Cee

fedele ago a G. dentifer (Thomson)

Material examined. — Gnathochorisis crassulus

(Thomson). No locality label: 3 3/2, (ex coll.

Schmiedeknecht) (Laboratorium voor Entomologie,

Wageningen). Austria: 1 ©, Kärnten, Bodental, 1100

m, 30.vi.1981 (coll. Zwakhals). Germany: 1 ©, Bech-

taler Wald (near Stegen-Wittental, Baden-Württem-

berg), 14.ix.1984 (leg. & coll. H. Hilpert, Forstliche

Versuchsanstalt, Freiburg im Breisgau). Italy: 1 ®,

Funes (Prov. Bolzano), 20.vii.—9.viti.1968, Selva Ne-

88 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ra, 1400—2000 m (coll. Van Rossem). Netherlands: 6

9, Asperen (Prov. Zd. Holl.), 3.ix.1972; 1.vi, 30.vii,

9.vili, 7.1x, 10.1x.1973; 1 2, Nunspeet, 10.vii.1975; 4

9, Ede, 22.v, 26.v, 6.vi, 12.vi.1971 (Dutch specimens

coll. Zwakhals). Sweden: 2 ®, Jarnavik (Blekinge)

12—20.vii.1972; Orebro Län, Klysna-Norrberga,

8.v11—2.v111.1979 (coll. Van Rossem).

Distribution. — Widely spread in the Western Pal-

aearctic Region.

Gnathochorisis dentifer (Thomson). Austria: 2 6,

Tirol, Aschbach, 1400 m, 6.vu.1976 and 1 2,

18.vin.1975; 3 2, Kärnten, Himmelberg, 1100 m,

14.vii.1979, 11.vin and 15.vii.1980; 1 d, Kärnten,

Bodental, 1100 m, 13.vii.1981 (all coll. Zwakhals).

Germany: 4 ®, Bechtaler Wald (Stegen-Wittental),

5.x & 2—9.x1.1984; 29.v.1985; no locality: 7.ix.1984

(leg. & coll. H. Hilpert). Netherlands: 1 d 3 2, Aspe-

ren (Prov. Zd Holl.), 3.vi, 15.vi, 1.1x.1972; 4 36, Ede,

22.v, 26.v, 3.vi, 6.vi.1971 (coll. Zwakhals).

Distribution. — Widely spread in the Western Pal-

aearctic Region.

Checklist of Gnathochorisis species

1. Gnathochorisis flavipes Forster, 1871: 113.

Gnathochorisis terebrata Strand, 1918: 159.

The holotype has the following labels: Igna-

lina (Litauen), viii.1916, leg. W. Horn; G. te-

rebrata m. Strand det. Typus (Institut für

Pflanzenschutsforschung Kleinmachow,

Eberswalde). The type agrees with G. fla-

vipes.

Gnathochorisis terebrata; Oehlke, 1963: 409.

Laepserus flavipes; Van Rossem, 1980: 115.

2. Gnathochorisis dentifer (Thomson, 1888:

1288) (comb.n.).

Laepserus dentifer; Van Rossem, 1980: 118.

3. Gnathochorisis crassulus (Thomson, 1888:

1289) (comb.n.).

Laepserus dentifer f. crassulus; Van Rossem,

1980: 119.

4. Gnathochorisis xanthocephalus (Strobl, 1903:

113) (comb.n.).

Laepserus xanthocephalus;

1980: 120.

5. Gnathochorisis restrictus (Van Rossem, 1980:

121) (comb.n.).

Laepserus restrictus; Van Rossem, 1980: 121.

Van Rossem,

Revision of the genus Eusterinx Forster

Eusterinx Forster, 1868: 172.

Eusterinx; Forster, 1871: 107—109.

Eusterinx; Aubert, 1968: 39.

Eusterinx; Townes, 1971: 202—204.

Eusterinx; Van Rossem, 1980: 131—132.

Eusterinx; Van Rossem, 1982: 154—169.

Since my revision of the type material of Eu-

sterinx in 1982 I have come to the conclusion

that the diverging characters of the species al-

low the introduction of six subgenera, viz., Eu-

sterinx Forster, 1868; Catomicrus Thomson,

1888; Ischyracıs Förster, 1868; Divinatrix sub-

genus novum; Dallatorrea Ashmead, 1902; and

Holomeristus Forster, 1868. A tentative key to

the subgenera follows here.

I, byloidsiabs ent). RO 2

= Iyloıds;present, 2.2.2 3

2. Apophyses absent. Front wing not longer

than 3.0! mm. Eyes not hamyzgrae ee

Subgenus Eusterinx Förster

— Apophyses weakly developed or well de-

veloped. Front wing in most specimens lon-

ger than 3.0 mm. Eyes often hairy .........

URI TON Subgenus Catomicrus Thomson

3 Frontwingswithoutarcole mn 4

— Front wing with areolet

4. Strong apophyses present. Front wing

without areolet and in most specimens lon-

ger than 3.0 mm. Sixth flagellar segment

with a tyloid, a concave polished area …

Subgenus /schyracis Förster

— Apophyses absent. Front wing without

areolet and in most specimens not longer

than 3.0 mm. There is a tyloid on sixth fla-

gellar segment or the sixth and seventh fla-

gellarisegmentsiarestlattened RAR E

Subgenus Eusterinx Forster

5. Second and third tergites in the female and

tergites two, three, four and five in the male

divided by a conspicuous transverse suture.

The two parts of the tergites have a differ-

ent sculpture. . Subgenus Divinatrix novum

— Tergites of female and male without suture

6. Eyes crassate. Apophyses exceptionally

strong. Ovipositor straight, 0.12—0.14 of

length of front wing. (I have seen only two

females of this subgenus)

Bens akbar Subgenus Dallatorrea Ashmead

— Eyes normal. Apophyses not developed.

Ovipositor somewhat upcurved, 0.19—0.25

of length of front wing (straight in E. aqui-

lonigena). Tyloids on flagellar segments six

and seven, a longitudinal carina; or on seg-

ments six to eleven, laterally somewhat

concave and polished and with acarına.....

Subgenus Holomeristus Forster

Key to the females

(The females of E. minima and E. tartarea are

unknown)

Si es

VAN ROSSEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 89

Eyes convergent towards clypeus ....... 2

Eyes not convergent towards clypeus .... 7

Apophyses of propodeum absent ....... 3

Apophyses of propodeum present... … 4

Second and third tergite with different

sculpture of proximal and distal half. These

areas separated by a groove. Ovipositor

0.15 of length of front wing

.. E. (Divinatrix) inaequalis Van Rossem

Second and third tergite without groove.

Ovipositor 0.22 of length of front wing ....

est E. (Catomicrus) pusilla (Zetterstedt)

Eyes conspicuously hairy, converging to-

wards clypeus. Notauli meeting, with a

weak carina from pronotal margin. Scutel-

lum striated. Apophyses somewhat devel-

oped. Mesopleurum polished. Front wing

with areolet not closed. Hind femur 6.3

times as long as wide. First to fourth tergite

coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.28 of length of

TOME VA eN RE bono.

E. (Catomicrus) disparilis Van Rossem

Eyes without hairs or with inconspicuous

setae. Strong apophyses present......... 5

First and second tergite with striation.

Third tergite with weaker striation. Strong

apophyses present. Ovipositor 0.20 of

lensthiofstirontwin ge

E. (Ischyracis) bispinosa (Strobl)

First to fourth tergite coriaceous

Eyes exceptionally large and convex, inner

margins strongly converging towards cly-

peus, leaving a very narrow face. Notauli

strong, meeting, restricting the median

lobe. The apical region of the median lobe

with strong longitudinal sculpture. Propo-

deum with all carinae and robust, flattened

apophyses. Mesopleurum polished, with

some longitudinal sculpture medially. Legs

long and slender, including coxae orange in

colour. Hind coxae for the greater part with

rough sculpture. First abdominal segment

very slender, with long petiole. Postpetiole

apically with some striation. First to fouth

tergite coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.12 of

lengchitrontswane tee er

rasenta E. (Dallatorrea) armata Ashmead

Eyes not excessively large and convex, con-

verging to clypeus. Mesoscutum without

special characters. Propodeum with all cari-

nae and robust, flattened apophyses. Meso-

pleurum polished, with some longitudinal

sculpture medially. Legs slender, brownish.

Hind coxa with rough sculpture. First ab-

dominal segment slender, with long petiole.

First to fourth tergite coriaceous. Oviposi-

tor 0.10—0.14 of length of front wing......

E. (Dallatorrea) circaea Van Rossem

Front wing without areolet. Eyes without

hairs. Head square, vertex deep. Tip of

mandible twisted and with a sharp upper

and lower tooth. Second tergite slightly

striated or with some rough longitudinal

sculpture or second tergite coriaceous or

polished. Some specimens have conspicu-

ous thyridia. Length of front wing 1.7—3.0

Mme rica ah Subgenus Eusterinx

Érontwinewith{areolet 9 mnd 8

Malar space very narrow, 0.18 of width

face. Postannellus slender 4.5 times as long

as the apical width. Notauli not meeting on

mesoscutum. Propodeum without apo-

physes. Second tergite proximally with

some longitudinal striation, apical half pol-

ished. Ovipositor 0.14—0.19 of length of

ÎrONEWINoA ea eee E. (Holomeristus)

aquilonigena Van Rossem

Malar space wide, 0.25—0.40 of width of

facolta N ae 9

Malar space 0.23—0.25 of width of face.

Postannellus 3.0—5.0 times as long as the

apical width. Notauli meeting on center of

mesoscutum. Propodeum without apo-

physes. Second tergite coriaceous and with

longitudinal striation. Ovipositor upcurved,

about 0.20—0.26 of length of front wing ...

.. E. (Holomeristus) tenuicincta (Förster)

Malar space wide, 0.40 of width of face.

Postannellus 3.3 times as long as the apical

width. The apical transverse carina some-

what lamelliform and with weak apophyses.

Second tergite coriaceous. Ovipositor

somewhat upcurved, 0.23—0.25 of length

of front wing

E. (Holomeristus) refractaria Van Rossem

Key to the males

(Males of the Subgenus Eusterinx are tentatively

included; males of E. (Catomicrus) disparilis and

E. (Dallatorrea) circaea are unknown)

Front wing withoutareolet 2.1.06 u... 2

Front wing with areolet

Propodeum with strong apophyses. First,

second and third tergites striated. Sixth fla-

gellar segment with a tyloid, which is a con-

cave polished area

E. (Ischyracis) bispinosa (Strobl)

Propodeum without apophyses ......... 3

. Second tergite with conspicuous thyridia.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

VOI SAD SEN Re A ee 4

Second tergite without, or with indistinct

CAVE RA RE re ar 6

. Medial part of clypeal margin somewhat

risen, with a pair of very weak tubercles.

Postannellus 2.8 times as long as apically

wide. Three flagellar segments after the

postannellus about 0.71 of length of postan-

nellus. Second tergite finely striated. Thyri-

CHACONSPICUOUS EE EE D I

Me E. (Eusterinx) jugorum (Strobl)

Medial part of clypeus not risen and with-

out tubercles. Flagellar segments after the

postannellusishor nn 5

. Postannellus 2.0 times as long as apically

wide. Flagellar segments after the postan-

nellus short less than 0.71 of length postan-

nellus. Setae of flagellar segments erect.

Thyridia in basal corners of second tergite

conspicuous, yellow in colour. Second ter-

gite basally with some coriaceous sculpture.

Following tergites polished. (There is no

male in Forster’s material, it is inserted ten-

tatively).. E. (Eusterinx) obscurella Förster

Postannellus 3.0 times as long as apically

wide. Flagellar segments after the postan-

nellus less than 0.71 of length postannellus.

Setae of flagellar segments erect. Thyridia

of second tergite less conspicuous. Second

tergite with longitudinal striation, the distal

margin and the following tergites polished

cate ei: E. (Eusterinx) subdola Förster

. Flagellum without tyloids.............. 7

Blagellummwithitylord ss PARA EEE 8

. Eyes hairy. Hind femur notably slender, 7.4

times as long as wide. Second tergite

striated and with coriaceous sculpture. Pro-

podeum with indistinct apophyses. Length

Offirontawing about 3.simmmn ern.

ELE E. (Catomicrus) pusilla (Zetterstedt)

Eyes not hairy. Second tergite polished, or

with indistinct coriaceous sculpture. Propo-

deum without apophyses. Length of front

vz dont Oran varones ossen wend

E. (Eusterinx) pseudoligomera Gregor

. Antenna with tyloid on sixth flagellar seg-

ment. Second tergite polished or proximally

somewhat coriaceous. In some specimens

the second tergite weakly striated .........

rede. E. (Eusterinx) oligomera Förster

Antenna with tyloids on flagellar segments

six and seven (the second tyloid difficult to

see). An indication of a tyloid on segment

eight. The flagellum more robust than in £.

CELLO) ODIOM = vere San ENI

ted itn: E. (Eusterinx) argutula Förster

9. Apophyses of propodeum present. In E.

refractaria the apical transverse carina

somewhat lamelliform, thus developing

weak apophiyses= =). a= = 10

— Apophyses of propodeum absent ...... 11

10. Apophyses rather strong. Antenna without

tyloids. Hind femur stout, 3.8 times as long

as wide. First and second tergites entirely

coriaceous. Third tergite proximally coria-

CEOUS TAN YRS: ER

dns E. (Catomicrus) tartarea Van Rossem

— Apophyses weak, caused by the somewhat

lamelliform shape of the apical transverse

carina. Flagellar segments six and seven

with a tyloid, a longitudinal carina. Hind

femur stout. First, second and proximad

half of third tergite coriaceous. Tergites

two, three and four with narrow apical

margin yellow. Sen

Van Rossem

11. Second and third tergites with a transverse

groove (groove weak on fourth tergite).

The proximal and distal regions of these

tergites with a difference in sculpture ......

.... E.(Divinatrix) inaequalis Van Rossem

— Second and third tergitesnotso........ 12

12. Tyloids on flagellar segments six to eleven.

The flagellar segments flattened, without

setae. Second tergite for the greater part

with longitudinal striation. The thyridia

visible. The third tergite with some striation

ERO RE E. (Holomeristus) aquilonigena

Van Rossem!)

— Tyloids on flagellar segments six to eight or

six to nine. The flagellar segments flattened

and with a carina. Thyridia not visible .. 13

13. Second tergite and front part of third tergite

with longitudinal sculpture. Thyridia not

visible. Tyloids on flagellar segments six to

eight Clypeus impressed ss aaa EN ET

ERY: E. (Holomeristus) tenuicincta Förster

— Second and third tergites coriaceous. Ty-

loids on flagellar segments six to nine. Cly-

peusinot'im presse ee RE RR eee

MEL MERE E. (Holomeristus) minima Strobl

Subgenus Eusterinx Forster

Eusterinx Forster, 1868: 172.

Type-species: Eusterinx oligomera Forster.

!) The separation of E. aquilonigena and E. tenuicinc-

ta is difficult without females from the same locality.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 91

Front wing 1.7—3.0 mm long. Males with

one tyloid on sixth flagellar segment, and either

two or none on flagellar segments six and seven.

Head square, vertex deep. Ratio gena-width :

eye-width = 7 : 4 (7:6) or 1:1. Mesoscutum

strongly convex, notauli varying from very

weak to strong. Propodeum with all carinae. In

some specimens the costula is absent. Front

wing without areolet. Nervellus reclivous. First

gastral segment slender, spiracles at about 0.5 of

length. In E. obscurella and E. subdola the thy-

ridia are conspicuous, in other species weak or

absent. Second tergite in most species polished,

occasionally somewhat coriaceous, seldom

striated. The ovipositor relatively long, 0.15—

0.22 of length front wing, rather wide or

somewhat club-shaped and with long erect hairs

on sheath.

The subgenus includes five closely related

species. Males of different species are distin-

guishable. The separation of the females of E.

oligomera, E. argutula and E. pseudoligomera

remains impossible. The following characters

are not reliable: length of postannellus; the ratio

of gena-width to eye-width; and the ratio of

ovipositor length to length of hind tibia.

The males are inserted into the general key to

Eusterinx males. The following key to the fe-

males is tentative.

Key to the females

(The female of E. jugorum (Strobl) is unknown)

1. Second tergite with conspicuous thyridia in

PROXiIANCOrNers eer ee eg 2

— Second tergite without or with weak thyri-

GA a moot A EE IA 3

2. Ratio gena-width : eye-width =7:5 or

7:6. Postannellus 3.0 times as long as

wide. Second tergite polished or with some

CONICCOUSISCUIPEUFERECII eos een:

nero i E. (Eusterinx) obscurella Forster

— Ratio gena-width : eye-width = 1 : 1. Post-

annellus 4.5 times as long as wide. Second

tergite with longitudinal striation or weakly

striated and somewhat coriaceous .........

Said a teo) E. (Eusterinx) subdola Förster

3. Notauli weakly indicated directly behind

mesoscutal margin. Second tergite polished,

CAT ARMEARE PTE TUE AN E "pu

E. (Eusterinx) pseudoligomera Gregor

— Notauli stronger, running towards centre of

mesoscutum. Second tergite polished. Thy-

ridiavabsent in) Lavange tila ROIO

E. (Eusterinx) oligomera Forster and E.

(Eusterinx) argutula Forster

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) jugorum (Strobl)

Hemiteles pseudominutus var. jugorum Strobl, 1900:

243—244.

Characteristics of the holotype (label partly

illegible, 12/8, Styriae Alp Strobl, holotype label

of Horstmann, 1971): Male. Front wing 2.44

mm long. Medial part of clypeal margin some-

what risen, with a pair of very weak tubercles (a

character not found in other species of the sub-

genus). Face finely coriaceous. Malar space

wide. Postannellus 2.8 times as long as apically

wide. Tyloids absent. Three segments coming

after the postannellus about 0.71 of the length

of postannellus. Frons, vertex and gena pol-

ished. Gena wide. Pronotum indistinctly coria-

ceous. Mesoscutum polished, notauli strong,

meeting and medially extended by a short fur-

row. Propodeum laterally coriaceous. Meso-

pleurum polished, prepectal carina not reaching

to the margin. Coxae and all other parts of the

legs conspicuously brown. Hind coxae coria-

ceous. Gaster fuscous. First tergite coriaceous,

spiracles protruding. Second tergite finely

striated. Thyridia conspicuous. The apical mar-

gin of the second tergite yellowish. Third tergite

indistinctly coriaceous. The apical tergites pol-

ished.

The holotype from the “Kalbling” (2000 m)

(Austria) is the only extant specimen.

Remark. — A female syntype (Horstmann,

1971) of Hemiteles pseudominutus Strobl, 1900,

has no original label. The specimen belongs to

Eusterinx (Eusterinx).

As the identification of the females of this

subgenus is still uncertain, the specimen was la-

belled: Eusterinx (Eusterinx) species.

Postannellus 3.0 times as long as apically

wide. Spiracles of first gastral segment at 0.41 of

the length of the segment. Second and following

tergites polished. Ovipositor 0.18 of the length

of front wing.

According to Horstmann “jugorum” is de-

rived from the Latin word “jugum” which

means “pass, narrow passage in mountains”.

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) oligomera Forster

Eusterinx oligomera Forster, 1871: 109.

Eusterinx oligomera; Townes, 1971: 202.

92 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Eusterinx oligomera; Van Rossem, 1982: 163—164.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 1.7

mm long. Clypeus flat, 2.0 times as wide as

long. Malar space wide, 0.3 of width of face,

somewhat coriaceous. Face coriaceous, slightly

convex with widely placed long hairs. Eyes

small, broadly elliptic. Ratio gena-width : eye-

width = 7 : 4. Head square, frons and vertex

about 0.5 deeper than wide. Frons vaguely co-

riaceous. Vertex polished. Postannellus 3.3

times as long as wide. Mesoscutum polished,

notauli present. Propodeum coriaceous, with all

carinae. Nervulus distad of basal vein. Areolet

absent. Nervellus reclivous. Lower part of

mesopleurum coriaceous. Middle and hind legs,

including tarsi, with long, subadpressed hairs.

First tergite coriaceous, spiracles at 0.4 of

length. Apex of first sternite at 0.56 of length.

Ovipositor club shaped, 0.12 of length front

wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 1.7

mm long. A lateral tyloid on sixth flagellar seg-

ment, somewhat flattened and polished. Prono-

tum polished, epomia weak. Mesoscutum pol-

ished, notauli present. Propodeum weakly co-

riaceous, with all carinae, except costula. Legs

with close, long hairs. Second gastral segment

variable in sculpture, from polished to some-

what coriaceous. Striated sculpture may occur.

Distribution. — Apart from the Forster specimens

from the Aachen region, the species occurs at rather

striking altitudes (1200—1300 m) in Austria and Italy

(Dolomites).

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) argutula Forster

Eusterinx argutula Forster, 1871: 108

Eusterinx argutula; Van Rossem, 1982: 164—165.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing

2.5—3.0 mm long. Ratio gena-width : eye-

width = 1:1 (or 8:7). Mesoscutum rather

strongly convex, polished, notauli present but

faint. All tergites polished. Thyridia obsolete.

There is no female in the Forster type materi-

al.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 2.6

mm long. Anterior tentorial pits large. Malar

space wide. Face, frons, vertex and gena pol-

ished, vertex deep. Postannellus 3.5 times as

long as wide. Sixth flagellar segment flattened

on one side, seventh segment slightly flattened

and here the microscopical longitudinal ridges

(glumes) absent. An indication of a tyloid on

segment eight. The flagellum more robust than

in E. oligomera. Mesoscutum convex, polished,

notauli present but weak. Second tergite

vaguely coriaceous, other tergites polished.

Distribution. — The Aachen Region (Forster col-

lection). Italy: Dolomites (1300 m); Judikari Alpen

(1720 m) (Haeselbarth collection).

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) pseudoligomera Gregor

Eusterinx pseudoligomera Gregor, 1941: 8.

Eusterinx pseudoligomera; Van Rossem, 1982: 168—

169.

The males of this species can be tentatively

distinguished from males of other species by

lack of antennal tyloids and by the vagueness of

the thyridia; but females cannot be distin-

guished from those of other species, except by

their association in the field with males.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 1.9

mm long. Ratio gena-width : eye-width = 1 : 1.

Malar space wide. Pronotum coriaceous. Meso-

scutum polished, notauli obsolete. Propodeum

with all carinae. Mesopleurum coriaceous. First

tergite coriaceous, median dorsal carinae pre-

sent. End of first sternite at 0.69 of length of

segment. Second tergite polished, with weak

thyridia. Ovipositor 0.21 of length of front

wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 1.9

mm long. Ratio gena-width : eye-width = 1 : 1.

Antenna without tyloids. Notaulus short. Up-

per half of mesopleurum polished, lower half

somewhat coriaceous. Spiracles of first gastral

segment at 0.5 of length of segment. End of first

sternite at 0.7 of length of segment. First tergite

coriaceous, the others polished. Gaster rather

depressed.

Distribution. — Czechoslovakia, the Gregor type

material is from Moravia, UbuSin. Austria, Reiter

Alp, 1600 m; St. Haus, 1200 m. Germany,

Lippoldshausen.

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) subdola Forster

Eusterinx subdola Forster, 1871: 108.

Eusterinx subdola; Aubert, 1968: 39.

Eusterinx subdola; Van Rossem, 1982: 165.

Hemiteles pseudominutus Strobl, 1900: 243.

There is no female of this species in the

Forster collection. Recognition of the female re-

mains uncertain.

Characteristics of the supposed female by

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 93

comparison with the male: Front wing 2.6 mm

long. Postannellus 4.5 times as long as wide. Ra-

tio gena-width : eye-width = 1 : 1. Second ter-

gite with longitudinal striation. Ovipositor 0.2

of length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.0

mm long. No tyloids present. Postannellus 3.0

times as long as wide. Femora rather stout, hind

femur 4.3 times as long as wide. Second tergite

with large thyridia and longitudinal sculpture.

Other tergites polished, with apical margins yel-

low and rather long adpressed hairs.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Hemiteles

pseudominutus Strobl. Lectotype label of

Horstmann, 1971. Male. Front wing 2.6 mm

long. Postannellus 2.8 times as long as wide.

Second tergite with longitudinal sculpture.

Hind femur 4.0 times as long as wide.

Distribution. — The type locality is Lousberg (Aa-

chen). I saw specimens from Austria, Tirol, 1400 m.

Czechoslovakia, near Prague. Germany, Oberbayern.

Italy, Bolzano Region. Netherlands, Asperen. Swe-

den, Skane; Lappland.

Eusterinx (Eusterinx) obscurella Forster

Eusterinx obscurella Forster, 1871: 108.

Eusterinx obscurella; Aubert, 1968: 39.

Eusterinx obscurella; Van Rossem, 1982: 167—168.

Characteristics of the type female from the

type locality Aachen: Front wing 2.5 mm long.

Postannellus 3.0 times as long as apically wide.

Ratio gena-width : eye-width = 7 : 6. Thyridia

on second tergite conspicuous, more outlined

by their colour. Ovipositor 0.15—0.22 of the

length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male. The male was not

described by Forster. The following description

is based on males tentatively considered to be of

this species. They are from Monte Bondone

Cornetto, 1900—2100 m, Dolomites, Italy.

Front wing about 1.9 mm long. No tyloids pre-

sent. Ratio gena-width : eye-width = 6:4.

Eyes comparatively small, roundish. Pedicel

proportionally large, slightly shorter than post-

annellus. Apex of scutellum with rough sculp-

ture. First tergite with longitudinal striation.

Large thyridia in proximal corners of second

tergite, yellow in colour, some coriaceous

sculpture between them. Rest of tergite and

other tergites polished.

Distribution. — The type locality is Aachen. Italy:

Trento, M. Bondone Cornetto, 1900—2100 m (coll.

Haeselbarth).

Subgenus Catomicrus Thomson

Catomicrus Thomson, 1888: 1291.

Type-species: Tryphon pusillus Zetterstedt

(Catomicrus trichops Thomson).

Characteristics: Front wing 2.8—3.5 mm

long. Males without tyloids. Eyes converging to

clypeus in females, in males not converging.

Eyes hairy in some species. Notauli strong and

meeting in some species. Apophyses of propo-

deum weakly or strongly developed. Front

wing with or without closed areolet. Ovipositor

0.22—0.28 of length of front wing.

I have placed two species in this subgenus.

The single female of E. disparilis is inserted ten-

tatively.

Eusterinx (Catomicrus) pusilla (Zetterstedt)

Tryphon pusillus Zetterstedt, 1838: 385. Male holo-

type.

Catomicrus trichops Thomson, 1888: 1291.

Eusterinx trichops; Townes, 1971: 203.

Eusterinx pusilla; Van Rossem, 1982: 159—160.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 2.8

mm. Malar space absent, eye margin almost

touching clypeal margin. Face narrow, polished,

eyes strongly converging to clypeus. Frons, ver-

tex and gena polished. Antenna rather short, to-

wards distal end gradually somewhat widening.

Epomia distinct. Mesoscutum polished, notauli

present, with short carina on pronotal margin.

Propodeum coriaceous, with all carinae. No

apophyses present. Mesopleurum somewhat co-

riaceous, prepectal carina not reaching the mar-

gin. Front wing with areolet not closed. Legs

slender. Hind femur notably slender, 6.6 times

as long as wide, with close subadpressed hairs.

First, second and third tergite coriaceous. Api-

cal margins of tergites two, three and four yel-

low. Ovipositor 0.22 of length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.8

mm. Malar space 0.27 of width of face. Eyes

hairy and with inner margins parallel. Face,

frons, vertex and gena polished. Face with erect

hairs. Epomia distinct. Notauli strong, with a

carina along inner edge. Propodeum without

94 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

distinct dorsal face. Apical transverse carina ly-

ing towards distal edge of propodeum, with

weak apophyses. Prepectal carina present. Hind

femur slender, 7.4 times as long as wide. First

tergite coriaceous, medially convex, median

dorsal carinae weak. Second tergite coriaceous

and with weak striation. Third tergite proximal-

ly coriaceous.

Distribution. — Sweden.

Eusterinx (Catomicrus) tartarea Van Rossem

Eusterinx tartarea Van Rossem, 1982: 159.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.8

mm. Clypeus 1.3 times as wide as long, pol-

ished, somewhat convex. Face polished. Malar

space wide, 0.3 of width of face, with a groove.

Frons, vertex and gena polished, with rather

long subadpressed hairs. Antenna without ty-

loids. Epomia present. Notauli rather strong,

with a short carina. Apex of scutellum striated.

Propodeum with all carinae and conspicuous

apophyses. Prepectal carina to the middle of

pronotal margin. Front wing with areolet. Hind

coxae with rough coriaceous sculpture. Hind fe-

mur stout. First tergite coriaceous, median dor-

sal carinae absent. Lateral dorsal carina indi-

cated. Second tergite for the greater part coria-

ceous, third tergite proximally coriaceous.

Second tergite with a carina from spiracle to

proximal margin. All tergites with rather long

adpressed hairs.

Female unknown.

Distribution. — Only the male holotype from Italy,

St. Peter, Ahrntal, 1350 m, Südtirol, is extant (coll.

Haeselbarth).

Eusterinx (Catomicrus) disparilis Van Rossem

Eusterinx disparilis Van Rossem, 1982: 159.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.5

mm. Malar space 0.3 of width of face. Face pol-

ished, with widely placed setae. Eyes hairy,

converging to clypeus. Frons, vertex and gena

polished. Mesoscutum with adpressed hairs, no-

tauli meeting, with weak carina from margin.

Scutellum striated. Propodeum coriaceous.

Apophyses somewhat developed. Front wing

with areolet not closed. Legs slender, hind fe-

mur 6.3 times as long as wide. First to fourth

tergite coriaceous. Apical margin of second to

fourth tergite yellowish. Ovipositor 0.28 of

length of front wing.

Male unknown.

Distribution. — Only the holotype from Sweden,

Messaure (Lapland) is extant.

Subgenus Ischyracis Förster

Ischyracis Forster, 1868: 175

Type-species: Catomicrus alpigenus Strobl.

Ischyracis; Perkins, 1962: 431—432.

Ischyracis; Townes, 1971: 203.

Front wing 3.1—3.6 mm long, without areo-

let. In the female the eyes converging to the cly-

peus, in the males not so. Sixth flagellar segment

of the male with a tyloid, a concave polished

area. Strong apophyses present.

I have placed only one species in this subge-

nus, viz. E. alpigena (Strobl) = Eusterinx bispi-

nosa (Strobl), which species was designated by

Perkins as the type species of Ischyracıs.

Eusterinx (Ischyracis) bispinosa (Strobl)

Hemiteles bispinosus Strobl, 1900: 234— 235.

Ischyracis bispinosus; Aubert, 1970: 279.

Eusterinx bispinosa; Horstman, 1974: 53.

Catomicrus alpigenus; Strobl, 1903: 116—117.

Eusterinx alpigena; Van Rossem, 1980: 131—132.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing

3.1—3.6 mm long. Eyes convergent to clypeus,

not touching clypeal margin. Eyes not hairy.

Malar space present. The clypeal fovea situated

in a conspicuous depression between eye and

clypeus. Face and frons polished. Strong notauli

meeting in the middle. Front wing without

areolet. Propodeum with strong apophyses.

Hind coxa black, coriaceous. Hind femur 5.0

times as long as wide. Gaster fuscous. First ter-

gite with strong striation, second and third ter-

gite with weaker striation. Ovipositor 0.2 of

length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.2—

3.6 mm long. Eyes not convergent. Sixth flagel-

lar segment with a tyloid, a concave polished

area. Notauli meeting in the middle. Propo-

deum with strong apophyses. Front wing with-

out areolet. Hind femur robust, 4.4 times as

long as wide, with conspicuous adpressed hairs.

Median sternal groove (mesolcus) deep. Gaster

fuscous. Spiracles of first segment at 0.5 of

length. First tergite with rong striation, weaker

on second and third tergite. Tergites two to four

coriaceous.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 95

Distribution. — Austria, Admont; Natterriegel.

Germany, Thüringen, Blankenburg (Schmiede-

knecht); Lippoldshausen (Haeselbarth). Netherlands,

Asperen (Prov. Zuid-Holland) (Zwakhals).

Divinatrix subgenus novum

Front wing 3.0—3.20 mm long, with areolet.

Eyes strongly convergent to clypeus in the fe-

male; slightly converging in the male. Mesoscu-

tum with deeply impressed notaulices. Apo-

physes absent. Second and third tergites in the

female and tergites two to five in the male divid-

ed by a conspicuous transverse suture. The two

parts of the tergites with a different sculpture.

Ovipositor 0.15 of length of front wing.

There is only one species in this subgenus, £.

inaequalis, which is the type-species. “Divina-

trix” is the Latin for “prophetess”.

Eusterinx (Divinatrix) inaequalis Van Rossem

Eusterinx inaequalis Van Rossem, 1980: 132.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.2

mm long. Clypeus somewhat protruding, about

as wide as long. Large eyes strongly convergent

to clypeus, touching clypeal margin. Face and

frons polished. Scape and pedicel yellow. Pro-

notum coriaceous. Mesoscutum with strong,

deeply impressed notauli, meeting in the mid-

dle, with conspicuous transverse ridges. Prono-

tal margin turning inwards towards notauli.

Mesoscutum with adpressed hairs. Prepectal ca-

rina reaching pronotal margin somewhat below

wing base. Propodeum completely areolated.

Front wing with areolet. Front and middle

coxae yellow, hind coxa coriaceous, brown;

hind femur 6.4 times as long as wide. The most

conspicuous character is the sculpture of the

second and third tergite. Proximal 0.75 part of

second tergite coriaceous and striate, distal part

polished. About 0.5 part of third tergite striated,

distal part polished. The two halves separated

by a conspicuous suture, almost giving the im-

pression of two tergites. A weak indication of

the suture on tergite four. Ovipositor 0.15 of

length of front wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.0

mm long. Eyes slightly converging, not touch-

ing clypeal margin. Malar space present. The

tergites two, three, four and five with the same

conspicuous character as the female’s second

and third tergites.

Distribution. — Italy, Riva S. Garda (Haeselbarth).

Netherlands: Asperen (Prov. Zuid-Holland) (Zwak-

hals). U.S.A.: Spring Br. Pa., 25.vii1.1945 (leg. H. K.

Townes).

Subgenus Dallatorrea Ashmead

Dallatorrea Ashmead, 1902: 205.

Dallatorrea; Townes, 1971: 203.

Type-species: Dallatorrea armata Ashmead.

Front wing 5.2—6.0 mm long, with areolet.

Eyes crassate, converging, or strongly converg-

ing to clypeus. Antenna short. Mesoscutum

with close adpressed hairs. Notauli strong.

Apophyses very robust, flattened. Ovipositor

0.11—0.14 of length of front wing.

There are two species in this subgenus. I have

examined only females.

Eusterinx (Dallatorrea) armata (Ashmead)

Dallatorrea armata Ashmead, 1902: 205.

Eusterinx armata; Townes, 1971: 203.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 5.2

mm. Mandible turned in, upper tooth long and

sharp, lower tooth minute. Clypeus protruding,

its width about 2.0 times the lower width of

face. Malar space absent. Eyes very large and

strongly convex, with inconspicuous setae. In-

ner margins of eyes strongly converging to cly-

peus. Width frons at ocelli more than 3.5 times

the width of face at clypeus. Face, frons and

gena polished. Antenna short. Occipital carina

closed. Epomia strong. Pronotum polished.

Mesoscutum with close adpressed hairs. Notau-

li robust, meeting in centre of mesoscutum,

bounding a convex median lobe. The distal zone

of median lobe with strong, longitudinal

wrinkles. Propodeum completely areolated with

strong carinae. Apophyses very conspicuous,

robust and flattened. Mesopleurum polished,

with some longitudinal wrinkles medially.

Front wing with areolet. Nervulus proximal of

basal vein. Nervellus vertical, discoidella absent.

Legs long and slender, including the coxae yel-

lowish to orange in colour. Hind coxae with

rough sculpture, about 3.0 times the size of

middle coxae. Hind femur strongly developed.

Fringe at apex of hind tibia minute. Petiole long.

First tergite coriaceous, with some longitudinal

striation on post-petiole. Spiracles about in the

middle. Second, third and fourth tergite proxi-

96 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

mally coriaceous. Ovipositor 0.12 of length ot

front wing. The ovipositor with a long and slen-

der tip.

Material examined. — 19, Corvallis (Oregon,

U.S.A.), 11 July 1978, from collection Townes.

Eusterinx (Dallatorrea) circaea Van Rossem

Eusterinx circaea Van Rossem, 1982: 157—158.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing

5.2—6.0 mm long. Mandible yellowish, the tip

twisted. Upper tooth with sharp point, the low-

er tooth inside and less than 0.3 of length of up-

per tooth. Clypeus convex, strongly protruding,

about as wide as long. Clypeus not distinctly

separated from face by a groove. Malar space

wide, about 0.5 of width clypeus, with a groove

between eye and clypeus. Eye margins converg-

ing to clypeus. Face and frons polished. Ocelli

robust. OOL : POL = 6:4. Vertex narrow,

occiput steeply sloping behind ocelli. Occipital

carina closed. Antenna slender, but short. Epo-

mia present. Mesoscutum polished, with close

adpressed hairs. Notauli strong, with a sharp

notch on margin. Scutellum and postscutellum

rugulose. Propodeum laterally with conspicu-

ous hairs. Median longitudinal carinae around

area superomedia strongly developed. Apo-

physes very robust, flattened. Mesopleurum

polished, ventrolateral margin rugulose and

with longitudinal striation. Front coxae yellow,

polished. Middle coxae with long hairs, ventral-

ly rugulose. Hind coxae fuscous, with long

hairs, rugulose, dorsally with a polished concav-

ity towards trochanter. Front and middle legs

slender, hind femur robust, with rugulose sculp-

ture. Hind tibia and tarsus slender. Claws of all

legs small. Front wing with areolet. First gastral

segment with slender petiole, spiracles at 0.5 of

length. End of first sternite at 0.7 of length.

First tergite coriaceous, with longitudinal stria-

tion. Second to fourth tergite coriaceous, apical

margins polished, yellow. Ovipositor 0.11—

0.14 of length of front wing.

Male unknown.

Distribution. — The female holotype is from

Hochstadt, Oberbayern (Germany) (coll. Haesel-

barth). One female was collected in Italy, Prov. Bol-

zano, Sarntal, 1250 m, 28.vi.1976, leg. and coll. C. J.

Zwakhals.

Subgenus Holomeristus Forster

Holomeristus Forster, 1868: 171.

Type-species: Holomeristus tenuicinctus Forster.

Front wing 2.6—4.0 mm long, with areolet.

Malar space wide. Males with tyloids on sixth to

eleventh flagellar segments, flattened and slight-

ly concave areas with a longitudinal carina on

one side or only a longitudinal carina. Eyes not

convergent to clypeus. Notauli present. Propo-

deum completely areolated. (E. (Holomeristus)

refractaria has weakly developed apophyses).

Front wing with areolet. Thyridia weak. Ovipo-

sitor somewhat upcurved, 0.14—0.26 of length

of front wing.

The subgenus includes four species.

Eusterinx (Holomeristus)

tenuicincta (Forster)

Holomeristus tenuicinctus Forster, 1871: 80—81.

Holomeristus tenuicinctus; Aubert, 1970: 274.

Eusterinx tenuicincta; Townes, 1971: 202.

Eusterinx tenuicincta; Van Rossem, 1982: 160—161.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.5

mm long. Eyes not convergent to clypeus. Cly-

peus yellow, impressed, 1.8—2.1 times as wide

as long.Mandible twisted, with a single tooth.

Malar space 0.23—0.25 of width face. Gena

wide. Scape and other parts of antenna yellow.

Postannellus 3.0—5.0 as long as the apical

width. Last joint of antenna large and inflated.

Pronotum polished, epomia long. Mesoscutum

fuscous, polished, with conspicuous notauli

coming together in centre of mesoscutum and

with a short carina on their front side, meeting

the epomia. Propodeum with all carinae, apical

transverse carina somewhat lamelliform, but not

developing apophyses. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal carina extending to subtegular ridge.

Sternaulus not developed but indicated by weak

ridges to edge of mesopleurum. Legs, including

coxae yellowish with brownish hind femur, tip

of hind tibia and hind tarsus. Areolet present.

First tergite fuscous and with longitudinal stria-

tion. Second tergite fuscous and striated, with

polished yellow apical margin. Thyridia vague.

Third tergite in some specimens with narrow

front margin striated, the greater part brownish

and polished, with yellow apical margin. Other

tergites fuscous and polished. Ovipositor 0.20—

0.26 of length of front wing, upcurved. Its

sheaths slender.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.1—

3.6 mm long. Mandible twisted, narrow, with a

sharp point. The clypeus impressed, yellowish

brown, with a marginal fringe of setae. Malar

space 0.22 of width of face. All parts of head

fuscous and polished. Gena wide. Postannellus

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 97

3.7 times as long as the apical width. Antenna

yellow, with vague tyloids on flagellar segments

6, 7 and 8. Pronotum fuscous, epomia long.

Mesoscutum fuscous, polished. Notauli con-

spicuous, meeting in center with a short carina

on front side. Propodeum with all carinae.

Mesopleurum polished, prepectal carina to sub-

tegular ridge. Sternaulus absent, indicated by

weak ridges. Legs yellowish. Front and middle

legs very slender. Areolet present, in some spec-

imens not closed. First abdominal segment fus-

cous, slender, about 3.25 times as long as the ap-

ical width. First tergite with longitudinal stria-

tion. Second tergite with longitudinal striation,

fuscous, with polished apical margin brown.

Third tergite with longitudinal striation proxi-

mally, the remaining part polished.

Distribution. — The Palaearctic Region, including

Japan. The Nearctic Region, including Alaska.

Remark. — Mr. Andreas Zumdick (Kiel)

bred the species from Polyporus squamosus Fr.

collected in the Stifter Wald (near Kiel, Ger-

many) between July and September 1983. The

mushrooms were infested with Diptera larvae:

Mycetophilidae, Limoniidae and Muscidae.

Eusterinx (Holomeristus) refractaria

Van Rossem

Eusterinx refractaria Van Rossem, 1982: 158.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.9

mm long. Eyes not convergent to clypeus. Cly-

peus rather convex, polished, 2.0 times as wide

as long. Face polished, with widely-placed fine

punctures. Malar space wide, 0.4 of width face,

with a distinct furrow. Frons, vertex and gena

polished. Postannellus 3.3 times as long as wide.

Pronotum with distinct epomia. Mesoscutum

with close adpressed hairs. Notauli strong, with

a short carina from margin. Propodeum with all

carinae, the apical transverse carina somewhat

lamelliform and thus developing short apo-

physes. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal carina

to about the middle of pronotal margin. Front

wing with areolet. Nervellus vertical, not inter-

cepted. Front and middle coxae yellow; hind

coxae brown, coriaceous; hind femur stout;

claws of all legs strong. End of first sternite at

0.6 of length of segment. First tergite without

dorsolateral and median dorsal carinae. Second

tergite and proximal part of third tergite coria-

ceous. Following tergites polished. All tergites

with apical margin yellow. Ovipositor somew-

hat upcurved, 0.23—0.25 of length of front

wing.

Characteristics of the male: Tyloids, longi-

tudinal carinae, on flagellar segments six and

seven. Hind femur stout. First, second and

proximal part of third tergite coriaceous. Ter-

gites two, three and four with narrow apical

margin yellow.

Distribution. — The holotype is from Kytin (Bohe-

mia), Czechoslovakia. Italy, Bolzano, Feldthurns,

1200 m. Sweden, Skane, Rostanga.

Eusterinx (Holomeristus) minima (Strobl)

Holomeristus minimus Strobl, 1903: 119.

Eusterinx minima; Van Rossem, 1982: 161—162.

Of this species only the Strobl holotype male

is extant. It has the tyloids on the flagellar seg-

ments six to nine. The sculpture of the second

and third tergites is coriaceous. In E. tenuicincta

these tergites have longitudinal striation. The

sculpture of the tergites is rather variable in Eu-

sterinx and does not offer definite characters to

separate the species.

Characteristics of the holotype: Front wing

2.6 mm long. Clypeus slightly protruding and

somewhat convex, 1.5 times as wide as long.

Face, frons and vertex polished. Antenna with

tyloids on flagellar segments 6—9. Notauli

strong, meeting in middle of mesoscutum. Legs

very slender, with long hairs. Prepectal carina to

about 0.5 of pronotal margin. First, second and

third tergite coriaceous.

Female unknown.

Distribution. — The holotype was collected in

Austria, Styrian Alp (Alpenwiesen des Natterriegel).

It is kept in the Strobl collection at Admont (Austria).

Eusterinx (Holomeristus) aquilonigena

Van Rossem

Eusterinx aquilonigena Van Rossem, 1982: 156—157.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.0

mm long. Mandible twisted, with a sharp upper

tooth. Lower tooth 0.5 of length of upper tooth.

Clypeus 1.5 times as wide as long, the apical

margin with a close row of bristles. Malar space

very narrow, 0.18 of width of face. Face pol-

ished, with a row of erect hairs along inner mar-

gins of eyes and with two rows medially. Frons,

vertex and gena polished. Gena with two rows

of subadpressed hairs. Scape subcylindrical.

98 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Epomia weak. Notauli with a fine carina on

their front side. The notauli not meeting in cen-

ter. Propodeum with all carinae. Prepectal cari-

na not reaching the margin. Front wing with

areolet. Legs slender, including coxae, yellow.

First tergite coriaceous, medially convex. Sec-

ond tergite coriaceous and with longitudinal

striation on front part, apical half polished.

Thyridia lying near basal margin behind end of

ventrolateral carina of first tergite. Other ter-

gites polished. Ovipositor 0.14—0.19 of length

of front wing.

Characteristics of the male: Front wing 3.1

mm long. Tyloids on flagellar segments 6—11, a

flattened zone without setae. Second tergite

more rough than in female, for the greater part

with longitudinal striation. Third tergite in front

part with some longitudinal striation.

Distribution. — Sweden. Skane.

Genus Helictes Haliday

Helictes Haliday, 1838: 115.

Myriarthrus Förster, 1869: 172.

Myriarthrus; Forster, 1871: 102.

Idioxenus Förster, 1868: 171.

Idioxenus; Förster, 1871: 94.

Megastylus; Holmgren, 1855: 129.

Megastylus (Helictes); Thomson, 1888: 1312.

Helictes; Strobl, 1903: 139.

Helictes; Townes, 1971: 204.

Helictes; Aubert, 1977: 148.

Ichneumon erythrostoma Gmelin, 1790, was

designated as the type-species of Helictes Hal-

ıday by Westwood in 1840. Gmelin’s material is

lost. It is therefore best to follow Gravenhorst,

1829, with respect to this species and to desig-

nate Gravenhorst’s male as the neotype.

For no good reason Förster rejected the name

Helictes and introduced the genus Myriarthrus

with Plectiscus erythrostoma Gravenhorst as the

type. Förster did not see the Gravenhorst type

material. His other species in Myriarthrus be-

long to Megastylus Schiedte. Moreover Förster

described the genus /dioxenus with Megastylus

mediator Schiodte, 1838, as the type-species.

The Schigdte type specimen is a true Megastylus

(Townes, 1971; van Rossem, 1974). The lecto-

type of Förster’s Idioxenus mediator is a male

specimen of Helictes erythrostoma (Gmelin)

(sensu Gravenhorst).!) The other species placed

by Förster in Indioxenus also belong to Heli-

ctes.

Redescriptions of the Western Palaearctic

species of Helictes Haliday, 1838, are given be-

low, with a key to the males. Two new species

are proposed: Helictes fabularis and H. incon-

gruens. The identity of the males could only be

based on a single character namely the position

of the tyloids on the flagellar segments. I have

been unable to recognize the females. Only with

Helictes erythrostoma I have females and a male

from the same locality and date.

Key to Helictes males

(Postannellus counted as first segment)

1. Segment five of flagellum with a tyloid... 2

— Segment five of flagellum without a tyloid 3

. Tyloids on flagellar segments 5—6—7. Ter-

gite two with vague microsculpture........

EEE H. erythrostoma (Gmelin)

— Tyloids on flagellar segments 5—6—7—8.

Tergite two with microsculpture ..........

ER MURS: H. conspicuus (Forster)

3. Tyloid on flagellar segment six............

A BREN LDD H. fabularis spec. nov.

— Tyloids on flagellar segments 6—7—8 or

67 8D ae eee 4

4. Tyloids on ilagellar segments 6—7—8. Ter-

gite two polished or with indistinct micros-

CUIptLrE ARR H. borealis (Holmgren)

— Tyloids on flagellar segments 6—7—8—9.

Tergiteitwo)polishedege rer

spira dla rg H. incongruens spec. nov.

Helictes erythrostoma (Gmelin)

Ichneumon erythrostoma Gmelin, 1790: 2721. Type

destroyed.

Plectiscus erythrostoma; Gravenhorst, 1829: 718.

Cryptus (Helictes) fulvicornis Haliday, 1838: 115.

Lectotype Fitton, 1976: 333.

Idioxenus mediator (Schiodte, 1838) sensu Förster,

1871: 95.

Idioxenus inaequalis Förster, 1871: 95.

The type material of /Ichneumon erythrosto-

ma Gmelin has been destroyed. This species is

named according to the revision by Graven-

horst, 1829, whose specimen is regarded as the

neotype. No original Gravenhorst label is pre-

sent. There are two existing labels; that of Au-

bert which says Helictes erythrostoma Gmel.

1) If Forster, 1871, designates as type-species for /di-

oxenus gen. nov. a species that he cites in some such

manner as Megastylus mediator Schiodte, 1838, the

type-species of /dioxenus is that which was before

Förster, and not that named by Schiodte, and its name

is to be cited as /dioxenus mediator Förster, 1871.

(Int. Code, 1985, Art. 70c).

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 99

male (= conspicuus = inaequalis) and the neo-

type label of the present author.

Characteristics of the neotype of Helictes

erythrostoma: Male. Front wing 3.5 mm long.

Tyloids of flagellar segments 5—6—7. Tergite

two almost polished. The specimen is in bad

condition and glued on a square of mica. Right

antenna missing beyond postannellus; left an-

tenna missing beyond segment eight. Right

middle leg and left hind leg missing.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Cryptus

(Helictes) fulvicornis Haliday. Labels: lectotype

label of Fitton, 1975. Ireland. Female (National

Museum of Ireland, Dublin). I have seen the

lectotype. It is a reddish brown specimen.

There is a male specimen of /dioxenus media-

tor sensu Forster labelled as follows: a Forster

labels Aachen, Mmale 27) gli2;..a box: label

“mediator” Schiodte”; a label of Aubert “He-

lictes erythrostoma Grav. (= mediator auct. nec.

Schigdte)”.

Characteristics of Förster’s specimen of

Helictes mediator: Male. Front wing 3.6 mm

long. Tyloids on flagellar segments 5—6—7.

Tergite two with fine microsculpture.

The lectotype of /dioxenus inaequalis is la-

belled as follows. A Forster label “Lousb.

15.6.”; a box label “inaequalis Frst.” and the

lectotype label of the present author.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes in-

aequalis: Male. Front wing 3.2 mm long. Ty-

loids on flagellar segments 5—6—7. Tergite two

almost polished. There are two paralectotypes,

both from Lousberg.

Description of the male of H. erythrostoma

(Gmelin): Front wing 2.9—3.6 mm long. Palpi

yellow. Clypeus convex. Face with fine micros-

culpture and suberect, rather close hairs. Frons

polished, only upper part with some hairs. Ver-

tex, occiput and temple with suberect hairs. Ty-

loids on flagellar segments 5—6—7. Pronotum

with microsculpture, epomia present. Mesoscu-

tum with microsculpture and adpressed hairs,

notauli present, reaching margin. Scutellum

without margin. Propodeum with microsculp-

ture, pleural carina present and strong. Apical

carina present or absent. Mesopleurum polished

with hairs on lower part. Prepectal carina not

reaching margin. Tegulae white to yellowish.

Front and middle coxae brownish, hind coxae

fuscous and with microsculpture. Tergites one

and two with microsculpture (tergite three

sometimes), following tergites more polished.

Characteristics of the female: Description

based on Haeselbarth’s specimen from

Lippoldshausen, 20.v.1967, from the same lo-

cality (A) as a male. Front wing 3.6 mm. Palpi

whitish. Face with microsculpture and ad-

pressed hairs. Frons polished. Vertex and occi-

put with very fine microsculpture and widely

placed adpressed hairs. Temple polished, with-

out hairs. Antenna yellowish brown, slender.

Postannellus long and slender, 8 times as long as

apical width. Pronotum with fine microsculp-

ture, epomia present. Mesoscutum with micros-

culpture, notauli almost obliterated. Scutellum

with microsculpture, without margin. Propo-

deum with strong microsculpture. Median lon-

gitudinal carina strong down to apical trans-

verse carina. Pleural carina present. Mesopleu-

rum with microsculpture and adpressed hairs on

front half up to apex of prepectal carina. Pre-

pectal carina not reaching margin. Tegulae

whitish. Legs, including coxae, light brown.

Middle and hind coxae with close sculpture.

Tergites one, two and three with microsculp-

ture. Ovipositor not extending beyond subgeni-

tal plate.

Material examined. — 6, no locality label, neotype,

coll. Gravenhorst (Wroctaw). Austria: &, Kärnten,

Himmelberg, 1000 m, 14.vii.1979 (coll. Zwakhals); 2

3, Pass Thurn, Salzburg, 1200 m, 8.1x.1968 (coll.

Haeselbarth). Germany: 2 &, Lippoldshausen, A,

20.v.1967; B, 20.v.1967; 3 2, Lippoldshausen, A,

20.v.1967; B, 20.v.1967; E, 21.v.1967; 6,

Lippoldshausen, B, 5.vi.1966; 2 4, Hedemünden, D,

10.v11.1967; 3, Erding, 4.vii.1971; 3, Wiershausen,

A. 22.v.1966; 3, Ober Bayern, Umg. Gauting,

22.v1.1972; GG, Bayern, Weszling, Hochstadt,

22.v1.1974; 3, FI. Triesenberg, 1450 m, 1.ix.1969 (all

German specimens leg. & coll. Haeselbarth). Italy: 6,

Bolzano, Sarntal, 1250 m, 30.vi.1976 (coll. Zwakhals);

d, St Peter, Ahrntal, Südtirol, 1300 m, G,

25.v11.1967; 5 à, St. Peter, Ahrntal, Südtirol, 1800 m,

Jb, 26.vili.1967; 5 3, ibid., 1950 m, Ja (all coll. Hae-

selbarth). Netherlands: &, Terschelling, Hoorn,

23.v.1967, Alnus wood; d, Ameland, Hollum, de

Blieke, pond “Tonny”, 5—26.vii.1969 (both coll. van

Rossem); 5 d, Ede (Prov. Geldl.), 28.ix., 10.x, 14.x,

21.x, 24.x.1970 (coll. Zwakhals); d, Asperen (Prov.

Zuid-Holland), 30.vin.1968; &, Asperen, 17.v; 4 d,

20.v, 2 d, 27.v,2 3, 30.v, d, 2.vii, d, 25.vii, d, 29.vii,

2 d, 6.vili, d, 18.x.1972; 36, Asperen, 10.v,

24.v.1973; 3, Arkel, 26.vii.1970; 2 &, 15.vi.1980 (all.

coll. Zwakhals); &, Giessenburg, 1.viii.1968 (coll.

Zwakhals). Suisse: 4, Gr., Scharl, God Tamangur,

2150 m, 12.vin.1973 (coll. Haeselbarth).

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

western Palaearctic Region.

100 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Helictes conspicuus (Forster)

Idioxenus conspicuus Forster, 1871:95.

Idioxenus inquilinus Förster, 1871: 95.

Idioxenus intricator Förster, 1871: 95.

Idioxenus tetraglyptus Förster, 1871: 95.

Helictes nigricoxus Strobl, 1903: 139.

The holotype of /dioxenus conspicuus is la-

balled as follows: a Forster label “Aachen 6”; a

box label “conspicuus Frst.” and the holotype la-

bel of the present author.

Characteristics of the holotype of Helictes

conspicuus: Male. Front wing 3.4 mm long. Face

with microsculpture and adpressed hairs. Ver-

tex, occiput and temple with adpressed hairs.

Tyloids on flagellar segments 5—6—7—8. Pro-

notum with epomia and microsculpture. Mesos-

cutum with microsculpture and notauli present.

Propodeum with microsculpture down to posi-

tion of apical transverse carina, the latter being

obliterated. A part of mesopleurum almost pol-

ished. Prepectal carina not reaching margin.

Upper part of hind coxae with somewhat more

rough sculpture. Second tergite with fine micro-

sculpture.

The lectotype of /dioxenus inquilinus is la-

belled with a Forster label “3, 30 gl. 5—8 aus-

gebuchtet”. Lectotype label of Aubert, 1977.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes in-

quilinus: Male. Front wing 4.0 mm long. Face

with microsculpture. Tyloids on flagellar seg-

ments 5—6—7—8. Mesoscutum, first and sec-

ond tergite with microsculpture.

There are two paralectotypes from Lousberg

(the type locality), probably a specimen of H.

erythrostoma and also one female from Lous-

berg.

The holotype of /dioxenus intricator is la-

belled with a Forster label, “d, 28 gl., Lousberg

12.10.” and a holotype label of the present au-

thor.

Characteristics of the holotype of Helictes in-

tricator: Male. Front wing 4.0 mm long. Face

with microsculpture. Tyloids on flagellar seg-

ments 5—6—7 8. Mesoscutum, first and sec-

ond tergite with microsculpture.

The lectotype of Idioxenus tetraglyptus is la-

belled with a Förster label, “6, 25 gl., Lous-

berg, 9.6.” and a lectotype label of the present

author.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes te-

traglyptus: Male. Front wing 3.2 mm long. Face

with microsculpture. Tyloids on flagellar seg-

ments 5—6—7—8. Mesoscutum with micros-

culpture. First and second tergite with vague

microsculpture.

There are three paralectotypes (2 d 1 ©), all

from Lousberg. There are also specimens (8 &

14 ©), labelled by Förster /dioxenus tetraglyp-

tus, but these are not type specimens.

The lectotype of Helictes nigricoxus Strobl,

1903, is labelled: “Admont 18 August” and

bears the lectotype label of Aubert, 1977, who

identified this specimen as Helictes erythrosto-

ma Grav., male. I have not seen this specimen,

but following the original description of Strobl,

viz. “das fünfte bis achte Geiszelglied start aus-

gerandet” I am inclined to place it under Heli-

ctes conspicuus. Strobl also noted: “nach Frst.

Tab. gelangt man auf inquilinus”.

Material examined. — The localities mentioned

above are not recapitulated. Germany: d, holotype of

Idioxenus conspicuus, Aachen (coll. Förster,

München); 2 &, Wiershausen (Niedersachsen), A,

22.v.1966; 4 5, Lippoldshausen, A & B, 20.v.1967; 2

d, Ziegenhagen (Hessen), Ac, 13.viii.1966; Aa,

15.vu1.1966; dg, Münden (Hann), 13.vii.1965; d,

Glonn (Ober Bayern), 14.vu.1968; d, Weszling

(Ober Bayern), 12.viu.1972; 2 &, Weszling, Hochs-

tadt (Bayern), 22.vi.1974; &, Starnberg, Kerschlach

(Bayern), 27.vii.1974; d, Sachsenkam, Kirchseefilz

(Ob. Bayern), 19.vii.1972 (all leg. & coll. Haesel-

barth). Italy: 6, TN, M. Baldo Bocca Navene, 1400

m, 9.vii.1972; d, Algund (Südtirol), 1800 m, A,

24.v11.1966; male, Idrosee (Brescia), Vesta, 500 m,

15.vi.1958; d, Campi, Riva s. Garda, 1400 m, E,

7.1x.1967 (all leg. & coll. Haeselbarth); 2 d, Sarntal

(Bolzano), 1250 m, 26.vi.1976 & 30.vi (both leg. &

coll. Zwakhals). Netherlands: 10 d, Ede (Prov.

Geldl.), 28.1x.1970, 14.x, 17.x, 24.x, 1.xi, 15.x1;

12.v1.1971; d, Overveen (Prov. Noord-Holland),

9.vi.1974; 4 6, Asperen (Prov. Zuid-Holland)

1.v.1967; 18.v.1970; 24.v.1972; 27.v.1972; 3, Arkel

(Prov. Zuid-Holland), 10.viu.1967; 3, Schelluinen,

23.viii.1967; 3, Hoornaar, 11.vii.1967. All material

leg. and coll. Zwakhals. Poland: &, Polanowice (10

km N. of Wroctaw), 15.vii.1967, leg. W. J. Pulawski

(coll. van Rossem). Switzerland: d, Tarasp Lai Nair

(Gr.), 11.vii.1973 (coll. Haeselbarth); 8, Bern,

Delémont, 21.v.1975, leg. R. T. Simon Thomas (coll.

van Rossem). Sweden: d, Lapland m., 30.viii. Bhn

(Boheman) (in type series of Megastylus borealis

Holmgr., Riksmuseet, Stockholm).

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

western Palaearctic Region.

Helictes borealis (Holmgren)

Megastylus borealis Holmgren, 1855: 129.

Idioxenus coxalis Forster, 1871: 95.

Idioxenus propinquus Forster, 1871: 95.

Idioxenus invalidus Förster, 1871: 95.

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 101

Idioxenus varıator Forster, 1871: 95.

Megastylus (Helictes) pilicornis Thomson, 1888: 1312.

The lectotype of Megastylus borealis Holm-

gren (Riksmuseet, Stockholm) is labelled: “Lp

(= Lapland) m, 5.viii. Bhn (= Boheman)”. Lec-

totype label of the present author.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes

borealis: Male. Front wing 3.7 mm long. Palpi

and mandible yellow. Clypeus convex, yellow.

Face coriaceous, with long, subadpressed hairs.

Malar space wide, 0.26 of width of face. Eyes

with setae. Tyloids on flagellar segments 6—7—

8. Frons and vertex polished. Gena with long

hairs. Occipital carina closed. Pronotum with

vague sculpture, epomia present. Mesoscutum

with adpressed setae. Notauli present. Propo-

deum polished, carinae absent except for stubs

of longitudinal carinea. Mesopleurum polished,

prepectal carina not reaching te margin. Coxae

and legs yellow. Middle and hind coxae with

long hairs. Hind femur slender, hind tibia slen-

der and very long, Nervellus vertical, discoidel-

la absent. First gastral segment rather slender,

tergite almost polished. Following tergites pol-

ished. Second tergite proximally and distally

yellow. Third tergite proximally yellow.

The two males labelled: “Lapland m., 4.vili.

Bhn” and “Lapland in. Bhn”, respectively, I la-

belled as paralectotypes.

The lectotype of Idioxenus coxalis was la-

belled by Aubert and has a Forster label “Aa-

chen”.

The neotype of /dioxenus coxalis has a

Förster label “Aachen, d und ®, 29 gl” a cab-

inet label coxalis Frst. and a lectotype label of

Aubert, 1977. There are two specimens

mounted on the pin. I consider the right-hand

specimen, a male, to be the neotype.

Characteristics of the neotype of Helictes

coxalis: Male. Front wing 3.4 mm long. Palpi

yellow. Clypeus convex, yellowish brown. Ma-

lar space wide, 0.33 of width of face. Clypeus

and face with rather long, close, suberect hairs.

Face with microsculpture. Scape ventrally yel-

low, with long hairs. Tyloids on flagellar seg-

ments 6—7—8. Frons vertex and gena polished.

Lower gena with long hairs. Pronotum pol-

ished, epomia present. Mesoscutum strongly

convex, with fine microsculpture. Notauli pre-

sent, but not reaching the margin. Scutellum

with lateral carina only at proximal corners and

with long hairs. Propodeum polished, laterally

with hairs, pleural carina present. Mesopleurum

polished, with prepectal carina present but

weak, not reaching the margin. Tegulae white.

Legs including coxae yellow. All tergites pol-

ished.

The holotype of /dioxenus propinquus is la-

belled with a Förster label “Aachen, 3”.

Characteristics of the holotype of Helictes

propinquus: Male. Front wing 4.3 mm long. Ty-

loids on flagellar segments 6—7—8. Second ter-

gite almost polished, some vague microsculp-

ture present.

The lectotype of /dioxenus invalidus has two

Forster labels: “Aachen, d, 30 gl”; “6—8...”

(illegible) and the lectotype label of the present

author.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes in-

validus: Male. Front wing 3.4. mm long. Ty-

loids on flagellar segments 6—7—8. second ter-

gite polished.

There are two males mounted on the pin. I

consider the right-hand specimen to be the type.

The other specimen also represents H. coxalis.

There are also three female paralectotypes; one

of these is the holotype of Megastylus (Helictes)

pilicornis Thomson, holotype label of M. G. Fit-

ton, 1980.

The lectotype of /dioxenus variator has a

Förster label “Lousberg, 17.10. 6, 29 gl” and

the lectotype-label of the present author.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Helictes

variator: Male. Front wing 4.2 mm long. Ty-

loids of flagellar segments 6—7—8. Second ter-

gite almost polished, some vague microsculp-

ture is present.

Ther are two other Forster males, one la-

belled “Aachen”. The other without a label.

Material examined. — I studied 147 & from the fol-

lowing localities. Austria: St. Schladming, 1250 m,

Heidelbeere; Flintsbach, Inn.B, 550 m; Walchsee, Ti-

rol, 800 m; T. Pertisau, 1550 m; Fl.3, Schwestern

Grat, 2000 m; Reiter Alm, 1600 m, Heidelbeere (all

coll. Haeselbarth); Kärnten, Himmelberg, 1000 m

(coll. Zwakhals). Germany: Bayern. Wiershausen;

Jettenhausen; Ammergeb. Jausen, 1400—1600 m,

Nickelswald 1100—1300 m; Starnberg, Kerschlach;

Leutstetten; Glonn; Niederaudorf, 1000 m; Herrsch-

ing Widdersberg Mischwald; Gauting (all coll. Hae-

selbarth); Ellmau 1050 m; Garmisch 700—1400 m; il-

legible 750 m (coll. Bauer, Zool.Staatss. München).

Hann. Münden; Geierlambach, Heidelbeere;

Lippoldshausen; Nd. Sachsen, Bramwald; Holledau,

Heidelbeere; Fl.Triesenberg, 1450 m; Hedeminden;

Meensen; Dransfeld (all coll. Haeselbarth); illegible

leg. Pfankuch (Zool.Staatss. München); Augsburg

(Zool.Staatss. München); Goslar a. H. Haldenstieg,

Grauhôferholz; Harz, Harzburg, Radautal; Allgäu,

102 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Riezlern, 1150 m (coll. Bauer, Zool. Staatss.

München). Italy: St. Peter, Ahrntal, Südtirol, 1350—

1600 m; Martelltal, Südtirol, 2100 m; Tremalzo, Judi-

kar Voralpen, 1730-1900 m; Karthaus Südtirol, 1200

m; Merano, 700 m; Feldthurns (Bolzano) 1200 m;

Partschins, Südtirol, 850 m; Tirol, Südtirol, 2250 m;

Malcesine (VR) 500—1300 m, Bosco ceduo; Campi,

Riva s. Garda, 240—1200 m (22 specimens) (all coll.

Haeselbarth); Bolzano, 800 m; Sarntal (Bolzano) 1250

m (coll. Zwakhals). Netherlands: Ede (Prov. Gelderl.)

(coll. Zwakhals and coll. van Rossem); Heilo and Ber-

gen (Prov. Nd Hol.); Asperen and Arkel Prov. Zd

Hol.) (14 specimens); Halsteren (Prov. Nd Brab.)

(coll. Zwakhals). Norge: Opland, Lom-Lia (4 speci-

mens) (coll. van Rossem). Sweden: Dalarna, Boda

Kyrkby, Silverberg; Fjatervalen Idre; Transtrand,

Hemfjäll Stangen (coll. van Rossem); Höör (Skane)

(coll. Zwakhals). Switzerland: Wallis, Fiesch, 1200 m

(coll. Zwakhals).

Localities of type material are not repeated.

Collecting dates between May and November.

Distribution. — The species is widely spread in the

western Palaearctic Region.

Helictes incongruens species nova

The holotype of Helictes OSB SV species

nova has the following labels: “Judikar Voral-

pen, C. Tombea 1800 m, 18.vi.1958” (leg. &

coll. Haeselbarth). “Helictes sp.” det. Townes,

1964, and the holotype label of the present au-

thor.

Characteristics of the holotype of Helictes in-

congruens: Male. Front wing 3.6 mm long. Palpi

whitish. Clypeus convex, polished, fuscous,

front margin light brown, width 0.59 of width

face. Lower part of face polished, towards an-

tennal sockets somewhat rough, with suberect

hairs. Frons, vertex an occiput polished. Vertex

and occiput with widely placed hairs. Tyloids

on flagellar segments 6—7—8—9. Pronotum

polished, epomia present. Mesoscutum almost

polished. Lateral carina of scutellum only pre-

sent beyond the corner and not meeting at apex.

Mesopleurum polished, prepectal carina not

reaching the margin. Legs long and slender. Te-

gulae white. Propodeum polished, only pleural

carina present. All tergites polished.

Material examined. — Italy: 6, Brescia, Judikar

Voralpen, C. Tombea, 1800 m, 18.vi.1958, holotype.

Paratypes: 3, Judikar Voralpen, C. Tombea, 1800 m,

18.v1.1958. Austria: d, Steiermark, Schladming, 1250

m, 11.vi.1972, Heidelbeere. Germany: d, Reither

Alm, 1600 m, Heidelbeere. Preceding specimens leg.

and coll. E. Haeselbarth, München. Sweden: 6, Lap-

land in., 8.vin., Bhn (= Boheman) (specimen in type

series of Megastylus borealis Holmgren; Riksmuseum

Stockholm).

Distribution. — The species gives the impression of

being a boreal and alpine element.

The name is the Latin for

“disagreeing”.

“incongruens”

Helictes fabularis species nova

In the type series of Megastylus borealis

Holmgren there is a male which differs conspic-

uously from the other syntypes by having a sin-

gle tyloid. I consider this specimen to represent

an undescribed species.

The holotype of Helictes fabularis has the fol-

lowing labels: “Lp (= Lapland) in., Bhn” (=

Boheman) (Riksmuseum, Stockholm).

Characteristics of the holotype of Helictes

fabularis: Male. Front wing 4.7 mm long. Palpi

and mandible yellow. Clypeus convex, pol-

ished, front margin protruding. Face wide, pol-

ished to slightly coriaceous, with widely placed

setae. Malar space wide, 0.45 of width of face.

Frons and gena slightly coriaceous. Gena and

occiput with long, subadpressed hairs. Occipital

carina closed. The single tyloid on the sixth fla-

gellar segment. Postannellus long. Scape large,

broadly ovate. Pronotum polished, with strong

epomia and a rather characteristic downward

slope of the hind margin dorsally. Mesoscutum

with indistinct microsculpture and vaguely out-

lined notauli (damaged by pin). Propodeum pol-

ished, with erect setae. Only the pleural carina

present. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal cari-

na not reaching the margin. Legs, including the

coxae yellowish. Hind coxa relatively slender.

Hind femur and tibia exceptionally slender.

Nervellus indistinctly intercepted, discoidella

absent. First gastral segment slender, polished

and with the spiracles at 0.5 of the length. The

first sternite ending in the apical half. The other

tergites fuscous, polished, with short suberect

hairs.

Material examined. — The holotype only (Sweden,

Lapland). In a collection of the Museo de Ciencias

Naturales (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) (Dr G. Ortega) I

found specimens from Gran Canaria, Gomera and

Palma (Islas Canarias).

The name “fabularis” is the Latin for “mythi-

cal

Phosphoriana nomen novum

Phosphorus Voet, ? 1769: 84.

Phosphorus Thomson, 1857:

1943).

Phosphorus Van Rossem, 1980: 129—131.

27 (= Voetia Strand,

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 103

The name Phosporus, which I re-introduced

in 1980, is preoccupied. I propose to use Phos-

phoriana as the replacement name, gender femi-

nine. The type-species of Phosphoriana is Enty-

poma rugosissimum Strobl, 1903, the type-spe-

cies of Phosphorus Van Rossem by monotypy.

Phosporiana rugosissima (Strobl)

Entypoma rugosissimum Strobl, 1903: 114.

Phosphorus rugosissimus; Van Rossem, 1980: 129—

131.

Hitherto the male of this species was un-

known. I found two males in the collection of

Haeselbarth. A description follows here.

Characteristics of the male: Length front

wing 4.6 mm. Palpi white. Mandible yellow,

lower tooth slightly shorter. Clypeus with api-

cal half flattened and yellow, about 1.7 times as

wide as long. Face below the antennae protube-

rant, with a conspicuous groove between the

antennal sockets. Below each antennal socket a

triangulate ivory spot, the base proximal to the

socket. Malar space as wide as apex of postan-

nellus. OOL : POL =2 : 11). Frons, vertex and

gena polished. Face with some vague and shal-

low punctures. Gena narrow, about 0.35 of

width eye. Antenna long and slender, postan-

nellus 7.0 times as long as the apical width. No

tyloids present. The pronotum striking, having

two elevations, ivory in colour, with a sharp

groove between, directly behind the postocci-

put. The mesoscutum strongly inclined upwards

from the pronotum, the median lobe conspicu-

ously separated from the lateral lobes by wide

but shallow notauli. Towards the centre of the

mesoscutum the median lobe with a V-shaped

depression. The propodeum with some trans-

verse, irregular sculpture. Pleural, lateral longi-

tudinal and median longitudinal carinae present.

Mesopleurum polished prepectal carina strong.

All coxae and most of the front and middle legs

whithish yellow. Hind femur and tibia more

yellow. All femora rather stout. Hind tibia long

and slender. First tergite long and slender, 3.5

times as long as the apical width, with longitudi-

nal sculpture, which is continued on tergites

two and three. All tergites with a broad apical

ivory band.

Material examined. — Germany: 2 d, Bayern,

Neuburg Donau, Finkenstein, 6.vii.1982, leg. and

coll. Haeselbarth.

Characteristics of the female: Length front

wing 5.0 mm. Postannellus slender, 7.0—9.0

times as long as wide. The pronotum with the

same characteristics as in the male. Mesoscutum

steeply rising, polished, with conspicuous no-

tauli. Propodeum with pleural, lateral longitudi-

nal and apical transverse carina. Prepectal carina

strong. Colour of the legs the same as in the

male. Hind femur robust, 4.3 times as long as

wide. Front wing with areolet. Nervellus inter-

cepted below the middle, discoidella present.

First tergite long and slender, about 3.0 times as

long as wide apically, with rough sculpture, spi-

racles at 0.76 of length. Apical margins of all

tergites ivory-yellow. Ovipositor 0.25 of length

front wing.

Distribution. — A rare species. The holotype of

Strobl is from Johnsbachgraben (Austria). There are

three specimens from Germany in the collection of E.

Haeselbarth (Munchen).

Genus Proeliator Van Rossem

Proeliator Van Rossem, 1982: 152—154.

Dr. H. Townes brought to my notice an un-

described species in the type series of P. propri-

us Van Rossem. A description follows here.

Key to the Proeliator females

(The males of P. invictus and P. captiosus are

unknown)

1. Length of ovipositor 0.14—0.17 of length

of Front wine LITTLE

RARO Proeliator invictus spec. nov.

— Length of ovipositor 0.23—0.30 of length

Of frontewing LITTA to 2

2. Lower tooth of mandible very small, giving

the impression of a single-toothed mandi-

ble. Last tarsal joint of hind leg robust,

elaws:strong: Alaska a ETRO

RR Proeliator captiosus Van Rossem

— Lower tooth of mandible shorter than up-

per tooth, but visible. Last tarsal joint of

hind leg not particularly robust. Europe....

Proeliator proprius Van Rossem

!) OOL = ocular-ocellar line.

POL = distance between lateral ocellı

104 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Proeliator invictus species nova

Characteristics of the holotype of P. invictus.

Female. Front wing 3.4 mm long. Lower tooth

of mandible about half the length of upper

tooth. Clypeus elliptical, upper margin convex.

for the rest clypeus impressed. Entire head pol-

ished. Pedicel large. Antenna yellowish brown.

Pronotum polished, with epomia. Mesoscutum

polished, with adpressed rather close hairs. No-

tauli weak, only indicated on the margin. Pro-

podeum with rather close erect hairs. Apical

transverse, median longitudinal, and pleural ca-

rinae present. Mesopleurum polished, prepectal

carina to the margin. Front wing with areolet.

Discoidella absent. Front and middle legs, in-

cluding coxae yellow. Hind legs more brown-

ish, hind femur with conspicuous long hairs.

First tergite coriaceous, 2.0 times as long as api-

cal width. Dorsolateral and median dorsal cari-

na strong. Median dorsal carina to apical mar-

gin. Following tergites polished. The fourth ter-

gite and following with transverse rows of

widely placed suberect setae. Ovipositor 0.14 of

length front wing. Sheath with widely placed

long hairs.

Ovipositor of paratype is 0.17 of length of

front wing.

Male unknown.

Material examined. — Sweden, ©, holotype, Mes-

saure, 7.ix.1972, leg. Karl Muller; ©, paratype, Mes-

saure, 12.ix.1971, leg. Karl Muller (both coll. Townes,

Gainesville (Florida).

The name “invictus” is the Latin for “indis-

putable, irrefutable”.

Proeliator proprius Van Rossem

Proeliator proprius Van Rossem, 1982: 152—153.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.5

mm. The lower tooth of mandible visible, short-

er than upper tooth. Head polished, square. Oc-

cipital carina closed. Scapus subcylindrical, ped-

icel large. Pronotum polished, epomia present.

Mesoscutum convex, polished, with widely

placed subadpressed hairs. Notauli weak. Pro-

podeum with a strong apical transverse carina

and pleural carina, other carinae weak to obso-

lete. Propodeum with long, erect hairs. Front

wing with areolet. Nervellus vertical, discoidel-

la absent. Front and middle coxae whitish, hind

coxae brown. Legs yellow, with rather long

hairs, especially the hind tibia, the hind femur

and the tarsi. The first tergite rather variable in

shape, 1.8—2.5 times als long as the apical

width. Median dorsal carina in most specimens

short. The first tergite coriaceous. Second ter-

gite in part coriaceous. Following tergites pol-

ished. Ovipositor 0.23—0.30 of length of front

wing. Sheath with widely placed hairs.

Characteristics of the male: Tyloids of flagel-

lar segments 6—8.

Distribution. — Germany: Spessart. Sweden: Mes-

saure (Lapland).

Proeliator captiosus Van Rossem

Proeliator captiosus Van Rossem, 1982: 153—154.

Characteristics of the female: Front wing 3.3

mm. Lower tooth of mandible very small, giv-

ing the impression of a single toothed mandible.

Occipital carina closed. Pedicel large. Postan-

nellus 4.0 times as long as wide. Epomia pre-

sent. Front wing with areolet. Nervulus somew-

hat inclivous. Nervellus somewhat reclivous.

Last tarsal joint of hind leg robust, claws strong.

First tergite coriaceous, median dorsal carinae

not present. Following tergites brown, polished.

Ovipositor 0.26 of length front wing. Sheath

with widely placed long hairs.

Male unknown.

Distribution. — U.S.A.: Mt McKinley, Alaska

(coll. Townes)

Genus Megastylus Schiedte

Megastylus Schiodte, 1838: 139.

Megastylus; Townes, 1971: 205.

Megastylus; Van Rossem, 1974: 273—285.

Megastylus; Van Rossem, 1983b: 121—132.

cruentator

Type-species: Megastylus

Schiodte, 1838.

Megastylus cruentator Schiodte

Megastylus cruentator Schiodte, 1838: 139.

Megastylus cruentator; Van Rossem, 1974: 276—278.

Megastylus cruentator; Van Rossem, 1983b: 123 &

126.

Cryptus (Helictes) cruentatus Halıday, 1838: 115.

Megastylus cruentator; Fitton, 1976: 333.

Characteristics of the lectotype of Cryptus

cruentatus Haliday. Labels: a label “named by

Claude Morley Helictes cruentatus Hal. Type

(unlabelled) vi.1913; a circular label with red

margin Type CM; lectotype label of Fitton,

1975. Nat. Mus. Ireland, Dublin). Female. The

VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae 105

specimen cruentator

Schiodte.

represents

Megastylus

Megastylus orbitator Schiedte

Megastylus orbitator Schiodte, 1839: 139 (type lost).

Megastylus orbitator; Van Rossem, 1983b: 127—129

(neotype)

Misoleptus maderensis Wollaston, 1859: 21 (Misolep-

tus is a lapsus for Mesoleptus)

?Megastylus maderensis; Fitton, 1976: 356.

Characteristics of the holotype. Labels: Ma-

deira Wollaston (printed); a blue label: Misolep-

tus maderensis W.; B. M. Type Hym. 36. 1999;

holotype label Fitton 1974. Male. Front wing

2.4 mm long. The specimen is quite small and

stuck to the mounting slip in such a way that

ventral examination is impossible. Nevertheless

I hold it to be close to M. orbitator.

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VAN RossEM: Western Palaearctic Oxytorinae

INDEX

(Synonyms in italics)

accusaior (2 Grillo) ooesn see oe cles ono 20

PACH OU LA DECCHMM MIM as tts O NA co eae 48

agiata (Plecdeedlea) ma RE RER er 37

aligena (Gyllocerta)) ie ss cles ee ee 16

alpieene (Busterilaks) oo on Sas a8 vise om es oe a 6 56

ADS en AM (CAROTTA 56

LILO MAL OWA (RICCHI 35

annicalis (least) ¢hgecuueeugse seco cue 33

POCA min et 15

aguilonigenal(Busteninx) ne wv see sel 59

andentis (Bud litt) ses a RE te 22

angka (Sns) NI 54

armata (Busted). dedes desta ded 57

ARTARUS (Oy) SR Re CCE 14

attentusi(Broclitus) mene Ae a 21,22

binodaulzsallectiscus) a E 39

DISPINOSANBUSIErRIRO RIE ata ee oe 56

bistniaran(Plectriscidea)) = Wels. ns een 29

blandıtau(Bleeniserdea) FAN 44

BlapsieusgRörsten ee eee So ne 48

Wapen NOTEN se ER vege sars oe dee 48

borealis (Grllocsra) Re Re seo sage 17

borealisit(Hlelictes) nn 62, 64

brabus (Pai Sa nn oa RENE Oe 32

calligata (Gilles) pinasses stes decode 18

camallieulatandBlectiscidea) PAAR Gee ee 36

CaptiosusalBroeliaton) re 66

Catonnteruer N LIT os gen, 55

Gincrmlan(electiscidea)s..-..). 855-002 ee 33

GIECI CANE US TELINX) MEN seeks ea: 58

collanisk(Rlectiscidea) E 39

COMlaTASMURIECLISCUS) NE OM 39

contes (cdi) SU ois {ce eisai eee ee 21

eommunısa(Bleetiseidea). 25.20 ssa ean. 48

Conjumetay(Blectiscidea)s TOI 38

cOnmexaNRIEEtiscide a) nr... 43

conspienusgtklelietes)e I. an sn O. 62

Gores (UOBOSIORDS)) sonne 62

GOXALOMA (I LCGLIS CUS) ES DEI EN 32

Grassiconmisn(Plectiseided)) 2... 4...25 -0 06 - 42

crassulus (Gnathochorisis) .............. 49, 50

Greniconnisi(lampronota) Ve Cine 18

eruentatom (Mepsastylus) iy. wa. n 66

cruentatus (Cryptus) (Helictes)............. 66

curticauda (Plectiscus)............ 33, 34, 38, 46

COGNAC ea eo 16

Done. aru Rene Roe rn, 57,

dentifer (Gnathochorisis) ............... 49, 50

derenontPlecuscidea) a sinus els se 44

determinata (RICCHSCUS) a... one 33

DAS 3 a's eh oo RUN a An ee ke 24

Glis nate (RANA) Benne 24

dispanilise(Eusteninx) PRO ree ee 56

inc ARE CLICS) EROE EEE 36

Diva URGE ARE ee won RE QU 57

edwardsia(Proclitusys So pen 22

107

enychropyean Blectise:ded) PIBN ey sees 36

erythrostoma Gmelin (Ichneumon) .......... 60

erythrostoma Gravenhorst (Plectiscus) ......... 60

enythrostomar(lelictes) ERRE ARR 60

eunyscienias (Plectiscidea) MZ NN en 47

BUSTE nk en RE 30,92

COCO ED) AA ER NUE 30

fapularisiilelictes) ARR PEER ete 64

VIAVICONISA (RIC CH) NEN 38

flavipesi(Gmathochorisis) seers OI EE 50

flavipes: ALTE Pphanes) reece ee ere ieee 12

LAUEZONUSE (RICCHI AI TIRI. 30

foerscerin(Plectiscidea) e ie 40

VACLICONNISA (LATDIONOLA) any. SAI 20

fraternan(Blectiscidea) PIRA EE 44

EUD ACERA AEN NRE e, ern 48

fulvicornis (Cryptus) (Helictes)............. 60

fUlVAGOEMISN 2rOGIICUS) ee 21

fulvilpectusa (roOclicus) AE ee 22

oa (lane sers sers edo dere ede 47

fUSCIVENtEISI(Cy OCCHIO ee aoe 16

BARTS (ACETIC) se es Ok ws 48

Gnathochorisis eer eee not naa ese ers 48

eracilisn(BantisantMnrus)) A er ee 23

oravator(Flemiphanes) ARE Re see 13

WAGES (Pen) ea seen s messe ere 45

haeselbaschi(Apoclima) aan ae. nn. 15

Heli GESPEELDE RN EL ee: 60

helvolag(Blectiserdea) rm um u 34

Flemiphaness un ee Een eae 12

Hiolomenistusg nn ERE 58

hortensel(Hemiphanes) Bee Re ee 13

DORAL (PUAGBGEMG))) 5 Ss Ga8 dd SO PE 47

humeralisi(Plectiscidea) aries en eee 47

NRIOL TAA, te ha OBIS Oo On 60

imMPErSpieWaRlEylloceka) epee EEE 18

inaequallist(Bustertnx)) ARRE PET ce epee eae: Sy

AACS. ((UCHORIAPTIG) oe cine NE EEE TE 60

inaequalisi({Pantisarthrus) FRAME EE TARN 23

Incongruensittlelictes) Re PP MERE CRT 64

mmdomitan(Blectiserd ea) E RI ener 30

OLED (PIC CLICS) O SSR 48

OOV US (LALOR NAS) EROE A RENI 62

INLIACALO TA MALOXCNUN NER OT 62

inusitatum(Hemiphanes) me near 14

Invahdn ss (la1oxenas) PIENO POSSO (RIA AT 62

tnvictay(GCylloceria) RE ee ee 18

IMVichusK (2 roeliato ry) MUREN 66

ISCAVIACIA Melee (phate acre ees II 56

jUSORUMY CB USteminx)) ZI ee 53

Dern WORST MR 66 RO I ee Oe a 48

LACPSCKUINAIROS SEMERARO 48

langem(Gylloceria) tata e 7

longsconnisu(@halinoceras) MERE TE 20

luridator (Oxytonus) PRE EN VA 14

luridator (Oxytorus) f. nigricoxa............ 14

108

luriduss(Rantisarntiaus) ee 24

maderen sins (Mol mm) ee 67

MANCULSA(CPANOCCIA see OI 18

mediator Förster (Idioxenus) ............... 60

mediator Schiodte (Megastylus)............. 60

Megas tylustyr Bre i a nites 66

Megastylus (Helictes) Thomson.............. 60

NOZISENZS TAN 00 0000400 60

melancholicay (Cyllocenia) ARRE oe 20

melancholica f. denticornis (Cylloceria) ........ 20

melancholica {. marginator (Cylloceria)........ 20

melanocera (Plectiscidea)................. 35

menaicar Dleetiseidea) Matra 0 sì 44

mesoxantha (Plectiscidea)................. 43

mimimadEusterin) MEN 59

IMOCKENSE(RIEGLISCI AA) 6 0 0 00000080 30

montanum (Hemiphanes) ................ 14

monticolaldBlectiscidea) sr ser ae 36

MORTE AI ee ee eS ee 60

navan(DIEEHscide a) PEPER 40

nemorensisk(Plectiscidea) ARIE eens ene 28

VILIICONUA CICLI) RIE CIR O 62

og (HOGG) oa oe 000 48

PORDAS (IVANA) co oe soes ed dees os doet 32

obseurellandEusterins) MER 55

OCCUPALO I (ILISSONOLA) MME 16

Ochropus Pantisartbrus) nnn en 23

olisomera(EUStEninx) e dv DO

Orbitaton(Megastylus) PRESS NOE 67

OLO RSP RE MA ET Rue 14

Pa LA mUisi(RroclittS) AREA 21

Pants ARTS wwe ae ase 23

pasvulandBlectiscidea ns 31

DELLO ATUSAPICCHISCUO PERCORRERE CO 35

PROS PRONANA EEE I 64

PIOSPIOTZIINO SO DEIR ee eee oe 64

Phosphorus Van Rossem................. 64

Pospicins Vost...... eee: 64

pilicornis (Megastylus) (Helictes)............. 63

Dleeuseide ae en rete nn 24

JV OÛGENG AUGITES co oa po os ese es ser 24

Peace (Prod) ooo nn6co8e0000s0006 20

posticatay (Blectiscidea) MNN 42

DODO (Mec) PIRATI eo ONT 45

pPLactor (2 roclitus) ee eee EE 21

PIOCUTUST ces wee ite cyst by OE O 20

Brocliato Ben ORTI 65

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Propinquusl (141011) pa ee

Propriusy(Brocliaton) ren

roues (Mecs) er eseosdeasssosens se

pseudochropus (Pantisarthrus).............

pseudoligomera (Eusterinx) ...............

DICHOOMMMIS dose ee 0000000000006 0

pseudominutus (Hemiteles) var. jugorum......

Dungen'sa (ACCHSCIS) rn

pusillaX(Eusteri) ee

refractarian(Eusterino N ccc.

restrictus (Gnathochorisis) ................

rudepunctatus (Pantisarthrus) ..............

rudisy(Proclicus) Pe

rugosissima (Phosphoriana) ...............

rugosissimum (Entypoma) ................

rugosissimus (Phosphorus) ................

signaticornel (A\pociima) ane 66 © 00 00006 2000

Soda sa (Je cEIsCH N) ES

TOUTE (@yllo.cenia) ERO

ADO (COTE) 2 2 ee eee

subangulata (Plectiscidea).................

subeurvatus (Plectiscus) ... 0.222450 255500%

subdolan(Eusterinx) iene nee

Gabin (EDhalmaton) hea eae

MAIDA (Rlectisc7's) o et eee

substantivan(Blectiscidea) RE

Subsulcatus) (Proelieus) PEER

subteresa(Plectiscidea)) RP

ORIGANO (AGAIN) Sob onice

Suetinensis| (€yllocecia) VP

sylvestris (Gylloceria) FREE

SyIvEStrisn ry phon ROSS RE

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xanthocephalus (Gnathochorisis) ............

xanthoneuris (Blectiscus) ORO

ZONALUS (Proclieus) CE eee

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 109—127

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

ECOLOGY, LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF

PALINGENIA LONGICAUDA (OLIVIER) (EPHEMEROPTERA)

BORIS K. RUSSEV

Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia

Dedicated to the memory of the Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam,

who initiated the studies on the life history of Palingenia longicauda

with great love and dedication in 1667

ABSTRACT

The ecology and life history of Palingenia longicauda (Olivier) have been studied in

the Bulgarian section of the river Danube, both for the aquatic larval stages and the flying

adult stage. The significance of this species for the fisheries is outlined. The distribution

in Europe, the retreat from Western Europe and finally the complete disappearance from

the Danube river system are described.

INTRODUCTION

The first record of mayflies, as well as an ex-

planation of their name was given by Aristoteles

(384—322 B.C.) in his Historia Animalium (see

Illies, 1968; Francissen & Mol, 1984). Swam-

merdam (1752: 100) was correct in assuming

that Aristoteles, later cited by Plinius and Eli-

anus, had studied the same insect, calling it

Hemerobius, Ephemerus and Diaria, respec-

tively.

Clutius (1634) wrote about the abundance of

Hemerobius in Dutch rivers some 350 years ago.

He drew somewhat distorted pictures of the larva

(in dorsal and ventral view), of the exuviae and

of the adult.

Swammerdam (1675) was the first, who re-

ported on the life history of the larva and of

the adult, which he called “Haft” of “Oeveraas”’,

and presented pictures and descriptions of both.

They were later included in the Dutch edition

of the "Bible of Nature” (Bijbel der Nature) by

Swammerdam (1737) — the first book of this

kind and of primary importance for that time.

In 1752 it was translated into German, and in

1758 into English. Marsili (1726: 25) in his six

volumes with geographical, historical, astronom-

ical and hydrographical data on Hungary and

the Balkans, reported on the mass flight of this

mayfly species over the Tissa river.

At present the nomenclature of this species

is as follows:

Ephemera longicauda Olivier, 1791

Ephemera flos-aquae Illiger, 1802

Semblis marginata Panzer, 1804

Ephemera swammerdiana Latreille, 1805

Ephemera swammerdamiana Shaw, 1806

Palingenia longicauda (Burmeister, 1839)

MATERIAL AND METHODS

I started my study on the life history and dis-

tribution of larvae of Palingenia longicauda along

the Bulgarian Danubian stretch in September,

1952. For my qualitative and quantitative surveys

I used the so-called fisherman's probe or gunter,

utilized by sportsmen for collecting mayfly larvae

as bait. This is a metal cylinder, measuring

16—18 by 32—34 cm, fixed on a wooden handle

of 6—8 m long. In total 1033 larvae and nymphs

were collected from 22 localities along the Bul-

garian bank of the Danube (table 1).

The transversal distribution of larvae of

Palingenia longicauda was established during

several years of zoobenthal studies along and

across the river between km 845 and 375. These

studies were carried out aboard of the hydro-

graphical ship “Ossum”, property of the Bul-

garian Danube Shipping and Monitoring Au-

110

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 1. Larvae and nymphs of Palingenia longicauda on the clay bottom immediately by the right Danubian bank.

Date Locality Total Average Average Average Average Average Average

(river No of body length of body body number biomass

km) indi- length caudal width weight (ind/m?) (g/m?)

viduals (cm) filaments (cm) (mg)

(cm)

1.10.52 498 20 Joi 0.8 0.7 254 1100 279

12.09.53 497 4 4.4 WE 0.7 331 Qualitative sample

6.07.54 475 15 4.0 itil 0.6 297 248 74

23.09.54 436 204 3.4 0.8 0.5 174 1625 286

28.09.54 789 17 43 0.9 0.6 403 846 341

29.09.54 745 9 4.5 1.1 0.7 388 Qualitative sample

30.09.54 715 31 4.2 0.6 0.6 350 1755 615

1.10.54 678 6 4.0 Lil 0.6 301 298 90

16.10.54 555 19 3.8 0.5 0.6 242 473 115

22.10.54 475 100 3.8 0.7 0.6 192 1244 239

24.10.54 527 27 4.0 0.6 0.7 282 697 190

18.03.55 475 106 4.3 0.9 0.6 250 1294 330

18.03.55 436 12 4.2 1.1 0.6 279 176 49

14.06.55 475 57 3.0 15 0.6 330 1045 345

19.06.55 516 38 39) 0.7 0.5 179 1631 293

13.09.55 544 14 3.4 0.8 0.5 224 550 123

14.09.55 666 16 3.5 0.8 0.5 216 Qualitative sample

20.09.55 385 56 44 1.1 0.6 384 1485 593

20.09.55 376 3 43 al 0.6 343 Qualitative sample

21.09.55 436 38 3.8 Noll 0.6 296 614 183

9.01.58 DIL 234 3.3 Toi 0.6 414 1045 433

17.10.59 715 7 3 ili

1033 Average: 949 269

thority, Russe. The precise data (within 1—2

m) of the position of the ship at each site were

obtained by trigonometric methods; also data on

the amount of water as well as the current ve-

locity at the surface and every second meter down

to the bottom were provided by the authorities.

Zoobenthos was collected by means of a Pe-

tersen’s bottom sampler (1/10 m7’).

From 1956 to 1973 the Bulgarian stretch of

the Danube was surveyed at 1036 sites;

Palingenia was collected at 37 of these (table

2). Sixty-five observations were carried out on

the metamorphosis of the nymph, the moulting

of the subimago and the flight of the adults at

various localities of the Bulgarian Danube (table

3). The stomach content of 387 sterlets

(Acipenser ruthenus (L.)) obtained from fish

markets all the way from Vidin to Silistra, as

well as during the actual fishing with fishing

rods and nets, was studied between 1953 and

1958 in order to find out the significance of the

zoobenthos and particularly of Palingenia lon-

gicauda for the nutrition of this and other fish

species. The laboratory and statistical analyses

were done according to Russev (1963).

ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF AQUATIC

STAGES

Our studies showed that a fertilized female

of Palingenia longicauda produced 8—9000 eggs

(Unger, 1927, estimated some 7000 eggs per fe-

male). The eggs were carried downstream for

kilometres due to the high current velocity of

the river (over 1 m/s), the average water depth

of 7—8 m, and the fact that they are sinking

slowly.

Quantitative studies along and across the river

(Russev, 1978) revealed to a certain extend the

fate of the young larvae after they had reached

favourable or less favourable substrates (table

2). No larvae were ever found in sandy substrate,

only two on sand-and-clay, and one on both

gravel-and-sand and mud-and-sand. They were

more frequent in gravel and gravel-with-coro-

phium-mud or cinder (13 times, 7.0% of the

samples in this biotope), and in clay (19 times,

40.6% of the samples in this biotope). The fre-

quency of occurrence in the entire stretch studied

amounted 3.6% (Russev, 1967), thus indicating

the significance of the clay substrate for larval

development. As the clay is located near the

RUSSEV: Palingenia longicauda ill

banks the distance from the banks can be con-

sidered a key, although indirect, ecological factor,

affecting the distribution (Russev, 1977).

The larvae were predominantly found up to

100 m from the Bulgarian bank (70% of the

localities), seven localities (23%) were between

100 and 252 m and two (7%) between 789 and

880 m off the Bulgarian bank. This shows the

inability of the larvae to maintain their positions

at distances of more than 250 m from the banks,

which should be attributed to the higher current

velocity and the inadequate sand substrate in the

middle of the stream. No larvae were found at

flow rates over 0.76 m/s (measured 0.5 m above

the bottom) and on sandy substrate.

Depth is hardly of influence on larval dis-

tribution. Larvae were found at depths of up

to 10.6 m. During periods of rapid fall of the

water level (e.g. on 29 September, 1954) they

left their holes in the clay, while many of them

died while they tried to follow the retreating

water.

The studies on the horizontal and vertical dis-

tribution of larvae of Palingenia longicauda at

km 166.5 of the Tissa river led to the con-

clusion (Csoknya & Halasy, 1974), that

“.. the most uniform distribution of the zoo-

benthos is found 5 m from the bank towards

the river bed, in the entire depth of the mud

samples (60 cm). In the region lying closer to

the bank (3 m) the young larvae (0.5—20.5 mm)

are distributed fairly uniformly in the mud sam-

ples. Between 3 and 7 m from the bank, however,

they occurred in the uppermost 20 cm layer. The

largest larvae (40.5—60.5 mm) are more fre-

quent 4—5 m from the bank, and predominantly

in the mud layers (30—50 cm). Intermediate

larvae (20.5—40.5 mm) exhibit a uniform dis-

tribution in the region examined”.

During our studies on Palingenia longicauda

we measured the following hydrological and hy-

drochemical parameters: average current veloc-

ity ranging from 0.56 to 2.10 m/s; turbidity

13—1046 g/m’; floating deposits 37—8391 kg/

s; transparency 0.9—23 cm; temperature up to

28.2 °C; dissolved oxygen 5.55—9.65 ml/I; ox-

ygen saturation 68—123%; oxydability

2.41—9.40 mg/l 0,; biological oxygen demand

for five days (BOD,) 5.74—0.35 ml O,/l; total

hardness 7.67—13.7 dH°; pH 7.5—8.2; alkalinity

2.00—3.06 mg equiv./1; HCO, 124.0—186.9

mg/l; Cl’ 11.8—17.5 mg/l; general mineraliza-

tion 239—439 mg/l (Russev, 1968).

According to Swammerdam (1752), Unger

(1927) and Schoenemund (1929) the larvae of

Fig. 1. Larva of Palingenia longicauda (Photo A. Val-

kanov).

Palingenia longicauda feed on the organic mat-

ter, which is taken up by the stomach from the

clay that is consumed. Strenger (1973) noticed

that the mouth organs of Palingenia are well

adapted for scratching the detritus.

Only eggs that have reached adequate clay sub-

strate, develop normally. Under laboratory con-

ditions at water temperatures of 20—25 °C

Unger (1927) found out that the embryonal de-

velopment up to the hatching of the larvae lasted

for 4—6 weeks. He assumed that larval devel-

opment took three years, and because of con-

tinuous growth, the larvae passed through some

twenty moultings. Already Swammerdam (1752)

made the observation of three different size

classes of larvae shortly before the metamor-

phosis, from which he concluded that their lon-

gevity was three years. We tried to distinguish

the respective stages by biometrics and analysis

of variance between larvae of various ages, but

we obtained no positive results. This was ob-

viously due to individual and nutritional pecul-

iarities of larvae of various ages leading to merg-

ing sizes and weights within the various age

groups. Only in July, shortly after the emergence

of the adults but before the hatching of the young

larvae, two age groups could be distinguished,

which confirmed the three-year life-cycle. In

other cases we have observed just one age group

after emergence. The probability of absence of

a certain age group at a particular site is very

high, since new eggs do not reach all localities

each year.

The larvae live in U-shaped holes dug in the

clay. They make these holes using their well-

adapted legs. Particularly the forelegs provided

with denticles on the lateral sides, as well as

the mandibulae with their strong lateral chitine

denticles, are very suitable for digging (fig. 1).

According to Swammerdam (1752) these holes

are “… lange, und rechte, zuweilen aber auch

krumme und schiefe hohle Röhren in Thone,

112 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 2. Distribution of Palingenia longicauda larvae across the Danube off the Bulgarian river bank (samples

collected from a ship by the Petersen Bottom Sampler. 1/10 m°).

Date km Distance Depth Substrate Water Vbot. ind/ Weight/ Aver- Aver-

off the (m) temp. (m/s) m? m? age age

bank weight length

(mg/ind) (mm)

3.04.61 516 15 4.80 clay 11.2 0.76 46 1141 25 9.9

4.04.61 552 880 7.20 clay 11.2 0.76 110 4565 41 1327)

19.04.61 381 52 2.90 clay 16.8 0.73 27 1214 45 16.3

13.04.64 704 15 5.20 clay and 11.0 0.60 27 5400 200 24.5

mud

14.04.64 693 252 3.40 clay and 11.4 0.60 3 1800 360 292

a Average: 43 2824 134 18.7

6.04.61 661 15 6.40 gravel, 11.6 18 475 26 12.3

coroph.

mud

17.04.64 563 75 3.70 gravel,

clay 12.2 0.74 3 458 153

15.04.58 747 300 9.80 gravel 9.0 body parts

15.04.58 747 150 7.00 gravel 8.9 body parts

Average: 11 467 90 12.3

2.06.59 381 52 8.00 clay 20.2 0.76 18 667 37 16

14.06.60 381 45 4.20 clay 22.0 9 27 3

10.07.68 599 2 clay 26.7 2 27 14 9

3.06.59 432 50 6.00 clay 21.7 9g 849 94 19

and sand

13.07.64 588 15 1.00 clay 23% Qualitative sample

Average: 10 228 19 125

14.07.64 552 123 5.00 gravel, 23.8 0.51 9 164 18 92

sand

26.06.60 665 40 10.60 coroph. 21.8 9 849 94 19

mud

gravel

27.09.56 381 25 6.50 clay 16.7 27 1408 52 15.3

19.10.58 536 15 5.20 clay 192 DI) 183 7 9

19.10.58 523 15 4.70 clay 129 Di 183 7 10

2.09.60 381 783 2.90 clay 232 0.57 119 1488 13 11

2.09.60 381 41 2.80 clay 232. 0.64 18 180 10 11

15.10.64 693 458 3.10 clay 15.4 0.88 37 2356 64 17.3

23.10.64 381 57 3.30 clay 15.0 237 3588 15 10.91

7.10.56 678 100 5.00 clay 17.0 5 676 135 27

and sand

14.09.57 747 15 3.20 clay 20.9 3 137 46 18

and gravel

Average: 56 1133 59 14.5

27.09.56 381 38 8.32 gravel 16.5 9 430 48 26

14.09.57 747 73 DD gravel 20.8 0.54 9 55 6 17

10.10.58 747 101 2.90 gravel 172 0.43 3 92 31 12.8

22.10.58 432 40 2.50 gravel 12.6 18 174 10 10

9.10.59 678 15 5.60 graveland 16.5 5 265 DO,

cinder

15.10.58 678 15 5.60 graveland 15.9 9 128 14 8.5

cinder

Average: 9 191 27 14.9

Russev: Palingenia longicauda 113

(Table 2, continued)

Date km Distance Depth Substrate Water Vbot. ind./ Weight/ Aver- Aver-

off the (m) temp. (m/s) m? m? age age

bank weight length

(mg/ind) (mm)

9.10.56 747 73 2.72 coroph. 18 59 3

mud,

gravel

10.10.58 747 15 3.20 coroph. 18 694 39 18

mud,

gravel

12.10.58 834 107 2.50 coroph. 0.43 5 206 41 17

mud,

gravel

19.10.64 552 121 3.50 coroph. 15.4 0.34 9 182 20 8.7

mud,

gravel

18.09.65 747 105 4.90 coroph. 19.0 0.62 Qualitative sample

mud,

gravel

13.10.64 747 689 2.70 mud.fine 15.4 0.30 9 274 30 10

sand

Average: 12 283 27 13.4

die sich nach Grösse und aus dem Anwachsen

ihrer Leiber immer weiter und grösser machen”.

Using a fisherman’s probe on July 14, 1956,

between two islands at km 475 of the Danube

river, we dug out a well-preserved U-hole, which

was 25 cm long, 10 mm in diameter at the arch

and 8 mm at the straight sections. It may have

housed a metamorphosing nymph that had

emerged the previous day, when we observed

a mass flight of Palingenia. Usually the larval

holes were 10—15 cm long and 6—8 mm wide.

The larvae maintain a constant water and oxygen

inflow, as well as excrement and CO, outflow

by regular wave-like movements of the body and

the tracheal gills. The larvae stay in their holes

during daytime, while at night they move around

searching for food or a better site (Batescu,

1943). We were unable to capture one single

larva during our multiple attempts with

Bacescu’s catching device.

During very low water level in fall, we have

observed small areas of the clay bottom densely

covered with holes of Palingenia, e.g.

2000—4500 holes/m? (12 September, 1952 at

km 497), 1200 holes/m? (28 September, 1954

at km 789) and 6700 holes/m? (14 September,

1955 at km 666) (fig. 2). This means densities

of up to 3350 larvae per m?.

Our studies revealed that the right bank of

the following stretches were particularly rich bi-

otopes for Palingenia: km 380—383, km

435—437, km 470—478, km 515—540, km

556—558, km 714—716 and km 830—836. The

average larval density amounted to 949 spec-

imens/m?, and the average biomass to 269 gram/

m? (table 1). The average larval density in the

Kilian branch of the Danube, as observed by

Markovskii (1955), was 360 specimens/m?, and

the average biomass 5.16 g/m?. He also recorded

a presence in the biocenosis of 100%, and a

density index of 22.7. Csoknya & Ferencz (1972)

found an average larval density at the first and

2nd km of the Maro river of 89.7 specimens/

m?, and of 17.5 specimens/m? between km

170—171.5 in the Tissa river.

Larvae of Palingenia longicauda were the dom-

inant and most typical representative of the ar-

gylorheophilous biocenosis in the Danube river

off the Bulgarian bank.

ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF FLYING STAGES

We have observed the flight of Palingenia lon-

gicauda between June, 1955 and June, 1968 along

nearly the full Bulgarian stretch of the Danube

(km 845—375), as well as at the river mouths

of the Iskar (Danube km 640) and the Yantra

(Danube km 537) (table 3).

Ethology and metamorphosis of nymphs and

subimago. — The nymphs, after leaving their

114 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Table 3. Observation on the flight of Palingenia longicauda over the Danube between the 845th and 375th km.

Date Locality Time Time End of Abun- Air Water Direc- Clouds Source

(river of of flight dance temp. temp. tion

km) begin- mass esti- and

ning flight mates strength

of wind

20.06.49 556 mass VI. Besh-

kov

15.06.55 475 16 17 I mE 25 20° 0.00 2/0 ours

15.06.55 527] mass fishermen

17.06.55 517 14.30 — 16 single DID 21,7° ssw! 5/0 ours

07.06.56 536 — single 20.0° fishermen

10.06.56 434 — single 212 fishermen

11.06.56 381 — single 21.4 fishermen

12.06.56 381 — single DD fishermen

14.06.56 475-495 13.30 — 19.30 medium 22.8° 80 fishermen

15.06.56 517 15.30 17.119 19.30 abundant 25.5° 24.5° 55 fishermen

16.06.56 517 17 17.30 19.45 medium DI 23.92 74 fishermen

13.06.57 834 15 single ZIO N. Mlade-

nov

14.06.57 747 15 16 19 mass DIZ N. Mlade-

nov

15.06.57 747 15 16 19 mass DIO? N. Mlade-

nov

05.06.58 396-385 17 — single 258 21° ours

377-376 — single ours

06.06.58 396 15 — single 16.3° 22.4° ours

06.06.58 415 17.30 — 19.30 single 19° Dj NW? 10/4 ours

08.06.58 597-554 17.30 — 18.30 medium 172° DAS, N. Mlade-

nov

08.06.58 527-544 mass 19.4° 21.4° 0.00 0/0 crews

09.06.58 523-548 16.25 17.30 19.30 peak DOS DILLO 0.00 0/0 ours

10.06.58 536-544 mass 209% 21742 0.00 0/0 fishermen

11.06.58 519-536 16.20 18.30 20 medium 25.1° 225 E’ 8/0 ours

12.06.58 536 16.20 18.30 20 mass DIS 25% 0.00 3/0 ours

04.06.59 536 15.30 single 14.4° 19.6° NE’ ours

05.06.59 536 15.30 17 18.30 mass 13.4° 18 ours

06.06.59 536 15.30 — 18.30 single 16.2° 18.6° 10/10 ours

07.06.59 544 17 — single 18.6° 192 ours

08.06.59 536 17 — 19 single 19.6° 19.8° ES ours

09.06.59 536 17 — 18.30 single 19.6° 2129 je 6/4 ours

11.06.59 600 — single 18.4° 20.4° ours

31.05.60 536 single 18.1° 18.4° fishermen

04.06.60 536 16.20 — 19 single 25° 20.5° ? 3/2 58 ours

05.06.60 53 16.10 — 17.30 single 22 219% 0.00 8/0 ours

07.06.60 75 16 — = single 18.6° 20.5° E’ ours

09.06.60 75 16.30 17 19 mass 19.6° DIS ours

10.06.60 715 16.30 17 19 mass 20.3° 20% ours

11.06.60 5 —_ — — — 16.4° 18.8° Wi 10/10 ours

24.06.60 616-620 18 — 19 single 1755 20° ours

27.06.60 714 18.30 single 25 22.40 0.00 7/0 ours

01.06.61 585 N. Mlade-

nov

05.06.61 455 17 — 18 single N. Mlade-

nov

05.06.61 516-544 15.30 18 single 75 ours

06.06.61 423-434 single N. Mlade-

nov

RUSSEV: Palingenia longicauda 115

(Table 3, continued)

Date Locality Time Time End of Abun- Air Water Direc- Clouds Source

(river of of flight dance temp. temp. tion

km) begin- mass esti- and

ning flight mates strength

of wind

07.06.61 454 16.30 17.30 18 medium N. Mlade-

nov

07.06.61 520-536 16 18 19 medium 23.5° 20.5° E} 68 ours

08.06.61 536 16.30 17.30 19 medium 21- 20.5° 98 ours

09.06.61 527-541 16.45 18.15 single DISP 2052 SW? 82 ours

17.06.61 834 17.30 single N. Mlade-

nov

20.06.61 600 single N. Mlade-

nov

07.06.63 743 17.30 — 19 single 20.8° ours

08.06.63 747 12 17 19.30 medium DI ours

09.06.63 568-554 16 17 19 abundant ours

154061097 25.605589. 7 17.20 18.20 mass wind clouds W. Naide-

2 nov

16.06.65 678 17 single N. Mlade-

nov

16.06.65 555 17 18.30 19.30 medium W. Naide-

nov

18-20.06. 834 single N. Mlade-

65 nov

01.06.66 742-744 16 — 18 single N. Mlade-

nov

01.06.66 670 16 mass fishermen

2-5.06.66 743-495 single cold wind 10/10 N. Mlade-

nov

06.06.66 478-473 16.25 17.30 N. Mlade-

nov

07.06.66 434 17.30 single N. Mlade-

nov

10.06.66 470 18.30 single N. Mlade-

nov

28.05.68 576 medium N. Mlade-

nov

29.05.68 570 mass N. Mlade-

nov

U-shaped holes, emerge at the water surface.

Within a few seconds the head and thoracal skin

cracks and the winged insect flies out (fig. 3).

The larval exuviae are carried away by the

stream. The females always complete metamor-

phosis at the water surface, while male subima-

gos were usually observed flying directly out of

the water. The metamorphosis of the male

nymph presumably takes place while it is moving

to the water surface. The flying male subimagos

reach the river bank, where they attach to trees,

grass, bottom, buildings etc. Within seconds they

moult again, and the imago leaves the subimag-

inal skin. This is a critical moment in its life,

since the entire muscle system participates in

the moulting, which is accompanied by a tremour

of the body. At the beginning the insect is some-

what stiff. The moulting then goes through the

following fases, (a) the wings are brought to-

gether at an angle of less than 40°, (b) the legs

are bent under the thorax, while the latter is

raised above the level of the abdomen, (c) the

head is bent downwards, (d) meanwhile, begin-

ning from the final abdominal segment and the

caudal filaments, the moulting takes place and

the wings and thorax are gradually released.

Wing moulting is much slower than that of the

thorax, and the white skin can be observed while

116 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

er DEL

Fig. 2. Holes of Palingenia longicauda larvae in a clay bank of the Danube river at km 715 (Photo B. Russev).

it is removed from the base to the apex of the

wing. During the moulting of the legs, the insect

loses its equilibrium and falls sidewards. After

releasing wings and legs, the imago makes in-

tensive movements for the complete release of

the caudal filaments and the entire body from

the exuviae (figs. 4—10). Unsuccessful moult-

ings were seen very frequently.

Ethology of imagos. — The newly emerged

male imago is more active and flies much faster

than the subimago. Its caudal filaments are about

three times as long (ca. 65 mm), the forelegs are

longer and its yellowish-brown coloration is

much brighter. Males usually fly towards the

middle of the stream searching for females,

whereafter they either return to the bank or fly

further upstream. In the latter case they make the

45° turn until they take the downstream direc-

tion again. The movements and body position of

males searching for females is most typical. The

two caudal filaments are stretched sidewards at

an angle of 45° towards the body, thus forming

an angle of 90° between themselves. The fore-

legs are stretched forewards resembling horns.

The caudal filaments often touch the water sur-

face, when the male flies low over the water

surface. When a female emerges, a cluster of up

to ten competing males may approach it. Males

seem to emerge one hour before the females,

while they also frequent the banks. This may lead

to the wrong conclusion that males are more

numerous than females. As was already observed

by Swammerdam (1752), Cornelius (1848) and

Csongor & Moczar (1954) females do not have a

subimago stage. This may be the reason why they

moult somewhat later. The females may be easily

distinguished by their larger body, large white

wings, smaller eyes, and three times shorter cau-

dal filaments. They fly higher and faster than

males. Although we have observed matings in

flight, gradually losing height, most matings

Russev: Palingenia longicauda 117

were seen on the water surface. Drenkelfort

(1910, cited after Brinck, 1957), however, consid-

ered mating at the surface exceptional. During

copulation the position of the male is under the

female, while he holds her head with the forelegs.

Couples may fly in any direction. According to

Brodskii (1973), in his work on the swarming

behaviour of mayflies, species of the family Pa-

lingeniidae show the very abundant third swarm-

ing type; the male’s mating flight includes rapid

horizontal flight parallel to the water surface.

Mass flights. — During mass flights the abun-

dance of males and females gradually increases,

and may reach more than 120 individuals/m?.

The river turns brown and even darker strips and

spots may be detected. A typical buzz of hundreds

of thousands of wings can be heard and a fish

odour be smelled. Most specimens fly between

one and three m above the surface. After the

mating the males fall at the water and are carried

away by the stream. The fertilized females con-

tinue their short life until they have layed their

eyes. Mass flights seldom last more than half an

hour.

After mass flights the banks are covered with

subimaginal skins and look white (figs. 11—13).

The water surface is still covered with skins, and

exhausted males still moving their wings.

Compensation flights. — After the mating the

females fly upstream with c. 18 km/h (Russev,

1959). Males that were unable to mate also do so,

but usually at a lower speed of 14 km/h (figs. 14,

15). Females may sometimes touch the water,

and fly off again without getting drowned. We

have observed, under experimental conditions,

that females oviposit immediately after a drop-

ping by wave-like movements. The total number

of eggs laid numbers appr. 8—9000, which all get

dispersed in the water.

We have called the upstream flight of the fer-

tilized females the “egg-laying-preceding com-

pensation flight” (Russev, 1959). This adaptive

behaviour may compensate the downstream

movements of the nymphs during metamorpho-

sis, as well as the carriage of the eggs by the water

current before they reach the bottom. Eggs are

very small (360/300 to 380/330 um, see figs.

16—20) and may be carried ca. three km (Russev,

1973). This is corresponding to the “colonization

cycle” concept of Miiller (1954), and confirmed

by other studies (Müller, 1973, 1982; Keller,

1975, and others).

Fig. 3. Mass metamorphosis of nymphs of Palingenia

longicauda on the water surface of the Danube river

(Photo B. Russev).

Ecological factors. — The ecological factors

that influence emergence and development of

the adult stages are not fully clear. The compen-

sation flight is strongly influenced by strong

winds. This was clearly observed in June 1960 at

km 715. After mass flights on the 9th and 10th,

there was not a single mayfly on the 11th with

poor weather and strong western wind. The

flights resumed after June the 20th under more

favourable weather conditions (table 3). Another

example dates from June 1958 at km 536.

Palingenia longicauda was most abundant on the

8th, 9th, 10th and 12th during calm, sunny and

warm weather, whereas the flight was of medium

intensity on 11th, with a wind of 3 Beaufort.

During a gentle breeze (3 Beaufort or less),

fertilized females can still perform their compen-

sation flight, as already described by Russev

(1973, figs. 3—5). It seems that wind direction

does not influence these flights, as could be con-

cluded from observations where the stream fol-

lowed a west-east (fig. 5), or northwest-southeast

direction (at km 716 and 556), or any other di-

rection. Orientation seems to be guided by the

oculi, or, as was noted earlier by Russev (1959),

by brief touches of the water surface, where the

insects may be able to detect the current direc-

tion. Further studies are, however, needed to find

out the exact orientation mechanism. The larger

weight and wings, as well as the shorter caudal

filaments of the females may be considered as

morphological adaptations for carrying eggs, as

well as for the compensation flight.

Influence of light intensity on swarming, as

was proposed by Pongracz (1933, cited after

Csongor & Moczar, 1954), should be investigated

further, and the same is true for Csongor & Moc-

118 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 4—10. Stages of moulting of the subimago

of Palingenia longicauda (Photos B.

Russev).

Russev: Palingenia longicauda 119

Figs. 11—13. Subimaginal exuviae of Palingenta longicauda on the bank of the Danube river (Photos B. Russev).

120 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 14—15. Upstream compensation flight of Palingenia longicauda. Danube river. (Photo B. Russev).

sar’s statement that “the coincidence of high at-

mospheric pressure, high water and air temper-

ature, with changing moon phase furthers mass

emergence’. According to our observations in

the period 1955—1958 mass flights in the Da-

nube coincided with the last quarter of the moon

(13 June, 20 June and 9 June, respectively), but we

do not consider this clear proof.

We also tried whether summarized water tem-

peratures affected the timing of swarming. The

average water temperature at the town of Svish-

tov was calculated for the period 15 June 1955 to

9 June 1960, but no correlation was found be-

tween annual averages and the timing of the

flights.

Flight period. — Mass flights of Palingenia

longicauda off the Bulgarian bank in the Danube

were observed between 8 and 15 June; the entire

flight period lasted from 5 to 20 June. Only very

few observations are available outside this pe-

riod. A medium to mass flight was observed on

28 and 29 May, 1968 at km 576 and km 570 by

eng. N. Mladenov (personal communication)

(table 3). These observations confirm the period

of records of mass flights by Swammerdam (13

June 1671), Triebke (1840) (middle of June), Cor-

nelius (1848) (12—20 June), Dziedzielewicz

(1867) (10—25 June), Selys Longchamps (1888)

(10-25 June), Moczary (1900) (10—20 June)

and Unger (1927) (5 June—early July), but is

somewhat different from Beretzk et al. (1957)

(end of June—early July, and sometimes even

somewhat later). Swammerdam (1752) and Cor-

nelius (1848) considered warm winters, hot

springs (particularly May), and limited precipita-

tion favourable for early timing of flights. The

abundance of the flights varies from year to year.

RUSSEV: Palingenia longicauda 121

Table 4. Literature data on the use of Palingenia longicauda as food of various fish.

Unger (1927)

Hungarian Danube

Dimitriu (1937)

Romanian Danube

Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brand

Acipenser ruthenus (L.) x

Acipenser stellatus Pall.

Ameirus nebulosus Le Sucur

Barbus barbus L. x

Cyprinus carpio L.

Esox lucius L.

Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.) x

Gymnocephalus schraetzer (L.) x

Huso huso (L.)

Silurus glanis L. x

Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)

Zingel streber (Siebold) x

Zingel zingel (L.) x

U UV

u a) : Q

. a E = E

S © Ra E CL RE

| Pa

Ne) Wa Wo 3 d A o A

EN te DN di ax N Sr AS =

SÌ ee)

SINO, hs — GN OS € © fe)

LE RE AME AR à a, a

>) U = STI © = © oss)

BE aaa OS OISE E

ENS © & 3 a Us = à Ser

dv È oS ae S.A 60 OSE ob E

Orc SONS oO 5 3 LL © © SL) ©

KH eure Maen OnE DTM

x x XX x

x x

In some years, e.g. 1961, no mass flight was seen

at all (table 3).

Flights in Bulgaria were observed between

15.30—19.30 h (sunset on 12 June is at 19.45 h),

usually with the following sequence. Metamor-

phosis of nymphs and male subadults occurred

between 15.30—17.00 h; female adults emerged

between 16.00—17.00 h; mass flights were be-

tween 17.30 and 18.00 h, and compensation

flights started after 18.00—18.30 h. Flights start-

ed earlier or later only very seldom.

Imago and subimago usually live not longer

than two hours, provided that they have mated.

Cornelius (1848) noted an adult longevity of 1.5

hours, or up to 13 hours if males had not mated.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PALINGENIA LONGICAUDA

FOR FISH NUTRITION

Palingenia has extensively been used as fishing

bait. It has various local names, e.g. “oeveraas”

and “haft” in The Netherlands, “Spork-Oese”,

“Sprock”, "Spaargoos”,"Spaargaänse” in Ger-

many (Westfalen), “Tiszavirag”, “Theissblüte”

in Hungary, “Vetritze’, “Rusalii” in Romania,

and "gandatsi” (for the larvae), "rusalki” and

“karchani” (for the adults) in Bulgaria. Szent-

Ivany & Ujhazy (1973) reported on New Gui-

nean and Hungarian folk songs devoted to may-

flies. Two Hungarian folksongs are about the

“Flower of the Tissa” (Palingenia longicauda).

Several authors have reported on the use of

larvae of Palingemia as baits for fishing sterlet

(Acipenser ruthenus (L.)), and barbel (Barbus

barbus L.), Lota lota L., Silurus glanis L., Aspro

cingel L., Chalcalburnus chalcoides danubicus

Antipa and Cyprinus carpio L. (Swammerdam,

1752; Antipa, 1909: 248; Bacescu, 1943; Csongor

& Moczar, 1954; Russev, 1956). Bulgarian fish-

ermen were using larvae of Palingenia as baits

from May to September, and sometimens during

winter at low water level, for fishing Lota lota

and also sterlet. Larvae were collected using the

fisherman’s probe (gunter). Larvae can be kept

alive for several days in cool, moisty sand.

The significance of Palingenia longicauda for

fish nutrion in the Balkans has extensively been

studied (table 4).

Several studies revealed that Palingenia domi-

nates in the diet of fishes. In a study of Gheraco-

pol & Selin (1968) and Gheracopol et al. (1969)

in the Danube river 69.4% of the diet of the

starlet consisted of this mayfly species. An aver-

age of 30—40% of the food weight of fishes was

found in many other studies (e.g. Russev, 1963).

Also see fig. 21.

FACTORS LIMITING THE DISTRIBUTION

Swammerdam (1752) already described the

negative influence of climatological factors on

the distribution of Palingenia: "Diejenigen

122 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

—

Figs. 16—20. Eggs of Palingenia longicauda at various magnifications. — 16, 1450 X; 17, 285 X; 18, 730 X; 19,

285 X; 20, 140 X (Photos N. Hinton).

Dinge, die das Aas an seiner Veränderung hin-

dern, es tödten, seinen Anwachs aufhalten und

verursachen, dass es das eine Jahr in geringerer

Anzahl und später als im andern hervorkommt

sind folgende: Ein harter langer Winter, viel

Schnee und Regen, als welche die Röhrgen, dar-

innen sie leben, zu und wegspülen, und mit Sand

bedecken; dessgleichen auch die grossen Dürre

als die sich nöthiget ihre Häusgen zu verlassen,

und andere anzubauen und auszubohren”. Nowa-

days we would add the bank slides, the harmful

effects of the deposits on the holes during periods

of high water level, the high wind and rain during

the time of mass flights, when compensation

Russev: Palingenia longicauda 123

flights are impossible and the chance of being

carried downstream are increased. Negative ef-

fects by fishes were already discussed, but also

birds and spiders are heavy predators of this

species. Mass flights of Palingenia were seen to

be attacked by birds as spoonbill (Platalea leuco-

rodia L.), sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus L.), kit-

tiwake (Rissa tridactyla), as well as wild ducks,

swallows, sparrows, larks, wagtails, crows, kites

and terns (Gorove, 1819; Csongor & Mocsàr,

1954, personal observations).

On 11 June, 1958, on the pier of Krivina Port,

as well as in many other cases, I have observed

male subadults being trapped in spider webs, and

immediately attacked by the spider.

However, anthropogenetic factors have ex-

erted the strongest negative influence on this

species. These factors include the construction of

canals, dams, reservoirs, hydrodynamic power

plants, commercial irrigation pumps etc. Also

increasing pollution was detrimentous to the

species. Some indirect evidence of this will be

discussed in the following chapter.

DISTRIBUTION IN EUROPE

In several parts of western Europe Palingenia

was abundant up to the end of the 19th century.

Lestage (1937) and Tshernova (1949) already

expressed their concern about the process of its

extinction in the rivers of western Europe. They

also listed the publications with distributional

records. In southern and southeastern Europe it

occurred in large numbers as late as the 1960's,

but its seems that it is now extinct from most

localities in Europe.

The following is a survey of all records avail-

able, arranged per country. It should be under-

stood that not all records are fully reliable. Re-

cords given by Schäffern (1757) and Cremer

(1938) probably all belong to Ephoron virgo

(Oliv.), what may be concluded from the flight

period reported. Also records for France and Bel-

gium are doubtful.

The Netherlands: Clutius (1634), Swammer-

dam (1675, 1737, 1752), Selys Longchamps

(1888), Albarda (1888) and Lauterborn (1918, p.

40) — the rivers of Rhine, Meuse, Waal, Lek,

IJssel and some of their tributaries.

Hungary: Marsili (1726, p. 125), Gorove

(1819), Mocsary, S. (1875), Mocsary, A. (1900),

Unger (1927), Pongracz (1933 after Csongor-

Mocsar, 1954), Csongor and Mocsar (1954), Be-

retzk et al. (1957), Csoknya and Ferencz (1972)

— the river of Tissa, Mocsary, S. (1875) — the

following tributaries of the Tissa — Maros,

(a)

60% 4

40 4

20 4

RS a SEES

| 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

Apr-May Jun

Jul-Sep | Oct-Dec

Fig. 21. Palingenia longicauda in the diet of sterlet, in

terms of percentages of total weight (a) in various size

classes of the sterlet, (b) in different years, (c) in dif-

ferent seasons.

Temes, Fehir-Koros; the Danube; the rivers of

Zala and Silo; Dudich et al. (1959, p. 235) — the

Danube river.

France: Latreille (1805, p. 98) — the Meuse;

Hagen (1888); Lestage (1922) — near Cette.

Czechoslovakia: Mocsary, S. (1875) — the riv-

ers of Raba, Rebtze, Bodrog and Ronva, Ortvay

(1902) — the Danube at Bratislava and the

March; Zavtel (1905) — the Morava at Hodonin;

Zavtel (1934, cited after Landa, 1969) — the

lower course of the March and Samal (1935) —

the Morava at Hodonin; Brtek and Rothschein

(1964, p. 30) obtained larvae from Komarno;

Rothschein (1959) — the Bodrog and its tribu-

taries Uh, Laboree and Latorica (Eastern Slova-

kia); Soldan (1978) — the rivers of Bodrog,

Strena, Tissa, Trakany.

124 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Germany: Triepke (1840) — the Oder and

some of its tributaries; Cornelius (1848) — the

Lippe — a right tributary of the Rhein; Hagen

(1859) — Prussia.

The USSR: Dziedzielewicz (1867, p. 161) —

the Dnester (upstream from Strvionzh at Sam-

bor town); Kinel, Krasucki, Noskiewicz (1927)

— the Dnester; Mikulskii (1936, p. 64) — the

Dnester (Strvionzh, Seret and from Lvov down-

stream); Motaÿ and Batescu (1973, p. 29) — 18

km to the east from Kishinev; Tchernova (1949),

Markovskii (1955) and Olivari (1961) — the

Kilian branch of the Danube.

Romania: Mocsàry, S. (1875) — the Danube at

Orsova (The Iron Gates); Motaë (1936) — the

Danubian island of Ada-Kale (on the bottom of

the present day Iron Gates reservoir); Bàcescu

(1943) — the Danube, the Prut, the Mureÿ and

the Olt; Bogoescu (1958, p. 58) — the Danube

delta, CalaraSi and Olteanu at the Danube;

BuSnita, Enateanu and Brezeanu (1961, p. 207)

— the Ardjes (a left tributary of the Danube);

BuSnita, Brezeanu and Prunescu-Arion (1961, p.

320) — the Olt and the Danube at the Jiul river-

mouth; Brezeanu and Prunescu-Arion (1962, p.

167) — the Snt. George branch of the Danube;

Enateanu and Brezeanu (1966, p. 182) — be-

tween the 488th and the 235th km of the Danube

river; Prunescu-Arion, Elian and Baltac (1965, p.

164) — Macin branch of the Danube near Braila

town; Enateanu (1967, p. 298 and 416) — the

Danube and the flooded lowlands; Bogoescu and

Tabacaru (1969) — the Danube delta.

Belgium: Lestage (1923) — “The only known

specimen from Belgium was collected some 50

years ago in the vicinity of Diest near Demer”.

Poland: Ulmer (1927, p. 240) — the Visla

river and some of its tributaries.

Bulgaria: Buresh (1936) — the Iskar river at

Svoge; Russev (1956 and 1966) — the Bulgarian

stretch of the Danube and channel of the Maritza

river.

Yugoslavia: Ikonomov (1958) — the Vardar

river, 15 km to the south of Skopje City; Russev

(1968) — the Danube.

The data on the distribution of Palingenia lon-

gicauda in Europe over the last 350 years, reveal

that three, not precisely defined, periods can be

distinguished. One has to bear in mind, that for

many parts of the range insufficient studies are

available. The periods are:

1. 1634—1900. Palingenia longicauda occurs

widely in the lower and middle courses of large

and medium-sized rivers,

2. 1901—1927. Its becomes extinct in West-

ern Europe, and is strongly diminishing is Cen-

tral Europe,

3. 1928—1978. It is still present in the lower

course of the Danube river, as well as in the rivers

Tissa, Bodrog, Maros-Muresul, Uh, Laboree and

Lazorica (all within the water catchment of the

Tissa, a left tributary of the Danube), and it was

also present in the river Vardar and in a canal

near the Maritsa river.

Palingenia used to find favourable conditions

in the oligo-B-mesosaprobic water of the Bulgar-

ian Danubian stretch. The gradual deterioration,

caused by pollution, led to the rapid extinction of

this species. The most abundant flight ever seen

was observed in 1958, and before 1968 mass

flights were still recorded. Later on the flights

became more and more scarce, and over more

limited parts of the river. After 1974 no fisher-

man, crewman of anybody else ever noticed the

flight of this popular and large mayfly along the

Bulgarian Danubian stretch. Not one single male

was seen, nor one single nymph found in clay

bottoms of formerly typical localities during a

special investigation carried out along the entire

Bulgarian bank of the Danube. For this reason,

we assume that it has become extinct from this

part of the river, as happened in the upper parts

of the same river earlier.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my pleasure to express my gratitude to my

highly respected teacher the late Prof. A. Val-

konov for his valuable guidance, particularly at

the beginning of my studies, as well as to N.

Mladenov, Dr V. Naidenov, Dr V. Beshkov and

E. Undjian for various kinds of observations, and

to colleagues from other countries, viz., Prof. Dr

O. A. Tschernova (Moscow, USSR) for larvae

from the USSR, to Dr M. Ertl (Bratislava, Cze-

choslovakia) and to Dr M. Keffermiiller (Poz-

nan, Poland) for valuable advise about the distri-

bution of Palingenia longicauda in their country.

I am grateful to the late Prof. Dr G. Pleskot

(Vienna, Austria), Dr I. Müller-Liebenau (Plön,

FRG), Dr Kr. Kumanski (Sofia, Bulgaria) for

their support and critical reviews of my work.

Russev: Palingenia longicauda 125

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Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 129—140

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

NEW SPECIES OF THE FIG WASP GENUS DIAZIELLA

(HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA, SYCOECINAE)

A.J. GARDINER and S. G. COMPTON

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

ABSTRACT

Eight new species of Diaziella are described from Borneo: alleni, laticeps, latipennis,

longiceps, pallidiceps, retakensis, tumidigena, and wiebesi. A key to the known species

of the genus is added.

INTRODUCTION

The Sycoecinae are a well defined but enig-

matic group of fig wasps. Although generally

placed in the Torymidae, Boutek (in Boutek et.

al., 1981) has suggested that they may have closer

affinities with the Agaonidae. Diaziella Grandi

is the only genus of the subfamily described from

outside Africa, although representatives of a

further, undescribed, genus have been collected

in Australia (Wiebes, pers. comm.). Grandi

(1928) based Draziella on two new species from

Sumatra (D. bicolor and D. macroptera). Wiebes

(1974) subsequently added a further two species

(D. philippinensis and D. falcata), both from

the Philippines. With the exception of D. falcata,

the species are known only from the female sex.

Material collected at light by B. Allen on the

island of Borneo has been found to contain fe-

males of a further eight speecies. This paper

describes these new species of Diaziella and pro-

vides a key to the known representatives of the

genus.

Certain features are of particular value for dis-

tinguishing between the species, these are:

1. The epistomal margin of the clypeus, which

is variable in shape and form.

. The fore wings, which vary considerably in

shape.

The mandibles. These have one or more cusps

on the subapical tooth.

. The hypopygium, which protrudes beyond the

gaster to a varying extent.

129

METHODS

Specimens were stored in 70% ethanol. For

detailed examination, examples of each species

were slide mounted using a modified version

of Prinsloo’s (1980) technique for the prepa-

ration of permanent slide mounts.

Key to the known species of Diaziella

(females)

. Head yellow in colour; epistomal margin

with three slight protuberances, one in the

centre and one on either side of the central

protuberance (the protuberances being

broadly separated) (fig. 12)

das ers gale Sept ii a pallidiceps spec. nov.

Head brown or black in colour, epistomal

margin if having incisions or protuberances

then not as above (for example figs. 1, 2,

19)

. Epistomal margin with the central region

forming an inverted w, the top of the w

leveling off slightly and then rising to the

cheek margin (fig. 1). First funicle segment

of the antenna with irregular sensilla; re-

maining funicle segments with two slightly

irregular transverse rows of sensilla. Sub-

marginal to marginal ratio 1.8 : 1 or greater

(fig. 7) philippinensis

Epistomal margin not as described above (for

example figs. 2, 43, 45). Funicle segments

of antenna with one row of transverse sen-

silla, or at most with the first and second

130 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

10 11

Figs. 1, 7. Diaziella philippinensis Wiebes, female. 1, head; 7, fore wing. Figs. 2, 8. Diaziella macroptera Grandi,

female (redrawn from Wiebes, 1974). 2, head; 8, fore wing. Figs. 3, 5. Diaziella latipennis spec. nov., female. 3,

first five antennal segments; 5, fore wing. Fig. 6. Diaziella alleni spec. nov., fore wing. Figs. 9, 11. Diaziella bicolor

Grandi, female (redrawn from Grandi, 1928). 9, fore wing; 11, mandible. Fig. 10. Diaziella falcata wiebes, female,

hypopygium (redrawn from Wiebes, 1974).

GARDINER & COMPTON: The fig wasp genus Diaziella

funicle segments having two or three rows.

Submarginal to marginal ratio less than 1.8

1 (des. 26,9)

. Antenna: Pedicel longer than the first funicle

segment (fig. 3); first funicle segment with

one irregular transverse row of large sensilla

(fig. 3)

Antenna: Pedicel shorter than first funicle

segment (fig. 4); first funicle segment with

more than one row of sensilla, which may

form definite or integrated rows, but clearly

not one row (fig. 4)

. Basal portion of stigmal vein almost per-

pendicular to the wing margin (fig. 5). Wing

club shaped, its length less than two and

a half times the width (fig. 5)

Basal portion of stigmal vein at an acute

angle to the wing margin (fig. 6). Wing more

elongate, its length more than two and a

half times the width (fig. 6)

. Fore wing with few microtrichia, almost gla-

brous. Hypopygium just projecting beyond

the end of the abdomen (fig. 10) ... falcata

Fore wing with many microtrichia (fig. 17).

Hypopygium clearly protruding beyond the

end of the abdomen (fig. 66)

. Two dark patches on the fore wing, one

below the stigmal vein and adjacent to the

marginal vein the other above the stigmal

vein (fig. 9). Mandible with subapical tooth

TRICISR (RI ee bicolor

One dark patch on the fore wing, below the

stigmal vein and adjacent to the marginal

vein (fig. 5). Mandible with subapical tooth

monocuspid or bicuspid (figs. 44, 46) ....7

. Head with the vertex raised towards the

ocelli (fig. 45); epistomal margin with small

cone-like central protuberance (fig. 45).

Mandible bidentate tricuspidate and three

times as long as wide (fig. 46). Antennal

insertion clearly above ventral margin of the

Se (hig 45) RON latipennis spec. nov.

Head with vertex truncate (fig. 43), epis-

tomal margin more indented, with a central

(but not cone like) protuberance. The sides

of the protuberance smooth and leading up

to a fairly sharp central point (fig. 43). Mand-

ible bidentate bicuspidate, with a slight pro-

tuberance on the inner margin of the sub-

apical tooth; four times as long as wide (fig.

44). Antennal insertion just above ventral

margin of the eye (fig. 43)

RARI ALL AAA laticeps spec. nov.

8. Fore wing almost four times as long as wide

10.

131

(fig. 8). Epistomal margin indented and with

two slight projections on either side of a

small central incision (fig. 2) macroptera

Fore wing less than three and a half times

as long as wide (fig. 67). Epistomal margin

either slightly protruding with a central in-

cision (fig. 53) or indented but without a

central incision (fig. 61)

. Epistomal margin slightly protruding and

with a central u-shaped incision (fig. 53)

head more rounded in shape). Mandible bi-

dentate tricuspidate; length approximately

two and a half times the width (fig. 54) ....

SESTO TA GIOIA LE A ON CRI alleni spec. nov.

Epistomal margin indented and with a very

slight central protuberance (fig. 61) (head

more square in shape). Mandible bidentate

bicuspidate (the subapical tooth may have

a small protuberance on the inner margin);

length almost four times the width (fig. 62)

ATEO ried wiebesi spec. nov.

Antennal insertion clearly closer to the ep-

istomal margin than to the vertex (fig. 35).

Head clearly longer than broad (1.13 : 1)

(fig. 35). Epistomal margin with a central

incision (fig. 35). Mandible bidentate tricus-

pidate, length approximately four times the

Width en longiceps spec. nov.

Antennal insertion slightly or distinctly

closer to the vertex than to the epistomal

margin (figs. 19, 27). Head as long as broad

or slightly longer than broad (max 1.04 :

1) (Figs. 19, 27). Epistomal margin with a

central truncate protuberance (figs. 19, 27).

Mandible bidentate bicuspidate, length more

than six times the width (figs. 20, 28) ial

Mandible extremely long and narrow, the

length more than nine times the width (fig.

28). Antennal insertion clearly closer to the

vertex than to the epistomal margin (fig.

27). Epistomal margin with a broad truncate

protuberance (width approximately one

third the width of the head) (fig. 27); cheeks

diverging towards the ventral margin (fig.

Eee fascia tumidigena spec. nov.

Mandible length six to seven times longer

than wide (fig. 20). Antennal insertion

slightly closer to the vertex than to the ep-

istomal margin (fig. 19). Epistomal margin

with a smaller truncate protuberance (width

approximately one seventh the width of the

head) (fig. 19); cheeks parallel or converging

towards the ventral margin (fig. 19)

A N i retakensis spec. nov.

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

GARDINER & COMPTON: The fig wasp genus Diaziella 133

Diaziella pallidiceps Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 12—18)

Female. — Head (fig. 12) yellow in colour;

almost quadrate, slightly wider than long (1.15

: 1); length of the compound eye approximately

2.5 times the length of the cheek (2.6 : 1); eyes

protruding laterally; epistomal margin with

three slight protuberances one in the centre and

one on either side of the central protuberance.

Antenna (fig. 15) eleven segmented: antennal

insertion closer to the epistomal margin than

to the vertex; scape almost four times as long

as wide (3.75 : 1) and three times the length

of the pedicel (3 : 1); pedicel shorter than the

first funicle segment; funicle, first segment

longer than the others (29 : 24 : 23 : 23 : 24),

first funicle segment with two transverse rows

of long sensilla; remaining segments including

the three segmented club, with one row of sen-

silla each. Mandible (fig. 13) bidentate, subapical

tooth longer than the apical tooth; mandible

about four times longer than wide (3.9:1). Max-

illary palp (fig. 14) three segmented (6 : 8 :

9); labial palp (fig. 14) two segmented (1:1).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 17) 1.33 mm long;

length approximately 2.5 times the width (2.55

: 1); marginal vein twice the length of the stigmal

(2.04 : 1); stigmal vein arising at almost 90°

to the wing margin; submarginal 1.5 times the

length of the marginal (1.58 : 1); membrane

with dense microtrichia. Hind wing (fig. 18) 0.83

mm long; length about 4.5 times the width (4.6

: 1). Fore leg: tibia with one dorsal-apical tooth,

one ventro-apical tooth and one spur; tibia to

tarsal ratio 0.83 : 1; tarsal segments in ratio

23 : 12 : 8 : 24. Mid leg: tibia with one ventro-

apical spur. Hind leg: tibia with two spurs (one

much smaller than the other); tibia with a row

of dorsal cones (usually three), tarsal segments

imiratlomsor 9592.50): 12). 26:

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 16) length 0.51 mm,

with many spines and extending well beyond

end of abdomen. Pygostyle with four long setae.

Total length 2.21 mm.

Type material. — Holotype 9 (slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratypes: 6 9, same data as holotype (coll. dates

23—28.iv.1981). Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London, some paratypes in RMNH

Leiden.

Diaziella retakensis Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 19—26)

Female. — Head (fig. 19) dark brown to black

in colour; almost quadrate, slightly longer than

wide (1.05 : 1) or as long as wide; length of the

compound eye almost twice that of the cheek

(1.73 : 1); eyes slightly protruding laterally; ep-

istomal margin with a truncate protuberance the

width of which is an approximately one seventh

the width of the head (epistomal margin below

the ventral margin of the cheek). Antenna (fig.

23) eleven segmented; antennal insertion

slightly closer to the vertex than to the epistomal

margin (distance ratio 4 : 5); scape four times as

long as wide (3.9 : 1) and about three times the

length of the pedicel (2.81 : 1); pedicel shorter

than the first funicle segment; funicle, first seg-

ment longer than the remaining four (30 : 22 :

23 : 22 : 23), first funicle segment with two rows

of long sensilla; remaining segments including

the three segmented club with one row of sen-

silla. Mandible (fig. 20) bidentate, bicuspidate,

subapical tooth more robust than the apical but

both of approximately the same length; mandi-

ble more than 6.5 times as long as wide (.6.77 :

1). Maxillary palp (fig. 21) three segmented (5 :

9 : 9); labial palp (fig. 22) two segmented (1 : 1).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 25) 1.33 mm long;

length approximately 2.5 times the width (2.48

: 1); marginal vein twice the length of the stigmal

(2 : 1); stigmal vein arising at almost 90° to the

wing margin; submarginal one and a half times

the length of the marginal (1.5 : 1); membrane

with dense microtrichia. Hind wing (fig. 26) 0.82

mm long; length 4.5 times the width (4.56 : 1).

Fore leg: tibia with two dorso-apical teeth, one

ventro-apical tooth and one ventro-apical spur,

tibia to tarsal ratio 1 : 1; tarsal segments in ratio

14 : 7 : 4: 14. Hind leg: tibia with two ventro-

apical spurs (one much smaller than the other);

tibia with a row of dorsal cones (usually six)

tarsal’ segments in’ratio 52 : 37 : 27 : 20.727.

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 24) 0.51 mm long,

with many spines and clearly extending beyond

end of abdomen. Pygostyle with four long setae.

Total length 1.98 mm.

Figs. 12—18. Diaziella pallidiceps spec. nov., female. 12, head; 13, mandible, ventral aspect; 14, labiomaxillary

complex; 15, antenna; 16, hypopygium; 17, fore wing; 18, hind wing. Figs. 19—26. Diaziella retakensis spec. nov.,

female. 19, head; 20, mandible, ventral aspect; 21, maxillary palp; 22, labial palp; 23, first five antennal segments;

24, hypopygium; 25, fore wing; 26, hind wing.

134

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

GARDINER & COMPTON: The fig wasp genus Diaziella 135

Type material. — Holotype @ (slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratypes: 9 9, same data as holotype (coll. dates

23—28.iv.1981). Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London, some paratypes in RMNH

Leiden.

Diaziella tumidigena Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 27—34)

Female. — Head (fig. 27) dark brown to black

in colour; bell shaped, slightly longer than wide

(1.04 : 1); length of the eye slightly more than 1.5

times the length of the cheek (1.63 : 1); eyes not

protruding beyond lateral margin of the cheek;

cheek diverging towards the epistomal margin;

epistomal margin with an almost truncate pro-

tuberance the width of which is approximately

one third the width of the head (the epistomal

margin protuberance may protrude beyond the

ventral margin of the cheek). Antenna (fig. 31)

eleven segmented; antennal insertion clearly

closer to the vertex than to the epistomal margin

(distance ratio 0.58 : 1); scape over four times as

long as wide (4.37 : 1) and about three times as

long as the pedicel (3.07 : 1); pedicel shorter than

the first funicle segment; funicle, first segment

longer than the remaining four and with two

rows of long sensilla, second segment longer

than the remaining three and with two irregular

rows of long sensilla (37 : 31 : 28 : 28 : 28);

remaining segments including the three seg-

mented club with one row of sensilla. Mandible

(fig. 28) bidentate, bicuspidate, subapical tooth

more robust than the apical but both of approx-

imately the same length; extremely long and nar-

row almost eleven times as long as wide (10.87

: 1). Maxillary palp (fig. 29) three segmented (9

: 12 : 11); labial palp (fig. 30) two segmented (9

=):

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 33) 1.9 mm long;

length almost 2.5 times the width (2.44 : 1);

marginal vein twice the length of the stigmal

(2.19: 1); submarginal 1.5 times the length of the

marginal (1.49 : 1); membrane with dense micro-

trichia. Hind wing (fig. 34) 1.17 mm long; length

slightly more than four times the width (4.33 : 1).

Fore leg: tibia with two dorso-apical teeth, one

ventro apical tooth and one spur; tibia to tarsal

ratio 0.96 : 1; tarsal segments in ratio 34 : 23 : 13

: 37. Hind leg: tibia with two ventro-apical spurs

(one much smaller than the other); tibia with a

row of dorsal cones (usually six) tarsal segments

insration Os 5643614252 ION

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 32) 0.62 mm long,

with many spines, its projecting portion ex-

tremely long. Pygostyle with four long setae.

Total length 2.64 mm.

Type material. — Holotype 9 (slide mounted),

Sarawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Paratypes: 2 9, same data as hol-

otype. Additional material: 1 9, Brunei, Mt.

Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light. Holotype to

be deposited in BM (NH) London, a paratype in

RMNH Leiden.

Diaziella longiceps Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 35—42)

Female. — Head (fig. 35) dark brown in co-

lour; distinctly longer than wide (1.15 : 1); length

of eye between 1.5—2 times the length of the

cheek (1.74 : 1); eyes protruding laterally; epis-

tomal margin having a central incision with

stepped sides. Antenna (fig. 39) eleven seg-

mented; antennal insertion closer to the epis-

tomal margin than to the vertex; antennal inser-

tion well above the ventral margin of the eye;

scape 3.5 times as long as wide (3.5 : 1) and

almost three times the length of the pedicel (2.8

: 1); pedicel shorter than the first funicle seg-

ment; funicle, first segment longer than the re-

maining four and with three irregular rows of

long sensilla, second segment longer than any of

the remaining three and with two irregular rows

of long sensilla (40 : 34 : 31 : 30: 31); remaining

segments including the three segmented club

with one row of sensilla each. Mandible (fig. 36)

bidentate, tricuspidate, all cusps large with upper

cusp of subapical tooth slightly larger than apical

tooth; almost 3.5 times longer than wide (3.3 : 1).

Maxillary palp (fig. 37) three segmented (5 : 7 :

7); labial palp (fig. 38) two segmented (9 : 7).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 41) 1.71 mm long;

length between 2—2.5 times as long as wide

(2.31 : 1); marginal vein almost twice the length

of the stigmal (1.88 : 1); stigmal vein arising at

almost 90° to the wing margin; submarginal 1.5

times the length of the marginal (1.5 : 1); mem-

Figs. 27—34. Diaziella tumidigena spec. nov., female. 27, head; 28, mandible, ventral aspect; 29, maxillary palp;

30, labial palp; 31, first five antennal segments; 32, hypopygium; 33, fore wing; 34, hind wing. Figs. 35—42.

Diaziella longiceps spec. nov., female. 35, head; 36, mandible, ventral aspect; 37, maxillary palp; 38, labial palp;

39, first five antennal segments; 40, hypopygium; 41, fore wing; 42, hind wing.

136 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 43, 44. Diaziella laticeps spec. nov., female. 43, head; 44, mandible, ventral aspect. Figs. 45—52. Diaziella

latipennis spec. nov., female. 45, head; 46, mandible, ventral aspect; 47, maxillary palp; 48, labial palp; 49, first

five antennal segments; 50, fore wing; 51, hind wing; 52, hypopygium.

brane with dense microtrichia.. Hind wing (fig.

42) 1.07 mm long; length almost 4.5 times the

width (4.4 : 1). Fore leg: tibia with two dorso-

apical teeth, one ventro-apical tooth and one

spur; tibia to tarsal ratio 0.89 : 1; tarsal segments

in ratio 33 : 14: 11 : 31. Hind leg: tibia with two

ventro-apical spurs (one much smaller than the

other); tibia with a row of dorsal cones (usually

six) tarsal segments in ratio 44 : 47 : 36 : 22 : 30.

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 40) 0.66 mm long,

with many spines and extending well beyond the

end of the abdomen. Pygostyle with four long

setae.

Total length 2.44 mm.

GARDINER & COMPTON: The fig wasp genus Diaziella 157

Type material. — Holotype 9 (slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratypes: 5 9, same data as holotype (coll. dates

23—28.iv. 1981). Additional material: 3 9, Sa-

rawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London, some paratypes in RMNH

Leiden.

Diaziella laticeps Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 43, 44)

Female. — Head (fig. 43) brown in colour;

almost quadrate, slightly wider than long (1.18 :

1); length of the eye slightly more than 1.5 times

the length of the cheek (1.7 : 1); eyes protruding

slightly beyond lateral margin of the head; epis-

tomal margin indented with a central protuber-

ance and with the clypeus sloping back towards

the posterior of the head. Antenna (as in D.

latipennis, fig. 49) eleven segmented; antennal

insertion closer to the epistomal margin than to

the vertex and slightly above the ventral margin

of the eye; scape four times as long as wide (4.17

: 1) and about 2.5 times the length of the pedicel

(2.63 : 1); pedicel longer than the first funicle

segment; funicle, first segment longer than the

remaining four and with one irregular row of

long sensilla (30 : 25 : 22 : 22 : 24); remaining

segments including the three segmented club

with one row of sensilla. Mandible (fig. 44) bi-

dentate, bicuspidate, subapical tooth longer than

the apical and with a slight protuberance on its

inner margin; about 4.5 times as long as wide (4.6

: 1). Maxillary palp three segmented (4 : 5 : 2);

labial palp two segmented (1 : 1) (Maxillary and

labial palps similar in appearance to D. /atipen-

nis spec. nov., figs. 47 and 48 respectively).

Thorax. Fore wing (as in D. latipennis spec.

nov. fig. 50) 2.14 mm long; length twice the

width (2 : 1); marginal vein 1.5 times the length

of the stigmal (1.5 : 1); stigmal vein arising at

almost 90° to the wing margin; submarginal 1.5

times the length of the marginal (1.5 : 1); mem-

brane with dense microtrichia and a dark mark-

ing below the stigmal vein (adjacent to the mar-

ginal vein). Hind wing (as in D. Jatipennis spec.

nov., fig. 51) 1.38 mm long; length almost five

times the width (4.78: 1). Fore leg: tibia with two

dorso-apical teeth, one ventro-apical tooth and

one spur; tibia to tarsal ratio 1:1; tarsal segments

in ratio 33 : 21: 13 : 40. Hind leg: tibia with two

ventro-apical spurs (one much smaller than the

other); tibia with a row of dorsal cones (usually

six) tarsal segments in ratio 68 : 62 : 43 : 25 : ál.

Gaster. Hypopygium (as in D. latipennis spec.

nov., fig. 52) 0.63 mm long with many spines and

extending well beyond the end of the abdomen.

Pygostyle with four long setae.

Total length 2.93 mm. Apart from the charac-

teristic head and mandibles D. laticeps spec. nov.

is very similar to D. latipennis spec. nov.

Type material. — Holotype Q (slide mounted),

Sarawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Paratypes: 12 9, same data as

holotype. Additional material: 2 9, Brunei, Mt.

Retak, 23—28.iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light and

2 9, Brunei, Temburong River, 300 m,

26.iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light. Holotype to be

deposited in BM(NH) London, some paratypes

in RMNH Leiden.

Diaziella latipennis Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 45—52)

Female. — Head (fig. 45) dark brown in co-

lour; vertex raised towards the ocelli; wider than

long (1.27 : 1); longitudinal diameter of the eye

not quite 2.5 times the length of the cheek (2.37

: 1); eyes protruding laterally; epistomal margin

slightly indented and with a small central cone

like protuberance. Antenna (fig. 49) eleven seg-

mented; antennal insertion closer to the epis-

tomal margin than to the vertex and well above

the ventral margin of the eye; scape almost 4.5

times as long as wide (4.41 : 1) and almost three

times longer than the length of the pedicel (2.89

: 1); pedicel longer than the first funicle segment;

funicle, first segment longer than any of the re-

maining four and with one slightly irregular row

of long sensilla (30 : 24 : 24: 25 : 25); remaining

segments including the three segmented club

with one row of sensilla. Mandible (fig. 46) bi-

dentate, tricuspidate (subapical tooth with two

large cusps), three times as long as wide (3 : 1).

Maxillary palp (fig. 47) three segmented (5 : 6:

4); labial palp (fig. 48) two segmented (1 : 1).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 50) 2.3 mm long;

length twice the width (2 : 1); marginal vein

almost 1.5 times the length of the stigmal (1.43

: 1); stigmal vein arising at almost 90° to the

wing margin submarginal vein 1.5 the length of

the marginal (1.58 : 1); membrane with dense

microtrichia and a dark marking below the stig-

mal vein (adjacent to the marginal vein). Hind

wing (fig. 51) 1.3 mm long; length between 4.5

to five times longer than wide (4.64 : 1). Fore leg:

tibia with two dorso-apical teeth, one ventro-

apical tooth and one spur; tibia to tarsal ratio 1

: 1; tarsal segments in ratio 35 : 20: 12 : 42. Hind

leg: tibia with two ventro-apical spurs (one much

138 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

sie

GARDINER & COMPTON: The fig wasp genus Diaziella 139

smaller than the other); tibia with a row of dorsal

cones (usually four) tarsal segments in ratio 6 :

AGUS:

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 52) 0.59 mm long,

with many spines and clearly projecting beyond

the end of the abdomen. Pygostyle with four long

setae.

Total length 2.73 mm.

Type material. — Holotype 9 slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratype: 1 9, same data as holotype (coll. dates

23—28.iv.1981). Additional material: 2 9, Sa-

rawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London.

Diaziella alleni Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 5360)

Female. — Head (fig. 53) brown in colour;

almost quadrate; slightly wider than long (1.08 :

1); length of the eye twice the length of the cheek

(2.12 : 1); eyes protruding beyond the lateral

margins of the head; epistomal margin initially

protruding and then forming a large central u

shaped incision. Antenna (fig. 57) eleven seg-

mented; antennal insertion closer to the epis-

tomal margin than to the vertex; scape 4.5 times

as long as wide (4.65 : 1) and just over 2.5 times

the length of the pedicel (2.72 : 1); pedicel longer

than the first funicle segment; the funicle seg-

ments approximately the same size (10:9 :9:

9 : 9); all the funicle and club segments with one

row of long sensilla. Mandible (fig. 54) very ro-

bust; bidentate tricuspidate, upper cusp of subap-

ical tooth larger than the apical tooth and lower

cusp of subapical tooth approximately the same

length as the apical tooth, length 2.5 times the

width (2.58 : 1). Maxillary palp (fig. 55) three

segmented (5 : 5 : 6); labial palp (fig. 56) two

segmented (7 : 6).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 59) 1.84 mm long;

length 2.5 times the width (2.57 : 1); marginal

vein slightly more than 1.5 times the length of

the stigmal (1.68 : 1); stigmal vein arising at an

acute angle to the wing margin; submarginal vein

slightly longer than the marginal (1.22 : 1);

membrane with dense microtrichia. Hind wing

(fig. 60) 0.93 mm long; narrow almost 6.5 times

longer than wide (6.43 : 1). Fore leg: tibia with

two dorso-apical teeth, one ventro-apical tooth

and one spur; tibia to tarsal ratio 0.95:1; tarsal

segments in ratio 27 : 16: 11 : 28. Hind leg: tibia

with two ventro-apical spurs (one much smaller

than the other); tibia with a row of dorsal cones

(usually six) tarsal segments in ratio 55 : 47 : 32

Se, SOX

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 58) 0.49 mm long,

with many spines and clearly extending beyond

end of abdomen. Pygostyle with four long setae.

Total length 2.15 mm.

Type material. — Holotype @ (slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratypes: 7 9, same data as holotype (coll. dates

23—28.iv.1981). Additional material: 2 9, Sa-

rawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London, some paratypes in RMNH

Leiden.

Diaziella wiebesi Gardiner spec. nov.

(figs. 61—68)

Female. — Head (fig. 61) dark brown to black

in colour; almost quadrate, wider than long (1.25

: 1); length of the eye slightly more than twice the

length of the cheek (2.26 : 1); eyes protruding

beyond the lateral margin of the head; epistomal

margin indented and with a slight central prom-

inence. Antenna (fig. 65) eleven segmented; an-

tennal insertion closer to the epistomal margin

than to the vertex; scape almost five times longer

than wide (4.93 : 1) and 2.5 times the length of

the pedicel (2.55 : 1); pedicel longer than the first

funicle segment; first funicle segment slightly

longer than the remaining four (19 : 16 : 16 : 16

: 17); all funicle segments and the three seg-

mented club with one row of long sensilla. Mand-

ible (fig. 62) bidentate, bicuspidate, subapical

tooth clearly longer than the apical (a small pro-

tuberance may be present on the inner margin of

the subapical tooth); length four times the width

(4.09 : 1). Maxillary palp (fig. 63) three seg-

mented (11 : 17 : 14); labial palp (fig. 64) two

segmented (16 : 11).

Thorax. Fore wing (fig. 67) 1.98 mm long;

length almost three times the width (2.87 : 1);

marginal vein between 1.5—2 times the length

Figs. 53—60. Diaziella alleni spec. nov, female. 53, head; 54, mandible, ventral aspect; 55, maxillary palp; 56, labial

palp; 57, first five antennal segments; 58, hypopygium; 59, fore wing; 60, hind wing. Figs. 61—68. Diaziella wiebesi

spec. nov., female. 61, head; 62, mandible, ventral aspect; 63, maxillary palp; 64, labial palp; 65, first five antennal

segments; 66, hypopygium; 67, fore wing; 68, hind wing.

140 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

of the stigmal (1.72 : 1); stigmal vein arising at

an acute angle to the wing margin; submarginal

slightly longer than the marginal (1.29 : 1);

membrane with dense microtrichia. Hind wing

(fig. 68) 0.93 mm long; narrow the length about

seven times the width (6.89 : 1). Fore leg: tibia

with two dorso-apical teeth, one ventro-apical

toothh and one spur; tibia to tarsal ratio 1 : 1.07;

tarsal segments in ratio 23 : 12 : 7 : 22. Hind leg:

tibia with two ventro-apical spurs (one much

smaller than the other); tibia with a row of dorsal

cones (usually six); tarsal segments in ratio 48 :

44 : 30 : 19 : 27.

Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 66) 0.45 mm long,

with many spines and clearly extending beyond

the end of the abdomen. Pygostyle with four long

setae.

Total length 2.08 mm.

Type material. — Holotype Q (slide mounted),

Brunei, Mt. Retak, iv.1981, leg. B. Allen, at light.

Paratypes: 61 ®, same data as holotype (coll.

dates 23—28.iv.1981). Additional material: 2 9,

Sarawak, Mt. Pargon, 1850 m, 29.iv.1981, leg. B.

Allen, at light. Holotype to be deposited in BM

(NH) London, some paratypes in RMNH

Leiden.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ben Allen collected the insects in Borneo.

Thanks also to I.C. Sharp and A. Pretorius for

their assistance, Prof. J. T. Wiebes and Dr F. Gess

for providing valuable comments and Dr D. Hill

for the loan of material.

REFERENCES

Boutek, Z., A. Watsham & J. T. Wiebes, 1981. The fig

wasp fauna of the receptacles of Ficus thonningu

(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Tijdschrift voor

Entomologie 124: 149—233.

Grandi, G., 1928. Un nuovo genere quattro nuove

specie di Imenotteri sicofili di Sumatra. — Bollet-

tino del Laboratorio di Entomologia del R. Istituto

superiore agrario di Bologna 26: 71—89.

Prinsloo, G. L., 1980. An illustrated guide to the fam-

ilies of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenop-

tera). — Republic of South Africa Department of

Agriculture and Fisheries Science Bulletin 395:

1—66.

Wiebes, J. T., 1974. The fig wasp genus Diaziella

Grandi (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Torymidae

Sycoecini). — Proceedings of the Koninklijke Ne-

dertandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C

77: 295—300.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 141—175

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF ADULT SYRPHIDAE

(DIPTERA)

M. C. D. SPEIGHT

Research Branch, Forest and Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray, Co. Wicklow

CONTENTS

NÉ OAUETO PRE en 141

TRNC neael „ls tee ides. cheat) ARE Tr) 142

GCompouncdicyeste PR MEET 142

Head capsule: frontal, genal and vertical re-

GONS ret cola ARIA Toe AEL 144

Head capsule: posterior surface .......... 145

AMEN NA CAI ae 26 TO 145

MORE PATES Et SRI TO 146

ihelcenviealtresion saan ee: 148

Ne LAO FARE RR ARRE PARENT A PE 150

TRO NOIRE da VE II ET 150

Mesothorax: mesonotum ............... 152

Mesothorax: mesopleura ............... 155

Mesothorax: mesosternum .............. 156

INTE CA CHO a 156

IE SR O ote ic Sn 158

NEC OSARE RN SAETTA ST BOT Se 161

Te ADORA RO Re RI 161

Malefabdomentes SONE che sae eee 163

Malelpreabdoment Pani. E SRO. 163

Maleiposta bdo men ARE pn a we 164

Male postabdomen: components of the hypo-

PSY SAUTER EINE A AEL 166

Rérnalétabdo men pi i Re 168

The relationship between the Syrphidae and

genera allied to Microdon .............. 169

Abbreviations used in figures ............. 172

Bibliographya nenn ee RI PRON 174

INTRODUCTION

Dipteran morphology has been surprisingly

little studied. Recent reviews of the available

information are provided by McAlpine (1981)

and in the sections on Diptera in the volumes

by Bitsch et al. (1973), Bitsch & Matsuda (1979)

and Matsuda (1965, 1970, 1976). From these

texts conflicting theories as to the homologies

of sclerites found in different Diptera are all

too evident. And with the theories has grown

141

up a jungle of conflicting terminologies. Faced

by the apparent inability of morphologists to

agree on the morphological terms which can be

applied to many of the taxonomically important

parts of adult flies, and also finding need to refer

to parts which to morphologists seemingly had

no individual morphological identity, taxono-

mists have frequently been forced to coin quasi-

morphological terms of their own. Workers on

Syrphidae have been particularly plagued by this

problem since morphologists have concentrated

their efforts principally upon Nematocera and

Calypterates, leaving Syrphid taxonomists to de-

cide for themselves which of the sclerites found

in Syrphidae could be identified with those

named in other Diptera. The resulting termi-

nological chaos reaches an extreme in accounts

of European Syrphidae, where writers in dif-

ferent languages have developed partly inde-

pendant terminologies but have also “borrowed”

terms (sometimes in translation and sometimes

not) from each other, adding to this mélange

a sprinkling of polysyllabic latinisms when all

else failed. At this juncture, it is doubtful that

all Europeans working on Syrphidae would adopt

in its entirety any proposed set of terms.

The present text does not attempt to select

a definitive set! Certain principles have been em-

ployed here as follows:

where the homology of a sclerite is generally

agreed among morphologists and the scler-

ite is normally referred to in its entirety

when used by taxonomists the latin (or

greek) morphological term for the sclerite

is used e.g. cercus;

where a sclerite has an agreed homology,

morphologically, but is not normally re-

ferred to in its entirety in taxonomic texts,

the terms used by taxonomists for each in-

dividual part of the sclerite are used if they

il)

142 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

are rendered in latin or greek and do not

imply an zncorrect homology for the sclerite

e.g. post-alar callus;

iii) where the homology of a sclerite is disputed

but there is in existence for the sclerite a

latin or greek term which does not imply

a particular homology that term is used e.g.

basale;

iv) where the homology of a sclerite is disputed

and no suitable latin or greek term is avail-

able for that sclerite, a neutral term derived

from some other language is used e.g.

barrette.

The literature search conducted as part of the

present work revealed only one complete pub-

lished account of the external morphology of

an adult Syrphid — the unillustrated text by

Nayar (1965), on Episyrphus balteatus. Cramp-

ton (1942) considers the morphology of various

Syrphids, but does not illustrate all the parts

of any one species.

The present account is based on the morphol-

ogy of the type species of the type genus of

the family, Syrphus ribesti L., augmented by com-

parison with European representatives of the

other two main subdivisions of the family, the

Eristalinae (exemplified by Eristalis tenax L.)

and the Microdontinae (exemplified by Mz-

crodon mutabilis (L.)). Other species are men-

tioned in discussion of particular parts of the

fly, so that some idea can be presented of the

range of morphological variation found among

Palaearctic Syrphidae. Illustrations are all based

on male specimens, except where specifically

stated otherwise. In his massive work defining

taxonomic subdivisions of the Syrphidae Hull

(1949) illustrates a wide range of Syrphidae from

different parts of the world, amply demonstrat-

ing the extremes of form exhibited by the family.

His similar volume on fossil Syrphidae (Hull,

1945) gives an impression of the morphology

of some of the family’s antecedents. Studies of

individual morphological regions or features of

particular hoverfly species, or groups of species,

have been undertaken by various authors. For

instance, recently a favoured topic for consid-

eration has been the male abdomen and the mod-

ifications undergone by its terminal segments.

Such texts are mentioned in the relevant sections

of the present account.

THE HEAD

Detailed morphological studies of the head

capsule of Eristalis species have been conducted

by Gouin (1949) and Schiemenz (1957). Nayar

(1964) considered Episyrphus balteatus and

Crampton (1942) figured the head of a N. Amer-

ican Rbingia species.

The major feature of the Syrphid head are

the compound eyes and the mouthparts, which

occupy, respectively, the lateral and ventral sur-

faces of the head capsule. The front of the head,

from mouth-edge to ocellar triangle, is rather

featureless, its main variation being in the extent

to which it projects either ventrally to accom-

modate the mouthparts or dorsally to produce

an antennal tubercle. The occipital region starts

abruptly immediately behind the eyes, almost

without exception forming a sharp angle with

the sides of the head.

As Snodgrass (1960) has pointed out there

is a great difference between joints between

sclerites (Sutures) and intrascleritic invagina-

tions of the exoskeleton (Sulci) that form sites

for muscle attachment, but these two phenomena

can be indistinguishable externally. In Syrphids

the head capsule exhibits on its surface various

grooves marking the location of internal apo-

demes and most authors referred to these

grooves as ‘sutures’, thus not differentiating

them from features representing joint lines. In

order to make the necessary distinction, these

cephalic grooves are here called sulci, following

Snodgrass’s (l.c.) terminology.

Compound eyes

In Syrphids the two compound eyes are large,

occupying most of the top and sides of the head

and making up two thirds or more of the width

of the head capsule. There is a certain amount

of sexual dimorphism, the male eyes meeting

in the mid-line between antennal insertions and

ocellar triangle (the holoptic condition) in a ma-

jority of the genera, but always remaining se-

parate (the dichoptic condition) in the females

(figs. 1, 2). In addition, facets in the upper part

of the male eyes may be distinctly larger than

those below (e.g. in Scaeva) while in the female

they are of very similar dimensions throughout.

Short, straight hairs, inserted between the facets,

characterise some genera. These hairs may be

generally distributed over most of the surface

(as in many Chezlosia species) or arranged in

stripes of different density (as in Eristalis tenax)

or colour (as in Paragus species). In some genera

the facets themselves iridesce in bands or spots

of different colours (as in Eristalodes, Ortho-

nevra and Eristalinus) which fade after death.

Some authors, e.g. Gouin (1949), have recognised

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 14

Fig. 1, Syrphus ribesti, male, head, anterior view. Figs. 2, 3, S. ribesii, female, head, anterior view (2) and ventral

view (3). Fig. 4, Ceriana sp., male, head, dorsal view. Fig. 5, Eristalis tenax, female, head, anterior view. Fig. 6,

Cheilosia grossa, male, head, lateral view of left side.

144 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

an externally visible ocular sclerite forming a

rim to the eyes, but no external evidence of this

plate has been encountered by the present au-

thor.

Head capsule: frontal, genal and

vertical regions

Sulci precisely delimiting the frons are absent

in Syrphidae, leaving the anterior ocellus, the

compound eyes and the anterior tentorial pits

as the only reference points by which to define

the extent of the frontal region of the head cap-

sule. Judged in this way, the “frons” is generally

regarded as extending from the ocelli to the an-

terior rim of the buccal cavity. The clypeus, which

should intrude between frons and mouth-parts

is taken either to have disappeared, or to have

been incorporated without trace into the lower

areas of the frons, or (as in most recent liter-

ature) to have been mostly incorporated into

the buccal cavity. Most authors have failed to

refer to the area from the antennae to the edge

of the buccal cavity as the frons, restricting this

term to the area between antennae and ocellar

triangle (the term ocellar triangle refers, as used

here, to the often raised triangular area con-

taining and demarkated by the ocelli). The lower

frons is then referred to as either the face (as

in McAlpine, 1981) or the fronto-clypeus. In

some instances the areea immediately above the

edge of the buccal cavity is termed the post-

clypeus, on the assumption that only the more

basal of the two clypeal plates has been absorbed

into the frons. Since there are median sclerites

in the front part of the buccal cavity (see section

on mouthparts) serving the functions which

sclerites of the clypeal origin might be expected

to serve and since the more basal of these is

hinged to the upper edge of the buccal cavity,

it seems unreasonable to regard them as secon-

dary sclerites and thus require the true clypeus

to have been incorporated without trace into the

frons. Following this logic the entire area be-

tween anterior ocellus and the upper mouth edge

is here regarded morphologically as the frons.

However, there is taxonomically a need to dis-

tinguish between the frontal area above the an-

tennae and the frontal area beneath them, so

following popular usage the latter area is referred

to here as the face (this does not entirely accord

with the definition of the face used in McAlpine,

1981, where the face is taken to terminate below

the level of anterior tentorial pits) and the

former as the ‘frons”.

A dorsal-ventral sulcus continuing upwards on

each side of the lower frons, from the invag-

ination of each anterior tentorial pit, and more

or less parallel with the anterior eye margin,

is developed to a greater or lesser extent in many

Syrphid genera. This facial sulcus is almost uni-

versally well-developed in Chezlosia spp (fig. 6),

where it reaches the level of the antennal in-

sertions. In this way, the part of the face between

the facial sulcus and the eye margin is cut off

from the rest of the face and also frequently

looks very different, due to differences in colour

and pilosity between it and the rest of the face.

Some authors have sought to name these orbital

strips as separate regions of the head capsule,

labelling them genae or parafrontalia, etc. Here

they are simply termed the orbital strips (figs.

2, 5, ©).

At its ventral end the tentorial sulcus does

not terminate precisely at the anterior tentorial

pit (usually detectable externally as a widening

and deepening of the sulcus) and may bifurcate,

one arm (buccal arm) continuing to the edge

of the buccal cavity, the other arm (ocular arm)

swinging round towards the antero-ventral angle

of the eye, where it slopes at the eye margin.

Either or both of these arms may be incomplete.

In Syrphus (figs. 1, 2) both arms are incomplete,

but in genera where the ocular arm is complete

externally and the buccal arm is not in evidence

(e.g. in Chezlosta, fig. 6) the orbital strips are

delimited precisely at their lower ends. In Er-

istalis (figs. 3, 5), where the ocular arm is in-

distinct but the buccal arm continuous strongly

to the edge of the buccal cavity, the buccal arms

divide the face into a median and lateral regions.

Schiemenz (l.c.) regards these lateral regions as

the genae and in those Syrphidae in which both

lower arms of the anterior tentorial sulcus are

complete this use of the term would follow pre-

cisely the definition of the genae given by Snod-

grass (1960). Where one or other, or both, lower

arms of the anterior tentorial sulcus are missing

the frontal and genal regions of the head capsule

cannot, by definition, be precisely delimited.

The antennal insertions are found on the

frons. Immediately above them a pair of arcuate

raised areas is usually differentiated (absent in

Microdon) in Syrphidae. These are jointly known

as the frontal lunule. That part of the top of

the head capsule between the para-sagittal sulci

(fig. 7) and containing the ocellar triangle with

its three ocelli is most conveniently referred to

as the vertex. Crampton (l.c.) has discussed the

difficulties inherent in using this term in Diptera.

Here the vertex is taken to merge imperceptibly

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 145

with the occipital region of the head capsule

at the angle where the posterior face of the head

dips down. Gouin (1.c.) and Schiemenz (l.c.) used

the terms vertex to include the median part of

the occipital region referred to here as the post-

vertex. Other authors have used the terms "ver-

tex” and “vertical triangle” as synonyms of the

term “ocellar triangle” as employed here. It

should be noted that in the males of the syrphid

species with holoptic eyes the vertex is frequently

represented only by the area of the ocellar tri-

angle, such that the terms vertex and ocellar

triangle become interchangeable, giving rise to

some confusion. In both sexes of most species

the ocelli are disposed in a roughly equilateral

triangle. But in some genera e.g. Eumerus, spe-

cies occur in which the anterior ocellus is placed

further forward, some distance from the two lat-

eral ocelli.

Dorsally, behind the eyes and lateral to the

vertex, the head capsule often projects to some

extent, before curving ventrally into the occipital

region. Whether or not there is a para-sagittal

sulcus in evidence on each side of the ocellar

triangle, thus precisely segregating the vertex

from these post-ocular strips, they may conve-

niently be termed the post-ocular orbits, as in Coe

(1953). The post-ocular orbits continue without

interruption down the side of the head to merge

with the genal region.

Between the antennae and the upper mouth

edge a median protruberance is present in many

Syrphid genera. Although this bump has no dis-

crete identity morphologically, it is important

taxonomically and is usually referred to either as

the facial tubercle or facial prominence (figs. 1,

6). The area surrounding the antennal insertions

may also be drawn out to form a tubercle, which

in European Syrphids reaches its extreme of de-

velopment in Ceriana (fig. 4). This has been

referred to as the frontal prominence or frontal

tubercle.

The surface of the frons is not infrequently

thrown into a series of furrows or ridges (re-

ferred to as regulae) well illustrated by species of

Chryogaster and Orthonevra. Other genera ex-

hibit highly polished concave or flattened median

fields contrasting markedly with the surrounding

surface, e.g. Neoascia and Neocnemodon, or

areas of procumbent, iridescent microhairs (dust-

ing) alternating with bare, shining patches, as in

many Syrphinae.

Head capsule: posterior surface

In Syrphidae, the posterior surface of the head

(post cranium of McAlpine, 1.c.) is concave, mak-

ing a sharp angle with the sides of the head. In

the case of Eumerus and Merodon this angle is

extremely sharp, producing a distinct postcranial

carina (fig. 8). This angle makes a very conve-

nient marker for defining the outer edge of the

three major post-cephalic regions, referred to

here as the occipital region, the post-genal region

and the hypostomal region. Tentorial sulci, ra-

diating out from the centre, delimit these regions

one from another.

More or less in the centre of the back of the

head is found the occipital foramen, or foramen

magnum. This is largely surrounded by the post-

occipital sclerite, which merges below with a

mid-ventral plate delimited laterally by the well-

marked hypostomal sulci. This mid-ventral plate

makes up the hypostomal region of the head and

is supposedly derived largely from lobes of the

postgenae that have fused in the mid-line (Snod-

grass, l.c.) giving it one of its names, the hypos-

tomal bridge. In Syrphus and its allies (fig. 7) a

dorso-ventral, median, hypostomal suture prob-

ably indicates the fusion line. The posterior ten-

torial pits occur in the hypostomal sulci and the

two lateral plates demarkated ventrally by the

hypostomal sulci make up the post-genal region

(referred to simply as a part of the genae by

Gouin and Schemenz) of the head. A more dorsal

pair of rather incomplete sulci, referred to as the

transverse sulci, help to delimit the upper boun-

dary of the postgenal region. The occipital region

is then that part dorsal to the transverse sulci. Yet

another pair of sulci, the parasagittal sulci, divide

the occipital region into three fields. The two

lateral fields of the occipital region have usually

been called the tempora but the dorsal, median,

field has been subject to various appellations.

Here it is termed the post-vertex. In Merodon

and related genera the post-vertex is almost ob-

literated (fig. 8), the para-sagittal sulci swinging

into the mid-line at the post-cranial carina.

Very prominent towards the centre of the

postgenal fields of Eristaline syrphids are large,

raised, dorso-ventral bands of sensillae — these

bands of sensillae are often very restricted in

their extent in Syrphinae. In all Syrphids the

occipital foramen is so constructed just above

mid-way as to be almost converted into two se-

parate holes, due to the development of promi-

nent transverse cervical condyles for articulation

with the cervical sclerites (figs. 7, 8).

Antennae

Syrphid antennae comprise three principal

146 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ssu

Fig. 7, Syrphus ribesti, male, head, posterior view. Fig. 8, Merodon equestris, male, head, posterior view.

Fig. 9, Platynochaetus setosus, third antennal segment and arista, lateral view, outer side. Fig. 10, Syrphus ribesti,

antenna, lateral view, outer side. Fig. 11, Callicera aenea, end of third antennal segment and arista, lateral view,

inner side. Fig. 12, Syrphus ribesti, antenna, lateral view, inner side. Fig. 13, Microdon mutabilis, antenna, lateral

view, outer side.

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 147

| segments and a more or less annulate arista

borne on the third segment. The third segment

represents the first flagellar segment. The arista

represents the rest of the flagellar segments, one

or more of which may be distinct (figs. 9—13).

These aristal segments have been termed aristo-

meres (McAlpine, l.c.). Inserted between the

eyes on the frons, the antennae occur at a point

where there is a distinct change in the angle of

slope of the frons. Not infrequently the frons

projects at this point, producing in extreme cases

a frontal tubercle (fig. 4).

The antennal segments vary in their propor-

tions between genera, but segment 3 is normally

the largest. Sensory pits are frequently discerni-

ble on either the inner or the outer face of seg-

ment 3. Cheilosia species often possess large

numbers of small pits, while in many other

genera there is at least one large pit (figs. 9, 11,

13). The dorsal margins of segments 1 and 2

carry bristles in various genera.

The arista may be terminal or sub-dorsal, hair-

less, pilose or plumose. In most genera it is bris-

tle-like, but it may be bulbous or strap-like. In

Platynochaetus it is spatulate (fig. 9). Crampton

(1942) discusses the merits of applying the term

“ceratostylate” to certain forms of the antennae

with a terminal “arista” and the condition found

in Ceriana would certainly be better termed ce-

rato-stylate rather than aristate were the term

ceratostyle to come into common use.

To accord with general usage, the terms scape

and pedicel should be applied to the first and

second antennal segments, respectively.

Mouthparts

The modifications exhibited by the mouth-

parts of Syrphidae, occasioned by these flies’ spe-

cialised nectar and pollen-feeding habits, have

given rise to various published accounts of their

structure. The most detailed study is that of

Schiemenz (1957), who deals with both external

and internal anatomy of the mouthparts of Erzs-

talis arbustorum. Crampton (l.c.), Gilbert

(1981), Gouin (1.c.), Holloway (1976) and Nayar

(1964) provide additional information. Gilbert's

(l.c.) account considers the functional implica-

tions of variations in structure exhibited by a

range of European species and also incorporates

a comprehensive bibliography.

Although morphologically part of the head-

capsule the clypeal sclerites have apparently

come to lie within the buccal cavity in Syrphidae,

so they are considered in this section of the pres-

ent text together with the head appendages

which make up the mouth-parts proper (alterna-

tive theories concerning the fate of the clypeus

are mentioned under the section dealing with the

frons).

Syrphid mouthparts comprise sclerites derived

from the clypeus, located dorsally towards the

base of the mouthparts complex; a modified /a-

brum lying dorsally and distal to the clypeal scler-

ites; a lateral pair of maxillary stylets plus palps;

a ventral hypopharynx and a partly membrane-

ous and partly sclerotised labial complex lying

beneath the hypopharynx. The labial complex

provides a sheathing trough (the “labial gutter’)

for the other mouthparts that lie distal to the

clypeal sclerites. The entire apparatus, normally

called the proboscis, is hinged to the head capsule

at the upper mouth edge, via the basal clypeal

sclerite, and hinged again at the junction between

the distal clypeal sclerite and the labrum. Because

of this hinging arrangement, when the proboscis

is retracted into the head it folds away such that

the clypeal sclerites form a floor to the head

capsule in the anterior part of the buccal cavity

and the labrum rests up against them with its tip

pointing forwards and surrounded by the fleshy

lobes at the end of the labial complex. The main

labial sclerite, the premental sclerite, is then the

plate seen bulging from the buccal cavity when

the head is viewed from beneath.

There is no obvious sexual dimorphism in the

structure of syrphid mouthparts. There is no ex-

ternal indication of mandibular sclerites in any of

the genera examined during preparation of the

present text.

Apart from in Microdon, two clypeal sclerites

are present in Syrphidae: A postclypeus, articu-

lating on its proximal margin with the anterior

edge of the buccal cavity, and a more distal antec-

lypeus. The proximal edge of the anteclypeus

articulates with the anterior edge of the postcly-

peus. The distal margin of the anteclypeus 1s

deeply concave, its lateral arms passing forwards

to articulate with the base of the labrum but

visible externally only as narrow sclerotised

strips (fig. 14). A solitary clypeal sclerite is pres-

ent in Microdon, bearing a close resemblance to

the anteclypeus of other Syrphidae (fig. 15).

The labrum is a heavily sclerotised, highly pol-

ished plate, in external appearance reminiscent

of an upturned canoe. In genera such as Rhingia,

with mouthparts adapted to nectar extraction

from flowers with a deep corolla, the labrum is

greatly elongate (fig. 16).

Roofed by the labrum, the food-channel is

floored by the hypopharynx, a sclerotised, stylet-

148 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

like, concave sclerite, which projects forwards as

far as the tip of the labrum. The pair of maxillary

sclerites, with their unsegmented pa/ps, lie in the

membrane lateral to the sclerites of the food

channel. Each maxillary sclerite is continuous

internally with a sclerotised rod interpreted as

the stzpes, which passes back into the head cap-

sule. In most genera the maxillary sclerites sweep

down from their lateral position towards the

mid-line, sheathing the hypopharynx ventro-lat-

erally. The maxillary palps, conversely, sweep

upwards, hugging the outer surface of the labrum

so that distally they come to lie side by side along

its dorsal surface. In some general, e.g. Merodon,

the maxillary palps are quite strongly sclerotised,

but in the most cases they are membraneous.

The identity of the maxillary sclerites, here

termed the maxillae, remains an unresolved

problem: See Matsuda (1965). Currently, they are

most often regarded as the lacinia (e.g. in McAl-

pine, 1981). Microdon is exceptional among Syr-

phidae in possessing short, flange-like maxillary

sclerites, orientated transversely rather than lon-

gitudinally. Also, the maxillary palps are rudi-

mentary in Microdon (fig. 15).

The most complex and varied structure of the

syrphid mouthparts is the labium and its appen-

dages. Matsuda (1965) summarises the informa-

tion available on the origin of dipteran labial

structures. Essentially, of the two vertical labial

sclerites the more basal, the postmentum, is ab-

sent. The other, the prementum, has become

partly desclerotised but gave rise to the large

external, ventral plate of the Syrphid labial com-

plex (figs. 14—16) termed here the premental

sclerite. The membraneous lobes lying distal to

the premental sclerite, collectively known as the

labellum, are apparently derived from the orig-

inal labial palps. The terminal lobes of the orig-

inal prementum (glossae and paraglosae, to-

gether known as the ligula) have been lost. The

partly membraneous prementum containing the

premental sclerite has become weakly resclero-

tised on its upper surface, producing a secondary

sclerite (see fig. 16) known as the hypoglossa

(usually hidden from sight when the mouthparts

are examined in side view).

Within the labellum, the original two-seg-

mented form of the labial palps has been mod-

ified but is evidenced from the position of largely

internal strengthing rods, the furca and epifuraca

(see Schiemenz, l.c.). In different Syrphids the

labellar lobes exhibit a range of variation from

the voluminous, convoluted, membraneous flaps

exhibited by Syrphus (fig. 14) to narrow, tongue-

like strips with strongly sclerotised tips such as

are found in Rhingia (fig. 16).

In the literature reference is frequently made

to regions of the proboscis called the rostrum and

haustellum. The rostrum is the largely mem-

braneous basal section of the proboscis, as far as

the base of the labrum and labium. The haustel-

lum is then the most distal portion containing

the mouthparts proper and including the label-

lum.

The cervical region

In Diptera, the cervical region or cervix, is

largely impacted onto the front face of the

thorax. Its structures comprise three pairs of

cervical sclerites (or cervicalia) and the cervical

organ complex (figs. 17—19, 21). The main fea-

ture of the cervical region is the pair of lateral

cervical sclerites. These flank the cervical cavity,

along their outer edges articulating internally

with prothoracic elements. Ventrally, the lateral

cervical sclerites meet in the mid-line over the

.membraneous pocket containing the cervical or-

gan. Dorsally, arms from the lateral cervical

sclerites twist forwards, flanking the lower edge

of the cervical canal and articulating at their tips

with the cervical condyles on the back of the head.

Resting alongside the tips of the lateral cervical

sclerites is the pair of small, dorsal or anterior

cervical sclerites.

In the cervical membrane along the lower edge

of the main body of the lateral cervical sclerites

is found the pair of posterior cervical sclerites. In

Syrphidae these are rather variable in appearance

and in degree of sclerotisation. At their outer

ends the posterior cervical sclerites appear to

fuse with the prothoracic episterna. Their inner

ends bear sclerotised outgrowths, as in Syrphus

(fig. 21).

According to Matsuda (1970), in Diptera the

lateral cervical sclerites are derived from pleural

elements of the prothorax but the other cervical

sclerites are secondary sclerotisations. The lateral

cervical sclerites would most logically articulate

laterally with propleural elements, and since the

antepronotum and proepisternum are indistin-

guishably fused somewhere in the region of the

point of articulation of the lateral cervical scler-

ites, the position of that articulation has been

used by some authors as an indication of the

dorsal extent of the proepisterna. However, Mat-

suda (l.c.) has reduced the value of this argument

by suggesting that in Tabanus the lateral cervical

sclerites probably articulate with elements of the

antepronotum.

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae

Fig. 14, Syrphus ribesti, mouthparts, lateral view. Fig. 15, Microdon mutabilis, mouthparts, lateral view.

150 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Fig. 16, Rhingia campestris, mouthparts, lateral view.

The cervical organ complex has received scant

attention in Diptera, being entirely ignored in

reviews of Dipteran morphology such as those

conducted by Matsuda (1970), Bitsch & Matsuda

(1973) and McAlpine (1981). The only published

review of its structure in Diptera is that incorpo-

rated into Speight (1969). Among Syrphidae, the

cervical organ is rather varied in its detailed

structure, but is essentially a sensilla-bearing

plate, termed the sella, lying across the mid-line

in a membraneous pocket beneath the postero-

median wings of the lateral cervical sclerites. The

sensilla are directed upwards and slightly out-

wards so that their tips touch the underside of the

postero-median wings of the lateral cervical

sclerites. The sella extends posteriorly in the

mid-line as a sclerotised bar in the surface of the

cervical membrane, where it articulates with, or

is fused to, a median sclerite which some authors

have identified as the presterum of the pro-

thorax. Matsuda (l.c.), however, argues that this

latter plate is more likely a secondary sclerotisa-

tion of the cervical region and should be regarded

as a cervical sclerite. Here, because of its evident

involvement in the functions of the cervical or-

gan and its debateable origin, this plate is simply

called the postsella. In many genera, (e.g.

Syrphus), at some point along its length the sella

expands laterally into a trapezoid, bearing at its

lateral extremities a pair of sclerotised tubercles

(fig. 21).

THE THORAX

Even a small amount of original research on

muscle origins would proably produce dramatic

results in deciding correct designations for tho-

racic sclerites, since the number of Dipteran spe-

cies whose thoracic musculature has been com-

prehensively investigated can almost be counted

‘on the fingers of one hand. The only syrphid

whose thoracic musculature has been reported on

is Eristalinus megacephalus Rossi (as

Lathyrophthalmus obscuritarsis), in Maki

(1948). The degree of confusion existing at pres-

ent can be adduced from a comparison between

the terminologies employed for the Dipteran

thoracic sclerites by Crampton (1942) and Mat-

suda (1970): hardly a single part of the thorax is

given the same name in the two texts. In the

present account an attempt has been made to

follow the terminology employed by Matsuda

(l.c.), with certain modifications based on McAl-

pine (1981). Unfortunately, Matsuda’s text is

based largely on a comparison between certain

Tipulids, Tabanus and a Nycteribiid, augmented

by occasional observations on Drosophila, and

syrphid thoracic morphology presents features

departing significantly from what has been ob-

served in these other flies.

Prothorax

The most anterior of the three thoracic seg-

ments, the prothorax, is in Diptera an insignif-

icant and incompletely delimited component of

the front end of the thorax, overhung by part of

the mesonotum. The prothoracic tergum, the

pronotum, occurs externally as three sclerites,

the antepronotum and the paired postpronotal

sclerites. In Syrphidae, the antepronotum is dor-

sally reduced to a narrow semi-circular plate,

deeply notched in the mid-line, arching round the

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae

acs

map

151

mvs

Fig. 17, Eristalis tenax, prothoracic region, anteroventral view.

upper edge of the cervical membrane. Laterally it

widens out, passing ventrally to fuse indistingui-

shably with the prothoracic episterna. Poste-

riorly, in the mid-line, the antepronotum dips

down into the deep, pit-like antecostal suture

(fig. 20), from which the first thoracic phragma

is invaginated. More laterally, the posterior edge

of the antepronotum abuts onto the postprono-

tum, a junction marked by a complete suture in

most Syrphidae, e.g. Syrphus (fig. 18).

The postpronotum is represented externally

by the pair of sclerites forming at least the major

part of the prominent humeral calli of taxono-

mists. Unless the antecostal suture occurs be-

tween antepronotum and postpronotum in Syr-

phidae, rather than between post-pronotum and

meso-notal acrotergite as is generally supposed,

the lateral elements of the postpronota are not

externally connected with each other in these

flies. Instead, the postpronotal sclerites appear to

dip into the antecostal suture at its outer ends. In

the absence of information to the contrary, the

suture curving up, over the humeral calli poste-

riorly, from the antero-dorsal edge of the protho-

racic spiracle, is here taken to delimit the junction

between postpronotum and mesonotal elements.

This suture curves round towards the antecostal

suture but then usually fades out, so that postpon-

otum and mesonotum are incompletely demar-

kated from each other.

The propleura comprise a proepisterum and a

proepimeron. The proepisternum (propleuron

of taxonomists) is fused anterodorsally with the

antepronotum and anteroventrally with the pos-

terior cervical sclerites. Some authors (e.g.

Thompson, 1972) have recognised anepisternum

and katepisternum in the proepisternum, but on

what basis is unclear. The position of the anterior

edge of the proepimeron can be detected by the

line of the propleural suture, which divides

proepisternum from proepimeron and runs from

the rim of the fore coxal cavity to the prothoracic

152 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Fig. 18, Syrphus ribesti, prothoracic region, anteroventral view. Fig. 19, Microdon mutabilis, prothoracic region,

anteroventral view.

spiracle. In Microdon (fig. 19) the posterior edge

of the proepimeron appears to be marked by a

suture for part of its length, but it is otherwise

not differentitated from mesopleural elements.

Anteroventrally, a projection of the proepis-

ternum articulates with or fuses to the posterior

cervical sclerites. This projection is to a variable

extent marked off from the main body of the

proepisternum by a suture and may or may not

represent the remains of a propleural precoxale

— it is given no separate designation in this

account. Another sclerite which could be inter-

preted as either the propleural precoxale or a

trochantin lies free in the cervical membrane

along the anterior rim of the coxal cavity, be-

tween proepisternum and probasisternum. This

sclerite is often poorly sclerotised and may be

absent. Here it is regarded as of secondary origin

and labelled simply as a secondary sclerite (figs.

719):

The sternum of the prothorax is represented

externally by a basisternum and a furcasternum.

The “presternum” of some authors is discussed

in that section of the present account dealing

with the cervical region. The basisternum (pros-

ternum of taxonomists) is a large median plate

interposed between the cavities of the fore coxae,

carrying a pronounced median sulcus, from

which is invaginated the basisternal carina. In

Syrphidae the probasisternum is clearly differen-

tiated along all its margins. It does not seem to

join with propleural elements to form a precoxal

bridge in any members of this fly family. On its

anterior margin the probasisternum is in the

mid-line contiguous with the sella or postsella of

the cervical organ.

The profurcasternum is in syrphids a median,

ventral, triangular sclerite (figs. 17—19), joined

anteriorly to the probasisternum, from which it

is delimited by a complex suture. It meets the

mesothoracic presternum posteriorly, anterior to

the point at which the latter plate disappears into

the mid-ventral thoracic suture. In its anterior

angles the profurcasternum bears the furcal pits

from which the furcal arms are invaginated.

Mesothorax: mesonotum

In Diptera the mesothorax is greatly expanded

and makes up the main bulk of the thoracic sur-

face. This expansion is presumed to be due to the

need to accommodate the flight musculature as-

sociated with the fore wings, which are attached

on this thoracic segment between pleural and

tergal elements. Coincident with the expansion

of the musculature has been differentiation of a

complex endoskeleton, the mesosternal apophy-

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 153

Fig. 20, M. mutabilis, prothoracic region, anterodorsal view. Figs. 21, 22, Syrphus ribesti, cervical region, anter-

oventral view (21) and thorax, dorsal view (22).

sis, for muscle attachment. In most Diptera —

including Syrphidae — almost the entire meso-

thoracic sternal region is invaginated into the

thorax as the mesosternal apophysis.

Viewed from above, the Syrphid thorax 1s

nearly all of mesonotal origin (fig. 22). The me-

sothoracic notum, or mesonotum, is made up of

five sclerites. The most anterior of these is the

acrotergite, possibly visible on the antero-dorsal

face of the thorax in Microdon (fig. 20), but

otherwise seemingly not discernible in Syrphi-

dae. The acrotergite is followed by the

prescutum, which is reduced to a pair of lateral,

unconnected strips, running along the edge of the

mesonotum from just above the prothoracic spir-

acle to as far as the transverse sulcus of the

mesoscutum. These prescutal strips are usually

just visible when the thorax is examined from the

side (fig. 23), but are so reduced in Mzcrodon as

to be unrecognisable without first partially

desclerotising the specimen. Even then they can-

not be seen in side view, being concealed beneath

the lateral edge of the mesoscutum.

The mesoscutum, generally known among tax-

onomists as the mesonotum, is the main meson-

otal sclerite. Although its anterior and posterior

sutures are incomplete, it is well differentiated

laterally and includes the morphological features

known taxonomically as the “notopleural area”

(or “presutural area”) and the “post-alar calli”.

The confusing term notopleural area (and asso-

ciated terms notopleural depression and noto-

pleural callus) is not used here, since the part of

the thorax to which it refers is in origin meson-

otal, not mesopleural. The alternative term of

presutural area (and associated terms presutural

depression and presutural calli) is used in its

place. The mesoscutum carries a shallow trans-

154 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

acs

Fig. 23, S. ribesu, thorax, lateral view, left side.

verse gulley, just anterior to the wing base. A

similar feature occurs in many different Diptera

and has been given various names: transverse

suture, lateral parapsidal suture, scutal suture,

transcutal suture. Since, according to Matsuda

(1.c.), this feature is intra-scutal and thus does

not mark a joint between sclerites, it should

ideally be termed a sulcus, following Snodgrass

(1960). Diptera may carry up to three distinct

transverse sulci on the mesoscutum, but Syrphi-

dae luckily only exhibit one, so whatever its ho-

mologies (see McAlpine, 1981), it can conve-

niently be called "the transverse sulcus,’ which is

the term used for it here. At the outer ends of the

transverse sulcus of the mesoscutum, Mzcrodon

possesses a pair of shelf-like, semi-circular,

sclerotised outgrowths of the mesoscutum, which

do not seem to have an equivalent in other Syr-

phids. The prescutal strips are beneath these

mesoscutal flanges.

Posteriorly, the suture marking the mesoscutal

junction with the succeeding mesonotal sclerite,

the scutellum, has been lost. The very deep and

well-marked trans-scutellar sulcus is located

within the mass of the original mesoscutellum:

(see Matsuda, (1.c.), so that some indeterminate

portion of the hind part of the “mesonotum” of

taxonomists is scutellar in origin. In syrphids the

hind part of the mesoscutum differentiated by

the transscutellar sulcus protrudes from the pos-

terior end of the dorsal thoracic surface as a well-

defined semi-circular lobe, generally called the

scutellum by taxonomists. Here, this feature is

called the scutellar lobe. In some genera its outer

(postero-dorsal) edge is tuberculate or crenulate.

Ventral to the scutellar lobe is the median plate

of the most posterior of the mesonotal elements,

the mesopostnotum (also known as the mediot-

ergite, or subscutellum or postscutellum),

flanked by its two lateral sclerites (figs. 23, 24).

These are the lateral post-nota of the mesono-

tum, also known as the laterotergites (or pleur-

otergites). Some authorities, e.g. Colless & McAl-

pine (1970), currently regard these postnotal

sclerites as derived from the acrotergite origi-

nally interposed between mesonotal and metan-

otal elements, rather than from the mesonotum.

The median postnotum is normally a convex

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae

155

bs mp

Fig. 24, Microdon mutabilis, thorax, lateral view, left side.

plate in Syrphus and its relatives (fig. 23), push-

ing out into a distinct lobe. But in Microdon (fig.

24) it is unusually flat. The lateral post-nota form

shallow calli just dorsal to the metathoracic spir-

acles, but continue towards the mid-line beyond

these calli to a point where an unobtrusive suture

marks their junction with the median postno-

tum. Antero-dorsally, the lateral postnota border

the posterior part of the wing-base complex of

axillary sclerites. Postero-ventrally, the lateral

post-nota border the similar, but physically much

smaller, complex of sclerites round the base of

the haltere. The massive second thoracic

phragma attaches directly to the hind margin of

the median postnotum and passes down inter-

nally to form the sclerotised hind wall of the

functional thorax. The second phragma stops

just short of the floor of the thorax, immediately

above the membraneous strip between hind

coxae and first abdominal sternite that acts as a

thoracic/abdominal flexion joint. Certain small,

mua

mub mtpc

sta

detached sclerites located in the axillary complex

are believed to be derived from the mesonotum.

These include the tegula, humeral plate, 4th ax-

illary sclerite, and subalare. They are dealt with

in that portion of the present text concerned with

the wings.

Mesothorax: mesopleura

The pleural sclerites of the second thoracic

segment exhibits in Diptera a bewildering array

of bumps, hollows and grooves, some of which

represent primary subdivisions of the pleura and

most of which have been employed as taxonomic

characters at some time or another. In Syrphidae,

most of the side of the thorax is mesopleural in

origin. The largest recognisable entity is the

mesepisternum. The anterior margin of this

sclerite is marked by the posterior edge of the

prothoracic spiracle, from which an incomplete

suture extends towards the fore coxae, the me-

156 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

sepisternum being fused with propleural ele-

ments ventrally. In the mid-line ventrally, the

mesepisterna meet along the line of the mid-

ventral suture, which terminates anteriorly in the

mesofurcal pit. Posteriorly, the upper part of the

edge of the mesepisternum is marked by the

vertical membraneous strip of the pleural suture.

The pleural suture continuous downwards as a

well-marked groove, taking a zig-zag course to-

ward the mid-coxae. The lowest (third) section of

the suture is unusually complete in Syrphidae,

being especially well-marked in Mzcrodon (fig.

24). Dorsally, the margin of the mesepisternum

is indicated by the suture delimiting mesonotal

elements and by the membraneous area round

the wing-base containing the axillary sclerites

(some of which are mesepisternal in origin).

Within the mesepisternum, various subdivi-

sions may be recognised. From the ventral end of

the upper (first) section of the pleural suture the

incomplete anapleural suture proceeds forwards,

dividing the mesepisternum into a dorsal

anepisternum (the “mesopleuron” of taxono-

mists) and a ventral katepisternum (see McAl-

pine, 1981, for reasons why the ventral area of

the mesepisternum delimited by the anapleural

suture should be regarded as kat-episternum

rather than pre-episternum). The katepisternum

is the “sternopleuron” of taxonomists. The anep-

isternum may be further differentiated into an

antero-dorsal flat area (the “anterior depressed

portion of the mesopleura” of Coe, 1953, and the

“anterior flat portion of mesopleuron” of Vock-

eroth, 1969), and a shallow more posterior callus

(fig. 23). These fields of the anepisternum are

frequently mentioned independently in taxo-

nomic texts but do not seem to have been named,

other than by Speight (1980), where they were

referred to as mesopleurite 1 and mesopleurite 2.

They would be better called anepisternite 1 and

anepisternite 2, and these terms have been used

to denote them here.

The mesothoracic epimeron is clearly delim-

ited anteriorly by the pleural suture. Posteriorly

its edge is marked by the suture between it and

the lateral postnotum of the mesonotum. Ven-

trally, it is fused with a plate regarded as the

mesothoracic meron, to produce a composite

sclerite known as the meropleurite. In Syrphidae

the mesepimeron and the meropleurite are

hardly differentiated from each other by sutures.

The upper part of the mesepimeron corresponds

more or less with the “pteropleuron” of taxon-

omists. It is flat above but exhibits a transverse

callus below, just above where its junction with

the meropleurite is probably located. The flat

part is regarded by McAlpine (1981) as the me-

sepimeral anepimeron and the callus as the me-

sepimeral katepimeron. The callus is of taxo-

nomic significance and by taxonomists has been

called the barrette, a term used for it here. The

meropleurite corresponds roughly with the “hy-

popleuron” of taxonomists, though the term hy-

popleuron has been applied in such a way that it

also includes metapleural elements.

Mesothorax: mesosternum

Mesosternal elements are surprisingly well re-

presented externally in Syrphidae — in Schizo-

phora the mesosternum is, almost in its entirety,

invaginated into the thorax. In the three syrphids

illustrated here (figs. 26—28) the mesosternal

presternum is clearly differentiated from the pre-

ceeding prothoracic furcasternum and invagi-

nated posteriorly into the mesofurcal pit at the

beginning of the :mid-ventral thoracic suture.

Laterally, the meso-presternum meets mesepis-

ternal elements, from which it is less clearly se-

parated. The two wings of the anterior

mesosternal furcasternum each occur externally

as a narrow strip along the anterior rim of the

mesocoxal cavities, dipping down into the mid-

line to reappear posteriorly as the ventral coxal

condyles, articulating with the median mesocox-

ite (figs. 26—28). The posterior mesosternal fur-

casterna make a hind rim to the mid coxae. These

external furcasternal elements are continuous in-

ternally with the massive mesofurca, without in-

dications of sutures interposed, thus reducing the

probability that they might be better interpreted

as some vestige of a mesopleural trochantin.

Metathorax

The metathorax is proably the least studied

region of the external anatomy of Diptera and

apart from the remarkable paper of Young

(1921) has been largely ignored in the literature.

Whatever elements may have once been pres-

ent in the metanotum, it is represented in Syrphi-

dae solely by a narrow hoop-like sclerite evanes-

cent medially in some genera, hugging the

antero-dorsal face of the abdomen but invagi-

nated along its anterior edge into the suture

marking externally the position of the second

thoracic phragma (figs. 41—43). Due to its loca-

tion it is often only visible at its dorso-lateral

corners, when the abdomen is viewed from

above. In side view it can be quite concealed on

the front of the abdomen, by a forward bulge of

abdominal tergite 1, as in Microdon (fig. 24). In

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 157

mtb

Fig. 25, Eristalis tenax, thorax, region surrounding the haltere, lateral view, left side. Fig. 26, Syrphus ribesti, meso

and metathoracic sterna, ventral view. Fig. 27, Eristalis tenax, meso and meta thoracic sterna, ventral view. Fig.

28, Microdon mutabilis, meso and methatoracic sterna, ventral view.

Syrphus (fig. 41) the metanotum bears a distinct

transverse groove which could represent the su-

ture between two of the original metanotal scler-

ites. Equally, this groove might be a secondary

feature. No attempt has been made to identify

subdivisions of the metanotum. Laterally, the

metanotum fuses with metapleural elements, the

junction being in some instances, e.g. Syrphus,

distinctly marked.

The metapleura comprise an episternum, an

epimeron and a precoxale. The met-episternum

is imperfectly demarkated from both mesotho-

racic meropleurite anteriorly and metathoracic

epimeron posteriorly and can only be detected

clearly immediately posterior and ventral to the

metathoracic spiracle. In some genera the metep-

isternum appears to contact the lateral postno-

tum of the mesonotum behind the metathoracic

spiracle (see Eristalis, fig. 25), but in others

membrane of the haltere axillary complex inter-

venes (see Microdon, fig. 24). Ventrally, the me-

tepisternum may, in combination with the mete-

pimeron, form a postmetacocal bridge (fig. 28).

The metepimeron, as interpreted here, exhib-

its some unlikely characteristics. That it is incom-

pletely delimited from the metepisternum has

already been mentioned. Postero-ventrally, the

metepisternum is bordered by membrane inter-

posed between it and abdominal sternite 1. In

forms lacking a postcoxal bridge this membrane

is continuous with that of the meta-coxal cavities.

In some syrphids, the metepimeron bulges pos-

tero-dorsally into a distinct callus on the front

margin of the first abdominal tergite (fig. 25),

158 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

from which it is separated by reflexed membrane.

This metepimeral callus is frequently visible

from above as an angular projection on the outer,

anterior corner of tergite 1, and is especially vis-

ible in Neoascta (fig. 44) where it is developed

into a Massive spine — illustrated in Stackelberg

(1965) as apparently part of abdominal sternite

1. The metepimeron frequently encloses the first

abdominal spiracle at its lower edge (figs.

23—25). In Microdon and Ceriana this callus is

lacking, but the first abdominal spiracle is still

enclosed by the metepimeron in European spe-

cies of these genera. In Eristalis, the first abdom-

inal spiracle occurs partly in the metepimeron

and partly in the adjacent abdominal membrane.

Zumpt & Heinz (1949) regarded the metepi-

meral callus of E. tenax as either a secondary

sclerite or a part of abdominal tergite 1.

The metacoxal precoxale is a narrow sclero-

tised strip clearly differentitated round the lateral

rim of the metacoxal cavity. At its posterior end

it reaches the lateral condyle of the metacoxa.

Anteriorly, it joins with the metabasisternum in

most hoverflies, to form a composite sclerite

making a precoxal bridge round the metacoxae.

It retains its identity independent of the metab-

asisternum in Melanostoma and Sericomyia.

The principal metasternal sclerite is the me-

tabasisternum, a mid-ventral plate located be-

tween and anterior to the hind coxae. It is deeply

grooved in the mid-line and frequently fused

with the metaprecoxale laterally, as described

above. The premetacoxal bridge thus developed

is frequently called the "metasternum”. Its par-

ticular make-up requires that it be given some

morphological appelation such as metabasis-

terno-precoxite — not a term likely to be met

with general approval! For want of a more ap-

propriate alternative this composite structure is

referred to here as the premetacoxite. With the

postmetacoxal bridge, the premetacoxal bridge

forms in some syrphids, e.g. Sphegina, a pro-

nounced conical bump protruding postero-ven-

trally from the underside of the thorax.

The other external sclerite of the metasternum

is the vestigial furcasternum, projecting from

within the thorax to form the ventral meta-coxal

condyles, to either side of the mid-line just pos-

terior to the tip of the metabasisternum.

WINGS

In Diptera only the fore wings (hereafter re-

ferred to as “the wings’) remain as organs of

flight, the hind wings being modified into gyros-

copic organs known as the halteres. As described

in preceding pages, the wings and the halteres

are located on the side of the thorax between

tergal and pleural elements. Externally, the junc-

tion between wing and thorax is marked by a

cluster of axillary sclerites and associated mem-

brane, which may be referred to as the axillary

complex. The haltere base has a corresponding

axillary complex.

The wing itself is a largely transparent sheet

of membrane, traversed by a series of sclerotised

bars, the wing-veins, radiating from the wing-

base. In syrphids there are six major wing veins.

Those radiating into the middle area of the wing

branch one or more times before reaching the

wing margin. Occasional cross-members are also

present, termed cross-veins. The wing-mem-

brane is in some genera banded or blotched with

brownish pigment and may be all or in part

covered by microtrichia. The most posterior

fields of the wing-membrane are largely separ-

ated from the main body of the wing, going to

form the alula and, folded beneath the wing-base,

the calypters (fig. 31).

Attempts have been made by morphologists

and taxonomists alike to homologise the main

fields of the wing-membrane and the main wing-

veins, throughout the various Orders of insects.

The wing-vein notations resulting have been lar-

gely incompatible, but nonetheless many authors

have adopted hybrid wing-vein terminologies

based partly on one theory and partly on another.

Wootton (1979) provides an able review of the

present chaos, which affects syrphid wing-vena-

tion notation along with that of other Diptera.

Goffe (1947) attempted to derive a stable system

for naming syrphid wing-veins, but unfortu-

nately the notation he proposed is a confusing

hybrid. Alternative notations, differing from one

another to a greater or lesser extent, can be found

in Coe (1953), Colles & McAlpine (1970), McAl-

pine (1981), Matsuda (1970), and Seguy (1959,

1961), etc. In the present account, Colless &

McAlpine (1970) are followed, with modifica-

tions suggested by Wootton (1979).

The nomenclature of the three most anterior

longitudinal wing-veins, named here the Costa,

Subcosta and Radius, is reasonably stable in Dip-

tera. However, the next vein, the Radial Sector,

has anomalously usually been labelled as though

its branches were branches of the Radial. That

convention is not adopted here, following Woot-

tons recommendation. The following three

veins, here named the Median, the Anterior Cu-

bitus and the Posterior Cubitus have been much

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 159

confused, the appropriate designations for distal

branches which could be derived from either the

Median or the Anterior Cubitus (or represent

cross-veins — see below) remaining today al-

most a matter of personal opinion. The vein

regarded here at the Posterior Cubitus has been

omitted from illustrations of syrphid wing-vena-

tion by some authors, e.g. Oldroyd (1970). The

First Anal vein as recognised here is labelled as

such in most recent literature, but Wootton

(1979) suggests the cubito-anal area of the wing

may well have been misinterpreted by dipterists,

and the true anal veins may well be confined to

the alula in Diptera. Elucidation of that problem

awaits further work, as Wootton (1.c.) himself

says, so the more traditional approach to the

identity of the First Anal has been adopted in the

present text.

The more basal cross-veins of the syrphid

wing have generally received the same designa-

tions, but there are differences of opinion as to

which of the more distal cross-veins are actually

transverseley deflected branches of longitudinal

veins. Thus the vein labelled here as an anterior

branch (M.1) of the Median, has been called the

“upper marginal cross-vein” and the vein la-

belled marginal cross-vein has often been re-

garded as a branch of the Anterior Cubitus.

The areas of membrane entirely enclosed by

wing-veins comprise the “cells” of the wing. One

approach to naming wing-cells is to number

them from the anterior margin of the wing back-

wards. An alternative approach is to designate

them according to their position on the general

wing-surface, a system which gives rise to costal

cells, basal cells, marginal cells, etc. This system,

as laid out in Oldroyd (1970) is employed in the

present account (fig. 29). Neither system is very

satisfactory because of the problems of homology

of wing-cells in fly families — like the Syrphidae

— in which few wing-cells are present.

A venational characteristic of Syrphidae, men-

tioned almost universally in the literature, is the

vena spuria. This secondary strengthening of the

wing membrane lies between the Radial Sector

and Median veins and is more or less parallel

with the latter. Almost invariably it crosses the

radio-median cross-vein into the posterior cell,

but most of its length is found in the first basal

cell where it may proceed almost as far as that

cell’s inner end. Although popularly regarded as

one of the most characteristic features of the

Syrphidae, the vena spuria is entirely absent in

some species, for example, Syritta flaviventris.

According to Wootton (1.c.), in Diptera the

area of the wing posterior to the lst Anal vein

and including the a/wla is homologous with the

claval field recognised in other insects. The jugal

field is then represented by the calypters. The

cleft between the alula and the main body of the

wing is generally termed the axillary incision.

The alula is a simple membraneous flap, its only

venation a vein-stub at its postero-basal corner.

The calypters hinge onto the base of the wing via

the 3rd and 4th axillary sclerites (fig. 31). The

upper calypter is folded over the lower when the

wing is at rest, but when the wing is stretched

out, as in the illustration (fig. 31), their relation

to the rest of the wing membrane can be better

appreciated. The rim of each calypter is some-

what sclerotised and bears a thick fringe of long

hairs.

The axillary complex of the Syrphid wing-base

has not been thoroughly investigated in the com-

pilation of this account. Suffice it to say that there

are four principal axillary sclerites in Diptera.

The Ist and 2nd have been tentatively identified

in fig. 31, following Matsuda (1970). The 3rd and

4th are easier to distinguish. Axillary sclerites

1—3 represent detached basal parts of the wing-

veins (Matsuda, 1.c.), while the 4th is supposedly

mesonotal in origin. On the front margin of the

wing, two basal sclerites may be distinguished,

the humeral plate, and the tegula. These are ap-

parently homologous with the sclerites of the

same name found in other Orders and are seem-

ingly of mesonotal origin. A detailed account of

the Dipteran wing-base complex is given by

McAlpine (1981).

A final important feature of the axillary com-

plex is the sabalare. Although located beneath

the wing-base, according to Matsuda (1.c.) this

sclerite is of mesonotal origin. In Syrphidae it

carries the plumule, a feature unique to the fam-

ily. The plumule is a membraneous, finger-like

appendage, thickly covered in long, fine, wavy

hairs. It projects backwards from the posterior

tip of the subalare and thus lies closely opposed

to the underside of the lower calypter. It is an

easily seen feature in all syrphids except Neoascia

and Microdontinae, where it is rudimentary and

represented only as a rather hairy tip to the

subalare, and in Cerzana/ Sphiximorpha, where it

is not recognisable. In Myathropa it reaches an

opposite extreme of development, the entire

outer rim of the subalare giving off small, plum-

ulate appendages.

According to Bonhag (1949) and Mickoleit

(1962), who worked on Tabanus and Tipula, re-

spectively, the haltere base possesses clustered

160 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

stg

Fig. 29, Syrphus ribesu, right wing. Fig. 30, Eristalis tenax, right wing. Fig. 31, Syrphus ribesit, axillary region

of right wing.

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 161

around it miniaturised versions of the axillary

complex sclerites found round the base of the

fore wings, but the haltere base sclerites do not

seem to have been examined in any species of

Syrphidae and they have not been investigated

for the purposes of the present account. The

haltere itself is a roughly dumbell-shaped struc-

ture broadening rather abruptly at the distal end

of its stalk into the head or knob and more grad-

ually at its base.

LEGS

The legs of syrphids comprise the following

elements; coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, five tar-

sal segments (or tarsomeres) and pretarsus, typ-

ified by the fore leg of Syrphus shown in fig. 34.

The fore and hind coxae are single sclerites, fully

mobile and articulated basally to the thorax, ap-

ically to the trochanter. The mid coxa, however,

is made up of three separate sclerites or coxites

(fig. 36). The anterior mesocoxite is fused to the

thorax, but the posterior and median mesocox-

ites are mobile. The median mesocoxite articu-

lates with the mesothoracic furcasternum via the

coxal condyle and also with the other two mesoc-

oxites. The posterior mesocoxite articulates with

the anterior mesocoxite as well as with the me-

dian mesocoxite.

Almost universally in Syrphidae — Microdon

representing the exception — there is a long,

blade-like process projecting outwards from the

antero-lateral end of the outer side of the poste-

rior mesocoxite. This blade-like process, termed

here the trochanteral process of the posterior

mesocoxite (figs. 35, 36) fits into a shallow hol-

low on the surface of the mesotrochanter, when

the leg is in certain positions.

In all three pairs of legs the segments from the

trochanter outwards (inclusively) are all individ-

ual sclerites, essentially tubular and articulated to

each other. Only the pretarsus is more complex.

This, the terminal leg-joint, is attached within

the concave end of the most distal (the fifth)

tarsal segment. The pretarsus includes a central

process terminating in a bristle-like or peg-like

empodium, flanked by a pair of membraneous

pads known as the pwlvillae, which are them-

selves attached to the central process via small

sclerotised plates called the auxilliae (fig. 37).

The lower surface of each pulvillus is in syrphids

densely covered in short hairs. Above the pulvil-

lae are found a pair of simple claws, which attach

to a median apical projection of the 5th tarsal

segment known as the unguifer process.

The first tarsal segment is usually referred to

as the basitarsus or (confusingly) as the metatar-

sus. The undersides of the tarsal segments, in

particular, carry arrangements of short, blunt

bristles used in cleaning the body surface and the

hind basitarsi have a ventral brush of close-

packed bristly hairs used for this same purpose.

Although the number of leg segments remains

the same throughout the family, in a significant

number of genera one or more of the leg seg-

ments are modified in form, the modifications in

nearly all cases being more pronounced in the

males than in the females. In some genera, such

as Platycheirus, in which the male fore tarsal

segments are flattened and expanded laterally,

the vast majority of species exhibit the same

general type of modification. In others only sin-

gle species may be affected — thus Sphegina

platychira males possess flattened tarsal seg-

ments reminiscent of those of species of

Platycheirus, but the tarsi of other Sphegina spe-

cies are unmodified. Almost any part of the leg

may be affected by such modifications in Syrphi-

dae, though usually segments of either fore or

hind legs are involved. Rarely, as in

Neocnemodon latitarsis, all three pairs of legs

have some segments modified. In the male of N.

latitarsis the fore basitarsi exhibit a large pit on

one surface, the mid-tibiae are expanded into a

leaf-like flange for about half their length and the

trochanters of both hind and mid legs carry pro-

nounced tines (fig. 39), as do the hind coxae. A

frequent modification of the hind legs is for the

hind femora to become bulbous and carry some

arrangement of pegs and or tubercles and for the

hind tibiae to become angular and ridged (fig.

40).

THE ABDOMEN

There is great sexual dimorphism in the form

of the terminal segments (and occasionally in the

form of some of the more anterior segments as

well) of the syrphid abdomen, requiring that the

male and female abdomen be given detailed con-

sideration separately. In the male the abdomen is

divided into two distinct sub-regions, a largely

unmodified “preabdomen” and a highly modified

“postabdomen”. Equivalent terms are not used in

relation to the female abdomen. Certain features

of the abdomen common to both sexes may be

considered at this juncture.

As viewed from above, the overall shape of the

syrphid abdomen exhibits considerable variation.

It may be conical, parallelsided, ovate or petio-

late. These shape differences are due largely to

162 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ZZ di

Fig. 32, Microdon mutabilis, right wing. Fig. 33 Ceriana sp., right wing. Figs. 34—36, Syrphus ribesti, left fore

leg, anterior view (34), male, base of left mid leg, antero-lateral view (35) and diagrammatic representation of

mid coxa to show inter-relation between the three meso-coxites. Fig. 37, Microdon mutabilis, pretarsus and last

two tarsomeres of left hind leg, ventral view.

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 163

intergeneric differences in the shapes of the vis-

ible abdominal tergites, rather than to differen-

ces in the number or identity of the sclerites in

view. The number of visible tergites is four or

five in the male and generally five or six in the

female.

The first abdominal tergite (t.1) is largely

fused with the second (t.2) in Syrphidae, though

the junction between the two sclerites is usually

evident. The anterior margin of t.1 is frequently

complex, since in most syrphids the flexion line

between thorax and abdomen passes through it,

as in Eristalis and Syrphus (fig. 41). In such cases

there is a median area of t.1 which reaches for-

wards to the metanotum, flanked by narrower

lateral areas of t.1 which do not reach the metan-

otum and are partly separated from the median

area of t.i by an incomplete, transverse mem-

braneous cleft. Paragus (fig. 42) is an exception.

In this genus the anterior margin of t.l is straight

and membrane intervenes between it and the

metanotum across its entire width, leaving the

abdomen noticeable more capable of flexion than

in most other genera. A prominent feature of

certain genera, such as Ceriana, is a pair of an-

tero-laterial calli on t.1, giving the impression

that an extra sclerite is present on the front

margin of the tergite (fig. 43).

Tergite 2 is a large sclerite with the joint be-

tween it and tergite 3 (t.3) usually clearly marked.

The actual anterior margin of t.3 is concealed

beneath the hind margin of t.2, the two tergites

being joined to each other by folded membrane.

This type of junction is common to succeeding

tergites except (e.g. in Microdon) where two ter-

gites are fused to each other: tergites 2 and 3 are

fused in Paragus; tergites 3 and 4 are fused in

Microdon. In Triglyphus tergite 3 is greatly ex-

panded, occluding t.4 and t.5 from view.

With the exception of the first, the abdominal

spiracles are always found in the membraneous

strip between tergites and sternites. The first

abdominal spiracle is more often than not en-

closed within the metathoracic epimeron which

is (as described earlier) in part functionally a

component of the abdomen, together with the

metanotum. In Microdon it was only found pos-

sible to locate the 1st abdominal spiracle during

the course of this study.

The abdominal sternites are generally rather

poorly sclerotised rectangular sclerites with

rounded corners, lying free in the membrane of

the underside of the abdomen. The Ist abdominal

sternite may be largely desclerotised and much

reduced. The second abdominal sternite (st. 2) is

divided in two by a transverse membraneous

strip. The sclerotised anterior part of st. 2 then

appears in some genera, e.g. Microdon, as a se-

parate, narrow plate lying along the entire ante-

rior edge of the main sclerite (fig. 48). In Eristalis

and Syrphus (fig. 47) this anterior plate of ster-

nite 2 is a lunulate piece confined to the middle

half of the width of st. 2. In Sphegina clunipes

(fig. 45) the two sclerotised parts of sternite 2 are

separated from each other by an appreciable dis-

tance, though the intervening membraneous sec-

tion of the sternite evidently connects them to

each other.

Male abdomen

In Diptera the male abdomen is regarded as

comprising eleven segments (numbered from

the thorax to the abdomen tip). In the Cyclor-

rhapa in general there is extensive modification

of segments 6— 10 in the male due to their incor-

poration into the copulatory apparatus. Segment

11 is rudimentary, represented only by the cerci

(which flank the anus). The term “preabdomen”’

is used to denote the unmodified portion of the

male abdomen and "postabdomen” to refer to the

modified portion. Zumpf & Heinz (1949) have

argued that the postabdomen commences with

segment 5 in Eristalis, since it structure is also

greatly modified by involvement in the copula-

tory apparatus. Thompson (1972) points out that

defined in this fashion the preabdomen com-

prises but four segments throughout the Milesii-

nae, but is found in its more usual 5-segmented

form throughout the Syrphinae. The sclerites of

the male postabdomen have become markedly

asymmetrical, associated with a twisting or tor-

sion of the segments on the long axis of the

abdomen and a progressive recurvature of them

such that when at rest the terminal segments

now face the front of the fly.

The sclerites representing the abdominal seg-

ments distal to segment 8 are in male Syrphidae

highly modified to form a genital capsule or

hypopygium, incorporating a complex intromit-

tent organ and accessory structures, together

with the anus and its flanking cerci. The hypop-

ygium is concealed beneath the terminal tergites

of the preabdomen when at rest, in a hollow

termed by Cole (1972) the genital pouch.

Male preabdomen

In species of genera such as Melanostoma and

Neoascia there are distinct though minor differ-

ences in abdominal shape between males and

females, produced by differences in the propor-

164 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

tions of tergites 1—4 (fig. 44). More subtle dif-

ferences in the overall appearance of male and

female abdomen occur in other genera, produced

in the same way. Quite precise differences be-

tween male and female occur in the form taken

by abdominal sternites in some genera, notably

Speghina, Neocnemodon and Eumerus, where

particular sternites of the male preabdomen ex-

hibit structural modifications. The modifications

may be in the form of sclerotised outgrowths

along the mid-line, as in Neocnemodon latitarsis

(fig. 46) or paired lobes developed on the distal

margin of some sternite, as in Eumerus.

Male postabdomen

Literature accounts of the degree of torsion

exhibited by the abdomen of male Syrphidae are

confusing, since in most instances it is stated that

syrphids possess a hypopygium inversum or h.

retroversum, but more recently it has been

claimed they show the 4. circumversum condi-

tion. The most explicit discussion of these con-

flicting views is found in Griffiths (1972: 56) as

follows: Failure to appreciate the conceptual dif-

ference between rotation and deflexion has led to

some confusion in the literature on Syrphidae,

which I illustrate from the work of Zumpt and

Heinz (1949). Zumpt and Heinz state that in

Eristalis, “we are dealing with a hypopygium

inversum, thus apparently contradicting the view

(which I hold correct) that all Cyclorrhapha pos-

sess a hypopygium circumversion. However, if

Zumpt and Heinz's arguments are followed

closely, it will become apparent that they have

confused rotational movement and deflexion.

The hypopygium of Eristalis is “inverse” in the

sense that it is so strongly deflexed that it points

anteriorly and its “dorsal” side has become ven-

tral.”

To indicate the complex derivation of the

orientation of the hypopygium found in Syrphi-

dae, which his torsion theory demands, Griffiths

(1.c.) suggests the term hypopygium circumver-

sum et reflexum be used to describe the condition

of the syrphid postabdomen. Lehrer (1971a)

reached conclusions different again from those of

Griffiths, dubbing the condition of the syrphid

male postabdomen as a hypopygium inverso-

transversum.

Whether the post-abdomen has twisted

through 360° or 180°, the twisting has occurred

anterior to the hypopygium. It is presumed to

have occurred between segments, such that if a

twist of 180° occurred between a given pair of

segments, the zergite of the distal segment of the

pair would subsequently face outwards from the

same surface as the sternite of the more proximal

segment, and vice versa.

Griffiths’ (1.c.) contention that a 360° torsion

has occurred requires, in his view, a 180° twisting

between segments 7 and 8 and a further 180°

twisting between segment 8 and the hypopy-

gium. The more traditional approach of Zumpt

& Heinz (1949) contends that a 90° twist has

occurred between segments 5 and 6 and a second

90° twist between segment 8 and the hypopy-

gium. Lehrer (1.c.) suggests there has been 180°

of torsion between abdominal segments 5 and 6,

a further 90° of torsion between segment 8 and

the hypopygium and a reflexion of the hypopy-

gium from the longitudinal axis along which the

segments up to and including segment 8 are

aligned. He also points out that the hypopygium

has in the latter process been pushed to one side.

In the present text, Griffiths’ (1.c.) hyptothesis

of 360° torsion in the syrphid male postabdomen

is regarded as unproven and the views of Zumpt

& Heinz (1.c.) and of Lehrer (1.c.) are regarded

as each in part correct. It is presumed that 90° of

torsion has occurred between segments 5 and 6

and a further 90° between segment 8 and the

hypopygium, leaving segments 6—8 on their

sides and the hypopygium inverted. Subsequent

reflexion of the postabdomen, progressively

more complete from segment 7 onwards, has

then led to the present state of the abdomen. The

superfluity of complex — and different — lati-

nisms, each deemed to define precisely the same

features of the male syrphid postabdomen, sug-

gests that the practice of deriving such terms is

a redundant exercise and no such term is em-

ployed here. Detailed discussion of torsion of the

male abdomen in Diptera may be found in Grif-

fiths (1972) and McAlpine (1981).

Abdominal segments 5—8 in Milesiinae and

6—8 in Syrphinae are much modified by the

torsion process, going to form the "stalk” at the

end of which is born the hypopygium. In both

subfamilies tergites 6—8 remain reasonably

large, externally visible sclerites, but ‘the other

plates involved are reduced to poorly sclerotised

transverse strips concealed on or at the base of

the “stalk”. Zumpt & Heinz (1949) provide a

clear illustration of these sclerites, suggesting

that at the base of the stalk on the right side of

the abdomen an extra, secondary, spiracle-bear-

ing sclerite has been developed. This they term

the “intersegmental sclerite”. Lehrer (1971a)

demonstrates that this “intersegmental sclerite”

is part of tergite 5, joined narrowly to the other

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166 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

elements recognised by Zumpt & Heinz (l.c.).

Lehrer refers to these two elements of t.5 as

hemitergites.

Male postabdomen: components of the

hypopygium

Unfortunately, a favourite “sport” of syrphid

morphologists and taxonomists has been to de-

velop their own individual theories on the ho-

mologies of the component sclerites and struc-

tures of the hypopygium, and to accompany each

theory with its own set of names for the sclerites

involved. For instance, the main external plate of

the hypopygium bears on its outer end a pair of

appendages, to be seen on either side of, and just

distal to, the cerci. These appendages have var-

iously been called dististyli, gonopods, gonostyli,

ninth coxites, paralobi, styli and surstyli. Matsuda

(1976) points out that attempts to homologise

sclerites of the male ano-genital complex of one

family of Diptera with those either of the geni-

talia of other Diptera or of the original segments

of the abdomen of Insecta in general are almost

inevitably doomed to failure, because (a) they do

not arise ontogenetically from homologous pri-

mordia in different families, and (b) secondary

structures with no antecedents elsewhere are

found repeatedly. It would thus appear that to

attempt to name all parts of the syrphid hypop-

ygium in such a way as to suggest precise homol-

ogies for the individual sclerites is by and large

pointless. The names employed in this text for

parts of the hypopygium are chosen from among

existing terms which do not suggest particular

origins for sclerites. This approach is the con-

verse of that employed by McAlpine (1981).

When at rest tucked into the end of the pre-

abdomen (figs. 47, 48) the most obvious feature

of the hypopygium is the convex rim of a scoop-

shaped sclerite (behind which the other struc-

tures are hidden from view) bearing the closely

opposed cerci in a membraneous cleft on its distal

edge, which is oriented to point towards the

head-end of the fly. This scoop-shaped sclerite is

referred to here as the basale, which is joined

round its basal rim to the distal rim of tergite 8.

At the distal end of the basale, more or less

flanking the cerci, are attached a pair of appen-

dages here termed the szyli. The styli are articu-

lated to the basale rather than fused with it, and

on the inner wall of the basale are continuous

with a weakly sclerotised plate here called the

minis. They may be simple, thumb-shaped pie-

ces, as in Eristalis (fig. 51), or more complex

structures with more than one lobe.

The main structure concealed within the ba-

sale when the hypopygium is at rest is the theca.

The theca is essentially a sclerotised tube contain-

ing the aedeagus, but it usually carries sclerotised

terminal lobes of some complexity which vary

considerably in their form from species to species

and genus to genus. The theca articulates to the

inner edge of the basal rim of the basale. The

terminal lobes of the theca are the /mgula and the

paired superior lobes. In its simplest form the

lingula is a digitate or pointed projection, as in

Syrphus (fig. 49). It may also be absent, as in

Eristalis (fig. 51). The paired superior lobes may

be either articulated to or fused with the main

body of the theca. In many Syrphinae they artic-

ulate to cuticular outgrowths of the theca known

as the lateral arms (fig. 49). In Microdon the

theca is largely membraneous and carries no

structure that could be homologised with either

lingula or superior lobes (fig. 50).

Three principal elements have been identified

in the syrphid aedeagus. The most distal of these

is the ##bus, most often a weakly sclerotised,

trumpet-shaped sclerite, which protrudes beyond

the end of the theca (fig. 49). The tubus may be

entirely lacking (e.g. in Eristalis, fig. 51). The

tubus passes down into the pyxzs, a roughly ring-

shaped sclerite which sits in the mouth of the

theca, with which its outer edge articulates. The

pyxis may itself carry a pair of sclerotised, rather

hook-like outgrowths known as the harpes,

which often project from within the theca (fig.

51). Beneath the pyxis and articulated to it is the

aedeagal apodeme, the tip of which is external

and may be visible within the theca (fig. 49).

Microdon again differs significantly from other

hoverflies in possessing a pair of simple, whip-

like sclerotised tubes as the sole aedeagal struc-

tures protruding from and contained within the

theca. Metcalf (1921) recognised a structure deep

within the hypopygium of Mzcrodon as homolo-

gous with the pyxis of other syrphids.

This rather basic account of the principal com-

ponents of the syrphid hypopygium falls far

short of providing a reasonable indication of the

range of variation they exhibit in different ho-

verflies. But in this one family of flies these struc-

tures exhibit a quite remarkable range of forms

and the male genitalia of many syrphid species

have been illustrated elsewhere recently: see

Dusek & Laska (1964, 1967), Gaunitz (1960,

1966, 1969), Glumac (1960), Goeldlin (1976),

Hippa (1968, 1978), Metcalf (1921), Thompson

(1972), and Vockeroth (1969).

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 167

mtes

st?

44 45

Fig. 44, Neoascia podagrica, male (left) and female (right), abdomen, dorsal view. Fig. 45, Sphegina clunipes,

female, base of abdomen, ventral view. Fig. 46, Neocnemodon latitarsis, male, basal abdominal segments, lateral

view, left side. Fig. 47, Eristalis tenax, male abdomen, ventral view. Fig. 48, Microdon mutabilis, male abdomen,

ventral view.

168 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Female abdomen

Matsuda (1976) interprets the abdomen of fe-

male syrphids as comprising discernible ele-

ments of nine segments, plus the cerci. An alter-

native interpretation is provided by Lehrer

(1971b), who follows Herting (1957) in identi-

fying elements of ten segments plus the cerci.

Matsuda (l.c.) points out that the nine segments

he recognises cannot be assumed to be homolo-

gous in all dipteran families, because of the pos-

sibility that the particular segment which has

been lost is not the same in all instances.

Both Lehrer (l.c.) and Matsuda (l.c.) agree in

numbering the first eight visible abdominal seg-

ments of female syrphids from 1 to 8, sequen-

tially, with each segment represented by a tergite

and sternite. The first 7 segments each carry a

spiracle. The spiracles lie in the membrane be-

tween tergite and sternite towards the anterior

end of each segment, except in the case of the lst

abdominal spiracle, which is more frequently

found entirely or partly enclosed within the pos-

terior part of the metathoracic epimeron.

Beyond the eighth segment the situation be-

comes confused. Dorsally, Matsuda recognises a

tergite 9 flanked by the cerci. Matsuda’s tergite 9

is Lehrer’s tergite 10 and the epiproct or proc-

tiger of some other authors. For Lehrer, tergite

9 is identified with a pair of tiny lateral sclerites

that are unconnected externally. These rudimen-

tary plates are not mentioned by Matsuda.

Ventrally, Matsuda identifies in his text “the

definitive 9th sternum or the postgenital plate as

seen in Eristalis”. He thus interprets this “ post-

genital plate” as sternite 9.

In the range of Syrphidae examined for pur-

poses of the present account, the number of scler-

ites noted distal to the eighth tergite and sternite

is not consistent. For instance, in Syrphus no

dorsal sclerites distal to tergite 8 are found, al-

though at least one additional dorsal sclerite dis-

tal to tergite 8 occurs in many other genera.

Similarly, although in Erzstalis a narrow sclero-

tised strip (st. 9 of Lehrer) occurs distal to ster-

nite 8 and basal to the genital opening, this

sclerotised strip is not present in other genera

examined. Further, there are indications that se-

condary sclerotisation of membranous areas has

on occasion occurred, as in Eumerus (fig. 55, 55).

What terminology to use for sclerites in the

female abdomen posterior to tergite and sternite

8 is problematic. Lehrer's (l.c.) argument that the

so-called “tergite 9” of Matsuda and McAlpine is

in reality tergite 10 is persuasive. And if the

designation tergite 9 is retained for this plate,

what are the small lateral sclerites regarded as

tergite 9 by Lehrer? Authors other than Lehrer

have conveniently ignored any mention of these

lateral sclerites. Neither of the terms epiproct

and proctiger can be used for the “tergite 9” of

Matsuda and McAlpine because both have partic-

ular morphological connotations. Further, the

morphological definition of these terms varies

with author, as a comparison of the definitions in

McAlpine and Tuxen (1970) demonstrates.

Probably the most neutral of the available terms

that have been applied to this sclerite in Diptera

is the supra-anal plate, so that is what it has been

termed here (see fig. 53 onwards, sap).

The pair of lateral sclerites regarded by Lehrer

(l.c.) as derived from tergite 9 are not given any

particular designation here. They are indicated in

fig. 57 (fig. 57, /s). Lehrer was able to detect these

sclerities in Ceriana, Volucella and Xylota, as well

as in Eristalis.

Considering the ventral abdominal sclerites

distal to sternite 8, Eristalis appears to be excep-

tional in exhibiting the sclerotised strip regarded

by Lehrer (1.c.) as sternite 9. In the other species

examined (including Volucella bombylans and V.

pellucens) during preparation of this account the

most that is visible in this position is a median,

membranous flap which serves as an egg guide.

Seeing the uncertain homology of this feature it

is referred to here not as sternite 9 but as the

ventral egg-guide (figs. 56 07, vg).

A pair of lateral sclerotised or membraneous

egg guides may also be present. They have been

identified by Lehrer as elements of tergite 9.

Since they are linked by a sclerotised bar passing

along the upper margin of the genital opening,

these lateral egg guides may be of sternal origin.

The lateral egg guides are well exemplified by

Volucella (fig. 58, lg). In Eristalis and Sericomyia

the ventral egg-guide is well-developed but the

lateral ones are lacking, while in Syrphus no egg-

guides are differentiated (figs. 56—62).

The terminal ventral sclerite of the abdomen

is the sternite 9 or post-genital plate of Cramp-

ton (1942), Matsuda (1976) and McAlpine

(1981), which is sternite 10 of Lehrer (1971b).

This plate appears to be universally present.

Since its homology is questionable it is referred

to here as the sub-anal plate (fig. 56 onwards,

sup). The anus is located between the sub-anal

plate and the supra-anal plate and is flanked by

the cerci, which are generally recognised as being

derived from the original eleventh abdominal

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 169

Fig. 49, Syrphus ribesti, male, hypopigium, lateral view. Fig. 50, Microdon mutabilis, male, hypopygium, lateral

view. Fig. 51, Eristalis tenax, male hypopygium, lateral view.

segment. In Syrphus, where the supra-anal plate

is lacking, the cerci come to occupy a mid-dorsal

position (fig. 60).

In many syrphids the abdominal segments

posterior to segment 5 are hardly visible when at

rest, being then retracted telescopically into seg-

ment 5, but they do not really form a distinct sub-

region of the abdomen as in the male. These

terminal segments may be modified to form an

ovipositor as long as or even longer than the first

five abdominal segments together, the elonga-

tion being achieved primarily by widening the

bands of intersegmental membrane, as in

Eristalis and Sericomyia (figs. 53, 54). In

Eumerus a similar result is achieved by elonga-

tion of the largely membraneous segment 8. Also

in Eumerus, secondary sclerotisation of the atten-

uated bands of intersegmental membrane has

produced a "false segment” between segments 6

and 7 and another "false segment” between seg-

ments 8 and 9. In the latter case a complete ring

of sclerotised membrane has formed (fig. 55, 55).

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYRPHIDAE

AND GENERA ALLIED TO MICRODON

Repeated references are made during course of

this account to differences existing between the

morphology of Microdon and the morphology of

other syrphids. Various of these differences e.g.

in Microdon’s mouthparts, have not been alluded

to in other texts. Microdon and allied genera have

until recently usually been regarded as constitut-

ing a separate subfamily, the Microdontinae,

within the Syrphidae.

Thompson (1969) reviewed the genera con-

170 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

x &

vg AG 55

Fig. 52, Syrphus ribesti, female, abdomen, lateral view, right side. Fig. 53, Eristalis tenax, female, abdomen, lateral

view, right side. Fig. 54, Sericomyia silentis, female, abdomen, lateral view, right side. Fig. 55, Eumerus strigatus,

female, distal abdominal segments, lateral view, right side.

171

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae

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172 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

signed to the Microdontinae and provided a de-

finition of the subfamily, based upon both adult

and larval characteristics. He concluded that “the

Microdontines should be considered the first div-

ergence in the phylogeny of the family (Syrphi-

dae)”. He further remarked that the “strongly

plesiomorphic nature of the subfamily suggests

that the microdons might best be considered as

a separate family”. In a later paper Thompson

(1972) separated the Microdontidae from the

Syrphidae. The additional data provided in the

present account would tend to support Thomp-

son's action, but does only relate to the European

genus Microdon. If the other microdontine

genera differ from the rest of the syrphids in

these same ways, there would seem little justifi-

cation for retaining the Microdontinae within

the Syrphidae.

The incongruity attendent upon retention of

the Microdontinae within the Syrphidae is high-

lighted by bringing into consideration the degree

of morphological difference found between other

dipteran groups currently recognised as separate

families. However, Thompson’s recognition of

the family Microdontidae has not been adopted

by other authors. For that reason Microdon has

been included in this account of syrphid mor-

phology, despite the present author's doubt that

the genus belongs in the family Syrphidae.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES

a: arista of antenna

A: first anal vein of wing

aa: aedeagal apodeme of aedeagus of

male genitalia

ac: anteclypeus

ae: aedeagus of Microdon male genita-

lia

acs: anterior cervical sclerite

acx: anterior mesocoxite of middle leg

al: alula of wing

am: aristomere

an: anal cell of wing

ans: anapleural suture of mesothoracic

pleura

as: antecostal suture

at: acrotergite of mesothoracic notum

att: anterior tentorial pit

au: auxillia of pretarsus of leg

ax,, etC.: axillary sclerite 1, etc.

Babe first and second basal cells of wings

ba: basale of hypopygium of male geni-

talia

bat: buccal arm of anterior tentorial sul-

cus

be:

br:

bs:

bt:

buccal cavity

barrette: probably the katepimeron

of the mesothoracic pleura

prothoracic basisternum

basitarsus of leg

costal vein of wing

presutural callus of mesonotum of

thorax

lower calypter of wing

upper calypter of wing

cervical condyle of postoccipital

sclerite

cercus of terminal segment of abdo-

men

claw of pretarsus of leg

clypeal sclerite in Microdon

first and second costal cells of wing

ceratostyle

anterior cubitus vein of wing

posterior cubitus vein of wing

coxa

posterior mesocoxite of middle leg

discal cell of wing

compound eye

empodium of pretarsus of leg

face

femur of leg

frons

frontal tubercle

facial sulcus

facial tubercle

furca of labellum of labium

gena

first segment of flagellum of an-

tenna

hypopharynx

haltere

hypostomal bridge

head capsule

harpes of aedeagus of male genita-

lia

hypostomal sulcus

humeral cross-vein of wing

humeral plate of wing-base

hypoglossa of labium

lunule

lateral arm of theca of hypopygium

of male genitalia

lateral cervical sclerite

labellum

lingula of theca of hypopygium of

male genitalia

labrum

lateral postnotal sclerite of meson-

otum

pec:

pes:

SPEIGHT: Morphology of Syrphidae 173

median vein of wing

branches of median vein of wing

marginal cell of wing

anepisternites of

pleura

mesofurcal pit

median-cubital cross-vein of wing

median mesocoxite of middle leg

mesepimeral sclerite of mesotho-

racic pleura

median hypostomal suture

katepisternum of mesothoracic

pleura

mesonotal prescutum

premental sclerite of the labtum

mesosternal presternum

meropleurite of mesothoracic

pleura

mesoscutum of mesonotum

scutellar lobe of mesonotum

median postnotal sclerite of me-

sonotum

basisternum of metathoracic ster-

num

epimeron of metathoracic pleura

metepimeral callus of metathoracic

pleura

epimeral spine of the metathoracic

pleura

metathoracic notum

precoxale of metathoracic pleura

episternum of metathoracic pleura

furcasternum of metathoracic ster-

num

anterior mesosternal furcasternum

posterior mesosternal furcaster-

num

mid-ventral thoracic suture

maxillary stylet

maxillary palp

ocular arm of anterior tentorial sul-

cus

post-ocular orbits

orbital strip of face

post-occipital sclerite

ocellar triangle

pedicel of antenna

antepronotum of pronotum of

thorax

postclypeus

premetaxocal bridge

postcranial carina

posterior cervial sclerite

proepimeron of propleura

postgena

mesothoracic

SPs:

SS:

ssu:

st SE mete:

st2a:

stg:

sy:

tete:

tan ntar:

tc:

tg:

th:

tho:

ti:

tp:

tr:

trc:

USE

tt:

pleural suture of mesopleura

postpronotal sclerite of pronotum

of thorax

posterior cell of wing

post-metaxocal bridge

proepisternum of propleura

prothoracic furcasternum

radial vein of wing

radial-median cross-vein of wing

branches of the radial-sector vein of

the wing

scape of antenna

subalare

band of sensilla on postgena

subcostal vein of wing

subcostal cell of wing

postalar callus of mesonotum of

thorax

subcostal-radial cross-vein of wing

sella of cervical organ

sensilla of cervical organ

sensory pit of 3rd antennal seg-

ment

superior lobe of theca of male geni-

talia

submarginal cell of wing

spiracle

spiracular sclerite of Microdon

thorax

secondary sclerite

parasagittal sulcus of head capsule

sternum of first abdominal seg-

ment, second abdominal segment,

etc.

anterior sclerite of abdominal ster-

nite 2

stigma of wing

stylus of basale of hypopygium of

male genitalia

tergite of first abdominal segment,

second abdominal segment, etc.

tarsal segments of leg

callus of 2nd tergite of abdomen

tegula

theca of hypopygium of male geni-

talia

thorax

tibia of leg

posterior tentorial pit of head cap-

sule

trochanter of leg

trochanteral process of posterior

mesocoxite of middle leg

transverse sulcus

tempota of head capsule

174 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

tu: tubus of aedeagus of male genitalia

u: pulvillus of pretarsus of leg

v: vertex of head capsule

vs: vena spuria of wing

vv: postvertex of head capsule

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Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 177—209

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ORIENTAL

PRASIINI. 3.

THE FATILOQUA AND PARVULA GROUPS OF

THE GENUS LEMBEJA DISTANT, 1892

(HOMOPTERA, TIBICINIDAE)

M. R. DE JONG

Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT

Tentative concepts for two species-groups of the genus Lembeja Distant, 1892, the fati/oqua

and the parvula group, are presented. The widely distributed fatılogua group incorporates

ten species, viz., Lembeja fatiloqua (Stal, 1870) from Mindanao (Philippines) and North

Borneo, L. consanguinea n.sp. from North Sulawesi, L. maculosa (Distant, 1883), L. frub-

storferi Distant, 1897, L. heftincki n.sp., L. sanguinolenta Distant, 1909, and L. tincta (Distant,

1909) from South Sulawesi, L. roehli Schmidt, 1925 from Sumba, L. sumbawensis n.sp.

from Sumbawa, and L. paradoxa (Karsch, 1890) from SE New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands

and Cape York Peninsula. The parvula group is confined to Sulawesi with two species,

viz., L. parvula n.sp. from South Sulawesi and L. wallace n.sp. from North Sulawesi. Char-

acters and character states are discussed in connection with the supposed monophyletic

status of the species-groups. All species but L. paradoxa are (re)described and structures

of taxonomic importance as well as the whole insects are depicted. A key to males and

females is presented.

INTRODUCTION

In previous publications (De Jong, 1985, 1986)

on the Oriental Prasiini, the genus Prasia Stal,

1863, and the foliata group of the genus Lembeja

Distant, 1892, have been defined and the species

incorporated have been (re)described. The pres-

ent studies of the fatzlogua and parvula groups

of the genus Lembeja are further contributions

to a revision of the oriental Prasiini (see also

De Jong & Duffels, 1981; De Jong, 1982). For

a review on the history of the genus the reader

is referred to De Jong (1986).

CONCEPTS OF THE FATILOQUA AND THE

PARVULA GROUPS

(with notes on their relationships and

distribution)

Monophyly of the fatslogua group

The fatiloqua group is characterized by a mod-

erately to strongly developed, longitudinal me-

dial dent in the male tergite 1, which ts con-

177

sidered a synapomorphous character for the

species of the group.

Another highly characteristic feature of the

group is the capability of the males to inflate

their abdomen in a probably unique manner (see

Moulds, 1975). The tergites 3—6, when tele-

scoping from under their preceding tergites,

show clearly the, sometimes broad, intersegmen-

tal membranes. This feature is also displayed

by the African genus Irwana Distant, 1905

(Boulard, 1975, 1981, 1985). This genus was for-

merly attributed to the Prasiini (Metcalf, 1963),

but is probably more related to other genera

than to those constituting the Prasiini. The tel-

escoping abdomen most probably developed in-

dependently in the two groups.

Species attributed to the fatilogua group are

L. consanguinea n.sp., L. fatilogua (Stal, 1870),

L. frubstorferi Distant, 1897, L. lieftincki n.sp.,

L. maculosa (Distant, 1883), L. paradoxa

(Karsch, 1890), L. roehli Schmidt, 1925, L. san-

guinolenta Distant, 1909, L. sumbawensis n.sp.

and L. tincta (Distant, 1909).

178 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Monophyly of the parvula group

The parvula group is characterized by the ob-

liquely hindwards running edge of the pygofer

between the lateral lobe and the caudodorsal

beak, which is considered a synapomorphy for

the species of the group.

Furthermore, the wings have five apical areas

instead of the usual number of six. This character

state is also displayed by an undescribed species

from New Guinea, belonging to the Oriental

Prasiini. Because this species is probably more

related to one, or more, of the other species-

groups or genera, than it is to the parvula group,

this character state cannot be used as a strong

synapomorphy for the species of the parvula

group.

Finally, the male tergite 1 is only very slightly

medially dented in the parvula group.

Species attributed to the parvula group are

L. parvula n.sp. and L. wallacei n.sp.

Relationships within the species-groups

Some character states suggest that the fatz-

loqua group can be divided into several sub-

groups. As there is no evidence yet whether the

character states involved are to be interpreted

as plesio- or apomorphic, a possible subdivision

of the species-group is postponed until outgroup

comparison provides more information on those

characters. These characters are:

Pigmentation of tegmina. — The males of

five species have unspotted (sub)hyaline teg-

mina, viz., Lembeja fatiloqua, L. maculosa, L.

roehli, L. sumbawensis n.sp. and L. tincta. The

males of four species have spotted tegmina: L.

consanguinea n.sp., L. lieftincki n.sp., L. paradoxa

and L. sanguinolenta. The remaining species, L.

fruhstorferi, is known only from its female hol-

otype. The female tegmina are spotted, except

in L. fatiloqua, L. roehli and L. sumbawensis n.sp.

Apical lobes of the aedeagus. — All species

with spotted tegmina in the males possess an

aedeagus with long, rounded apical lobes, where-

as those with unspotted male tegmina have an

aedeagus with short, pointed to rounded, apical

lobes or without lobes. However, one undes-

cribed species with spotted tegmina, only known

from poor material, is provided with an aedeagus

with short and pointed lobes.

Uncus. — The males of three species, viz.,

L. consanguinea n.sp., L. leftincki n.sp. and L.

sanguinolenta, have an uncus that is enlarged

medially above the claspers.

The small-sized species of the parvula group

are very similar to one another.

Relationships between the fatiloqua and the par-

vila groups

The male tergite 1 is medially slightly dented

near its proximal border in the parvula group,

and moderately to strongly dented in the fatz-

loqua group. On account of the more or less

strongly developed medial dent the groups are

tentatively regarded sister-groups.

Distribution of the fatzlogua and parvula groups

The fatılogua group is by far the most wide-

spread group of the genus. It is distributed from

Mindanao (Philippines), North Borneo, North

and South Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggarah (Lesser

Sunda Islands), SE New Guinea, Torres Strait

Islands up to the Cape York Peninsula (North

Queensland).

The parvula group is distributed in North and

South Sulawesi.

Both groups show a distribution that seems

hard to reconcile with their supposed monophy-

letic origins. Both the fatzlogua group and the

parvula group show a peculiar disjunction in Su-

lawesi by their restricted occurrence in the most

eastern part of the Minahassa Peninsula and in

the most southern part of the island; no repre-

sentatives of these groups are found in Central

Sulawesi. The collections made by the brothers

Sarasin in Central Sulawesi at the end of the

19th century, as well as recent collecting during

Operation Drake in Morowali N.P. in 1980 and

by Dr J. P. & Mrs M. J. Duffels, and Mr J. van

Tol in Lore-Lindu N.P. in 1985, did not provide

any material belonging to these two species-

groups.

L. paradoxa of the fatiloqua group has a widely

remote distribution in SE New Guinea, the

Torres Strait Islands and the Cape York Penin-

sula of Australia; no other representatives of

the group are found in New Guinea.

DEPOSITORIES

The abbreviations given below have been used

in the list of material and throughout the text.

BIN Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Na-

tuurwetenschappen, Brussel

BISH Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu

BMNH British Museum (Natural History),

London

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 179

DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut,

Eberswalde

FSC Florida State Collection, Gainesville

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har-

vard University, Cambridge

MW Institut Zoologique, Warszawa

MZB = Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bo-

gor

NBM Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel

NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien

NMWC Natural Museum Wales, Cardiff

NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock-

holm

RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histo-

rie, Leiden

SMD Staatliches Museum fiir Tierkunde,

Dresden

SMN Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde,

Stuttgart

TMB Természettudomany Muzeum, Buda-

pest 3

USNM United States National Museum,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington

ZIM Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches

Museum, Hamburg

ZMA — Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie,

Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam

ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Mün-

chen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very obliged to Dr J. P. Duffels, Dr P.

J. Oosterbroek and Prof. Dr J. H. Stock for critical

reading of the manuscript.

The material studied was gratefully received

from Mr R. Detry (BIN); Dr F. J. Radovsky

and Dr C. A. Samuelson (BISH); Dr W.J. Knight,

Mr M. D. Webb and Mr P. S. Broomfield

(BMNH); Prof. Dr H. J. Müller, Dr G. Petersen

and Dr A. Tiger (DEI); Dr J. B. Heppner (FSC);

Mrs M. K. Thayer (MCZ); Dr E. Kierych (MW);

Dr S. Adisoemarto (MZB); Dr M. Brancucci

(NBM); Dr A. Kaltenbach cs. (NHMW); Dr

M. F. Claridge (NMWC); Dr P. Lindskog (NRS);

Dr P. H. van Doesburg and Mr J. van Tol

(RMNH); Dr E. Emmrich (SMD); Mr F. Heller

(SMN); Dr Z. Kaszab (TMB); Dr R. C.

Froeschner (USNM); Prof. Dr H. Striimpel

(ZIM) and Dr M. Baehr (ZSM). This paper is

based in part on material collected whilst the

author was a participant on Project Wallace,

sponsored by the Royal Entomological Society

of London and the Indonesian Institute of Sci-

ences (Results of Project Wallace No. 32).

I am indebted to Mr G. Verlaan and Mr J.

Zaagman for technical assistance and to Mr L.

van der Laan for the photographs.

The participation of Dr J. P. Duffels in the

‘Project Wallace” expedition was supported by

the Netherlands Foundation for the Advance-

ment of Tropical Research (WOTRO:

WR85—197).

The present investigations were supported by

the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Re-

search (BION), which is subsidized by the

Netherlands Organization for the Advancement

of Pure Research (ZWO).

TAXONOMY

A short characterization of each species-group

will preceed the descriptions of the species, in-

cluded in the group.

All methods of investigation follow De Jong

(1985, 1986). The female genitalia will be de-

scribed and discussed separately in a paper deal-

ing with the female genitalia of the oriental Pra-

siini.

Key to the species of the fatilogua and parvula

groups

1. Wings with 6 apical areas. Medium-sized to

large species (body length @: 17.9—21.8 mm,

Q: 14.9—24.5 mm). @: tergite 1 with a strong

longitudinal medialdent eine are

I EASES MEANS ENTER MENT fatiloqua group 2

— Wings with 5 apical areas. Small-sized spe-

cies (body length &: 12.5—16.2 mm, Q:

11.8—13.7 mm). & : tergite 1 with a weak,

proximal medial dent parvula group 19

2. Tegmina (sub)hyaline, spotted ......... 3

— Tegmina (sub)hyaline, unspotted, some-

times greenish or yellowish opaque .... 12

. Males

4. Abdomen with large mediodorsal spines on

segments 4—7. Papua New Guinea, Torres

Strait islands, Cape York Peninsula

NO e A le PS paradoxa

— Abdomen without such large spines. Su-

lawesin a. QE ae, ile vain ee ARS 5

5. Body green; aedeagus provided with dorsal

aedeagal appendage. North Sulawesi ......

Sat AMR cene TE consanguinea

— Body brownish, reddish or ochreous; aedea-

gus without dorsal aedeagal appendage.

South Sulawesim EE MIE ee

6. Medium-sized species (body length:

21.4—21.6 mm); tegmina, though spotted,

reasonably hyaline. Median uncus part amply

180

10.

JUL,

. Body orange-yellowish and large

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

enlarged in the shape of a tube-like structure.

SOUTISUAw SIR ire lieftincki

Large species (body length: 24.6 mm); teg-

mina heavily pigmented with red. Median

uncus part only slightly enlarged. South Su-

IEA SIE Tae rn Ne sanguinolenta

. Abdomen with three longitudinal fasciae:

one distinct, dorsal medial fascia and two

broad, lateral fasciae

Abdomen monochromous, or with faint fas-

ciae

. Body dark ochreous; tegmen areas finely

stippled; ovipositor sheath 0.4—0.41 X as

long as abdomen. South Sulawesi

Beare I Gee on trees me dent eeen lieftincki

Body virescent to orange-yellowish, with

light pale ochreous; tegmen areas patchy

stippled; ovipositor sheath 0.25 X as long

as abdomen. South Sulawesi ........ tincta

. Body and tegmina green; tegmen areas with

a faint stippling. North Sulawesi

LSE RE RER BUOI OAT consanguinea

Body and tegmina variably coloured; tegmen

areas with a distinct stippling

Pigmentation along tegmen veins distinct

and dark-coloured. Papua New Guinea,

Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula

RÉPARER RAM SHARE paradoxa

Pigmentation along tegmen veins weak.

South Sulawesi AE RE PRE 11

Large species (body length: 25.9 mm); stip-

pling in tegmen areas patchy. South Sulawesi

PRA ST OR Bepi; frubstorferi

Medium-sized species (body length:

17.3—19.1 mm); stippling in tegmen areas

relatively fine. South Sulawesi ... maculosa

Male RE IAE ee 15

Females RER sea se Fee RE 17

Tecra VA LI ss ee aoe 14

Tegmina opaque; tymbal with 17—19 pairs

of alternating ridges; genitalia as in figs.

18—21. Sumbawa .......... sumbawensis

. Aedeagus long and slender (figs. 6—8, 23,

DO DS I en palo sth 15

Aedeagus short and sturdy (figs. 12—14,

LIZ)

. Body size: 17.9—21.8 mm; tymbal with 15

pairs of alternating ridges; genitalia as in

figs. 6—9. Mindanao, North Borneo

ML PAPAS AS ADO AT ce aio EPS fatiloqua

Body size: 22.3—24.2 mm; tymbal usually

with 14 pairs of alternating ridges; genitalia

as in figs. 23, 25, 26, 28. South Sulawesi

IR LU AL RM EI AE AVES A ME ES, maculosa

(body

length: 22.8—26.2 mm); aedeagus with

hooked apex provided with two pointed

flaps» South) Sulawesi: 295 ee tincta

Body greenish-yellow and medium-sized

(body length: 18.8—22.9 mm); aedeagus

straight without apical flaps. Sumba ......

17. Tegmina hyaline. Mindanao, North Borneo,

Sumba 18

Tegmina orange-greenish opaque. Sumbawa

Ae LSS ETEN sumbawensis

Large species (body length: 17.9—20.9 mm);

ovipositor sheath 0.22—0.26 X as long as

abdomen. Mindanao, North Borneo

vene ad ies ae EEE fatiloqua

Small species (body length: 149—16.1 mm);

ovipositor sheath 0.32—0.33 X as long as

abdomen: Sumba roehli

6: body ochreous; tegmen areas unspotted,

veins with some markings; genitalia as in

figs. 61—64, 66. 2: body brownish-ochreous;

abdomen with three longitudinal fasciae: one

- dorsal medial fascia and two broad lateral

fasciae. South Sulawesi .......... parvula

6: body green; 8th apical and 4th ulnar areas

of tegmen spotted; genitalia as in figs.

68— 71, 73. Q: body dark-brown, abdomen

usually without fasciae. North Sulawesi ....

wallacei

18.

10},

The material studied contained several un-

identified males and females belonging to the

fatiloqua group. Three females with pigmented

tegmina, viz., two from North Sulawesi (a small

one from Edwards Camp in the Dumoga-Bone

N.P. (RMNH), and a large one from Gunung

Muajat, east of Kotamobagu (BMNH)), and a

small one from South Sulawesi (Watampone

(MZB)); two females with opaque tegmina, one

from Flores (SMD) and one from Sumbawa

(NRS); a large female with hyaline tegmina from

Sangihe island (RMNH). Furthermore, two

males (representing one species) with pig-

mented tegmina from North Sulawesi (Labua-

nika (ZMA)); two males with hyaline tegmina,

one of which from South Sulawesi (Assumpati

(BMNH)), and one from North Sulawesi (Ton-

sealama (MCZ)); three males with opaque teg-

mina, one from Lombok (Sapit (NHMW)), and

two males (representing one species) from Sum-

bawa (SMD; BMNH).

The Lembeja fatiloqua group

Head triangularly to obconically protruding in

dorsal view. Antennal segment 1 long. Male

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 181

Figs. 1—5. The L. fatilogua group: 1, male abdomen, ventral view, Lembeja tincta; 2, head and pronotum, lateral

view, L. lieftincki; 3, left tymbal, lateral view, L. fatiloqua; 4, female femur, lateral view, L. fatiloqua; 5, right tegmen

and wing, L. fatiloqua.

182 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

opercula small, not covering tymbal cavities. Teg-

mina (sub)hyaline or opaque, with or without

spots along the veins and inside the tegmen cells.

Abdomen in males moderately to strongly cari-

nate along tergites 37. Tergites strongly folded

laterally, forming a ridge on each side of the

sternites. Intersegmental membranes sometimes

clearly exposed. Tergite 1 bulbous, usually with

two short lateroproximal flaps, and provided

with a moderately to strongly developed, medial

longitudinal dent. Sternite 1 triangular and small.

Folded membranes and mirrors medium-sized,

sometimes in an angle of 90° with one another.

Tymbals with 12—20 long ridges, alternating

usually with an equal number of short ridges.

Abdomen in females slender, carinate dorsally; in

lateral view convex from tergite 3—8. Ovipositor

sheath extending beyond caudodorsal beak. Lat-

eral lobes of pygofer usually short and concave on

the outer surface. Claspers vary from short and

curved to long and elongate; ventrally usually

concave. Median uncus part usually slightly com-

pressed, sometimes enlarged to a short to some-

what longer tube, just above the claspers. Aedea-

gus long and slender to short and more sturdy;

apex rounded, or with two short to long lobes.

Only one species (L. consanguinea n.sp.) pro-

vided with an unsclerotized, dorsal aedeagal ap-

pendage.

Lembeja fatiloqua (Stal, 1870)

(figs. 6—11, 74, 75; map 1)

Prasia fatiloqua Stal, 1870: 718; Distant, 1892: xiv,

146, PI. 6 figs. 2, 2a—b; Breddin, 1901: 153; Dis-

tant, 1905: 279; Distant, 1906: 184; Distant, 1909:

394; Kato, 1932: 184; de Jong, 1985: 166; de Jong,

1986: 141.

Lembeja fatiloqua; Horvath, 1912: 609; Myers, 1928:

392, 460; Myers, 1929: 52, text fig. 24; Metcalf,

1963: 430; de Jong, 1982: 182; de Jong, 1986: 142.

The following reference was found to relate to

another species: Prasia fatiloqua, Lallemand,

1935: 677 (Sumba specimens belong to Lembeja

roebli Schmidt, 1925).

The male holotype of the species has been

studied at the NRS, by kind permission of Dr P.

Lindskog, in order to establish the identity of the

species.

Description.

Body pale ochreous, sometimes greenish; ab-

domen sometimes slightly darker than remain-

ing part of body. Head and pronotum together

0.92—1.07 X as long as meso- and metanotum

together. Thorax and head together in males

0.63—0.82 X, in females 0.88—1.08 X as long as

abdomen. Greatest width of body in males at the

level of abdominal segment 2 and 3, in females

at lateral angles of pronotum collar.

Head. — Second antennal segment slightly

darker than lst. Eye small, in dorsal view

0.49—0.57 X as wide as width of vertex between

eyes. Ocelli raised. Distance between lateral ocelli

1.0—1.31 X distance between lateral ocellus and

eye. Length of head 1.33—1.49 X as long as width

of vertex between eyes; width of head 1.98—2.13

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Trans-

verse ridges in the same colour as underside of

postclypeus. Rostrum with dark apex reaching

middle trochanter.

Thorax. — Unicoloured. Fissures on prono-

tum not prominent. Pronotum collar 1.96—2.47

X as wide as length of head, 1.41—1.61 X as wide

as width of head head including eyes. Mesonotum

sometimes slightly darker than pronotum. Pa-

ramedian obconical spots recognizable; lateral

ones usually consisting of some dark coloured

spots.

Legs. — Same colour as underside of body.

Basal spine of fore femur blunt, provided with a

small subapical spine. Middle and apical spines

acutely pointed.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina and wings

hyaline; venation whitish to virescent. In teg-

mina transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending

into 3rd one. Corial fold recognizable. Node in

M; present. Cu, and A, forming a small triangle

at tegmen border. Third ulnar area 0.99—1.15 X

as long as Ist one; 4th ulnar area 0.91—1.07 X as

long as radial area. Third apical area 0.78—0.95 X

as long as 4th one. Cu, and A, in wings fused at

81—98% from their origin.

Male: Operculum. — Small, more or less sickle-

shaped; not reaching folded membrane. Long and

pointed meracanthus broad at base.

Abdomen. — Dorsally slightly carinate. Pale

ochreous to sometimes dark-brown. Tergite 1 with

two latero-proximal flaps. Folded membrane al-

most parallel with underside of thorax. Mirrors

medium-sized. Triangular structure between the

folded membranes fairly large.

Tymbals. — Medium-sized, provided with 15

long and 15 intercalary short ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes small, convex inner

surface somewhat swollen, not reaching beyond

anal valves. Caudodorsal beak short, only very

slightly pointed, reaching just beyond anal valves.

Sturdy claspers short, curved and pointed apically.

Median uncus part narrow. Aedeagus long and

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 183

Figs. 6—11. Lembeja fatiloqua; 6—10, &; 11, 9. 6, pygofer, lateral view, Basilan island; 7, apex of aedeagus,

laterodorsal view, Basilan island; 8, pygofer, ventrolateral view, Basilan island; 9, clasper, lateral view, Basilan

island; 10, tergite 1, dorsal view, Davao; 11, sternite 7, ventral view, Davao.

slender. Apex of aedeagus with two short, hardly Abdomen. — Unicoloured; ovipositor sheath

pointed flaps in the shape of a serpent’s tongue. 0.22—0.25 X as long as abdomen.

Female: Operculum. — Small, somewhat sickle- Measurements of the material studied: body

shaped. length @: 17.9—21.8 mm, x = 19.7 + 1.2 mm, 9:

184 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ce:

Lor x BORNEO

PA = [ N

K 4 di

N di N ER Sig

y ( 1 [x

| a

fatiloqua

116° 118° 120°

Map 1. Distribution of L. fatiloqua.

17.9—20.9 mm, x = 19.5 + 1.1 mm, width of

pronotum collar &: 5.0—6.1 mm, x = 5.6 + 0.3

mm, 9: 5.9—7.1 mm, x = 6.4 + 0.5 mm; tegmen

length 8: 22.3—25.0 mm, x = 23.5 + 0.9 mm, 9:

23.7—27.8 mm, x = 25.8 = 1.7 mm.

Distribution. — Mindanao, Island of Basilan

and North Borneo (map 1).

Material examined. — Malaysia, Borneo: Kina

Balu, ex. coll. Oberthur, 1 & (BIN). Philippines:

Basilan Isl., Baker, 2 & (USNM). Mindanao: Bu-

tuan, Prasia fatiloqua Stal, J. G. Myers det., 1 &

(BMNH); Calian, Davao Prov., C. S. Clagg., 19.vi,

Lembeja sp. det. J. P. Duffels, 2 & (MCZ); Cota-

bato, Taylor, 2 & (USNM); Davao, Baker, 2 9

(USNM); same data but: Distant Coll. 1911—383,

1 4 (BMNH); Milbuk, S. del sur, 9—10.vitt.1958,

H. E. Milliron coll., 1 & (BISH); same locality and

collector but: 10.viii.1958, light trap, 1 Q (BISH);

same locality and collector but: 3.2 km NW of,

4.viii.1958, light trap in jungle, 1 & (BISH); Suri-

gao, Baker, 1 ® (USNM); Zamboanga, Baker, 1 6

(USNM); without further specification, Semper, 1

2 (NRS). Philippines, without further specifica-

tion: “Ins./Philipp.” (print), “Semper” (print,

italics), “Typus” (print, dark red label, black ca-

dre), “ Prasia/fatiloqua/Stàl” (handwritten), &

holotype of Prasia fatiloqua (NRS); same data but:

paratypus, 1 & (NRS), J. J. Moursey, 1912—181,

730, 1 6 (BMNH).

122° 124° 126°

Lembeja roehli Schmidt, 1925

(figs. 12—17; map 2)

Lembeja roehli Schmidt, 1925: 42, 43; Jacobi, 1941:

317; de Jong, 1982: 182, 183; de Jong, 1986: 141,

142.

The species is described in comparison with L.

fatiloqua.

Description.

Body size larger than in L. fatiloqua. Pale yel-

lowish to greenish. Head and pronotum together

0.87—1.07 X as long as meso- and metanotum

together. Thorax and head together in males

(depending upon the inflation of the abdomen)

0.61—0.81 X, in females 0.97—1.11 X as long as

abdomen.

Head. — Antennae unicoloured. Eye relatively

small, in dorsal view 0.39—0.48 X as wide as

width of vertex between eyes. Distance between

lateral ocelli 0.69—0.87 X distance between lat-

eral ocullus and eye. Length of head 1.25—1.42

as long as width of vertex between eyes; width

of head 1.82—1.96 X as wide as width of vertex

in between eyes. Rostrum with only slightly

darker apex reaching coxae of middle legs.

Thorax. — Pronotum collar 1.58—1.73 X as

wide as width of head including eyes, 2.14—2.5

X as wide as length of head. Mesonotum unico-

loured.

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini

185

KG N

: Si alle Se

een ii

Figs. 12—17. Lembeja roehli, 12—16, 6; 17, 9. 12, 13, pygofer, 12, ventrolateral view, Waingapu, 13, lateral view,

Waingapu; 14, apex of aedeagus, lateral view, holotype; 15, clasper, lateral view, Waingapu; 16, tergite 1, dorsal

view, Waingapu; 17, sternite 7, ventral view, Melolo.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline; ve-

nation yellowish to whitish. Transverse vein of

2nd ulnar area hardly extending into 3rd one.

Corial fold hardly recognizable. Small node in

M... present. Third ulnar area 0.91—1.1 X as long

as lst one; 4th ulnar area 0.85—1.04 X as long as

radial area. Third apical area 0.79—0.98 X as long

as 4th one. Wings hyaline. Fusion of Cu, and A,

at 81—88% from their origin.

Male: Operculum. —Small, round; just reaching

toided membrane. Long and pointed meracanthus

broad at base.

Abdomen. — Dorsally moderately carinate

from segment 4—7. Usually pale ochreous. Ter-

gite 1 broad. Mirrors relatively small. Abdomen,

when inflated, showing clearly the intersegmental

membranes; in normal position, underside curved

upwards to the posterior in lateral view.

Tymbals. — Provided with 12 long and 12 short

intercalary ridges.

186 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

O roehli

@ sumbawensis

116° 118°

Map 2. Distributions of L. roehli and L. sumbawensis.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes very small; hardly

swollen on convex inner surface, not reaching

beyond anal valves. Caudodorsal beak much less

pointed than in L. fatiloqua. Claspers smaller, but

generally shaped as in L. fatiloqua; apically hardly

pointed. Median uncus part narrow. Aedeagus

short and sturdy. Somewhat swollen apex of ae-

deagus almost round.

Female: Operculum. — Small.

Abdomen. — Unicoloured; ovipositor sheath

0.32—0.33 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the material studied: body

length 4 : 18.8—22.9 mm, x = 20.7 + 1.7 mm, 9:

14.9—16.1 mm; width of pronotum collar 4:

5.3—6.1 mm, x = 5.6 + 0.3 mm, 9: 4.8—5.3 mm;

tegmen length @: 24.1—25.3 mm, x = 24.7 + 0.5

mm, 9: 20.6—22.0 mm.

Distribution. — Sumba island (map 2).

Material examined. — Indonesia, Sumba:

Grelak, "Sumba/Grelak” (print, black cadre), “Ty-

pus” (print, red label, black cadre), “Lembeja/

Roehli Schmidt/Edm. Schmidt/@. determ. 1925”

(partly print, partly handwritten) & holotype of

120° 122° 124°

Lembeja roebli (MW); Kananggar, 700 m, E.

Soemba, v.1925, Dammermann, 1 @ (MZB); La-

luku, E. Sumba, 4.vii, Dr Bühler & Dr Sutter,

Baeturia exbausta Guérin, det. V. Lallemand 1951,

1 6 (NBM); Laora, 100 m, N.W. Sumba, iv.1925,

Dammermann, 3 @ (MZB); Melolo, E. Sumba,

29.v.1949, Dr Biihler & Dr Sutter, Muda obtusa

Walk., det. H. Synave 1951, 1 9(NBM); Prai Ja-

wang, E. Sumba, Rende Wai, 12.vi.1949, Dr Biihler

& Dr Sutter, Baeturia exhausta Guérin, 1 9

(RMNH); Waingapu, i.1932, Prasia fatiloqua Stal,

Lembeja fatiloqua Stal, 1 & (NBM). Specimen

without labels: 1 6 (ZBM).

Remarks.

The taxonomic position of L. roehli within the

species-group is unclear. Though the species is

much like L. fatiloqua, because of the coloration

of the tegmina, some features suggest a close

affinity to L. paradoxa, viz. the telescoping of the

abdomen in the males, and the low number of

ridges on the tymbal organ. The male genitalia,

however, resemble those of L. sumbawensis

n.sp., and, to a certain extent, those of L. tincta.

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prasiini 187

Figs. 18—22. Lembeja sumbawensis, 18—21, holotype; 22, 9 paratype. 18, 19, pygofer, 18, ventrolateral view, 19,

lateral view; 20, apex of aedeagus, lateral view; 21, clasper, lateral view; 22, sternite 7, ventral view.

Lembeja sumbawensis n.sp.

(figs. 18—22, map 2)

The description is made in comparison with L.

fatiloqua.

Description.

Body green to ochreous. Head and pronotum

together 0.94—1.07 X as long as meso- and me-

tanotum together. Head and thorax together in

males 0.76—0.79 X, in females 1.03 X as long as

abdomen.

Head. — Antennae unicoloured. Eye in dorsal

view 0.46—0.56 X as wide as width of vertex in

between eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli

0.78—1.29 X distance between lateral ocellus and

eye. Length of head 1.24—1.41 X as long as width

of vertex between eyes; width of head 1.92—2.11

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Ros-

trum with slightly darker apex.

Thorax. — Unicoloured. Fissures on prono-

tum somewhat deeper than in L. fatiloqua. Pron-

otum collar 2.44—2.89 X as wide as length of

head, 1.57—1.65 X as wide as width of head.

Obconical areas on mesonotum not discernable.

Legs. — Same colour as underside of body.

Basal, pointed spine on fore femora relatively

shorter than in L. fatiloqua; very broad at base.

188 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina opaque,

greenish to ochreous. Venation whitish to green-

ish. Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending

only shortly into 3rd ulnar area. Corial fold not

recognizable. Third ulnar area 0.88—1.03 X as

long as 1st one; 4th ulnar area 0.83—1.0 X as

long as radial area. Third apical area 0.83—0.9 X

as long as 4th one. Wings subhyaline, fusion of

Cu, and A, at 75—85% from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Small, as in L. fatiloqua.

Meracanthus long and pointed.

Abdomen. — On the whole as in L. fatiloqua,

but somewhat more carinate. Lateral flaps of

tergite 1 less pointed.

Tymbal. — Provided with 17—19 long ridges,

alternating with an equal number of short ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes very small, not ex-

tending beyond anal valves. Caudodorsal beak

short and rounded. Claspers relatively small,

hardly pointed. Aedeagus short and sturdy,

slightly incised at apex.

Female: Operculum. — Very small, as in L.

fatiloqua.

Abdomen. — Unicoloured; ovipositor sheath

0.22 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the types: body length &:

17.9—19.5 mm, Q: 14.9 mm; width of pronotum

collar &: 5.4—6.0 mm, 9: 5.3 mm; tegmen length

d&: 22.8—23.0 mm, 9: 22.7 mm.

Distribution. — Sumbawa island (map 2).

Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:

“Soembawa/Coll. Noualhier 1898” (print), “Dis-

tant Coll./1911—383” (print) 1 ¢ holotype of

Lembeja sumbawensis (BMNH). Paratypes:

Sumbawa, Tambora, W. Doherty 1903—31, 1 4

(BMNH). Sumbawa, without precize locality: ex

coll. Fruhstorfer 1 @ (NHMW); same data but:

Lembeja foliata (Walk) Jacobi det., coll. Breddin

1 é (DEI); collectio Haglund, 266—84, 1 9

(NRS).

Etymology. — The species is named after

Sumbawa island.

Remarks.

The species resembles, as far as its genitalia are

concerned, L. roehli very much. Three other re-

lated species with opaque tegmina are recognized

in material from the Lesser Sunda Islands, but

description of these three species has not been

undertaken, because the material is too poor.

Lembeja maculosa (Distant, 1883)

(figs. 23—28; map 3)

Perissoneura maculosa Distant, 1883: 190, pl. 25, figs.

3, 3a—b; Karsch, 1890: 190; Mac-Lachlan, 1891:

320; Jacobi, 1903: 13.

Lembeja maculosa; Distant, 1892: xiv, 147 (in par-

tim); Distant, 1897: 371; Jacobi, 1903: 12, 13; Dis-

tant, 1905: 279; Distant, 1906: 184; Kato, 1932:

189; Metcalf, 1963: 428, 431; De Jong, 1986: 141,

142.

Prasia maculosa; Breddin, 1901: 27, 113, 153.

The following reference was found to pertain

to L. distanti de Jong, 1986: Distant, 1892: xiv:

147 (in partim), pl. 7, 13a—b.

This species is described in comparison with L.

fatiloqua. The males and females of L. maculosa

are differently coloured.

Description.

Body greenish- to yellowish-ochraceous in ma-

les, brownish-ochreous in females (holotype

green). Males larger than in L. fatiloqua. Females

with spotted tegmina, tegmina in males hyaline.

Head and pronotum together 0.9—1.08 X as

long as meso- and metanotum together. Head

and thorax together in males 0.64—0.76 X, in

females 1.01—1.21 X as long as abdomen.

Head. — Antennae unicoloured. Eye in dorsal

view 0.47—0.55 X as wide as width of vertex

between eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli

0.72—1.0 X distance between ocellus and eye.

Length of head 1.28—1.44 X as long as width of

vertex between eyes; width of head 1.84—2.1 X

as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Dark

apex of rostrum reaching middle coxae.

Thorax. — Fissures on pronotum not very

deep. Pronotum collar 2.17—2.57 X as wide as

length of head, 1.5—1.73 X as wide as width of

head. Females with some dark brown patches on

areas between fissures and between fissures and

pronotum collar; central fascia slightly darker

coloured than remaining part of pronotum. Ob-

conical areas on mesonotum hardly discernable.

Female with median longitudinal dark brown

stripe on cruciform elevation.

Legs. — In males with same colour as under-

side body; in females with darker patches. Basal

spine on fore femora long and pointed. Some-

times a small 4th, apically situated spine present.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline in

males, in females spotted regularly along and in

veins and faintly spotted within tegmen cells.

Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending into

3rd ulnar area. Corial fold clearly distinct. Costa

and veins whitish tinged in males, pale-ochreous

in females. Third ulnar area 0.88—1.08 X as long

as lst one; 4th ulnar area 0.91—1.16 X as long

as radial area. Third apical area 0.8—1.01 X as

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 189

Figs. 23—28. Lembeja maculosa; 23—26, 28, & Patunuang; 27, 9 Patunuang. 23, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 24,

tergite 1, dorsal view; 25, clasper, lateral view; 26, apex of aedeagus, laterodorsal view; 27, sternite 7, ventral view;

28, pygofer, lateral view.

190 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

long as 4th one. Wings hyaline, extreme base and

veins whitish in males, red in females. Cu, and A,

fused at 70—89% from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Small, hardly reaching

folded membrane. Meracanthus long and slen-

der.

Abdomen. — Yellow to light brown; carinate.

In lateral view relatively larger than in L. fatilo-

qua. Mirrors relatively smaller than in L. fatzlo-

qua. Tergite 1 with relatively broader flaps.

Tymbals. — Provided with usually 14 (some-

times 15) long ridges with an equal number of

short ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes of pygofer broad,

short and flat, concave on outer and convex on

inner surface. Caudodorsal beak short, bluntly

rounded. Claspers elongate, hardly curved and

only slightly pointed. Median uncus part com-

pressed and narrow. Aedeagus long and slender,

its two apical short lobes acutely pointed.

Female: Operculum. — As in L. fatiloqua.

Abdomen. — Darker coloured than remaining

part of body. Three, usually faint, longitudinal

fasciae, a dorsal, medial narrow one and two

broad lateral ones. Segment 9 with two fairly

broad longitudinal, dark coloured lateral stripes,

just uniting in front of caudodorsal beak. Ovipo-

sitor sheath 0.19—0.24 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the material studied: body

length 8: 22.3—24.2 mm, x = 23.2 + 0.8 mm,

Q: 17.3—19.1 mm, x = 18.4 + 0.6 mm; width of

pronotum collar &: 5.4—6.7 mm, x = 6.3 + 0.4

mm, ® = 6.1—6.7 mm, x = 6.4 + 0.4 mm;

tegmen length @: 24.9—27.9 mm, x = 26.6 + 0.8

mm, 9: 25.2—28.5 mm, x = 26.7 + 1.0 mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi (map 3).

Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi:

Makassar (= Ujung Pandang), leg. Dres. Sarasin,

coll. Breddin, 1 & (DEI); same locality and collec-

tors but: Lembeja fatiloqua (Stal), Jacobi det., 1 9

(DEI); same locality and collectors but: fatiloqua

Stal, coll. A. Jacobi 1910—6, 1 & (SMD); same

locality but: F. Muir, Dec. 1908, 1 9 (BISH);

Patunuang, S. Celebes, Jan. 1896, H. Fruhstorfer,

46 3 9 (NHMW); same data but: 1909—21,

Type, 1 2 (BMNH); same data but: maculosa

Dist., Type, Distant coll. 1911—383, 1 @

(BMNH); same data but: coll. A. Jacobi, 1910—6,

1 & (SMD); same data but: Lembeja maculosa

Dist. 9, 1 9 (TMB); same data but: Prasia faticina

Dist, Cotypus!, Zincta Dist. coll. A. Jacobi

1910—6, 1 @ (SMD); same data but: Prasia sp.,

Dist. coll. 1911—383, 7, 1 8 (BMNH); same data

but: Cystosoma, C. paradoxa S. Celebes, Fruhst.

1900, 12029, 1 9 (SMN); same data but: L. tincta

Dist, Prof. Dr A. Jacobi determ., H. Fruhstorfer

vend. 30.ix.1897, 1 6 (ZIM); Samanga, S. Cele-

bes, Nov. 1895, H. Fruhstorfer, Lembeja macu-

losa Dist. 9, 1 9 (SMD). Sulawesi, without fur-

ther indication: “maculosa/Dist./type”

(handwritten), “maculosa/(Dist)” (yellow label,

handwritten), “A.B. Meyer/Celebes 1871”

(print, yellow label), “coll. A. Jacobi” (print),

‘363’ (handwritten) 9 holotype of Perissoneura

maculosa (SMD).

Remarks.

L. maculosa is very similar to L. fatiloqua in

respect to the male genitalia. Furthermore, the

tymbal in both species is provided with almost

the same number of alternating ridges. A feature

of distinction is the sexual dimorphism in color-

ation of body and tegmina of L. maculosa, which

is also found in L. tincta.

Lembeja tincta (Distant, 1909) n. comb.

(figs. 29—34, 76, 77; map 3)

Prasia tincta Distant, 1909: 393; Gaedike, 1971: 319;

de Jong, 1982: 182; Duffels & v. d. Laan, 1985: 313;

de Jong, 1985: 166; de Jong, 1986: 141.

Lembeja tincta; de Jong, 1986: 142.

This species is described in comparison with L.

maculosa. The different coloration of males and

females reminds that of L. maculosa.

Description.

Body virescent to orange-yellowish in males,

brownish-ochreous to orange-yellowish in fe-

male. Tegmina unspotted in males, spotted in

female. Head and pronotum together 0.86—1.06

X as long as meso- and metanotum together.

Head and thorax together in males 0.61—0.79 X,

in female 0.9 X as long as abdomen.

Head. — Antennae dark-coloured from 2nd

segment to apex. Eye large, in dorsal view

0.54—0.64 X as wide as width of vertex between

eyes. Area between lateral ocelli brownish in fe-

male only. Distance between lateral ocelli

0.74—1.0 X distance between lateral ocellus and

eye. Length of head 1.26—1.43 X as long as width

of vertex between eyes; width of head 2.09—2.27

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Trans-

verse ridges in the ground-colour in male, some-

what darker than ground-colour, especially near

base of rostrum, in female. Rostrum with black

apex reaching middle trochanter.

Thorax. — Pronotum collar 2.47—2.84 X as

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 191

== = 4°

un 3

\ 9

8 ar

0°

| i TS

p ONS 3 9 20

Sf O maculosa

29% B tincta

O lieftincki

Q 2

@ consanguinea 40

ip + fruhstorferi

A parvula

27 È A wallacei

( ici

Q Ns

ze a

120° 122° 124° 126°

Map. 3. Distributions of L. consanguinea, L. frubstorferi, L. lieftincki, L. maculosa, L. sanguinolenta, L. tincta, L.

parvula and L. wallacet.

192 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 29—30. Lembeja tincta, & Lompobatang. 29, 30, pygofer, 29, ventrolateral view, 30, lateral view.

wide as length of head, 1.50—1.76 X as wide as

width of head. Pronotum with fissures more

prominent than in L. maculosa; uniformely vires-

cent or orange-yellowish in males; dark brown

spots between fissures and between fissures and

pronotum collar, and dark-coloured central fascia

and lateral corners of pronotum collar in female.

Mesonotum with four light-coloured obconical

areas in males; obconical areas in female indica-

ted by a whitish edge, and darker coloured in

front of cruciform elevation. Cruciform elevation

in female with dark median longitudinal stripe,

extending on metanotum.

Legs. — Same colour as underside of body in

males; in females with dark patches, basally and

apically, on tibiae and tarsi. Relatively slender

basal spine usually blunt, sometimes with small

subapical spine.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline, with

a virescent tinge, especially in basal half, in ma-

les. Tegmina in female regularly spotted along

and in veins, and more heavily spotted than in-

side tegmen cells of L. maculosa, extreme base

and postcostal area vermillion-red, remainder of

rudimentary vein indicated by two large red pat-

ches, one in the 3rd and one in the 4th ulnar area.

Third ulnar area 0.84—1.06 X as long as lst one;

Ath ulnar area 0.78—0.93 X as long as radial area.

Third apical area 0.74—0.89 X as long as 4th one.

Wings hyaline, extreme base whitish in males,

vermillion-red in female. Fusion of Cu, and A, at

67—86% from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Very small, slightly sic-

kle-shaped, hardly reaching folded membrane.

Meracanthus long and slender.

Abdomen. — Virescent to orange-yellowish,

carinate. Hind edges of tergites 3—6 vermillion-

red. Trapezoid tergite 1 large; longitudinal me-

dial dent not as prominent as in L. maculosa.

Lateroproximal flaps hardly present. Folded

membranes almost parallel with underside of

thorax. Mirrors small.

Tymbals. — Seventeen (sometimes 18) long

ridges, alternating with an equal number of short

intercalary ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes of pygofer slender,

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 193

Figs. 31-34. Lembeja tincta, 31—33, 6; 34, 9. 31, apex of aedeagus, laterodorsal view, Bua Kraeng; 32, tergite

1, dorsal view, Lompobatang; 33, clasper, lateral view, Bua Kraeng; 34, sternite 7, ventral view, Bua Kraeng.

slightly swollen; not reaching beyond anal val-

ves; hardly concave at the outer and convex on

inner surface. Caudodorsal beak medium-sized,

almost pointed. Claspers short, sturdy and cur-

ved. Aedeagus medium-sized, subapically strong-

ly curved; apex with two short pointed flaps.

Female: Operculum. — Small, darker, edges

sometimes lighter. Meracanthus long and slen-

der.

Abdomen. — Three dark-coloured longitudi-

nal fasciae situated as in L. maculosa, but more

conspicuous. Coloration of segment 9 more con-

spicuous than in L. maculosa. Ovipositor sheath,

with dark apex, 0.25 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the material studied: body

length @: 22.8—26.2 mm, x = 24.7 + 0.9 mm,

‘9: 23.2 mm; width of pronotum collar à:

CUTE se —ı 7.2: 803 mma: Vole mm;

tegmen length @: 32.5—34.3 mm, x = 33.6 + 0.6

mm, 9: 33.7 mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi (map 3).

Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: "S.

Celebes/Bua-Kraeng/5000' Febr. 1896/H.

Fruhstorfer” (print, black cadre), "1909— 21”

(print), “Type” (print, round label, red edged),

"syn-type” (print, round label, blue edged),

“Prasta/tincta/Dist./ Type” (handwritten),

“Brit. Mus.” (print) @ holotype of Prasia tincta

(BMNH); same locality and collector but: syn-

type, Prasia tincta, 2 & paratypes of Prasia tincta

(BMNH); same locality and collector, 1 & 1 9

(BMNH) 1 & (NHMW); same locality and col-

lector but: syntypus, Lembeja tincta (Dist) Jacobi

det., 1 @ (DEI); same locality and collector but:

Lembeja fruhstorferi Dist., 1 & (TMB); Lompa-

Battau (= Lompobatang), 3000° Marz 1896, H.

Fruhstorfer, vend. 30.ix.1897, Prof. Dr A. Jacobi

determ., 1 @ (ZIM); same locality, 1600 m,

vil. 1936, L. J. Toxopeus, 5 (MZB).

Remarks.

L. tincta and L. maculosa are characterized by

sexual dimorphism in the coloration of body and

tegmina. The genitalia of L. tincta and especially

the sturdy aedeagus, are more alike those found

in the species of the Lesser Sunda Islands.

194 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 35—37. Lembeja paradoxa; 35, 36, & Port Moresby; 37, 9 Port Moresby. 35, tergite 1, dorsal view; 36, clasper,

lateral view; 37, sternite 7, ventral view.

Lembeja paradoxa (Karsch, 1890)

(figs. 35—37)

Perissoneura paradoxa Karsch, 1890: 191; Mac-Lach-

lan, 1891: 320.

Lembeja paradoxa; Distant, 1892: xiv, 148; Distant,

1897b: 382; Jacobi, 1903: 13; Distant, 1906: 182;

Schmidt, 1925: 43; Kato, 1932: 189; Metcalf, 1963:

432; de Jong, 1982: 175—179, 182—184, figs.

1—8, 17—19, 22—23; de Jong, 1986: 141, 142.

Prasia paradoxa; Breddin, 1901: 153.

Perissoneura acutipennis Karsch, 1890: 192; Mac-

Lachlan, 1891: 320.

Prasia acutipennis; Breddin, 1901: 153.

Lembeja acutipennis; Jacobi, 1903: 13; Distant, 1906:

184; Kirkaldy, 1907: 309; Schmidt, 1925: 43;

Burns, 1957: 669; Metcalf, 1963: 429; de Jong,

1982: 175—177 (in synonymy of Lembeja para-

doxa).

Lembeja brunneosa Distant, 1910: 418; Distant,

1913: 601; Ashton, 1914: 356; Burns, 1957: 669,

670 (equals Lembeja australis and Prasia viticollis

(sic)); Metcalf, 1963: 430; Woodward, Evans and

Eastop, 1970: 413; Moulds, 1975: 251—254, figs.

1—6; de Jong, 1982: 175—177 (in synonymy of

Lembeja paradoxa).

Lembeja australis Ashton, 1912b: 77, pl. 7 fig. 3;

Distant, 1913: 601 (in synonymy of Lembeja brun-

neosa), Metcalf, 1963: 430 ditto; de Jong, 1982:

175—177 ditto.

No new material has been studied since the

redescription of Lembeja paradoxa (see de Jong,

1982). In addition to the redescription, I add here

all relevant measurements and some additional

figures in order to facilitate comparison with

other species of the fatilogua group.

Head and pronotum together 0.97—1.14 X as

long as meso- and metanotum together. Head

and thorax together in females 0.9—1.17 X as

long as abdomen, in males very variable because

of the telescoping abdomen, and therefore unre-

liable.

Eye in dorsal view 0.40—0.49 X as wide as

width of vertex between eyes. Distance between

lateral ocelli 0.52—1.05 X distance between late-

ral ocellus and eye. Length of head 1.23—1.35 X

as long as width of vertex between eyes; width of

head 1.81—1.98 X as wide as width of vertex

between eyes.

Pronotum collar 2.13—2.53 X as wide as

length of head, 1.42—1.68 X as wide as width of

head.

Third ulnar area 1.19—1.65 X as long as lst

one; 4th ulnar area 0.95—1.10 Xas long as radial

area. Third apical area 0.89—1.16 X as long as

4th one. Fusion of Cu, and A, in wings at

71—91% from their origins.

Tymbal provided with 13—14 long ridges, al-

ternating with an equal number of short interca-

lary ridges.

Ovipositor sheath 0.13—0.19 X as long as ab-

domen.

Lembeja fruhstorferi Distant, 1897

(map 3)

Lembeja frubstorferi Distant, 1897 (part.): 371; Ja-

cobi, 1903: 13; Distant, 1906: 184; Kato, 1932: 189;

de Jong, 1986: 141, 142.

Prasia frubstorferi; Breddin, 1901: 27, 153.

The following reference was found to pertain

to L. distanti de Jong, 1986: Distant, 1897: 371.

A very short description, made in comparison

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 195

with L. fatiloqua, is given here, as the species is

only known from its female holotype

Description of the female.

Body dull-brown. Head and pronotum to-

gether 0.96 X as long as meso- and metanotum

together. Head and thorax together 0.92 X as

long as abdomen.

Head. — Brownish ochreous. Eye in dorsal

view 0.56 X as wide as width of vertex between

eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli 0.87 X dis-

tance between lateral ocellus and eye. Length of

head 1.41 X as long as width of vertex between

eyes; width of head 2.12 X as wide as width of

vertex. Postclypeus and its transverse ridges uni-

form.

Thorax. — Irregularly brown and ochreous.

Pronotum with some irregular patches. Pro-

notum collar with two small medial light

ochreous patches. Pronotum collar 2.54 X as

wide as length of head, 1.7 X as wide as width of

head. Mesonotum with irregular patches in ob-

conical areas.

Legs. — Same colour as underside of body.

Basal spine on fore femora blunt and short.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline,

spotted along and in veins and in tegmen cells.

Costa and veins light brownish. Extreme base

light brownish. Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area

extending into 3rd one. Corial fold brown, in 4th

ulnar area accompanied by a large brown patch.

Third ulnar area 1.12 X as long as Ist one; 4th

ulnar area 0.84 X as long as radial area. Third

apical area 0.88 X as long as 4th one. Wings

hyaline, veins whitish tinged. Cu, and A, fused at

92% from their origins.

Operculum. — Very small. Small meracanthus

broad at base, just a little longer than operculum.

Abdomen. — Brownish, underside a little

paler. Hind margins of tergites 3—7 dull red.

Ovipositor sheath 0.21 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the holotype: body length

24.5 mm; width of pronotum collar: 8.0 mm;

tegmen length: 35.4 mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi (map 3).

Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “S.

Celebes/Bua-Kraeng/5000' Febr. 1896/H.

Fruhstorfer” (print, black cadre), “fruhstorferi

Dist.” (handwritten), “Type” (print, round label,

red edged), “Distant Coll./1911—383” (print) 9

holotype of Lembeja fruhstorferi BMNH).

Remarks.

See L. sanguinolenta.

Lembeja sanguinolenta Distant, 1909

(figs. 38—41, map 3)

Lembeja sanguinolenta Distant, 1909: 394; de Jong,

1982: 182; de Jong, 1986: 141, 142.

The description is based upon the only known

specimen of the species, the male holotype.

Description of the male.

Body for its greater part dull red. Head and

body pilose. Head and pronotum together 0.91 X

as long as meso- and metanotum together. Head

and thorax together 0.89 X as long as abdomen.

Greatest width of the body across the 2nd and 3rd

abdominal segment.

Head. — Red, transverse ridges in the same

colour as underside. Eye large, in dorsal view 0.68

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Dis-

tance between lateral ocelli 0.92 X distance ocel-

lus and eye. Length of head 1.65 X as long as

width of vertex between eyes; width of head 2.35

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Ros-

trum with only slightly darker apex reaching

intermediate coxae.

Thorax. — Median part of pronotum, includ-

ing central fascia and pronotum collar, red. Rest

of pronotum light ochreous with some brown

patches. Pronotum collar 2.68 X as wide as

length of head, 1.88 X as wide as width of head.

Fissures fairly deep. Obconical areas on meso-

notum patchy.

Legs. — Same colour as thorax. Basal spine of

fore femur blunt.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline,

on the whole spotted with red. Costa and veins

red. Transverse vein of 2nd ulnar area extending

into 3rd. Corial fold in 3rd ulnar area somewhat

darker, in 4th one indicated by a large red patch.

Third ulnar area 1.02 X as long as Ist one; 4th

ulnar area 0.84 X as long as radial one. Third

apical area 0.97 X as long as 4th one. Wings

subhyaline. Extreme base white with red. Fusion

of Cu, and A, at 78% from their origins.

Operculum. — Hairy. Hardly reaching folded

membrane. Large mecanthus broad at base,

pointed apically.

Abdomen. — Reddish ochreous, tergite 3—7

with red hind edges. Tergite 1 with small latero-

proximal flaps. Mirrors large.

Tymbals. — Provided with 20 long and 20

short intercalary ridges.

Genitalia. — Pygofer large. Flat lateral lobes

medium-sized, not reaching beyond anal valves.

Caudodorsal beak medium-sized, hardly pointed

apically. Edge of pygofer just below each lateral

196 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

lobe somewhat protruding. Uncus narrow, a

slight onset of a tube-like structure, just above

claspers, discernable. Curved claspers relatively

small. Apex of sturdy aedeagus with two long,

more or less toothed, flaps.

Measurements of the holotype: body length:

24.6 mm; width of pronotum collar: 8.8 mm;

tegmen length: 36.6 mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi (map 3).

Material examined. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: “S.

Celebes/Bua-Kraeng/5000' Febr. 1896/H.

Fruhstorfer” (print, black cadre), “Lembeja/san-

guinolenta/Type Dist.” (handwritten), “Type”

(round label, red edged, print), “1909—21”

(print) @ holotype of Lembeja sanguinolenta

(BMNH).

Remarks.

L. fruhstorferi and L. sanguinolenta have about

the same body-size, but some body ratios are very

different.

Lembeja lieftincki n.sp.

(figs. 42—48, 78, 79; map 3)

The description is based upon two males and

two females from South Sulawesi.

Description.

Body green to dark ochreous. Head and pron-

otum together 0.96—1.06 X as long as meso- and

metanotum. Head and thorax together in males

0.78—0.79 X, in females 0.84—0.95 X as long as

abdomen.

Head. — Green to reddish-brown. Antennae

usually darker coloured. Area between lateral

ocelli sometimes darker coloured. Eye in dorsal

view 0.55—0.58 X as wide as width of vertex

between eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli

0.81—0.92 X distance between lateral ocellus and

eye. Length of head 1.33—1.39 X as long as width

of vertex between eyes; width of head 2.09—2.16

X as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Un-

derside of head usually slightly darker.

Thorax. — Dark with black patches between

fissures and between fissures and pronotum col-

lar. Central fascia in females darker coloured than

remaining part of pronotum. Pronotum collar

2.31—2.55 X as wide as length of head,

1.47—1.65 X as wide as width of head. Obconical

areas distinctly recognizable. Cruciform eleva-

tion usually with median longitudinal dark stripe.

Legs. — Generally same colour as underside

thorax but with some dark patches, especially

basally and apically on tibiae and tarsi. Spines on

fore femora dark.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline, spot-

ted in and along veins in a regular pattern, and

in tegmen cells, especially in apical area 8. Corial

fold recognizable by heavy pigmentation, espe-

cially in 4th ulnar area. Basal area infuscated.

Extreme base reddish. Venation green to red.

Third ulnar area 0.97—1.0 X as long as Ist ulnar

area; 4th ulnar area 1.0—1.08 X as long as radial

area. Third apical area 0.85—0.96 X as long as

4th one. Wings hyaline. Fusion of the Cu, and A,

veins at 72—84% from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus long

and pointed.

Abdomen. — Sometimes darker coloured.

Mirrors large. Folded membranes nearly contin-

uous with underside of thorax. Tergite 1 laterally

slightly depressed near the small lateroproximal

flaps.

Tymbals. — Provided with 19 long ridges, al-

ternating with an equal number of short interca-

lary ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes of pygofer sturdy.

Lateral surface of pygofer with a short ridge-like

structure running downwards from each lateral

lobe. Caudodorsal beak relatively long, apically

rounded. Claspers short and curved, hardly

pointed. Median uncus part enlarged to a tube-

like structure. Apex of aedeagus with two re-

curved, long flaps; dorsally provided with a long

subapical incision.

Female: Operculum. — Small, but relatively

large compared to other species of the species-

group.

Abdomen. — Provided with three dark-

coloured, longitudinal fasciae as in L. tincta, but

the two dark stripes on segment 9 narrower and

not united in front of caudodorsal beak. Dark

ovipositor sheath 0.40—0.41 X as long as abdo-

men.

Measurements of the types: body length @:

21.4—21.6 mm, 9: 21.6—21.8 mm; width of

pronotum collar 6: 6.2—6.6 mm, 9: 7.2 mm;

tegmen length @: 27.5—28.0 mm, 9: 29.0— 30.0

mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi.

Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:

"S.W. Celebes, 1100 m/Mt. Lompobatang/area,

Malino, 2,/8—10.vi.1982/M. A. Lieftinck” &

holotype of Lembeja lieftincki (RMNH). Para-

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 197

Figs. 38—40. Lembeja sanguinolenta, holotype. 38, apex of aedeagus; 39, tergite 1, dorsal view; 40, pygofer, lateral

view.

198 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Fig. 41. Lembeja sanguinolenta, pygofer, ventrolateral view, holotype.

types: same data as holotype, 2 6 1 9 (RMNH);

Macassar (= Ujung Pandang), Rippon coll., 1 &

(NMWC).

Etymology. — The species is named after its

collector, the late Dr Lieftinck, odonatologist, in

recognition of his major contributions to the bi-

ogeography of Indonesia and the Pacific region.

Lembeja consanguinea n.sp.

(figs 49—56; map 3)

This species is described after a large series of

specimens, collected by various participants to

the “Project Wallace” expedition.

Description.

Body green. Tegmina greenish, tegmen areas

usually faintly red mottled. Head and pronotum

together 0.95—1.21 X as long as meso- and me-

tanotum together. Head and thorax together in

males 0.69—0.95 X, in females 0.92—1.10 X as

long as abdomen.

Head. — Eye in dorsal view 0.45—0.56 X as

wide as width of vertex between eyes. Distance _

between lateral ocelli 0.71—1.04 X distance be-

tween lateral ocellus and eye. Length of head

1.26—1.56 X as long as width of vertex between

eyes; width of head 1.84—2.12 X as wide as width

of vertex between eyes. Transverse ridges in the

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 199

Figs. 42—46. Lembeja lieftincki, & holotype. 42, pygofer, lateral view; 43, apex of aedeagus and mediane uncus

part, dorsal view; 44, pygofer, ventrolateral view; 45, clasper and mediane uncus part, lateral view; 46, apex of

aedeagus, lateral view.

200 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 47—48. Lembeja lieftincki; 47, & holotype; 48, 2, paratype. 47, tergite 1, dorsal view; 48, sternite 7, ventral

view.

same colour as underside postclypeus. Rostrum

with black apex reaching middle trochanter.

Thorax. — Pronotum collar 2.02—2.58 X as

wide as length of head, 1.41—1.62 X as wide as

width of head. Obconical areas of mesonotum

hardly or not discernable.

Legs. — Same colour as underside body. Basal

spine on fore femora pointed.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina subhyaline,

green; tegmen areas usually faintly mottled with

red. Venation green to yellowish. Transverse

vein of 2nd ulnar area extending well into 4rd

one. Corial fold clearly recognizable. Third ulnar

area 0.88—1.04 X as long as lst one; 4th ulnar

area 0.82—1.05 X as long as radial area. Third

apical area 0.88—1.02 X as long as 4th one.

Wings hyaline. Fusion of Cu, and A, at 79—90%

from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Very small. Meracanthus

fairly broad, long and pointed.

Abdomen. — Green, reddish near hind edges

of tergites. Tergite | laterally sometimes brown-

ish. Mirrors fairly large.

Tymbals. — Seventeen long ridges alternating

with an equal number of short intercalary ridges.

Genitalia. — Pygofer very large. Lateral lobes

flat, apically dark. Caudodorsal beak short and

rounded. Lateral surfaces of pygofer with a ridge-

like structure running downwards from each lat-

eral lobe. Claspers short, curved apically, slightly

pointed. Two huge, broadly rounded parallel

shields elevating distally of the claspers, con-

nected distally by a medial, protruding flattened

lip, forming a tube-like structure. Aedeagus long

and very slender, with two long, apically rounded

lobes; provided with unsclerotized dorsal aedea-

gal appendage.

Female: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus

long and pointed.

Abdomen. — Green. Ovipositor sheath

0.23—0.29 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the types: body length @:

16.7—21.7 mm, x = 19.2 = 1.1 mm; width of

pronotum collar &: 5.7—6.6 mm, x = 6.1 + 0.2

mm, 9: 5.7—7.2 mm, x: 6.4 + 0.4 mm; tegmen

length &: 24.6—28.4 mm, x = 26.6 + 1.1 mm,

Q: 25.0—29.4 mm, x = 27.1 + 1.1 mm.

Distribution. — North Sulawesi (map 3).

Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype: “stat.

3/Forest/margin” (print), “Toraut/Base Camp/

29—30.1.1985/J. P. Duffels” (print), “Indonesia/

Sulawesi Utara/Dumoga-Bone N.P./Project

Wallace” (print) @ holotype of Lembeja consan-

guinea (ZMA). Paratypes: Base Camp Toraut,

same labels as holotype, 1 & 1 ® (MZB); same

locality but: st. 7, lowland rainforest, MV light-

trap, 1—2.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway,

1 & (ZMA); same locality but: st. 8, river bank,

lowland rainforest, 2.11.1985, J. P. Duffels, 1 &

(MZB); same locality but: st. 16, lowl. rainforest,

light-trap site 1 + 2 understorey/canopy,

7—14.ii.1985, H. S. Barlow, 4 @ 10 9 (ZMA);

same locality but: st. 24, lowl. rainforest, light-

trap site 1, understorey, 17—26.ii.1985, H. S.

Barlow, 4 & 3 £ (MZB) 4 6 2 9 (ZMA); same

same locality but: rothamsted light-trap site 1,

200 m, v.1985, H. Barlow, 4 £ (BMNH); same

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 201

Figs. 49—53. Lembeja consanguinea, paratypes Toraut. 49, pygofer, lateral view; 50, clasper and mediane uncus

part, lateral view; 51, aedeagus with dorsal aedeagal appendage, laterodorsal view; 52, 53 apex of aedeagus, 52,

lateral view, 53, dorsal view.

202 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

data as previous but: vi.1985, 3 @ 2 9 (BMNH);

same locality but: 8—23.X.1985, J. B. Heppner,

1 6 8 2 (FSC); same locality but: 19.x.1985, M.

R. de Jong, 1 & (ZMA); Edwards Camp 664 m,

MV light-trap understorey/canopy, st. 27,

19.11.1985. J. P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway, 1 6 3

O. (ZMA) ‘same locality but: st. 29;

24—25.11.1985, 1 Q (ZMA); same locality but:

iv.1985, J. H. Martin, 1 6 (BMNH); Goeroepahi,

Baeturia, 6.1.1917, W. Kaudern, 1 9 (RMNH);

Hog's Back Camp 492 m, s.-side of ridge, st. 15,

lowl. rainforest understorey/canopy, MV light-

trap, 12—13.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Hollo-

way, 1 (ZMA); Kosingsolan, P. P. A. headquar-

ters, at light, René Dekker & Charlotte Ver-

meulen, 23.iii.1985, 1 9 (ZMA); Minahassa,

Prasia foliata (Walk) Stal 6?, det. MacGill., coll.

D. MacGillavry, 1 @ (ZMA); Molosso Island,

station 100, x1.1985, R. Bosman & J. v. Stalle, 2

® (BIN); Page Camp 302 m, st. 9, lowl. rainfor-

est, MV light-trap, 4—8.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J.

D. Holloway, 2 6 (ZMA).

Etymology. — The name is derived from con-

sanguinea (latin for related’), for being closely

related to L. lieftincki, by the typically shaped

median uncus part.

Remarks.

I believe L. consanguinea and L. lieftincki to be

very closely related. A strong synapomorphy

might be found in the shape of the median uncus

part.

The Lembeja parvula group

Head triangularly to obconically protruding in

dorsal view. Antennal segment 1 long. Male

operculum small, not covering tymbal cavities.

Tegmina hyaline; a regular pattern of spots in

veins, sometimes also in tegmen cells; Cu, and A,

forming ‘a small triangle at tegmen border.

Wings with 5 apical areas; Cu, and A, fused.

Abdomen in males weakly carinate. Tergites

strongly folded laterally, forming a ridge on each

side of the sternites. Abdomen in males in lateral

view more or less triangular shaped. Tergite 1,

with two short and pointed lateroproximal flaps,

only slightly swollen and faintly dinted near

proximal border. Tymbal provided with 18—19

long ridges, alternating with an equal number of

short intercalary ridges. Abdomen in females

slender, dorsally carinate. Ovipositor sheath ex-

tending just beyond caudodorsal beak. Lateral

lobes of pygofer short and fairly flat. Edge of

pygofer between each lateral lobe and caudodor-

sal beak obliquely running hindwards (figs. 63,

67). Claspers relatively long, ventrally concave.

Median uncus part narrow and compressed. Ae-

deagus short; sturdy apex with slightly incised

dorsal projection.

Lembeja parvula n.sp.

(figs. 61—67; map 3)

This small species is described after one male

and one female specimen.

Description.

Body yellowish-green in male, brownish-och-

reous in female. Head and pronotum together

1.0—1.15 X as long as meso- and metanotum

together. Head and thorax in male 0.72 X, in

female 0.98 X as long as abdomen.

Head. — Green in male; brownish with paler

underside in female. Antennae darker than re-

maining part of head. Eye in dorsal view

0.42—0.49 X as wide as width of vertex between

eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli 0.58—0.71

X distance between lateral ocellus and eye.

Length of head 1.25—1.36 X as long as width of

vertex between eyes; width of head 1.84—1.97 X

as wide as width of vertex between eyes. Rostrum

with black apex reaching middle trochanter.

Thorax. — Pronotum in male unicoloured, in

female with dark-coloured central fascia, and

provided with dark patches, especially between

fissures and pronotum collar. Pronotum collar

2.16—2.24 X as wide as length of head,

1.49—1.52 X as wide as width of head. Meso-

notum with the same colour as pronotum in

male, in female dark-brown, though laterally

somewhat lighter, and provided with a median,

brown stripe on cruciforum elevation.

Legs. — Same colour as underside thorax in

male; in female with dark-brown patches, basally

and apicallyon femora, tibiae and tarsi. Armature

of fore femora as in fig. 60.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline.

Veins in apical half of tegmen in male with

brown spots, venation yellowish-green. Tegmina

in female with spotted veins, and with spots in

tegmen cells in basal half of tegmen. Third ulnar

area 0.96—1.12 X as long as lst one; 4th ulnar

area 0.8—0.81 X as long as radial area. Third

apical area 0.81—0.86 X as long as 4th one.

Wings hyaline. Fusion of Cu, and A, at 65— 78%

from their origins.

Male: Operculum. — Small. Meracanthus

slender and pointed.

Abdomen. — Mirrors medium-sized.

Tymbal. — Provided with 19 long ridges alter-

M. R. DE Jong: Oriental Prastini. 203

Figs. 54—56. Lembeja consanguinea; 54, 56, 6; 55, Q paratype Toraut. 54, pygofer, ventrolateral view, paratype

Toraut; 55, sternite 7, ventral view; 56, tergite 1, dorsal view, holotype.

nating with an equal number of short intercalary

ridges.

Genitalia. — Lateral lobes of pygofer fairly

broad. Caudodorsal beak small. Claspers very

long, apically only slightly recurved and weakly

pointed. Median uncus part triangularly com-

pressed. Dorsal projection of apex of aedeagus

fairly long.

Female: Operculum. — Small, basal half dark

coloured. Meracanthus short and pointed.

Abdomen. — Three longitudinal dark-brown

fasciae, a dorsal, medial one, up to segment 8 and

two lateral ones up to segment 7. Segment 9 with

two broad laterodorsal, slightly darker fasciae,

just not uniting in front of caudodorsal beak.

Caudodorsal beak with dark-brown apex. Dark

ovipositor sheath 0.2 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the types: body length @:

15.3 mm, Q: 13.7 mm; width of pronotum collar

8: 43 mm, Q 4.5 mm; tegmen length @: 20.3

mm. Q: 19.6 mm.

Distribution. — South Sulawesi (map 3).

Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype;

“Bantimoerang/552” (handwritten), “coll. A. Ja-

cobi” (print), "Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde

Dresden” (print) 1 & holotype of Lembeja par-

vula (SMD). Paratype: same data as holotype but:

Lembeja sp., 19 (SMD).

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 57—60. The L. parvula group: 57, male abdomen, ventral view, Lembeja wallacei; 58, head and pronotum,

lateral view, L. parvula, 59, right tegmen and wing, L. wallacei, 60, femur, lateral view, L. parvula.

Etymology. — The name is derived from par-

vula (latin for small”) as it is a small-sized spe-

cies.

Lembeja wallacei n.sp.

(figs. 68—73, 80, 81; map 3)

The species is described in comparison with L.

parvula, after a series of specimens collected by

participants to the “Project Wallace” expedition.

Description.

Body green in males, dark-brown in females.

Head and pronotum together 1.08—1.24 X as

long as meso- and metanotum together. Head

and thorax together in males 0.75—0.93 X, in

females 0.91—1.02 X as long as abdomen.

Head. — Uniformely green in males; in fe-

males dorsally irregularly covered with some

light patches, postclypeus ventrally greenish.

Antennae dark-brown. Eye in dorsal view

0.37—0.53 X as wide as width of vertex between

eyes. Distance between lateral ocelli 0.76—1.0 X

distance between lateral ocellus and eye. Length

of head 1.23—1.38 X as long as width of vertex

between eyes; width of head 1.75—2.05 X as

wide as width of vertex between eyes. Rostrum

as in L. parvula.

Thorax. — In males uniformely green, in fe-

males darker coloured than in L. parvula. Pron-

otum collar 2.03—2.25 X as wide as length of

head, 1.35—1.58 X as wide as width of head.

Legs. — Same colour as underside thorax in

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini

Figs. 6l—73. 61—67, Lembeja parvula, 61—66, & holotype; 67, 9 paratype. 61, pygofer, lateral view; 62, clasper,

lateral view; pygofer, ventrolateral view; 64, apex of aedeagus, lateral view; 65, tergite 1, dorsal view; 66, apex

of aedeagus, dorsal view; 67, sternite 7, ventral view. 68— 73, Lembeja wallacet, 68, 70. & paratype Page Camp,

69, 71, 73, 6 holotype; 72, Q paratype Edwards Camp. 68, apex of aedeagus, lateral view; 69, pygofer, ventrolateral

view; 70, apex of aedeagus, dorsal view; 71, clasper, lateral view; 72, sternite 7, ventral view; 73, pygofer, lateral

view.

206 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 74—77. General facies. 74, Lembeja fatiloqua 6, Calian; 75, Lembeja fatiloqua 9, Z. del Sur; 76, Lembeja tincta

6, Bua Kraeng; 77, Lembeja tincta 9. Bua Kraeng.

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 207

Figs. 78—81. General facies. 78, Lembeja lieftincki 8, paratype; 79, Lembeja lieftincki 2, paratype; 80, Lembeja

wallacei à, holotype; 81, Lembeja wallacei 2, paratype Edwards Camp.

208 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

males. In females fore legs with brown coxa,

trochanter and femur, middle and hind legs with

brown coxae, patches on femora, tibiae and tarsi.

Tegmina and wings. — Tegmina hyaline. In

males veins conspicuously spotted; tegmen cells

in basal half of tegmen provided with spots;

venation yellowish green. Coloration in females

more prominent than in L. parvula. Third ulnar

area 0.88—0.98 X as long as Ist one; 4th ulnar

area 0.85—0.93 X as long as radial one. Third

apical area 0.80—0.97 X as long as 3rd one.

Fusion of Cu, and A, in wings at 43—69% from

their origins. i

Male: Operculum. — As in L. parvula.

Abdomen. — As in L. parvula, but with faintly

reddish hind edges of the tergites.

Tymbals. — Provided with 20 (sometimes 19)

long ridges alternating with an equal number of

short intercalary ridges.

Genitalia. — Dark lateral lobes of pygofer ap-

ically more slender than in L. parvula. Claspers

somewhat more curved. Median uncus part flat.

Apex of aedeagus more sturdy with short dorsal

projection.

Female: Operculum. — Dark coloured. Shape

as in L. parvula.

Abdomen. — Dark-brown. Segment 8 with a

pale lateral spot on each side. Hind edges of

tergites reddish. Dark ovipositor sheath

0.22—0.30 X as long as abdomen.

Measurements of the types: body length &:

11.8—13.6 mm, x = 12.5 + 0.5 mm; width of

pronotum collar &: 3.8—4.5 mm, x = 4.2 + 0.2

mm, 9: 3.8—4.3 mm, x = 4.1 + 0.1 mm; tegmen

length 4: 18.2—20.1 mm, x = 19.2 + 0.6 mm, 9:

17.0—19.2 mm, x = 18.1 + 0.7 mm.

Distribution. — North Sulawesi (map 3).

Types. — Indonesia, Sulawesi: Holotype:

“Stat. 11/Lowland/rainforest” (print), “Toraut/

bank of Tumpah R./(recreation area) /8.11.1985/

J. P. Duffels” (print), ‘Indonesia/Sulawesi

Utara/Dumoga-Bone N.P./Project Wallace”

(print) 1 8 holotype of Lembeja wallacei (ZMA).

Paratypes: Base camp Toraut, same data as hol-

otype, 1 6 (MZB); same locality but: st. 16, low].

rainforest, light-trap site 1 + 2, understorey/

canopy, 7—13.1i.1985, H. S. Barlow, 1 9 (ZMA);

same locality but: lowl. rainforest, 200—300 m,

2 6 (BMNH); same locality but: Toraut, M. R.

Wilson, vi.1985, 2 6 (BMNH); same locality but:

malaise-trap Toraut forest, M. R. Wilson,

vi.1985, 1 @ (BMNH); same locality but:

13.11.1985, 1 6 (BMNH); Edwards Camp, 664 m,

st. 27, lowl. rainforest, MV light-trap, understo-

rey/canopy, 20.11.1985, J. P. Duffels & J. D. Hol-

loway, 1 & 1 ® (ZMA); same locality but:

22.v.1985, 1 9 (BMNH); same locality but: light-

sheet, 23.vi.1985, M. R. Wilson, 1 Q (BMNH);

Hog s Back Camp, 492 m, stat. 30A, lowl. rain-

forest, MV light-trap, canopy, 14.ii.1985, J. D.

Holloway, 1 9 (MZB); Page Camp, 302 m, stat.

9, lowl. rainforest, MV light-trap, 4—8.11.1985, J.

P. Duffels & J. D. Holloway 4 6 39 (ZMA).

Etymology. — The species is named after

Alfred Russel Wallace, for numerous reasons.

REFERENCES

The list presented here is additional to the

references of Part 1 and 2 of the study “Taxon-

omy and biogeography of oriental Prasiini” (de

Jong, 1986).

Ashton, H., 1914. Catalogue of the Cicadidae in the

South Australian Museum; with descriptions of

several new species. — Transactions of the Royal

Society of South Australia 38: 345—358, pl. 17.

Boulard, M., 1985. Apparence et mimétisme chez les,

Cigales |Hom. Cicadoidea. — |. Bulletin de la So-

ciété Entomologique de France 90 (1-4):

1016-1051.

Burns, A. N., 1957. Check list of Australian Cicadidae.

— Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum

Georg Frey 8 (2): 609—678.

Distant, W. L., 1910. Australian Cicadidae, with re-

marks on some recent disputation. — Annales de

la Société Entomologique de Belgique 54:

415—420.

Distant, W. L., 1913. Synonymical notes on some

recently described Australian Cicadidae. — Pro-

ceedings of the Linnean Society of New South

Wales 37: 600—G01.

Gaedike, H., 1971. Katalog der in den Sammlungen

des ehemaligen Deutschen Entomologischen In-

stitutes aufbewahrten Typen-VI (Homoptera (ex-

clusive Aphidina)). — Beiträge zur Entomologie

21 (3—6): 315—339.

Horvath, G., 1912. Miscellanea Hemipterologica, xii.

Adnotationes Synonymicae et systematicae. —

Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis

Hungarici 10: 607—609.

Jacobi, A., 1941. Die Zikadenfauna der Kleinen Sun-

dainseln. — Zoologische Jahrbücher (Syst.) 74:

277—322.

Jong, M. R. de, 1986. Taxonomy and biogeography of

Oriental Prasiini. 2. The foliata group of the genus

Lembeja Distant, 1892 (Homoptera, Tibicinidae).

— Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 129: 141—180.

Kirkaldy, G. W., 1907. Some annotations to M. Dis-

tant’s recent Catalogue of Cicadidae [| Hem. ] (1). —

Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique

51: 303—309.

Mac-Lachlan, R., 1891. The genus Perissoneura. —

Entomologische Nachrichten Berlin 17:

319—320.

M. R. DE JONG: Oriental Prastini 209

Moulds, M. S., 1975. The song of the cicada Lembeja Australia: 387—457, Figs. 26.1—26.74, Pl. 3. —

brunneosa (Homoptera: Cicadidae) with notes on Melbourne University Press.

the behaviour and distribution of the species. —

Journal of the Australian Entomological Society —

14: 251—254, figs. 1—6. (Author's address: Institute of Taxonomic Zoology,

Woodward, T. E. & J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop, 1970. PO. Box 20125, , 1000 HC Amsterdam, The Nether-

Hemiptera (Bugs, Leafhoppers, etc.). In: Insectsof lands.)

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Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 211—223

Gepubliceerd 30 november 1987

ON FOUR NEW PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS

CECIDOMYIA (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE)

W. NIJVELDT

Gruttoweide 122, Wageningen, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT

Larvae of the genus Cecidomyia live in resin of conifers, mainly pines. Twelve described

species are recorded from North America, Europe and Asia. In this paper two new Euro-

pean and two new Asiatic species are described and figured: C. harrisi, C. japonica,

C. phagwariae and C. sarae. A redescription of the type-species, C. pini, is given and a

neotype is designated.

INTRODUCTION

Larvae of the oldest gall midge genus Cecido-

myia are known to live in resin of conifers,

mainly pines. The first taxonomic revision of

Cecidomyia was published by Gagné (1978 b).

In his paper eleven species are recorded, eight

from North America and Cuba, two from Eu-

rope and one, or possibly two, from the Hima-

layan region. The twelfth species, C. bisetosa

Gagné, was discovered too late to be included in

this revision (Gagné, 1978 a). C. mesasiatica,

very briefly described from two males and one

female by Mamajev (1971), was not included in

Gagné’s papers. This species was bred from res-

in on spruce in the Kirghizian Republic, USSR.

I have been unable to obtain specimens for

study, but the description indicates that C. me-

sastatica closely resembles C. magna (Mohn).

The genus Cecidomyia currently contains the

following described species: C. bisetosa Gagné,

C. brevispatula Gagné, C. candidipes Foote,

C. fortunactus Gagné, C. magna (Mohn), C.

mesasiatica Mamajev, C. pini (De Geer), C. pi-

nunopis Osten Sacken, C. reburrata Gagné,

C. resinicola (Osten Sacken), C. resinicoloides

Williams and C. tortilis Gagné. However, ex-

amination of material bred from resin masses,

taken from Pinus sylvestris L. in Europe, from

P. thunbergu Parl. in Japan and from P. rox-

burghii Sarg. in Pakistan showed that four new

species can be added. They will be described be-

low.

The larvae of these species of Cecidomyia live

completely submerged in the resin, keeping

their protruding hind spiracles free from it. The

European species are not known to cause eco-

nomic damage but, according to Gagné (1978

b), the North American species promote brea-

kage and secondary infection on twigs and

branches of pines. C. bisetosa was the first spe-

cies found to feed on cones, inducing malforma-

tions of the scales and preventing release of the

seeds. The second record is that by Grijpma

(1981). He found larvae of C. pini in resin exu-

dations between the scales of green cones on

P. sylvestris at Grubbenvorst, Province of Lim-

burg, The Netherlands. However, it is not yet

known if seed production and seed release were

affected by the feeding of the larvae.

Referring to the literature mentioned here it

may be concluded that Cecidomyia larvae feed

directly on the plant tissue and not on the resin

itself. It is more likely that the latter serves as a

medium for protection, though several hyme-

nopterous parasites were reared from them in

the past years.

Pupation takes place in or outside the resin

masses. According to Gagné (1978 b), Nearctic

species that pupate apart from the resin have

distinctive dorsal abdominal lobes (fig. 13),

which may be helpful in leaving the mass. Con-

trary to this, C. magna, a European species, 1s

recorded as pupating in the resin mass, unlike all

the other species whose larvae have dorsal lobes

(Mohn, 1955). However, in the winter of 1984-

1985 I found a mature larva which had left the

resin to pupate in a white cocoon attached to a

branch of a spruce tree near Wageningen.

The following description of the European

type-species is, as far as the adults are con-

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 1-4. C. pini, 1: head; 2: third male flagellomere; 3: distal male flagellomere; 4: palp segments. Scale line

of fig. 1:0.25 mm, of figs. 2—4: 0.1 mm. Figs. 1—4 after neotype.

cerned, based on material from Sweden, where

the type-locality is situated.

Cecidomyia pini (De Geer)

(figs. 1—14)

Tipula pini De Geer, 1776: 417 (Sweden).

The following subjective synonyms of C. pini

are recorded by past authors: C. pinimaritimae

(as pini maritimae) Dufour, 1838: 294 and

C. pilosa Bremi, 1847: 31, 61. That synonymy

was established when it was thought that only

one species occurred in Europe. Gagné (1978 b)

records that syntypes of C. pinimaritimae (two

® and two cocoons) were reared from Pinus pi-

naster Ait. (P. maritima Mill.), SW. France, and

that it is not known if types exist or, if so,

where, but that females and cocoons are not di-

agnostic. The type of C. pilosa Bremi is in poor

condition, covered with fungal hyphae, sex un-

determined, “Bre./Lindau” (nr. Zurich), in En-

tomologisches Institut, Eidgenössischen Tech-

nische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland. This

information was provided to Gagné by W. Saut-

er of that Institute. Neither the type material

nor the original descriptions of C. pinimariti-

mae and C. pilosa were adequate enough to use

these names as subjective synonyms of C. pini

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia 213

Figs. 5—9. C. pim, 5: wing; 6: tarsal claws; 7: male terminalia (dorsal); 8: distal female flagellomeres; 9: ovipo-

sitor (lateral). Scale line of fig. 5: 1 mm; fig. 6: 0.05 mm and figs. 7—9: 0.1 mm. Figs. 5—7 after neotype.

214 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 10—12. C. pini, 10: pronotum (anterior); 11: head of last instar larva (dorsal); 12: sternal spatula. All scale

lines 0.1 mm.

or as available names for my newly described

European species.

Male. — Head without postvertical peak (fig.

1). Antenna with twelve flagellomeres, binodal,

first and second not connate; three circumfila

(fig. 2). Proximal node of third flagellomere:

length about 0.76 times its diameter; distal

node: length 1.18 times its diameter. Length of

proximal stalk about 0.11 and of distal stalk 0.17

times the total length of third flagellomere.

Proximal node with one whorl of looped cir-

cumfila and one whorl of long setae; length of

circumfila about 0.25 and length of setae 0.53

times the length of third flagellomere. Distal

node with two whorls of looped circumfila and

one whorl of setae; length of inferior circumfila

of this node about 0.21, of superior circumfila

0.25 and of setae 0.35 times the length of third

flagellomere. Nodes covered with microtrichia,

stalks bare, distal flagellomere tapering into a

short stalk-like process (fig. 3). Maxillary palps

with four segments, about 0.54 times the height

of head (fig. 4). Wing length about 2.5 mm and

twice as long as wide; R 5 curved distally, join-

ing C posterad of wing apex; C broken at junc-

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia ZIO)

Zeg)

Figs. 13—14. C. pini, 13: larval abdominal segment with dorsal tubercles; 14: larval terminal segment. Figs.

15—17. C. magna, 15: sternal spatula; 16: larval terminal segment; 17: larval head capsule. All scale lines

0.1 mm.

216 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

ture with R 5, Rs weak; M 3 + 4 fold present;

Cu forked; R 5 about 2.2 times as long as R 1

(fig. 5). Legs covered with brown scales; tarsal

claws all simple, curved beyond midlength; em-

podia longer than claws (fig. 6). Abdomen elon-

gate cylindrical. Gonocoxite and gonostylus

fairly stout; gonocoxite about 1.8 times as long

as gonostylus, covered with setae except on in-

ner side. Gonostylus with apical tooth. Cerci

triangular, broadly rounded distally; hypoproct

shallowly emarginated. Aedeagus simple, short

and rounded apically (fig. 7).

Female. — Antenna with twelve uninodal,

stalked flagellomeres, first and second not con-

nate. Flagellomeres cylindrical with two cir-

cumfila connected by two longitudinal strands

and with two whorls of setae (fig. 8). Node of

third flagellomere with a length of about 2.85

times its diameter, length of stalk 0.2 times the

total length of third flagellomere. Length of

proximal whorl of setae about 0.38 and of distal

setae 0.47 times the length of third flagellomere.

Nodes covered with microtrichia, stalks bare.

Distal flagellomere tapering with rounded tip.

Maxillary palps with four segments and about

0.45 times height of head. Wing length about

3.2 mm and 2.4 times as long as wide; R 5 about

2.3 times as long as R 1. Abdomen elongate,

ovoid. Ovipositor short, retractile; cerci with

two short apical sensoria and covered with setae

(fig. 9).

Pupa. — Antennal horn ridged anteriorly;

pronotum as in fig. 10.

Last instar Jarva. — Length about 5.5 mm.

Head capsule with apodemes of about 122 u

(fig. 11). Sternal spatula light brown; total

length about 108 u; anterior end broadened,

the cephalic margin somewhat convex (fig. 12).

Pleural and dorsal abdominal papillae situated

on tubercles, two lateral pairs of dorsal papillae

each on a forked lobe (fig. 13). Length of setae

of dorsal papillae from the left to the right: pro-

thorax: about 17, 20, 14, 14, 20, 17 u; meso-

thorax: 20, 22, 14, 14, 22, 20 u; metathorax:

22, 24, 15, 15, 26, 21 u; 1st abdominal seg-

ment: 27, 34, 20, 20, 34, 27 u; 7th abdominal

segment: 24, 27, 20, 19, 27, 24 u. Terminal

papillae: two on each side; one with tapered seta

of about 17 u and one with peg-like seta of

about 14 u. Terminal spiracles bilaterally

symmetrical, four caudal prongs with a length

of about 10 u (fig. 14).

Original type material of C. pini must be con-

sidered non-existant (Prof. E. Sylvén, pers.

comm.) and, in the interest of taxonomic stabili-

ty, I here designate the following neotype of

this species. Neotype: d, slide no. 5192, Swe-

den, Uppland near Stockholm, E. Sylvén, reared

from resin on Pinus sylvestris L., 1979. This des-

ignation stabilizes the usage by Barnes (1951),

Mohn (1955), Vockeroth (1960), Mamajev &

Krivosheina (1965) and Gagné (1978 b). Para-

types: 2, slides no. 5193-5196, with same data

as holotype. All specimens in the Swedish Mu-

seum of Natural History, Stockholm.

Other material (larvae, collected from resin

on P. sylvestris in the Netherlands): slides no.

4537-4541, Grubbenvorst, October 1980, P.

Grijpma, two year old cones; no. 4556—4566,

Ede, 26.x.1980; no. 4573—4575, Ede, October

1980; no. 4576, Remmerden, 20.x1.1980; no.

4577—4579, Leuvenum, October 1980; no.

5146—5147, Wageningen, 6.x11.1984; no.

5158—5172, Grubbenvorst, 13.viii.1980, P.

Grijpma, two year old cones. Pupal skin, slide

no. 2225, from resinous cocoon on needle of

no. 3569, from resinous cocoon on needle of

P. sylvestris, Remmerden, 1960. Specimens de-

posited in the collection of the Instituut voor

Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum),

Amsterdam.

Pupation of C. pini takes place apart from the

resin mass in a white resinous cocoon. The fact

that larvae from C. harrisi and C. sarae, from

which the adults are still unknown, have been

found together with those of C. pini in the same

resin masses makes the exact identity of the re-

maining adult specimens in this collection rather

uncertain. Study of more material, reared from

identified larvae, will be necessary to clarify this

problem.

Cecidomyia magna (Mohn)

(figs. 15—17)

Stelechodiplosis magna Mohn, 1955: 127—151 (Ger-

many).

This second European species was originally

described as Stelechodiplosis magna by Mohn

(1955), but was included in Cecidomyia by

Vockeroth (1960). It was found in Germany in

the resin of spruce in which, according to Mohn

(1955), it also pupates. However, in the winter

of 1984—1985 I found a mature larva which had

left the resin to pupate in a white cocoon like

the other species whose larvae have two lateral

pairs of dorsal papillae on prolonged lobes. The

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia Dilly.

Figs. 18—20. C. sarae, 18: sternal spatula; 19: larval terminal segment; 20: larval head capsule. Figs. 21—22.

C. harrisi, 21: sternal spatula; 22: larval terminal segment. Fig. 23. C. japonica, male terminalia (dorsal).

Scale line of fig. 20: 0.05 mm and of figs. 18, 19, 21, 22 and 23: 0.1 mm.

218 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

cocoon was attached to a branch ot a spruce tree

near Wageningen, The Netherlands (Nijveldt,

1985). Mohn included illustrations of male ter-

minalia, larval spatula and larval terminal seg-

ments in his description. Figs. 15 and 16 show

some larval characters.

A recent record of C. magna in England is:

Shropshire, Cantlop near Shrewsbury,

18.x.1984, in resin masses on Picea abies

(spruce). CIE Coll. A. 16422, four larvae in the

British Museum (Natural History) (Dr K. M.

Harris, pers. comm.)

Cecidomyia sarae n. sp.

(figs. 18—20)

I found the larvae of this species in resinous

wounds and in resin lumps, caused by Retinia

resinella L. (Lepidoptera) on Pinus sylvestris.

Adult and pupa.—unknown.

Last instar larva. — Length about 4.5 mm.

Apodemes of head capsule about 122 u (fig.

17). Sternal spatula dark brown, slender with a

total length of about 108 u; anterior end not

broadened, the cephalic margin convex (fig. 18).

Pleural and dorsal abdominal papillae with short

setae, situated on tubercles. No lateral pairs of

dorsal papillae on prolonged lobes. Length of

setae of dorsal papillae from the left to the right:

prothorax: about 10, 14, 8, 8, 14, 10 u; meso-

thorax: 12, 15, 10, 10, 15, 14 u; metathorax:

17, 20, 8, 7, 19, 15 u; 1st abdominal segment:

20, 19, 10, 10, 18, 21 u; 7th abdominal seg-

ment: 17, 14, 7, 7, 14, 17 u. Terminal papil-

lae: two on each side; one with tapered seta of

about 14 u and one with peg-like seta of

about 13 u. Terminal spiracles longer mesally

than laterally, four caudal prongs with a length

of about 20 u (fig. 19).

Holotype: one larva, in resin on branch of

P. sylvestris, Ede (The Netherlands), 26.x.1980,

W. Nijveldt, slide no. 4567. Paratypes: one lar-

va with same data as holotype, slide no. 4568;

one larva in resin lump on a twig of P. sylvestris,

caused by the larva of Retinia resinella, Wage-

ningen (The Netherlands), November 1960, W.

Nijveldt, slide no. 2271. Specimens deposited in

the collection of the Instituut voor Taxono-

mische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum),

Amsterdam.

I name this species after my wife Sara, in grat-

itude for her great help during my study of the

Cecidomyiidae. C. sarae is also known from

England, where it was found in 1980 by Dr K.

M. Harris (Commonwealth Institute of Ento-

mology, London) in resinous wounds on P. syl-

vestris in the Wisley Garden of the Royal Horti-

cultural Society. It is not known whether the

larvae leave the resin to pupate.

Cecidomyia harrisi n. sp.

(figs. 21—22)

I found the larvae in resin on Pinus sylvestris.

Adult and pupa. — unknown.

Last instar larva. — Length about 3.3 mm.

Apodemes of head capsule about 68 u (fig.

20). Sternal spatula large, light brown, with a

total length of about 211 u; anterior end

broadened, the cephalic margin deeply cleft (fig.

21). Pleural and dorsal abdominal papillae with

short setae, situated on small tubercles. Lateral

pairs of dorsal papillae not on prolonged lobes.

Length of setae of dorsal papillae from the left

to the right: prothorax: about 4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 4

u; mesothorax: 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 5 u; metatho-

rax: 7, 7, 10, 10, 7, 7 u; 1st abdominal seg-

ment: 7, 7, 10, 10, 7, 7 u; 7th abdominal seg-

ment: 7, 9, 10, 10, 9, 7 u. Terminal papillae:

three on each side; two with tapered seta of

about 14 u and one with peg-like seta of

about 14 u. Terminal spiracles bilaterally

symmetrical, no caudal prongs (fig. 22).

Holotype: one larva in resin on branch of

P. sylvestris, Ede (The Netherlands), October

26.x.1980, W. Nijveldt, slide no. 4570. Para-

types: three larvae with same data as holotype,

slides no. 4569, 4571 and 4572. Specimens de-

posited in the collection of the Instituut voor

Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum),

Amsterdam.

I name this species in honour of Dr K. M.

Harris (Commonwealth Institute of Entomolo-

gy, London), who collected this species in 1980

for the first time from resinous stem wounds on

P. sylvestris in the Wisley Garden of the Royal

Horticultural Society in England. C. harnisi

closely resembles C. fortunactus, a species with

mainly plesiomorphic characters, as discussed

by Gagné (1978 b) in his analysis.

Cecidomyia japonica n. sp.

(figs. 23—28)

Dr J. Yukawa (University of Kagoshima, Ja-

pan) collected the larvae and reared the asso-

ciated adults from resin on Pinus thunbergu

Parl. in Japan.

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia 219

Figs. 24-28. C. japonica, 24: pronotum (anterior); 25: larval head capsule; 26: sternal spatula; 27: larval ab-

dominal segment with dorsal tubercles; 28: larval terminal segment. All scale lines 0.1 mm.

Male. — Head without postvertical peak.

Proximal node of third flagellomere: length

about 0.75 times its diameter; distal node:

length about 1.7 times its diameter. Length of

proximal stalk about 0.11 and of distal stalk 0.18

times the total length of third flagellomere.

Proximal node with one whorl of looped cir-

cumfila and one whorl of long setae; length of

circumfila about 0.21 and length of setae 0.62

times the length of third flagellomere. Distal

node with two whorls of looped circumfila and

one whorl of setae; length of inferior circumfila

of this node about 0.18, of superior circumfila

0.25 and of setae 0.46 times the length of third

220 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

flagellomere. Distal flagellomere tapering into a

long stalk-like process. Maxillary palps with

four segments, about 0.44 times the height of

head. Wing length about 2 mm and twice as

long as wide; R 5 about 2.5 times as long as R 1.

Legs covered with brown scales. Abdomen

elongate cylindrical. Gonocoxite and gonosty-

lus fairly stout; ganocoxite about 1.9 times as

long as gonostylus, covered with setae except

on inner side. Gonostylus with apical tooth.

Cerci rounded apically; hypoproct narrower,

incised, with rounded lobes. Aedeagus simple,

short and broadly rounded apically (fig. 23).

Female. — Node of third flagellomere with a

length of about 3.25 times its diameter, length

of stalk 0.17 times the total length of third flag-

ellomere. Length of proximal whorl of setae

about 0.45 and of distal setae 0.5 times the

length of third flagellomere. Distal flagellomere

tapering with pointed tip. Maxillary palps with

four segments and about 0.56 times height of

head. Wing length about 3.1 mm and 2.4 times

as long as wide; R 5 about 2.3 times as long as R

1. Abdomen elongate, ovoid.

Pupa. — Antennal horn pointed anteriorly

(fig. 24).

Last instar larva. — Length about 4.3 mm.

Apodemes of head capsule about 122 u (fig.

25). Sternal spatula light brown with a total

length of about 102 u; anterior end broad-

ened, the cephalic margin somewhat convex

(fig. 26). Pleural and dorsal papillae situated on

tubercles; two lateral pairs of dorsal papillae

each on a forked lobe (fig. 27). Length of setae

of dorsal papillae from the left to the right: pro-

thorax: about 17, 20, 17, 17, 20, 17 u; meso-

thorax: 24, 34, 14, 15, 34, 24 u; metathorax:

24, 31, 20, 20, 31, 22 u; 1st abdominal seg-

ment: 34, 41, 20, 20, —, 34 u; 7th abdominal

segment: 31, —, —, 20, 34, 31 u. Terminal

papillae: two on each side; one with tapered seta

of about 12 u and one with peg-like seta of

about 14 u. Terminal spiracles bilaterally

symmetrical, four caudal prongs with a length

of about 13.6 u (fig. 28).

Holotype: à, slide no. 5203, Koga, Fukuoka-

pref., Kyushu, Japan, 6.v.1965 em., on Pinus

thunbergu, reared by Yukawa. Paratypes: 9,

slide no. 5204, 5205 with same data as holotype;

3, slides no. 5197—5199, Mitoma, Fukuoka-

pref. Kyushu, Japan, 4—17.vii.1966 em., on

P. thunbergii, reared by Yukawa; ®, slides no.

5200—5202 with same data; one larva, slide no.

5206, Hanami, Fukuoka pref., Kyushu, Japan,

22.vi.1967, on P. thunbergu, J. Yukawa; pupal

skins, slides no. 5207 and 5208 with same data.

All specimens in the collection of the University

of Kagoshima, Japan.

I name this species japonica because it is the

first Cecidomyia species found in Japan.

Cecidomyia phagwariae n. sp.

(figs. 29—36)

Gagné (1978 b) recorded an undescribed Ce-

cidomyia species, which is known from a male,

a female, and three larvae in the U.S. National

Museum (Natural History) in Washington.

They are from Pinus roxburghu in Pakistan. He

did not describe this species because the male

genitalia are slightly distorted on the slide and it

was not known whether the larvae leave the res-

in mass to pupate. However, through the cour-

tesy of Dr K. M. Harris, I have studied another

three males, four females and one larva of the

same origin from the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History) in London. Togeth-

er with the slides of the U.S. National Museum

of Natural History, kindly sent on loan by Dr

R. J. Gagné, they form the basis of the follow-

ing description.

Male. — Head with postvertical peak (fig.

29). Antenna with twelve flagellomeres, bino-

dal, first and second not connate; three circum-

fila. Proximal node of third flagellomere: length

about 0.81 times its diameter; distal node:

length about 0.79 times its diamter. Length of

proximal stalk about 0.16 and of distal stalk 0.25

times the total length of third flagellomere.

Proximal node with one whorl of looped cir-

cumfila and one whorl of setae; length of cir-

cumfila about 0.33 and length of setae 0.41

times the length of third flagellomere. Distal

node with two whorls of looped circumfila and

one whorl of setae; length of inferior circumfila

of this node about 0.27, of superior circumfila

0.29 and of setae 0.66 times the length of third

flagellomere. Nodes covered with microtrichia,

stalks bare. Distal flagellomere tapering into a

stalk-like process. Maxillary palps with four

segments, about 0.48 times the height of head.

Wing length about 2.7 mm and 2.4 times as long

as wide; R 5 curved distally, but not so strongly

as in C. pini and C. japonica, joining C at wing

apex; C broken at juncture with R 5, R s weak;

M3+4 fold present; Cu forked; R 5 about twice

as long as R 1 (fig. 30). Legs covered with

brown scales; tarsal claws all simple, curved be-

yond midlength and about as long as empodia

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia 221

Figs. 29—33. C. phagwariae, 29: head; 30: wing; 31: tarsal claws; 32: male terminalia (dorsal); 33: larval head

capsule. Scale line of fig. 29: 0.2 mm; 30: 1 mm, 31: 0.05 mm and figs. 32—33: 0.1 mm.

(fig. 31). Abdomen elongated cylindrical. Go-

nocoxite and gonostylus stout; gonocoxite

about 1.6 times as long as gonostylus, covered

with setae except on inner side. Gonostylus

with apical tooth. Cerci broadly rounded distal-

ly; hypoproct shallowly emarginated. Aedeagus

simple, longer than hypoproct and rounded api-

cally (fig. 32).

Female. — Antenna with twelve uninodal

flagellomeres, which are cylindrical with two

circumfila connected by two longitudinal

strands. Node of third flagellomere with a

length of about 2.87 times its diameter, length

of stalk 0.18 times the total length of third flag-

ellomere. Length of proximal whorl of setae

about 0.76 and of distal setae 0.39 times the

length of third flagellomere. Nodes covered

with microtrichia, stalks bare. Distal flagello-

mere tapering with pointed tip. Maxillary palps

with four segments, about 0.52 times the height

of head. Wing length about 3.6 mm and 2.5

times as long as wide; R 5 2.3 times as long as R

1. Abdomen elongate, ovoid. Ovipositor short,

retractile; cerci with two short apical sensoria

and covered with setae.

Pupa. — unknown.

Last instar larva. — Length about 6.3 mm.

Apodemes of head capsule about 109 u (fig.

33). Sternal spatula light brown with a total

length of about 204 u, anterior end broad-

ened, the cephalic margin nearly straight (fig.

34). Pleural and dorsal abdominal papillae situ-

ated on tubercles, two lateral pairs of dorsal pa-

pillae each on a forked lobe (fig. 35). Length of

INS)

(NS)

SS)

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 130, 1987

Figs. 34-36. C. phagwariae, 34: sternal spatula; 35: dorsal abominal tubercles; 36: larval terminal segment.

Scale line of fig. 35: 0.2 mm, of figs. 34 and 36: 0.1 mm.

setae of dorsal papillae from the left to the right:

prothorax: about 27, 34, —, 26, 34, 27 u;

mesothorax: 38, 41, 30, 30, 41, 38 u; meta-

thorax: 41, 48, 30, 27, 48, 41 u; 1st abdomi-

nal segment: 57, 63, 31, 31, 63, 57 u; 7th ab-

dominal segment: 54, 54, 30, 27, 54, 54 u.

Terminal papillae: two on each side; one with

tapered seta of about 14 u and one with peg-

like seta of about 14 u. Terminal spiracles bi-

laterally symmetrical, four caudal prongs with a

length of about 14 u (fig. 36).

The following specimens are in the British

Museum (Natural History): Holotype: à, slide

no. 17.270, Phagwari, Pakistan, 3—12—70, on

P. roxburghu Sarg., CIBC, 5B 12/70, 47B 964,

BM, 1975 CIE coll. A 4502. Paratypes: ®, slide

no. 17.275,962 with same data as holotype; 6,

slide no. 17.272,960 and ® slide no. 17.274,961

with same data; ®, slide no. 17.273,965, Lath-

rar, Pakistan, 4—12—70, on P. roxburghu, SB.

12/70—48 B; three larvae, slides no. 5209—

5211. Lathrar, Pakistan, on P. roxburghu,

9.x11.1970, CIBC CIE A 4502. Specimens in the

U.S. Museum of Natural History: Paratypes:

3, slide 974, with same data as holotype; ®,

slide 973, Lathrar, on P. roxburghu, 9—12—70,

CIBC (Pakistan Sta.) 71—2291, SB, 12/70—

48B; one slide with three larvae with same data.

I name this species after its type locality in

Pakistan.

KEY TO LAST INSTAR LARVAE (EXCEPT THOSE OF

C. MESASIATICA).

1. Abdomen without dorsal lobes

Abdomen with dorsal lobes (figs. 13, 28,

37) 3

Spatula large, light drown, cephalic margin

deeply cleft (fig. 21); terminal spiracles bi-

laterally symmetrical, no caudal prongs (fig.

22); from Pinus sylvestris

te interme as de eg C. harrisi Nijveldt

Spatula shorter, dark brown, cephalic mar-

gin convex (fig. 18); terminal spiracles lon-

ger mesally than laterally, four rather long

caudal prongs (fig. 19); from P. sylvestris . . .

C. sarae Nijveldt

W. NIJVELDT: New Palaearctic Cecidomyia

3. Spatula short, light brown, cephalic margin

somewhat convex, shaft long and slender,

tapering slowly (fig. 12); terminal spiracles

bilaterally symmetrical, four caudal prongs

of moderate length (fig. 14); from P. sylves-

OS RIE: C. pini (De Geer)

— Spatula shorter than in C. pini, light brown,

cephalic margin somewhat convex, shaft

broader and tapering quickly (fig. 27); ter-

minal spiracles bilaterally symmetrical, four

caudal prongs of moderate length (fig. 29);

from P. thunbergu .... C. japonica Nijveldt

4. Spatula long, light brown, cephalic margin

nearly straight, shaft slender (fig. 36); ter-

minal spiracles bilaterally symmetrical, four

caudal prongs of moderate length (fig. 38);

ON JP, ROLLA eee ee

Me. C. phagwariae Nijveldt

— Spatula long, black, cephalic margin

straight, shaft broad (fig. 15); terminal spi-

racles bilaterally symmetrical, four caudal

prongs of moderate length (fig. 16); from

Pian ASTER C. magna (Mohn).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Dr K. M. Harris

(London) and Dr R. J. Gagné (Washington) for

their kind suggestions, for critical reading the

manuscript and for lending material of C. phag-

wariae. Furthermore Prof. dr E. Sylvén (Stock-

holm) and Dr J. Yukawa (Kagoshima) for lend-

ing material of C. pini and C. japonica.

REFERENCES

Barnes, H. F., 1951. Gall midges of economic impor-

tance, 5. Gall midges of trees: 1—270. — Crosby

Lockwood & Son Ltd., London.

De Geer, C., 1776. Mémoires pour servire a l’histoire

des insectes, 5(6): 1—523, 30 pls. — Stockholm.

Gagné, R. J., 1978 a. A. new species of Cecidomyia

injurious to cones of slash pine in Florida. — The

Florida Entomologist 61 (3): 193—196.

Gagné, R. J., 1978 b. A systematic analysis of the pine

pitch midges, Cecidomyia spp. (Diptera: Cecido-

myiidae). — Technical Bulletin, United States De-

partment of Agriculture 1575: 1—18.

Grijpsma, P., 1981. A new feeding site of Cecidomyia

pini larvae on Pinus sylvestris (Dipt., Cecidomyii-

dae). — Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam

41: 145—148.

Mamajev, B. M. & N. P. Krivosheina, 1965. Larvae of

gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): compara-

tive morphology, biology and identification tables

(in Russian): 1—278. — Moscow, Izdatelstvo

Nauka.

Mamajev, B. M., 1971. The use of resin as a habitat by

insects, with a review of insects living in resin (in

Russian, with English summary). — Zurnal

Obscej Biologii 32 (1): 501—507.

Mohn, E., 1955. Neue freilebende Gallmücken-Gat-

tungen. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift

2:127—151.

Nijveldt, W., 1985. Nieuwe galmuggen voor de Ne-

derlandse fauna (IX) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). —

Entomologische Berichten Amsterdam: 45: 85—

88.

Vockeroth, J. R., 1960. Taxonomy of the genus Ceci-

domyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with special ref-

erence to the species occurring on Pinus banksiana

Lamb. — Canadian Entomologist 92: 65—79.

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